# U n i t e d S t a t e s C o u r t o f A pp e a l s
For the Eig hth Circu it

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

No . 1 8 -1 3 82

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

M ark M o o re

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Pl a i n t i

f f - Ap pel l ee

M i ch ael Harro d ; W i l l i am C. J oh n s o n

l l l l l l l ll l l l l ll l l l l l l Pl a i n t if

f s

v

.

J o h n Th u rs t o n , in h i s o ffi ci al cap aci t y as Secret ary o f St at e fo r t h e St at e o f Ark an s as

l l l l ll l ll l l l l l l l ll l ll Res

po n d en t - Ap p el l a n t

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _
Ap p eal fro m

Un i t ed St at es Di s t ri ct Co u rt fo r t h e Eas t ern Di s t ri ct o f Ark an s as - Li t t l e Ro ck

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

Su b m it t ed : Ap ri l 1 6, 2 0 1 9
Fi l ed : J u l y

1 , 2 01 9

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

Befo re LOKEN, W OLLM AN, an d STRAS, Ci rcu i t J u d g es

.

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

W OLLM AN, Ci rcu i t J u dg e.M ark M o o re, a r e g i s t ered v o ter an d p o t en t i al can di d at e fo r s t at e o ffi ce,

ch al l en g ed Ark an s as ’ s b al l o t acces s req u i rem en t s fo r i n d ep en d en t can d i d at es

. 1 Aft er

t h e d is t ri ct co u rt 2 g ran t ed h i s req u es t fo r d ecl arat ory an d i n j u n ct iv e rel i ef, t h e
Ark an s as Secret ary o f St at e (t h e Secret ary ) 3 fi l ed th i s ap p eal

. As th e s tat e l eg i s l at u re

re c en t l y am en ded t h e ch al len g ed s t at u t e to acco rd wi t h th e pet i t i o n fi l i n g d ead l i n e

t h at M o o r e had s ou g h t
, n o co n t ro v ers y rem ai n s , an d t h u s we di s m i s s t h e ap p eal as

m o ot

.

I.

Un d er Ark an s as l aw, i n d ep en den t can d i d at es fo r b o t h fed eral an d s t at e o ffi ce

m u st m eet cert ai n req u i rem en ts t o b e in cl u d ed o n t h e b al l o t. Can d i d at es m u s t fi l e a

p et i t i o n s i g n ed b y at leas t t h ree p ercen t o f t h e q u al ifi ed el ect o rs i n t he s t at e, co u n t y , t o wn s h i p, o r d i st ri ct in w h i c h t h e p ers o n i s seek i n g o ffi ce. Ark

. Co d e An n. § 7 -7

- 1 0 3 (b )(1 )(A). Th e p et i t i o n fi l i n g d ead l i n e h ad b een May 1 o f g en eral el ect i o n y ears , b u t i n 2 0 1 3, t h e l eg i s l at u re ch an g ed t h e d at e to t h e en d o f t h e p art y fi li n g p e r i o d

, t y p i cal l y M a r ch 1 o f g en eral el ect io n y ears

. See 2 01 3 Ark

. Act s 1 3 5 6, co d i fi ed as

am en d ed at Ark

. Co d e An n

. § 7 -7 -1 0 3

. Pet i t i o n s m ay no t b e ci rcu lat ed fo r s i g n at u res
earl ier t h an n i n et y d ay s p ri o r t o t h i s d ead l i n e. Ark

. Co d e An n

. § 7 -7 -1 0 3 (b )(3 )(B).

Th e s tat u t e al s o req u ires i nd ep en d en t can d i d at es t o fi l e a p ol i t i cal p ract i ces p l ed ge,

an affi d av i t o f e l i g ib i l i t y , an d a n o t i ce o f can d id acy b y t he s am e dat e. Id

. at § 7 -7

- 1 0 3 (a)(1 )(A).

1 W i l l i am C. J o h n s o n an d M i ch ael Harro d

, p o t en ti al i nd ep en d en t can d i d ate s fo r

a co u n ty ju dg es h i p an d t h e s t at e h o u s e o f rep res en tat i v es , res p ect i v el y , were p l ai ntiffs
i n t he o ri g in al act i o n

. Th ey are n o t p art i es t o t h i s ap p eal

.

2 T h e H o n o rab l e J am es M

. M o od y , J r., Un i t ed St at es Di s t ri ct J u d g e f o r t h e Eas t ern Di s t ri ct o f Ark an s as

.

3 Secret ary J o h n Th u rs t o n i s s u b s ti t ut ed fo r h i s p red eces s o r, M ark M art i n

. See Fed

. R. Ap p . P. 4 3 (c)(2 ).

-2

-M o o re fi l ed s u i t i n f e d e r a l d i s t ri ct co u rt i n Feb ru ary 2 0 1 4

, ch al len g i n g t h e

co n st i t u t io n al i ty o f t h e s t at u t e as ap p l i ed t o h i m

. H e al l eg ed t h at t h e M arch 1 p et i t i o n
fi li n g d ead li n e was u n n eces s ari l y earl y an d b u rd en ed h is ri g h ts u n d er th e F i r s t an d

Fo u rt een t h Am en d m en t s. He cl ai m ed th at t h e l aw req u i red i n d ep en d en t can d i d at es

t o g at h er p et i t i o n s i gn at u res i n Decem b er, J an u ary , an d Feb ru ary , w h en p o l i t i cal

i n t eres t am o n g t h e v o ti n g p u b l i c was l o w an d t he w eat h er wa s l e s s c o n du ci v e to

g at h eri n g si g n at u res

. M o o re fai l ed t o fi l e th e neces s ary p ap erwo rk an d was t hu s
i n el i g i b l e t o ru n fo r st at e o ffi ce i n 2 0 1 4 . He al s o s o u g h t d ecl arat o ry an d i n ju n ct i v e
rel i ef as t o fu t u re el ect i o n cy cl es , ho wev er, s t at i n g t h at he i n t en ded t o ru n ag ai n in

2 0 1 8

.

In g ran t i ng t h e Secret ary ’ s m ot i on fo r s um m ary ju dg m en t an d d en y i n g

M o o re’ s , t h e d is t ri ct co u rt d et erm i n ed t h at M o o re h ad s t an d i ng an d t h at t h e

co n cl u s i o n o f t h e 20 1 4 el ect i on cy cl e d i d n o t m o o t t h e cas e. D. Ct

. Ord er of Au g

. 2 5,

2 0 1 5

, at 3 -4

. In an al y zi n g M o o re’ s co n s t it u t i o n al cl ai m s , t h e co u rt em pl o y ed a fo rm

o f st ri ct s c r u t i n y k no wn as th e co m p el l i n g s t at e i n t eres t t es t

. Id

. at 6

. Th e tes t

req u i res t h e co u rt t o fi rs t d et erm i n e wh et h er th e ch al l en g ed s t at u t e i m p o s es “ a b u rd en

o f s o m e s u b s t an ce o n a p lai n t i ff’ s ri g h t s ,” Mo o re v

. M art i n, 8 5 4 F.3 d 1 0 2 1

, 1 0 2 6 (8 th

Ci r. 2 0 1 7 ) (q u o ti n g Li bert ari an Part y o f N.D. v

. J aeg er, 6 59 F.3 d 6 8 7

, 6 9 3 (8 t h Ci r.
2 0 1 1 )), an d th en t o ev al u at e t h e St at e’ s ju s t i fi cat i on fo r t h e s t at u t e, d et er m i n i n g
wh et h er th e “ ch al l en g ed s t at ut e i s n arro wl y d rawn to serv e t h e St at e’ s co m p el l i n g
i n t eres t .” Id

. Th e co u rt co n cl u d ed t h at t h e M arch 1 p et i t i o n fi l in g d ead l i ne i m p o s ed

a b u rd en o f s o m e s u b s t an ce o n M o o re’ s ri g ht s as a po t en ti al i n d ep en den t can d i d at e

an d vo t er. It fo u n d t h e d ead li n e n eces s ary , h owev er, t o m eet “ Ark an s as ’ s co m p el l i n g
i n t eres t s i n t i m el y cert i fy i n g can d i d at es an d in t eres t s fo r t he bal l o t .” D. Ct

. Ord er o f

Au g . 2 5 , 2 0 1 5 , at 6

.

M oor e a p p e a l e d, a n d we rev ers ed t he s um m ary j u d gm en t g ran t t o t h e Secret ary

. M o o re, 85 4 F.3 d at 1 0 28

. W e ag reed wi t h t h e di s t ri ct co u rt t h at t h e M arch 1 p et i t i o n
fi li n g d ead l i n e i m

p o sed a bu rd en o f s o m e su b st an ce, i d

. at 1 0 2 6

, b u t n o t ed t h at a

-3

-fact ual d i s p u t e e x i s t ed w i t h res p ect to wh et h er t h e s t at u te was n arro wl y d rawn to

s erv e Ark an s as ’ s co m

p el l i n g i n t eres t

. W e t h us rem an d ed fo r t h e d i st ri ct co u rt to

ex am i n e “ wh et h er t he v eri fi cat i o n o f i nd ep en d en t can d i d at e p et i t i o n s wo u l d co n fl i ct

wi t h t h e p ro ces s i n g o f o t h e r s ig n at u re p et i ti o n s u n d er t h e fo rm er M ay 1 d ead l i n e.”

Id . at 1 0 2 8

.

O n r em an d an d aft er a b en ch t ri al

, t h e d is tri ct co u rt g ran t ed M o o re t h e re l i e f

h e req u es t e d

. I t d e t e rm in ed t h at t he March 1 p et it i o n fi l i n g d ead li n e was n ot

n arro wl y d rawn t o s erv e t h e s t at e’ s com pe lling inte res t i n t i m el y cert i fy i n g s i g n at u res ,

an d en t ered i nju nct i v e rel i ef p erm i t t i n g M o o re t o fi l e h i s p et i t io n o n o r b efo re M ay
1 , 2 01 8 . See D. Ct . Am . Ord er o f J an . 2 5

, 2 0 1 8, at 6 -7

.

Th e co u rt ’ s o rd er d i d n o t a d d res s t h e fi l i ng d ead l i n e fo r t h e n o t i ce o f

can d id acy , affi d av i t
, an d p o l i t i cal pract ices p l ed g e

. M o o r e fai led t o fi l e t h o s e
d o cu m en t s b y t h e M arch 1 d ead l i n e, an d th e Secret ary t h ereaft er m o v ed t o v acat e t h e
i n ju n ct i o n as m o o t
, c l a i m i n g t h at M o ore was i n el i g i b l e fo r t h e 2 0 18 b al l o t b ecau s e
h e h ad m i s s ed th e s t at u t o ry fi l i n g dead l i n e. Th e co u rt t hen ex t en d ed t h e fi l i n g
d ead li n e fo r t h e n o ti ce, affi d av i t
, an d p l ed g e at M o o re’ s req ues t

. M o o re fi led t h o s e
d o cu m en t s an d h i s p e t i t i o n o n Ap ri l 3 0

, 2 0 1 8

. Becau se h i s p et i t i o n l ack ed t h e

req u i s i t e n u m

b er o f v eri fi ed s ig n at u res , h owev er, M o o re was ag ai n i n el i g i b l e fo r

can d id acy

.

Aft er t h e Secret ary fi l ed t h i s ap p eal an d t h e p art i es s u bm i t t ed th ei r b ri efs

, t h e

s t at e l eg i s l at u re am en d ed t he p et i t i o n f i l i n g d ead l i n e fo r i n dep en d en t can d i d at es to

1 2 : 0 0 p

. m

. o n M ay 1 o f t h e g en eral el ect i o n y ear. See 2 0 1 9 A rk

. Act s 6 8

, t o b e

c o d i f i ed as am en d ed at Ark

. Co d e § § 7 -7 -1 0 3

. Th e law i s sch ed u led t o t ak e ef f e c t

l at er t h i s y ear. 4

4 Ark an s as l aws wi t h o u t em erg en cy cl ause s g o i n to effect o n t h e ni n et y -fi rs t d ay aft er t h e leg i sl at i v e s es s io n ad jo u rn s

. Fu lk ers o n v

. Refu n d i n g Bd

., 14 7 S.W .2 d 9 8 0,

-4

-II.

W e m ay ad

ju di cat e o n ly cas es an d co n t ro v er si es

. A cco rd i n gl y , we “ wi l l

d i s m i s s a cas e as m o o t wh en ‘ ch an g ed ci rcu m s t an ces [h av e] al read y pro v i de[d ] t h e

req u es t ed rel i ef an d el i m i n at e[d ] t h e n eed fo r co u rt act io n.’ ” Li b ert ari an Part y o f Ark

.

v

. M art i n , 8 7 6 F.3 d 9 48

, 9 51 (8 t h Ci r. 2 01 7 ) (al terat i o n s i n o ri gi nal ) (q u o t i n g Teag u e

v

. Co o p er, 7 2 0 F.3 d 97 3

, 9 7 6 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 3 )). St at u t ory ch an ges g en eral l y ren d er a

cas e m o o t
, d es p i t e t h e l eg i s l at u re’ s p o wer t o reen act th e ch al l en ged p ro v i s i o n

. Id .;

s ee al so Ph el p s-Ro p er v

. Ci ty of M an ch es t er, 6 9 7 F.3 d 6 7 8

, 6 8 7 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 2 ) (en

b an c).

W e co n cl u d e th at t h e Secret ary ’ s ap peal i s m o o t

. Th e recen t am en d m en t

ad d r es s es t h e cu rren t

— an d s o o n o b s o l et e— s t at ut e’ s i n fi rm i t y , g ran t i n g t h e rel i ef

M o o re s o u g h t by al l o wi n g i n d ep en d en t can d i d at e s t o fi le th ei r p et i t i o n b y n o o n o n

M ay 1 of g en eral el ect io n y ears

. 5 Fu rt h er, w e h av e co n s i d ered t he ex cep ti o n s t o t h e

m o ot n es s d o ct ri n e an d d et erm i n ed t h at n ei t h er ap p l i es becau s e t h ere i s n o in d i cat i o n

t h at t h e l eg i s l at ure i s “ vi rt u al l y cert ai n ” t o rep eal i t s recen t am en d m en t

. Li b ert ari an

Part y o f Ark

. , 8 7 6 F.3 d at 9 5 1 (ex p l ai n i n g t h at
, in t he co n tex t o f a cl ai m m oo t ed b y
l eg i s lat i v e act i o n , m o o t n es s ex cep t i o ns a r e r a r e a n d ty p ical l y i n v o l ve s i t u at i o n s wh ere

t h e rep eal ed law i s v i r t u a l l y cert ai n t o b e reen act ed ). Th e u nco n st i tu t i o n al b u rd en
faced h ere i s t h u s n ei t h er cap ab l e o f rep et i t i o n y et ev ad i n g rev i ew, n o r o n e t h at can
b e r e a s o nab ly ex p ect ed t o recu r aft er t h e d efen d an t v ol u n t ari l y ceas ed i m p o s i n g i t

.

9 8 3 (Ark

. 1 9 4 1 ). Th i s al l o ws n i n et y d ay s fo r ci t i zen s t o fi le refere n d u m p e t i t i o n s

. See Ark

. Co n s t

. art

. 5

, § 1

. Ark an s as ’ s reg u l ar s es si on ad jo u rn ed o n Ap ri l 2 4

, 2 0 1 9,

s ee H.R. J o u rn al

, 9 2 d Gen

. As s em b

. , Gen

. Ses s

. 4 05 0 -5 1 (2 01 9 ), an d t h e l aw wi l l t hu s
t ak e effect i n l at e J u l y

o f 2 0 1 9

.

5 W e d ecl i n e t o ad dres s M o o re’ s arg u m en t ch al l en g i ng t h e n o o n dead l i n e, t o t h e

ex t en t th at he h as rai s ed on e. See Li b ert ari an Part y o f A r k

. , 8 7 6 F.3 d at 9 5 2 (d ecl i n i n g t o ad d res s a ch al l en g e t o a s t at u t e am en d ed aft er t h e pa rt i es fi l ed t h ei r
ap p el l at e b ri efs ).

-5

-No co n t ro v ers y rem ai n s , an d we l ack t h e au t h o ri t y to ad ju di cat e wh at ev er q u i b b l es
l i ng er.

C o n t rary t o th e Secret ary ’ s co n t en t i o n , M o o re’ s cl ai m d i d n o t b eco m e m o o t

earl ier i n t h e l i t i g at i o n w h en h e fai l ed t o fi l e t h e req u i red c a n d i d at e p ap erwo rk in

2 0 1 4 an d ag ai n i n 2 0 18

. Mo o re h ad cred ib l y al l eg ed an i n t en t t o ru n fo r s t at e o ffi ce
i n t h e fu t u re. Had t h e bal l o t -acces s s t a t u t e n ot been am en d ed

, h e wo u l d h av e b een

s u b ject t o t h e s am e p et it i o n fi l i n g d ead l i n e, ren d eri n g t h e i s s ue cap ab l e o f rep et i t i o n,

y et ev ad i ng rev i ew. See Fed

. El ect i o n Co m m ’ n v

. W i s

. Ri gh t To Li fe, In c., 55 1 U.S.

4 4 9

, 4 6 2 -6 3 (2 0 0 7 ) (ap p l y i n g ex cep t i o n wh ere n o np ro fi t co rp o rat i o n ch al l en g i n g
el ect io n ad vert i s em en t l aws cred i b l y cl ai m ed th at i t wo u l d ru n s i m i l ar ad v ert i s em en t s
i n t h e fu t u re, an d t h u s h ad a reas o n ab l e ex p ect at i on t hat t he s am e co n t ro vers y wo u ld

o ccu r). W e al s o n o t e t h at t h e Secret ary ’ s arg u m en t t h at M o o re h as l ack ed s t an d i n g

t h ro u g h ou t t h i s l i t i gat i o n is bet t er u n d ers t o od as o n e o f m o o t n es s , s ee Ph el p s– Ro p er,
6 9 7 F.3 d at 6 8 7 (“ M oo tn es s i s ak i n t o t h e d oct ri n e o f s tan d i n g b ecau se th e ‘ req u i si t e

p ers o n al i n t eres t t h at m

u s t e x i s t at t h e co m

m en cem en t o f th e l i t i g at i o n (s t an d i n g )

m u s t co n t i n u e t h ro u gh o u t i t s ex i s t en ce (m o o t n es s )’ ” (q u ot i n g M cCart hy v

. O z a r k

Sch

. Di s t

. , 3 5 9 F

. 3 d 1 0 2 9

, 1 0 3 5 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 4 ))), an d we h av e al read y d et erm i n ed

t h at M o o re h ad s t an d i n g t o b ri ng t h is l aws u i t as a can d i d at e an d v o t er. See M o o re,
8 5 4 F.3 d at 1 0 2 5

.

Th e Secret ary as k s t h at we v acat e t h e d is t ri ct co u rt ’ s j u d g m en t

. Th i s i s o u r

n o rm al p ract i ce wh en a ci v il cas e b eco m es m o o t p en d in g ap p el l at e ad ju d i cat i o n, as
d o i n g s o “ ‘ cl ears t h e p at h fo r fu t u re rel i t i g at i o n ’ b y el i m i n at i n g a ju d g m en t t h e l o s er

was s t o p p ed fro m o p p o si n g o n d irect rev i ew.” A r i z o n an s fo r Offi ci al En g l i s h v.
Ari z., 5 2 0 U.S. 4 3

, 7 1 (1 99 7 ) (q u o t i ng Un i t ed St at es v

. M un s in g wear, In c., 3 4 0 U.S.

3 6

, 4 0 (1 9 5 0 )). Bu t v acat u r i s an eq u i t ab l e rem ed y , no t an au t om at i c ri g ht

. See U.S.

Ban co rp M o rt g

. Co

. v

. Bo n n er M al l P’ s h ip

, 51 3 U .S. 1 8

, 2 3 (1 9 9 4) (d ecl i n i n g to

v acat e l o wer co u rt d e c i s i o n aft er s et t l em en t m o o t ed th e cas e). In d et erm i n i n g
wh et h er v acat u r i s ap p ro p ri at e, ab s e n t u nu s u al ci rcu m s t an ces , o u r d eci s i o n i s

-6

-“ i n fo rm ed al m o st en t i rel y , i f n o t en t i rel y , b y th e t wi n co n s i d era t i o n s o f fau l t an d

p u b l i c i n teres t .” Val ero Terres tri al Co rp

. v

. Pai g e, 2 11 F.3 d 1 1 2

, 1 1 8 (4 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 0 ).

In co n s id eri n g fau l t
, we di s ti n g u i s h b et ween a p art y wh o s e v o lu n t ary act i o n s cau s ed

t h e m o o tn es s , an d a p art y p rev en t ed fro m s eek i n g rel i ef fro m t h e ju d g m en t b el o w b y ,

as rel ev an t h ere, h ap p en s t an ce. Ban co rp , 5 13 U.S. at 2 4 . Gen eral l y , o n l y t h e l at t er

s i tu at i o n s m ay m eri t v acat u r. In co n s i d eri n g t he p u b l i c i n teres t
, w e r e c o g n i ze t h at ju d i ci al p reced en t s are “ p res um p t i v el y co rrect an d v al u ab l e t o t h e l eg al co m m u n i t y

as a wh ol e” an d gen eral l y s h o u l d b e p erm i t t ed to s t an d

. Id

. at 2 6 (q u o ti n g I z u m i

Sei m i t s u Ko g y o Kab u s h i k i K ai s h a v

. U.S. Ph i l i p s Co rp ., 5 1 0 U

. S

. 27

, 40 (1 9 9 3 ) (St ev en s , J

. , d i s sen t i ng )).

W e co ncl u d e th at t h e eq u i t i es wei g h ag ai n s t vacat ur. Al t h o u gh w e h av e n ot

ex p li ci t l y ad d res s ed t h e i s su e, o u r s i s t er ci rcu i t s h av e g en eral l y co ns i d ered l eg i s l at i o n

t o b e an “ i n t erv en i n g , i n d ep en d en t ev en t an d n o t v o l u nt ary act i o n , part icu l arl y wh en

t h e g o v ern m en t al en t i t y t ak i n g t h e ap p eal

. . . i s n o t p art o f t h e l eg i s l at i v e b ran ch .”

Di ffen d erfer v

. G o m ez-Co l o n , 5 8 7 F.3 d 44 5

, 4 5 2 (1 s t Ci r. 2 0 0 9) (g at h eri n g cas es ).

Bu t ev en i f th e S e c r e t ary i s no t at fau l t fo r th e m o o t nes s h ere, t h e p u b l i c i n t eres t

wei g h s i n fav o r o f al l o w i n g t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt ’ s ju d g m en t t o s t an d

. As we prev i o u s l y

o b s erv ed i n Mo o re, 8 54 F.3 d at 1 0 2 6

, i n d e p e n d e n t can di d at es an d v o t ers h av e

rep eat ed l y

— an d s u cces s fu l l y

— ch al l en g ed A rk an s as ’ s bal l o t -acces s req u i rem en t s

. W e t h u s co n cl u d e th at t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t i s b es t serv ed b y a s ub s tan t i al b o d y o f ju d i ci al p reced en t s l i m i t i n g t h e b urd e n t h a t t h os e req u i rem en ts m ay p l ace o n

can d id at es ’ an d v o t ers ’ Fi rs t an d Fo u rt een th Am en d m en t ri g h t s

.

Th e ap p eal i s d i s m is s ed as m o o t

.

STRAS, Ci rcu i t J u dg e, co n cu rri n g i n p art an d d i s s en t i ng i n p art

.

I ag ree wi t h t h e co u rt th at t h e cas e i s m o o t, b u t I wo u l d fo l l o w “ o u r n o r m al

p ract i ce” an d v acat e. Tea gu e v

. C o o p e r , 7 2 0 F.3 d 9 7 3, 9 7 8 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 3 ) (ad d res s i n g a cas e m o o t ed b y a l eg i s l at iv e ch an g e). Th i s cas e b ecam e m o o t o n l y

-7

-t h ro u g h t h e “ hap p en s t an ce” o f a s t at u t o ry am en d m en t
, so th ere i s l i t t l e reas o n t o t reat

i t an y d ifferen tl y t h an u s ual an d ev ery reas o n to “ cl ear[] t h e p at h fo r fu t u r e [] l i t ig at i o n ,” s h o u l d i t b eco m e n eces s ary

. Un i t ed S t a t es v. Mu ns i n gwea r , I n c. , 3 4 0

U.S. 3 6

, 4 0 (1 9 50 ); s ee al s o U.S

. B a n co r p Mo r t g. Co

. v. Bo n n er Ma l l P ’s h i p , 5 1 3

U.S. 1 8

, 2 5 (1 9 9 4 ) (“ A p art y wh o s eek s rev i ew o f t h e m eri t s o f an ad v ers e ru l i n g , b ut

i s fru s t rat ed b y t he v ag ari es of ci rcu m s t an ce, ou g h t no t i n f a i r n es s b e fo rced to

acq u ies ce i n t he ju d g m en t.”).

__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

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