United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

Soil Survey of

Clark County,

Wisconsin

In cooperation with

the Research Division of

the College of Agricultural

and Life Sciences,

University of Wisconsin

General Soil Map

The general soil map shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units.

This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map,

identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend,

then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general

description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be

useful in planning the use and

management of small areas.

To find information about your

area of interest, locate that area

on the Index to Map Sheets,

which precedes the soil maps.

Note the number of the map

sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map unit

symbols that are in that area. Turn

to the Contents, which lists the

map units by symbol and name

and shows the page where each

map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table

has data on a specific land use

for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your

specific needs.

3

How To Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1993. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1994. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1993. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Research

Division of the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin. The

survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Clark County Land

Conservation Committee, which helped to finance the fieldwork.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of

its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Cover: A dairy farm in an area of Flambeau and Fallcreek soils. The woods in the background are

in an area of Northmound soils.
5

Contents

How to Use This Soil Survey .................................. 3

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of the County ................................. 11

History and Development ................................... 11

Climate ............................................................... 12

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage .................... 12

Water Supply ...................................................... 13

Transportation Facilities and Industry ................. 14

How This Survey Was Made ................................... 14

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 17

1. Freeon-Newood-Barronett Association ...... 17

2. Almena-Spencer Association ..................... 18

3. Loyal-Withee-Marshfield Association ......... 18

4. Maplehurst-Rib-Menahga Association ....... 20

5. Withee-Kert-Hiles Association .................... 21

6. Flambeau-Merrillan-Fallcreek

Association ........................................... 22

7. Merrillan-Veedum-Humbird Association ..... 23

8. Fairchild-Elm Lake-Ludington

Association ........................................... 24

9. Simescreek-Rockdam Association ............. 26

10. Boone-Elevasil-Tarr Association................. 26

11. Hiles-Kert-Veedum Association.................. 28

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 29

AbB—Aftad very fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes ............................................. 30

AgA—Almena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 31

AnA—Au Gres-Newson complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ............................................. 32

Au—Auburndale silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 34

Ba—Barronett silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 36

BlB—Bilson sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 37

BoC—Boone sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes ......... 39

BoF—Boone sand, 15 to 50 percent slopes ....... 40

BpF—Boone-Elevasil complex, 15 to 50

percent slopes ............................................. 42

BrA—Brander silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 43

Ca—Capitola-Marshfield-Veedum complex, 0

to 2 percent slopes ...................................... 45

Cd—Citypoint mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent

slopes .......................................................... 46

CmA—Comstock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 47

CoC2—Council loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes,

eroded ......................................................... 49

CsD2—Council and Seaton soils, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded ................................ 51

CuB—Crystal Lake silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 52

Da—Dawsil mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent

slopes .......................................................... 54

EaB—Eauclaire loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 54

ElB—Elevasil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 56

ElC2—Elevasil sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 57

ElD2—Elevasil sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 59

FeA—Fairchild-Elm Lake complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ............................................. 60

FfA—Fallcreek loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ........ 63

FgA—Fallcreek-Merrillan complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ............................................. 64

FhB—Flambeau loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes...... 66

FhC—Flambeau loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 67

FhD—Flambeau loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes .......................................................... 68

FkB—Flambeau sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 70

FlB—Flambeau-Humbird complex, 1 to 6

percent slopes ............................................. 71

FlC—Flambeau-Humbird sandy loams, 6 to

12 percent slopes ........................................ 73

Fm—Fordum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ..... 75

FnB—Freeon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,

very stony .................................................... 76

FnC—Freeon silt loam, 6 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony ........................................ 77

HeB—Hiles silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes ........ 79

HuB—Humbird fine sandy loam, 1 to 6

percent slopes ............................................. 80
6

HuC—Humbird fine sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes ............................................. 82

HxB—Humbird-Merrillan fine sandy loams,

0 to 6 percent slopes.................................... 83

IxA—Ironrun-Ponycreek complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ............................................. 86

IzB—Ironrun-Ponycreek-Arbutus complex, 0

to 6 percent slopes ...................................... 88

KeA—Kert silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ......... 90

Lk—Loxley peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes ............... 91

Lm—Loxley, Beseman, and Dawson peats, 0

to 1 percent slopes ...................................... 92

LoB—Loyal silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes ........ 93

LoC—Loyal silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes ...... 95

LsB—Loyal-Hiles silt loams, 1 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 96

LsC—Loyal-Hiles silt loams, 6 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 98

LuB—Ludington sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes .... 100

LuC—Ludington sand, 6 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 101

LxB—Ludington-Fairchild sands, 0 to 6

percent slopes ........................................... 103

LyD—Ludington-Humbird complex, 12 to 20

percent slopes ........................................... 105

MaB—Magnor silt loam, 0 to 4 percent

slopes, very stony ...................................... 107

MbB—Mahtomedi loamy sand, 0 to 6

percent slopes ........................................... 109

MbC—Mahtomedi loamy sand, 6 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 110

McA—Maplehurst silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 112

Me—Markey-Newson mucks, 0 to 2 percent

slopes ........................................................ 113

Mf—Marshfield silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes ........................................................ 114

MgB—Menahga loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent

slopes ........................................................ 116

MmA—Merimod silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 117

MnB—Merit silt loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes ..... 118

MoB—Merit-Gardenvale silt loams, 1 to 6

percent slopes ........................................... 119

MpA—Merrillan fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 121

MrA—Merrillan-Veedum complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 122

MxA—Moppet-Fordum complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 125

NeB—Newood sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, very stony ...................................... 127

NeC—Newood sandy loam, 6 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony ...................................... 128

NmC—Newood-Magnor-Cathro complex, 0

to 15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 130

NoC—Northmound flaggy silt loam, 6 to 15

percent slopes, very stony ......................... 132

NrF—Northmound-Rock outcrop complex,

15 to 50 percent slopes, very stony ........... 134

OeA—Oesterle loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ..... 136

PeA—Pelkie-Winterfield loamy fine sands,

0 to 3 percent slopes.................................. 138

Pg—Pits ........................................................... 139

PoA—Plover very fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 139

Pv—Ponycreek-Dawsil complex, 0 to 2

percent slopes ........................................... 141

PxA—Poskin silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 143

Py—Psammaquents, nearly level ..................... 144

Rb—Rib silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes........... 145

RkA—Rockdam sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 146

RoA—Rosholt sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes ........................................................ 148

RoB—Rosholt sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes ........................................................ 149

RoC—Rosholt sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 150

RzB—Rozellville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes ........................................................ 152

RzC—Rozellville silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 153

ScA—Simescreek sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 155

SrB—Spencer silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes ........................................................ 155
7

SrC—Spencer silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 157

TrB—Tarr sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes .............. 158

Ve—Veedum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes ........................................................ 160

Vs—Veedum-Elm Lake mucks, 0 to 2

percent slopes ........................................... 161

WeA—Withee silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 163

WkA—Withee-Kert silt loams, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 164

Use and Management of the Soils .................... 167

Crops and Pasture ........................................... 167

Yields per Acre............................................. 170

Land Capability Classification ...................... 170

Prime Farmland ........................................... 171

Woodland Management and Productivity ......... 171

Forest Habitat Types .................................... 176

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings ........ 178

Recreation ........................................................ 178

Wildlife Habitat ................................................. 179

Engineering ...................................................... 182

Building Site Development ........................... 183

Sanitary Facilities ......................................... 184

Construction Materials ................................. 185

Water Management...................................... 186

Soil Properties .................................................... 189

Engineering Index Properties ........................... 189

Physical and Chemical Properties .................... 190

Soil and Water Features ................................... 191

Engineering Index Test Data ............................. 193

Classification of the Soils .................................. 195

Soil Series and Their Morphology ......................... 195

Aftad Series...................................................... 195

Almena Series .................................................. 196

Arbutus Series.................................................. 197

Auburndale Series ............................................ 198

Au Gres Series ................................................. 199

Barronett Series ............................................... 200

Beseman Series ............................................... 200

Bilson Series .................................................... 201

Boone Series.................................................... 202

Brander Series ................................................. 203

Capitola Series ................................................. 204

Cathro Series ................................................... 205

Citypoint Series ................................................ 205

Comstock Series .............................................. 206

Council Series .................................................. 207

Crystal Lake Series .......................................... 208

Dawsil Series ................................................... 209

Dawson Series ................................................. 209

Eauclaire Series ............................................... 210

Elevasil Series .................................................. 211

Elm Lake Series ............................................... 212

Fairchild Series................................................. 213

Fallcreek Series................................................ 214

Flambeau Series .............................................. 215

Fordum Series .................................................. 216

Freeon Series ................................................... 217

Gardenvale Series............................................ 218

Hiles Series ...................................................... 219

Humbird Series ................................................ 220

Ironrun Series .................................................. 221

Kert Series ....................................................... 221

Loxley Series .................................................... 222

Loyal Series ..................................................... 223

Ludington Series .............................................. 224

Magnor Series .................................................. 229

Mahtomedi Series ............................................ 230

Maplehurst Series ............................................ 231

Markey Series .................................................. 232

Marshfield Series ............................................. 233

Menahga Series ............................................... 234

Merimod Series ................................................ 234

Merit Series ...................................................... 235

Merrillan Series ................................................ 236

Moppet Series .................................................. 237

Newood Series ................................................. 238

Newson Series ................................................. 239

Northmound Series .......................................... 239

Oesterle Series ................................................ 241

Pelkie Series .................................................... 242

Plover Series .................................................... 242

Ponycreek Series ............................................. 243

Poskin Series ................................................... 244

Psammaquents ................................................ 245

Rib Series ........................................................ 245

Rockdam Series ............................................... 246

Rosholt Series .................................................. 247

Rozellville Series .............................................. 248
8

Seaton Series................................................... 249

Simescreek Series ........................................... 249

Spencer Series................................................. 250

Tarr Series ........................................................ 251

Veedum Series ................................................. 251

Winterfield Series ............................................. 252

Withee Series ................................................... 253

Formation of the Soils ........................................ 255

Geology and Underlying Material ..................... 255

Processes of Soil Formation............................. 256

Factors of Soil Formation ................................. 256

Parent Material ............................................. 256

Climate......................................................... 258

Plant and Animal Life ................................... 258

Relief and Drainage ..................................... 259

Time ............................................................. 259

References .......................................................... 261

Glossary .............................................................. 263

Tables .................................................................. 275

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation .......... 276

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall........ 277

Table 3.—Growing Season ............................... 277

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent

of the Soils ................................................. 278

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per

Acre of Crops and Pasture ......................... 280

Table 6.—Prime Farmland ................................ 286

Table 7.—Woodland Management and

Productivity ................................................ 287

Table 8.—Woodland Equipment Use ................ 299

Table 9.—Windbreaks and Environmental

Plantings .................................................... 306

Table 10.—Recreational Development.............. 319

Table 11.—Wildlife Habitat ................................ 328

Table 12.—Building Site Development .............. 334

Table 13.—Sanitary Facilities ........................... 343

Table 14.—Construction Materials .................... 353

Table 15.—Water Management ........................ 361

Table 16.—Engineering Index Properties ......... 370

Table 17.—Physical and Chemical

Properties of the Soils ................................ 398

Table 18.—Soil and Water Features ................. 410

Table 19.—Engineering Index Test Data ........... 417

Table 20.—Classification of the Soils ................ 420

Issued 2000
9

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in Clark County,

Wisconsin. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey

also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and

the impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and

agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed

for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers,

developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites

for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance.

Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users

identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or

user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are only moderately deep to bedrock.

Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet

soils may be poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table

makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service or from private soil science

consultants.

Patricia S. Leavenworth

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

11

CLARK COUNTY is in central Wisconsin (fig. 1). It has a

total land area of 779,953 acres. The county has an

extreme north-south length of 42 miles and an eastwest width of 30 miles. Clark County is bordered on

the north by Taylor County, on the east by Marathon

and Wood Counties, on the south by Jackson County,

and on the west by Jackson, Eau Claire, and

Chippewa Counties.

Neillsville, in the south-central part of the county, is

the county seat. In 1992, the population of Neillsville

was 2,680 and the population of Clark County was

31,647 (Wisconsin Department of Administration). At

that time, about 91 percent of the population was rural.

About 57 percent of Clark County is used for farming,

and 41 percent is forested (Wisconsin Department of

Development). Clark County ranks second in the State

in total cash receipts from dairy products (Wisconsin

Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer

Protection and others).

A soil survey of the southern part of north-central

Wisconsin, which includes Clark County, was

published in 1918 (Whitson and others, 1918). The

present survey updates this earlier survey and

provides additional information and larger maps, which

show the soils in greater detail.

General Nature of the County

This section provides some general information

about the physical and cultural characteristics of Clark

County. It describes history and development; climate;

physiography, relief, and drainage; water supply; and

transportation facilities and industry.

History and Development

The area now known as Clark County was common

ground for the Chippewa, Menomonie, Winnebago,

and Sioux Indians. It was divided into three parts by

the treaty of 1825; one part went to the Chippewas,

and another went to the Winnebagos. The third

remained neutral. By 1837, all of the Indian land had

been ceded to the United States.

Pine plantations, consisting mostly of white pine,

were abundant along the Black River in the mid

1800’s. The first logging and lumbering activities within

the present boundaries of Clark County were initiated

by the Mormons in 1844. As others expanded these

activities, logging and lumbering remained the main

enterprises until surpassed by agriculture near the

turn of the 20th century.

Clark County was created from part of Jackson

County in 1853. It was named in honor of General

George Rogers Clark of Revolutionary War fame. The

present county boundaries were not established until

1875, when Taylor County was formed.

The development of Clark County was hastened by

railroad construction. The first railroad line was built

through the southwestern part of the county by the

West Wisconsin Railway Company in 1869. Another

Soil Survey of

Clark County, Wisconsin

By Duane T. Simonson and Howard E. Lorenz, Natural Resources Conservation

Service

Fieldwork by John E. Campbell, John D. Chibirka, Roger A. Dahl, Sam D. Hagedorn,

Richard M. Johannes, Mary A. Kluz, John E. Langton, Howard E. Lorenz,

Theron A. Meyer III, Larry L. Natzke, David L. Omernik, Augustine J. Otter,

David C. Roberts, Fred J. Simeth, Duane T. Simonson, and J. Ann Wilkins

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with the Research Division of the College of Agricultural and Life

Sciences, University of Wisconsin
12 Soil Survey of

railroad passes through the northeastern part of the

county.

Agriculture in the survey area was first practiced by

the Indians. It increased as more land was cleared by

logging activities. The early farmers raised crops for

their own use. The first creameries and cheese

factories were established in the 1880’s. By 1895,

when the logging industry was beginning to decline,

factory manufacturing of cheese and butter was

becoming more important. Presently, Clark County

ranks second in the State in dairy production.

The general population trend for Clark County has

varied. Each census for several decades after the

county was created in 1853 showed an increase in

population. The highest total was recorded in 1920,

when 35,120 people were counted. After this, the

number of residents shifted downward. In the years

after World War II, the population increased slowly. The

population trends in Clark County are generally similar

to those of the State—the population has tended to

decline in rural areas but increase in urban areas.

Climate

In Clark County, winters are very cold and summers

are fairly warm. The short frost-free period during the

summer limits cropping mainly to corn, forage, and

small grain. Precipitation is fairly well distributed

throughout the year and reaches a peak in the

summer. Snow covers the ground much of the time

from late fall through early spring.

Soils occasionally freeze to a depth of several feet

when very cold weather occurs before the ground is

appreciably covered with snow. Typically, however, the

soil is frozen in only the top few inches, except where

the snow has been removed.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Neillsville in the

period 1951 to 1988. Table 2 shows probable dates of

the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring.

Table 3 provides data on length of the growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is about 16

degrees F and the average daily minimum

temperature is 5.5 degrees. The lowest temperature

on record, which occurred on January 30, 1951, is -48

degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 67

degrees and the average daily maximum temperature

is 80 degrees. The highest recorded temperature,

which occurred on June 6, 1968, is 99 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They

are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is about 31 inches. Of

this total, about 23 inches, or 74 percent, usually falls

in April through September. The growing season for

most crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10,

the rainfall in April through September is less than 19

inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of

record was 5 inches on August 8, 1980.

The average seasonal snowfall is 40.6 inches. The

greatest snow depth at any one time during the period

of record was 44 inches. On the average, 66 days of

the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground.

The number of such days varies greatly from year to

year.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 80 percent. The sun shines

60 percent of the time possible in summer and in

winter. The prevailing wind is from the west or

northwest. Average windspeed is highest, 11 miles per

hour, in spring.

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

Clark County is in two physiographic regions. About

95 percent of the county is in the Central Plain region,

and the rest is in the Northern Highland region

Figure 1.—Location of Clark County in Wisconsin.
Clark County, Wisconsin 13

(Finley, 1965). The Northern Highland region makes

up a narrow strip in the northern and northeastern

parts of the county along the Taylor and Marathon

county lines. The Central Plain region makes up the

rest of the county.

The Central Plain is underlain by Cambrian

sandstone. South of Neillsville and in the southwestern

part of the county, the Central Plain is mostly driftless,

and thus the sandstone is near the surface. The

landscape is mostly level and gently sloping and has

many wet areas and some sandstone mounds

(monadnocks) that range from a few feet to several

hundred feet above the plain. Along the Black River

the underlying Precambrian igneous and metamorphic

rocks are exposed where the Cambrian sandstone

has eroded away. North of Neillsville, the Central Plain

consists mostly of glacial drift over Cambrian

sandstone. The landscape consists mainly of level and

gently sloping ground moraine with many areas of

moderately well drained and somewhat poorly drained

soils and a few monadnocks.

The Northern Highland region is an asymmetrical

dome dominated by Precambrian igneous and

metamorphic bedrock. In most places, glacial drift

overlies the bedrock. The landscape is mostly a level

or gently sloping ground moraine.

Relief in Clark County is largely controlled by glacial

features and by the bedrock. The highest elevation,

1,460 feet, is northeast of Dorchester in the northeast

corner of the county. The lowest elevation, about 883

feet, is along the shore of Lake Arbutus in the

southwestern part of the county. Most of the county

ranges from about 1,100 to 1,200 feet in elevation.

Local differences in elevation are generally less than

100 feet. The greatest local difference is between the

top of Bruce Mound (1,355 feet) and the nearby shore

of Lake Arbutus (about 883 feet).

Most of Clark County is in the Black River drainage

basin. The Black River flows south through the central

part of the county and is part of the Mississippi River

drainage system. The northwestern and west-central

parts of the county are drained by the Eau Claire

River, which is part of the Chippewa River drainage

system. The eastern edges of the county are drained

by the Eau Plaine and Yellow Rivers, which are part of

the Wisconsin River drainage system.

Water Supply

Clark County has about 4,090 acres of surface

water. Of this total, about 1,615 acres occurs as lakes,

flowages, and ponds and about 2,475 acres occurs as

rivers and streams. Water quality is variable. The water

in the Black River, like most of the surface water in the

southern and western parts of the county, is soft or

very soft, is dark, and has low or medium potential for

plant and fish production. Most of the surface water in

the northern and eastern parts of the county is hard or

very hard and has medium to very high potential for

plant and fish production (Wisconsin Conservation

Department, 1965).

Most of Clark County is underlain by Cambrian

sandstone. A few areas, particularly along the Black

River, are underlain by Precambrian crystalline

igneous or metamorphic rock. In many places these

rock formations are covered by glacial drift that ranges

from about 1 foot to 120 feet in thickness (Bell and

Sherrill, 1974).

Ground water is pumped from aquifers in the

Cambrian and Precambrian formations and in the

glacial drift. The Cambrian formation is the principal

source of water; but in most areas of the county, it is

thin and consists of interbedded sandstone and shale.

Because of its inability to store water, in many areas

the Cambrian formation yields less than 100 gallons

per minute. The Precambrian formation is not a

dependable source of ground water. Yields are from

the weathered material at the surface and from the

fractures within the bedrock and generally are less

than 20 gallons per minute. The glacial drift contains

good quality ground water in most areas, but yields

are variable. Where the drift consists mainly of sand

and gravel, yields range from 100 to more than 1,000

gallons per minute. Deposits of sand and gravel occur

along some of the major rivers and streams. They are

of a limited extent throughout the county. Where the

drift consists mostly of glacial till, yields are generally

less than 100 gallons per minute. Deposits of glacial till

are extensive throughout the county but are less than

60 feet thick in most areas.

Most of the ground-water aquifers in the sandstone

and the glacial drift have a relatively low content of

dissolved solids, sulfates, and chlorides (Kammerer,

1984). The ground water is mostly soft but has some

high concentrations of iron, manganese, and sulfides

in some areas of Cambrian sandstone. Nitrates have

been detected in about 80 percent of the wells in Clark

County. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the maximum

recommended concentration of 10 milligrams per liter

in about 12 percent of the wells (Clark County, 1988).

Generally, the ground-water flow is toward local

streams and rivers through seepage and spring

discharge. Flow is controlled by local topography. It is

well defined in areas of ridges with narrow valleys.

Flow is greatest where valleys are deeply entrenched

into the aquifer. Regional flow of deep aquifers is

toward the Mississippi River or the Chippewa River

(Zaporozec and Cotter, 1985).
14 Soil Survey of

Transportation Facilities and Industry

The principal north-south roads in the county are

State Highways 13 and 73. The main east-west roads

are Federal Highway 10 and State Highways 29, 73,

and 95. Most other parts of the county are accessible

by about 550 additional miles of hard-surface

secondary roads and by about 1,500 miles of gravel

roads (Wisconsin Department of Transportation,

1990). Most roads in agricultural areas are along

section lines. Access is limited in parts of the county

forests where all-weather roads are not maintained.

The county is served by two railroads. One provides

service to the village of Humbird in the southwestern

part of the county. The other provides service to

Abbotsford, Colby, Dorchester, Owen, Unity, and

Riblinger, which are in the northeastern part of the

county.

There is no regular commercial air service in the

county. A well maintained airport for small planes is

located in Neillsville.

The major industries in Clark County, in order of

income, are agriculture, public and private services,

manufacturing, trade, transportation and public

utilities, forestry and recreation, and construction and

mining.

Dairy farming is the major agricultural enterprise.

Clark County ranks second in the State in milk

production and in total cash receipts from dairy

products. Public and private services consist mainly of

government functions, schools, and health care. Some

of the major manufacturing products include industrial

machinery, cardboard boxes, mobile homes, and

measuring or controlling devices (Wisconsin

Department of Development).

Clark County has about 277,000 acres of woodland.

About 133,000 acres is county forest. These wooded

areas provide pulpwood, lumber, firewood, wildlife

habitat, and recreational opportunities. Some areas

throughout the county are planted to conifers, such as

red pine, white pine, and white spruce. Most conifers

are harvested for Christmas trees.

Mining is of limited extent in the county. Commercial

mineral resources include sand and gravel and

crushed granite or other crushed igneous and

metamorphic rocks.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.

The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil.

The profile extends from the surface down into the

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other

biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind

of landform or with a segment of the landform. By

observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the

survey area and relating their position to specific

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a

concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist

to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the

kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location

on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soilvegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to

verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.

Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement

of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they
Clark County, Wisconsin 15

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area generally are collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and

tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and

the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all

of the soils are field tested through observation of the

soils in different uses and under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only

on soil properties but also on such variables as

climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are

predictable over long periods of time, but they are not

predictable from year to year. For example, soil

scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of

accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table

within certain depths in most years, but they cannot

predict that a high water table will always be at a

specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating

boundaries accurately.

The names and delineations of some of the soils in

this survey do not fully agree with those in the surveys

of adjacent counties. The differences are the result of

variations in the extent or pattern of the soils in the

survey areas, a better knowledge of soils because of

recent changes in series concepts, and variations in

the scale of the maps.

Soil scientists were denied access to a few tracts in

the county. These areas were mapped by using

knowledge of soil patterns in the surrounding area and

by aerial photo interpretation. The identification of soil

properties and the delineations of soil boundaries are

less accurate on these tracts than in areas where soil

scientists had access to the land and could examine

the soils. On the detailed soil maps, these tracts are

outlined with an ad hoc boundary and are labeled

“Area of reduced reliability.”

17

The general soil map in this publication shows

broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils,

relief, and drainage. These areas are called

associations. Each association on the general soil

map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it

consists of one or more major soils and some minor

soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major

soils. The components of one association can occur in

another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be

identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or building or other structure.

The soils in any one association differ from place to

place in slope, depth, drainage, and other

characteristics that affect management.

1. Freeon-Newood-Barronett

Association

Deep and very deep, nearly level to moderately steep,

poorly drained and moderately well drained, loamy

and silty soils on moraines, glacial lake plains, and

stream terraces

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 1.5

Extent of the components in the association:

Freeon and similar soils—24 percent

Newood and similar soils—23 percent

Barronett and similar soils—18 percent

Soils of minor extent—35 percent

Minor Soils

• The somewhat poorly drained Almena soils and the

moderately well drained Spencer soils, which are very

deep and formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till; on ground moraines

• The very poorly drained, very deep Cathro soils,

which formed in herbaceous organic material

underlain by loamy deposits; in depressions and

drainageways

• The somewhat poorly drained Comstock soils and

the moderately well drained Crystal Lake soils, which

are very deep and formed mostly in silty lacustrine

deposits; on glacial lake plains and stream terraces

• The somewhat poorly drained, deep Magnor soils,

which formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by

dense, loamy glacial till; on moraines

Soil Properties and Qualities

Freeon

Position on the landscape: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Depth class: Deep to dense, loamy glacial till

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, slow or

moderately slow in the upper part of the loamy till,

and very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Newood

Position on the landscape: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Depth class: Deep or very deep to dense, loamy

glacial till

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the loamy

till, slow in the next part, and very slow in the

lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Barronett

Position on the landscape: Depressions and

drainageways

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the stratified part

General Soil Map Units
18 Soil Survey of

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland in most areas of the

Freeon soils and in some areas of the Newood

soils and wetland wildlife habitat in most areas of

the Barronett soils

Other uses: Pasture or woodland

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Freeon—water erosion, droughtiness, nutrient and

pesticide loss, poor tilth, and rock fragments;

Newood—water erosion, soil blowing,

droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss, and rock

fragments; Barronett (in drained areas)—nutrient

and pesticide loss, wetness, ponding, poor tilth,

low strength, and frost hazard

Major management concerns affecting wildlife habitat:

Freeon and Newood—generally unsuited because

of insufficient moisture; Barronett—excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Freeon—water erosion, nutrient and pesticide

loss, and rock fragments; Newood—water erosion,

soil blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, and rock

fragments; Barronett—wetness, ponding, and low

strength

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Freeon and Newood—equipment limitation and

plant competition; Barronett—equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

2. Almena-Spencer Association

Very deep, nearly level to sloping, somewhat poorly

drained and moderately well drained, silty soils on

ground moraines

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 2

Extent of the components in the association:

Almena and similar soils—51 percent

Spencer and similar soils—38 percent

Soils of minor extent—11 percent

Minor Soils

• The poorly drained Auburndale soils in depressions

and drainageways

• The poorly drained Fordum soils and the moderately

well drained Moppet soils, which formed in loamy

alluvium underlain by sandy alluvium; on flood plains

• The moderately well drained, deep Freeon soils,

which formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by

dense, loamy glacial till

Soil Properties and Qualities

Almena

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Spencer

Position on the landscape: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Slope range: 2 to 12 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Almena—wetness, poor tilth, and low strength;

Spencer—water erosion, nutrient and pesticide

loss, poor tilth, and low strength

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Almena—equipment limitation, windthrow hazard,

and plant competition; Spencer—equipment

limitation and plant competition

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Almena—low strength; Spencer—water erosion,

nutrient and pesticide loss, and low strength

3. Loyal-Withee-Marshfield Association

Very deep, nearly level to sloping, poorly drained to

moderately well drained, silty soils on ground

moraines

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 38

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 2):

Loyal and similar soils—54 percent

Withee and similar soils—20 percent
Clark County, Wisconsin 19

Marshfield and similar soils—10 percent

Soils of minor extent—16 percent

Minor Soils

• The very poorly drained Beseman soils, which

formed in herbaceous organic material and are

underlain by loamy alluvium; in depressions and

drainageways

• The very poorly drained Dawson soils, which formed

in herbaceous organic material and are underlain by

sandy deposits; in depressions and drainageways

• The very poorly drained Loxley soils, which formed

in herbaceous organic material; in depressions and

drainageways

• The poorly drained Fordum soils and the moderately

well drained Moppet soils, which formed in loamy

alluvium underlain by sandy alluvium; on flood plains

Soil Properties and Qualities

Loyal

Position on the landscape: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Slope range: 1 to 12 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Withee

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Marshfield

Position on the landscape: Depressions and

drainageways

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Figure 2.—Pattern of soils and parent material in the Loyal-Withee-Marshfield association.
20 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland in most areas of the

Loyal and Withee soils and wetland wildlife habitat

in most areas of the Marshfield soils

Other uses: Woodland or pasture

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Loyal—water erosion, nutrient and pesticide loss,

and poor tilth; Withee—wetness, poor tilth, and low

strength; Marshfield (in drained areas)—nutrient

and pesticide loss, wetness, ponding, poor tilth,

low strength, and frost hazard

Major management concerns affecting wetland wildlife

habitat: Loyal and Withee—generally unsuited

because of insufficient moisture; Marshfield—

excessive sedimentation, chemical and nutrient

pollution

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Loyal—equipment limitation and plant competition;

Withee and Marshfield—equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Loyal—water erosion and nutrient and pesticide

loss; Withee—low strength; Marshfield—wetness,

ponding, and low strength

4. Maplehurst-Rib-Menahga Association

Very deep, nearly level and gently sloping, poorly

drained, somewhat poorly drained, and excessively

drained, sandy and silty soils on stream terraces

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 2.5

Extent of the components in the association:

Maplehurst and similar soils—18 percent

Rib and similar soils—15 percent

Menahga and similar soils—12 percent

Components of minor extent—55 percent

Minor Components

• The moderately well drained Aftad soils, which

formed mostly in loamy lacustrine deposits

• The moderately well drained Brander soils, which

formed in silty alluvium underlain by sandy outwash

• The poorly drained Fordum soils and the moderately

well drained Moppet soils, which formed in loamy

alluvium underlain by sandy alluvium; on flood plains

• The very poorly drained Markey soils, which formed

in herbaceous organic material underlain by sandy

outwash

• Pits

• The somewhat poorly drained Plover soils, which

formed mostly in loamy lacustrine deposits

• The well drained Rosholt soils, which formed in

loamy alluvium underlain by sandy outwash

• The well drained Rozellville soils, which formed in

loamy glacial till over loamy residuum; on ground

moraines

Soil Properties and Qualities

Maplehurst

Position on the landscape: Slightly concave treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Rib

Position on the landscape: Depressions and

drainageways

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Available water capacity: Moderate

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Menahga

Position on the landscape: Slightly convex or linear

treads

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland in most areas of the

Maplehurst soils, wetland wildlife habitat in most

areas of the Rib soils, and woodland in most areas

of the Menahga soils

Other use: Pasture

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Maplehurst—wetness, poor tilth, and low

strength; Rib—generally unsuited because of

excessive wetness and ponding; Menahga—soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss
Clark County, Wisconsin 21

Major management concerns affecting wetland wildlife

habitat: Maplehurst and Menahga—generally

unsuited because of insufficient moisture; Rib—

excessive sedimentation, chemical and nutrient

pollution

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Maplehurst—equipment limitation, windthrow

hazard, and plant competition; Rib—equipment

limitation, windthrow hazard, plant competition,

and seedling mortality; Menahga—equipment

limitation and seedling mortality

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Maplehurst—low strength; Rib—wetness,

ponding, and low strength; Menahga—soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and

pesticide loss

5. Withee-Kert-Hiles Association

Moderately deep and very deep, nearly level to

sloping, somewhat poorly drained and moderately

well drained, silty soils on ground moraines and

pediments

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 10

Extent of the components in the association:

Withee and similar soils—33 percent

Kert and similar soils—21 percent

Hiles and similar soils—12 percent

Soils of minor extent—34 percent

Minor Soils

• The poorly drained, very deep Auburndale soils,

which formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till; in depressions and drainageways of

ground moraines

• The moderately well drained, very deep Flambeau

soils, which formed in loamy glacial till; on ground

moraines

• The moderately well drained, very deep Loyal soils,

which formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till; on ground moraines

• The poorly drained Fordum soils and the moderately

well drained Moppet soils, which are very deep and

formed in loamy alluvium underlain by sandy alluvium;

on flood plains

• The poorly drained, moderately deep Veedum soils,

which formed in loess or silty alluvium over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded sandstone

and shale; in depressions and drainageways of

pediments

Soil Properties and Qualities

Withee

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Kert

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Hiles

Position on the landscape: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Slope range: 1 to 12 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Withee—wetness, poor tilth, and low strength;

Kert—droughtiness, wetness, and low strength;

Hiles—water erosion, droughtiness, and nutrient

and pesticide loss

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Withee—equipment limitation, windthrow hazard,

plant competition, and seedling mortality; Kert—

equipment limitation, windthrow hazard, and plant

competition; Hiles—equipment limitation and plant

competition
22 Soil Survey of

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Withee and Kert—low strength; Hiles—water

erosion, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

6. Flambeau-Merrillan-Fallcreek

Association

Moderately deep and very deep, nearly level to

moderately steep, somewhat poorly drained and

moderately well drained, loamy soils on ground

moraines and pediments

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 12

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 3):

Flambeau and similar soils—41 percent

Merrillan and similar soils—14 percent

Fallcreek and similar soils—12 percent

Soils of minor extent—33 percent

Minor Soils

• The very poorly drained, very deep Beseman soils,

which formed in herbaceous organic material and are

underlain by loamy alluvium; in depressions and

drainageways of moraines

• The very poorly drained, very deep Dawson soils,

which formed in herbaceous organic material and are

underlain by sandy deposits; in depressions and

drainageways of moraines

• The very poorly drained, very deep Loxley soils,

which formed in herbaceous organic material; in

depressions and drainageways of moraines

• The poorly drained, very deep Capitola soils, which

formed in loamy alluvium underlain by loamy glacial

till; in drainageways of ground moraines

• The moderately well drained, moderately deep

Humbird soils, which formed in loamy alluvium over

residuum derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale; on pediments

• The poorly drained Fordum soils and the moderately

well drained Moppet soils, which are very deep and

formed in loamy alluvium underlain by sandy alluvium;

on flood plains

• The well drained, moderately deep Northmound

soils, which formed mostly in loess or in a mixture of

loess and residuum derived from the underlying

sandstone; on monadnocks

• The poorly drained, moderately deep Veedum soils,

which formed in loess or silty alluvium over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded sandstone

and shale; in depressions and drainageways of

pediments

Soil Properties and Qualities

Flambeau

Position on the landscape: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Slope range: 1 to 20 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam and loam

Merrillan

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam and fine

sandy loam

Fallcreek

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Texture of the surface layer: Loam

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Flambeau—water erosion, soil blowing, and

nutrient and pesticide loss; Merrillan—soil blowing,

droughtiness, wetness, poor tilth, and low

strength; Fallcreek—wetness, poor tilth, and low

strength

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Flambeau—equipment limitation, erosion hazard,

and plant competition; Merrillan and Fallcreek—

equipment limitation, windthrow hazard, and plant

competition
Clark County, Wisconsin 23

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Flambeau—water erosion, soil blowing, and

nutrient and pesticide loss; Merrillan—soil blowing

and low strength; Fallcreek—low strength

7. Merrillan-Veedum-Humbird

Association

Moderately deep, nearly level to moderately steep,

poorly drained to moderately well drained, loamy and

mucky soils on pediments

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 12

Extent of the components in the association:

Merrillan and similar soils—31 percent

Veedum and similar soils—23 percent

Humbird and similar soils—17 percent

Soils of minor extent—29 percent

Minor Soils

• The very poorly drained Citypoint soils, which

formed in herbaceous organic material over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded sandstone

and shale; in depressions

• The somewhat poorly drained Fallcreek soils and

the moderately well drained Flambeau soils, which are

very deep and formed in loamy glacial till; on ground

moraines

Soil Properties and Qualities

Merrillan

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Figure 3.—Pattern of soils and parent material in the Flambeau-Merrillan-Fallcreek association.
24 Soil Survey of

Veedum

Position on the landscape: Depressions and

drainageways

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Humbird

Position on the landscape: Nose slopes, summits,

shoulders, and backslopes

Slope range: 1 to 20 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam and fine

sandy loam

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland or cropland in most

areas of the Merrillan soils and in gently sloping

and sloping areas of the Humbird soils

Other uses: Wetland wildlife habitat in most areas of

the Veedum soils; pasture

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Merrillan—equipment limitation, windthrow hazard,

and plant competition; Veedum—equipment

limitation, windthrow hazard, plant competition,

and seedling mortality; Humbird—equipment

limitation, erosion hazard, plant competition, and

seedling mortality

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Merrillan—soil blowing, droughtiness, wetness,

poor tilth, and low strength; Veedum (in drained

areas)—droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss,

wetness, ponding, low strength, and frost hazard;

Humbird—water erosion, soil blowing,

droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss, and poor

tilth

Major management concerns affecting wetland wildlife

habitat: Merrillan and Humbird—generally

unsuited because of insufficient moisture;

Veedum—excessive sedimentation, chemical and

nutrient pollution

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Merrillan—soil blowing and low strength;

Veedum—soil blowing, wetness, ponding, and low

strength; Humbird—water erosion, soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

8. Fairchild-Elm Lake-Ludington

Association

Moderately deep, nearly level to moderately steep,

poorly drained to moderately well drained, sandy and

mucky soils on pediments

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 14

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 4):

Fairchild and similar soils—28 percent

Elm Lake and similar soils—23 percent

Ludington and similar soils—22 percent

Soils of minor extent—27 percent

Minor Soils

• The very poorly drained Citypoint soils, which

formed in herbaceous organic material over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded sandstone

and shale; in depressions

• The very poorly drained, very deep Dawsil soils,

which formed in herbaceous organic material

underlain by siliceous sandy alluvium; in depressions

and drainageways of pediments and stream terraces

• The moderately well drained, very deep Eauclaire

soils, which formed in sandy alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till; on ground moraines

• The somewhat poorly drained Ironrun soils and the

poorly drained Ponycreek soils, which are very deep

and formed in siliceous sandy alluvium; on pediments

and stream terraces

• The very poorly drained, very deep Loxley soils,

which formed in herbaceous organic material; in

depressions of moraines

Soil Properties and Qualities

Fairchild

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous
Clark County, Wisconsin 25

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Elm Lake

Position on the landscape: Depressions and

drainageways

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Ludington

Position on the landscape: Nose slopes, summits,

shoulders, and backslopes

Slope range: 1 to 20 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland in most areas of the

Fairchild and Ludington soils and wetland wildlife

habitat in most areas of the Elm Lake soils

Other uses: Pasture or cropland

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Fairchild and Elm Lake—equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality; Ludington—equipment limitation,

erosion hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Fairchild—soil blowing, droughtiness, nutrient and

Figure 4.—Pattern of soils and parent material in the Fairchild-Elm Lake-Ludington association.
26 Soil Survey of

pesticide loss, and wetness; Elm Lake—generally

unsuited because of excessive wetness and

ponding; Ludington—water erosion, soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Fairchild—soil blowing and nutrient and pesticide

loss; Elm Lake—soil blowing, nutrient and

pesticide loss, wetness, ponding, and low

strength; Ludington—water erosion, soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

9. Simescreek-Rockdam Association

Very deep, nearly level and gently sloping, moderately

well drained and excessively drained, sandy soils on

pediments and stream terraces

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 1.5

Extent of the components in the association:

Simescreek and similar soils—35 percent

Rockdam and similar soils—20 percent

Soils of minor extent—45 percent

Minor Soils

• The somewhat poorly drained Ironrun soils and the

poorly drained Ponycreek soils

• The moderately well drained Pelkie soils and the

somewhat poorly drained Winterfield soils, which

formed in sandy alluvium; on flood plains

Soil Properties and Qualities

Simescreek

Position on the landscape: Toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Rockdam

Position on the landscape: Toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland or pasture in some areas of the

Rockdam soils

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Simescreek and Rockdam—equipment limitation

and seedling mortality

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Rockdam—soil blowing, droughtiness, and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Rockdam—soil blowing, droughtiness, and

nutrient and pesticide loss

10. Boone-Elevasil-Tarr Association

Moderately deep and very deep, nearly level to very

steep, well drained and excessively drained, sandy

and loamy soils on pediments, hills, and stream

terraces

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 1.5

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 5):

Boone and similar soils—23 percent

Elevasil and similar soils—16 percent

Tarr and similar soils—14 percent

Soils of minor extent—47 percent

Minor Soils

• The well drained, very deep Bilson soils, which

formed in siliceous loamy alluvium underlain by

siliceous sandy alluvium

• The well drained, very deep Council soils, which

formed in silty and loamy colluvium

• The moderately well drained Merimod soils and the

well drained Merit soils, which are very deep and

formed in silty alluvium over loamy alluvium underlain

by siliceous sandy alluvium

Soil Properties and Qualities

Boone

Position on the landscape: Nose slopes, summits,

shoulders, and backslopes

Slope range: 6 to 50 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid in the siliceous sandy residuum

and moderately slow or moderate in the

sandstone

Available water capacity: Very low

Texture of the surface layer: Sand
Clark County, Wisconsin 27

Elevasil

Position on the landscape: Nose slopes, summits,

shoulders, and backslopes

Slope range: 2 to 50 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy colluvium, rapid in the siliceous sandy

residuum, and moderately slow or moderate in the

sandstone

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Tarr

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland in most areas of the

gently sloping and sloping Elevasil soils

Other uses: Woodland or pasture in most areas of the

Boone and Tarr soils and in moderately steep or

steep areas of the Elevasil soils

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Boone and Elevasil—water erosion, soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss;

Tarr—soil blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and

pesticide loss

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Boone—equipment limitation, erosion hazard, and

seedling mortality; Elevasil—equipment limitation,

erosion hazard, plant competition, and seedling

Figure 5.—Pattern of soils and parent material in the Boone-Elevasil-Tarr association.
28

mortality; Tarr—equipment limitation and seedling

mortality

Major management concerns affecting pasture: Boone

and Elevasil—water erosion, soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss;

Tarr—soil blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and

pesticide loss

11. Hiles-Kert-Veedum Association

Moderately deep, nearly level and gently sloping,

poorly drained to moderately well drained, silty and

mucky soils on pediments

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 5

Extent of the components in the association:

Hiles and similar soils—30 percent

Kert and similar soils—24 percent

Veedum and similar soils—21 percent

Soils of minor extent—25 percent

Minor Soils

• The very poorly drained Citypoint soils, which

formed in herbaceous organic material over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded sandstone

and shale

• The moderately well drained Loyal soils and the

somewhat poorly drained Withee soils, which are very

deep and formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till; on ground moraines

Soil Properties and Qualities

Hiles

Position on the landscape: Summits and shoulders

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Kert

Position on the landscape: Footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Veedum

Position on the landscape: Depressions and

drainageways

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Texture of the surface layer: Muck and silt loam

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland in most areas of the

Hiles and Kert soils and wetland wildlife habitat in

most areas of the Veedum soils

Other uses: Woodland or pasture

Major management concerns affecting cropland:

Hiles—water erosion, droughtiness, and nutrient

and pesticide loss; Kert—droughtiness, wetness,

and low strength; Veedum (in drained areas)—

droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss, wetness,

ponding, low strength, and frost hazard

Major management concerns affecting wetland wildlife

habitat: Hiles and Kert—generally unsuited

because of insufficient moisture; Veedum—

excessive sedimentation, chemical and nutrient

pollution

Major management concerns affecting woodland:

Hiles—equipment limitation and plant competition;

Kert—equipment limitation, windthrow hazard, and

plant competition; Veedum—equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Major management concerns affecting pasture:

Hiles—water erosion, droughtiness, nutrient and

pesticide loss; Kert—low strength; Veedum—soil

blowing, wetness, ponding, and low strength
29

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps

in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous

areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in

this section, along with the maps, can be used to

determine the suitability and potential of a unit for

specific uses. They also can be used to plan the

management needed for those uses.

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an

area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are

precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils.

On the landscape, however, the soils are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of

some observed properties may extend beyond the

limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and

some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic

classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to those

of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may

or may not be mentioned in the map unit descriptions.

Other included soils and miscellaneous areas,

however, have properties and behavioral

characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to

require different management. These are called

contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally

are in small areas and could not be mapped

separately because of the scale used. Some small

areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous

areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps.

The included areas of contrasting soils or

miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit

descriptions. A few included areas may not have been

observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in

the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous

areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in no

way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data.

The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The

delineation of such segments on the map provides

sufficient information for the development of resource

plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned,

however, onsite investigation is needed to define and

locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit and gives the principal

hazards and limitations to be considered in planning

for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer, all the soils of a series have major

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of

erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use.

On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example,

Flambeau loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, is a phase of

the Flambeau series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

called complexes or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. Fairchild-Elm Lake complex, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or

Detailed Soil Map Units
30 Soil Survey of

more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be

mapped individually but are mapped as one unit

because similar interpretations can be made for use

and management. The pattern and proportion of the

soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not

uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the

major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made

up of all of them. Council and Seaton soils, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded, is an undifferentiated group in

this survey area.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. The map unit Pits is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the

soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for

many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms

used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

AbB—Aftad very fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly convex or linear treads

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable

very fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 13 inches—pale brown very fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

13 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very fine sandy

loam and pale brown fine sandy loam

22 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown very fine

sandy loam

27 to 43 inches—yellowish brown, mottled very

fine sandy loam with a few very thin strata of

very fine sand

Substratum:

43 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown, mottled

very fine sandy loam with thin strata of fine

sand, very fine sand, and silt

Composition

Aftad and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Brander soils, which have a sandy substratum

• The somewhat poorly drained Plover soils on slightly

concave treads

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy fine sand,

loam, or silt loam

• Soils that have a thicker and/or darker surface layer

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 2.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited
Clark County, Wisconsin 31

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

risk of water erosion and soil blowing, and increases

the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, water erosion,

and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

AgA—Almena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 150 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, very friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 19 inches—pale brown and dark brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

19 to 33 inches—yellowish brown and pale brown,

mottled silt loam

33 to 45 inches—yellowish brown, mottled silt

loam

Substratum:

45 to 60 inches—reddish brown, mottled sandy

loam

Composition

Almena and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The poorly drained Auburndale soils in depressions

and drainageways

• The moderately well drained Spencer soils on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes

• The moderately well drained Loyal soils, which have

a thinner silty mantle than that of the Almena soil; on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Withee soils, which have a thinner silty mantle

• Soils that have a thicker and/or darker surface layer

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1 to

3 feet
32 Soil Survey of

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate or high in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, high or very

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, poor tilth, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface, adding other

organic material to the soil, minimizing tillage, tilling

and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content, and

including grasses and legumes in the cropping

sequence help to prevent excessive compaction,

minimize crusting, and maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and the

shrink-swell potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 3W (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

AnA—Au Gres-Newson complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Au Gres—slightly concave treads;

Newson—depressions and drainageways

Slope range: Au Gres—0 to 3 percent; Newson—0 to

2 percent

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 60 acres

Representative Profile

Au Gres

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—dark grayish brown peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—black sand
Clark County, Wisconsin 33

Subsurface layer:

3 to 13 inches—dark grayish brown sand

Subsoil:

13 to 17 inches—dark reddish brown loamy sand

17 to 27 inches—dark reddish brown, mottled

sand

Substratum:

27 to 61 inches—strong brown coarse sand

Newson

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—black sand

Subsoil:

8 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown, mottled

sand

Substratum:

21 to 64 inches—yellowish brown and brown

coarse sand

Composition

Au Gres and similar soils: 45 to 55 percent

Newson and similar soils: 35 to 45 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Markey soils, which have an

organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick; in drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand or

mucky sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Au Gres—somewhat poorly drained;

Newson—poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Au Gres—at a depth of 0.5

foot to 1.5 feet (apparent); Newson—above or

near the surface (apparent)

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Au Gres—very high in

the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; Newson—very high in the surface

layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, wetland wildlife habitat

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Au Gres soil, wetness and low soil

strength frequently limit access by machinery to the

dry summer months or to periods when the soil is

frozen or snow cover is thick.

• In areas of the Newson soil, wetness and low soil

strength generally limit access by machinery to the dry

summer months or to periods when the soil is frozen

or snow cover is thick. Reforestation is generally

limited to natural regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Au Gres soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock in the early

spring, when the soil is moist.

• In areas of the Newson soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock on the crest of

cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

Pasture

Suitability: Au Gres—moderately well suited;

Newson—poorly suited

Major management concerns: Au Gres—soil blowing

and nutrient and pesticide loss; Newson—soil

blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, wetness,

ponding, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to
34 Soil Survey of

control leaching losses and protect the quality of

ground water.

• In areas of the Newson soil, the number of suitable

forage plants is limited by the seasonal high water

table.

• In areas of the Newson soil, establishing or

maintaining an improved pasture is difficult because of

the ponding.

• In areas of the Newson soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery. Livestock hooves cut the soil

and damage the plant cover.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Au Gres—generally unsuited because of

insufficient moisture; Newson—suited in undrained

areas

Major management concerns: Newson—excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas of the Newson soil undrained can

provide wetland wildlife habitat, improve water quality

and ground-water recharge, reduce the rate of runoff,

and help to control sedimentation.

• In areas of the Newson soil, maintaining a saturated

condition and controlling sedimentation help to protect

the wetlands. Limiting herbicide use in adjacent areas

also helps to protect the habitat.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding on the Newson soil

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Au Gres—poor filtering

capacity and wetness; Newson—poor filtering

capacity, wetness, and ponding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Au Gres—poorly suited; Newson—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding

Major management concerns: Au Gres—wetness, soil

blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Au Gres soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Au Gres soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control soil blowing during

and after construction.

• In areas of the Au Gres soil, stabilizing or sloping the

cutbanks in excavated or cut-and-fill areas helps to

minimize the safety hazard and the damage caused by

caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Au Gres—poorly suited; Newson—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding

Major management concerns: Au Gres—wetness and

soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Au Gres soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Au Gres soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control soil blowing during

and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Au Gres—IVw;

Newson—VIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Au Gres—6W (quaking

aspen); Newson—6W (jack pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVRh

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Au—Auburndale silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Depressions and drainageways

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 200 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 14 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

14 to 41 inches—light brownish gray and grayish

brown, mottled silt loam

41 to 53 inches—grayish brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

53 to 60 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy

loam
Clark County, Wisconsin 35

Composition

Auburndale and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Almena soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

• The very poorly drained Beseman soils, which have

an organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

Similar inclusions:

• Marshfield soils, which have a thinner silty mantle

• Soils that have a surface layer of mucky silt loam

• Soils that have a thicker and/or darker surface layer

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched above or near the

surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, high or very high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—high or very high

in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, wetland wildlife

habitat

Other uses: Pasture, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

Reforestation is generally limited to natural

regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by planting

vigorous nursery stock on the crest of cradle-knolls or

on prepared ridges.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, improve water quality and ground-water

recharge, reduce the runoff rate, and help to control

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition, controlling

sedimentation, and following recommended nutrient

and chemical management practices in adjacent areas

help to protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, ponding, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• In undrained areas, the number of suitable forage

plants is limited by the seasonal high water table.

• Establishing or maintaining an improved pasture is

difficult because of the ponding.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited in drained areas; generally

unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Nutrient and pesticide

loss, wetness, ponding, poor tilth, low strength,

and frost hazard

Management considerations:

• Reducing chemical application rates and

incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at recommended

rates help to protect the quality of the surface water.

• Reducing rates of chemical application and using

split applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to control

leaching losses and protect the quality of the ground

water.

• Undrained areas provide wetland benefits.

• The seasonal high water table usually delays spring

planting for 2 to 3 weeks. Adequate drainage is

needed for dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage. Some areas do

not have a suitable outlet.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant
36 Soil Survey of

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface, adding other

organic material to the soil, minimizing tillage, tilling

and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content, and

including grasses and legumes in the cropping

sequence help to prevent excessive compaction,

minimize crusting, and maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

• In many areas the length of the growing season is

severely limited by frost. In these areas, corn can be

cut for silage or an early maturing variety of corn can

be grown.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and ponding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw in undrained areas;

IIIw in drained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: 2W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Ba—Barronett silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Glacial lake plains and stream terraces

Landscape position: Depressions and drainageways

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—black, friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 15 inches—dark gray, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

15 to 32 inches—dark grayish brown, mottled silt

loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—light brownish gray, mottled,

stratified silt loam, loam, and very fine sandy

loam

Composition

Barronett and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Comstock soils on

slightly concave treads

• The very poorly drained Beseman soils, which have

an organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of mucky silt loam

• Soils that have a thicker and/or darker surface layer

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

in undrained areas (apparent)

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the stratified part

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, high or very high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—high or very high

in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, wetland wildlife

habitat

Other uses: Pasture, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

Reforestation is generally limited to natural

regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely
Clark County, Wisconsin 37

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by planting

vigorous nursery stock on the crest of cradle-knolls or

on prepared ridges.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, improve water quality and ground-water

recharge, reduce the runoff rate, and help to control

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition, controlling

sedimentation, and following recommended nutrient

and chemical management practices in adjacent areas

help to protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, ponding, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• In undrained areas, the number of suitable forage

plants is limited by the seasonal high water table.

• Establishing or maintaining an improved pasture is

difficult because of the ponding.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited in undrained areas; generally

unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Nutrient and pesticide

loss, wetness, ponding, poor tilth, low strength,

and frost hazard

Management considerations:

• Reducing chemical application rates and

incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at recommended

rates help to protect the quality of the surface water.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to control

leaching losses and protect the quality of the ground

water.

• Undrained areas provide wetland benefits.

• The seasonal high water table usually delays spring

planting for 2 to 3 weeks. Adequate drainage is

needed for dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage. Some areas do

not have a suitable outlet.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

• In many areas the length of the growing season is

severely limited by frost. In these areas, corn can be

cut for silage or an early maturing variety of corn can

be grown.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and ponding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw in undrained areas;

IIIw in drained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: 2W (tamarack)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

BlB—Bilson sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown, friable sandy

loam

Subsoil:

8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy

loam

12 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam
38 Soil Survey of

18 to 32 inches—dark brown and strong brown

sandy loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—brownish yellow sand with a few

thin strata of loamy sand

Composition

Bilson and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Merit soils and the moderately well drained Merimod

soils, which have more silt and clay in the surface

layer and subsoil than the Bilson soil

• The excessively drained Tarr soils, which are sandy

throughout

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand, fine

sandy loam, or loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

siliceous loamy alluvium and rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

or moderate available water capacity. Irrigation can

improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in areas

where the soil has a low available water capacity.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concern: Plant competition

Management considerations:

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, and cutbanks caving
Clark County, Wisconsin 39

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

Secondary forest habitat type: PVCr

BoC—Boone sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown sand

Subsoil:

5 to 17 inches—yellowish brown sand

Substratum:

17 to 31 inches—brownish yellow sand

31 to 37 inches—very pale brown sand

Bedrock:

37 to 60 inches—yellow, weakly cemented

sandstone

Composition

Boone and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Areas of Boone soils that have slopes of less than 6

percent or more than 15 percent

• The very deep Tarr soils, which are sandy

throughout; on the lower backslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand or

loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Permeability: Rapid in the siliceous sandy residuum

and moderately slow or moderate in the

sandstone

Available water capacity: Very low

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—low in the surface

layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.
40 Soil Survey of

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases

the hazards of water erosion and soil blowing,

and increases the extent of undesirable plant

species.

• Forage yields are limited by the very low available

water capacity. Drought-tolerant species should be

selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited by the very low available

water capacity. Irrigation can improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Properly scheduling irrigation, reducing chemical

application rates, and using split applications of

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates during the

growing season help to minimize losses caused by

leaching and protect the quality of the ground water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity, slope,

and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited in the less sloping areas;

moderately well suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Slope, water erosion,

soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 2S (black oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: PVCr

BoF—Boone sand, 15 to 50 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Nose slopes, summits, shoulders,

and backslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown sand

Subsurface layer:

2 to 7 inches—brown sand

Subsoil:

7 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown sand

Substratum:

20 to 31 inches—yellowish brown sand
Clark County, Wisconsin 41

Bedrock:

31 to 60 inches—yellow, weakly cemented

sandstone

Composition

Boone and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Areas of Boone soils that have slopes of less than

15 percent or more than 50 percent

• The very deep Tarr soils, which are sandy

throughout; on the lower backslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand or

loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Permeability: Rapid in the siliceous sandy residuum

and moderately slow or moderate in the

sandstone

Available water capacity: Very low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

erosion hazard, and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Because the slope limits the use of conventional

logging equipment, special logging methods, such as

yarding the logs by cable, may be necessary.

• Carefully locating skid trails and building haul roads

on the contour reduce the hazard of erosion and help

to overcome equipment limitations.

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas after logging,

removing runoff water by sloping the road surfaces,

and installing water bars, culverts, and drop structures

help to control erosion.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• The steeper slopes are generally limited to pasture

of existing forage species. Maintaining a high-quality

cover of pasture plants helps to control water erosion

and soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited by the very low available

water capacity. Drought-tolerant species should be

selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of extreme

droughtiness, the slope, and the very severe

hazard of water erosion

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity, slope,

and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited in the less sloping areas;

generally unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Slope, water erosion,

soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In the less sloping areas, buildings can be designed
42 Soil Survey of

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land.

The slope can be modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 2R (black oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

BpF—Boone-Elevasil complex, 15 to 50

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Boone—nose slopes, summits,

shoulders, and backslopes; Elevasil—summits,

shoulders, and backslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated

Size of areas: 10 to 500 acres

Representative Profile

Boone

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sand

Subsurface layer:

3 to 8 inches—brown sand

Subsoil:

8 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown sand

Substratum:

21 to 35 inches—brownish yellow sand

Bedrock:

35 to 60 inches—white, weakly cemented

sandstone

Elevasil

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—very dark brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam

9 to 27 inches—strong brown sandy loam

27 to 31 inches—strong brown loamy sand

Substratum:

31 to 39 inches—reddish yellow sand

Bedrock:

39 to 60 inches—very pale brown, weakly

cemented sandstone

Composition

Boone and similar soils: 40 to 60 percent

Elevasil and similar soils: 30 to 50 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Areas of Boone and Elevasil soils that have slopes

of less than 15 percent or more than 50 percent

• The very deep, well drained Council soils, which are

loamy throughout; on head slopes and backslopes

• The very deep, excessively drained Tarr soils, which

are sandy throughout; on backslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand or

loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Boone—excessively drained;

Elevasil—well drained

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Permeability: Boone—rapid in the siliceous sandy

residuum and moderately slow or moderate in the

sandstone; Elevasil—moderate or moderately

rapid in the siliceous loamy colluvium, rapid in the

siliceous sandy residuum, and moderately slow or

moderate in the sandstone

Available water capacity: Boone—very low; Elevasil—

low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Boone—equipment

limitation, erosion hazard, and seedling mortality;

Elevasil—equipment limitation, erosion hazard,

plant competition, and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log
Clark County, Wisconsin 43

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Because the slope limits the use of conventional

logging equipment, special logging methods, such as

yarding the logs by cable, may be necessary.

• Carefully locating skid trails and building haul roads

on the contour help to control erosion and help to

overcome equipment limitations.

• In areas of the Boone soil, the sandy surface layer

can interfere with the traction of wheeled equipment,

especially during dry periods.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas after logging,

removing runoff water by sloping the road surfaces,

and installing water bars, culverts, and drop structures

help to control erosion.

• In areas of the Elevasil soil, plant competition can be

controlled by mechanical site preparation or limited

use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Boone soil and in areas of the

Elevasil soil on the steeper south- and west-facing

slopes, seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soils are

moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• The steeper slopes are generally limited to pasture

of existing forage species. Maintaining a high-quality

cover of pasture plants helps to control water erosion

and soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Boone soil, forage yields are limited

by the very low available water capacity. Droughttolerant species should be selected for planting.

• In areas of the Elevasil soil, forage yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• In areas of the Boone soil, reducing chemical

application rates and applying nitrogen fertilizer at

recommended rates help to minimize losses caused

by leaching and protect the quality of the ground

water.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of extreme

droughtiness, the slope, and the very severe

hazard of water erosion

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity, slope,

and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited in the less sloping areas;

generally unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Slope, water erosion,

soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In the less sloping areas, buildings can be designed

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land.

The slope can be modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Boone—VIIs; Elevasil—

VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Boone—2R (black oak);

Elevasil—2R (black oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVCr or PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

BrA—Brander silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly convex or linear treads
44 Soil Survey of

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark brown, friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—brown and yellowish brown silt

loam

Subsoil:

17 to 22 inches—yellowish brown and brown silt

loam

22 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown, mottled silt loam

32 to 35 inches—dark brown, mottled gravelly

loam

Substratum:

35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown, mottled,

stratified gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand

Composition

Brander and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Poskin soils on

slightly concave treads

• The well drained Rosholt soils, which do not have a

silty mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thicker silty mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of 2.5 to 3.5 feet

(apparent)

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

high or very high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Droughtiness and poor

tilth

Management considerations:

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years

by the moderate available water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, and wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and cutbanks

caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited
Clark County, Wisconsin 45

Major management concern: The shrink-swell

potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH

Secondary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Ca—Capitola-Marshfield-Veedum

complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Capitola and Marshfield—ground moraines;

Veedum—pediments

Landscape position: Drainageways

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres

Representative Profile

Capitola

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

4 to 6 inches—black loam

6 to 12 inches—grayish brown, mottled loam

Subsoil:

12 to 21 inches—grayish brown, mottled sandy

loam

21 to 35 inches—gray, mottled loam

35 to 39 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy loam

Substratum:

39 to 64 inches—brown sandy loam

Marshfield

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—black silt loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 10 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 26 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt loam

26 to 34 inches—grayish brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

34 to 46 inches—dark brown, mottled loam

46 to 60 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy

loam

Veedum

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—black silt loam

7 to 18 inches—gray, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

18 to 32 inches—dark gray, mottled loam

32 to 37 inches—light olive gray and yellowish

brown, mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

37 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and light brownish gray shale

Composition

Capitola and similar soils: 25 to 40 percent

Marshfield and similar soils: 25 to 40 percent

Veedum and similar soils: 25 to 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately deep Elm Lake soils, which have a

sandy mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam, mucky loam,

mucky silt loam, or mucky peat

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched above or near the

surface

Depth class: Capitola and Marshfield—very deep;

Veedum—moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Capitola—moderately slow or moderate

in the loamy alluvium and moderately slow in the

loamy till; Marshfield—moderate in the silty part

and moderately slow in the loamy till; Veedum—

moderate in the silty part, moderately slow or

moderate in the residuum, and very slow to

moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone and

shale

Available water capacity: Capitola and Marshfield—

high; Veedum—low or moderate

Content of organic matter: Capitola and Veedum—very

high in the surface layer; Marshfield—very high in

the organic layer, high or very high in the surface

layer
46 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, wetland wildlife

habitat

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

Reforestation is generally limited to natural

regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by planting

vigorous nursery stock on the crest of cradle-knolls or

on prepared ridges.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, improve water quality and ground-water

recharge, reduce the runoff rate, and minimize

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition, controlling

sedimentation, and following recommended nutrient

and chemical management practices in adjacent areas

help to protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Capitola and Veedum—

soil blowing, wetness, ponding, and low strength;

Marshfield—wetness, ponding, and low strength

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Capitola and Veedum soils,

establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• In areas of the Capitola and Veedum soils,

overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• The number of suitable forage plants is limited by the

seasonal high water table.

• Establishing or maintaining an improved pasture is

difficult because of the ponding.

• In areas of the Marshfield soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery.

• In areas of the Capitola and Veedum soils, low

strength restricts the use of machinery. Livestock

hooves cut the soil and damage the plant cover.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Capitola and Marshfield—

restricted permeability, wetness, and ponding;

Veedum—restricted permeability, wetness,

ponding, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State guidelines.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Capitola—7W (balsam

fir); Marshfield—3W (white ash); Veedum—1W

(white ash)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Cd—Citypoint mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Depressions

Shape of areas: Irregular, round, or oblong

Size of areas: 4 to 150 acres

Representative Profile

Organic layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown mucky

peat

8 to 28 inches—black muck
Clark County, Wisconsin 47

Substratum:

28 to 33 inches—light brownish gray sand

Bedrock:

33 to 60 inches—pale olive, brownish yellow, gray,

and light yellowish brown, interbedded

sandstone and shale

Composition

Citypoint and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately deep, poorly drained Elm Lake soils,

which have a sandy mantle

• The very deep Loxley soils, which have organic

material throughout

• The moderately deep, poorly drained Veedum soils,

which have a silty mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of muck or peat

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched above or near the

surface

Depth class: Moderately deep or deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic material, slow to rapid in the residuum,

and very slow to moderately slow in the

interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Very high

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very

high

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Wetland wildlife habitat (fig. 6)

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, improve water quality and ground-water

recharge, reduce the runoff rate, and minimize

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition, controlling

sedimentation, and limiting herbicide use in adjacent

areas help to protect the habitat.

Cropland and pasture

Suitability: Generally unsuited

Major restrictive features: Excessive wetness,

ponding, a scarcity of suitable drainage outlets,

extreme acidity, a severe frost hazard, and

subsidence

Management considerations:

• With intensive management, some areas are suited

to cranberries and other specialty crops.

Woodland

Suitability: Generally unsuited

Major restrictive features: Excessive wetness and

ponding

Management considerations:

• This soil does not support trees of merchantable

size or quality.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, ponding, subsidence, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, and subsidence

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: 2W (black spruce)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

CmA—Comstock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Glacial lake plains and stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly concave treads

Shape of areas: Irregular, round, or oblong

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 12 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt loam
48 Soil Survey of

Subsoil:

12 to 20 inches—reddish brown and brown,

mottled silt loam

20 to 36 inches—reddish brown, mottled silty clay

loam

36 to 41 inches—brown, mottled silt loam

Substratum:

41 to 51 inches—brown, mottled silt loam with a

few thin strata of very fine sandy loam

51 to 60 inches—grayish brown and strong brown

silt loam with thin strata of very fine sandy loam

and very fine sand

Composition

Comstock and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Aftad soils, which are

loamy throughout; on slightly convex or linear treads

• The moderately well drained Crystal Lake soils on

slightly convex or linear treads

• The poorly drained Barronett soils in depressions

and drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of very fine sandy

loam or loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1 to

3 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the stratified part

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, high or very

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland, woodland

Other use: Pasture

Figure 6.—A bog in an area of Citypoint mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes.
Clark County, Wisconsin 49

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, poor tilth, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface, adding other

organic material to the soil, minimizing tillage, tilling

and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content, and

including grasses and legumes in the cropping

sequence help to prevent excessive compaction,

minimize crusting, and maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concern: Wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and the

shrink-swell potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 3W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

CoC2—Council loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable

loam mixed with some dark yellowish brown

subsoil material

Subsoil:

8 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

16 to 42 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Substratum:

42 to 60 inches—brownish yellow, mottled silt

loam

Composition

Council and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent
50 Soil Survey of

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Bilson soils, which have a sandy substratum; on the

lower footslopes

• Gently sloping or moderately steep areas of Council

soils

• The moderately deep Elevasil soils, which are

underlain by sand and sandstone; in convex areas on

footslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam or silt

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Moderate

Major restrictive features: Slope and restricted

permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited in the less sloping areas;

moderately well suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Slope and water

erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArCi

Secondary forest habitat type: ArDe-V
Clark County, Wisconsin 51

CsD2—Council and Seaton soils, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Head slopes and backslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 150 acres

Representative Profile

Council

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark brown, friable loam mixed with

some dark yellowish brown subsoil material

Subsoil:

7 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

35 to 45 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy

loam

Substratum:

45 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown and dark

yellowish brown, mottled silt loam with pockets

or layers of loam

Seaton

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, friable silt loam mixed

with some dark brown subsoil material

Subsoil:

9 to 34 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown silt loam

34 to 46 inches—dark yellowish brown, mottled silt

loam

Substratum:

46 to 60 inches—pale brown, mottled silt loam

Composition

• Each mapped area consists of one or both of these

soils in varying proportions. Contrasting inclusions

make up 5 to 10 percent of the delineations.

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Sloping or steep areas of Council and Seaton soils

• The moderately deep Elevasil soils, which are

underlain by sand and sandstone; in convex areas on

footslopes and backslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam or

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Council—high; Seaton—very

high

Content of organic matter: Council—moderately low in

the surface layer in cultivated areas, very high in

the organic layer and moderate or high in the

surface layer in uncultivated areas; Seaton—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer in

cultivated areas, very high in the organic layer and

moderate or high in the surface layer in

uncultivated areas

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

erosion hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Because the slope limits the use of conventional

logging equipment, special logging methods, such as

yarding the logs by cable, may be necessary.
52 Soil Survey of

• Carefully locating skid trails and building haul roads

on the contour can reduce the hazard of erosion and

help to overcome equipment limitations.

• In areas of the Seaton soil, ruts form easily on

unsurfaced roads during wet periods. Log landings

and haul roads can be stabilized with gravel.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas after logging,

removing runoff water by sloping the road surfaces,

and installing water bars, culverts, and drop structures

help to control erosion.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality on the steeper south- and westfacing slopes can be minimized by using harvest

methods that leave some mature trees to provide

shade and protection and by planting vigorous nursery

stock in the early spring, when the soils are moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Slope and restricted

permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Moderately well suited in the less sloping

areas; poorly suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Council—slope and

water erosion; Seaton—slope, the shrink-swell

potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• In areas of the Seaton soil, adding coarse textured

material under and around the foundation and properly

reinforcing the foundation help to prevent the structural

damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Council—4R (northern

red oak); Seaton—5R (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArCi

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

CuB—Crystal Lake silt loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Glacial lake plains and stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly convex or linear treads

Shape of areas: Irregular, round, or oblong

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 15 inches—pale brown silt loam

15 to 23 inches—pale brown and yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

23 to 31 inches—yellowish brown and pale brown,

mottled silt loam

31 to 42 inches—yellowish brown, mottled silt

loam

Substratum:

42 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown, mottled silt

loam with thin strata of very fine sand

Composition

Crystal Lake and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Aftad soils, which are loamy throughout

• The somewhat poorly drained Comstock soils on

slightly concave treads

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam or

loam
Clark County, Wisconsin 53

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 2.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the stratified part

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, poor tilth, and low strength

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and water

erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: The shrink-swell

potential and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help

to control water erosion during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH

Secondary forest habitat type: AH-Ci
54 Soil Survey of

Da—Dawsil mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Depressions and drainageways

Shape of areas: Irregular, round, or oblong

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Organic layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark reddish brown mucky peat

7 to 31 inches—black muck

Substratum:

31 to 60 inches—pale brown sand

Composition

Dawsil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Loxley soils, which have organic material throughout

• The poorly drained Ponycreek soils, which are

sandy throughout

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of muck or peat

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

(apparent)

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic material and rapid or very rapid in the

siliceous sandy alluvium

Available water capacity: Very high

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very

high

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Wetland wildlife habitat

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, improve water quality and ground-water

recharge, reduce the runoff rate, and minimize

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition, controlling

sedimentation, and limiting herbicide use in adjacent

areas help to protect the habitat.

Cropland and pasture

Suitability: Generally unsuited

Major restrictive features: Excessive wetness,

ponding, a scarcity of suitable drainage outlets,

extreme acidity, a severe frost hazard, and

subsidence

Management considerations:

• With intensive management, some areas are suited

to cranberries and other specialty crops.

Woodland

Suitability: Generally unsuited

Major restrictive features: Excessive wetness and

ponding

Management considerations:

• This soil does not support trees of merchantable

size or quality.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, ponding, and subsidence

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, and subsidence

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: 2W (black spruce)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

EaB—Eauclaire loamy sand, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Disintegration moraines

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky

peat
Clark County, Wisconsin 55

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 2 inches—black loamy sand

Subsurface layer:

2 to 4 inches—grayish brown sand

Subsoil:

4 to 12 inches—dark brown loamy sand

12 to 24 inches—yellowish brown sand

24 to 34 inches—light yellowish brown, mottled

sand

34 to 39 inches—strong brown, mottled gravelly

sandy loam

39 to 66 inches—yellowish red, mottled sandy

loam

Substratum:

66 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

Composition

Eauclaire and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Areas of Eauclaire soils that have slopes of more

than 6 percent

• The somewhat poorly drained Fallcreek soils, which

are loamy throughout; in small concave areas on

summits

• Flambeau soils, which are loamy throughout

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand or

sand

• Soils that have a thinner or thicker sandy mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid in the sandy alluvium and

moderately slow or moderate in the loamy till

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—low or moderately

low in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, cropland

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concern: Plant competition

Management considerations:

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years in

areas where the soil has only a moderate available

water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to minimize

losses caused by leaching and protect the quality of

the ground water.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, and wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited
56 Soil Survey of

Major management concerns: Wetness, soil blowing,

and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: AQVb-V

ElB—Elevasil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark brown, friable sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 18 inches—brown sandy loam

18 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy loam

26 to 30 inches—strong brown loamy sand

Substratum:

30 to 38 inches—yellow sand

Bedrock:

38 to 60 inches—yellow, weakly cemented

sandstone

Composition

Elevasil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very deep Bilson soils, which are underlain by

sand; in slightly concave areas on summits

• The excessively drained Boone soils, which formed

in siliceous sandy residuum; in the more sloping areas

on the summits

• Areas of Elevasil soils that have slopes of more than

6 percent

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand or

loam

• Soils that have gravel on the surface

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

siliceous loamy colluvium, rapid in the siliceous

sandy residuum, and moderately slow or

moderate in the sandstone

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.
Clark County, Wisconsin 57

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concern: Plant competition

Management considerations:

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity and

depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 2A (black oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVCr

Secondary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

ElC2—Elevasil sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown sandy loam mixed with

some dark brown and dark yellowish brown

subsoil material

Subsoil:

9 to 24 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown sandy loam

24 to 28 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand

Substratum:

28 to 39 inches—very pale brown sand

Bedrock:

39 to 60 inches—very pale brown and yellow,

weakly cemented sandstone

Composition

Elevasil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent
58 Soil Survey of

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very deep Bilson soils, which are underlain by

sand

• The excessively drained Boone soils, which formed

in siliceous sandy residuum; in the more sloping

and/or convex areas on the summits and shoulders

• The very deep Council soils, which are loamy

throughout; in the more concave areas on backslopes

• Gently sloping or moderately steep areas of Elevasil

soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand or

loam

• Soils that have gravel on the surface

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

siliceous loamy colluvium, rapid in the siliceous

sandy residuum, and moderately slow or

moderate in the sandstone

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity, slope,

and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of
Clark County, Wisconsin 59

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited in the less sloping areas;

moderately well suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Slope, water erosion,

soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 2A (black oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVCr

Secondary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

ElD2—Elevasil sandy loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Nose slopes, summits, shoulders,

and backslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, friable sandy loam

mixed with some dark yellowish brown subsoil

material

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam

18 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy

sand

Substratum:

26 to 36 inches—very pale brown sand

Bedrock:

36 to 60 inches—yellow, weakly cemented

sandstone

Composition

Elevasil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The excessively drained Boone soils, which formed

in siliceous sandy residuum; in the more sloping

and/or convex areas on summits, shoulders, and nose

slopes

• The very deep Council soils, which are loamy

throughout; on the more concave footslopes

• Areas of Elevasil soils that have slopes of less than

12 percent or more than 20 percent

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand or

loam

• Areas that have gravel on the surface

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

siliceous loamy colluvium, rapid in the siliceous

sandy residuum, and moderately slow or

moderate in the sandstone

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland, woodland

Other use: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil
60 Soil Survey of

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

erosion hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Because the slope limits the use of conventional

logging equipment, special logging methods, such as

yarding the logs by cable, may be necessary.

• Carefully locating skid trails and building haul roads

on the contour can reduce the hazard of erosion and

help to overcome equipment limitations.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas after logging,

sloping road surfaces to remove runoff water, and

installing water bars, culverts, and drop structures help

to control erosion.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality on the steeper south- and westfacing slopes can be minimized by using harvest

methods that leave some mature trees to provide

shade and protection and by planting vigorous nursery

stock in the early spring, when the soil is moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity, slope,

and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Moderately well suited in the less sloping

areas; poorly suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Slope, water erosion,

soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 2R (black oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVCr

Secondary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

FeA—Fairchild-Elm Lake complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Fairchild—footslopes and

toeslopes; Elm Lake—depressions and

drainageways
Clark County, Wisconsin 61

Slope range: Fairchild—0 to 3 percent; Elm Lake—0 to

2 percent

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 1,500 acres

Representative Profile

Fairchild

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black sand

Subsurface layer:

4 to 12 inches—grayish brown sand

Subsoil:

12 to 14 inches—dusky red sand

14 to 19 inches—dark brown, mottled sand

19 to 27 inches—brown, mottled sand

27 to 33 inches—light olive gray, mottled sandy

clay loam

Bedrock:

33 to 60 inches—light gray, interbedded

sandstone and shale

Elm Lake

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

3 to 4 inches—black mucky sand

Subsoil:

4 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown sand

Substratum:

16 to 24 inches—light gray sand

24 to 36 inches—light olive gray, mottled silty clay

loam

Bedrock:

36 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and red and light brownish gray

shale

Composition

Fairchild and similar soils: 40 to 60 percent

Elm Lake and similar soils: 30 to 50 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Citypoint soils, which have

an organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

• The very deep, somewhat poorly drained Ironrun

and poorly drained Ponycreek soils, which are sandy

throughout

• The moderately well drained Ludington soils on

summits and shoulders

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand or

mucky sand

• Soils that have a thinner or thicker sandy mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Fairchild—somewhat poorly drained;

Elm Lake—poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Fairchild—perched at a

depth of 1 to 2 feet; Elm Lake—perched above or

near the surface

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Fairchild—very high in the

organic layer, moderate or high in the surface

layer; Elm Lake—very high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, wetland wildlife habitat

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Elm Lake soil, wetness and low soil

strength generally limit access by machinery to the dry

summer months or to periods when the soil is frozen

or snow cover is thick. Reforestation is generally

limited to natural regeneration or hand planting.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, wetness and low soil

strength frequently limit access by machinery to the

dry summer months or to periods when the soil is

frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• The sandy layer near the surface can interfere with

the traction of wheeled equipment, especially during

dry periods.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely
62 Soil Survey of

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock in the early

spring, when the soil is moist.

• In areas of the Elm Lake soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock on the crest of

cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

Pasture

Suitability: Fairchild—well suited; Elm Lake—poorly

suited

Major management concerns: Fairchild—soil blowing

and nutrient and pesticide loss; Elm Lake—soil

blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, wetness,

ponding, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and help to

protect the quality of the ground water.

• In areas of the Elm Lake soil, the number of suitable

forage plants is limited by the seasonal high water

table.

• In areas of the Elm Lake soil, establishing or

maintaining an improved pasture is difficult because of

the ponding.

• In areas of the Elm Lake soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery. Livestock hooves cut the soil

and damage the plant cover.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Fairchild—generally unsuited because of

insufficient moisture; Elm Lake—suited in

undrained areas

Major management concerns: Elm Lake—excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas of the Elm Lake soil undrained can

provide wetland wildlife habitat, enhance water quality

and ground-water recharge, and reduce the rates of

runoff and sedimentation.

• In areas of the Elm Lake soil, maintaining a

saturated condition and controlling sedimentation help

to protect the wetland habitat. Limiting herbicide use in

adjacent areas also helps to protect the habitat.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding on the Elm Lake soil

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Fairchild—poor filtering

capacity, restricted permeability, wetness, and

depth to rock; Elm Lake—restricted permeability,

wetness, ponding, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Fairchild—poorly suited; Elm Lake—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding

Major management concerns: Fairchild—wetness, soil

blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control soil blowing during

and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas of the Fairchild soil,

stabilizing or sloping the cutbanks can minimize the

safety hazard and helps to prevent the damage

caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Fairchild—poorly suited; Elm Lake—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding

Major management concerns: Fairchild—wetness and

soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas of the

Fairchild soil can help to control soil blowing during

and after construction.
Clark County, Wisconsin 63

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Fairchild—IIIw; Elm

Lake—VIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Fairchild—5W (jack

pine); Elm Lake—3W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: PVRh

FfA—Fallcreek loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 300 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown, friable loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 16 inches—grayish brown and brown, mottled

loam

Subsoil:

16 to 22 inches—dark brown and grayish brown,

mottled loam

22 to 68 inches—dark brown and brown, mottled

loam

68 to 80 inches—yellowish brown, brown, and

strong brown, mottled loam

Composition

Fallcreek and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The poorly drained Capitola soils in depressions and

drainageways

• The moderately well drained Flambeau soils on

summits and shoulders

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1 to

3 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, moderate or

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, poor tilth, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface, adding other

organic material to the soil, minimizing tillage, tilling

and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content, and

including grasses and legumes in the cropping

sequence help to prevent excessive compaction,

minimize crusting, and maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength
64 Soil Survey of

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and the

shrink-swell potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FgA—Fallcreek-Merrillan complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Fallcreek—ground moraines; Merrillan—

pediments

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 250 acres

Representative Profile

Fallcreek

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark brown, friable loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 13 inches—pinkish gray and dark brown,

mottled loam

Subsoil:

13 to 21 inches—dark brown and pinkish gray,

mottled sandy loam

21 to 47 inches—dark brown and brown, mottled

loam

Substratum:

47 to 60 inches—brown loam

Merrillan

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark gray sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 5 inches—grayish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy loam

12 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown, mottled

sandy loam

19 to 28 inches—light olive gray, mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

28 to 60 inches—interbedded brown sandstone

and dark grayish brown shale

Composition

Fallcreek and similar soils: 40 to 55 percent

Merrillan and similar soils: 35 to 50 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very deep, poorly drained Capitola soils, which

are loamy throughout; in depressions and

drainageways

• The very deep, moderately well drained Flambeau

soils, which are loamy throughout; on summits and

shoulders

• The moderately deep, moderately well drained

Humbird soils, which are loamy over clayey and are

underlain by interbedded sandstone and shale; on

summits and shoulders

• The moderately deep, poorly drained Veedum soils,

which are silty over clayey and are underlain by

interbedded sandstone and shale; in depressions and

drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Fallcreek—perched at a

depth of 1 to 3 feet; Merrillan—perched at a depth

of 1 to 2 feet

Depth class: Fallcreek—very deep; Merrillan—

moderately deep to interbedded sandstone and

shale
Clark County, Wisconsin 65

Permeability: Fallcreek—moderate in the upper part

and moderately slow in the lower part; Merrillan—

moderate or moderately rapid in the loamy

alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very slow to

moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone and

shale

Available water capacity: Fallcreek—high; Merrillan—

low

Content of organic matter: Fallcreek—moderate in the

surface layer in cultivated areas, very high in the

organic layer and moderate or high in the surface

layer in uncultivated areas; Merrillan—moderately

low or moderate in the surface layer in cultivated

areas, very high in the organic layer and moderate

or high in the surface layer in uncultivated areas

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Fallcreek—well suited; Merrillan—

moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Fallcreek—wetness,

poor tilth, and low strength; Merrillan—soil

blowing, droughtiness, wetness, and low strength

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, field windbreaks, wind

stripcropping, a cover of crop residue, and a winter

cover crop help to control soil blowing and prevent

plant damage caused by windblown sand.

• If the water table is lowered in areas of the Merrillan

soil, crop yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, crop residue

management, additions of organic material,

conservation tillage, and field windbreaks increase the

water-holding capacity and conserve moisture.

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• In areas of the Fallcreek soil, open ditches and tile

drains remove excess surface water and improve

internal drainage.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, a surface drainage

system can remove excess surface water and

minimize soil wetness. The underlying bedrock limits

the depth of open ditches.

• In areas of the Fallcreek soil, leaving crop residue on

the surface, adding other organic material to the soil,

minimizing tillage, tilling and harvesting at the proper

soil moisture content, and including grasses and

legumes in the cropping sequence help to prevent

excessive compaction, minimize crusting, and

maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Fallcreek—low strength;

Merrillan—soil blowing and low strength

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, establishing a highquality cover of grasses and legumes helps to control

soil blowing.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, overgrazing depletes

the plant cover, increases the hazard of soil blowing,

and increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Fallcreek—restricted

permeability and wetness; Merrillan—restricted

permeability, wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Fallcreek—wetness and

the shrink-swell potential; Merrillan—wetness and

soil blowing
66 Soil Survey of

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• In areas of the Fallcreek soil, adding coarse textured

material under and around the foundation and properly

reinforcing the foundation help to prevent the structural

damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control soil blowing during

and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Fallcreek—IIw;

Merrillan—IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb or PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FhB—Flambeau loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 300 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable

loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 16 inches—pale brown and dark brown,

mottled sandy loam

Subsoil:

16 to 25 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy clay

loam and pinkish gray, mottled sandy loam

25 to 34 inches—reddish brown, mottled sandy

loam

34 to 42 inches—reddish brown sandy loam

42 to 50 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Substratum:

50 to 60 inches—strong brown fine sandy

loam

Composition

Flambeau and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Fallcreek soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

• Sloping areas of Flambeau soils

• Loyal soils, which have a silty mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet
Clark County, Wisconsin 67

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness, the shrinkswell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help

to control water erosion during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FhC—Flambeau loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable

loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 14 inches—brown sandy loam

14 to 24 inches—brown, mottled loam

Subsoil:

24 to 36 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

36 to 42 inches—brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

42 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

Composition

Flambeau and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Gently sloping or moderately steep areas of

Flambeau soils

• The moderately deep Humbird soils, which are

underlain by interbedded sandstone and shale; on the

lower part of backslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture
68 Soil Survey of

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, the

shrink-swell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FhD—Flambeau loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Backslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark brown, friable loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 12 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

12 to 21 inches—reddish brown and brown,

mottled loam

21 to 40 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

40 to 46 inches—brown loam
Clark County, Wisconsin 69

Substratum:

46 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

Composition

Flambeau and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Sloping or steep areas of Flambeau soils

• The moderately deep Humbird soils, which are

underlain by interbedded sandstone and shale; on the

lower part of backslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, moderate or

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland, pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

erosion hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Because the slope limits the use of conventional

logging equipment, special logging methods, such as

yarding the logs by cable, may be necessary.

• Carefully locating skid trails and building haul roads

on the contour can reduce the hazard of erosion and

help to overcome equipment limitations.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas after logging,

sloping road surfaces to remove runoff water, and

installing water bars, culverts, and drop structures help

to control erosion.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality on the steeper, south- and westfacing slopes can be minimized by using harvest

methods that leave some mature trees to provide

shade and protection and by planting vigorous nursery

stock in the early spring, when the soil is moist.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.
70 Soil Survey of

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements in the less sloping areas and poorly

suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, the

shrink-swell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4R (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FkB—Flambeau sandy loam, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 300 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable

sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 20 inches—brown and reddish brown,

mottled loam

Subsoil:

20 to 31 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

31 to 44 inches—reddish brown, mottled clay loam

44 to 50 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

50 to 60 inches—reddish brown loam

Composition

Flambeau and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Eauclaire soils, which have a sandy mantle

• The somewhat poorly drained Fallcreek soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

• The moderately deep Humbird soils, which are

underlain by interbedded sandstone and shale

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam or

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, moderate or

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at
Clark County, Wisconsin 71

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness, the shrinkswell potential, water erosion, and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FlB—Flambeau-Humbird complex, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Flambeau—ground moraines; Humbird—

pediments

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Flambeau

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 11 inches—grayish brown loam

11 to 18 inches—grayish brown and brown,

mottled sandy loam

Subsoil:

18 to 28 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

28 to 42 inches—reddish brown clay loam

Substratum:

42 to 60 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

Humbird

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 9 inches—pinkish gray sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—dark brown sandy loam

14 to 25 inches—yellowish brown, mottled silty

clay

Bedrock:

25 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and light brownish gray and reddish

brown shale
72 Soil Survey of

Composition

Flambeau and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Humbird and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Fallcreek soils, which

are loamy throughout; on footslopes and toeslopes

• The somewhat poorly drained Merrillan soils, which

are underlain by interbedded sandstone and shale; on

footslopes and toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Flambeau—perched at a

depth of 1.5 to 3.5 feet; Humbird—perched at a

depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Depth class: Flambeau—very deep; Humbird—

moderately deep to interbedded sandstone and

shale

Permeability: Flambeau—moderate in the upper part

and moderately slow in the lower part; Humbird—

moderate or moderately rapid in the loamy

alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very slow to

moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone and

shale

Available water capacity: Flambeau—high; Humbird—

low

Content of organic matter: Flambeau—moderate in the

surface layer in cultivated areas, very high in the

organic layer and moderate or high in the surface

layer in uncultivated areas; Humbird—moderately

low or moderate in the surface layer in cultivated

areas, very high in the organic layer and moderate

or high in the surface layer in uncultivated areas

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Flambeau—well suited; Humbird—

moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Flambeau—water

erosion and nutrient and pesticide loss; Humbird—

water erosion, soil blowing, droughtiness, and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, field windbreaks, wind

stripcropping, a cover of crop residue, and a winter

cover crop help to control soil blowing and prevent

plant damage caused by windblown sand.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, crop yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Irrigation can improve productivity.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, crop residue

management, additions of organic material,

conservation tillage, and field windbreaks increase the

water-holding capacity and conserve moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Flambeau—water

erosion and nutrient and pesticide loss; Humbird—

water erosion, soil blowing, droughtiness, and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion. It also reduces

the hazard of soil blowing in areas of the Humbird soil.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, forage yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, restricted grazing

during dry periods helps to maintain a high-quality

cover of pasture plants.
Clark County, Wisconsin 73

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Flambeau—restricted

permeability and wetness; Humbird—restricted

permeability, wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Flambeau—wetness,

the shrink-swell potential, and water erosion;

Humbird—wetness, water erosion, and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• In areas of the Flambeau soil, adding coarse

textured material under and around the foundation and

properly reinforcing the foundation help to prevent the

structural damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Flambeau—IIe;

Humbird—IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AQVb-V or AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FlC—Flambeau-Humbird sandy loams, 6

to 12 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Flambeau—ground moraines; Humbird—

pediments

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 6 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Flambeau

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 18 inches—pale brown and brown, mottled

sandy loam

Subsoil:

18 to 48 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

48 to 60 inches—reddish brown loam

Humbird

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 9 inches—pinkish gray sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—dark brown sandy loam

15 to 25 inches—yellowish brown, mottled clay

loam

Bedrock:

25 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and light brownish gray shale

Composition

Flambeau and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Humbird and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Gently sloping or moderately steep areas of

Flambeau and Humbird soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam or

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Flambeau—perched at a

depth of 1.5 to 3.5 feet; Humbird—perched at a

depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Depth class: Flambeau—very deep; Humbird—

moderately deep to interbedded sandstone and

shale
74 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Flambeau—moderate in the upper part

and moderately slow in the lower part; Humbird—

moderate or moderately rapid in the loamy

alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very slow to

moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone and

shale

Available water capacity: Flambeau—high; Humbird—

low

Content of organic matter: Flambeau—moderate in the

surface layer in cultivated areas, very high in the

organic layer and moderate or high in the surface

layer in uncultivated areas; Humbird—moderately

low or moderate in the surface layer in cultivated

areas, very high in the organic layer and moderate

or high in the surface layer in uncultivated areas

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Flambeau—moderately well suited;

Humbird—poorly suited

Major management concerns: Flambeau—water

erosion, soil blowing, and nutrient and

pesticide loss; Humbird—water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and

pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, crop yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Irrigation can improve productivity.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, crop residue

management, additions of organic material,

conservation tillage, and field windbreaks increase the

water-holding capacity and conserve moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Flambeau—well suited; Humbird—

moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Flambeau—water

erosion, soil blowing, and nutrient and pesticide

loss; Humbird—water erosion, soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, forage yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, restricted grazing

during dry periods helps to maintain a high-quality

cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Flambeau—restricted

permeability, wetness, and slope; Humbird—

restricted permeability, wetness, slope, and depth

to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;
Clark County, Wisconsin 75

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Flambeau—wetness,

slope, the shrink-swell potential, water erosion,

and soil blowing; Humbird—wetness, slope, water

erosion, and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land. The slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• In areas of the Flambeau soil, adding coarse

textured material under and around the foundation and

properly reinforcing the foundation help to prevent the

structural damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Flambeau—IIIe;

Humbird—IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AQVb-V or AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Fm—Fordum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 20 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown, mottled silt

loam

Substratum:

9 to 18 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt loam

18 to 36 inches—grayish brown, mottled loam

36 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown, stratified

gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand

Composition

Fordum and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Markey soils, which have an

organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

• The moderately well drained Moppet soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam or

loam

• Soils in which the loamy alluvium is thinner or thicker

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium and rapid or very rapid in the

sandy alluvium

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, high or very high in the surface layer

Frequency of flooding: Frequent

Duration of flooding: Brief

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Wetland wildlife habitat

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition, controlling

sedimentation, and following recommended nutrient

and chemical management practices in adjacent areas

help to protect wetland areas.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.
76 Soil Survey of

Reforestation is generally limited to natural

regeneration or hand planting.

• Planting and harvesting are limited during periods of

flooding. The seedling mortality rate may be high

unless protection from flooding is provided.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by planting

vigorous nursery stock on the crest of cradle-knolls or

on prepared ridges.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Nutrient and pesticide

loss, wetness, ponding, flooding, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Flood-control measures help to protect the quality of

the surface water by minimizing runoff into lakes and

streams. Reducing chemical application rates and

applying phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates

also help to protect the quality of the surface water.

• The number of suitable forage plants is limited by the

seasonal high water table.

• Establishing or maintaining an improved pasture is

difficult because of the ponding and the flooding.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, and frequent flooding

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, and frequent flooding

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

wetness, ponding, and flooding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 2W (silver maple)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FnB—Freeon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Moraines

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 300 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark brown, very friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 14 inches—brown silt loam

14 to 23 inches—brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

23 to 30 inches—dark brown and brown, mottled

gravelly sandy loam

30 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam

44 to 52 inches—reddish brown sandy loam

Substratum:

52 to 60 inches—reddish brown, dense and

compact sandy loam

Composition

Freeon and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Sloping areas of Freeon soils

• Newood soils, which do not have a silty mantle

• The somewhat poorly drained Magnor soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 2.0

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Deep to dense loamy glacial till

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, slow or

moderately slow in the upper part of the loamy till,

and very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate
Clark County, Wisconsin 77

Content of stones on the surface: About 2 to 3 percent

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; poorly suited in other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion,

droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss, poor

tilth, and rock fragments

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years in

areas where the available water capacity is moderate.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• The stones on the surface in some areas interfere

with tillage, unless they are removed.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; moderately well suited in

other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and rock fragments

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• The stones on the surface may interfere with the use

of machinery.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The stones on the surface limit the use of

equipment. Planting seedlings by hand or yarding the

logs by cable may be necessary in some areas.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness and water

erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs in very stony areas;

IIe in areas where surface stones have been

removed

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

FnC—Freeon silt loam, 6 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Moraines

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders
78 Soil Survey of

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 70 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 13 inches—brown silt loam

13 to 20 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

20 to 35 inches—dark brown and brown, mottled

gravelly sandy loam

35 to 50 inches—reddish brown sandy loam

Substratum:

50 to 60 inches—reddish brown, dense and

compact sandy loam

Composition

Freeon and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Gently sloping areas of Freeon soils

• Newood soils, which do not have a silty mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 2.0

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Deep to dense loamy glacial till

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, slow or

moderately slow in the upper part of the loamy till,

and very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

moderate or high in the surface layer

Content of stones on the surface: About 2 to 3 percent

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland, woodland

Other use: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited in areas where

surface stones have been removed; generally

unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion,

droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss, poor

tilth, and rock fragments

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years in

areas where the available water capacity is moderate.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• The stones on the surface in some areas interfere

with tillage, unless they are removed.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope and the stones on the surface limit the

selection of sites for log landings. Landings can be

established on suitable nearly level or gently sloping

adjacent or included soils.

• The stones on the surface limit the use of

equipment. Planting seedlings by hand or yarding the

logs by cable may be necessary in some areas.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; moderately well suited in

other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and rock fragments
Clark County, Wisconsin 79

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• The stones on the surface may interfere with the use

of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, and

water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs in very stony areas;

IIIe in areas where surface stones have been

removed

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

HeB—Hiles silt loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 200 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsoil:

9 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown

silt loam

19 to 23 inches—dark brown, mottled loam

23 to 29 inches—light olive brown, mottled clay

loam

Bedrock:

29 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and olive gray shale

Composition

Hiles and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The gently sloping and sloping Humbird soils, which

do not have a silty mantle

• The somewhat poorly drained Kert soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thinner or thicker silty mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and
80 Soil Survey of

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

or moderate available water capacity. Irrigation can

improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in areas

where the available water capacity is low. Droughttolerant species should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and water

erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, the shrinkswell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArCi

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

HuB—Humbird fine sandy loam, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown, friable fine

sandy loam
Clark County, Wisconsin 81

Subsurface layer:

8 to 11 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

11 to 22 inches—reddish brown fine sandy loam

22 to 28 inches—dark reddish brown clay loam

28 to 32 inches—light olive gray and reddish

brown, mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

32 to 60 inches—interbedded pink sandstone and

pinkish gray shale

Composition

Humbird and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very deep Flambeau soils, which have a loamy

substratum; on ground moraines

• Sloping areas of Humbird soils

• Ludington soils, which have a sandy mantle

• The somewhat poorly drained Merrillan soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand or

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss,

and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the
82 Soil Survey of

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness, water erosion,

and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

Secondary forest habitat type: PVHa

HuC—Humbird fine sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy

loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 6 inches—pale brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 12 inches—dark brown sandy loam

12 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy

loam

16 to 24 inches—reddish brown, mottled silty clay

Bedrock:

24 to 60 inches—interbedded yellowish brown

sandstone and reddish brown shale

Composition

Humbird and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very deep Flambeau soils, which have a loamy

substratum; on ground moraines

• The gently sloping Hiles soils, which have a silty

mantle

• Gently sloping or moderately steep areas of

Humbird soils

• Ludington soils, which have a sandy mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand or

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland, woodland

Other use: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss,

and poor tilth
Clark County, Wisconsin 83

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, slope, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, water

erosion, and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

Secondary forest habitat type: PVHa

HxB—Humbird-Merrillan fine sandy

loams, 0 to 6 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Humbird—summits and

shoulders; Merrillan—footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: Humbird—1 to 6 percent; Merrillan—0 to

3 percent
84 Soil Survey of

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 200 acres

Representative Profile

Humbird

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 2 inches—black fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 9 inches—pinkish gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—dark brown sandy loam

14 to 21 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

21 to 27 inches—light olive gray, mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

27 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and light gray shale

Merrillan

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—dark reddish brown fine sandy

loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 12 inches—dark brown sandy loam

12 to 15 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy loam

15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown, mottled sandy

loam

22 to 33 inches—red and greenish gray, mottled

silty clay loam

Bedrock:

33 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and light gray shale

Composition

Humbird and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Merrillan and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Fairchild and

moderately well drained Ludington soils, which have a

sandy mantle

• The poorly drained Veedum soils, which have a silty

mantle; in depressions and drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam or

loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Humbird—moderately well drained;

Merrillan—somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Humbird—perched at a

depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet; Merrillan—perched at a

depth of 1 to 2 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland, pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Humbird—equipment

limitation and plant competition; Merrillan—

equipment limitation, windthrow hazard, and plant

competition

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, wetness and low soil

strength frequently limit access by machinery to the

dry summer months or to periods when the soil is

frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, windthrow can be

minimized by using harvest methods that do not leave

the remaining trees widely spaced. The periodic

salvaging of windthrown trees may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Humbird—water

erosion, soil blowing, droughtiness, nutrient and

pesticide loss, and poor tilth; Merrillan—soil

blowing, droughtiness, wetness, poor tilth, and low

strength

Management considerations:

• In the more sloping areas of the Humbird soil, a
Clark County, Wisconsin 85

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue

on the surface, contour stripcropping, and crop

rotations that include close-growing crops reduce the

hazard of water erosion.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, grassed waterways,

diversions, and grade-stabilization structures help to

prevent gully erosion and erosion caused by

concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, crop yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Irrigation can improve productivity.

• If the water table is lowered in areas of the Merrillan

soil, crop yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, measures that control

water erosion help to protect the quality of the surface

water by minimizing runoff into lakes and streams.

Reducing chemical application rates and incorporating

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates also help

to protect the quality of the surface water.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, the seasonal high

water table may delay spring planting in wet years.

Adequate drainage is needed for dependable crop

production.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, a surface drainage

system can help remove excess surface water and

minimize soil wetness. The underlying bedrock limits

the depth of open ditches.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, grading ditchbanks and

protecting them with a plant cover can help to prevent

caving in and erosion caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, low soil strength limits

the use of farm equipment to periods when the soil is

dry.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Humbird—water

erosion, soil blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient

and pesticide loss; Merrillan—soil blowing and low

strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing and water

erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, forage yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, restricted grazing

during dry periods helps to maintain a high-quality

cover of pasture plants.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, reducing chemical

application rates and applying phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates help to protect the quality of the

surface water.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Humbird—wetness,

water erosion, and soil blowing; Merrillan—

wetness and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Humbird—moderately well suited;

Merrillan—poorly suited

Major management concerns: Humbird—wetness,

water erosion, and soil blowing; Merrillan—

wetness and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding
86 Soil Survey of

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Humbird—IIIe;

Merrillan—IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: Humbird—4L (northern

red oak); Merrillan—4W (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

IxA—Ironrun-Ponycreek complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Ironrun—toeslopes; Ponycreek—

depressions and drainageways

Slope range: Ironrun—0 to 3 percent; Ponycreek—0 to

2 percent

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 60 acres

Representative Profile

Ironrun

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—black sand

Subsurface layer:

3 to 12 inches—brown sand

Subsoil:

12 to 19 inches—dark reddish brown sand

19 to 29 inches—dark brown, mottled sand

Substratum:

29 to 61 inches—light yellowish brown, mottled

sand

Ponycreek

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

4 to 6 inches—black mucky sand

Subsoil:

6 to 28 inches—light brownish gray, mottled

sand

Substratum:

28 to 60 inches—dark brown sand

Composition

Ironrun and similar soils: 45 to 60 percent

Ponycreek and similar soils: 30 to 45 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Dawsil soils, which have an

organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick; in depressions and

drainageways

• The moderately well drained Rockdam soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Ironrun—somewhat poorly drained;

Ponycreek—poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Ironrun—1 to 2 feet below

the surface; Ponycreek—above or near the

surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Ironrun—very high in the

organic layer, moderate or high in the surface

layer; Ponycreek—very high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, wetland wildlife habitat

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, wetness and low soil

strength generally limit access by machinery to the dry

summer months or to periods when the soil is frozen

or snow cover is thick. Reforestation is generally

limited to natural regeneration or hand planting.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, wetness and low soil

strength frequently limit access by machinery to the

dry summer months or to periods when the soil is

frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• The sandy layer near the surface can interfere with
Clark County, Wisconsin 87

the traction of wheeled equipment, especially during

dry periods.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, seedling mortality

can be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock on the crest of

cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, seedling mortality can be

minimized by using harvest methods that leave some

mature trees to provide shade and protection and by

planting vigorous nursery stock in the early spring,

when the soil is moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Ironrun—moderately well suited;

Ponycreek—poorly suited

Major management concerns: Ironrun—soil blowing

and nutrient and pesticide loss; Ponycreek—soil

blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, wetness,

ponding, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, the number of

suitable forage plants is limited by the seasonal high

water table.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, establishing or

maintaining an improved pasture is difficult because of

the ponding.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery. Livestock hooves cut the soil

and damage the plant cover.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Ironrun—generally unsuited because of

insufficient moisture; Ponycreek—suited in

undrained areas

Major management concerns: Ponycreek—excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas of the Ponycreek soil undrained can

provide wetland wildlife habitat, enhance water quality

and ground-water recharge, and reduce the rates of

runoff and sedimentation.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, maintaining a

saturated condition and controlling sedimentation help

to protect wetland areas. Limiting herbicide use in

adjacent areas also helps to protect the habitat.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding on the Ponycreek soil

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Ironrun—poor filtering

capacity and wetness; Ponycreek—poor filtering

capacity, wetness, and ponding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Ironrun—poorly suited; Ponycreek—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding

Major management concerns: Ironrun—wetness, soil

blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control soil blowing during

and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas of the Ironrun soil,

stabilizing or sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize

the safety hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Ironrun—poorly suited; Ponycreek—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding

Major management concerns: Ironrun—wetness and

soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control soil blowing during

and after construction.
88 Soil Survey of

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Ironrun—IVw;

Ponycreek—VIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Ironrun—6W (quaking

aspen); Ponycreek—6W (jack pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: PVRh

IzB—Ironrun-Ponycreek-Arbutus

complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Ironrun and Ponycreek—stream terraces;

Arbutus—strath terraces

Landscape position: Ironrun—slightly concave treads;

Ponycreek—depressions and drainageways;

Arbutus—slight rises

Slope range: Ironrun—0 to 3 percent; Ponycreek—0 to

2 percent; Arbutus—2 to 6 percent

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 6 to 200 acres

Representative Profile

Ironrun

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—black sand

Subsurface layer:

3 to 8 inches—pinkish gray sand

Subsoil:

8 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown sand

12 to 22 inches—strong brown, mottled sand

Substratum:

22 to 39 inches—yellow, mottled sand

39 to 61 inches—very pale brown, mottled sand

Ponycreek

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

4 to 6 inches—black mucky sand

Subsoil:

6 to 22 inches—grayish brown sand

Substratum:

22 to 64 inches—light yellowish brown, mottled

sand

Arbutus

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy

sand

Subsurface layer:

2 to 5 inches—dark brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

5 to 17 inches—dark brown and brown loamy

sand

17 to 25 inches—strong brown sand

Bedrock:

25 inches—igneous bedrock

Composition

Ironrun and similar soils: 30 to 40 percent

Ponycreek and similar soils: 25 to 35 percent

Arbutus and similar soils: 15 to 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Dawsil soils, which have an

organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick; in depressions and

drainageways

• The moderately well drained Rockdam soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand

• Areas that have stones and boulders on the surface

• Areas of rock outcrop

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Ironrun—somewhat poorly drained;

Ponycreek—poorly drained; Arbutus—excessively

drained

Seasonal high water table: Ironrun—1 to 2 feet below

the surface; Ponycreek—above or near the

surface; Arbutus—at a depth of more than 6 feet

Depth class: Ironrun and Ponycreek—very deep;

Arbutus—moderately deep to hard igneous

bedrock

Permeability: Ironrun and Ponycreek—rapid or very

rapid; Arbutus—rapid in the siliceous sandy

alluvium and slow to rapid in the bedrock

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Ironrun and Arbutus—very high

in the organic layer, moderate or high in the surface

layer; Ponycreek—very high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, wetland wildlife habitat
Clark County, Wisconsin 89

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Ironrun and

Ponycreek—equipment limitation, windthrow

hazard, plant competition, and seedling mortality;

Arbutus—equipment limitation, windthrow hazard,

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, wetness and low soil

strength generally limit access by machinery to the dry

summer months or to periods when the soil is frozen

or snow cover is thick. Reforestation is generally

limited to natural regeneration or hand planting.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, wetness and low soil

strength frequently limit access by machinery to the

dry summer months or to periods when the soil is

frozen or snow cover is thick.

• In areas of the Arbutus soil, hard bedrock limits the

depth of cuts and interferes with the construction of

haul roads and log landings.

• In areas of the Ironrun and Ponycreek soils, ruts

form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet periods.

Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized with

gravel.

• In areas of the Ironrun and Ponycreek soils, the

sandy layer near the surface can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• In areas of the Ironrun and Ponycreek soils, plant

competition can be controlled by mechanical site

preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, seedling mortality

can be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock on the crest of

cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

• In areas of the Arbutus and Ironrun soils, seedling

mortality can be minimized by using harvest methods

that leave some mature trees to provide shade and

protection and by planting vigorous nursery stock in

the early spring, when the soil is moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Ironrun and Arbutus—moderately well

suited; Ponycreek—poorly suited

Major management concerns: Ironrun—soil blowing

and nutrient and pesticide loss; Ponycreek—soil

blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, wetness,

ponding, and low strength; Arbutus—soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Arbutus soil, forage yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• In areas of the Arbutus soil, restricted grazing during

dry periods helps to maintain a high-quality cover of

pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, the number of

suitable forage plants is limited by the seasonal high

water table.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, establishing or

maintaining an improved pasture is difficult because of

the ponding.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery. Livestock hooves cut the soil

and damage the plant cover.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Ironrun and Arbutus—generally unsuited

because of insufficient moisture; Ponycreek—

suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Ponycreek—excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas of the Ponycreek soil undrained can

provide wetland wildlife habitat, enhance water quality

and ground-water recharge, and reduce the rates of

runoff and sedimentation.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, maintaining a

saturated condition and controlling sedimentation help

to protect wetland areas. Limiting herbicide use in

adjacent areas also helps to protect the habitat.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding on the Ponycreek soil

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Ironrun—poor filtering

capacity and wetness; Ponycreek—poor filtering
90 Soil Survey of

capacity, wetness, and ponding; Arbutus—depth to

rock and poor filtering capacity

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Ironrun and Arbutus—poorly suited;

Ponycreek—generally unsuited because of

excessive wetness and ponding

Major management concerns: Ironrun—wetness, soil

blowing, and cutbanks caving; Arbutus—depth to

rock and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Arbutus soil, the underlying hard

bedrock limits the depth of cuts. The bedrock can be

excavated by blasting or by using suitable power

equipment. Constructing dwellings with partially

exposed basements minimizes the necessity of

excavating the bedrock.

• In areas of the Arbutus and Ironrun soils, seeding

and mulching exposed areas can help to control soil

blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas of the Ironrun

soil, stabilizing or sloping the cutbanks helps to

minimize the safety hazard and the damage caused

by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Ironrun—poorly suited; Ponycreek—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding; Arbutus—moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Ironrun—wetness and

soil blowing; Arbutus—depth to rock and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Ironrun soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Arbutus soil, the underlying hard

bedrock limits the depth of cuts. The bedrock can be

excavated by blasting or by using suitable power

equipment. Coarse textured fill material can be added

to raise the foundation above the bedrock.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas of the Ironrun

and Arbutus soils can help to control soil blowing

during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Ironrun—IVw;

Ponycreek—VIw in undrained areas; Arbutus—IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: Ironrun—6W (quaking

aspen); Ponycreek—6W (jack pine); Arbutus—2S

(red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy or PVRh

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

KeA—Kert silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 300 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsoil:

9 to 22 inches—yellowish brown and brown,

mottled silt loam

22 to 26 inches—dark brown, mottled loam

26 to 34 inches—light yellowish brown, mottled

silty clay loam

Bedrock:

34 to 60 inches—interbedded pale brown

sandstone and gray shale

Composition

Kert and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Hiles soils on summits

and shoulders

• Merrillan soils, which do not have a silty mantle

• The poorly drained Veedum soils in depressions and

drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thinner or thicker silty mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1 to

3 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale
Clark County, Wisconsin 91

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, high or very

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Droughtiness, wetness,

and low strength

Management considerations:

• If the water table is lowered, crop yields are limited

during most years by the low or moderate available

water capacity. Irrigation can improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• A surface drainage system can help remove excess

surface water and minimize soil wetness. The

underlying bedrock limits the depth of open ditches.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concern: Wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and the

shrink-swell potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArCi

Secondary forest habitat type: PVHa

Lk—Loxley peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Moraines

Landscape position: Depressions

Shape of areas: Round or oblong
92 Soil Survey of

Size of areas: 10 to 400 acres

Representative Profile

Organic layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark brown, extremely acid peat

6 to 60 inches—black, extremely acid muck

Composition

Loxley and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Beseman, Citypoint, Dawsil, and Dawson soils,

which have an organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of mucky peat

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Very high

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very

high

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Wetland wildlife habitat

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation help to protect wetland areas. Limiting

herbicide use in adjacent areas also helps to protect

the habitat.

Cropland and pasture

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, a scarcity of suitable drainage

outlets, extreme acidity, a severe frost hazard, and

subsidence

Woodland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding; this soil does not support

trees of merchantable size or quality.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, ponding, and subsidence

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, and subsidence

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: 2W (black spruce)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Lm—Loxley, Beseman, and Dawson

peats, 0 to 1 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Moraines

Landscape position: Depressions and drainageways

Shape of areas: Irregular, round, or oblong

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Loxley

Organic layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown, extremely

acid peat

10 to 19 inches—very dark grayish brown,

extremely acid mucky peat

19 to 60 inches—very dark brown, extremely acid

muck

Beseman

Organic layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown peat

10 to 21 inches—dark reddish brown muck

21 to 29 inches—black muck

Substratum:

29 to 60 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt

loam

Dawson

Organic layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown peat

10 to 18 inches—dark reddish brown muck

18 to 42 inches—black muck
Clark County, Wisconsin 93

Substratum:

42 to 60 inches—dark gray, stratified gravelly

coarse sand and coarse sand

Composition

• Each mapped area consists of one or more of these

soils in varying proportions; contrasting inclusions

generally make up 5 to 10 percent of the areas.

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The poorly drained Rib soils, which do not have

organic layers

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of mucky peat

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Loxley—moderately slow to moderately

rapid; Beseman—moderate or moderately rapid in

the organic material and moderately slow in the

loamy alluvium; Dawson—moderately slow to

moderately rapid in the organic material and rapid

in the sandy deposits

Available water capacity: Very high

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very

high

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Wetland wildlife habitat

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas of these soils undrained can provide

wetland wildlife habitat, enhance water quality and

ground-water recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff

and sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation help to protect wetland areas. Following

recommended nutrient and chemical management

practices in adjacent areas also helps to protect the

habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Cropland and pasture

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, a scarcity of suitable drainage

outlets, extreme acidity, a severe frost hazard, and

subsidence

Woodland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding; this unit does not support

trees of merchantable size or quality.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, ponding, and subsidence

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, and subsidence

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Loxley and Dawson—

2W (black spruce); Beseman—3W (black spruce)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

LoB—Loyal silt loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 1,000 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 20 inches—brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

20 to 24 inches—reddish brown and brown,

mottled loam

24 to 36 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

36 to 45 inches—yellowish red, mottled loam

Substratum:

45 to 60 inches—brown, mottled sandy loam

Composition

Loyal and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent
94 Soil Survey of

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Sloping areas of Flambeau soils, which do not have

a silty mantle

• Sloping areas of Loyal soils

• The somewhat poorly drained Withee soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a darker surface layer

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness, the shrinkswell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned
Clark County, Wisconsin 95

LoC—Loyal silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 200 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown, friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam

12 to 18 inches—pale brown and yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

18 to 24 inches—pale brown and dark brown,

mottled sandy loam

24 to 39 inches—dark reddish brown, mottled

loam

39 to 42 inches—yellowish red loam

Substratum:

42 to 60 inches—brown loam

Composition

Loyal and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately eroded Flambeau soils, which do

not have a silty mantle; on the moderately steep parts

of shoulders

• Gently sloping or moderately steep areas of Loyal

soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thinner silty mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log landings.

Landings can be established on suitable nearly level or

gently sloping adjacent or included soils.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe
96 Soil Survey of

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited to dwellings with basements;

moderately well suited to dwellings without

basements

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, the

shrink-swell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

LsB—Loyal-Hiles silt loams, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Loyal—ground moraines; Hiles—pediments

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Loyal

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown, friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 13 inches—pale brown, mottled silt loam

13 to 25 inches—pale brown and strong brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

25 to 33 inches—strong brown and brown, mottled

loam

33 to 50 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

50 to 60 inches—strong brown sandy loam

Hiles

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown, friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 13 inches—pale brown silt loam

13 to 17 inches—brown and light yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

17 to 23 inches—reddish brown and very pale

brown, mottled silty clay loam

Bedrock:

23 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and reddish brown shale

Composition

Loyal and similar soils: 50 to 65 percent

Hiles and similar soils: 30 to 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Kert soils, which are

underlain by interbedded sandstone and shale; on

footslopes and toeslopes

• The somewhat poorly drained Withee soils, which

consist of silty material over loamy material; on

footslopes and toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thinner silty mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Loyal—perched at a depth

of 1.5 to 3.5 feet; Hiles—perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet

Depth class: Loyal—very deep; Hiles—moderately

deep to interbedded sandstone and shale

Permeability: Loyal—moderate in the silty part and

moderately slow in the loamy till; Hiles—moderate

in the silty part, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Loyal—high; Hiles—low or

moderate
Clark County, Wisconsin 97

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Loyal—water erosion,

nutrient and pesticide loss, and poor tilth; Hiles—

water erosion, droughtiness, and nutrient and

pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• In areas of the Hiles soil, crop yields are limited

during most years by the low or moderate available

water capacity. Irrigation can improve productivity.

• In areas of the Hiles soil, crop residue management,

additions of organic material, conservation tillage, and

field windbreaks increase the water-holding capacity

and conserve moisture.

• In areas of the Loyal soil, leaving crop residue on the

surface or regularly adding other organic material

helps to maintain fertility and tilth and minimizes

crusting.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Loyal—water erosion

and nutrient and pesticide loss; Hiles—water

erosion, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in areas

of the Hiles soil where the available water capacity is

low. Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• In areas of the Hiles soil, restricted grazing during

dry periods helps to maintain a high-quality cover of

pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Loyal—restricted

permeability and wetness; Hiles—restricted

permeability, wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Loyal—wetness, the

shrink-swell potential, and water erosion; Hiles—

wetness and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• In areas of the Loyal soil, adding coarse textured

material under and around the foundation and properly

reinforcing the foundation help to prevent the structural

damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, the shrinkswell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.
98 Soil Survey of

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Loyal—3L (sugar

maple); Hiles—4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AH or AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

LsC—Loyal-Hiles silt loams, 6 to 12

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Loyal—ground moraines; Hiles—pediments

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 6 to 60 acres

Representative Profile

Loyal

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 10 inches—pale brown silt loam

10 to 17 inches—pale brown and yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

17 to 25 inches—brown and pale brown, mottled

loam

25 to 43 inches—brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

43 to 60 inches—brown, mottled loam

Hiles

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 17 inches—grayish brown and dark yellowish

brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

17 to 22 inches—dark brown and grayish brown,

mottled silt loam

22 to 28 inches—light yellowish brown, mottled

silty clay loam

Bedrock:

28 to 60 inches—interbedded brownish yellow

sandstone and reddish brown shale

Composition

Loyal and similar soils: 50 to 65 percent

Hiles and similar soils: 30 to 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately eroded Flambeau soils, which are

loamy throughout; on the steep parts of shoulders

• Gently sloping areas of Hiles and Loyal soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thinner silty mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Loyal—perched at a depth

of 1.5 to 3.5 feet; Hiles—perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet

Depth class: Loyal—very deep; Hiles—moderately

deep to interbedded sandstone and shale

Permeability: Loyal—moderate in the silty part and

moderately slow in the loamy till; Hiles—moderate

in the silty part, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Loyal—high; Hiles—low or

moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Loyal—water erosion,

nutrient and pesticide loss, and poor tilth; Hiles—

water erosion, droughtiness, and nutrient and

pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and
Clark County, Wisconsin 99

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• In areas of the Hiles soil, crop yields are limited

during most years by the low or moderate available

water capacity. Irrigation can improve productivity.

• In areas of the Hiles soil, crop residue management,

additions of organic material, conservation tillage, and

field windbreaks increase the water-holding capacity

and conserve moisture.

• In areas of the Loyal soil, leaving crop residue on the

surface or regularly adding other organic material

helps to maintain fertility and tilth and minimizes

crusting.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Loyal—water erosion

and nutrient and pesticide loss; Hiles—water

erosion, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in areas

of the Hiles soil where the available water capacity is

low. Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• In areas of the Hiles soil, restricted grazing during

dry periods helps to maintain a high-quality cover of

pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Loyal—restricted

permeability, wetness, and slope; Hiles—restricted

permeability, wetness, slope, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Loyal—wetness, slope,

the shrink-swell potential, and water erosion;

Hiles—wetness, slope, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• In areas of the Loyal soil, adding coarse textured

material under and around the foundation and properly

reinforcing the foundation help to prevent the structural

damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, the

shrink-swell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.
100 Soil Survey of

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Loyal—3L (sugar

maple); Hiles—4L (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AH or AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

LuB—Ludington sand, 1 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black sand

Subsurface layer:

4 to 12 inches—grayish brown sand

Subsoil:

12 to 15 inches—reddish brown sand

15 to 18 inches—dark brown sand

18 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown sand

25 to 31 inches—brownish yellow, mottled sand

31 to 37 inches—yellowish brown, mottled loam

Bedrock:

37 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and reddish brown shale

Composition

Ludington and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Eauclaire soils, which have a loamy substratum; on

summits and shoulders of disintegration moraines

• The somewhat poorly drained Fairchild soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

• Humbird soils, which have a loamy mantle

• Sloping areas of Ludington soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand

• Soils in which the siliceous sandy alluvium is thinner

or thicker

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—low or moderately

low in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland, pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

plant competition, and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks
Clark County, Wisconsin 101

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to minimize

losses caused by leaching and protect the quality of

the ground water.

• Proper scheduling of irrigation applications helps to

minimize the leaching of plant nutrients and other

chemicals out of the root zone and into the underlying

ground water.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, soil blowing,

and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: 5S (jack pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa or PVCr

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

LuC—Ludington sand, 6 to 12 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—black sand

Subsurface layer:

3 to 8 inches—brown sand

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—dark brown sand

14 to 27 inches—yellowish brown and yellow sand

27 to 33 inches—light gray, mottled loam

Bedrock:

33 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and light gray shale

Composition

Ludington and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Humbird soils, which have a loamy mantle
102 Soil Survey of

• Gently sloping or moderately steep areas of

Ludington soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand

• Soils in which the siliceous sandy alluvium is thinner

or thicker

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—low or moderately

low in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

plant competition, and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Properly scheduling irrigation applications, reducing

chemical application rates, and using split applications

of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates during the
Clark County, Wisconsin 103

growing season help to minimize losses caused by

leaching and protect the quality of the ground water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, wetness, slope, and depth

to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, water

erosion, soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, water

erosion, soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: 5S (jack pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa or PVCr

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

LxB—Ludington-Fairchild sands, 0 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Ludington—summits and

shoulders; Fairchild—footslopes and toeslopes

Slope range: Ludington—1 to 6 percent; Fairchild—0

to 3 percent

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Ludington

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky

peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black sand

Subsurface layer:

4 to 11 inches—grayish brown sand

Subsoil:

11 to 16 inches—dark brown sand

16 to 26 inches—yellowish brown sand

26 to 33 inches—very pale brown, mottled sand

33 to 39 inches—light gray, mottled sandy clay

loam

Bedrock:

39 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and light olive gray shale

Fairchild

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky

peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black sand

Subsurface layer:

4 to 10 inches—grayish brown sand

Subsoil:

10 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown sand

12 to 18 inches—dark brown, mottled sand

18 to 29 inches—yellowish brown, mottled sand

29 to 34 inches—light brownish gray, mottled clay

loam

Bedrock:

34 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and light gray shale
104 Soil Survey of

Composition

Ludington and similar soils: 40 to 55 percent

Fairchild and similar soils: 35 to 50 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The poorly drained Elm Lake soils in depressions

and drainageways

• The somewhat poorly drained Merrillan soils, which

do not have a sandy mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand

• Soils in which the siliceous sandy alluvium is thinner

or thicker

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Ludington—moderately well drained;

Fairchild—somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Ludington—perched at a

depth of 1.5 to 3.5 feet; Fairchild—perched at a

depth of 1 to 2 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Ludington—equipment

limitation, plant competition, and seedling

mortality; Fairchild—equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, wetness and low soil

strength frequently limit access by machinery to the

dry summer months or to periods when the soil is

frozen or snow cover is thick.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, ruts form easily on

unsurfaced roads during wet periods. Log landings

and haul roads can be stabilized with gravel.

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, windthrow can be

minimized by using harvest methods that do not

leave the remaining trees widely spaced. The

periodic salvaging of windthrown trees may be

necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Ludington—moderately well suited;

Fairchild—well suited

Major management concerns: Ludington—soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss; Fairchild—soil blowing and nutrient and

pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Ludington soil, forage yields are

limited during most years by the low available water

capacity. Drought-tolerant species should be selected

for planting.

• In areas of the Ludington soil, restricted grazing

during dry periods helps to maintain a high-quality

cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

Cropland

Suitability: Ludington—poorly suited; Fairchild—

moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Ludington—soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss; Fairchild—soil blowing, droughtiness, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and wetness

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• In areas of the Ludington soil, crop yields are limited
Clark County, Wisconsin 105

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Irrigation can improve productivity.

• If the water table is lowered in areas of the Fairchild

soil, crop yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to minimize

losses caused by leaching and protect the quality of

the ground water.

• Proper scheduling of irrigation applications helps to

minimize the leaching of plant nutrients and other

chemicals out of the root zone and into the underlying

ground water.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, the seasonal high water

table may delay spring planting in wet years. Adequate

drainage is needed for dependable crop production.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, open ditches and tile

drains remove excess surface water and improve

internal drainage, but the underlying bedrock limits the

depth of cuts.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, loose sand enters the

tile lines unless a suitable filter covers the tile.

• In areas of the Fairchild soil, grading ditchbanks and

protecting them with a plant cover can help to prevent

caving in and erosion caused by flowing water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, soil blowing,

and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Ludington—moderately well suited;

Fairchild—poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Ludington—IVs;

Fairchild—IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: Ludington—5S (jack

pine); Fairchild—5W (jack pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa or PVRh

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

LyD—Ludington-Humbird complex, 12 to

20 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Nose slopes, summits, shoulders,

and backslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Ludington

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—very dark gray sand

Subsurface layer:

4 to 12 inches—pinkish gray sand

Subsoil:

12 to 17 inches—dark brown loamy sand

17 to 22 inches—yellowish brown sand

22 to 28 inches—pale brown, mottled sand

28 to 35 inches—olive, mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and light olive gray shale
106 Soil Survey of

Humbird

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—very dark gray fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 5 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 10 inches—brown sandy loam

10 to 19 inches—pale brown sandy loam

19 to 25 inches—reddish brown, mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

25 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and light olive gray shale

Composition

Ludington and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Humbird and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Sloping or steep areas of Ludington and Humbird

soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand,

loamy sand, or sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Ludington—perched at a

depth of 1.5 to 3.5 feet; Humbird—perched at a

depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Ludington—rapid or very rapid in the

siliceous sandy alluvium, moderately slow or

moderate in the residuum, and very slow to

moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone and

shale; Humbird—moderate or moderately rapid in

the loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

erosion hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Because the slope limits the use of conventional

logging equipment, special logging methods, such as

yarding the logs by cable, may be necessary.

• Carefully locating skid trails and building haul roads

on the contour reduce the hazard of erosion and help

to overcome the equipment limitation.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, ruts form easily on

unsurfaced roads during wet periods. Log landings

and haul roads can be stabilized with gravel.

• In areas of the Ludington soil, the sandy surface

layer can interfere with the traction of wheeled

equipment, especially during dry periods.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas after logging,

sloping road surfaces to remove runoff water, and

installing water bars, culverts, and drop structures help

to control erosion.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, seedling mortality on

the steeper, south- and west-facing slopes can be

minimized by using harvest methods that leave some

mature trees to provide shade and protection and by

planting vigorous nursery stock in the early spring,

when the soil is moist.

• In areas of the Ludington soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock in the early

spring, when the soil is moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the
Clark County, Wisconsin 107

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• In areas of the Humbird soil, reducing chemical

application rates and applying nitrogen fertilizer at

recommended rates help to minimize losses caused

by leaching and protect the quality of the ground

water.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of the very

severe hazard of water erosion, extreme

droughtiness, and the steep slope

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Ludington—poor filtering

capacity, restricted permeability, wetness, slope,

and depth to rock; Humbird—restricted

permeability, wetness, slope, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Ludington—wetness,

slope, water erosion, soil blowing, and cutbanks

caving; Humbird—wetness, slope, water erosion,

and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas of the Ludington

soil, stabilizing or sloping the cutbanks helps to

minimize the safety hazard and the damage caused by

caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited in the less sloping

areas; poorly suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Ludington—wetness,

slope, water erosion, soil blowing, and cutbanks

caving; Humbird—wetness, slope, water erosion,

and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas of the Ludington

soil, stabilizing or sloping the cutbanks helps to

minimize the safety hazard and the damage caused by

caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Ludington—VIs;

Humbird—VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Ludington—5R (jack

pine); Humbird—4R (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArDe-V or PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

MaB—Magnor silt loam, 0 to 4 percent

slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Moraines

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 60 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 15 inches—pale brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

15 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown and pale

brown, mottled silt loam

21 to 45 inches—reddish brown, mottled gravelly

sandy loam

Substratum:

45 to 60 inches—reddish brown, mottled, dense

and compact sandy loam
108 Soil Survey of

Composition

Magnor and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very deep, poorly drained Capitola soils, which

do not have a dense loamy substratum; in depressions

and drainageways

• The moderately well drained Freeon soils on

summits and shoulders

• The moderately well drained Newood soils, which do

not have a silty mantle; on summits and shoulders

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1 to

3 feet

Depth class: Deep to dense loamy glacial till

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, slow or

moderately slow in the upper part of the loamy till,

and very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

moderate or high in the surface layer

Content of stones on the surface: About 2 to 3 percent

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland, woodland

Other use: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; poorly suited in other areas

Major management concerns: Droughtiness, wetness,

poor tilth, rock fragments, and low strength

Management considerations:

• If the water table is lowered, crop yields are

somewhat limited during dry years in areas where the

available water capacity is moderate.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage, but the

underlying bedrock limits the depth of cuts.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface, adding other

organic material to the soil, minimizing tillage, tilling

and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content, and

including grasses and legumes in the cropping

sequence help to prevent excessive compaction,

minimize crusting, and maintain tilth.

• The stones on the surface in some areas interfere

with tillage, unless they are removed.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or

to periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is

thick.

• The stones on the surface limit the use of

equipment. Planting seedlings by hand or yarding the

logs by cable may be necessary in some areas.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; moderately well suited in

other areas

Major management concerns: Rock fragments and

low strength

Management considerations:

• The stones on the surface may interfere with the use

of machinery.

• Low strength also restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness
Clark County, Wisconsin 109

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concern: Wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs in very stony areas;

IIw in areas where surface stones have been

removed

Woodland ordination symbol: 3W (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

MbB—Mahtomedi loamy sand, 0 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly convex or linear treads

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black loamy sand

Subsoil:

4 to 15 inches—dark brown coarse sand

15 to 20 inches—dark brown gravelly coarse sand

Substratum:

20 to 61 inches—strong brown, stratified very

gravelly coarse sand, gravelly coarse sand, and

coarse sand

Composition

Mahtomedi and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The well drained Rosholt soils, which have a loamy

mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Menahga soils, which have more sand and less

gravel

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand, sand,

or loamy coarse sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

mat, moderately low in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland, pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to minimize

losses caused by leaching and protect the quality of

the ground water.

• Proper scheduling of irrigation applications helps to
110 Soil Survey of

minimize the leaching of plant nutrients and other

chemicals out of the root zone and into the underlying

ground water.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and

cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: 8S (red pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: PVCr

MbC—Mahtomedi loamy sand, 6 to 12

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Risers

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black loamy sand

Subsurface layer:

4 to 6 inches—brown sand

Subsoil:

6 to 21 inches—reddish brown coarse sand

21 to 33 inches—reddish brown gravelly coarse

sand

Substratum:

33 to 61 inches—brown, stratified very gravelly

coarse sand, gravelly coarse sand, and coarse

sand

Composition

Mahtomedi and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The well drained Rosholt soils, which have a loamy

mantle

• Gently sloping areas of Mahtomedi soils

Similar inclusions:

• Menahga soils, which have more sand and less

gravel

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand, sand,

or loamy coarse sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

mat, moderately low in the surface layer
Clark County, Wisconsin 111

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland, pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Properly scheduling irrigation, reducing chemical

application rates, and using split applications of

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates during the

growing season help to minimize losses caused by

leaching and protect the quality of the ground water.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity and

slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited in the less sloping areas;

moderately well suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Slope, water erosion,

soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land. The slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.
112 Soil Survey of

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 8S (red pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: PVCr

McA—Maplehurst silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly concave treads

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 16 inches—pale brown and yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

16 to 25 inches—yellowish brown and pale brown,

mottled silt loam

25 to 44 inches—dark yellowish brown, mottled silt

loam

44 to 47 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy loam

Substratum:

47 to 60 inches—yellowish brown, mottled,

stratified very gravelly coarse sand, gravelly

coarse sand, and coarse sand

Composition

Maplehurst and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Brander soils, which

have a thinner silty mantle than the Maplehurst soil; on

slightly convex or linear treads

• The poorly drained Rib soils, which have a thinner

silty mantle than the Maplehurst soil; in depressions

and drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Poskin soils, which have a thinner silty mantle

• Soils that have a thicker silty mantle

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: 1 to 3 feet below the

surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

high or very high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Cropland, woodland

Other use: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, poor tilth, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage.

• Loose sand enters the tile lines unless a suitable

filter covers the tile.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface, adding other

organic material to the soil, minimizing tillage, tilling

and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content, and

including grasses and legumes in the cropping

sequence help to prevent excessive compaction,

minimize crusting, and maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.
Clark County, Wisconsin 113

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, and wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and the

shrink-swell potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 3W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Me—Markey-Newson mucks, 0 to 2

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Drainageways

Slope range: Markey—0 to 1 percent; Newson—0 to 2

percent

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 6 to 60 acres

Representative Profile

Markey

Organic layer:

0 to 27 inches—black muck

Substratum:

27 to 60 inches—dark gray, stratified coarse sand

and gravelly coarse sand

Newson

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—black mucky sand

Subsoil:

8 to 25 inches—dark gray sand

Substratum:

25 to 36 inches—dark brown coarse sand

36 to 64 inches—yellowish brown, stratified

coarse sand and gravelly coarse sand

Composition

Markey and similar soils: 40 to 55 percent

Newson and similar soils: 35 to 50 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Au Gres soils on

slightly concave treads

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sand, mucky sand,

or mucky peat

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Markey—very poorly drained;

Newson—poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Markey—moderately slow to moderately

rapid in the organic material and rapid or very

rapid in the sandy outwash; Newson—rapid or

very rapid

Available water capacity: Markey—very high;

Newson—low

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very

high

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Wetland wildlife habitat

Other use: Woodland

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution
114 Soil Survey of

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation can help to protect wetland areas.

Limiting herbicide use in adjacent areas also helps to

protect the habitat.

Woodland

Suitability: Markey—generally unsuited because of

excessive wetness and ponding (the Markey soil

does not support trees of merchantable size or

quality); Newson—suited

Major management concerns: Newson—equipment

limitation, windthrow hazard, plant competition,

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Newson soil, wetness and low soil

strength generally limit access by machinery to the dry

summer months or to periods when the soil is frozen

or snow cover is thick. Reforestation is generally

limited to natural regeneration or hand planting.

• In areas of the Newson soil, ruts form easily on

unsurfaced roads during wet periods. Log landings

and haul roads can be stabilized with gravel.

• In areas of the Newson soil, the sandy layer near the

surface can interfere with the traction of wheeled

equipment, especially during dry periods.

• In areas of the Newson soil, windthrow can be

minimized by using harvest methods that do not leave

the remaining trees widely spaced. The periodic

salvaging of windthrown trees may be necessary.

• In areas of the Newson soil, plant competition can

be controlled by mechanical site preparation or limited

use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Newson soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock on the crest of

cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Markey—poor filtering

capacity, wetness, ponding, and subsidence;

Newson—poor filtering capacity, wetness, and

ponding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Cropland

Suitability: Markey—generally unsuited because of

excessive wetness, ponding, and subsidence;

Newson—generally unsuited because of

excessive wetness and ponding

Dwellings

Suitability: Markey—generally unsuited because of

excessive wetness, ponding, and subsidence;

Newson—generally unsuited because of

excessive wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Markey—Vw in

undrained areas; Newson—VIw in undrained

areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Markey—2W (quaking

aspen); Newson—6W (jack pine)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Mf—Marshfield silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Depressions and drainageways

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 10 to 800 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 14 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

14 to 30 inches—dark grayish brown, mottled silt

loam

30 to 36 inches—grayish brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

36 to 60 inches—brown, mottled loam

Composition

Marshfield and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Beseman soils, which have

an organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick
Clark County, Wisconsin 115

• The somewhat poorly drained Withee soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Auburndale soils, which have a thicker silty mantle

• Soils that have a surface layer of mucky silt loam

• Soils that have a thicker and/or darker surface layer

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched above or near the

surface in undrained areas

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, high or very high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—moderate to very

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, wetland wildlife

habitat

Other uses: Pasture, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

Reforestation is generally limited to natural

regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by planting

vigorous nursery stock on the crest of cradle-knolls or

on prepared ridges.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation can help to protect wetland areas.

Following recommended nutrient and chemical

management practices in adjacent areas also helps to

protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, ponding, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• In undrained areas, the number of suitable forage

plants is limited by the seasonal high water table.

• Establishing or maintaining an improved pasture is

difficult because of the ponding.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited in drained areas; generally

unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Nutrient and pesticide

loss, wetness, ponding, poor tilth, low strength,

and frost hazard

Management considerations:

• Reducing chemical application rates and

incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at recommended

rates help to protect the quality of the surface water.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to minimize

losses caused by leaching and protect the quality of

the ground water.

• Leaving areas undrained provides habitat for

wetland wildlife.

• The seasonal high water table usually delays spring

planting for 2 to 3 weeks. Adequate drainage is

needed for dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage. Some areas do

not have a suitable outlet.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface, adding other

organic material to the soil, minimizing tillage, tilling

and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content, and

including grasses and legumes in the cropping
116 Soil Survey of

sequence help to prevent excessive compaction,

minimize crusting, and maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

• In many areas the length of the growing season is

severely limited by frost. In these areas, corn can be

cut for silage or an early maturing variety of corn can

be grown.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and ponding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw in undrained areas;

IIIw in drained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: 3W (white ash)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

MgB—Menahga loamy sand, 0 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly convex or linear treads

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—dark grayish brown peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black loamy sand

Subsoil:

4 to 11 inches—dark brown loamy coarse sand

11 to 24 inches—dark brown and strong brown

coarse sand

Substratum:

24 to 61 inches—strong brown coarse sand

Composition

Menahga and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The well drained Rosholt soils, which have a loamy

mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Mahtomedi soils, which have more gravel and less

sand

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand, sand,

or loamy coarse sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, moderately low or moderate in the surface

layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland, pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks
Clark County, Wisconsin 117

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to minimize

losses caused by leaching and protect the quality of

the ground water.

• Proper scheduling of irrigation applications helps to

minimize the leaching of plant nutrients and other

chemicals out of the root zone and into the underlying

ground water.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive feature: Poor filtering capacity

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and

cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: 8S (red pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

MmA—Merimod silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 70 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark

brown silt loam

17 to 29 inches—dark brown loam

29 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy

loam

Substratum:

32 to 52 inches—yellowish brown sand that has

thin strata of loamy sand

52 to 60 inches—brownish yellow, mottled sand

Composition

Merimod and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The well drained Merit soils

• The well drained Bilson soils, which have more sand

in the surface layer and subsoil than the Merimod soil

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet below the

surface
118 Soil Survey of

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty and loamy alluvium

and rapid in the siliceous sandy alluvium

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Droughtiness

Management considerations:

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years

by the moderate available water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: None

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concern: Plant competition

Management considerations:

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, and wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and cutbanks

caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concern: The shrink-swell

potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

MnB—Merit silt loam, 0 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsoil:

8 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

20 to 30 inches—dark brown loam

Substratum:

30 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sand

Composition

Merit and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Bilson soils, which have more sand in the surface

layer and subsoil than the Merit soil

• The moderately well drained Merimod soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

• Soils in which the sandy substratum has thin strata

of loamy sand or sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained
Clark County, Wisconsin 119

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty and loamy alluvium

and rapid in the siliceous sandy alluvium

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years

by the moderate available water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concern: Plant competition

Management considerations:

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity and

restricted permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: The shrink-swell

potential and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

MoB—Merit-Gardenvale silt loams, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres
120 Soil Survey of

Representative Profile

Merit

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsoil:

9 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

12 to 30 inches—dark brown loam

Substratum:

30 to 60 inches—strong brown sand

Gardenvale

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 26 inches—dark brown silt loam

26 to 30 inches—brown sandy loam

Substratum:

30 to 50 inches—reddish yellow fine sand

Bedrock:

50 to 60 inches—reddish yellow, weakly cemented

sandstone

Composition

Merit and similar soils: 45 to 55 percent

Gardenvale and similar soils: 35 to 45 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very deep Bilson soils, which have more sand in

the surface layer and subsoil than the major soils

• The moderately deep Elevasil soils, which have

more sand in the surface layer and subsurface layer

than the major soils; in the more convex areas

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Merit—very deep; Gardenvale—deep to

soft sandstone

Permeability: Merit—moderate in the silty and loamy

alluvium and rapid in the siliceous sandy alluvium;

Gardenvale—moderate in the silty and loamy

alluvium, rapid in the siliceous sandy residuum,

and moderately slow or moderate in the

sandstone

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion in the more sloping areas.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years

by the moderate available water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concern: Plant competition

Management considerations:

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.
Clark County, Wisconsin 121

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Merit—poor filtering capacity

and restricted permeability; Gardenvale—poor

filtering capacity, restricted permeability, and depth

to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: The shrink-swell

potential and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

MpA—Merrillan fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable

fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 11 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

11 to 15 inches—dark brown sandy loam

15 to 22 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy loam

22 to 30 inches—light brownish gray, mottled clay

loam

30 to 36 inches—pale red and reddish brown,

mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

36 to 60 inches—interbedded light gray sandstone

and pale red shale

Composition

Merrillan and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Fairchild soils, which have a sandy mantle

• The moderately well drained Humbird soils on

summits and shoulders

• Kert soils, which have a silty mantle

• The poorly drained Veedum soils, which have a silty

mantle; in depressions and drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam, loam,

or silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1 to

2 feet

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderately low or moderate in the surface layer;

uncultivated areas—very high in the organic layer,

moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland
122 Soil Survey of

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, wetness, and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• If the water table is lowered, crop yields are limited

during most years by the low available water capacity.

Irrigation can improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• A surface drainage system can help remove excess

surface water and minimize soil wetness. The

underlying bedrock limits the depth of open ditches.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and low

strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: PVRh

MrA—Merrillan-Veedum complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Merrillan—footslopes and

toeslopes; Veedum—depressions and

drainageways

Slope range: Merrillan—0 to 3 percent; Veedum—0 to

2 percent

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 1,500 acres

Representative Profile

Merrillan

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat
Clark County, Wisconsin 123

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 3 inches—black fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 6 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 11 inches—dark brown sandy loam

11 to 13 inches—dark brown, mottled sandy loam

13 to 21 inches—yellowish brown, mottled sandy

loam

21 to 30 inches—pinkish gray, mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

30 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and light gray shale

Veedum

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

5 to 7 inches—black silt loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 9 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 20 inches—gray, mottled silt loam

20 to 26 inches—grayish brown, mottled clay loam

Bedrock:

26 to 60 inches—interbedded gray sandstone and

dark red shale

Composition

Merrillan and similar soils: 45 to 60 percent

Veedum and similar soils: 30 to 45 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Citypoint soils, which have

an organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

• The poorly drained Elm Lake soils, which have a

sandy mantle

• The moderately well drained Humbird soils on

summits and shoulders

• The somewhat poorly drained Kert soils, which have

a silty mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam, loam,

or silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Merrillan—somewhat poorly drained;

Veedum—poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Merrillan—perched at a

depth of 1 to 2 feet; Veedum—perched above or

near the surface

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Merrillan—moderate or moderately rapid

in the loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and

very slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale; Veedum—moderate in the

silty part, moderately slow or moderate in the

residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in the

interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Merrillan—low; Veedum—low

or moderate

Content of organic matter: Merrillan—very high in the

organic layer, moderate or high in the surface

layer; Veedum—very high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, pasture

Other uses: Wetland wildlife habitat, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Merrillan—equipment

limitation, windthrow hazard, and plant

competition; Veedum—equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick. In areas

of the Veedum soil, reforestation is generally limited to

natural regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by planting vigorous nursery stock on

the crest of cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

Pasture

Suitability: Merrillan—well suited; Veedum—poorly

suited

Major management concerns: Merrillan—soil blowing

and low strength; Veedum—soil blowing, wetness,

ponding, and low strength
124 Soil Survey of

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, the number of suitable

forage plants is limited by the seasonal high water

table.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, establishing or

maintaining an improved pasture is difficult because of

the ponding.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery. Livestock hooves cut the soil

and damage the plant cover.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Merrillan—generally unsuited because of

insufficient moisture; Veedum—suited in undrained

areas

Major management concerns: Veedum—excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas of the Veedum soil undrained can

provide wetland wildlife habitat, enhance water quality

and ground-water recharge, and reduce the rates of

runoff and sedimentation.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, maintaining a saturated

condition and controlling sedimentation can help to

protect wetland areas. Following recommended

nutrient and chemical management practices in

adjacent areas also helps to protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas of the Veedum soil, providing

adjacent nesting cover can enhance the habitat for

wetland wildlife.

Cropland

Suitability: Merrillan—moderately well suited;

Veedum—poorly suited in drained areas and

generally unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Merrillan—soil blowing,

droughtiness, wetness, poor tilth, and low

strength; Veedum—droughtiness, nutrient and

pesticide loss, wetness, ponding, low strength,

and frost hazard

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, field windbreaks, wind

stripcropping, a cover of crop residue, and a winter

cover crop help to control soil blowing and prevent

plant damage caused by windblown sand.

• If the water table is lowered in areas of these soils,

crop yields are limited during most years by the limited

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, reducing chemical

application rates and incorporating phosphorus

fertilizer at recommended rates help to protect the

quality of the surface water.

• Leaving areas of the Veedum soil undrained

provides habitat for wetland wildlife.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, the seasonal high water

table usually delays spring planting for 2 to 3 weeks.

Adequate drainage is needed for dependable crop

production.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, a surface drainage

system can help remove excess surface water and

minimize the soil wetness and crop damage caused

by seasonal ponding. The underlying bedrock limits

the depth of open ditches.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, the seasonal high

water table may delay spring planting in wet years.

Adequate drainage is needed for dependable crop

production.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, a surface drainage

system can help remove excess surface water and

minimize soil wetness. The underlying bedrock limits

the depth of open ditches.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, leaving crop residue on

the surface or regularly adding other organic material

helps to maintain fertility and tilth and minimizes

crusting.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

• In many areas of the Veedum soil, the length of the

growing season is severely limited by frost.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Merrillan—restricted

permeability, wetness, and depth to rock;

Veedum—restricted permeability, wetness,

ponding, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Merrillan—poorly suited; Veedum—
Clark County, Wisconsin 125

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding

Major management concerns: Merrillan—wetness and

soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Merrillan soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control soil blowing during

and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Merrillan—IIIw;

Veedum—VIw in undrained areas and IIIw in

drained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Merrillan—4W (northern

red oak); Veedum—1W (white ash)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: PVRh

MxA—Moppet-Fordum complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Slope range: Moppet—0 to 3 percent; Fordum—0 to 2

percent

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres

Representative Profile

Moppet

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 30 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

30 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown, mottled

sandy loam

35 to 39 inches—yellowish brown, mottled loamy

sand

Substratum:

39 to 60 inches—yellowish brown, mottled sand

with thin strata of fine sand

Fordum

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, mottled

silt loam

Substratum:

9 to 23 inches—grayish brown, mottled loam

23 to 28 inches—very dark gray, mottled sandy

loam with thin strata of loam

28 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown, stratified

gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand

Composition

Moppet and similar soils: 45 to 60 percent

Fordum and similar soils: 30 to 45 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Markey soils, which have an

organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand, sandy

loam, or loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moppet—moderately well drained;

Fordum—poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Moppet—2.5 to 3.5 feet

below the surface; Fordum—above or near the

surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moppet—moderate in the loamy alluvium

and rapid in the sandy alluvium; Fordum—

moderate or moderately rapid in the loamy

alluvium and rapid or very rapid in the sandy

alluvium

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter: Moppet—very high in the

organic layer, moderate in the surface layer;

Fordum—very high in the organic layer, high or

very high in the surface layer

Frequency of flooding: Moppet—occasional; Fordum—

frequent

Duration of flooding: Moppet—very brief; Fordum—

brief

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, wetland wildlife habitat

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Moppet—equipment

limitation and plant competition; Fordum—

equipment limitation, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and seedling mortality
126 Soil Survey of

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Fordum soil, wetness and low soil

strength generally limit access by machinery to the dry

summer months or to periods when the soil is frozen

or snow cover is thick. Reforestation is generally

limited to natural regeneration or hand planting.

• In areas of the Fordum soil, planting and harvesting

are limited during periods of flooding. The seedling

mortality rate may be high unless protection from

flooding is provided.

• In areas of the Moppet soil, planting and harvesting

are limited during periods of flooding.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• In areas of the Fordum soil, windthrow can be

minimized by using harvest methods that do not leave

the remaining trees widely spaced. The periodic

salvaging of windthrown trees may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Fordum soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by planting vigorous nursery stock on

the crest of cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

Pasture

Suitability: Moppet—well suited; Fordum—poorly

suited

Major management concerns: Moppet—soil blowing

and nutrient and pesticide loss; Fordum—nutrient

and pesticide loss, wetness, ponding, flooding,

and low strength

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Moppet soil, establishing a highquality cover of grasses and legumes helps to control

soil blowing.

• In areas of the Moppet soil, overgrazing depletes the

plant cover, increases the hazard of soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Flood-control measures help to protect the quality of

the surface water by minimizing runoff into lakes and

streams. Reducing chemical application rates and

applying phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates

also help to protect the quality of the surface water.

• In areas of the Fordum soil, the number of suitable

forage plants is limited by the seasonal high water

table.

• In areas of the Fordum soil, establishing or

maintaining an improved pasture is difficult because of

the ponding and the flooding.

• In areas of the Fordum soil, low strength restricts the

use of machinery.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Moppet—generally unsuited because of

insufficient moisture; Fordum—suited in undrained

areas

Major management concerns: Fordum—excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient

pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas of the Fordum soil undrained can

provide wetland wildlife habitat, enhance water quality

and ground-water recharge, and reduce the rates of

runoff and sedimentation.

• In areas of the Fordum soil, maintaining a

saturated condition and controlling sedimentation

can help to protect wetland areas. Following

recommended nutrient and chemical management

practices in adjacent areas also helps to protect the

habitat.

• In cultivated areas of the Fordum soil, providing

adjacent nesting cover can enhance the habitat for

wetland wildlife.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, and flooding

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Moppet—poor filtering

capacity, restricted permeability, wetness, and

flooding; Fordum—poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, wetness, ponding, and

flooding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Moppet—generally unsuited because of

flooding; Fordum—generally unsuited because of

excessive wetness, ponding, and frequent

flooding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Moppet—IIIw; Fordum—

VIw

Woodland ordination symbol: Moppet—3L (red maple);

Fordum—2W (silver maple)

Primary forest habitat type: ArDe-V

Secondary forest habitat type: PVCr
Clark County, Wisconsin 127

NeB—Newood sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Moraines

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable

sandy loam

Subsoil (upper part):

9 to 16 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Next layer:

16 to 39 inches—brown and dark brown sandy

loam

Subsoil (lower part):

39 to 50 inches—reddish brown, mottled gravelly

sandy loam

50 to 62 inches—reddish brown sandy loam

Substratum:

62 to 65 inches—reddish brown, dense and

compact sandy loam

Composition

Newood and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Freeon soils, which have a silty mantle

• Sloping areas of Newood soils

• The somewhat poorly drained Magnor soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 2.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Deep or very deep to dense loamy glacial

till

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the loamy

till, slow in the middle part of the loamy till, and

very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Content of stones on the surface: About 2 to 3 percent

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; poorly suited in other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss,

and rock fragments

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years

by the moderate available water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• The stones on the surface in some areas interfere

with tillage, unless they are removed.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The stones on the surface limit the use of

equipment. Planting seedlings by hand or yarding the

logs by cable may be necessary in some areas.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.
128 Soil Survey of

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; moderately well suited in

other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, and rock

fragments

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• The stones on the surface may interfere with the use

of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, water erosion,

and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs in very stony areas;

IIe in areas where surface stones have been

removed

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

NeC—Newood sandy loam, 6 to 15

percent slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Moraines

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 60 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable

sandy loam

Subsoil (upper part):

8 to 15 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Next layer:

15 to 38 inches—brown and dark brown sandy

loam

Subsoil (lower part):

38 to 50 inches—reddish brown, mottled gravelly

sandy loam

50 to 61 inches—reddish brown sandy loam

Substratum:

61 to 65 inches—reddish brown, dense and

compact sandy loam

Composition

Newood and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Freeon soils, which have a silty mantle

• Gently sloping areas of Newood soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 2.5

to 3.5 feet
Clark County, Wisconsin 129

Depth class: Deep or very deep to dense loamy glacial

till

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the loamy

till, slow in the middle part of the loamy till, and

very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Content of stones on the surface: About 2 to 3 percent

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited in areas where

surface stones have been removed; generally

unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss,

and rock fragments

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are somewhat limited during dry years

by the moderate available water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• The stones on the surface in some areas interfere

with tillage, unless they are removed.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope and the stones on the surface limit the

selection of sites for log landings. Landings can be

established on suitable nearly level or gently sloping

adjacent or included soils.

• The stones on the surface limit the use of

equipment. Planting seedlings by hand or yarding the

logs by cable may be necessary in some areas.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; moderately well suited in

other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, and rock

fragments

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• The stones on the surface may interfere with the use

of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, water

erosion, and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to
130 Soil Survey of

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited in the less sloping areas;

moderately well suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Slope, water erosion,

and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs in very stony areas;

IIIe in areas where surface stones have been

removed

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

NmC—Newood-Magnor-Cathro complex,

0 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Moraines

Landscape position: Newood—summits, shoulders,

and backslopes; Magnor—footslopes and

toeslopes; Cathro—shallow depressions

Slope range: Newood—2 to 15 percent; Magnor—0 to

4 percent; Cathro—0 to 1 percent

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 500 acres

Representative Profile

Newood

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 5 inches—grayish brown sandy loam

Subsoil (upper part):

5 to 15 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Next layer:

15 to 38 inches—brown and dark brown sandy

loam

Subsoil (lower part):

38 to 46 inches—reddish brown, mottled gravelly

sandy loam

46 to 63 inches—reddish brown sandy loam

Substratum:

63 to 65 inches—reddish brown sandy loam

Magnor

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky

peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 9 inches—brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 26 inches—yellowish brown and brown,

mottled silt loam

26 to 60 inches—reddish brown, mottled gravelly

sandy loam

Substratum:

60 to 65 inches—reddish brown sandy loam

Cathro

Organic layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark brown mucky peat

4 to 24 inches—black muck

24 to 30 inches—black muck with 30 percent

mineral content

Substratum:

30 to 60 inches—dark gray, mottled silt loam with

thin strata of fine sandy loam and loam

Composition

Newood and similar soils: 35 to 45 percent

Magnor and similar soils: 25 to 35 percent

Cathro and similar soils: 15 to 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The poorly drained Capitola soils, which do not have

a dense loamy substratum

• The moderately well drained Freeon soils, which

have a silty mantle

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam or

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Newood—moderately well drained;
Clark County, Wisconsin 131

Magnor—somewhat poorly drained; Cathro—very

poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Newood—perched at a

depth of 2.5 to 3.5 feet; Magnor—perched at a

depth of 1 to 3 feet; Cathro—above or near the

surface

Depth class: Newood—deep or very deep to dense

loamy glacial till; Magnor—deep to dense loamy

glacial till; Cathro—very deep

Permeability: Newood—moderate in the upper part of

the loamy till, slow in the middle part of the loamy

till, and very slow in the lower part of the loamy till;

Magnor—moderate in the silty part, slow or

moderately slow in the upper part of the loamy till,

and very slow in the lower part of the loamy till;

Cathro—moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic material and moderately slow or

moderate in the loamy deposits

Available water capacity: Newood—moderate;

Magnor—moderate or high; Cathro—very high

Content of organic matter: Newood and Magnor—very

high in the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; Cathro—very high in the surface

layer

Content of stones on the surface: Newood and

Magnor—about 2 to 3 percent

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, pasture

Other use: Wetland wildlife habitat

Woodland

Suitability: Newood and Magnor—suited; Cathro—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness

and ponding (the Cathro soil does not support

trees of merchantable size or quality)

Major management concerns: Newood—equipment

limitation and plant competition; Magnor—

equipment limitation, windthrow hazard, and plant

competition

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Newood soil, the slope and the

stones on the surface limit the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• In areas of the Magnor soil, wetness and low soil

strength frequently limit access by machinery to the

dry summer months or to periods when the soil is

frozen or snow cover is thick.

• In areas of the Newood and Magnor soils, the

stones on the surface limit the use of equipment.

Planting seedlings by hand or yarding the logs by

cable may be necessary in some areas.

• In areas of the Newood and Magnor soils, ruts form

easily on unsurfaced roads during wet periods. Log

landings and haul roads can be stabilized with gravel.

• In areas of the Magnor soil, windthrow can be

minimized by using harvest methods that do not leave

the remaining trees widely spaced. The periodic

salvaging of windthrown trees may be necessary.

• In areas of the Newood and Magnor soils, plant

competition can be controlled by mechanical site

preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Newood and Magnor—well suited in areas

where surface stones have been removed and

moderately well suited in other areas; Cathro—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness,

ponding, and the severe frost hazard

Major management concerns: Newood—water

erosion, soil blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss,

and rock fragments; Magnor—rock fragments and

low strength

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Newood soil, establishing a highquality cover of grasses and legumes helps to control

water erosion and soil blowing.

• In areas of the Newood soil, overgrazing depletes

the plant cover, increases the hazards of water

erosion and soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Newood soil, reducing chemical

application rates and applying phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates help to protect the quality of the

surface water.

• In areas of the Newood and Magnor soils, the

stones on the surface may interfere with the use of

machinery.

• In areas of the Magnor soil, low strength restricts the

use of machinery.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, a scarcity of suitable drainage

outlets, the severe frost hazard, and subsidence

on the Cathro soil; a few small areas that consist

mainly of Newood and Magnor soils may be

cropped if the stones on the surface are

removed.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Newood and Magnor—generally unsuited

because of insufficient moisture; Cathro—suited in

undrained areas

Major management concerns: Cathro—excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution
132 Soil Survey of

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas of the Cathro soil undrained can

provide wetland wildlife habitat, enhance water quality

and ground-water recharge, and reduce the rates of

runoff and sedimentation.

• In areas of the Cathro soil, maintaining a saturated

condition and controlling sedimentation can help to

protect wetlands. Following recommended nutrient and

chemical management practices in adjacent areas

also helps to protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas of the Cathro soil, providing

adjacent nesting cover can enhance the habitat for

wetland wildlife.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Newood—restricted

permeability, wetness, and slope; Magnor—

restricted permeability and wetness; Cathro—

restricted permeability, wetness, ponding, and

subsidence

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Newood—moderately well suited; Magnor—

poorly suited; Cathro—generally unsuited because

of excessive wetness, ponding, and subsidence

Major management concerns: Newood—wetness,

slope, water erosion, and soil blowing; Magnor—

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Newood and Magnor soils, installing

a subsurface drainage system and adding fill material

to raise the site elevation help to overcome the

wetness.

• In areas of the Newood soil, buildings can be

designed so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land or the slope can be modified by cutting and

filling.

• In areas of the Newood soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control water erosion and

soil blowing during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Newood—well suited in the less sloping

areas and moderately well suited in the more

sloping areas; Magnor—poorly suited; Cathro—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness,

ponding, and subsidence

Major management concerns: Newood—slope, water

erosion, and soil blowing; Magnor—wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In areas of the Magnor soil, installing a subsurface

drainage system and adding fill material to raise the

site elevation help to overcome the wetness.

• In areas of the Newood soil, buildings can be

designed so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land or the slope can be modified by cutting and

filling.

• In areas of the Newood soil, seeding and mulching

exposed areas can help to control water erosion and

soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Newood—VIs in very

stony areas and IIIe in areas where surface

stones have been removed; Magnor—IVs in very

stony areas and IIw in areas where surface stones

have been removed; Cathro—VIw in undrained

areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Newood—3L (sugar

maple); Magnor—3W (red maple); Cathro—5W

(balsam fir)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci or AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

NoC—Northmound flaggy silt loam, 6 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Monadnocks

Landscape position: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Shape of areas: Elongated

Size of areas: 6 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown flaggy silt

loam

Subsoil:

4 to 8 inches—dark brown flaggy silt loam

8 to 24 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

very flaggy silt loam

24 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very flaggy loam

Bedrock:

30 inches—slightly fractured, light gray sandstone
Clark County, Wisconsin 133

Composition

Northmound and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Gently sloping areas of Northmound soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam, loam,

flaggy sandy loam, or flaggy loam

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep to bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Moderately deep to hard sandstone

bedrock

Permeability: Moderate in the silty and loamy part and

moderately slow or moderate in the bedrock

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, moderate or high in the surface layer

Content of stones on the surface: About 2 to 3 percent

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

plant competition, and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The slope, the stones on the surface, and the

flagstones limit the selection of sites for log landings.

Landings can be established on suitable nearly level or

gently sloping adjacent or included soils.

• Hard bedrock limits the depth of cuts and interferes

with the construction of haul roads and log landings.

• The stones and flagstones on the surface limit the

use of equipment. Planting seedlings by hand or

yarding the logs by cable may be necessary in some

areas.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited in areas where surface stones

have been removed; moderately well suited in

other areas

Major management concerns: Water erosion,

droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss, and rock

fragments

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in areas

where the available water capacity is low. Droughttolerant species should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• The stones on the surface and the flagstones may

interfere with the use of machinery.

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited in areas where

surface stones have been removed; generally

unsuited in other areas

Major restrictive features: Water erosion, droughtiness,

nutrient and pesticide loss, poor tilth, and rock

fragments

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

or moderate available water capacity. Irrigation can

improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.
134 Soil Survey of

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• In some areas the stones on the surface and the

flagstones interfere with tillage, unless they are

removed.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

slope, depth to rock, and rock fragments

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Slope, depth to rock,

rock fragments, water erosion, and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling. The underlying hard

bedrock, however, limits the depth of cuts. It can be

excavated by blasting or using suitable power

equipment.

• The stones and flagstones interfere with

construction. They can be removed by mechanical

means and replaced with coarse textured fill material.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Slope, depth to rock,

rock fragments, water erosion, and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling. The underlying hard

bedrock, however, limits the depth of cuts. The

bedrock can be excavated by blasting or using suitable

power equipment.

• The stones and flagstones interfere with

construction. They can be removed by mechanical

means, or, in the less sloping areas, coarse textured

fill material can be added to raise the foundation.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs in very stony areas;

IIIe in areas where surface stones have been

removed

Woodland ordination symbol: 3X (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AQVb-V

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

NrF—Northmound-Rock outcrop

complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes, very

stony

Setting

Landform: Monadnocks (fig. 7)

Landscape position: Summits and side slopes

Shape of areas: Elongated

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Northmound

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 5 inches—black flaggy silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown flaggy silt

loam

11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown

very flaggy silt loam

24 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown very flaggy

loam

Bedrock:

30 inches—slightly fractured, light gray sandstone

Composition

Northmound and similar soils: 60 to 75 percent

Rock outcrop: 15 to 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Areas of Northmound soils that have slopes of less

than 15 percent or more than 50 percent

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam, loam,

flaggy sandy loam, or flaggy loam

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep to bedrock

Properties and Qualities of the

Northmound Soil

Drainage class: Well drained
Clark County, Wisconsin 135

Depth class: Moderately deep to hard sandstone

Permeability: Moderate in the silty and loamy part and

moderately slow or moderate in the bedrock

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

layer, moderate or high in the surface layer

Content of stones on the surface: About 2 to 3 percent

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Northmound—suited; Rock outcrop—

generally unsuited

Major management concerns: Northmound—

equipment limitation, erosion hazard, plant

competition, and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Northmound soil, the slope, the

stones on the surface, and the flagstones limit the

selection of sites for log landings. Landings can be

established on suitable nearly level or gently sloping

adjacent or included soils.

• In areas of the Northmound soil, the slope, the

stones on the surface, and the flagstones limit the use

of conventional equipment. Special harvesting and

planting methods, such as yarding the logs by cable

and planting seedlings by hand, may be necessary.

• In areas of the Northmound soil, carefully locating

Figure 7.—A wooded area of Northmound-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes, very stony, surrounded by gently sloping

areas of Loyal silt loam.
136 Soil Survey of

skid trails and building haul roads on the contour

reduce the hazard of erosion and help to overcome

equipment limitations.

• In areas of the Northmound soil, the hard bedrock

limits the depth of cuts and interferes with the

construction of haul roads and log landings.

• Bedrock outcrops and escarpments severely restrict

the movement of logging equipment. Logging roads

should be established in areas where these

restrictions are not a concern.

• In areas of the Northmound soil, ruts form easily on

unsurfaced roads during wet periods. Log landings

and haul roads can be stabilized with gravel.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas of the

Northmound soil after logging, sloping road surfaces

to remove runoff water, and installing water bars,

culverts, and drop structures help to control erosion.

• In areas of the Northmound soil, plant competition

can be controlled by mechanical site preparation or

limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Northmound soil, seedling mortality

can be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock in the early

spring, when the soil is moist.

Cropland

Suitability: Northmound—generally unsuited because

of surface stones, the very steep slope, and the

very severe hazard of water erosion; Rock

outcrop—generally unsuited

Pasture

Suitability: Northmound—poorly suited; Rock

outcrop—generally unsuited

Major management concerns: Northmound—water

erosion, droughtiness, nutrient and pesticide loss,

and rock fragments

Management considerations:

• The steeper slopes are generally limited to pasture

of existing forage species. Maintaining a high-quality

cover of pasture plants helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in

areas where the available water capacity is low.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• The stones on the surface and the flagstones may

interfere with the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Northmound—restricted

permeability, slope, depth to rock, and rock

fragments

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Northmound—poorly suited in the less

sloping areas, generally unsuited in other areas;

Rock outcrop—generally unsuited

Major management concerns: Northmound—slope,

depth to rock, rock fragments, water erosion, and

soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• In the less sloping areas of the Northmound soil,

buildings can be designed so that they conform to the

natural slope of the land. Also, the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling. The underlying hard

bedrock, however, limits the depth of cuts. The

bedrock can be excavated by blasting or using suitable

power equipment.

• In areas of the Northmound soil, the stones and

flagstones interfere with construction. They can be

removed by mechanical means and replaced with

coarse textured fill material.

• In areas of the Northmound soil, seeding and

mulching exposed areas can help to control water

erosion and soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Northmound—VIIe;

Rock outcrop—VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Northmound—3R (sugar

maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AQVb-V

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

OeA—Oesterle loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly concave treads

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres
Clark County, Wisconsin 137

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 6 inches—very dark brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown,

mottled loam

12 to 18 inches—brown, mottled loam

18 to 27 inches—brown, mottled sandy loam

27 to 37 inches—dark brown loamy coarse sand

Substratum:

37 to 61 inches—pale brown, stratified gravelly

coarse sand and coarse sand

Composition

Oesterle and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Poskin soils, which have a silty mantle

• The poorly drained Rib soils in depressions and

drainageways

• The well drained Rosholt soils on slightly convex or

linear treads

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: 1 to 3 feet below the

surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the loamy alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—moderate in the

surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, cropland

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Droughtiness, wetness,

poor tilth, and low strength

Management considerations:

• If the water table is lowered, crop yields are limited

during most years by the low or moderate available

water capacity. Irrigation can improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage.

• Loose sand enters the tile lines unless a suitable

filter covers the tile.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.
138 Soil Survey of

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and cutbanks

caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concern: Wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 3W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

PeA—Pelkie-Winterfield loamy fine sands,

0 to 3 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 6 to 300 acres

Representative Profile

Pelkie

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy fine

sand

Substratum:

4 to 26 inches—dark brown and yellowish brown

fine sand

26 to 38 inches—light yellowish brown sand

38 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown, mottled

sand

Winterfield

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand

Substratum:

7 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown, mottled fine

sand

31 to 60 inches—yellowish brown, mottled sand

Composition

Pelkie and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Winterfield and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The poorly drained Fordum soils, which formed in

loamy alluvium underlain by sandy alluvium

• The excessively drained Menahga soils on slightly

convex or linear treads of stream terraces

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sand, loamy

sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Pelkie—moderately well drained;

Winterfield—somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Pelkie—2.5 to 3.5 feet

below the surface; Winterfield—0.5 foot to 3.0 feet

below the surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Pelkie—very high in the

organic layer, moderately low in the surface layer;

Winterfield—very high in the organic layer,

moderate in the surface layer

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Duration of flooding: Pelkie—very brief; Winterfield—

brief

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Pelkie—plant

competition and seedling mortality; Winterfield—

equipment limitation, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Winterfield soil, wetness and low soil

strength frequently limit access by machinery to the

dry summer months or to periods when the soil is

frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Planting and harvesting are limited during periods of

flooding.
Clark County, Wisconsin 139

• In areas of the Winterfield soil, ruts form easily on

unsurfaced roads during wet periods. Log landings

and haul roads can be stabilized with gravel.

• In areas of the Winterfield soil, windthrow can be

minimized by using harvest methods that do not leave

the remaining trees widely spaced. The periodic

salvaging of windthrown trees may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

wetness, and flooding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of flooding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Pelkie—IVs;

Winterfield—IVw

Woodland ordination symbol: Pelkie—3A (sugar

maple); Winterfield—6W (quaking aspen)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy or PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Pg—Pits

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces and kames

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 120 acres

Representative Area

• This map unit consists of pits from which sand and

gravel or weathered bedrock has been removed to a

depth of at least several feet and includes adjacent

areas where sand, gravel, or other soil material has

been stockpiled. Typically, the actively mined pits are

not vegetated. Abandoned pits are covered with trees,

brush, and weeds. The material remaining on the

bottom and sidewalls is sand and gravel; weathered,

soft sandstone; or gravelly and sandy material

weathered from coarse grained granite, which is

locally known as “rotten granite.”

Composition

Pits: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Areas of water

• Piles of discarded nonsoil material, such as old

machinery or stones and boulders that are too large to

be crushed

• Access roads and buildings

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Actively excavated gravel pits

Other use: Some pits have been abandoned and are

covered with trees, brush, and weeds, which

provide good wildlife habitat (fig. 8).

Note: Because of the variable nature of this map unit,

onsite investigation is necessary to determine

suitability for any proposed use. Land shaping and

the addition of suitable topsoil generally are

required to establish a plant cover.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

PoA—Plover very fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly concave treads

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable very fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—brown, mottled very fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

17 to 33 inches—yellowish brown and brown,

mottled very fine sandy loam
140 Soil Survey of

Substratum:

33 to 60 inches—yellowish brown, mottled,

stratified very fine sandy loam, very fine sand,

and silt

Composition

Plover and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Aftad soils on slightly

convex or linear treads

• Comstock soils, which are silty throughout

• The poorly drained Rib soils, which have a sandy

substratum; in depressions and drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: 1 to 3 feet below the

surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, high or very

high in the surface layer

Figure 8.—An area of Pits from which granite and other igneous and metamorphic rocks are quarried.
Clark County, Wisconsin 141

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing, wetness,

poor tilth, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 3W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Pv—Ponycreek-Dawsil complex, 0 to 2

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Depressions and drainageways

Slope range: Ponycreek—0 to 2 percent; Dawsil—0 to

1 percent

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 10 to 60 acres

Representative Profile

Ponycreek

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

4 to 6 inches—black mucky sand

Subsoil:

6 to 26 inches—grayish brown sand

Substratum:

26 to 64 inches—brown sand

Dawsil

Organic layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark reddish brown mucky peat

4 to 30 inches—black muck
142 Soil Survey of

Substratum:

30 to 60 inches—dark brown sand

Composition

Ponycreek and similar soils: 45 to 60 percent

Dawsil and similar soils: 30 to 45 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Ironrun soils on

toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sand or mucky

sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Ponycreek—poorly drained; Dawsil—

very poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Ponycreek—rapid or very rapid; Dawsil—

moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic

material and rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium

Available water capacity: Ponycreek—low; Dawsil—

very high

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very

high

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Wetland wildlife habitat

Other use: Woodland

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation can help to protect wetland areas.

Limiting herbicide use in adjacent areas also helps to

protect the habitat.

Woodland

Suitability: Ponycreek—suited; Dawsil—generally

unsuited because of excessive wetness and

ponding (the Dawsil soil does not support trees of

merchantable size or quality)

Major management concerns: Ponycreek—equipment

limitation, windthrow hazard, plant competition,

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, wetness and low soil

strength generally limit access by machinery to the dry

summer months or to periods when the soil is frozen

or snow cover is thick. Reforestation is generally

limited to natural regeneration or hand planting.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, ruts form easily on

unsurfaced roads during wet periods. Log landings

and haul roads can be stabilized with gravel.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, the sandy surface

layer can interfere with the traction of wheeled

equipment, especially during dry periods.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, windthrow can be

minimized by using harvest methods that do not leave

the remaining trees widely spaced. The periodic

salvaging of windthrown trees may be necessary.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, plant competition can

be controlled by mechanical site preparation or limited

use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, seedling mortality

can be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock on the crest of

cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness, ponding, extreme acidity, and the severe

frost hazard

Pasture

Suitability: Ponycreek—poorly suited; Dawsil—

generally unsuited because of excessive wetness,

ponding, and the severe frost hazard

Major management concerns: Ponycreek—soil

blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, wetness,

ponding, and low strength

Management considerations:

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, establishing a highquality cover of grasses and legumes helps to control

soil blowing.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, overgrazing depletes

the plant cover, increases the hazard of soil blowing,

and increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, reducing chemical

application rates and applying nitrogen fertilizer at

recommended rates help to minimize losses caused

by leaching and protect the quality of the ground

water.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, the number of

suitable forage plants is limited by the seasonal high

water table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 143

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, establishing or

maintaining an improved pasture is difficult because of

the ponding.

• In areas of the Ponycreek soil, low strength restricts

the use of machinery. Livestock hooves cut the soil

and damage the plant cover.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Ponycreek—poor filtering

capacity, wetness, and ponding; Dawsil—poor

filtering capacity, restricted permeability, wetness,

ponding, and subsidence

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Ponycreek—VIw in

undrained areas; Dawsil—VIIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Ponycreek—6W (jack

pine); Dawsil—2W (black spruce)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

PxA—Poskin silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly concave treads

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—black silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 6 inches—dark brown, mottled silt loam

6 to 14 inches—brown and yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

14 to 28 inches—yellowish brown and light

brownish gray, mottled silt loam

28 to 31 inches—yellowish brown, mottled sandy

loam

Substratum:

31 to 61 inches—brown, mottled, stratified coarse

sand and gravelly coarse sand

Composition

Poskin and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Brander soils on

slightly convex or linear treads

• Oesterle soils, which have more sand in the surface

layer and subsoil than the Poskin soil

• The poorly drained Rib soils in depressions and

drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thicker silty mantle

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: 1 to 3 feet below the

surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—moderate in the

surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, cropland

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely
144 Soil Survey of

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Droughtiness, wetness,

and low strength

Management considerations:

• If the water table is lowered, crop yields are

somewhat limited during dry years by the moderate

available water capacity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage.

• Loose sand enters the tile lines unless a suitable

filter covers the tile.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, and wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and cutbanks

caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and the

shrink-swell potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 3W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Py—Psammaquents, nearly level

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Depressions

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Shape of areas: Rectangular

Size of areas: 80 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

• Typically, Psammaquents are sandy. They have a

wide range in color and in thickness of the individual

layers. Generally, they consist of the lower part of

sandy soils or the lower part of moderately deep

organic soils from which the upper 20 to 40 inches has

been removed to form cranberry beds.

Composition

Psammaquents and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• Areas of dikes, ditches, small borrow pits, and

reservoirs

• Access roads and buildings

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of mucky sand
Clark County, Wisconsin 145

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

in undrained areas

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Variable

Flooding: Frequently flooded on a controlled basis for

brief periods

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cranberry beds

Other use: Wetland wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited to cranberries; not used for any

other crops because of excessive wetness and

frequent flooding

Major management concerns: Frost hazard

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation can help to protect wetland areas.

Following recommended nutrient and chemical

management practices in adjacent areas also helps to

protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Pasture and woodland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and frequent flooding

Septic tank absorption fields and dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and frequent flooding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Rb—Rib silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Depressions and drainageways

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 10 to 70 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 27 inches—grayish brown, mottled silt loam

27 to 31 inches—brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

31 to 60 inches—dark brown, stratified gravelly

coarse sand and coarse sand

Composition

Rib and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Poskin soils on

slightly concave treads

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of mucky silt loam or

muck

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Above or near the surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Available water capacity: Moderate

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

mat, moderate to very high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, wetland wildlife

habitat

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality
146 Soil Survey of

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

Reforestation is generally limited to natural

regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by planting

vigorous nursery stock on the crest of cradle-knolls or

on prepared ridges.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation can help to protect wetland areas.

Following recommended nutrient and chemical

management practices in adjacent areas also helps to

protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, ponding, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• The number of suitable forage plants is limited by the

seasonal high water table.

• Establishing or maintaining an improved pasture is

difficult because of the ponding.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, wetness, and ponding

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: 2W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

RkA—Rockdam sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown sand

Subsurface layer:

4 to 9 inches—grayish brown sand

Subsoil:

9 to 13 inches—dark brown sand

13 to 21 inches—strong brown sand

21 to 35 inches—light yellowish brown sand

Substratum:

35 to 45 inches—brownish yellow sand

45 to 61 inches—brownish yellow, mottled sand

Composition

Rockdam and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Ironrun and

excessively drained Simescreek and Tarr soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand
Clark County, Wisconsin 147

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet below the

surface

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

mat, moderate or high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland, pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to minimize

losses caused by leaching and protect the quality of

the ground water.

• Proper scheduling of irrigation applications helps to

minimize the leaching of plant nutrients and other

chemicals out of the root zone and into the underlying

ground water.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, soil blowing,

and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.
148 Soil Survey of

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: 6S (jack pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: PVCr

RoA—Rosholt sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Landscape position: Slightly convex or linear treads

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 16 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

sandy loam

Subsoil:

16 to 24 inches—dark brown sandy loam

24 to 31 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown, stratified

very gravelly coarse sand, gravelly coarse

sand, and coarse sand

Composition

Rosholt and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Brander soils, which

have a silty mantle

• The excessively drained Mahtomedi and Menahga

soils, which are sandy throughout

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand or

loam

• Soils that have a thicker and/or darker surface layer

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium and rapid or very rapid in the

sandy outwash

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and

droughtiness

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

or moderate available water capacity. Irrigation can

improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and

droughtiness

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in areas

where the available water capacity of the soil is low.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.
Clark County, Wisconsin 149

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity and

restricted permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and

cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AQVb-V

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

RoB—Rosholt sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Kames and stream terraces

Landscape position: Convex treads

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown

sandy loam

15 to 22 inches—strong brown sandy loam

22 to 30 inches—reddish brown gravelly sandy

loam

30 to 34 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy sand

Substratum:

34 to 60 inches—strong brown, stratified very

gravelly coarse sand, gravelly coarse sand, and

coarse sand

Composition

Rosholt and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The excessively drained Mahtomedi soils, which are

sandy throughout

• Sloping areas of Rosholt soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand or

loam

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep to sand and

gravel

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium and rapid or very rapid in the

sandy outwash

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil
150 Soil Survey of

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

or moderate available water capacity. Irrigation can

improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazards of water erosion and soil blowing, and

increases the extent of undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in areas

where the available water capacity of the soil is low.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity and

restricted permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and soil

blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AQVb-V

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

RoC—Rosholt sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Kames

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown

sandy loam

14 to 20 inches—dark brown sandy loam

20 to 28 inches—reddish brown gravelly loamy

sand
Clark County, Wisconsin 151

Substratum:

28 to 60 inches—strong brown, stratified very

gravelly coarse sand, gravelly coarse sand, and

coarse sand

Composition

Rosholt and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The excessively drained Mahtomedi soils, which are

sandy throughout

• Gently sloping areas of Rosholt soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand or

loam

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep to sand and

gravel

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium and rapid or very rapid in the

sandy outwash

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderately low or moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Pasture, woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

or moderate available water capacity. Irrigation can

improve productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, soil

blowing, droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide

loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion and soil

blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases

the hazards of water erosion and soil blowing,

and increases the extent of undesirable plant

species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years in areas

where the available water capacity of the soil is low.

Drought-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe
152 Soil Survey of

Major restrictive features: Poor filtering capacity,

restricted permeability, and slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited in the less sloping areas;

moderately well suited in the more sloping areas

Major management concerns: Slope, water erosion,

soil blowing, and cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion and soil blowing during and after

construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AQVb-V

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

RzB—Rozellville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 60 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, very friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 13 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

13 to 17 inches—dark brown and brown loam

17 to 33 inches—dark brown loam

33 to 38 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Substratum:

38 to 60 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam

Composition

Rozellville and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Aftad soils, which

formed in loamy lacustrine deposits; on slightly convex

or linear treads of stream terraces

• The moderately well drained Loyal soils, which

formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by loamy

glacial till

• Sloping areas of Rozellville soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam or

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.
Clark County, Wisconsin 153

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Moderate

Major restrictive feature: Restricted permeability

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: The shrink-swell

potential and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

RzC—Rozellville silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres

Representative Profile

Organic mat:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown mucky peat

Mineral surface layer:

1 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 14 inches—dark brown and brown silt loam

14 to 29 inches—dark brown loam

29 to 34 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Substratum:

34 to 61 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam

Composition

Rozellville and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Loyal soils, which

formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by loamy

glacial till

• Gently sloping areas of Rozellville soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam or

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High
154 Soil Survey of

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, moderate or high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—moderate in the

surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and poor tilth

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion and

nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Moderate

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Slope and water

erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Slope, the shrink-swell

potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)
Clark County, Wisconsin 155

Primary forest habitat type: AVb

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

ScA—Simescreek sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 600 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark brown sand

Subsoil:

2 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown sand

24 to 32 inches—yellowish brown sand

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—yellow sand

Composition

Simescreek and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Rockdam soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Very high in the organic

mat, moderately low or moderate in the surface

layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Severe

Major management concern: Poor filtering capacity

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and

cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: 8S (eastern white pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

SrB—Spencer silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Summits and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 250 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable silt loam
156 Soil Survey of

Subsurface layer:

10 to 20 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

20 to 43 inches—yellowish brown and brown,

mottled silt loam

Substratum:

43 to 60 inches—brown sandy loam

Composition

Spencer and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Almena soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

• Loyal soils, which have a thinner silty mantle than

the Spencer soil

• Sloping areas of Spencer soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thicker and/or darker surface layer

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 2.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, poor tilth, and low strength

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, the shrinkswell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around
Clark County, Wisconsin 157

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: The shrink-swell

potential and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

SrC—Spencer silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, very friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 11 inches—pale brown silt loam

11 to 19 inches—pale brown and brown, mottled

silt loam

Subsoil:

19 to 33 inches—brown and pale brown, mottled

silt loam

33 to 42 inches—brown, mottled silt loam

Substratum:

42 to 60 inches—brown, mottled sandy loam

Composition

Spencer and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately eroded Loyal soils, which have a

thinner silty mantle than the Spencer soil; on

shoulders

• Gently sloping areas of Spencer soils

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 2.5

to 3.5 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Moderate

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, poor tilth, and low strength

Management considerations:

• A conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, contour stripcropping, and

crop rotations that include close-growing crops reduce

the hazard of water erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and gradestabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion

and erosion caused by concentrated flow.

• Measures that control water erosion help to protect

the quality of the surface water by minimizing runoff

into lakes and streams. Reducing chemical application

rates and incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at

recommended rates also help to protect the quality of

the surface water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface or regularly

adding other organic material helps to maintain fertility

and tilth and minimizes crusting.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and plant competition
158 Soil Survey of

Management considerations:

• The slope limits the selection of sites for log

landings. Landings can be established on suitable

nearly level or gently sloping adjacent or included

soils.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Water erosion, nutrient

and pesticide loss, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control water erosion.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of water erosion, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

phosphorus fertilizer at recommended rates help to

protect the quality of the surface water.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, and slope

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, slope, the

shrink-swell potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Slope, the shrink-swell

potential, and water erosion

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Buildings can be designed so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land, or the slope can be

modified by cutting and filling.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control water erosion during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3L (sugar maple)

Primary forest habitat type: AH

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

TrB—Tarr sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown, very

friable sand

Subsoil:

8 to 18 inches—dark brown sand

18 to 36 inches—brown sand

Substratum:

36 to 60 inches—yellow sand

Composition

Tarr and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately deep Boone soils, which are

underlain by sandstone; on the sloping summits and

shoulders of hills

• The moderately well drained Rockdam soils

• Sloping areas of Tarr soils
Clark County, Wisconsin 159

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of coarse sand or

loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, moderately low or

moderate in the surface layer; cultivated areas—

low or moderately low in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Woodland

Other uses: Cropland, pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation

and seedling mortality

Management considerations:

• The sandy surface layer can interfere with the

traction of wheeled equipment, especially during dry

periods.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Field windbreaks, wind stripcropping, a cover of crop

residue, and a winter cover crop help to control soil

blowing and prevent plant damage caused by

windblown sand.

• Crop yields are limited during most years by the low

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Reducing chemical application rates and using split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer at recommended

rates during the growing season help to minimize

losses caused by leaching and protect the quality of

the ground water.

• Proper scheduling of irrigation applications helps to

minimize the leaching of plant nutrients and other

chemicals out of the root zone and into the underlying

ground water.

Pasture

Suitability: Moderately well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing,

droughtiness, and nutrient and pesticide loss

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• Forage yields are limited during most years by the

low available water capacity. Drought-tolerant species

should be selected for planting.

• Restricted grazing during dry periods helps to

maintain a high-quality cover of pasture plants.

• Reducing chemical application rates and applying

nitrogen fertilizer at recommended rates help to

minimize losses caused by leaching and protect the

quality of the ground water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive feature: Poor filtering capacity

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Soil blowing and

cutbanks caving

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

• In excavated or cut-and-fill areas, stabilizing or

sloping the cutbanks helps to minimize the safety

hazard and the damage caused by caving.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Soil blowing

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Seeding and mulching exposed areas can help to

control soil blowing during and after construction.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs
160 Soil Survey of

Woodland ordination symbol: 8S (eastern white pine)

Primary forest habitat type: PVGy

Secondary forest habitat type: PVCr

Ve—Veedum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Depressions and drainageways

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark gray, mottled silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

15 to 28 inches—light brownish gray, mottled loam

28 to 35 inches—gray, mottled silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and gray shale

Composition

Veedum and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Citypoint soils, which have

an organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

• Elm Lake soils, which have a sandy mantle

• The somewhat poorly drained Kert soils on

footslopes and toeslopes

• The somewhat poorly drained Merrillan soils, which

do not have a silty mantle; on footslopes and

toeslopes

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam, mucky silt

loam, or muck

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched above or near the

surface in undrained areas

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Content of organic matter: Uncultivated areas—very

high in the organic layer, high or very high in the

surface layer; cultivated areas—high or very high

in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, wetland wildlife

habitat

Other uses: Pasture, cropland

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

Reforestation is generally limited to natural

regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by planting

vigorous nursery stock on the crest of cradle-knolls or

on prepared ridges.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation can help to protect wetland areas.

Following recommended nutrient and chemical

management practices in adjacent areas also helps to

protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.
Clark County, Wisconsin 161

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, ponding, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• In undrained areas, the number of suitable forage

plants is limited by the seasonal high water table.

• Establishing or maintaining an improved pasture is

difficult because of the ponding.

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited in drained areas; generally

unsuited in other areas

Major management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient

and pesticide loss, wetness, ponding, low

strength, and frost hazard

Management considerations:

• If the water table is lowered, crop yields are

limited during most years by the low or moderate

available water capacity. Irrigation can improve

productivity.

• Crop residue management, additions of organic

material, conservation tillage, and field windbreaks

increase the water-holding capacity and conserve

moisture.

• Reducing chemical application rates and

incorporating phosphorus fertilizer at recommended

rates help to protect the quality of the surface water.

• Undrained areas provide wetland benefits.

• The seasonal high water table usually delays spring

planting for 2 to 3 weeks. Adequate drainage is

needed for dependable crop production.

• A surface drainage system can help remove excess

surface water and reduce the soil wetness and crop

damage caused by seasonal ponding. The underlying

bedrock limits the depth of open ditches.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

• In many areas the length of the growing season is

severely limited by frost.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, ponding, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw in undrained areas;

IIIw in drained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: 1W (white ash)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Vs—Veedum-Elm Lake mucks, 0 to 2

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Landscape position: Drainageways

Shape of areas: Irregular or long and narrow

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres

Representative Profile

Veedum

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

4 to 6 inches—black silt loam

6 to 10 inches—dark gray, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 20 inches—dark gray, mottled silt loam

20 to 29 inches—dark gray, mottled silty clay loam

Bedrock:

29 to 60 inches—interbedded light brownish gray

sandstone and light brownish gray shale

Elm Lake

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—black muck

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—black mucky sand

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—grayish brown sand

Substratum:

14 to 30 inches—light gray, mottled sand

30 to 38 inches—grayish brown, mottled loam

Bedrock:

38 to 60 inches—interbedded very pale brown

sandstone and yellowish red and light brownish

gray shale
162 Soil Survey of

Composition

Veedum and similar soils: 50 to 60 percent

Elm Lake and similar soils: 30 to 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Citypoint soils, which have

an organic layer 16 to 51 inches thick

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a surface layer of mucky peat

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched above or near the

surface

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Permeability: Veedum—moderate in the silty part,

moderately slow or moderate in the residuum, and

very slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale; Elm Lake—rapid or very

rapid in the siliceous sandy alluvium, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Available water capacity: Veedum—low or moderate;

Elm Lake—low

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very

high

Use and Management

Dominant land uses: Woodland, wetland wildlife

habitat

Other use: Pasture

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength generally limit access

by machinery to the dry summer months or to periods

when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

Reforestation is generally limited to natural

regeneration or hand planting.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• In areas of the Veedum soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by planting vigorous nursery stock on

the crest of cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

• In areas of the Elm Lake soil, seedling mortality can

be minimized by using harvest methods that leave

some mature trees to provide shade and protection

and by planting vigorous nursery stock on the crest of

cradle-knolls or on prepared ridges.

Wetland wildlife habitat

Suitability: Suited in undrained areas

Major management concerns: Excessive

sedimentation, chemical and nutrient pollution

Management considerations:

• Leaving areas undrained can provide wetland wildlife

habitat, enhance water quality and ground-water

recharge, and reduce the rates of runoff and

sedimentation.

• Maintaining a saturated condition and controlling

sedimentation can help to protect wetland areas.

Following recommended nutrient and chemical

management practices in adjacent areas also helps to

protect the habitat.

• In cultivated areas, providing adjacent nesting cover

can enhance the habitat for wetland wildlife.

Pasture

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Veedum—soil blowing,

wetness, ponding, and low strength; Elm Lake—

soil blowing, nutrient and pesticide loss, wetness,

ponding, and low strength

Management considerations:

• Establishing a high-quality cover of grasses and

legumes helps to control soil blowing.

• Overgrazing depletes the plant cover, increases the

hazard of soil blowing, and increases the extent of

undesirable plant species.

• In areas of the Elm Lake soil, reducing chemical

application rates and applying nitrogen fertilizer at

recommended rates help to minimize losses caused

by leaching and protect the quality of the ground

water.

• The number of suitable forage plants is limited by the

seasonal high water table.

• Establishing or maintaining an improved pasture is

difficult because of the ponding.
Clark County, Wisconsin 163

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Livestock hooves cut the soil and damage the plant

cover.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability,

wetness, ponding, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings

Suitability: Generally unsuited because of excessive

wetness and ponding

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw in undrained areas

Woodland ordination symbol: Veedum—1W (white

ash); Elm Lake—3W (red maple)

Primary forest habitat type: Not assigned

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

WeA—Withee silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 1,000 acres

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 14 inches—brown, mottled silt loam

14 to 18 inches—pale brown and light yellowish

brown, mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

18 to 24 inches—light brown and pale brown,

mottled silt loam

24 to 47 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

47 to 60 inches—reddish brown loam

Composition

Withee and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Loyal soils on summits

and shoulders

• The poorly drained Marshfield soils in depressions

and drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thicker silty mantle

• Soils that have a substratum of sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1 to

3 feet

Depth class: Very deep

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Available water capacity: High

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, high or very

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Wetness, poor tilth, and

low strength

Management considerations:

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface, adding other

organic material to the soil, minimizing tillage, tilling

and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content, and

including grasses and legumes in the cropping

sequence help to prevent excessive compaction,

minimize crusting, and maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.
164 Soil Survey of

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and seedling

mortality

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.

• Seedling mortality can be minimized by using

harvest methods that leave some mature trees to

provide shade and protection and by planting vigorous

nursery stock in the early spring, when the soil is

moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concern: Wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and the

shrink-swell potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: AH-Ci

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned

WkA—Withee-Kert silt loams, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Withee—ground moraines; Kert—

pediments

Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 6 to 300 acres

Representative Profile

Withee

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—pale brown, mottled silt loam

17 to 21 inches—pale brown and strong brown,

mottled silt loam

Subsoil:

21 to 35 inches—brown and light yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam

35 to 44 inches—brown, mottled loam

Substratum:

44 to 60 inches—reddish brown, mottled loam

Kert

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 13 inches—brown silt loam

13 to 21 inches—brown and yellowish brown,

mottled silt loam
Clark County, Wisconsin 165

Subsoil:

21 to 27 inches—yellowish brown and pale brown,

mottled loam

27 to 31 inches—grayish brown, mottled loam

Bedrock:

31 to 60 inches—interbedded yellowish brown

sandstone and reddish brown shale

Composition

Withee and similar soils: 50 to 65 percent

Kert and similar soils: 30 to 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 10 percent

Inclusions

Contrasting inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Hiles soils, which have

a silty mantle over interbedded sandstone and shale;

on summits and shoulders

• The moderately well drained Loyal soils, which have

a silty mantle over loamy till; on summits and

shoulders

• The poorly drained Marshfield soils, which have a

silty mantle over loamy till; in depressions and

drainageways

• The poorly drained Veedum soils, which have a silty

mantle over interbedded sandstone and shale; in

depressions and drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that have a thicker silty mantle

• Soils that have a substratum of sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched at a depth of 1 to

3 feet

Depth class: Withee—very deep; Kert—moderately

deep to interbedded sandstone and shale

Permeability: Withee—moderate in the silty part and

moderately slow in the loamy till; Kert—moderate

in the silty part, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Available water capacity: Withee—high; Kert—low or

moderate

Content of organic matter: Cultivated areas—

moderate in the surface layer; uncultivated

areas—very high in the organic layer, high or very

high in the surface layer

Use and Management

Dominant land use: Cropland

Other uses: Woodland, pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concerns: Withee—wetness, poor

tilth, and low strength; Kert—droughtiness,

wetness, and low strength

Management considerations:

• If the water table is lowered in areas of the Kert soil,

crop yields are limited during most years by the low or

moderate available water capacity. Irrigation can

improve productivity.

• In areas of the Kert soil, crop residue management,

additions of organic material, conservation tillage, and

field windbreaks increase the water-holding capacity

and conserve moisture.

• The seasonal high water table may delay spring

planting in wet years. Adequate drainage is needed for

dependable crop production.

• Open ditches and tile drains remove excess surface

water and improve internal drainage. In areas of the

Kert soil, however, the underlying bedrock limits the

depth of cuts.

• Grading ditchbanks and protecting them with a plant

cover can help to prevent caving in and erosion

caused by flowing water.

• In areas of the Withee soil, leaving crop residue on

the surface, adding other organic material to the soil,

minimizing tillage, tilling and harvesting at the proper

soil moisture content, and including grasses and

legumes in the cropping sequence help to prevent

excessive compaction, minimize crusting, and

maintain tilth.

• Low soil strength limits the use of farm equipment to

periods when the soil is dry.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Major management concerns: Withee—equipment

limitation, windthrow hazard, plant competition,

and seedling mortality; Kert—equipment limitation,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

Management considerations:

• Wetness and low soil strength frequently limit

access by machinery to the dry summer months or to

periods when the soil is frozen or snow cover is thick.

• Ruts form easily on unsurfaced roads during wet

periods. Log landings and haul roads can be stabilized

with gravel.

• Windthrow can be minimized by using harvest

methods that do not leave the remaining trees widely

spaced. The periodic salvaging of windthrown trees

may be necessary.

• Plant competition can be controlled by mechanical

site preparation or limited use of herbicides.
166

• In areas of the Withee soil, seedling mortality can be

minimized by using harvest methods that leave some

mature trees to provide shade and protection and by

planting vigorous nursery stock in the early spring,

when the soil is moist.

Pasture

Suitability: Well suited

Major management concern: Low strength

Management considerations:

• Low strength restricts the use of machinery.

Septic tank absorption fields

Severity of limitations: Severe

Major restrictive features: Withee—restricted

permeability and wetness; Kert—restricted

permeability, wetness, and depth to rock

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed. The design of

absorption fields should meet local and State

guidelines.

Dwellings with basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concern: Wetness

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

Dwellings without basements

Suitability: Poorly suited

Major management concerns: Wetness and the

shrink-swell potential

Management considerations:

• Onsite investigation is needed.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system and adding

fill material to raise the site elevation help to overcome

the wetness.

• Adding coarse textured material under and around

the foundation and properly reinforcing the foundation

help to prevent the structural damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W (northern red oak)

Primary forest habitat type: PVHa

Secondary forest habitat type: Not assigned
167

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,

highways and other transportation systems, and parks

and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.

It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations

of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent

construction failures caused by unfavorable soil

properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment. The survey can

help planners to maintain or create a land use pattern

in harmony with the natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use

it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very

firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

Donald C. Evenson, district conservationist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and pasture

is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of

the main crops and pasture plants are listed, the

system of land capability classification used by the

Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained,

and prime farmland is described.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed

information given in the description of each soil under

the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific

information can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the

Cooperative Extension Service.

In 1989, about 472,000 acres in Clark County was

used as farmland. Of this acreage, about 295,000

acres was cropland and the rest was pasture or

woodland. About 95,000 acres was used for corn;

40,000 acres for small grain, mainly oats; 1,500 acres

for soybeans; 147,000 acres for hay, mainly a mixture

of alfalfa and grasses; and 200 acres for fruit and

vegetable crops. Most of the farmland is in the

northern, central, and eastern parts of the county.

The potential of the soils in Clark County for

increased production of food is good. About 13,000

acres of potentially good cropland is used for pasture

or is idle land, and about 21,000 acres is used as

woodland (USDA, 1970). Food production could be

increased considerably by extending the latest crop

production technology to all cropland in the county.

This soil survey can greatly facilitate the application of

such technology.

The paragraphs that follow describe the main

concerns affecting the management of the soils in

Clark County for crops and pasture. These concerns

include water erosion, wetness, fertility, and tilth.

Water erosion is the major management concern

on about 50 percent of the cropland in the county. It

generally is a hazard on soils that have slopes of more

than about 4 percent.

When part of the surface layer is lost through

erosion, several kinds of damage can occur. First,

productivity is reduced as the surface layer is lost and

part of the subsurface layer or subsoil is incorporated

into the plow layer. The surface layer generally

contains more organic matter than other parts of the

soil. Second, the incorporation of material from the

subsurface layer or subsoil can result in poor tilth and

Use and Management of the Soils
168 Soil Survey of

in the formation of a crust. This crusting can cause

poor seed germination or poor seedling emergence.

Third, erosion results in the pollution of streams, lakes,

and wetlands by sediment and agricultural nutrients

and pesticides. Erosion-control measures help to

minimize this pollution and improve the quality of water

for farm and municipal uses, for recreational uses, and

for fish and wildlife.

Erosion-control measures provide a protective

ground cover, reduce the runoff rate, and increase the

rate of water infiltration. A cropping system that keeps

a plant cover on the surface for extended periods can

hold soil losses to an amount that does not reduce the

productive capacity of the soils. A cropping sequence

that includes grasses and legumes is a widely used

conservation practice in Clark County. This practice

reduces the hazard of erosion, provides nitrogen, and

improves tilth.

Conservation tillage systems are very effective in

reducing runoff and erosion and increasing the rate of

water infiltration. Using a chisel plow, disk, or other

type of noninversion tillage equipment can leave 30 to

50 percent of the surface covered by plant residue. A

cover of residue helps to prevent surface puddling and

crusting and the displacement and movement of soil

particles. No-till planting is effective in controlling

erosion because only a small slot is opened where the

seed is planted and a residue cover of 50 to 90

percent is possible. Conservation tillage systems can

be used on most of the soils in the county.

In Clark County, contour farming and contour

stripcropping are used to control erosion on soils that

have slopes of 4 to 20 percent. Contour stripcropping

involves alternating strips of corn, soybeans, or small

grain with strips of hay. This practice reduces the

runoff rate, helps to control erosion, and increases the

rate of water infiltration. Contour farming and contour

stripcropping are well suited to moderately well

drained and well drained soils used for the feed grainhay rotations that are common in dairy farming (fig. 9).

Grassed waterways, both natural and constructed,

are commonly used to control gully erosion.

Constructed waterways are most needed on the broad

and weakly dissected ground moraines of the LoyalWithee-Marshfield association, which is described

under the heading “General Soil Map Units.”

Terraces and diversions reduce the hazard of

erosion by reducing the length of slopes and directing

the runoff to stable outlets or waterways. These

measures are not commonly used in Clark County

because most erosion can be controlled with a

combination of crop rotation, conservation tillage, and

grassed waterways.

Soil blowing is not a significant hazard in Clark

County. The soils most susceptible to soil blowing are

sandy, loamy, and organic soils. In Clark County, these

soils are mainly used as forest land or wetlands.

Information about the design of measures that

control erosion and soil blowing on each soil in the

county is provided in the Technical Guide, which is

available in the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

Wetness is the major management concern on

about 25 percent of the acreage used for crops or

pasture in the county. Some soils are naturally so wet

that they generally cannot be used for the crops

commonly grown in the county unless they are

drained. These poorly drained soils include

Auburndale, Barronett, Capitola, Marshfield, Rib, and

Veedum soils. Unless drained, Almena, Comstock,

Fallcreek, Magnor, Merrillan, Withee, and other

somewhat poorly drained soils are wet enough that

crops are damaged during most years.

The design of both surface and subsurface

drainage systems varies, depending on the soil

properties and the site conditions. A combination of

surface and subsurface drains is needed in most

areas of the poorly drained soils that are underlain by

interbedded sandstone and shale. The somewhat

poorly drained silt loams underlain by glacial till

respond well to leveling and surface drains. Diversions

are needed in some areas to remove runoff from the

adjacent fields. In soils that are underlain by very fine

sand or fine sand, a special covering is needed over

the drainage tile. This covering helps to keep the

sandy material in the lower part of the soil profile from

filling and clogging the tile.

If organic soils are used as cropland, special

management measures are necessary. These soils

oxidize and subside when water is removed from the

pores and the pores are filled with air. Drainage

systems that control the depth and period of drainage

are needed. Keeping the water table at the level

required for crop growth during the growing season

and raising it to the surface during other parts of the

year minimize the oxidation and subsidence of these

soils.

Further information about the design of drainage

systems is provided in the Technical Guide, which is

available in the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

The fertility of the soils in Clark County varies,

depending on natural fertility and cropping history.

Most of the soils are naturally acid. Applications of

lime are commonly needed to neutralize the acidity of

these soils to the level required by the crop to be

grown. Available phosphorus and potassium levels are

naturally low or medium in most of the soils. On all
Clark County, Wisconsin 169

soils, additions of lime or fertilizer should be based on

the results of soil tests, the needs of the crop, and the

desired level of yields. Fertilizer needs should be

adjusted to accommodate the large quantity of dairy

manure returned to the soil on most farms. The

contamination of ground water by nitrates from

fertilizer applications occurs in many wells in Clark

County. Concentrations exceeding the maximum

recommended amount of 10 milligrams per liter were

detected in about 12 percent of the wells (Kammerer,

1984). The Cooperative Extension Service can help in

determining the kinds and amounts of nutrients and

lime to be applied.

Soil tilth is an important factor affecting the

germination of seeds, the emergence of seedlings,

and the infiltration of water into the soils. Soils that

have good tilth are granular and porous. Tilling and

grazing during wet periods can result in poor tilth in

areas where the soils have a surface layer of loam or

silt loam. Also, if the surface in these areas is left bare,

puddles form during periods of heavy rainfall and a

crust may develop as the soil dries out. This crust

reduces the rate of water infiltration and increases the

runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. It also restricts

the germination of seeds of small grain, soybeans,

alfalfa, and grasses and hinders seedling emergence.

Maintaining tilth is especially difficult in areas of

eroded soils. Returning crop residue to the soil,

growing green manure crops, and regularly adding

manure improve tilth and minimize crusting.

Field crops suited to the climate and to most of the

soils in the county include corn, the most commonly

grown row crop, and oats, the most commonly grown

small grain crop. A limited acreage is used for

soybeans, barley, or wheat.

The most commonly grown hay and pasture

Figure 9.—Contour stripcropping is an important erosion-control measure in Clark County. These alternating strips of alfalfa and

corn were planted on the contour. The corn has been harvested for silage.
170 Soil Survey of

species are mixtures of alfalfa and bromegrass or red

clover and timothy. Bluegrass is the most common

native cool-season pasture species.

Small acreages of specialty crops are grown

commercially in the county. These include ginseng,

sweet corn, peas, snap beans, strawberries, and

apples. Most of the well drained soils are suited to

these crops. Soils in low areas, where frost is frequent

and air drainage is poor, are poorly suited to early

vegetables, small fruits, and orchards. Cranberries are

also grown in the county, generally on the wetter soils,

such as Psammaquents. The latest information about

growing specialty crops can be obtained from local

offices of the Cooperative Extension Service.

Yields per Acre

Rodney Littlefield, crops and soils agent, University of

Wisconsin Extension, helped prepare this section.

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in table 5. In any given year,

yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in

the table because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors. The land capability classification of

map units in the survey area also is shown in the

table.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations also are

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the

proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown

in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed

because the acreage of such crops is small. The local

office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service

or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide

information about the management and productivity of

the soils for those crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops.

Crops that require special management are excluded.

The soils are grouped according to their limitations for

field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for

crops, and the way they respond to management. The

criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major

and generally expensive landforming that would

change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the

soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major

reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a

substitute for interpretations designed to show

suitability and limitations of groups of soils for

woodland or for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped

at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit.

Only class and subclass are used in this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals

indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower

choices for practical use. The classes are defined as

follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other

limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,

w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIs. The

letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is

maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil

interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils
Clark County, Wisconsin 171

the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial

drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used

in only some parts of the United States, shows that the

chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the soils

of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only

the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the

soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They

have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture,

woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation.

The capability classification of map units in this

survey area is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map

Units” and in the yields table.

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the

Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that responsible levels of government, as well as

individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise

use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of

physical and chemical characteristics for producing

food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is

available for these uses. It could be cultivated land,

pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not

urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities,

growing season, and moisture supply are those

needed for the soil to economically produce sustained

high yields of crops when proper management,

including water management, and acceptable farming

methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has

an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from

precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and

growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an

acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no

rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not

excessively erodible or saturated with water for long

periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during

the growing season or is protected from flooding.

Slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More

detailed information about the criteria for prime

farmland is available at the local office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service.

About 498,964 acres in Clark County, or nearly 64

percent of the total land area, is prime farmland. Most

of this land is in the northern and eastern parts of the

county, mainly in associations 2, 3, 5, 6, and 11, which

are described under the heading “General Soil Map

Units.” Approximately 236,000 acres of this land is

used for crops. The crops grown on prime farmland,

mainly corn, soybeans, and alfalfa, account for an

estimated three-quarters of the county’s total

agricultural income each year.

The map units in Clark County that are considered

prime farmland are listed in table 6. This list does not

constitute a recommendation for a particular land use.

On some soils included in the list, measures that

overcome a hazard or limitation, such as flooding,

wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite

evaluation is needed to determine whether or not the

hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective

measures. The extent of each listed map unit is shown

in table 4. The location is shown on the detailed soil

maps. The soil qualities that affect use and

management are described under the heading

“Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Woodland Management and Productivity

Don Strieff, forester, Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources, helped prepare this section.

Before it was settled, the survey area consisted

mostly of a conifer-hardwood forest (Curtiss, 1959).

Logging activities and land clearing for agriculture or

for other uses have removed most of the original oldgrowth forest. About 313,700 acres, or about 40

percent of the county, is currently forested. Most of this

land is classified as commercial forest (Hahn, 1985). It

is dominated by three forest types—aspen, which

makes up about 134,100 acres; maple-birch (northern

hardwood and red maple), about 65,500 acres; and

oak-hickory (oak and scrub oak), about 61,100 acres.

The rest of the forested acreage is elm-ash-soft

maple, which makes up about 19,400 acres; paper

birch, about 19,000 acres; and conifers (jack pine, red

pine, and white pine), about 14,600 acres.

About 42 percent of the forest land is county or

municipal forest, 32 percent is farm woodlots, and 23

percent is private forest. The rest is owned by

corporations.

The aspen forest type is most common in soil

associations 7, 8, and 11, which are described under

the heading “General Soil Map Units.” The maple-birch

type (northern hardwoods) is common in associations

1, 2, 3, and 5. The oak-hickory (oak-scrub oak) type is

common in associations 1, 3, 6, and 10. Marginal oak

stands are in associations 8 (fig. 10) and 9. The elmash-soft maple type is common in associations 4, 5, 6,

7, and 11. The paper birch type is common in

association 6.

Forest fires are controlled by a well organized
172 Soil Survey of

suppression system. The main management needs

are harvesting mature hardwood timber and removing

defective trees and trees of less valuable species.

After harvest, stand treatment is needed to encourage

proper forest reproduction. Also, many pine plantations

in areas of sandy soils are now old enough to require

pruning and thinning. Improved forest management is

needed on the privately owned land.

The management needed for wood crops varies on

different soils in the county. Management should be

based on the species in the stand, the suitability of the

soils for the species, and the objectives of the

landowner. The best alternative generally is even-aged

management, which in the past has proven acceptable

for regenerating all hardwood species, including

northern red oak. Even-aged management can also

be used to favor white pine, red pine, and jack pine.

Selective harvesting may be needed in stands that are

converting to northern hardwood species and in

certain stands of northern red oak. Management

should include controlling erosion, planting trees

where natural regeneration is unreliable, controlling

plant competition, improving seedling survival,

minimizing the windthrow hazard on the wetter sites,

harvesting in a timely manner, controlling the damage

caused by insects and diseases, removing cull trees

Figure 10.—Pulpwood harvested in an area of Ludington-Fairchild sands, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
Clark County, Wisconsin 173

and undesirable species, and maintaining an optimum

stocking of forest stands through thinning or planting.

Erosion can occur as a result of site preparation

and tree harvest if the soil is exposed along logging

roads and skid trails and on landings. Burned areas

also are subject to erosion. Erosion is accelerated

where the runoff is concentrated on skid trails, log

landings, and haul roads. Establishing water bars,

outsloping or crowning the road surfaces, providing

ditches and culverts, and establishing skid trails and

haul roads on the contour minimize the hazard of

erosion. Erosion also can be controlled by seeding

areas where logging activities have exposed the

surface soil. In Clark County, the moderately steep,

steep, or very steep Boone, Council, Elevasil,

Flambeau, Humbird, Ludington, Northmound, and

Seaton soils are most susceptible to erosion.

If it is 15 percent or more, the slope may limit the

use of forestry equipment. Equipment can be operated

effectively if the design of skid trails, log landings, and

haul roads conforms with the topography and if grades

are kept as low as possible. Also, equipment with

flotation tires or with tracks has better traction than

standard wheeled equipment. Machine planting on

moderately steep slopes is difficult. Reforestation on

steep and very steep slopes is generally limited to

hand planting or natural regeneration. Special

harvesting systems, such as skidding and yarding with

cable, are needed on very steep slopes. The slope is a

management concern in areas of Boone, Council,

Elevasil, Flambeau, Humbird, Ludington, Northmound,

and Seaton soils.

Soil wetness is a result of a high water table,

flooding, or ponding. It can increase the seedling

mortality rate, limit the use of equipment, increase the

extent of undesirable plants following harvest, and

increase the windthrow hazard by restricting the

rooting depth of some trees. Wetness is a problem in

forested areas of poorly drained soils, including

Auburndale, Barronett, Capitola, Elm Lake, Fordum,

Marshfield, Newson, Ponycreek, Rib, and Veedum

soils. Wetness is also a problem in forested areas of

the somewhat poorly drained Almena, Au Gres,

Comstock, Fairchild, Fallcreek, Ironrun, Kert, Magnor,

Maplehurst, Merrillan, Oesterle, Plover, Poskin,

Winterfield, and Withee soils. In most areas of these

soils, trees can be harvested only when the ground is

frozen or has an adequate snow cover or during

periods of the growing season when the somewhat

poorly drained or poorly drained soils are dried out. In

areas of these wet soils, the traction of equipment can

be improved if flotation tires or tracks are used and if

log landings and haul roads are stabilized with gravel

or crushed rock (fig. 11). Installing culverts in

intermittent and perennial streams also helps to

stabilize haul roads. In areas of poorly drained soils,

wetness during the tree planting season limits most

reforestation to natural regeneration or hand planting

on cradle-knolls and in the small, drier included areas.

Machine planting on prepared ridges is possible in a

few areas. Selecting vigorous nursery stock for

planting reduces the seedling mortality rate.

Clearcutting or using area-selection or strip-cut

harvest methods reduces the windthrow hazard for the

remaining trees. Strip-cut harvest also promotes

natural regeneration. Maintaining permanent haul

roads in areas subject to windthrow facilitates the

quick salvage of downed trees after storms.

Competing vegetation, which interferes with natural

regeneration following harvest, can be controlled by

herbicides or by mechanical removal. Skidding can

also destroy competing vegetation and expose

sufficient mineral soil to allow rapid regeneration.

Soil droughtiness can cause seedling mortality.

Seedling survival during dry periods can be improved

by planting vigorous nursery stock if natural

regeneration is unreliable and by early planting and

proper care of nursery stock prior to planting.

Reinforcement planting may be needed. Containerized

seedlings may be desirable on very dry sites. Steep

and very steep south- and west-facing slopes are

especially droughty because of high temperatures and

a rapid evaporation rate. Proper applications of lime

and fertilizer may improve seedling survival but are

generally not considered economically feasible. Sandy

soils in Clark County that are subject to droughtiness

include Arbutus, Boone, Mahtomedi, Menahga,

Simescreek, and Tarr soils. Equipment with flotation

tires or tracks has better traction in loose sand than

standard wheeled equipment.

Some soils in Clark County that have slopes of less

than 15 percent have properties that do not

significantly limit or restrict their use and management

for tree growth. These soils are Aftad, Bilson, Brander,

Council, Crystal Lake, Elevasil, Flambeau, Freeon,

Gardenvale, Hiles, Humbird, Loyal, Merimod, Merit,

Moppet, Newood, Rosholt, Rozellville, and Spencer

soils.

Tables 7 and 8 can help woodland owners or forest

managers plan the use of soils for wood crops. Only

those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. Table 7

lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils assigned

the same ordination symbol require the same general

management and have about the same potential

productivity.

The first part of the ordination symbol, a number,

indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an

indicator tree species. The number indicates the
174 Soil Survey of

volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which

the indicator species can produce in a pure stand

under natural conditions. The number 1 indicates low

potential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5,

moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and

12 to 39, extremely high. The second part of the

symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of soil

limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; X,

stoniness or rockiness; W, excess water in or on the

soil; T, toxic substances in the soil; D, restricted rooting

depth; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; S, sandy

texture; F, a high content of rock fragments in the soil;

L, low strength; and N, snowpack. The letter A

indicates that limitations or restrictions are

insignificant. If a soil has more than one limitation, the

priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, C, S, F, L, and N.

In table 7, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the

degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in

management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will

occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where

the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire

lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have

been burned or overgrazed also are subject to erosion.

Figure 11.—Soil wetness and low strength limit the use of harvesting equipment in this area of Merrillan-Veedum complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes.
Clark County, Wisconsin 175

Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the

percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no

particular prevention measures are needed under

ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that

erosion-control measures are needed in certain

silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that

special precautions are needed to control erosion in

most silvicultural activities.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally

occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by

the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic

conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for

seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,

depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of

the period when the water table is high, rock

fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth,

and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that

seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under

normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25

percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some

problems from seedling mortality can be expected.

Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is

25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that

seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra

precautions are important. Replanting may be

necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50

percent.

Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be

uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep

enough for adequate root anchorage. The main

restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high

water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or

other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that

under normal conditions no trees are blown down by

the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they do

not uproot them. A rating of moderate indicates that

some trees can be blown down during periods when

the soil is wet and winds are moderate or strong. A

rating of severe indicates that many trees can be

blown down during these periods.

Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to

which undesirable species are expected to invade and

grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The

main factors that affect plant competition are depth to

the water table and the available water capacity. A

rating of slight indicates that competition from

undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural

regeneration or suppress the more desirable species.

Planted seedlings can become established without

undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that

competition may delay the establishment of desirable

species. Competition may hamper stand development,

but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully

stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that

competition can be expected to prevent regeneration

unless precautionary measures are applied.

The potential productivity of merchantable or

common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index

and as a productivity class. The site index is the

average height, in feet, that dominant and codominant

trees of a given species attain in a specified number of

years. The site index applies to fully stocked, evenaged, unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are

those that woodland managers generally favor in

intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are

selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value,

and marketability.

The productivity class, a number, is the yield likely

to be produced by the most important trees. This

number, expressed as cubic meters per hectare per

year, indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand.

The first species listed under common trees for a

soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is

the most common species on the soil and is the one

that determines the ordination class.

Trees to plant are those that are suitable for

commercial wood production.

Table 8 gives information about the operation of

forestry equipment in logging areas and on skid trails,

log landings, and haul roads and for site preparation

and planting, which includes row seeding. Ratings are

given for the most limiting season. In Clark County, the

most limiting season generally is spring. The ratings

can also apply, however, during other excessively wet

periods, such as after a heavy rainfall. The preferred

operating seasons also are indicated. The preferred

operating season is the period when the use of

forestry equipment causes the least amount of soil

damage. This period generally is when the soil is not

too wet or when the ground is frozen.

The equipment limitations in the table reflect the

characteristics and conditions of the soil that restrict

use of the equipment generally needed in woodland

harvesting and regeneration activities. The chief

characteristics and conditions considered in the

ratings are soil wetness, the hazard of flooding, rock

outcrops, texture of the surface layer, slope, depth to

hard bedrock, traffic-supporting capacity (or soil

strength), and the potential for frost action. Soils that

have a moderate or high content of silt have low

strength in the extended spring thaw period and during

extended periods of high rainfall. Ruts can form easily

in areas of these soils during these wet periods.

The ratings of slight, moderate, or severe in the

table are based on the use of conventional equipment

and procedures. Special procedures or types of

equipment can sometimes be utilized to reduce or
176 Soil Survey of

overcome the site limitations. If wetness is a limitation,

for example, the use of high flotation equipment or

tracked vehicles may prevent the formation of ruts.

Restrictions on the use of equipment indicate the need

for accurate timing of operations so that seasonal

limitations can be avoided. The cost of operations

generally increases as the limitations become more

severe. The ratings for log landings and haul roads can

be used as a guide for establishing them in the least

costly locations.

Logging areas and skid trails include areas where

some or all of the trees are being cut. Generally,

equipment traffic is least intensive in the logging areas.

Skid trails, which generally are within the logging area,

are roads or trails over which the logs are dragged or

hauled from the stump to a log landing. A rating of

slight indicates that the use of conventional equipment

is not normally restricted by the physical site

conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that the use

of equipment or the season of use is restricted

because of one or more soil factors. A rating of severe

indicates that special equipment or techniques are

needed to overcome the limitations or that the time of

efficient operation is very limited.

Log landings are areas where logs are assembled

for transportation. Wheeled equipment may be used

more frequently in these areas than in any other areas

affected by logging. Considerable soil compaction can

be expected in these areas. Good areas for landings

require little or no surface preparation or cutting or

filling. A rating of slight indicates that the soil is a good

site for landings and the area can readily be returned

to forest use. A rating of moderate indicates that the

season of use is somewhat limited or that such

practices as grading, cutting, filling, or drainage are

usually required to make the site suitable for a landing

and returning the site to forest use is difficult. A rating

of severe indicates that the season of use is very

limited or that special or expensive techniques are

needed to overcome the limitations. There may also be

significant risk of environmental damage that makes

returning the area to forest use very difficult or

impossible.

Haul roads are access roads leading from log

landings to primary or surfaced roads. The haul roads

serve as transportation routes for wheeled logging

equipment. Generally, they are unpaved roads and are

not graveled. The wetter soils and the silty upland

soils, which are slippery and easily rutted during wet

periods, commonly provide poor locations for haul

roads. A rating of slight indicates that no serious

limitations affect the location, construction, and

maintenance of haul roads or the season of use. A

rating of moderate indicates some limitations, but the

limitations generally can be overcome with routine

construction techniques. A rating of severe indicates

that establishing and maintaining haul roads on that

soil are difficult and expensive or that the season of

use may be severely restricted.

Site preparation and planting are the mechanized

operations for establishing planted trees in an area.

The ratings are based on limitations that affect the

efficient use of equipment and the risk of damage to

the site caused by the equipment. Operating

techniques should not displace or remove topsoil from

the site or create channels that concentrate storm

runoff. A rating of slight indicates that no serious

limitations affect site preparation and planting. A rating

of moderate indicates that the site conditions prevent

the efficient use of the equipment or that the site may

be damaged by the equipment. A rating of severe

indicates that special equipment or techniques, such

as hand planting of trees, are needed to overcome the

limitations.

Additional information about woodland

management and productivity can be obtained from

the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service, or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Forest Habitat Types

John Kotar, research scientist, and Timothy Burger, Department

of Forestry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, helped prepare this

section.

The forest habitat type system used in Clark County

is derived from a field guide developed for northern

Wisconsin (Kotar and others, 1988). The system of

habitat classification is based on the concept that

plants, including trees, normally occur in predictable

patterns or communities and that these communities

reflect differences in site characteristics, primarily the

moisture content and fertility of the soils. A forest

habitat type is an association of dominant tree and

ground flora species in a climax plant community. It

encompasses all soils capable of producing similar

plant communities at climax, which is the stage of

ecological development when the vegetative

community becomes stable and perpetuates itself.

A habitat type can be identified during most stages

of successional growth by examining the reproductive

success of various tree species and by inspecting the

ground flora, which becomes relatively stable soon

after the establishment of a forest canopy. In a young

forest, the patterns or associations of understory

plants can be used to predict the dominant tree

species in the climax forest.

The successional stages and trends also are

predictable for the various habitat types. This
Clark County, Wisconsin 177

predictability allows forest managers to make accurate

prescriptions for manipulating vegetation based on the

ecological potential of the soil rather than on the

current forest cover type, which can vary depending

largely on how the forest has been disturbed.

Habitat types have been determined for most of the

soils in Clark County. They are specified at the end of

each map unit description in the section “Detailed Soil

Map Units.” Although soil map units do not coincide

exactly with habitat types, there is a strong correlation

between them. Some map units encompass two

ecologically different habitat types. The assigned

habitat types may be different in some small included

areas.

Clark County was not sampled by a standardized

plot method as part of the general study of the habitat

types of Northern Wisconsin. Instead, floristic

information, including presence and relative

abundance of plant species, was gathered at more

than 100 sites during the soil survey fieldwork. This

method, while useful, does not allow for quantitative

floristic assessment and comparison among the

stands or the preparation of reliable constancy tables.

Some of the habitat types in Clark County also are

based on plot data collected in adjacent Jackson

County.

The plot and floristic data collected in Jackson and

Clark Counties provide the basis for the habitat types

identified in Clark County. These habitat types are

described in the following paragraphs. The name of

each habitat type is derived from the potential climax

vegetation. It represents a combination of potential

climax tree species, which are listed first, and ground

flora species.

PVHa—Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis habitat type.

The common name is White pine/Blueberry-Witch

hazel. This habitat type has a dry moisture regime and

a poor or medium nutrient status. White pine, red

maple, and pin oak are the most common existing

trees, but white oak, red oak, and aspen also occur.

Conspicuously absent are sugar maple, basswood,

white ash, and ironwood.

The understory is generally not dense and

commonly includes serviceberry, huckleberry,

mapleleaf viburnum, black cherry, blackberries and

raspberries, witch hazel, and beaked hazel. Mapleleaf

viburnum and witch hazel are strong indicators of this

habitat type. The ground flora includes brackenfern,

wild sarsaparilla, blueberries, wintergreen, sessile

bellwort, and bigleaf aster.

AQVb-V—Acer saccharum-Quercus rubra/

Viburnum acerifolium (Vaccinium variant) habitat type.

The common name is Sugar maple-Red oak/

Mapleleaf viburnum (Blueberry variant). This habitat

type has a dry-mesic moisture regime and a medium

nutrient status. Red oak, white oak, red maple, and

aspen are the most common existing trees, but sugar

maple, ironwood, white ash, basswood, and bitternut

hickory also occur.

The understory commonly includes mapleleaf

viburnum, beaked hazel or American hazel, witch

hazel, black cherry, and ironwood. The ground flora is

relatively poorly developed. The most common

species are bigleaf aster, brackenfern, interrupted

fern, roundlobed hepatica, wild sarsaparilla,

blueberries, and wintergreen.

AVb—Acer saccharum/Viburnum acerifolium

habitat type. The common name is Sugar maple/

Mapleleaf viburnum. This habitat type has a dry-mesic

moisture regime and a rich nutrient status. Red oak,

aspen, and basswood are the most common existing

trees, but sugar maple, red maple, white ash, and

ironwood also occur.

The understory commonly includes hazel, blue

beech, mapleleaf viburnum, ironwood, and black

cherry. The most common ground flora species are

bigleaf aster, wild geranium, hog peanut, wild

sarsaparilla, and pointed-leaf tick trefoil.

AH—Acer saccharum/Hydrophyllum habitat type.

The common name is Sugar maple/Virginia waterleaf.

This habitat type has a mesic moisture regime and a

very rich nutrient status. Sugar maple, basswood, and

white ash are the most common existing trees, but red

oak, bitternut hickory, red maple, ironwood, and yellow

birch also occur.

The understory either is sparse or is dominated by

seedlings and saplings of canopy species. The most

common shrubs are hazel and gooseberries. The most

common ground flora species are Virginia waterleaf,

trillium, sweet cicely, miterwort, bloodroot, hairy

solomon’s seal, and flox.

AH-Ci—Acer saccharum/Hydrophyllum (Circaea

variant) habitat type. The common name is Sugar

maple/Virginia waterleaf (Nightshade). This habitat

type has the same nutrient status, moisture regime,

documented tree species, understory composition,

and successional trends as the AH habitat type. There

are, however, some significant differences in

composition of the ground flora that may have other

ecological implications.

The most common ground flora species are Virginia

creeper, enchanter’s nightshade, wild geranium,

bigleaf aster, ladyfern, and wild leek. All of these

species may also be found in areas of the AH habitat

type.

PVGy—Pinus strobus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

habitat type. The common name is White pine/

Blueberry-Huckleberry. This habitat type has a dry
178 Soil Survey of

moisture regime and a poor nutrient status. Northern

pin oak is the most common existing tree, but white

oak, red pine, and jack pine also occur.

The understory and ground flora species commonly

include brackenfern, huckleberry, and blueberry.

PVRh—Pinus strobus/Vaccinium-Rubus hispidus

habitat type. The common name is White pine/

Blueberry-Dewberry. This habitat type has a dry-mesic

moisture regime and a poor nutrient status. White pine

and red pine are the most common existing trees, but

pin oak, white oak, and jack pine also occur.

The understory and ground flora species commonly

include brackenfern, huckleberry, blueberry, swamp

dewberry, bunchberry, wintergreen, goldthread,

partridgeberry, and cinnamon fern.

PVCr—Pinus strobus/Vaccinium-Cornus racemosa

habitat type. The common name is White pine/

Blueberry-Dogwood. This habitat type has a dry

moisture regime and a poor nutrient status. Pin oak

and jack pine are the most common existing trees, but

white oak, black oak, and white pine also occur.

The understory and ground flora species commonly

include gray dogwood, chokecherry, Virginia creeper,

and riverbank grape.

ArDe-V—Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium

variant) habitat type. The common name is Red

maple/Tick trefoil (Blueberry variant). This habitat type

has a dry-mesic moisture regime and a medium

nutrient status. White oak and red maple are the most

common existing trees, but red oak and black oak also

occur.

The understory and ground flora species commonly

include tick trefoil, hog peanut, wild geranium, sweet

cicely, blueberry, brackenfern, wild rose, and whorled

loosestrife.

ArCi—Acer rubrum/Circaea quadrisculata habitat

type. The common name is Red maple/Nightshade.

This habitat type has a mesic moisture regime and a

very rich nutrient status. Red oak, white oak, and red

maple are the most common existing trees, but

basswood, white ash, white pine, and sugar maple

also occur.

The understory and ground flora species commonly

include enchanter’s nightshade, lopseed, sweet cicely,

black snakeroot, maidenhair fern, jack-in-the-pulpit,

and elderberry.

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings

Windbreaks protect livestock, buildings, and yards

from wind and snow. They also protect fruit trees and

gardens, and they furnish habitat for wildlife. Several

rows of low- and high-growing broadleaf and

coniferous trees and shrubs provide the most

protection. Most of the windbreaks in Clark County are

used to protect farmsteads and rural homes.

Commonly planted tree species include Norway

spruce, red pine, and eastern white pine. Generally,

the trees are planted on the north or west side of the

protected areas or on both sides.

Field windbreaks are narrow plantings made at right

angles to the prevailing wind and at specific intervals

across the field. The interval depends on the erodibility

of the soil. Field windbreaks protect cropland and

crops from wind, help to keep snow on the fields, and

provide food and cover for wildlife.

Environmental plantings help to beautify and screen

houses and other buildings and to abate noise. The

plants, mostly evergreen shrubs and trees, are closely

spaced. To ensure plant survival, a healthy planting

stock of suitable species should be planted properly

on a well prepared site and maintained in good

condition.

Table 9 shows the height that locally grown trees

and shrubs are expected to reach in 20 years on

various soils. The estimates in table 9 are based on

measurements and observation of established

plantings that have been given adequate care. They

can be used as a guide in planning windbreaks and

screens. Additional information on planning

windbreaks and screens and planting and caring for

trees and shrubs can be obtained from the local office

of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, or the

Cooperative Extension Service or from a commercial

nursery.

Recreation

Clark County offers many year-round recreational

opportunities. The largest recreational area is the

Clark County Forest, which is in the southern and

southwestern parts of the county. This forest is about

200,000 acres in size and makes up about 25 percent

of the wooded area in the county. The forest provides

opportunities for hunting, skiing, snowmobiling, and

hiking. Hunting is mainly for deer, but ruffed grouse,

bear, and turkeys also are hunted.

Clark County has a few manmade lakes, including

Lake Arbutus, Rockdam, and Meadlake. These lakes

are used for fishing, boating, waterskiing, and

swimming. Areas along the lakes are used as sites for

homes or recreational facilities. The Black River and its

tributaries provide additional recreational

opportunities.

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 10

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil
Clark County, Wisconsin 179

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation also are

important. Soils that are subject to flooding are limited

for recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In table 10, the degree of soil limitation is expressed

as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil

properties are generally favorable and that limitations

are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that

limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,

design, or special maintenance. Severe means that

soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can

be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special

design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a

combination of these.

The information in table 10 can be supplemented by

other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table

13 and interpretations for dwellings without basements

and for local roads and streets in table 12.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas (fig. 12).

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Robert Weihrouch, biologist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped prepare this section.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. The kind and

abundance of wildlife depend largely on the amount

and distribution of food, cover, and water. Land use

also is a factor. The northern and eastern parts of

Clark County are mostly private agricultural land, and

the southern and western parts are county forest.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation or by promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants.

The eleven soil associations in Clark County, which

are described under the heading “General Soil Map

Units,” can be used for the purposes of describing the

wildlife habitat in the county. Associations that provide

similar kinds of habitat are grouped in the following

paragraphs.

Association 1.—Most of the Freeon-NewoodBarronett association is woodland, but scattered areas

of cropland and pasture also are typical. The major

tree species are northern red oak, sugar maple, red

maple, white ash, paper birch, balsam fir, and quaking

aspen. The wooded wetlands of black ash and black

spruce increase the diversity of the wildlife habitat. The

typical wildlife species include white-tailed deer, black

bear, ruffed grouse, woodcock, porcupine, coyote, red

fox, snowshoe hare, bobcat, raccoon, red squirrel, and

gray squirrel. The cropland areas are inhabited by

such species as cottontail rabbit, woodchuck, badger,
180 Soil Survey of

and skunk. The potholes and creeks provide habitat

for muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, migrating waterfowl,

and a variety of reptiles and amphibians.

Associations 2, 3, and 5.—The Almena-Spencer,

Loyal-Withee-Marshfield, and Withee-Kert-Hiles

associations are mostly cropland and scattered areas

of pasture and woodland. The major tree species are

sugar maple, white ash, and northern red oak. Many

of the woodlots are pastured. As a result, their value

for wildlife habitat is reduced. Wildlife species are

typical of agricultural areas and include white-tailed

deer, red fox, cottontail rabbit, fox squirrel, raccoon,

opossum, skunk, and woodchuck. Grassy lowlands

and old pasture areas associated with the cropland

provide scattered habitat for prairie chicken, gray

partridge, short-eared owl, rough-legged hawk, snowy

owl, bobolink, meadowlark, and several members of

the sparrow family.

The northern part of these associations has several

flowages and more woodland. The flowages provide

habitat for beaver, muskrat, giant Canada geese,

cormorants, mallards, blue-winged teal, wood ducks,

bald eagles, reptiles, and amphibians. Many other

waterfowl species stop during the fall migration. The

wooded areas of quaking aspen, northern red oak, red

maple, hazelnut, and balsam fir provide habitat for

black bear, snowshoe rabbit, ruffed grouse, woodcock,

coyote, and bobcat. The bottom-land hardwoods along

the Popple River provide habitat for the threatened

Blandings turtle.

Association 4.—Most of the Maplehurst-RibMenahga association is woodland, but scattered areas

of cropland and wetlands also are typical. The major

tree species are river birch, silver maple, red maple,

swamp white oak, northern pin oak, cottonwood,

green ash, and speckled alder. This association

Figure 12.—A picnic site in an area of Rockdam sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes. The sandy surface layer of this soil results in poor

trafficability.
Clark County, Wisconsin 181

provides important habitat for many bird species,

including wood duck, hooded mergansers, bald

eagles, osprey, herons, and the threatened redshouldered hawk. The Black River, sloughs, oxbows,

and creeks provide habitat for migrating waterfowl,

shore birds, mink, otter, muskrat, and beaver. The

habitat is also good for white-tailed deer, fox squirrel,

gray squirrel, raccoon, ruffed grouse, woodcock, and

the threatened Blandings turtle.

Association 6.—Most of the Flambeau-MerrillanFallcreek association is cropland and scattered areas

of woodland and pasture. The major tree species are

sugar maple, white ash, American basswood, northern

red oak, and scattered white pine, red maple, and

quaking aspen. Wet, brushy or marshy drainageways

support willow and alder. Because of the interspersion

of woodland and cropland, this association provides

excellent habitat for many species of wildlife, including

white-tailed deer, black bear, bobcat, red fox, otter,

coyote, ruffed grouse, woodcock, fox squirrel, gray

squirrel, raccoon, opossum, beaver, and muskrat.

Large rocky mounds in this association provide habitat

for gray fox.

Associations 7 and 11.—The Merrillan-VeedumHumbird and Hiles-Kert-Veedum associations are

mostly woodland, but scattered areas of cropland and

pasture also are typical. Much of association 11 is in

the Clark County Forest. The major tree species are

northern pin oak, northern red oak, sugar maple,

swamp white oak, red maple, quaking aspen, and jack

pine. These associations provide good habitat for

white-tailed deer, black bear, coyote, bobcat, red fox,

ruffed grouse, porcupine, skunk, raccoon, opossum,

gray squirrel, fox squirrel, and snowshoe hare. Grassy

lowlands and old pasture areas associated with the

cropland provide scattered habitat for a few prairie

chickens. Flowages in these associations provide

habitat for Canada geese, wood ducks, hooded

mergansers, mallards, beaver, otter, muskrat, mink,

salamanders, turtles, frogs, and wading birds.

Association 8.—Most of the Fairchild-Elm LakeLudington association is woodland. Part of the Clark

County Forest is in areas of this association. The

major tree species are jack pine, quaking aspen,

northern pin oak, northern red oak, paper birch, and

red maple. A few areas are planted to red pine. Whitetailed deer, black bear, bobcat, ruffed grouse,

woodcock, snowshoe hare, coyote, raccoon,

porcupine, gray squirrel, and gray fox are common

upland species. Wild turkeys are expanding into this

association. Wetlands and flowages provide habitat for

Canada geese, wood ducks, hooded mergansers,

mallards, furbearers, the threatened bald eagle and

osprey, and turtles, frogs, and herons.

Association 9.—Most of the Simescreek-Rockdam

association is woodland. Some areas have red pine or

jack pine plantations. The major tree species are

northern pin oak and jack pine. Clearcut areas

regenerate to northern pin oak, sumac, and big

bluestem. Because of the sterile, droughty soils, this

association provides poor habitat for most species of

wildlife. Wildlife species in this association include

white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse, gray squirrel, and

coyote. The creeks provide habitat for beaver, otter,

muskrat, mink, and raccoon. Open areas provide

habitat for the Karner blue butterfly, which is on the

state’s endangered species list.

Association 10.—Most of the unglaciated BooneElevasil-Tarr association is cropland and scattered

areas of pasture and woodland. The major tree

species are northern red oak, white oak, and

scattered white pine, white ash, and quaking aspen.

Wet, brushy or marshy drainageways support willow

and alder. Because of the interspersion of oak

woodland and cropland, this association provides

excellent habitat for white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse,

turkey, fox squirrel, gray squirrel, raccoon, badger,

skunk, coyote, red fox, opossum, and cottontail rabbit.

Large rocky mounds in this association provide habitat

for gray fox.

In table 11, the soils in the survey area are rated

according to their potential for providing habitat for

various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used

in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,

and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils

that are suitable for establishing, improving, or

maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in

determining the intensity of management needed for

each element of the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat

is impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.
182 Soil Survey of

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and

seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties

and features that affect the growth of grain and seed

crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture

also are considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover,

and alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the

surface layer, available water capacity, wetness,

surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and

soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of wild

herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod,

beggarweed, wheatgrass, and grama.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce

nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and

foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the

growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the

root zone, available water capacity, and wetness.

Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry,

apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and

blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are

suitable for planting on soils rated good are Russianolive, autumn-olive, and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

spruce, fir, cedar, and juniper.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded.

Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants

are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction,

slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland

plants are smartweed, wild millet, wildrice, cordgrass,

rushes, sedges, and reeds.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, levees, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding

areas, and ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with

grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas

produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes,

and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these

areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark,

field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous and/or coniferous plants and associated

grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife

attracted to these areas include wild turkey, ruffed

grouse, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels,

gray fox, raccoon, deer, and bear.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy

or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife

attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons,

shore birds, muskrat, mink, and beaver.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has limitations.

For example, estimates and other data generally apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Because of the map scale, small areas of different

soils may be included within the mapped areas of a

specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.
Clark County, Wisconsin 183

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal

high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural

soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were

collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of

the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility,

permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential,

available water capacity, and other behavioral

characteristics affecting engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if

soil properties and site features are generally

favorable for the indicated use and limitations are

minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties

or site features are not favorable for the indicated use

and special planning, design, or maintenance is

needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and

severe if soil properties or site features are so

unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special

design, significant increases in construction costs, and

possibly increased maintenance are required. Special

feasibility studies may be required where the soil

limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, or other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock or a very firm dense layer, stone content,

soil texture, and slope. The time of the year that

excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a

seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of the

soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls

or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil

texture and depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the

ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and

grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6

feet are not considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high

water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the

ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as

inferred from the engineering classification of the soil),

shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and depth

to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting

capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock, and the available water capacity in the upper

40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness,
184 Soil Survey of

slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or

organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability

after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 13 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

The table also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires

special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and

flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones

and bedrock interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can

be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of

the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field

to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances

require that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water.

The table gives ratings for the natural soil that

makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and,

generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface

layer are excavated to provide material for the

embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,

permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock,

flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid

permeability in the soil or a water table that is high

enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter

is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon

because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope and bedrock

can cause construction problems, and large stones

can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of

landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the

site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste

is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin

layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in the table are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water

table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill.

Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers,

and soil reaction affect trench landfills. Unless

otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of

the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper

trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate may not

be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.
Clark County, Wisconsin 185

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the material

during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that

are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy

and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to

soil blowing.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock or the water table to permit

revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover

for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface

layer generally has the best workability, more organic

matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from

the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the

final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 14 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs

in place after it has been compacted and drained is

determined by its strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell

potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized

particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10.

They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water

table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity

index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential,

many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They

are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than

1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but

the material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In table 14, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at

least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,

large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable

source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as

shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and

gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by

slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones

and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes
186 Soil Survey of

of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of

soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to

fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15

percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is

difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes

of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high

water table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 15 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and

levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable for

the indicated use and limitations are minor and are

easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site

features are not favorable for the indicated use and

special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil

properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increase in construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth even greater than the height of the embankment

can affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water

movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or

depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding;

slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic

layers; and the potential for frost action. Excavating

and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected

by depth to bedrock, large stones, slope, and the

hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil

after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity

or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts,

sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is

not considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is

affected by the depth of the root zone, the amount of

salts or sodium, and soil reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large

stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction of

terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a

severe hazard of soil blowing or water erosion, an

excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability

adversely affect maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large
Clark County, Wisconsin 187

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect

the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of

soil blowing, low available water capacity, restricted

rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and

sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect

the growth and maintenance of the grass after

construction.

189

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are

made and examined to identify and classify the soils

and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are

taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine grain-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics. These

results are reported in table 19.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers of

each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 16 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each

soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter (fig. 13). “Loam,” for example, is

soil that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt,

and less than 52 percent sand. If the content of

particles coarser than sand is as much as about 15

percent, an appropriate modifier is added, for

example, “gravelly.” Textural terms are defined in the

Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 1993)

and the system adopted by the American Association

of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO, 1986).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

Soil Properties

Figure 13.—Percentages of clay, silt, and sand in the basic

USDA soil textural classes.
190 Soil Survey of

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4,

A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional

refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade

material can be indicated by a group index number.

Group index numbers range from 0 for the best

subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. The

AASHTO classification for soils tested, with group

index numbers in parentheses, is given in table 19.

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter

and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a

percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The

percentages are estimates determined mainly by

converting volume percentage in the field to weight

percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution generally

are rounded to the nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the

ranges of gradation extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 17 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey

area. The estimates are based on field observations

and on test data for these and similar soils.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In the table, the estimated clay content of

each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by

weight, of the soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after the

soil is dried at 105 degrees C. In table 17, the

estimated moist bulk density of each major soil

horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of

soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

downward movement of water when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of

soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil

layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil

properties that affect retention of water and depth of

the root zone. The most important properties are the

content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density,

and soil structure. Available water capacity is an

important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be

grown and in the design and management of irrigation

systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of

the quantity of water actually available to plants at any

given time.
Clark County, Wisconsin 191

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and

is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH

of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For

many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for

fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of

corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume

change occurs mainly because of the interaction of

clay minerals with water and varies with the amount

and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the

load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in

soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling

of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling

of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For

others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind

and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on the

basis of measurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special

design is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The

classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;

moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, 6 to 9 percent; and

very high, greater than 9 percent.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil

to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six

factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation

(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss

by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The

estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt,

sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil

structure and permeability. Values of K range from

0.02 to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the

value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill

erosion by water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per

year.

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that

have similar properties affecting their resistance to soil

blowing in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the

susceptibility to soil blowing. The soils assigned to

group 1 are the most susceptible to soil blowing, and

those assigned to group 8 are the least susceptible.

The groups are as follows:

1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine

sands.

2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine

sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric

soil material.

3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy

loams, and very fine sandy loams.

4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and

silty clay loams.

4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams,

and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent

clay.

5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy

clays, and hemic soil material.

6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay

loams that are less than 35 percent clay.

7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are

less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material.

8. Soils that are not subject to soil blowing

because of coarse fragments on the surface or

because of surface wetness.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table

17, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil. Organic matter affects the available water

capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of

nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 18 gives estimates of various soil and water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of

runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups according to the rate of water infiltration when

the soils are not protected by vegetation, are

thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate

of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of
192 Soil Survey of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that

have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface,

and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious

material. These soils have a very slow rate of water

transmission.

If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in the

table, the first letter is for drained areas and the

second is for undrained areas.

Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is

caused by overflowing streams or by runoff from

adjacent slopes. Water standing for short periods after

rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, and

water standing in swamps and marshes is considered

ponding rather than flooding.

The table gives the frequency and duration of

flooding and the time of year when flooding is most

likely.

Frequency, duration, and probable dates of

occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as

none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that

flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but

possible under unusual weather conditions (the

chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in

any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average,

once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to

50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on

the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of

flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Duration

is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2

to 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if

more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in

months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding

occurs during the stated period.

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and little or no

horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a

saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates

are based mainly on observations of the water table at

selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated

zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic

features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are depth to

the seasonal high water table, the kind of water table,

and the months of the year that the water table

commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high

for less than 1 month is not indicated in the table.

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water

in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water

stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is

allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A

perched water table is water standing above an

unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched,

water table is separated from a lower one by a dry

zone.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to the

water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping. The

rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or

fractured, excavations can be made with trenching

machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is

hard or massive, blasting or special equipment

generally is needed for excavation.

Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of

saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence

generally results from either desiccation and

shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or both,

following drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually,

usually over a period of several years. The table shows

the expected total subsidence, which usually is a

result of drainage and oxidation.

Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or

lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of

segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the

subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on

thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves

into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture,

density, permeability, content of organic matter, and

depth to the water table are the most important factors
Clark County, Wisconsin 193

considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It

is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation

or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly

structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in

winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well

drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least

susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during

thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other

rigid structures.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil

layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation

extract.

Engineering Index Test Data

Table 19 shows laboratory test data for several

pedons sampled at carefully selected sites in the

survey area. The pedons are representative of the

series described in the section “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.” The soil samples were tested by the

Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Division of

Highways and Transportation Facilities.

The testing methods generally are those of the

American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

The tests and methods are AASHTO

classification—M 145 (AASHTO), D 3282 (ASTM);

Unified classification—D 2487 (ASTM); Mechanical

analysis—T 88 (AASHTO), D 422 (ASTM), D 2217

(ASTM); Liquid limit—T 89 (AASHTO), D 4318

(ASTM); and Plasticity index—T 90 (AASHTO), D

4318 (ASTM).

195

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(USDA, 1999). Beginning with the broadest, these

categories are the order, suborder, great group,

subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on

soil properties observed in the field or inferred from

those observations or from laboratory measurements.

Table 20 shows the classification of the soils in the

survey area. The categories are defined in the

following paragraphs.

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Alfisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or

properties that reflect the most important variables

within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a

suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud,

meaning humid, plus alf, from Alfisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into

great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each

great group is identified by the name of a suborder

and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An

example is Hapludalfs (Hapl, meaning minimal

horizonation, plus udalf, the suborder of the Alfisols

that has a udic moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept

of the great group; it is not necessarily the most

extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders,

suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some

properties that are not representative of the great

group but do not indicate transitions to any other

taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or

more adjectives preceding the name of the great

group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that

typifies the great group. An example is Typic

Hapludalfs.

FAMILY. Families are established within a

subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical

properties and other characteristics that affect

management. Generally, the properties are those of

horizons below plow depth where there is much

biological activity. Among the properties and

characteristics considered are particle size, mineral

content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and

reaction. A family name consists of the name of a

subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil

properties. An example is fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic

Hapludalfs.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a

family that have horizons similar in color, texture,

structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical

composition, and arrangement in the profile.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil

and the material in which it formed are identified for

each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area

of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is

described. The detailed description of each soil

horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual”

(USDA, 1993). Many of the technical terms used in the

descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA,

1999). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the

descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedon

description is the range of important characteristics of

the soils in the series.

Aftad Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Mostly loamy lacustrine deposits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed

Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

Classification of the Soils
196 Soil Survey of

Typical Pedon

Aftad very fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,

approximately 1,600 feet south and 300 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 21, T. 25 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very

fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—7 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine

sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few very fine and fine roots; slightly acid;

gradual irregular boundary.

B/E—13 to 22 inches; 60 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) very fine sandy loam (Bt); moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay films on faces of peds; penetrated by tongues

of pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam (E),

very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

and fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—22 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

very fine sandy loam; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

and fine roots; common distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—27 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds; few medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) masses of iron accumulation; few very thin

strata of very fine sand; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—43 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

very fine sandy loam that has thin strata of fine

sand, very fine sand, and silt; massive; breaks to

weak thick plates along textural strata; friable; few

medium faint brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses

of iron accumulation; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to stratified lacustrine deposits: 20 to 40 inches

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4 (more than 5.5 dry)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—very fine sandy loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—very fine sandy loam

E horizon and E part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or

loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine

sandy loam, or loam; thin strata of coarser or

finer texture in the lower part in some pedons

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—stratified and dominantly sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or

silt loam with thin strata of coarser or finer

texture

Almena Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty, mixed Aquic

Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Almena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, approximately

1,500 feet north and 200 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 27, T. 29 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium

granular structure; very friable; many very fine and

fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.
Clark County, Wisconsin 197

E/B—9 to 19 inches; 80 percent pale brown (10YR

6/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium platy structure; friable; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; tongues into and

surrounds remnants of dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt

loam (Bt); moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

B/E—19 to 33 inches; 60 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation and few fine

distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; penetrated by tongues of pale brown

(10YR 6/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR

7/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;

common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation and few fine distinct

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; about 5 percent gravel; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt—33 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct dark

brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds;

common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation and common fine

distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; about 2 percent gravel; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

2C—45 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; massive; friable; few fine distinct yellowish

red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about

10 percent gravel; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty mantle: 36 to 60 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 10 percent in the silty mantle

and 3 to 35 percent in the till

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 5 percent throughout the

profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2C horizon and 2Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Arbutus Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to igneous bedrock

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid in the siliceous sandy alluvium

and slow to rapid in the bedrock

Landform: Strath terraces

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy, siliceous, frigid

Entic Haplorthods

Typical Pedon

Arbutus loamy sand, in an area of Ironrun-PonycreekArbutus complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes; approximately

10 feet north and 100 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 32, T. 23 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many

fine to coarse roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—2 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) loamy sand,

brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak medium platy

structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bs1—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy
198 Soil Survey of

sand; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bs2—10 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loamy sand;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw—17 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

2R—25 inches; slightly fractured igneous bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent gravel and 0

to 3 percent cobbles throughout the profile

A horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—loamy sand

E horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 7 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand or loamy sand

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—sand or loamy sand

Auburndale Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty, mixed, frigid

Mollic Epiaqualfs

Typical Pedon

Auburndale silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

approximately 100 feet south and 100 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 29 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Eg—7 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt

loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak medium

platy structure; friable; common very fine and fine

roots; many medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg1—14 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

few faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on

faces of some peds; many medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg2—20 to 29 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds;

many medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Btg3—29 to 41 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; few faint dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; many

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and

common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Btg4—41 to 53 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint dark

grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of

some peds; many coarse prominent reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and common medium

prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; about 5 percent gravel; moderately

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

2C—53 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam; massive; friable; few medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

about 8 percent gravel; slightly acid.
Clark County, Wisconsin 199

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty mantle: 36 to 60 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 10 percent in the silty mantle

and 5 to 35 percent in the till

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 3 percent throughout the

profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

Eg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam or silt

Btg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

2Btg or 2Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—2 to 6 (value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3

do not occur together)

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6 (value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3

do not occur together)

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Au Gres Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Sandy outwash

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic

Endoaquods

Typical Pedon

Au Gres sand, in an area of Au Gres-Newson

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately 1,500

feet west and 1,000 feet south of the northeast corner

of sec. 8, T. 27 N., R. 4 W.

Oi—0 to 1 inch; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) peat

(fibric material occurring as a mat of partially

decomposed forest litter); about 50 percent fiber,

25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy structure;

nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

A—1 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) sand, very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) dry; moderate medium granular

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

E—3 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bhs—13 to 17 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2)

loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bs—17 to 27 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

C1—27 to 39 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) coarse

sand; single grain; loose; about 5 percent gravel;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C2—39 to 61 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) coarse

sand; single grain; loose; about 10 percent gravel;

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of gravel: 0 to 10 percent throughout the

profile

A horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR
200 Soil Survey of

Value—4 to 7 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Bhs horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Barronett Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the stratified part

Landform: Glacial lake plains and stream terraces

Parent material: Mostly silty lacustrine deposits

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty, mixed, frigid

Mollic Endoaqualfs

Typical Pedon

Barronett silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

approximately 150 feet north and 150 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 6, T. 29 N., R. 3 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark

gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Eg—9 to 15 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; many medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg—15 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silt loam; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint

very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on

faces of some peds; many medium prominent

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation and few medium faint light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) masses of iron depletion; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cg—32 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2),

stratified silt loam, loam, and very fine sandy loam;

massive; friable; common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to stratified lacustrine deposits: 24 to 40 inches

Ap horizon or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

Eg horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

Btg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5G

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam or silt clay loam

Cg horizon or C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—stratified very fine sand, very fine sandy

loam, loam, or silt loam; thin strata of coarser or

finer texture in some pedons

Beseman Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

organic material and moderately slow in the loamy

alluvium

Landform: Moraines

Parent material: Herbaceous organic material

underlain by loamy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Taxonomic classification: Loamy, mixed, dysic Terric

Borosaprists
Clark County, Wisconsin 201

Typical Pedon

Beseman peat, in an area of Loxley, Beseman, and

Dawson peats, 0 to 1 percent slopes; approximately

2,480 feet north and 120 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 20, T. 29 N., R. 3 W.

Oi—0 to 10 inches; peat (fibric material), dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face, dark

reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) rubbed; about 90

percent fiber, 45 percent rubbed; moderate coarse

subangular blocky structure; nonsticky; many fine

roots; primarily herbaceous fibers; very strongly

acid (pH 4.5 in water 1:1); abrupt smooth

boundary.

Oa1—10 to 21 inches; muck (sapric material), dark

reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) broken face and

rubbed; about 30 percent fiber, 10 percent rubbed;

moderate medium platy structure; nonsticky;

common fine roots; primarily herbaceous fibers;

very strongly acid (pH 4.5 in water 1:1); abrupt

smooth boundary.

Oa2—21 to 29 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(5YR 2.5/1) broken face and rubbed; about 10

percent fiber, trace rubbed; massive; nonsticky;

few fine roots; primarily herbaceous fibers; about

30 percent mineral matter; very strongly acid

(pH 4.5 in water 1:1); abrupt smooth boundary.

C—29 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam;

massive; friable; common medium prominent

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of herbaceous organic material: 16 to 51

inches

Oi horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—peat

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—muck

C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or silt loam

Bilson Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

siliceous loamy alluvium and rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Parent material: Siliceous loamy alluvium underlain by

siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, siliceous,

mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Bilson sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes,

approximately 1,200 feet north and 120 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 22 N., R. 4 W., in

Jackson County:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak very

fine granular structure; friable; many very fine and

fine and few medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; few distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) and prominent dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of

peds; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—12 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; common faint

dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) and few distinct reddish

brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—18 to 32 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy loam; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few

very fine roots; common faint dark brown (7.5YR

3/4) and few distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2C—32 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sand; single grain; loose; few thin (less than 1

/8

inch), dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) strata of loamy

sand; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of loamy alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 15 percent

throughout the profile
202 Soil Survey of

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4

Texture—sandy loam or loam

2Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loamy sand

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand, typically with a few thin strata of

sandy loam or loamy sand

Boone Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid in the siliceous sandy residuum

and moderately slow or moderate in the

sandstone

Landform: Hills

Parent material: Siliceous sandy residuum derived

from the underlying sandstone

Slope range: 6 to 50 percent

Taxonomic classification: Mesic, uncoated Typic

Quartzipsamments

Typical Pedon

Boone sand, in an area of Boone-Elevasil complex, 15

to 50 percent slopes; approximately 1,280 feet north

and 2,000 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 24,

T. 19 N., R. 6 W., in Jackson County:

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 45

percent fiber, 20 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine

and fine roots; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clean sand

grains throughout; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—3 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sand, pale brown

(10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; about 14 percent sandstone channers;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—8 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine roots; about 13 percent

sandstone channers; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—21 to 35 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sand;

single grain; loose; few fine roots; about 10 percent

sandstone channers; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Cr—35 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2), weakly

cemented sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent sandstone

channers and 0 to 5 percent flagstones throughout

the profile

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 5

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, loamy sand, or the channery

analogs of these textures

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, or the channery analogs

of these textures

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—2 to 6
Clark County, Wisconsin 203

Texture—sand, fine sand, or the channery analogs

of these textures

Brander Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Mostly silty alluvium underlain by

sandy outwash

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty over sandy or

sandy-skeletal, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Brander silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, approximately

2,500 feet south and 1,000 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 8, T. 29 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium

granular structure; friable; many very fine and fine

roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E/B—10 to 17 inches; 70 percent brown (10YR 5/3)

silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium platy structure; friable; tongues

into and surrounds remnants of yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine and fine roots; about 1 percent gravel;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

B/E—17 to 22 inches; 60 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds; penetrated by tongues of brown (10YR 5/3)

silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium platy structure; friable; common

very fine and fine roots; about 1 percent gravel;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—22 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; few

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces

of peds; common medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 1

percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—29 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; few

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces

of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion and common

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; about 2 percent

gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt3—32 to 35 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint

dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds; common medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about

16 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

3C—35 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4),

stratified gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand;

single grain; loose; few fine faint strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about

20 percent gravel as an average; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 5 percent in the silty alluvium, 0

to 40 percent in the 2Bt horizon, and 3 to 65

percent in the 3C horizon

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 5 percent throughout the

profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5 (where moist value is 3, dry value is

more than 5.5)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon (if it occurs) and E part of E/B and B/E

horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 6
204 Soil Survey of

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly or very

gravelly analogs of these textures

3C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly, very gravelly, or extremely gravelly

analogs of these textures

Capitola Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the

loamy alluvium and moderately slow in the loamy

till

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loamy alluvium underlain by loamy

glacial till

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed,

frigid Mollic Epiaqualfs

Typical Pedon

Capitola muck, in an area of Capitola-MarshfieldVeedum complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes; approximately

2,500 feet south and 2,300 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 19, T. 25 N., R. 2 W.

Oa—0 to 4 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 20

percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak medium

granular structure; nonsticky; many fine roots;

moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

A—4 to 6 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, dark grayish

brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine roots; moderately

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Eg—6 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam,

light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate thick platy

structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg1—12 to 21 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint dark gray

(10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of some peds and

in pores and channels; many medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and many medium faint

brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron accumulation;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Btg2—21 to 35 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on

faces of some peds; many medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and many medium

distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses

of iron accumulation; about 5 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt—35 to 39 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay

films on faces of some peds; common medium

distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) masses of iron

depletion and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses

of iron accumulation; about 8 percent gravel;

moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C—39 to 64 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy loam;

massive; very friable; about 8 percent gravel;

slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of gravel: 0 to 15 percent in the loamy alluvium

and 5 to 35 percent in the till

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 15 percent throughout the

profile

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam

Eg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam

Btg or Bg horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 or 4
Clark County, Wisconsin 205

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

C horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Cathro Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic material and moderately slow or

moderate in the loamy deposits

Landform: Moraines

Parent material: Herbaceous organic material

underlain by loamy deposits

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Taxonomic classification: Loamy, mixed, euic Terric

Borosaprists

Typical Pedon

Cathro mucky peat, in an area of Newood-MagnorCathro complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes, very stony;

approximately 100 feet south and 1,500 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 6, T. 29 N., R. 3 W.

Oe—0 to 4 inches; mucky peat (hemic material), dark

brown (7.5YR 3/2) broken face and rubbed; about

50 percent fiber, 20 percent rubbed; weak thick

platy structure; nonsticky; common fine roots;

primarily herbaceous fibers; moderately acid (pH

5.8 in water 1:1); abrupt wavy boundary.

Oa1—4 to 24 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 20

percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; moderate thick

platy structure; nonsticky; primarily herbaceous

fibers; strongly acid (pH 5.3 in water 1:1); clear

wavy boundary.

Oa2—24 to 30 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face, black (N 2/0) rubbed;

about 5 percent fiber, trace rubbed; massive;

nonsticky; primarily herbaceous fibers; about 30

percent mineral matter; few fine prominent brown

(7.5YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; strongly

acid (pH 5.1 in water 1:1); abrupt wavy boundary.

C—30 to 60 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam that

has thin strata of fine sandy loam and loam;

massive; friable; common fine prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation;

slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of herbaceous organic material: 16 to 51

inches

Oe horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—mucky peat

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine

sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silt loam,

or silty clay loam; thin strata of fine sand or

sand in some pedons

Citypoint Series

Depth class: Moderately deep or deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic material, slow to rapid in the residuum,

and very slow to moderately slow in the

interbedded sandstone and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Herbaceous organic material over

residuum derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Taxonomic classification: Dysic Typic Borosaprists

Typical Pedon

Citypoint mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

approximately 50 feet north and 2,500 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 28, T. 23 N., R. 1 W.

Oe—0 to 8 inches; mucky peat (hemic material), very

dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) broken face and

rubbed; about 35 percent fiber, 20 percent rubbed;

massive; nonsticky; primarily herbaceous fibers;

extremely acid (pH 4.0 in water 1:1); gradual

smooth boundary.

Oa—8 to 28 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 20

percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; massive;
206 Soil Survey of

nonsticky; primarily herbaceous fibers; extremely

acid (pH 4.0 in water 1:1); clear smooth boundary.

Cg—28 to 33 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

sand; single grain; loose; very strongly acid (pH

4.5); clear wavy boundary.

Cr—33 to 60 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3), brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8), gray (10YR 5/1), and light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), interbedded

sandstone and shale.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 60

inches

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 15 percent in the

C horizon

Thickness of herbaceous organic material: 16 to 51

inches

Oe horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—mucky peat

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

C horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, 5GY,

or 5G

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—ranges from sand to clay

Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, 5GY,

or 5G

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—1 to 8

Comstock Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the stratified part

Landform: Glacial lake plains and stream terraces

Parent material: Mostly silty lacustrine deposits

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty, mixed Aquic

Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Comstock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes,

approximately 100 feet south and 300 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 1, T. 29 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common

very fine and fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—9 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam,

light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak medium platy

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

B/E—12 to 20 inches; 80 percent reddish brown (5YR

4/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common faint reddish

brown (5YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds;

common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation and common

fine prominent brown (7.5YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; penetrated by tongues of brown (7.5YR

5/3) silt loam (E), pink (7.5YR 7/3) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

very fine and fine roots; common medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation and common fine faint brown (7.5YR

5/2) masses of iron depletion; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—20 to 36 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty

clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; common faint reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay

films on faces of peds; common medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of

iron accumulation and few fine distinct reddish

gray (5YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—36 to 41 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

few very fine and fine roots; few distinct brown

(7.5YR 5/3) clay films on faces of some peds; few

very thin lenses of silt and very fine sand; many

medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation and many fine faint

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—41 to 51 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam that

has a few thin strata of very fine sandy loam;

massive; friable; many medium prominent reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation
Clark County, Wisconsin 207

and few medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

masses of iron depletion; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

C2—51 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam that has thin

strata of very fine sandy loam and very fine sand;

massive; friable; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to stratified lacustrine deposits: 24 to 40 inches

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam; thin strata of

coarser texture in the lower part in some

pedons

C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—silt loam that has thin strata of fine sand,

very fine sand, loamy fine sand, fine sandy

loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt

Council Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landform: Hills

Parent material: Silty and loamy colluvium

Slope range: 6 to 20 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed,

mesic Typic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Council loam, in an area of Council and Seaton soils,

12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded; approximately 1,900

feet west and 200 feet north of the southeast corner of

sec. 5, T. 19 N., R. 6 W., in Jackson County:

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, pale

brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; common fragments of dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) subsoil material;

friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and very fine roots; few

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces

of peds; few dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt coatings

on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—13 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots;

many distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—27 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and very fine roots;

common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films

on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt4—35 to 45 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam; weak very coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and very fine roots; few

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces

of peds; strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

C—45 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam that

has pockets or layers of loam; massive; friable;

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) masses of iron accumulation and common

fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of

iron depletion; about 5 percent sandstone

channers; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 15 percent

throughout the profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4
208 Soil Survey of

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

silt loam

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

silt loam

Crystal Lake Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the stratified part

Landform: Glacial lake plains and stream terraces

Parent material: Mostly silty lacustrine deposits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty, mixed Oxyaquic

Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Crystal Lake silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,

approximately 2,380 feet north and 150 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 29 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; common very fine and fine roots; slightly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—9 to 15 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam,

very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak very fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

E/B—15 to 23 inches; 70 percent pale brown (10YR

6/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

weak very fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many medium prominent brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; tongues

into and surrounds remnants of yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay

films on faces of peds; many medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual irregular

boundary.

B/E—23 to 31 inches; 75 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on

faces of peds; many medium distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

penetrated by tongues of pale brown (10YR 6/3)

silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; many medium prominent

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—31 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds; few fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—39 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam that has thin strata of silt and very fine sand;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay

films on faces of some peds; few fine distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—42 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

silt loam that has thin strata of very fine sand;

massive; friable; few fine distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation;

moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to stratified lacustrine deposits: 24 to 40 inches

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3
Clark County, Wisconsin 209

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon and E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam with thin strata

of fine sand, very fine sand, loamy fine sand,

fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or

silt

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam with thin strata of fine sand,

very fine sand, loamy fine sand, fine sandy

loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt

Dawsil Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic material and rapid or very rapid in the

siliceous sandy alluvium

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Parent material: Herbaceous organic material

underlain by siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy or sandy-skeletal,

siliceous, dysic Terric Borosaprists

Typical Pedon

Dawsil mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

approximately 1,800 feet north and 200 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 33, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oe—0 to 7 inches; mucky peat (hemic material), dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face and rubbed;

about 60 percent fiber, 20 percent rubbed;

nonsticky; many fine roots; primarily herbaceous

fibers; very strongly acid (pH 4.8 in water 1:1);

abrupt smooth boundary.

Oa—7 to 31 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 15

percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; nonsticky; few fine

roots; primarily herbaceous fibers; extremely acid

(pH 4.3 in water 1:1); abrupt smooth boundary.

C—31 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand;

single grain; loose; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of herbaceous organic material: 16 to 51

inches

Oe horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—mucky peat

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or fine sand

Dawson Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic material and rapid in the sandy

deposits

Landform: Moraines

Parent material: Herbaceous organic material

underlain by sandy deposits

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy or sandy-skeletal,

mixed, dysic Terric Borosaprists

Typical Pedon

Dawson peat, in an area of Loxley, Beseman, and

Dawson peats, 0 to 1 percent slopes; approximately

1,360 feet south and 1,440 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 31, T. 28 N., R. 4 W.

Oi—0 to 10 inches; peat (fibric material), dark reddish

brown (5YR 3/2) broken face, dark reddish brown

(5YR 2.5/2) rubbed; about 85 percent fiber, 45

percent rubbed; nonsticky; many very fine, fine,

and medium roots; primarily herbaceous fibers;

extremely acid (pH 4.2 in water 1:1); gradual wavy

boundary.

Oa1—10 to 18 inches; muck (sapric material), dark
210 Soil Survey of

reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) broken face, very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) rubbed; about 30 percent fiber,

10 percent rubbed; nonsticky; common very fine,

fine, and medium roots; primarily herbaceous

fibers; extremely acid (pH 4.2 in water 1:1); clear

wavy boundary.

Oa2—18 to 36 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 10

percent fiber, trace rubbed; nonsticky; few very

fine and fine roots; primarily herbaceous fibers;

very strongly acid (pH 4.5 in water 1:1); clear wavy

boundary.

Oa3—36 to 42 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 10

percent fiber, trace rubbed; nonsticky; primarily

herbaceous fibers; about 55 percent mineral

matter; very strongly acid (pH 4.6 in water 1:1);

clear wavy boundary.

C—42 to 60 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1), stratified

gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand; single

grain; loose; about 15 percent gravel as an

average; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of herbaceous organic material: 16 to 51

inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 40 percent in the C horizon

Oi horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—peat

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 3

Texture—muck

C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, loamy

sand, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of

these textures

Eauclaire Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Rapid in the sandy alluvium and

moderately slow or moderate in the loamy till

Landform: Disintegration moraines

Parent material: Sandy alluvium underlain by loamy

glacial till

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy, mixed, frigid

Oxyaquic Haplorthods

Typical Pedon

Eauclaire loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes (fig. 14),

approximately 400 feet north and 2,000 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 26 N., R. 4 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 2 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand, gray

(10YR 5/1) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many

very fine to coarse roots; about 10 percent gravel

and 2 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

E—2 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand, light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

very fine to coarse roots; about 8 percent gravel

and 2 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bs—4 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy

sand; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse

roots; about 8 percent gravel and 2 percent

cobbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—12 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common very fine to coarse roots;

about 8 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—24 to 34 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine to coarse

roots; common medium distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) and many coarse distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

about 10 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt1—34 to 39 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

gravelly sandy loam; weak coarse prismatic

structure parting to moderate medium subangular

blocky; firm; few very fine to coarse roots; common

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces

of peds; many coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation and many
Clark County, Wisconsin 211

coarse prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

masses of iron depletion; about 15 percent gravel

and 2 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

2Bt2—39 to 66 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy

loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

weak medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine

and medium roots; common distinct reddish brown

(5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common

coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation and light brownish

gray (2.5Y 6/2) masses of iron depletion; about 10

percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

2C—66 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; massive; firm; about 10 percent gravel and 2

percent cobbles; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Thickness of the sandy alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 20 percent in the sandy alluvium

and 3 to 20 percent in the till

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 5 percent throughout the

profile

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—loamy sand

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loamy sand

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam,

sandy clay loam, or the gravelly analogs of

these textures

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Elevasil Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

siliceous loamy colluvium, rapid in the siliceous

sandy residuum, and moderately slow or

moderate in the sandstone

Landform: Hills

Parent material: Siliceous loamy colluvium over

siliceous sandy residuum derived from the

underlying sandstone

Slope range: 2 to 50 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, siliceous,

mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Elevasil sandy loam, in an area of Boone-Elevasil

complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes; approximately 1,000

feet east and 1,300 feet south of the northwest corner

of sec. 30, T. 19 N., R. 6 W., in Jackson County:

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 45

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—3 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on
212 Soil Survey of

faces of peds; strongly acid; abrupt irregular

boundary.

Bt2—9 to 27 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine to medium

roots; few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay

films on faces of peds; about 5 percent sandstone

channers in the lower part of the horizon; very

strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

2BC—27 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

loamy sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine roots; about 10

percent sandstone channers; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

2C—31 to 39 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) sand;

single grain; loose; about 14 percent sandstone

channers; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Cr—39 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4),

weakly cemented sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent sandstone

channers and 0 to 5 percent flagstones throughout

the profile

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sandy loam

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the channery

analogs of these textures

2BC or 2Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loamy sand or channery loamy sand

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—sand or channery sand

Elm Lake Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium over

residuum derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy over loamy,

siliceous, acid, frigid Humaqueptic Epiaquents

Typical Pedon

Elm Lake muck, in an area of Fairchild-Elm Lake

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately 1,350

feet north and 2,350 feet east of the southwest corner

of sec. 28, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oa—0 to 3 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 25 percent

fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; weak fine

granular structure; nonsticky; many very fine and

fine and few medium roots; extremely acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—3 to 4 inches; black (N 2/0) mucky sand, dark gray

(10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; common very fine and fine roots; extremely

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bg—4 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few very fine and fine roots; the color

is that of the uncoated sand grains with some

organic staining; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Cg1—16 to 24 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sand;

single grain; loose; few fine roots; the color is that

of the uncoated sand grains; strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

2Cg2—24 to 36 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty

clay loam; massive; firm; common medium

prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of

iron accumulation; about 5 percent sandstone

channers; extremely acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Cr—36 to 60 inches; interbedded very pale brown
Clark County, Wisconsin 213

(10YR 7/3) sandstone and red (2.5YR 4/6) and

light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) shale.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 40

inches

Thickness of siliceous sandy alluvium: 15 to 39 inches

Volume of gravel or sandstone channers: 0 to 15

percent in the siliceous sandy alluvium

Volume of sandstone channers: 3 to 15 percent in the

2Cg horizon

Oa horizon:

Hue—10YR or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

A horizon:

Hue—10YR or neutral

Value—2 or 3 (less than 5.5 dry)

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—mucky sand

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Cg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand or coarse sand

2Cg or 2C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silty

clay loam, or clay loam; thin strata of coarser or

finer texture in some pedons

2Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 to 6

Fairchild Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium over

residuum derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy over loamy,

siliceous, frigid Ultic Epiaquods

Typical Pedon

Fairchild sand, in an area of Fairchild-Elm Lake

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately 1,300

feet north and 2,550 feet west of the southeast corner

of sec. 28, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 40

percent fiber, 20 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

A—1 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) sand, dark gray

(10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E—4 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

very fine, fine, and medium roots; extremely acid;

abrupt irregular boundary.

Bhs—12 to 14 inches; dusky red (2.5YR 3/2) sand;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common very fine and fine roots; very

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bs—14 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

friable; common very fine and fine roots; few fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bw—19 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common very fine and fine roots; few fine

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of

iron accumulation and common medium faint

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; about 1 percent sandstone channers;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt—27 to 33 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) sandy

clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots;

few faint olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of

peds; common fine prominent strong brown
214 Soil Survey of

(7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; about

14 percent sandstone channers; extremely acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

2Cr—33 to 60 inches; interbedded light gray (10YR

7/2) sandstone and light gray (5Y 7/2) shale.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 40

inches

Thickness of siliceous sandy alluvium: 15 to 39 inches

Volume of gravel or sandstone channers: 0 to 15

percent gravel or sandstone channers in the

siliceous sandy alluvium; 3 to 15 percent

sandstone channers in the 2Bt horizon

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Bhs horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay

loam, or silty clay loam; thin strata of coarser or

finer texture in some pedons

2Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—2 to 6

Fallcreek Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loamy glacial till

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed

Aquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Fallcreek loam, in an area of Fallcreek-Merrillan

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes (fig. 15); approximately

50 feet north and 800 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 24, T. 27 N., R. 3 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loam,

pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine and fine and few medium roots; about 5

percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

E/B—7 to 13 inches; 60 percent pinkish gray (7.5YR

6/2) loam (E), pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable;

tongues into and surrounds remnants of dark

brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam (Bt); moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

very fine and fine roots; few fine prominent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; about 5 percent gravel and 5

percent cobbles; slightly acid; gradual irregular

boundary.

B/E—13 to 21 inches; 70 percent dark brown (7.5YR

4/4) sandy loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark

brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds;

penetrated by tongues of pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2)

sandy loam (E), pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2) dry;
Clark County, Wisconsin 215

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few very fine and fine roots; common medium

distinct and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation and common

medium distinct and faint brown (7.5YR 5/2)

masses of iron depletion; about 5 percent gravel

and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—21 to 27 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

strong coarse subangular blocky structure; firm;

few very fine and fine roots; common distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds; common distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2)

clean sand grains coating faces of peds; common

medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation and few fine distinct

pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) masses of iron depletion;

about 8 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—27 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds; few distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) clean

sand grains coating faces of peds; common

medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation; about 8 percent

gravel and 3 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—38 to 47 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few very

fine and fine roots; few distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds and in root

channels; common medium distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation along

root channels; about 8 percent gravel and 3

percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—47 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam; massive;

firm; about 8 percent gravel and 3 percent

cobbles; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of rock fragments: 2 to 15 percent gravel and 0

to 5 percent cobbles throughout the profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam

E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam or loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—sandy loam or loam

C horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or loam

Flambeau Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part and

moderately slow in the lower part

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loamy glacial till

Slope range: 1 to 20 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed

Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Flambeau loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes (fig. 16),

approximately 200 feet south and 1,650 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 7, T. 26 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate very fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; about 4 percent gravel;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E/B—10 to 16 inches; 80 percent pale brown (10YR

6/3) sandy loam (E), light gray (10YR 7/2) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; tongues into and surrounds

remnants of dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam

(Bt); moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine prominent

and distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of

iron accumulation; about 4 percent gravel; strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

B/E—16 to 25 inches; 60 percent dark brown (7.5YR
216 Soil Survey of

4/4) sandy clay loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark

brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds;

penetrated by tongues of pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2)

sandy loam (E), pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; common medium distinct and

prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of

iron accumulation; about 4 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

Bt1—25 to 34 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; strong medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; many faint reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay films

on faces of peds; prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR

6/8) masses of iron accumulation; about 9 percent

gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt2—34 to 42 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few faint reddish brown (5YR 5/3)

clay films on faces of peds; about 12 percent

gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—42 to 50 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/3)

clay films on faces of peds; about 12 percent

gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—50 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; firm; about 4 percent gravel;

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of rock fragments: 3 to 15 percent gravel and 0

to 10 percent cobbles throughout the profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loam or sandy loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam or sandy loam

E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loam

Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or

clay loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or

clay loam

C horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

Fordum Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium and rapid or very rapid in the

sandy alluvium

Landform: Flood plains

Parent material: Loamy alluvium underlain by sandy

alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed,

nonacid, frigid Mollic Fluvaquents

Typical Pedon

Fordum silt loam, in an area of Moppet-Fordum

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately 200 feet

south and 2,560 feet east of the northwest corner of

sec. 34, T. 28 N., R. 3 W.

A—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very

friable; common fine roots; common medium

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg1—9 to 23 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam;

massive; very friable; few fine distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Cg2—23 to 28 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

sandy loam that has thin strata of very dark gray

(10YR 3/1) loam; massive; friable; few fine

prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few

fine distinct brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron

accumulation; about 5 percent gravel as an
Clark County, Wisconsin 217

average; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg3—28 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2),

stratified gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand;

single grain; loose; about 25 percent gravel as an

average; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loamy alluvium: 24 to 40 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 15 percent in the loamy alluvium

and 0 to 60 percent in the sandy alluvium

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 10 percent throughout the

profile

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or neutral

Value—2 or 3 (5 or less dry)

Chroma—0 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Cg horizon (loamy alluvium):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—2 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—stratified sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam

Cg horizon (sandy alluvium):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, loamy

sand, loamy coarse sand, or the gravelly or

very gravelly analogs of these textures

Freeon Series

Depth class: Deep to dense loamy glacial till

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, slow or

moderately slow in the upper part of the loamy till,

and very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Landform: Moraines

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium underlain by

dense loamy glacial till

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed

Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Freeon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, very stony;

approximately 600 feet south and 100 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 9, T. 29 N., R. 3 W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

fine roots; about 2 percent gravel; slightly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

E—10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, very

pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate very thin

platy structure; very friable; common very fine and

fine roots; about 2 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

E/B—14 to 23 inches; 60 percent brown (10YR 5/3)

silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate thin platy structure; friable; common fine

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; tongues into and surrounds

remnants of brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt);

moderate very fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; common fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; about 3 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2B/E—23 to 30 inches; 70 percent dark brown (7.5YR

4/4) gravelly sandy loam (2Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint

dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; penetrated by

tongues of brown (7.5YR 5/3) sandy loam (E),

pink (7.5YR 7/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; about 13 percent gravel and

3 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear irregular

boundary.

2Bt1—30 to 44 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

gravelly sandy loam; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine roots; common distinct reddish brown (5YR

4/3) clay films on faces of peds; about 21 percent

gravel and 3 percent cobbles; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

2Bt2—44 to 52 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) sandy

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films

on faces of peds; about 10 percent gravel and 3

percent cobbles; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

2Cd—52 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; massive; firm; dense and compact; about 7

percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to dense loamy glacial till: 40 to 60 inches

Thickness of the silty mantle: 12 to 36 inches

Volume of gravel and cobbles: 0 to 10 percent gravel
218 Soil Survey of

and 0 to 3 percent cobbles in the silty mantle; 5 to

35 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles in

the till

Volume of stones: 2 to 3 percent on the surface; 0 to 5

percent throughout the profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon and E part of E/B horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or silt

Bt part of E/B horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2E part of 2B/E horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

2Bt horizon and 2Bt part of 2B/E horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

2Cd horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Gardenvale Series

Depth class: Deep to sandstone

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty and loamy alluvium,

rapid in the siliceous sandy residuum, and

moderately slow or moderate in the sandstone

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Silty alluvium over loamy alluvium

underlain by siliceous sandy residuum derived

from the underlying sandstone

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy over sandy or

sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Gardenvale silt loam, in an area of Merit-Gardenvale

silt loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes; approximately 1,940

feet south and 1,840 feet east of the northwest corner

of sec. 15, T. 22 N., R. 5 W., in Jackson County:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many very

fine and fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—8 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; many

faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of

peds; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—14 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

common faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual irregular

boundary.

2Bt3—26 to 30 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; few faint dark

brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of some

peds; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

3C—30 to 50 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) fine

sand; single grain; loose; about 3 percent

sandstone channers; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

3Cr—50 to 60 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8),

weakly cemented sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandstone: 40 to 60 inches

Thickness of the silty alluvium: 10 to 30 inches

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 15 percent

throughout the profile

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3
Clark County, Wisconsin 219

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or loam

3C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—fine sand or sand; thin strata of loamy

sand in some pedons

Hiles Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 1 to 12 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed

Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Hiles silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, approximately

1,000 feet south and 100 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 16, T. 24 N., R. 1 E.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

fine granular structure; friable; many very fine and

fine roots; about 1 percent gravel; slightly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

B/E—9 to 19 inches; 70 percent dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint dark

brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of some

peds; penetrated by tongues of brown (10YR 5/3)

silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; about

1 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt1—19 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few very fine and fine roots; many distinct dark

brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of most

peds; few fine prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR

6/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 2 percent

gravel and sandstone channers; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt2—23 to 29 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3)

clay loam; strong medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few very fine and fine roots; few

prominent brown (7.5YR 5/3) clay films on faces

of some peds; few fine prominent brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation and

common fine faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)

masses of iron depletion; about 5 percent

sandstone channers; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

2Cr—29 to 60 inches; interbedded light gray (10YR

7/2) sandstone and olive gray (5Y 5/2) shale.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 40

inches

Thickness of the silty mantle: 12 to 30 inches

Volume of gravel or sandstone channers: 0 to 15

percent gravel or sandstone channers in the silty

mantle and 2Bt1 horizon; 3 to 15 percent

sandstone channers in the 2Bt2 horizon

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E part of B/E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or silt

Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5
220 Soil Survey of

Chroma—3 to 6 (value and chroma of 3 do not

occur together)

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay

loam, or silty clay loam; thin subhorizons of

coarser or finer texture in some pedons

2Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—1 to 8

Humbird Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Loamy alluvium over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 1 to 20 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy over clayey,

mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods

Typical Pedon

Humbird fine sandy loam (fig. 17), in an area of

Humbird-Merrillan fine sandy loams, 0 to 6 percent

slopes; approximately 100 feet north and 2,500 feet

west of the southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 23 N., R. 1

E.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 35

percent fiber, 20 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; common very fine and fine

and few medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 2 inches; black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam,

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

and few medium roots; extremely acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

E—2 to 9 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine sandy

loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry; weak medium

platy structure; very friable; common very fine and

fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bs—9 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—14 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt—21 to 27 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

firm; few very fine and fine roots; few faint gray (5Y

6/1) clay films on faces of some peds; few fine

prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of

iron accumulation; about 8 percent sandstone

channers; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Cr—27 to 60 inches; interbedded very pale brown

(10YR 7/3) sandstone and light gray (5Y 7/2)

shale.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 40

inches

Thickness of the loamy alluvium: 12 to 30 inches

Volume of gravel or sandstone channers: 0 to 15

percent gravel or sandstone channers in the

loamy alluvium; 3 to 15 percent sandstone

channers in the 2Bt horizon

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—fine sandy loam or sandy loam

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—fine sandy loam or sandy loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam
Clark County, Wisconsin 221

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or

clay; thin subhorizons of coarser texture in

some pedons

2Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—2 to 6

Ironrun Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy, siliceous, frigid

Typic Endoaquods

Typical Pedon

Ironrun sand (fig. 18), in an area of Ironrun-Ponycreek

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately 2,550

feet south and 20 feet west of the northeast corner of

sec. 33, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 3 inches; black (5YR 2.5/1) sand, very dark

gray (5YR 3/1) dry; moderate medium granular

structure; very friable; many fine, medium, and

coarse roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—3 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) sand, pinkish

gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common fine,

medium, and coarse roots; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bhs—12 to 19 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2)

sand; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; few fine and medium roots; very

friable; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bs—19 to 29 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few fine roots; many medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—29 to 61 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

sand; single grain; loose; the color is that of the

uncoated sand grains; few medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 5 percent

throughout the profile

A horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—sand

E horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Bhs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand or coarse sand

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Kert Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow
222 Soil Survey of

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed Aquic

Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Kert silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, approximately

200 feet south and 500 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 25, T. 24 N., R. 1 E.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

fine granular structure; friable; common very fine

and fine roots; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

B/E—9 to 22 inches; 70 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds; few fine distinct brown (7.5YR 5/2) masses

of iron depletion and common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; penetrated by tongues of brown

(10YR 5/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR

7/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

few fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of

iron depletion and common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt1—22 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; common faint

dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 5/2)

masses of iron depletion and strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt2—26 to 34 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

silty clay loam; strong medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few very fine and fine roots; few

faint light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) clay films on

faces of peds; few fine prominent dark gray (N 4/0)

and common fine prominent gray (5Y 6/1) masses

of iron depletion; few medium prominent brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

about 5 percent sandstone channers; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Cr—34 to 60 inches; interbedded pale brown (10YR

6/3) sandstone and gray (5Y 6/1) shale.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 40

inches

Thickness of the silty mantle: 12 to 30 inches

Volume of gravel or sandstone channers: 0 to 15

percent gravel or sandstone channers in the silty

mantle and 2Bt1 horizon; 3 to 15 percent

sandstone channers in the 2Bt2 horizon

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E part of B/E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, or silty clay loam; thin subhorizons of

coarser or finer texture in some pedons

2Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—1 to 8

Loxley Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid

Landform: Moraines

Parent material: Herbaceous organic material

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent
Clark County, Wisconsin 223

Taxonomic classification: Dysic Typic Borosaprists

Typical Pedon

Loxley peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes, approximately

2,200 feet north and 480 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 35, T. 25 N., R. 4 W.

Oi—0 to 6 inches; peat (fibric material), dark brown

(10YR 3/3) broken face, very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) rubbed; about 90 percent fiber, 75

percent rubbed; weak thick platy structure;

nonsticky; many fine roots; primarily sphagnum

moss fibers; extremely acid (pH 4.2 in water 1:1);

abrupt smooth boundary.

Oa1—6 to 20 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 45

percent fiber, 10 percent rubbed; weak thick platy

structure; nonsticky; primarily herbaceous fibers;

extremely acid (pH 4.4 in water 1:1); gradual wavy

boundary.

Oa2—20 to 60 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(5YR 2.5/1) broken face and rubbed; about 50

percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed; massive;

nonsticky; primarily herbaceous fibers; extremely

acid (pH 4.4 in water 1:1).

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of herbaceous organic material: Greater

than 51 inches

Oi horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—peat

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

Loyal Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till

Slope range: 1 to 12 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed

Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Loyal silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, approximately

1,300 feet south and 200 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 28, T. 25 N., R. 1 E.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—9 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, very

pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate thick platy

structure parting to moderate fine subangular

blocky; friable; few fine roots; common medium

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

E/B—14 to 20 inches; 75 percent brown (10YR 5/3)

silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; tongues into and surrounds remnants of

brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); strong coarse

prismatic structure parting to strong medium and

coarse subangular blocky; firm; few faint dark

brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few

fine roots; common medium prominent and distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2B/E—20 to 24 inches; 75 percent reddish brown

(5YR 5/4) loam (2Bt); strong coarse prismatic

structure parting to strong coarse subangular

blocky; firm; few faint reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay

films on faces of peds; penetrated by tongues of

brown (7.5YR 5/3) silt loam (E), light brown

(7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine prominent

and distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; about 4 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt1—24 to 36 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam;

strong coarse prismatic structure parting to strong

coarse subangular blocky; firm; common faint dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of

peds; common medium prominent reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; about 4

percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

2Bt2—36 to 45 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) loam;

moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; few distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay

films on vertical faces of peds; common medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; about 4 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

2C—45 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy loam;
224 Soil Survey of

massive; firm; common medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

about 4 percent gravel; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty mantle: 12 to 36 inches

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0

to 5 percent cobbles in the silty mantle; 3 to 35

percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles in the

till

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon and E part of E/B horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

2E part of 2B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loam or gravelly loam

Bt part of E/B horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2Bt part of 2B/E horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

Ludington Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid in the siliceous

sandy alluvium, moderately slow or moderate in

the residuum, and very slow to moderately slow in

the interbedded sandstone and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium over

residuum derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 1 to 20 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy over loamy,

siliceous, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods

Typical Pedon

Ludington sand (fig. 19), in an area of LudingtonFairchild sands, 0 to 6 percent slopes; approximately

1,300 feet north and 1,400 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 28, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) sand, gray (10YR

5/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common very fine and fine and few medium roots;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E—4 to 11 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

very fine and fine and few medium roots;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bs—11 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few very fine and fine roots; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—16 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
Clark County, Wisconsin 225

Figure 14.—Profile of Eauclaire loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent

slopes. Depth is marked in feet.

Figure 15.—Profile of a Fallcreek loam. Depth is marked in

feet.
226 Soil Survey of

Figure 16.—Profile of Flambeau loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes.

Depth is marked in feet.

Figure 17.—Profile of a Humbird fine sandy loam. Depth is

marked in feet.
Clark County, Wisconsin 227

Figure 18.—Profile of an Ironrun sand. Depth is marked in feet. Figure 19.—Profile of a Ludington sand. Depth is marked in

feet.
228 Soil Survey of

Figure 20.—Profile of a Mahtomedi loamy sand. Depth is

marked in feet.

Figure 21.—Profile of Withee silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.

Depth is marked in feet.
Clark County, Wisconsin 229

very friable; few very fine and fine roots; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—26 to 33 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine roots; many coarse prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

2Bt—33 to 39 inches; light gray (5Y 7/2) sandy clay

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; few faint light olive gray

(5Y 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; common

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; about 5 percent

sandstone channers; extremely acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

2Cr—39 to 60 inches; interbedded light gray (2.5Y 7/2)

sandstone and light olive gray (5Y 6/2) shale.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 40

inches

Thickness of siliceous sandy alluvium: 15 to 39 inches

Volume of gravel or sandstone channers: 0 to 15

percent gravel or sandstone channers in the

siliceous sandy alluvium; 3 to 15 percent

sandstone channers in the 2Bt horizon

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay

loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam; thin

subhorizons of coarser or finer texture in some

pedons

2Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—2 to 6

Magnor Series

Depth class: Deep to dense loamy glacial till

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, slow or

moderately slow in the upper part of the loamy till,

and very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Landform: Moraines

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium underlain by

dense loamy glacial till

Slope range: 0 to 4 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed

Aquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Magnor silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, very stony,

approximately 2,175 feet south and 80 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 2, T. 29 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium

granular structure; very friable; many very fine and

fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—9 to 15 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam,

very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate

medium platy structure; friable; common very fine

and fine roots; common fine prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

B/E—15 to 21 inches; 60 percent dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint dark

yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of
230 Soil Survey of

peds; penetrated by tongues of pale brown (10YR

6/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium platy structure; friable; few very

fine and fine roots; common coarse prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation and common medium distinct and

faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt1—21 to 39 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

gravelly sandy loam; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few

very fine and fine roots; common faint reddish

brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; pale

brown (10YR 6/3) clean silt and sand grains

coating faces of some peds; few fine distinct

pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) masses of iron depletion

and common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR

4/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 11

percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

2Bt2—39 to 45 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

gravelly sandy loam; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; few faint reddish brown

(5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; common

medium distinct pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) masses of

iron depletion and many medium distinct yellowish

red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; about

10 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

2Cd—45 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; massive; firm; dense and compact; few

medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses

of iron accumulation; about 9 percent gravel and 3

percent cobbles; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to dense loamy glacial till: 40 to 60 inches

Thickness of the silty mantle: 12 to 36 inches

Volume of gravel and cobbles: 0 to 10 percent gravel

and 0 to 5 percent cobbles in the silty mantle; 5 to

35 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles in

the till

Volume of stones: 2 to 3 percent on the surface; 0 to 5

percent throughout the profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4 (where moist value is 3, dry value is

6 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon and E part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or silt

Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

2Cd horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Mahtomedi Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Sandy outwash

Slope range: 0 to 12 percent

Taxonomic classification: Mixed, frigid Typic

Udipsamments

Typical Pedon

Mahtomedi loamy sand (fig. 20), 0 to 6 percent slopes,

approximately 2,140 feet south and 1,840 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand, dark

gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; many common white (10YR 8/2) clean
Clark County, Wisconsin 231

sand grains; common very fine and fine and few

medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—4 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) coarse

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common very fine and fine roots;

about 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw2—15 to 20 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

gravelly coarse sand; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; very friable; few very fine and fine

roots; about 15 percent gravel and 1 percent

cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—20 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6),

stratified very gravelly coarse sand, gravelly

coarse sand, and coarse sand; single grain; loose;

few very fine and fine roots; about 30 percent

gravel and 2 percent cobbles as an average;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C2—28 to 61 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6),

stratified very gravelly coarse sand, gravelly

coarse sand, and coarse sand; single grain; loose;

about 25 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles as

an average; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent gravel and 0

to 5 percent cobbles throughout the profile

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loamy sand

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—loamy sand

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Bw horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Maplehurst Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Mostly silty alluvium underlain by

sandy outwash

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty, mixed Aquic

Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Maplehurst silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes,

approximately 1,500 feet north and 350 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 29 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine

roots; about 1 percent gravel; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

E/B—9 to 16 inches; 70 percent pale brown (10YR

6/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium platy structure; friable; tongues

into and surrounds remnants of yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); weak fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; common

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; about 1 percent

gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

B/E—16 to 25 inches; 60 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds; penetrated by tongues of pale brown (10YR

6/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation and few medium faint grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion; about 1

percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—25 to 44 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of
232 Soil Survey of

peds; common faint pale brown (10YR 6/3)

coatings of clean silt grains on faces of peds;

common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation and few medium

prominent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; about 1 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt2—44 to 47 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films

on faces of peds; few fine distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; about 8

percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

3C—47 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4),

stratified very gravelly coarse sand, gravelly

coarse sand, and coarse sand; single grain; loose;

few fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation; about 35 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles as an average;

moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty alluvium: 40 to 60 inches

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent gravel and 0

to 5 percent cobbles in the silty alluvium; 0 to 40

percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles in the

2Bt horizon; 3 to 65 percent gravel and 0 to 10

percent cobbles in the 3C horizon

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4 (where moist value is 3, dry value is

more than 5.5)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay

loam, loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly

analogs of these textures

3C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly, very gravelly, or extremely gravelly

analogs of these textures

Markey Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic material and rapid or very rapid in the

sandy outwash

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Herbaceous organic material

underlain by sandy outwash

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy or sandy-skeletal,

mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists

Typical Pedon

Markey muck, in an area of Markey-Newson mucks, 0

to 2 percent slopes; approximately 650 feet north and

2,050 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 13, T.

23 N., R. 3 W.

Oa1—0 to 2 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face, black (N 2/0) rubbed;

about 40 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak

thin platy structure; nonsticky; common very fine

and fine roots; primarily herbaceous fibers;

strongly acid (pH 5.3 in water 1:1); abrupt wavy

boundary.

Oa2—2 to 18 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 5 percent

fiber, trace rubbed; weak medium platy structure;

nonsticky; few very fine and fine roots; primarily

herbaceous fibers; strongly acid (pH 5.3 in water

1:1); gradual wavy boundary.

Oa3—18 to 27 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 1 percent

fiber, trace rubbed; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; primarily herbaceous fibers;
Clark County, Wisconsin 233

about 30 percent mineral matter; moderately acid

(pH 5.8 in water 1:1); abrupt wavy boundary.

Cg—27 to 60 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1), stratified

coarse sand and gravelly coarse sand; single

grain; loose; about 10 percent gravel as an

average; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of herbaceous organic material: 16 to 51

inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 25 percent in the sandy outwash

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—0 to 3

Texture—muck

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Marshfield Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid

Mollic Epiaqualfs

Typical Pedon

Marshfield silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

approximately 1,100 feet north and 150 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 35, T. 28 N., R. 1 E.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common very fine

and fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Eg—9 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt

loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate very fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

very fine and fine roots; common medium distinct

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; gradual irregular

boundary.

Btg1—14 to 30 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; few faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

clay films on faces of peds; many coarse

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; about 3 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Btg2—30 to 36 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common faint dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds;

many coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

and common medium distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; about 10

percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C—36 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam;

massive; firm; few fine distinct very pale brown

(10YR 7/3) masses of iron depletion and many

coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses

of iron accumulation; about 10 percent gravel;

neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty mantle: 12 to 36 inches

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0

to 5 percent cobbles in the silty mantle; 5 to 35

percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles in the

till

Ap horizon or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Eg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam or silt

Btg1 horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

2Btg2 horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2
234 Soil Survey of

Texture—sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam,

sandy clay loam, clay loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Menahga Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Sandy outwash

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Mixed, frigid Typic

Udipsamments

Typical Pedon

Menahga loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes,

approximately 1,250 feet south and 1,100 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oi—0 to 1 inch; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) peat

(fibric material occurring as a mat of partially

decomposed forest litter); about 50 percent fiber

and 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy structure;

nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

A—1 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand, very

dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; many fine and

medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bw1—4 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loamy

coarse sand; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common fine and few

medium roots; about 2 percent gravel; moderately

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—11 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) coarse

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine roots; about 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—19 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) coarse

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine roots; about 10 percent

gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—24 to 61 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) coarse

sand; single grain; loose; about 2 percent gravel;

slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of gravel: 0 to 10 percent throughout the

profile

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (6 dry)

Texture—loamy sand

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Merimod Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty and loamy alluvium

and rapid in the siliceous sandy alluvium

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Parent material: Silty alluvium over loamy alluvium

underlain by siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy over sandy or

sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Merimod silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes,

approximately 1,100 feet south and 1,600 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 23 N., R. 4 W., in

Jackson County:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

medium granular structure; very friable; many

medium, fine, and very fine roots; moderately acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—9 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky
Clark County, Wisconsin 235

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

few faint dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—13 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

many faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt3—17 to 29 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; many

faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bt4—29 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

3C1—32 to 52 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand; single grain; loose; few strata of dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy sand 1

/8 inch

thick; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

3C2—52 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron

depletion and many coarse distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to siliceous sandy alluvium: 25 to 40 inches

Thickness of the silty alluvium: 10 to 30 inches

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 15 percent

throughout the profile

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—4

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—4

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or

loam

3C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand; thin strata of loamy sand or sandy

loam in some pedons

Merit Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty and loamy alluvium

and rapid in the siliceous sandy alluvium

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Parent material: Silty alluvium over loamy alluvium

underlain by siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy over sandy or

sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Merit silt loam, in an area of Merit-Gardenvale silt

loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes; approximately 2,100 feet

south and 400 feet west of the northeast corner of sec.

15, T. 22 N., R. 5 W., in Jackson County:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and medium roots; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

2Bt2—12 to 20 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; common

distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt3—20 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine roots; common distinct dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/3) clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

3C—30 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand;

single grain; loose; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to siliceous sandy alluvium: 25 to 40 inches
236 Soil Survey of

Thickness of the silty alluvium: 10 to 30 inches

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 15 percent

throughout the profile

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—4

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—4 or 5

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loam

3C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand; thin strata of loamy sand or sandy

loam in some pedons

Merrillan Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium, slow in the residuum, and very

slow to moderately slow in the interbedded

sandstone and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Loamy alluvium over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy over clayey,

mixed, frigid Ultic Epiaquods

Typical Pedon

Merrillan fine sandy loam, in an area of MerrillanVeedum complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately

100 feet north and 800 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 26, T. 23 N., R. 1 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak very thin

platy structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

A—1 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam,

dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common very fine, fine, and

medium roots; extremely acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—3 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

medium platy structure; very friable; common very

fine and fine and few medium roots; extremely

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bs1—6 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bs2—11 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw—13 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt—21 to 30 inches; pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few faint gray (5YR 6/1) clay films

on faces of some peds; few fine prominent

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and common coarse

prominent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) masses

of iron accumulation; about 10 percent sandstone

channers; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Cr—30 to 60 inches; interbedded very pale brown

(10YR 7/3) sandstone and light gray (5Y 7/2)

shale.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 40

inches

Thickness of the loamy alluvium: 12 to 30 inches

Volume of gravel or sandstone channers: 0 to 15

percent gravel or sandstone channers in the

loamy alluvium; 3 to 15 percent sandstone

channers in the 2Bt horizon

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2
Clark County, Wisconsin 237

Texture—fine sandy loam or sandy loam

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—fine sandy loam or sandy loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or

clay; thin subhorizons of coarser texture in

some pedons

2Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—2 to 6

Moppet Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the loamy alluvium and rapid

in the sandy alluvium

Landform: Flood plains

Parent material: Loamy alluvium underlain by sandy

alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed,

frigid Oxyaquic Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Moppet fine sandy loam, in an area of Moppet-Fordum

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately 150 feet

south and 1,850 feet east of the northwest corner of

sec. 25, T. 28 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) fine sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

very fine and fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw1—5 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine

sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—13 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw3—30 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine roots; few

medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

2BC—35 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

loamy sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; about 10 percent gravel; extremely

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

2C—39 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand

that has thin strata of fine sand; single grain; loose;

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loamy alluvium: 24 to 40 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 35 percent in the sandy alluvium

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—fine sandy loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine

sand, or the gravelly analogs of these textures;

thin strata of finer texture in some pedons
238 Soil Survey of

Newood Series

Depth class: Deep or very deep to dense loamy glacial

till

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the loamy

till, slow in the middle part of the loamy till, and

very slow in the lower part of the loamy till

Landform: Moraines

Parent material: Dense loamy glacial till

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed,

frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods

Typical Pedon

Newood sandy loam, in an area of Newood-MagnorCathro complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes, very stony;

approximately 2,300 feet south and 100 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 29 N., R. 4 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, dark

gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular

structure; friable; many very fine to coarse roots;

about 6 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—4 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

thin platy structure; friable; many very fine to

coarse roots; about 6 percent gravel; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bs—5 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine to coarse roots; about 6

percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

E/B—15 to 27 inches; 60 percent brown (7.5YR 5/3)

sandy loam (E), pink (7.5YR 7/3) dry; weak thin

platy structure; friable; tongues into and surrounds

remnants of dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam

(Bt); moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

about 10 percent gravel and 4 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

B/E—27 to 38 inches; 70 percent dark brown (7.5YR

4/3) sandy loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint dark

brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds;

penetrated by tongues of brown (7.5YR 5/3) sandy

loam (E), pink (7.5YR 7/3) dry; weak thin play

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

about 10 percent gravel and 4 percent cobbles;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—38 to 46 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

gravelly sandy loam; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

few faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of most peds; common fine distinct yellowish

red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; about

20 percent gravel and 4 percent cobbles; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—46 to 63 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint dark reddish brown

(5YR 3/3) clay films on faces of most peds; about

10 percent gravel and 4 percent cobbles; slightly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cd—63 to 65 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) sandy

loam; massive; firm; dense and compact; about 10

percent gravel and 4 percent cobbles; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Depth to dense loamy glacial till: 40 to 70 inches

Volume of gravel: 2 to 20 percent in the upper part of

the loamy till and 5 to 30 percent in the lower part

of the loamy till

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 10 percent throughout the

profile

Volume of stones: 2 to 3 percent on the surface; 0 to 2

percent throughout the profile

A horizon or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sandy loam

E horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

Bs horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures
Clark County, Wisconsin 239

E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy

loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Cd horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Newson Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Sandy outwash

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Mixed, frigid Humaqueptic

Psammaquents

Typical Pedon

Newson muck, in an area of Markey-Newson mucks, 0

to 2 percent slopes; approximately 1,640 feet south

and 1,400 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 8,

T. 27 N., R. 4 W.

Oa—0 to 4 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 25 percent

fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; nonsticky; many very fine to

coarse roots; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

A—4 to 8 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky sand, very

dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

very fine to coarse roots; extremely acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bg—8 to 25 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sand; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common very fine to coarse roots; the color is that

of the uncoated sand grains with organic coatings

on faces of some peds; very strongly acid; abrupt

irregular boundary.

C1—25 to 36 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) coarse

sand; single grain; loose; about 5 percent gravel;

the color is that of the uncoated sand grains;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C2—36 to 64 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4),

stratified coarse sand and gravelly coarse sand;

single grain; loose; about 14 percent gravel;

moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of gravel: 0 to 35 percent throughout the

profile

Oa horizon:

Hue—10YR or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

A horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—mucky sand, loamy sand, or mucky

loamy sand

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Northmound Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to sandstone

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty and loamy part and

moderately slow or moderate in the bedrock

Landform: Monadnocks

Parent material: Loess or a mixture of loess and

residuum derived from the underlying sandstone

Slope range: 6 to 50 percent
240 Soil Survey of

Taxonomic classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed

Typic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Northmound flaggy silt loam, in an area of

Northmound-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 50 percent

slopes, very stony; approximately 600 feet south and

600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 5, T. 25

N., R. 1 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) flaggy silt loam,

dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse

roots; about 10 percent sandstone channers and

15 percent sandstone flagstones; moderately acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw—5 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

flaggy silt loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; many very fine to

coarse roots; about 10 percent sandstone

channers and 15 percent sandstone flagstones;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

B/E—11 to 24 inches; 75 percent dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) very flaggy silt loam (Bt); moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces

of peds; penetrated by tongues of brown (10YR

5/3) very flaggy silt loam (E), very pale brown

(10YR 7/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine to coarse

roots; about 15 percent sandstone channers and

25 percent sandstone flagstones; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt—24 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

very flaggy loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

and fine roots; common distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 20

percent sandstone channers and 35 percent

sandstone flagstones; extremely acid; clear wavy

boundary.

R—30 inches; slightly fractured, light gray (10YR 7/2)

sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

Thickness of the silty mantle: 0 to 39 inches

Volume of sandstone channers and flagstones: 2 to 15

percent sandstone channers and 5 to 25 percent

flagstones in the upper part; 15 to 35 percent

sandstone channers and 20 to 45 percent

flagstones in the lower part

Volume of stones: 2 to 3 percent on the surface; 2 to

20 percent throughout the profile

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—flaggy silt loam

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—flaggy silt loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or the

channery, very channery, flaggy, or very flaggy

analogs of these textures

E part of B/E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or the

channery, very channery, flaggy, or very flaggy

analogs of these textures

Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or the

channery, very channery, flaggy, or very flaggy

analogs of these textures

2Bt horizon and 2Bt part of 2B/E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—the channery, very channery, flaggy, or

very flaggy analogs of sandy loam or loam

2E part of 2B/E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)
Clark County, Wisconsin 241

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—the channery, very channery, flaggy, or

very flaggy analogs of sandy loam or loam

Oesterle Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the loamy alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Loamy alluvium underlain by sandy

outwash

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed

Aquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Oesterle loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, approximately

1,100 feet west and 600 feet north of the southeast

corner of sec. 4, T. 27 N., R. 4 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate

coarse granular structure; friable; many very fine

to coarse roots; strongly acid; abrupt irregular

boundary.

B/E—6 to 12 inches; 75 percent dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; penetrated by

tongues of brown (10YR 4/3) loam (E), very pale

brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many very

fine to coarse roots; few fine distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—12 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; many very fine to coarse roots; few faint

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds; many fine prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation and

common coarse faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

masses of iron depletion; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—18 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few faint dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay

films on faces of peds; common very fine to

coarse roots; many medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation

and many coarse faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

masses of iron depletion; strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

2BC—27 to 37 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) loamy

coarse sand; single grain; loose; few very fine to

coarse roots; about 2 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C—37 to 61 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3), stratified

gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand; single

grain; loose; about 15 percent gravel as an

average; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Thickness of the loamy mantle: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 35 percent in the loamy alluvium

and 0 to 60 percent in the sandy outwash

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 5 percent throughout the

profile

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam

E part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

Bt horizon and Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

2Bt horizon (if it occurs) or 2BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6
242 Soil Survey of

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these

textures

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these

textures

Pelkie Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Rapid

Landform: Flood plains

Parent material: Sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Mixed, frigid Oxyaquic

Udipsamments

Typical Pedon

Pelkie loamy fine sand, in an area of Pelkie-Winterfield

loamy fine sands, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately

1,600 feet south and 1,840 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 17, T. 26 N., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many very fine and fine and common

medium and coarse roots; moderately acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

C1—4 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sand;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable;

many very fine and fine and common medium and

coarse roots; common thin strata of very dark

grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C2—13 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common very fine and fine and few

medium roots; common thin strata of dark brown

(10YR 4/3) loamy fine sand; slightly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C3—26 to 38 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

sand; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine

roots; about 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C4—38 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

sand; single grain; loose; few fine distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation;

about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loamy fine sand

C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand

Plover Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Mostly loamy lacustrine deposits

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed

Aquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Plover very fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes,

approximately 1,500 feet south and 500 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 22, T. 25 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) very fine sandy loam, light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common very fine

and fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—10 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very fine sandy

loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak thick

platy structure parting to weak fine and very fine

subangular blocky; very friable; few very fine and

fine roots; common medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

B/E—17 to 28 inches; 65 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) very fine sandy loam (Bt); moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay films on faces of peds; many medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation and few fine prominent brown

(7.5YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion; penetrated

by tongues of brown (10YR 5/3) very fine sandy

loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak
Clark County, Wisconsin 243

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; many medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation and few fine distinct brown

(7.5YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt—28 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of some peds; brown (10YR 5/3) clean silt

and sand grains coating faces of some peds;

many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and few medium distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation and few

fine prominent brown (7.5YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—33 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6),

stratified very fine sandy loam, very fine sand, and

silt; massive; friable; few fine prominent brown

(7.5YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion and few

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to stratified lacustrine deposits: 24 to 40 inches

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—very fine sandy loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—very fine sandy loam

E horizon and E part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam,

or silt loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine

sandy loam, or loam

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—stratified fine sand, very fine sand,

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy

loam, loam, or silt loam

Ponycreek Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid and very rapid

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Siliceous, frigid

Humaqueptic Psammaquents

Typical Pedon

Ponycreek muck, in an area of Ponycreek-Dawsil

complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes; approximately 250 feet

south and 450 feet west of the northeast corner of sec.

20, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oa—0 to 4 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 25 percent

fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; nonsticky; common very fine,

fine, and medium roots; about 50 percent mineral

soil material; extremely acid (pH in water 1:1);

abrupt wavy boundary.

A—4 to 6 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky sand, very

dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bg—6 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few very fine and fine roots; the color is

that of the uncoated sand grains with organic

coatings on faces of some peds; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

C—26 to 64 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single

grain; loose; the color is that of the uncoated sand

grains; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 5 percent

throughout the profile

Oa horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

A horizon:

Hue—10YR or neutral
244 Soil Survey of

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—mucky sand

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand or coarse sand

C or Cg horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Poskin Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Silty alluvium underlain by sandy

outwash

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty over sandy or

sandy-skeletal, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Poskin silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, approximately

650 feet north and 200 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 5, T. 28 N., R. 1 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark

grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse

roots; about 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

E—4 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam,

light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate thin platy

structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse

roots; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 1 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

E/B—6 to 14 inches; 60 percent brown (10YR 5/3) silt

loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate thin platy structure; very friable;

common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

4/6) masses of iron accumulation; tongues into

and surrounds remnants of yellowish brown (10YR

5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate thin platy structure;

very friable; common very fine to coarse roots;

common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

4/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 1 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

B/E—14 to 25 inches; 70 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; few faint

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds; few fine prominent light brownish

gray (2.5Y 6/2) masses of iron depletion and many

coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

masses of iron accumulation; penetrated by

tongues of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam

(E), light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate thin platy

structure parting to moderate medium subangular

blocky; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

few fine prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

masses of iron depletion and many coarse

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of

iron accumulation; about 1 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—25 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; few

faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt

coatings along cleavage planes; common fine

prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) masses

of iron depletion and many coarse prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; about 4 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt2—28 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few faint dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on face of peds;

common medium prominent light brownish gray

(2.5Y 6/2) masses of iron depletion and strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation;

about 10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

3C—31 to 61 inches; brown (10YR 5/3), stratified

coarse sand and gravelly coarse sand; single

grain; loose; few fine distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 5

percent gravel as an average; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.
Clark County, Wisconsin 245

Thickness of the silty alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 5 percent in the silty alluvium, 0

to 40 percent in the 2B horizon, and 0 to 65

percent in the 3C horizon

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 5 percent throughout the

profile

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

E horizon and E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these

textures

3C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly, very gravelly, or extremely gravelly

analogs of these textures

Psammaquents

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Taxonomic classification: Siliceous, frigid Typic

Psammaquents

Range in Characteristics

• In most pedons, the color and thickness of individual

layers are variable. Psammaquents are mostly sandy

and are strongly acid to slightly acid.

Rib Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty alluvium and rapid

or very rapid in the sandy outwash

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Silty alluvium underlain by sandy

outwash

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty over sandy or

sandy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic

Endoaquepts

Typical Pedon

Rib silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, approximately

2,300 feet north and 300 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 9, T. 29 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure; friable; many very fine

and fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bg1—7 to 17 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt

loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation and common

medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) masses of iron

depletion; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bg2—17 to 27 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; common

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6 and

5/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

2Bg3—27 to 31 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine roots; common medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) and many coarse prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

about 3 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

3C—31 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2),
246 Soil Survey of

stratified gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand;

single grain; loose; about 18 percent gravel as an

average; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 5 percent in the silty alluvium, 0

to 35 percent in the 2Bg3 horizon, and 3 to 45

percent in the 3C horizon

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 5 percent throughout the

profile

Ap horizon or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—silt loam

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

2Bg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

3C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these

textures

Rockdam Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Sandy, siliceous, frigid

Entic Haplorthods

Typical Pedon

Rockdam sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes, approximately

1,500 feet north and 350 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 27, T. 23 N., R. 3 W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material occurring as a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; common very

fine and fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—4 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand, light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common very fine and fine roots; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bs—9 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw1—13 to 21 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few fine roots; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—21 to 35 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots;

slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C1—35 to 45 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C2—45 to 61 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sand; single grain; loose; many coarse distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Thickness and depth are measured from the top

of the mineral soil.

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 15 percent

throughout the profile

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)
Clark County, Wisconsin 247

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Bs horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand or coarse sand

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Rosholt Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the

loamy alluvium and rapid or very rapid in the

sandy outwash

Landform: Stream terraces and kames

Parent material: Loamy alluvium underlain by sandy

outwash

Slope range: 0 to 12 percent

Taxonomic classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed

Typic Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Rosholt sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

approximately 900 feet south and 1,500 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 23 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine and few medium roots;

about 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E/B—8 to 16 inches; 50 percent brown (10YR 5/3)

sandy loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; tongues into and surrounds remnants of

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam (Bt);

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; few faint dark brown

(10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; about 10

percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—16 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; many faint dark

brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds;

about 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—24 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly

sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint dark

brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds;

about 20 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

2C—31 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4),

stratified very gravelly coarse sand, gravelly

coarse sand, and coarse sand; single grain; loose;

about 45 percent gravel as an average;

moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loamy alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent gravel and 0

to 2 percent cobbles in the loamy alluvium; 0 to 60

percent gravel and 0 to 15 percent cobbles in the

sandy outwash

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sandy loam

E horizon (if it occurs) and E part of E/B horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

the gravelly analogs of these textures

2Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6
248 Soil Survey of

Texture—loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these

textures

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—stratified sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these

textures

Rozellville Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loamy glacial till over loamy residuum

derived from the underlying igneous and

metamorphic rock

Slope range: 2 to 12 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed Typic

Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Rozellville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,

approximately 2,440 feet south and 650 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 26, T. 25 N., R. 1 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate very

fine granular structure; very friable; common very

fine and fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—9 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, very

pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate thick platy

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2B/E—13 to 17 inches; 70 percent dark brown (7.5YR

4/4) loam (2Bt); moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few faint dark brown

(7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; penetrated

by tongues of brown (10YR 5/3) loam (E), very

pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

very fine and fine roots; about 3 percent gravel

(angular granite); very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt1—17 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; few faint dark

brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; thin

brown (10YR 5/3) silt coatings on faces of some

peds; about 3 percent gravel (angular granite);

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt2—25 to 33 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

strong coarse subangular blocky structure; firm;

few very fine and fine roots; few faint dark brown

(7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; thin brown

(10YR 5/3) silt coatings on faces of some peds;

about 10 percent gravel (angular granite); very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt3—33 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint dark

brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds;

about 10 percent gravel (angular granite); very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C—38 to 61 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) gravelly

sandy loam; massive; friable; about 20 percent

gravel (angular granite); very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty mantle: 0 to 15 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 15 percent in the silty mantle, 3

to 35 percent in the upper loamy part, and 20 to

50 percent in the lower loamy part

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 5 percent in the silty mantle

and 0 to 15 percent in the loamy part

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6 (where color is 5/3, dry value is 7 or

more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loam or silt loam

E part of 2B/E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6 (where color is 5/3, dry value is 7 or

more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Bt part of 2B/E horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5
Clark County, Wisconsin 249

Chroma—3 to 5

Texture—sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

2C horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Seaton Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landform: Hills

Parent material: Loess

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty, mixed, mesic

Typic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Seaton silt loam, in an area of Council and Seaton

soils, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded; approximately

1,800 feet north and 800 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 19, T. 19 N., R. 5 W., in Jackson County:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common

coarse and medium fragments of dark brown

(7.5YR 4/4) subsoil material; many fine roots;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots; many faint dark brown (7.5YR

3/4) clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt2—24 to 34 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; many distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of

peds; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—34 to 46 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; common coarse prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

2C—46 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam;

massive; friable; few fine roots; common coarse

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of

iron accumulation; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Ap horizon or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam

C horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam

Simescreek Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Landform: Pediments and stream terraces

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Frigid, uncoated Typic

Quartzipsamments

Typical Pedon

Simescreek sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes,

approximately 700 feet north and 750 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 26 N., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; many fine and

medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—2 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—6 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
250 Soil Survey of

very friable; common fine and medium roots;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—24 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—32 to 60 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) sand; single

grain; loose; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 5 percent

throughout the profile

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand or coarse sand

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Spencer Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow or moderate in the loamy till

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till

Slope range: 2 to 12 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-silty, mixed Oxyaquic

Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Spencer silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,

approximately 770 feet north and 180 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 26, T. 29 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E/B—10 to 20 inches; 70 percent brown (10YR 5/3)

silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate thin platy structure; friable; common fine

prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of

iron accumulation; tongues into and surrounds

remnants of dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt

loam (Bt); moderate very fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine

prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of

iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

B/E—20 to 35 inches; 70 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds; common medium prominent

reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; penetrated by tongues of brown

(10YR 5/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR

7/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium

prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of

iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt—35 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay

films on faces of peds; friable; few fine roots;

common medium prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR

6/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

2C—43 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy loam;

massive; friable; about 8 percent gravel and 3

percent cobbles; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty mantle: 36 to 60 inches

Volume of gravel: 0 to 10 percent in the silty mantle

and 3 to 35 percent in the till

Volume of cobbles: 0 to 5 percent throughout the

profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4 (where moist value is 3, dry value is

6 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR
Clark County, Wisconsin 251

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or silt

Bt horizon and Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2C horizon and 2Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Tarr Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Siliceous sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Taxonomic classification: Mesic, uncoated Typic

Quartzipsamments

Typical Pedon

Tarr sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes, approximately 400

feet south and 900 feet east of the northwest corner of

sec. 12, T. 24 N., R. 6 W., in Jackson County:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common fine

roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—8 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand;

single grain; loose; few fine roots; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—18 to 36 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sand; single

grain; loose; moderately acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

C—36 to 60 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) sand; single

grain; loose; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Volume of sandstone channers: 0 to 15 percent

throughout the profile

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—sand

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand or fine sand

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8 (value and chroma of 3 do not

occur together)

Texture—sand or fine sand

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand or fine sand

Veedum Series

Depth class: Moderately deep to interbedded

sandstone and shale

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part, moderately

slow or moderate in the residuum, and very slow

to moderately slow in the interbedded sandstone

and shale

Landform: Pediments

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, acid,

frigid Humic Epiaquepts

Typical Pedon

Veedum muck, in an area of Merrillan-Veedum
252 Soil Survey of

complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; approximately 700 feet

north and 150 feet east of the southwest corner of sec.

33, T. 24 N., R. 1 E.

Oa—0 to 5 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 25 percent

fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak fine granular

structure; nonsticky; many very fine and fine roots;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

A—5 to 7 inches; black (N 2/0) silt loam, very dark

grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak thin platy

structure; very friable; many very fine and fine

roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Eg—7 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak thin platy

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bg1—9 to 20 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; many coarse

prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

2Bg2—20 to 26 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; many coarse distinct dark gray

(N 4/0) masses of iron depletion and many coarse

prominent dark red (2.5YR 3/6), few medium

prominent reddish yellow (5YR 6/8), and common

medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

masses of iron accumulation; about 8 percent

sandstone channers; extremely acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

2Cr—26 to 60 inches; interbedded gray (10YR 5/1)

sandstone and dark red (2.5YR 3/6) shale.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to interbedded sandstone and shale: 20 to 40

inches

Thickness of the silty mantle: 12 to 30 inches

Volume of gravel or sandstone channers: 0 to 15

percent gravel or sandstone channers in the silty

mantle; 3 to 15 percent sandstone channers in the

2Bg horizon

Oa horizon:

Hue—10YR or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—muck

A horizon:

Hue—10YR or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—silt loam

Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

Eg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or neutral

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—silt loam

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or neutral

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—silt loam

2Bg horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or

neutral

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—0 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silty

clay loam, or clay loam; thin strata of coarser or

finer texture in some pedons

2Cr horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or

neutral

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—0 to 6

Winterfield Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid

Landform: Flood plains

Parent material: Sandy alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Mixed, frigid Aquic

Udipsamments

Typical Pedon

Winterfield loamy fine sand, in an area of PelkieWinterfield loamy fine sands, 0 to 3 percent slopes;

approximately 2,440 feet south and 1,280 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 17, T. 26 N., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy fine

sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; many very fine and
Clark County, Wisconsin 253

fine and common medium and coarse roots;

slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C1—7 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; few thin strata of dark brown (10YR 3/3)

loamy fine sand; few fine faint yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; about 1

percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C2—31 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; single grain; loose; few thin strata of dark

brown (10YR 3/3) loamy fine sand and fine sand;

common fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation and few fine distinct

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; about 3 percent gravel; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—loamy fine sand

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—2 to 6

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand

Withee Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate in the silty part and moderately

slow in the loamy till

Landform: Ground moraines

Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium underlain by

loamy glacial till

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed Aquic

Glossoboralfs

Typical Pedon

Withee silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (fig. 21),

approximately 5 feet south and 620 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 21, T. 25 N., R. 1 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—9 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, very

pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

roots; common medium prominent brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6) and few fine prominent reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

few fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

masses of iron depletion; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

E/B—14 to 18 inches; 70 percent pale brown (10YR

6/3) silt loam (E), very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

tongues into and surrounds remnants of light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam (Bt);

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium

prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and few

medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation; few fine faint and

distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of

iron depletion; very strongly acid; clear irregular

boundary.

B/E—18 to 24 inches; 60 percent light brown (7.5YR

6/4) silt loam (Bt); moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few faint brown (7.5YR

5/4) clay films on faces of peds; penetrated by

tongues of pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam (E),

very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

few fine prominent and faint light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) masses of iron depletion; common

medium distinct and prominent reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) and few medium prominent and

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt1—24 to 34 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay

films on faces of peds; few faint pale brown (10YR

6/3) clean silt and sand grains coating faces of

some peds; common medium faint reddish gray

(5YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion and many

coarse prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation; about 3 percent

gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt2—34 to 47 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay

films on faces of peds; few pale brown (10YR 6/3)

clean silt and sand grains coating faces of some

peds; few medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; about 3 percent

gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

2C—47 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam;
254

massive; firm; about 3 percent gravel; very

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the silty mantle: 12 to 36 inches

Volume of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0

to 5 percent cobbles in the silty mantle; 3 to 35

percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles in the

till

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon and E part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt part of E/B and B/E horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2E part of 2B/E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6 (where colors are 4/3 or 5/3, dry

value is 7 or more)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy clay loam, loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

2Bt part of 2B/E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6 (value and chroma of 3 do not

occur together)

Texture—sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, or the

gravelly analogs of these textures; sandy loam

or gravelly sandy loam in the lower part in some

pedons

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam,

sandy clay loam, clay loam, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures
255

This section describes the geology and underlying

material in Clark County. It also relates the factors of

soil formation to the soils in the county and explains

the processes of soil formation.

Geology and Underlying Material

Dr. Fred Madison, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History

Survey, helped prepare this section.

Clark County is in two physiographic regions—the

Central Plain, which makes up about 95 percent of the

county, and the Northern Highland, which makes up

about 5 percent (Finley, 1965). The Central Plain is a

dissected landscape of Cambrian age. The bedrock is

mostly sandstone but includes some siltstone and

shale. The Northern Highland is an ancient peneplain

of complexly folded and faulted igneous and

metamorphic rocks (granite, rhyolite, chloritic schist,

phyllites, and gneisses) of Precambrian age. The

Cambrian sandstones overlap the Precambrian rocks,

which are at or near the surface in and along the

channels of the Black River and its tributaries.

The best exposures of Precambrian and Upper

Cambrian rocks are in road cuts, along the main

streams, and on mounds. The mounds have

discontinuous slope outcrops and small ledge

outcrops.

The Precambrian and Cambrian rock is overlain by

as much as 120 feet of Pleistocene material (Bell and

Sherrill, 1974). Sorted Pleistocene deposits are on the

flood plains and terraces of the Black, Eau Claire, and

Popple Rivers and their tributaries. In these areas, the

streams marginal to and draining from the Pleistocene

glaciers deposited stratified sandy and gravelly

outwash. These deposits are quite variable in extent

and thickness. Generally, they are not extensive and

are thin. They are locally overlain by thin deposits of

postglacial alluvium or windblown silt. The sand or

gravelly sand deposited by meltwater streams is

mined in many areas. The extent of these outwash

deposits coincides generally with association 4, which

is described under the heading “General Soil Map

Units.”

Glacial materials were deposited by ice lobes

during the Pleistocene epoch. The stratigraphic

sequence of glacial formations is complex.

Stratigraphic units are separated based on the

mineralogical, chemical, and physical characteristics

of the till, alluvial deposits, and lacustrine deposits.

The oldest till in Clark County was deposited by an

advance of ice from the northwest (Milan Phase) in the

early Pleistocene. This till is the Edgar Member of the

Marathon Formation (Clayton and others, 1991). This

deposit is generally reddish brown to pinkish gray

loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. It is

leached to a depth of more than 5 feet in most areas

of Clark County. Presently the extent of the Edgar

Member is not well defined in Clark County. In

Marathon and Wood Counties, it is defined by the

Withee-Marshfield and Withee-Marshfield-Santiago

associations. In Clark County the tentative extent is

defined by the Withee and Marshfield soils in some

areas of association 3, by the Withee soils in some

areas of association 5, and by the Fallcreek soils in

some areas of association 6.

Another glacial deposit was transported later from

the north or northwest (Nasonville Phase) during the

middle Pleistocene. This deposit is the Bakerville

Member of the Lincoln Formation (Clayton, 1991). It is

generally reddish brown sandy loam. Its extent also is

not well defined in Clark County. This deposit is not

separated from the Merrill Member (Hamburg Phase)

of the Lincoln Formation that is recognized in Taylor

County along the Clark-Taylor county line. More field

studies are needed to determine whether extensive

areas of the younger Merrill Member occur in Clark

County. The Merrill Member has a gently rolling

landscape and more well preserved landforms and

more undrained depressions than the Bakerville

Member. Presently the tentative extent of the

Bakerville and/or Merrill Formation appears to be

defined by the Spencer soils in some areas of

association 2, the Loyal soils in some areas of

association 3, and the Flambeau soils in some areas

of association 6.

The most recent glacial deposit in Clark County, the

Pokegama Creek Member of the Copper Falls

Formation of the Soils
256 Soil Survey of

Formation, is of early Wisconsin age. This till is reddish

brown sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam (Attig and

others, 1988). It occurs in the extreme northwest

corner of the county and was deposited by the

Chippewa ice lobe. Because this area is the most

recently glaciated in Clark County, the landforms are

well preserved and undrained depressions are

common. The extent of this area generally coincides

with association 1.

The area south of Neillsville and the southwestern

part of the county are driftless, and the Precambrian

sandstones and Precambrian igneous and

metamorphic rocks are near or at the surface. The

extent of the driftless area is generally defined by

associations 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.

Processes of Soil Formation

A combination of basic processes is responsible for

horizon differentiation. The main processes are gains,

losses, transfers, and transformations. These

processes generally do not occur alone. Some

changes promote horizon differentiation, and others

retard it. The nature of the soil at any given point is the

net result of all changes (Simonson, 1959).

The interactions among these soil-forming

processes is evident in Loyal soils. The parent material

of these soils was loess or other silty deposits

underlain by loamy till. The silt loam was probably

deposited over the till during and after the glacial

period. Because these nearly level to sloping soils are

underlain by nonporous till, they are moderately well

drained. The climate favored the growth of plants.

Plants and animals contributed to the accumulation of

organic matter and organic acids, and they mixed the

soil. These processes accelerated as more and higher

forms of organisms grew in the soils and produced

more organic residue and acids.

Organic matter in various stages of decomposition

accumulated on or near the surface. Decomposed

organic matter gave the surface layer a darker color

than it originally had. Suspended particles of clay were

translocated downward in the soils by slowly

percolating water. Chemical weathering of minerals,

along with the accumulation of clay, gradually changed

the middle part of the soil profile to loam. Periodic

wetting and drying in the upper part of the soils

caused oxidation and reduction of the iron in the

subsurface layer and subsoil. This process gave these

horizons a mottled color.

As a result of these processes, the Loyal soils have

a very dark grayish brown silt loam surface layer, a

mottled silt loam subsurface layer, and a mottled loam

subsoil. They are underlain by acid sandy loam glacial

till at a depth of about 45 inches. This underlying till

has changed little since it was deposited.

Processes that took place in the formation of the

Loyal soils were gains of organic matter in the surface

layer, loss of clay in the subsurface layer and the

subsequent transfer of clay to the subsoil, and the

transformation of iron compounds in the subsurface

layer and subsoil. All of these processes are active in

the soils of Clark County. The kinds of parent material

and the relief in Clark County have, to a great extent,

determined the kinds of processes that are dominant

in the formation of all of the soils. These processes

are, in turn, largely responsible for the differences and

similarities among the soils.

Factors of Soil Formation

Soil forms through processes that act on deposited

or accumulated geologic material. The characteristics

of the soil at any given point are determined by the

physical and mineral composition of the parent

material, the climate under which the soil material

accumulated and has existed since accumulation, the

plant and animal life on and in the soil, the relief and

drainage, and the length of time that the forces of soil

formation have acted on the soil material.

Climate and vegetation are active factors of soil

formation. They act on the parent material that has

accumulated through the weathering or physical

disintegration of rocks and slowly change it into a

natural body that has genetically related horizons. The

effects of climate and of plant and animal life are

conditioned by relief. The parent material affects the

kind of soil profile that forms and in some areas

determines it almost entirely. Finally, time is needed for

the transformation of the parent material into a soil.

Some time is always needed for the differentiation of

soil horizons. Usually, a long time is needed for the

development of distinct horizons.

The factors of soil formation are so closely

interrelated that few generalizations can be made

regarding the effect of any one factor unless

conditions are specified for the other four.

Parent Material

Parent material is the unconsolidated mass in which

a soil forms. It largely determines the chemical and

mineralogical composition of the soil. Some soils form

in more than one kind of parent material. Many have

silty mantles of eolian or water-laid (alluvial) origin.

Most of the soils in Clark County formed partially in

glacial till or glacial outwash. Many formed partially in

residuum derived from the underlying sandstone or
Clark County, Wisconsin 257

interbedded sandstone and shale bedrock. Some soils

formed in lacustrine deposits, alluvium, or organic

material.

Glacial till is unstratified, unsorted glacial debris

consisting of clay, silt, and sand. It may contain gravel,

cobbles, stones, or boulders. There were three or

more glacial ice advances into Clark County. They are

distinguished by at least three different tills having

different textures and slightly different landforms with

drainage patterns in different states of development.

These tills are the parent material for different soils.

The oldest till is typically loam but ranges from

sandy loam to clay loam. It is an important parent

material for most of the Fallcreek, Marshfield, and

Withee soils and for some of the Flambeau and Loyal

soils. Fallcreek and Flambeau soils formed in loamy

glacial till. Marshfield and Withee soils formed in loess

or silty alluvium underlain by loamy glacial till.

The till of intermediate age is typically sandy loam

but ranges to loam. It is an important parent material

for some of the Flambeau and Loyal soils. Flambeau

soils formed in loamy glacial till. Loyal soils formed in

loess or silty alluvium underlain by loamy glacial till.

The most recent till is typically sandy loam or

gravelly sandy loam. It is an important parent material

for the Freeon, Newood, and Magnor soils and for

some of the Almena, Auburndale, Capitola, Eauclaire,

and Spencer soils. Almena and Auburndale soils

formed in loess or silty alluvium underlain by loamy

glacial till. Capitola soils formed in loamy alluvium

underlain by loamy glacial till. Eauclaire soils formed in

sandy alluvium underlain by loamy glacial till. Freeon

and Magnor soils formed in loess or silty alluvium

underlain by dense loamy glacial till. Newood soils

formed in dense loamy glacial till.

Rozellville soils formed in loamy glacial till over

loamy residuum derived from the underlying igneous

and metamorphic bedrock. Northmound soils formed

mostly in loess or in a mixture of loess and residuum

derived from the underlying slightly fractured,

cemented sandstone.

Glacial outwash was deposited by meltwater flowing

from glacial ice. These sandy and gravelly deposits are

stratified in many areas. The outwash is mostly on

terraces adjacent to rivers and major streams and on

kames in some areas of till. Glacial outwash is an

important part of the Au Gres, Brander, Mahtomedi,

Maplehurst, Menahga, Newson, Oesterle, Poskin, Rib,

and Rosholt soils. Au Gres, Mahtomedi, Menahga, and

Newson soils formed in sandy outwash. Brander,

Maplehurst, Poskin, and Rib soils formed in silty

alluvium underlain by sandy outwash. Oesterle and

Rosholt soils formed in loamy alluvium underlain by

sandy outwash.

Lacustrine deposits occur in glacial lake plains.

They were exposed when water levels dropped or the

elevation of the land rose. Aftad and Plover soils

formed mostly in loamy lacustrine deposits. Barronett,

Comstock, and Crystal Lake soils formed mostly in

silty lacustrine deposits.

Recent alluvium on flood plains was deposited by

the overflow of rivers and streams. It is the primary

parent material for the Fordum, Moppet, Pelkie, and

Winterfield soils. Soils that formed in recent alluvium

generally do not have distinct horizons. Fordum and

Moppet soils formed in loamy alluvium underlain by

sandy alluvium. Pelkie and Winterfield soils formed in

sandy alluvium.

Organic material consists mainly of sedges, reeds,

grasses, and a few wood fragments in varying stages

of decomposition. It is the parent material for the

Beseman, Cathro, Citypoint, Dawsil, Dawson, Loxley,

and Markey soils. Beseman and Cathro soils formed in

herbaceous organic materials underlain by loamy

deposits or loamy alluvium. Citypoint soils formed in

herbaceous organic materials underlain by

interbedded sandstone and shale. Dawsil, Dawson,

and Markey soils formed in herbaceous organic

materials underlain by sandy deposits or sandy

alluvium. Loxley soils formed in herbaceous organic

materials more than 51 inches thick.

The parent materials in the driftless part of Clark

County consist of silty or loamy deposits, loess, or

sandy deposits over residuum derived from the

underlying sandstone or the underlying interbedded

sandstone and shale. Arbutus soils formed in siliceous

sandy alluvium underlain by igneous bedrock. Bilson

soils formed in siliceous loamy alluvium over siliceous

sandy alluvium. Merimod and Merit soils formed in

silty and loamy alluvium underlain by siliceous sandy

alluvium. Boone soils formed in siliceous sandy

residuum derived from the underlying sandstone.

Council soils formed in silty and loamy colluvium.

Elevasil soils formed in siliceous loamy colluvium

over siliceous sandy residuum derived from the

underlying sandstone. Gardenvale soils formed in

silty and loamy alluvium underlain by siliceous

sandy residuum derived from the underlying

sandstone. Elm Lake, Fairchild, and Ludington soils

formed in siliceous sandy alluvium over residuum

derived from the underlying interbedded sandstone

and shale.

Humbird and Merrillan soils formed in loamy

alluvium over residuum derived from the underlying

interbedded sandstone and shale. Ironrun, Ponycreek,

Rockdam, Simescreek, and Tarr soils formed in

siliceous sandy alluvium. Hiles, Kert, and Veedum soils

formed in silty alluvium over residuum derived from the
258 Soil Survey of

underlying interbedded sandstone and shale. The well

drained Seaton soils formed in loess.

Climate

Climate affects soil formation through its effect on

the moisture supply in the soil and on soil temperature.

It affects the weathering of rocks and the alteration of

the parent material through the mechanical action of

freezing and thawing and the chemical action

generated by the leaching of water.

Climate indirectly affects soil formation through its

influence on plant and animal life. Climatic factors,

such as precipitation and temperature, influence the

rate of plant growth and thus also influence the

accumulation of organic matter in the soil and the level

of soil fertility. Cold soil temperatures in the winter

greatly retard the soil-forming processes.

Clark County has a cool, subhumid continental

climate that favors the growth of trees and the

formation of soils having a thin dark surface layer and

a leached, acid subsurface layer. Cool temperatures

inhibit the bacterial breakdown of organic matter, thus

promoting its accumulation. This accumulation of

organic matter results in the darkening of the surface

layer.

Wind can affect the development of soil by adding

windblown silt or sand. Climate can also have more

localized effects. North- and east-facing slopes tend to

be cooler and wetter than south- and west-facing

slopes. Depressional areas may receive more

moisture and have cooler temperatures for a longer

part of the year than ridgetops and valley slopes.

Plant and Animal Life

Living organisms are important factors of soil

formation. Earthworms, ants, and rodents continually

mix the soil. They bring subsoil materials to the

surface and transport surface materials down into

lower layers. They also help to keep the soil porous,

thus enhancing air and water movement. Plants obtain

nutrients from the soil, incorporate nutrients and

carbohydrates from photosynthesis into their tissues,

and release them later when dead leaves and twigs

fall to the soil surface. Bacteria and fungi decompose

this organic material. This process recycles nutrients

that were leached into the lower layers of the soil and

adds organic matter to the surface layer.

The influence of different kinds of vegetation on the

formation of soils is shown by the differences in color

between soils that formed under trees and soils that

formed under a mixture of trees and prairie grasses.

Loyal soils, for example, formed under trees. They

have a lighter colored or thinner surface layer than

soils that formed under a mixture of trees and grasses,

and they are generally more acid. Merit soils formed

under trees and grasses. These soils have a

moderately thick, dark surface layer. Soils that formed

under a mixture of trees and grasses accumulate

more organic matter and retain it longer than soils that

formed under trees, and this organic matter

contributes to their darker color.

During the past 125 years, human activities have

influenced the soils by disturbing and altering the soilforming processes. Clearing, burning, and cultivating

the land have altered the original condition of many

soils, and repeated removal of plant cover has

accelerated erosion. Over-cultivation has contributed

to a loss of organic matter, and the use of heavy

equipment has compacted the soil and reduced the

rate of water infiltration.

Where soils are well managed and suitable crop

rotations are used, human activities have not harmed

the soils. Crop yields have gradually increased. Adding

animal manure and planting alfalfa and grasses, such

as bromegrass, have increased the content of organic

matter in the surface layer and the upper part of the

subsoil beyond the level found in virgin woodland soils.

The addition of lime has altered the natural acidity

of the soils. The lime not only has improved plant

growth but also has created a more favorable

environment for soil bacteria. The increased bacterial

action, in turn, has hastened the decomposition of

organic matter.

Adding fertilizers to the soil has increased the

supply of plant nutrients. Planting alfalfa has also

improved the supply of nutrients in the soil. Alfalfa has

a long taproot, which transfers calcium and other plant

food elements from the lower part of the subsoil and

the substratum to the surface layer.

The drainage of some soils has been improved by

the construction of waterways and water-control

structures. Draining the wetlands has permitted the

cultivation of some high-potential soils but has

contributed to a general lowering of the water table

and water quality throughout the area.

Human activity is evident in areas where the

surface layer now consists mostly of brown subsoil

material exposed by erosion and along footslopes and

natural drainageways, where sediments washed from

the surrounding soils accumulated to a thickness of 1

foot to more than 2 feet. Fordum and Moppet soils

formed in such sediments.

Other changes caused by human manipulation of

the soil and landscape include the tendency toward

more flash flooding where woodland cover is removed

from the more sloping soils of the watershed; the rapid
Clark County, Wisconsin 259

filling of lakes and reservoirs with sediments; the

contamination of ground water by sewage effluent and

fertilizer elements, especially nitrates; and the negative

effect of pesticides on soil organisms and ground

water. Some of the effects of human activities, such as

the addition of fertilizers and pesticides, may not be

evident for many years.

Relief and Drainage

The glacial moraines, stream terraces, and glacial

lake basins of Clark County have been formed by

wind, rain, running water, and glacial meltwater. Where

bedrock controls the topography, the resistance or lack

of resistance of the underlying rock has determined

the relief. Relief, in turn, influences soil formation by

controlling drainage, runoff, and other direct or indirect

effects of water, including erosion. In many places the

relief of a given soil can be correlated closely with the

drainage class, the thickness of the surface layer, the

content of organic matter in the surface layer, the

thickness of the solum, and the differentiation of

horizons in the soil profile.

In the soils of Clark County, the surface layer is

generally light colored in the more sloping areas and

successively darker and thicker in the less sloping

areas and in areas where the slope changes from

convex to concave. Where the slopes are more gentle,

runoff is slower, and consequently more water soaks

into the soil. As a result, plants grow better on more

gentle slopes and more organic matter accumulates in

the surface layer. Also, surface material eroded from

steep upper slopes accumulates on the lower, more

gentle slopes.

Soil drainage is greatly affected by relief. Runoff

water from sloping to very steep, excessively drained

to well drained soils accumulates on the nearly level

drainageways and flood plains, where the soils are

mostly somewhat poorly drained to very poorly

drained. Drainage characteristics are generally

reflected in the color, degree, and kind of mottling or

gleying in the soil. For example, the well drained

Rosholt soils are free of mottles throughout the upper

60 inches. The moderately well drained Flambeau and

Loyal soils have grayish mottles in the lower part of the

B horizon. The somewhat poorly drained Fallcreek,

Merrillan, and Withee soils have grayish mottles in the

upper part of the B horizon. The poorly drained

Auburndale and Marshfield soils are gleyed and

mottled below the A horizon.

Time

The effects of the soil-forming factors are modified

by time. The longer the other soil-forming factors have

interacted, the more highly developed the soils can

become. Fordum soils, for example, are relatively

young soils in Clark County. These soils have few or

no genetic differences between horizons because they

have not been in place long enough for the soilforming processes to take full effect. Loyal soils, on the

other hand, are considered mature because they have

well defined horizons. The soil-forming processes have

been active in these soils for thousands of years.

261

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1986.

Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing.

14th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1993. Standard classification of

soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487.

Attig, John W., Lee Clayton, and D.M. Mickelson. 1988. Pleistocene stratigraphic units of

Wisconsin. 1984-87. University of Wisconsin Extension, Wisconsin Geological and

Natural History Survey, Information Circular 62.

Bell, E.A., and M.G. Sherrill. 1974. Water availability in central Wisconsin—an area of

near-surface crystalline rock. University of Wisconsin Extension, Wisconsin Geological

and Natural History Survey, Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 2022.

Clark County. 1988. Drinking water program. University of Wisconsin Extension.

Clayton, Lee, J.W. Attig, D.M. Mickelson, and M.D. Johnson. 1991. Glaciation of

Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Extension, Wisconsin Geological and Natural

History Survey, Educational Series 36.

Clayton, Lee. 1991. Pleistocene geology of Wood County, Wisconsin. University of

Wisconsin Extension, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Information

Circular 68.

Curtiss, John T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin: An ordination of plant communities.

Finley, R.W. 1965. Geography of Wisconsin: A content outline.

Hahn, Jerold T., principal mensurationist. 1985. Timber resources of Wisconsin’s central

survey unit 1983. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Bulletin

NC-84.

Kammerer, P.A., Jr. 1984. An overview of ground-water quality data in Wisconsin. U.S.

Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 83-4239.

Kotar, John, and others. 1988. Field guide to forest habitat types of northern Wisconsin.

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of Natural Resources.

Simonson, Roy W. 1959. Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis. Soil Science

Society of America Proceedings 23: 152-156.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1970. Soil and water conservation needs

inventory. Soil Conservation Service.

References
262

United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation

Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil

classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Natural Resources Conservation

Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.

Whitson, A.R., and others. 1918. Reconnaissance soil survey of south part of north

central Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 52-A.

Wisconsin Conservation Department. 1965. Surface water resources of Clark County.

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Department of Agriculture, and Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics Service. 1990.

Wisconsin agricultural statistics.

Wisconsin Department of Development. Clark County economic profile. Bureau of

Public Information.

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University of Wisconsin Extension, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey.
263

Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during

the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of

crudely sorted sand and gravel are common.

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from

the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is

similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a

poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in

carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Alluvial. Pertaining to material or processes

associated with transportation or deposition by

running water.

Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in

1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the

presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A

positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic

feature.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous

areas geographically associated in a characteristic

repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a

single map unit.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ............................................................ 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high .............................................. more than 12

Backslope. The position that forms the steepest and

generally linear, middle portion of a hillslope. In

profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a

convex shoulder above and a concave footslope

below.

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the ice.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Base slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of the concave to linear (perpendicular

to the contour) slope that, regardless of the lateral

shape, forms an apron or wedge at the bottom of

a hillside dominated by colluvium and slope-wash

sediments (for example, slope alluvium).

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the

underlying bedrock.

Bedrock outcrop (map symbol). A small exposure of

bedrock.

Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of

which consists of an illuvial horizon and the

overlying eluvial horizons.

Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most

of the soil material has been removed by the wind.

A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a

resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or

cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is

exposed.

Board foot. A unit of measurement represented by a

board 1 foot wide, 1 foot long, and 1 inch thick.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Glossary
264 Soil Survey of

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Channery soil material. Soil material that has, by

volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of

sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as

much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the

longest axis. A single piece is called a channer.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese

and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Clayey. General term for the textural classes clay, silty

clay, and sandy clay.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that

contains much more clay than the horizons above

it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and

plastic or stiff when wet.

Clearcutting. Removal of all the timber in a stand

when trees are harvested.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded

rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material

has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and

extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60

percent.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane. They typically take the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock

composed of rounded or subangular rock

fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It

commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured

material. Conglomerate is the consolidated

equivalent of gravel.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of

puddled soil material; and the manner in which the

soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”
Clark County, Wisconsin 265

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cradle-knoll. A small mound made up of soil material

that temporarily clung to the roots when a tree

was uprooted.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the

living branches and their foliage.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting

grazing land for a prescribed period.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized—

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and

very poorly drained. These classes are defined in

the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material

accumulated through wind action; commonly

refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in

blankets on the surface.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Esker. A narrow, winding ridge of stratified gravelly

and sandy drift deposited by a stream flowing in a

tunnel beneath a glacier.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper
266 Soil Survey of

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of

all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has

the lowest bulk density and the highest water

content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop

or help control creeping or running fires. It also

serves as a line from which to work and to

facilitate the movement of firefighters and

equipment. Designated roads also serve as

firebreaks.

First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to frequent or occasional flooding.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Footslope. The position that forms the inner, gently

inclined surface at the base of a hillslope. In

profile, footslopes are commonly concave. A

footslope is a transition zone between upslope

sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and

backslopes) and downslope sites of deposition

(toeslopes).

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in

porosity and content of organic matter and low or

moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand.

A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots.

When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher

bulk density than the horizon or horizons above.

When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under

pressure rather than to deform slowly.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Glacial drift. Pulverized and other rock material

transported by glacial ice and then deposited.

Also, the sorted and unsorted material deposited

by streams flowing from glaciers.

Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly

stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater.

Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift

consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders

transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers

and subsequently sorted and deposited by

streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits

are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas,

and outwash plains.

Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine

clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited

in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many

deposits are interbedded or laminated.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated

except by blasting or by the use of special

equipment that is not commonly used in

construction.

Head slope. A geomorphic component of hills
Clark County, Wisconsin 267

consisting of a laterally concave area of a hillside,

especially at the head of a drainageway. The

overland waterflow is converging.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition

between the less decomposed fibric material and

the more decomposed sapric material.

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue

from these crops can be used to control erosion

until the next crop in the rotation is established.

These crops return large amounts of organic

matter to the soil.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation

of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey

Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4)

a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the

letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil.

The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but

it can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a seasonal high water table, the

infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged

wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable

layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not

considered but are separate factors in predicting

runoff.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a

molten or partially molten state. Major varieties

include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are

andesite, basalt, and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Interfluve. An elevated area between two

drainageways that sheds water to those

drainageways.

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or other

surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation are:

Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level

plains surrounded by levees or dikes.

Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a

strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled

by small earth ridges called border dikes, or

borders.
268 Soil Survey of

Controlled flooding.—Water is released at

intervals from closely spaced field ditches and

distributed uniformly over the field.

Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely

spaced furrows or ditches in fields of closegrowing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only

one direction.

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and

under low pressure to the surface of the soil or

into the soil through such applicators as emitters,

porous tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made

by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for

tree and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface

through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.

Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or

tile lines until the water table is raised enough to

wet the soil.

Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled

distribution.

Kame. An irregular, short ridge or hill of stratified

glacial drift.

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water

and exposed when the water level is lowered or

the elevation of the land is raised.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loamy. General term for the textural classes very fine

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, coarse

sandy loam, loam, clay loam, and sandy clay

loam.

Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized

particles, deposited by wind.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for

silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion until

the next crop in the rotation is established. These

crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide

or manganese oxide generally are considered a

type of redoximorphic concentration.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface

horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation

and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the

upper part of the subsoil.

Monadnock. A hill or mountain of resistant rock

surmounting a peneplain.

Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other

debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are

terminal, lateral, medial, and ground.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic

soil material. (See Sapric soil material.)

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is

a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma

of 4.
Clark County, Wisconsin 269

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds

making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of

iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered

types of redoximorphic concentrations.

Nose slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of the projecting end (laterally convex

area) of a hillside. The overland waterflow is

predominantly divergent.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low ................................... less than 0.5 percent

Low ................................................ 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low .............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ....................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High ............................................... 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent

Organic soil. A soil that contains 12 to more than 18

percent organic carbon, depending on the content

of mineral materials, and is 16 or more inches

thick.

Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse

textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An

outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted,

it generally is low in relief.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed

organic matter, that has accumulated under

excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Peneplain. A land surface of considerable area and

slight relief shaped by erosion.

Percolation. The movement of water through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or

pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Pitted outwash. An outwash area characterized by

many irregular depressions, such as kettles,

shallow pits, and potholes.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil

directly below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid

permeability, the soil may not adequately filter

effluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.
270 Soil Survey of

Potential native plant community. See Climax plant

community.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content

of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

no properties restricting the penetration of roots to

this depth.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. All unconsolidated earth materials above

the solid bedrock. It includes material weathered in

place from all kinds of bedrock and alluvial,

glacial, eolian, lacustrine, and pyroclastic deposits.

Soil scientists regard as soil only that part of the

regolith that is modified by organisms and other

soil-forming forces. Most engineers describe the

whole regolith, even to a great depth, as “soil.”

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly on

the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a

soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more

sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Sandy. General term for the textural classes loamy

very fine sand, loamy fine sand, loamy sand,

loamy coarse sand, very fine sand, fine sand,

sand, and coarse sand.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has

the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk

density, and the lowest water content at saturation

of all organic soil material.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles
Clark County, Wisconsin 271

deposited from suspension in water. The chief

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;

shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are

many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited

sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon

and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Shelterwood cut. A method of tree harvest in which

enough large trees are left to protect the younger

and shorter trees from windthrow and other

damage.

Shoulder. The position that forms the uppermost

inclined surface near the top of a hillslope. It is a

transition from backslope to summit. The surface

is dominantly convex in profile and erosional in

origin.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Side slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of a laterally planar area of a hillside.

The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Silty. General term for the textural classes silt, silt

loam, and silty clay loam.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site

based on the height of the dominant stand at an

arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average

height attained by dominant and codominant trees

in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is

75 feet, the site index is 75.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers,

and other equipment commonly used in

construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil blowing. The detachment and transport of soil

particles by wind.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a

soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered

surface. In a cross section, the line may be one

fragment or more thick. It generally overlies
272 Soil Survey of

material that weathered in place and is overlain by

recent sediment of variable thickness.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Strath terrace. A type of stream terrace that formed

as an erosional surface cut on bedrock and thinly

mantled with stream deposits (alluvium).

Stream terrace. One of a series of platforms in a

stream valley, flanking and more or less parallel to

the stream channel, originally formed near the

level of the stream, representing the remnants of

an abandoned flood plain, streambed, or valley

floor produced during a former state of fluvial

erosion or deposition.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on

the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects

the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after

harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the

next crop, and during the early growing period of

the new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,

ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.

Summit. The topographically highest position of a

hillslope. It has a nearly level (planar or only

slightly convex) surface.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that

generally marks the termination of important

glacial advances.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a

field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geomorphology). A steplike surface,

bordering a valley floor or shoreline, that

represents the former position of a flood plain,

lakeshore, or seashore. The term is generally

applied to both the relatively flat summit surface

(tread), cut or built by stream or wave action, and

the steeper descending slope (scarp, riser),

graded to a lower base level of erosion. Practically,

terraces are considered to be generally flat alluvial

areas above the 100-year flood stage.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Tiers. Layers used to define the control section in the

classification of organic soils. The organic material

is divided into three tiers. The surface tier is the

upper 12 inches, the subsurface tier is the next 24

inches, and the bottom tier is the lower 16 inches.

Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to

undulating soils underlain by glacial till.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The position that forms the gently inclined

surface at the base of a hillslope. Toeslopes in

profile are commonly gentle and linear and are

constructional surfaces forming the lower part of a

hillslope continuum that grades to valley or closeddepression floors.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily
Clark County, Wisconsin 273

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the flood plain or low stream terrace; land above

the footslope zone of the hillslope continuum.

Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in

stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In

nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by

heavily loaded streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors

assumed to be inherited from the parent material

rather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional

areas that are excavated at an angle across a

sloping road. They are used to reduce the

downward velocity of water and divert it off and

away from the road surface. Water bars can easily

be driven over if constructed properly.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by

the wind.

275

Tables
276 Soil Survey of

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

 (Recorded in the period 1951-88 at Neillsville, Wisconsin)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

 | Temperature | Precipitation

 | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| |

 Month | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- | Average | _______________________ _____________

 |Average|Average|Average| Maximum | Minimum |number of|Average| | |number of|Average

 | daily | daily | |temperature|temperature| growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall

 |maximum|minimum| | higher | lower | degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch|

 | | | | than-- | than-- | days* | | | | or more | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | oF | oF | oF | oF | o _ _ _ _ _ _____ __ __ __ __ F | Units | In | In | In | | In

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 January----| 22.3 | 0.9 | 11.6 | 46 | -35 | 0 | 0.71 | 0.29| 1.11| 2 | 9.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 February---| 28.8 | 6.3 | 17.5 | 51 | -28 | 0 | .80 | .21| 1.31| 2 | 7.1

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 March------| 39.4 | 17.9 | 28.6 | 69 | -16 | 3 | 1.67 | .73| 2.47| 4 | 8.8

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 April------| 56.3 | 32.6 | 44.4 | 83 | 11 | 53 | 2.77 | 1.79| 3.67| 6 | 2.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 May--------| 69.7 | 43.2 | 56.5 | 88 | 24 | 233 | 3.37 | 2.00| 4.59| 7 | .2

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 June-------| 77.7 | 51.9 | 64.8 | 93 | 34 | 443 | 3.99 | 2.25| 5.53| 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 July-------| 82.1 | 56.6 | 69.3 | 94 | 41 | 599 | 4.31 | 2.57| 5.87| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 August-----| 79.8 | 54.8 | 67.3 | 94 | 37 | 535 | 4.01 | 2.22| 5.59| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 September--| 70.4 | 46.2 | 58.3 | 90 | 26 | 266 | 4.03 | 1.89| 5.87| 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 October----| 59.1 | 36.2 | 47.6 | 83 | 15 | 80 | 2.29 | 1.00| 3.39| 4 | .2

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 November---| 41.4 | 23.0 | 32.2 | 66 | -5 | 4 | 1.70 | .75| 2.59| 4 | 4.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 December---| 27.5 | 9.3 | 18.4 | 52 | -25 | 0 | 1.06 | .47| 1.57| 3 | 9.4

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average---| 54.5 | 31.6 | 43.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Extreme---| 99 | -48 | --- | 96 | -36 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2,217 | 30.71 | 25.51| 35.12| 58 | 40.6

 | | | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the

maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which

growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F).
Clark County, Wisconsin 277

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

 (Recorded in the period 1951-88 at Neillsville, Wisconsin)

 _____________________________________________________________

 |

 | Temperature

 |__________________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | or lower | or lower | or lower _____________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | May 4 | May 19 | May 30

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 30 | May 13 | May 25

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 20 | May 2 | May 16

 | | |

 First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Sept. 29 | Sept. 21 | Sept. 11

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 4 | Sept. 25 | Sept. 14

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 14 | Oct. 4 | Sept. 21

 | | | _____________________________________________________________

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1951-88 at Neillsville,

 Wisconsin)

__________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily minimum temperature

 | during growing season

 |___________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 o __________________________________________________ F

 | Days | Days | Days ____ ____ ____

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 152 | 134 | 109

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 160 | 140 | 115

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 175 | 153 | 126

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 190 | 165 | 138

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 198 | 171 | 144

 | | | __________________________________________________
278 Soil Survey of

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 AbB |Aftad very fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------| 1,326 | 0.2

 AgA |Almena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 15,273 | 2.0

 AnA |Au Gres-Newson complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 823 | 0.1

 Au |Auburndale silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 7,787 | 1.0

 Ba |Barronett silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 1,104 | 0.1

 BlB |Bilson sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 996 | 0.1

 BoC |Boone sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------------------| 704 | 0.1

 BoF |Boone sand, 15 to 50 percent slopes------------------------------------------------| 1,307 | 0.2

 BpF |Boone-Elevasil complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes------------------------------------| 1,180 | 0.2

 BrA |Brander silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 1,639 | 0.2

 Ca |Capitola-Marshfield-Veedum complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes--------------------------| 15,145 | 1.9

 Cd |Citypoint mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 20,050 | 2.6

 CmA |Comstock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 389 | 0.1

 CoC2 |Council loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------------| 671 | 0.1

 CsD2 |Council and Seaton soils, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------| 611 | 0.1

 CuB |Crystal Lake silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 347 | *

 Da |Dawsil mucky peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 6,357 | 0.8

 EaB |Eauclaire loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 4,990 | 0.6

 ElB |Elevasil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 365 | 0.1

 ElC2 |Elevasil sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------| 658 | 0.1

 ElD2 |Elevasil sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------| 248 | *

 FeA |Fairchild-Elm Lake complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------| 51,381 | 6.6

 FfA |Fallcreek loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 4,307 | 0.6

 FgA |Fallcreek-Merrillan complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------| 14,387 | 1.8

 FhB |Flambeau loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 26,569 | 3.4

 FhC |Flambeau loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 3,393 | 0.4

 FhD |Flambeau loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 623 | 0.1

 FkB |Flambeau sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 7,552 | 1.0

 FlB |Flambeau-Humbird complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------| 5,539 | 0.7

 FlC |Flambeau-Humbird sandy loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------| 7,652 | 1.0

 Fm |Fordum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 8,252 | 1.1

 FnB |Freeon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, very stony--------------------------------| 3,183 | 0.4

 FnC |Freeon silt loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-------------------------------| 312 | *

 HeB |Hiles silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 12,675 | 1.6

 HuB |Humbird fine sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 14,183 | 1.8

 HuC |Humbird fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes------------------------------------| 6,886 | 0.9

 HxB |Humbird-Merrillan fine sandy loams, 0 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------| 17,787 | 2.3

 IxA |Ironrun-Ponycreek complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 5,988 | 0.8

 IzB |Ironrun-Ponycreek-Arbutus complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------| 926 | 0.1

 KeA |Kert silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 13,155 | 1.7

 Lk |Loxley peat, 0 to 1 percent slopes-------------------------------------------------| 2,797 | 0.4

 Lm |Loxley, Beseman, and Dawson peats, 0 to 1 percent slopes---------------------------| 5,562 | 0.7

 LoB |Loyal silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 170,879 | 21.7

 LoC |Loyal silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 8,658 | 1.1

 LsB |Loyal-Hiles silt loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 4,619 | 0.6

 LsC |Loyal-Hiles silt loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 6,691 | 0.9

 LuB |Ludington sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 7,260 | 0.9

 LuC |Ludington sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 7,525 | 1.0

 LxB |Ludington-Fairchild sands, 0 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 21,872 | 2.8

 LyD |Ludington-Humbird complex, 12 to 20 percent slopes---------------------------------| 1,172 | 0.2

 MaB |Magnor silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, very stony--------------------------------| 1,055 | 0.1

 MbB |Mahtomedi loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 738 | 0.1

 MbC |Mahtomedi loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 282 | *

 McA |Maplehurst silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 1,634 | 0.2

 Me |Markey-Newson mucks, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 2,555 | 0.3

 Mf |Marshfield silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 29,972 | 3.8

 MgB |Menahga loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 1,196 | 0.2

 MmA |Merimod silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 943 | 0.1

 MnB |Merit silt loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 1,262 | 0.2

 MoB |Merit-Gardenvale silt loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------| 359 | 0.1

 MpA |Merrillan fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 7,095 | 0.9

 | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 279

 Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 MrA |Merrillan-Veedum complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------| 31,565 | 4.0

 MxA |Moppet-Fordum complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 13,513 | 1.7

 NeB |Newood sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, very stony-------------------------------| 415 | 0.1

 NeC |Newood sandy loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------------------------------| 647 | 0.1

 NmC |Newood-Magnor-Cathro complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-------------------| 3,207 | 0.4

 NoC |Northmound flaggy silt loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes, very stony--------------------| 642 | 0.1

 NrF |Northmound-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes, very stony---------------| 914 | 0.1

 OeA |Oesterle loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 789 | 0.1

 PeA |Pelkie-Winterfield loamy fine sands, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------| 1,140 | 0.2

 Pg |Pits-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,710 | 0.2

 PoA |Plover very fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------| 1,250 | 0.2

 Pv |Ponycreek-Dawsil complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes------------------------------------| 2,489 | 0.3

 PxA |Poskin silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 1,305 | 0.2

 Py |Psammaquents, nearly level---------------------------------------------------------| 96 | *

 Rb |Rib silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 2,501 | 0.3

 RkA |Rockdam sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------------| 3,046 | 0.4

 RoA |Rosholt sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 591 | 0.1

 RoB |Rosholt sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 1,008 | 0.1

 RoC |Rosholt sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 601 | 0.1

 RzB |Rozellville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 531 | 0.1

 RzC |Rozellville silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 444 | 0.1

 ScA |Simescreek sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 2,204 | 0.3

 SrB |Spencer silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 8,708 | 1.1

 SrC |Spencer silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 502 | 0.1

 TrB |Tarr sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------------------| 1,657 | 0.2

 Ve |Veedum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 11,949 | 1.5

 Vs |Veedum-Elm Lake mucks, 0 to 2 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 4,170 | 0.5

 WeA |Withee silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 91,267 | 11.5

 WkA |Withee-Kert silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 16,423 | 2.1

 | Water-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 3,823 | 0.5

 | |-----------|-------

 | Total--------------------------------------------------------------------| 779,953 | 100.0

 | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
280 Soil Survey of

Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

 (Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the

 soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Oats |Bromegrass-|Timothy-red| Kentucky

 | | | | | |alfalfa hay|clover hay | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 AbB-------------| IIe | 95 | 16 | 35 | 70 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.4

 Aftad | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 AgA-------------| IIw | 95 | 16 | 35 | 80 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.3

 Almena | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 AnA-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Au Gres--------| IVw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Newson---------| VIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Au--------------| IIIw | 85 | 14 | 30 | 70 | --- | 3.0 | 2.9

 Auburndale | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Ba--------------| IIIw | 85 | 14 | 30 | 70 | --- | 3.0 | 2.7

 Barronett | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BlB-------------| IIIs | 80 | 13 | 30 | 65 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 2.0

 Bilson | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BoC-------------| VIs | 30 | 5 | 15 | 25 | 1.5 | --- | 0.4

 Boone | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BoF-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Boone | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BpF-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.0

 Boone----------| VIIs | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil-------| VIIe | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BrA-------------| IIs | 90 | 15 | --- | 75 | 4.0 | --- | 3.7

 Brander | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Ca--------------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.1

 Capitola- | | | | | | | |

 Marshfield- | | | | | | | |

 Veedum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Cd--------------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Citypoint | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CmA-------------| IIw | 90 | 15 | 30 | 70 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.1

 Comstock | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CoC2------------| IIIe | 120 | 19 | 45 | 65 | 4.5 | --- | 3.7

 Council | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CsD2------------| IVe | 105 | 17 | 35 | 60 | 4.0 | --- | ---

 Council and | | | | | | | |

 Seaton | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CuB-------------| IIe | 100 | 17 | 40 | 80 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 4.0

 Crystal Lake | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 281

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Oats |Bromegrass-|Timothy-red| Kentucky

 | | | | | |alfalfa hay|clover hay | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 Da--------------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Dawsil | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EaB-------------| IIIs | 75 | 12 | 25 | 60 | --- | --- | 3.1

 Eauclaire | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 ElB-------------| IIIs | 85 | 14 | 25 | 60 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 3.2

 Elevasil | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 ElC2------------| IIIe | 75 | 12 | 25 | 50 | 3.5 | --- | 2.6

 Elevasil | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 ElD2------------| IVe | 65 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 3.0 | --- | 2.2

 Elevasil | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FeA-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.7

 Fairchild------| IIIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake-------| VIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FfA-------------| IIw | 80 | 13 | 30 | 65 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.2

 Fallcreek | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FgA-------------| | 75 | 12 | 30 | 65 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.7

 Fallcreek------| IIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan------| IIIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FhB-------------| IIe | 90 | 15 | 30 | 70 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.6

 Flambeau | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FhC-------------| IIIe | 85 | 14 | 30 | 65 | 4.0 | --- | 3.4

 Flambeau | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FhD-------------| IVe | 75 | 12 | 25 | 55 | 3.5 | --- | 3.0

 Flambeau | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FkB-------------| IIe | 85 | 14 | 30 | 65 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 3.6

 Flambeau | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FlB-------------| | 75 | 12 | 30 | 65 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.8

 Flambeau-------| IIe | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| IIIe | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FlC-------------| | 70 | 11 | 25 | 55 | 3.5 | --- | 2.5

 Flambeau-------| IIIe | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| IVe | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Fm--------------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0

 Fordum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FnB-------------| IIe | 95 | 16 | 30 | 75 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.9

 Freeon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 FnC-------------| IIIe | 85 | 14 | 30 | 70 | 4.0 | --- | 3.7

 Freeon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
282 Soil Survey of

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Oats |Bromegrass-|Timothy-red| Kentucky

 | | | | | |alfalfa hay|clover hay | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 HeB-------------| IIe | 90 | 15 | 25 | 65 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.7

 Hiles | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HuB-------------| IIIe | 65 | 11 | 30 | 60 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.0

 Humbird | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HuC-------------| IVe | 55 | 9 | 25 | 50 | 3.0 | --- | 1.5

 Humbird | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HxB-------------| | 70 | 11 | 25 | 60 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.0

 Humbird--------| IIIe | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan------| IIIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 IxA-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Ironrun--------| IVw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek------| VIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 IzB-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Ironrun--------| IVw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek------| VIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Arbutus--------| IVs | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 KeA-------------| IIw | 80 | 13 | 30 | 65 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.7

 Kert | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Lk--------------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Loxley | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Lm--------------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Loxley, | | | | | | | |

 Beseman, and | | | | | | | |

 Dawson | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LoB-------------| IIe | 100 | 16 | 40 | 80 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 4.0

 Loyal | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LoC-------------| IIIe | 95 | 16 | 35 | 70 | 4.0 | --- | 3.5

 Loyal | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LsB-------------| IIe | 90 | 15 | 30 | 70 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.5

 Loyal-Hiles | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LsC-------------| IIIe | 85 | 14 | 25 | 65 | 3.5 | --- | 3.1

 Loyal-Hiles | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LuB-------------| IVs | 55 | 9 | 20 | 50 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 3.0

 Ludington | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LuC-------------| IVs | 50 | 8 | 15 | 45 | 3.0 | --- | 2.8

 Ludington | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 LxB-------------| | 55 | 9 | 20 | 50 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.8

 Ludington------| IVs | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild------| IIIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 283

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Oats |Bromegrass-|Timothy-red| Kentucky

 | | | | | |alfalfa hay|clover hay | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 LyD-------------| | 40 | 7 | --- | 40 | 2.5 | --- | 1.7

 Ludington------| VIs | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| VIe | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MaB-------------| IIw | 80 | 13 | 30 | 70 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.7

 Magnor | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MbB-------------| IVs | 45 | 6 | --- | 45 | 2.5 | --- | 1.4

 Mahtomedi | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MbC-------------| VIs | 40 | 5 | --- | 40 | 2.2 | --- | 1.2

 Mahtomedi | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 McA-------------| IIw | 100 | 16 | 30 | 80 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 4.3

 Maplehurst | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Me--------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Markey---------| Vw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Newson---------| VIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Mf--------------| IIIw | 80 | 12 | 35 | 70 | --- | 3.0 | 3.0

 Marshfield | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MgB-------------| IVs | 45 | 6 | 15 | 40 | 2.0 | --- | 1.2

 Menahga | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MmA-------------| IIs | 110 | 17 | 40 | 70 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.3

 Merimod | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MnB-------------| IIe | 100 | 16 | 35 | 65 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.1

 Merit | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MoB-------------| IIe | 100 | 16 | 35 | 65 | 4.0 | --- | 3.1

 Merit- | | | | | | | |

 Gardenvale | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MpA-------------| IIIw | 70 | 11 | 25 | 60 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 1.9

 Merrillan | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MrA-------------| IIIw | 70 | 11 | 25 | 60 | --- | 2.5 | 2.6

 Merrillan- | | | | | | | |

 Veedum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MxA-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.8

 Moppet---------| IIIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Fordum---------| VIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 NeB-------------| IIe | 85 | 14 | --- | 60 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 2.8

 Newood | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 NeC-------------| IIIe | 75 | 12 | --- | 55 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.6

 Newood | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
284 Soil Survey of

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Oats |Bromegrass-|Timothy-red| Kentucky

 | | | | | |alfalfa hay|clover hay | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 NmC-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Newood---------| VIs | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Magnor---------| IVs | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Cathro---------| VIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 NoC-------------| IIIe | 70 | 11 | 25 | 55 | 3.0 | --- | 2.0

 Northmound | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 NrF-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Northmound-----| VIIe | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop---| VIIIs | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 OeA-------------| IIw | 85 | 14 | 25 | 70 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 3.4

 Oesterle | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PeA-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pelkie---------| IVs | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Winterfield----| IVw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Pg--------------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pits | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PoA-------------| IIw | 85 | 14 | 30 | 65 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.1

 Plover | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Pv--------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Ponycreek------| VIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Dawsil---------| VIIw | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PxA-------------| IIw | 85 | 14 | 28 | 75 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 4.3

 Poskin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Py--------------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Psammaquents | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Rb--------------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.3

 Rib | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RkA-------------| IVs | 55 | 9 | --- | 50 | 2.5 | --- | 1.3

 Rockdam | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RoA-------------| IIs | 80 | 13 | 30 | 65 | 3.5 | --- | 3.2

 Rosholt | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RoB-------------| IIe | 80 | 13 | 30 | 65 | 3.5 | --- | 3.2

 Rosholt | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RoC-------------| IIIe | 65 | 11 | 25 | 50 | 3.0 | --- | 2.0

 Rosholt | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RzB-------------| IIe | 90 | 15 | 30 | 70 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.0

 Rozellville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RzC-------------| IIIe | 80 | 13 | 25 | 65 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.8

 Rozellville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 285

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Oats |Bromegrass-|Timothy-red| Kentucky

 | | | | | |alfalfa hay|clover hay | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 ScA-------------| IVs | 35 | 5 | --- | 35 | 1.5 | --- | 1.0

 Simescreek | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 SrB-------------| IIe | 110 | 18 | 40 | 75 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.1

 Spencer | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 SrC-------------| IIIe | 105 | 17 | 35 | 70 | 4.0 | --- | 3.9

 Spencer | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 TrB-------------| IVs | 30 | 5 | --- | 30 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.8

 Tarr | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Ve--------------| IIIw | 75 | 12 | 25 | 60 | --- | 2.5 | 3.3

 Veedum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Vs--------------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.9

 Veedum-Elm Lake| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WeA-------------| IIw | 90 | 15 | 35 | 75 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.9

 Withee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WkA-------------| IIw | 85 | 14 | 30 | 70 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.5

 Withee-Kert | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Animal unit month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one

 mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days.
286 Soil Survey of

Table 6.--Prime Farmland

 (Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not

 considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions

 are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Map | Soil name

 symbol | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 AbB |Aftad very fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

 AgA |Almena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 Au |Auburndale silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained)

 Ba |Barronett silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained)

 BlB |Bilson sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes

 BrA |Brander silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

 Ca |Capitola-Marshfield-Veedum complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained)

 CmA |Comstock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 CuB |Crystal Lake silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

 FfA |Fallcreek loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 FgA |Fallcreek-Merrillan complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 FhB |Flambeau loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 FkB |Flambeau sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 FlB |Flambeau-Humbird complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 FnB |Freeon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, very stony

 HeB |Hiles silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 KeA |Kert silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 LoB |Loyal silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 LsB |Loyal-Hiles silt loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 MaB |Magnor silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, very stony (where drained)

 McA |Maplehurst silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 Mf |Marshfield silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained)

 MmA |Merimod silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

 MnB |Merit silt loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes

 MoB |Merit-Gardenvale silt loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 NeB |Newood sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, very stony

 OeA |Oesterle loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 PoA |Plover very fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 PxA |Poskin silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 Rb |Rib silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained)

 RoA |Rosholt sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

 RoB |Rosholt sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

 RzB |Rozellville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

 SrB |Spencer silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

 WeA |Withee silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 WkA |Withee-Kert silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Clark County, Wisconsin 287

Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity

 (Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that

 information was not available)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AbB-------------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Sugar maple---------| 60 | 3 |Red pine,

 Aftad | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AgA-------------| 3W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Sugar maple---------| 64 | 3 |White spruce,

 Almena | | | | | |American basswood---| 68 | 4 | red pine,

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| 63 | 3 | eastern white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | pine, red

 | | | | | | | | | maple, black

 | | | | | | | | | spruce.

 | | | | | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | | | | | |

 Au Gres--------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Quaking aspen-------| 70 | 6 |White spruce,

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- | red pine,

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine, Norway

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| 65 | 3 | spruce.

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern whitecedar-| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 51 | 5 |

 | | | | | |Red pine------------| 61 | 7 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Newson---------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Jack pine-----------| 59 | 6 |Eastern white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| 50 | 3 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce, balsam

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | fir, tamarack.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Au--------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple-----------| 55 | 2 |White spruce,

 Auburndale | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | black spruce,

 | | | | | |Balsam fir----------| 54 | 7 | cottonwood.

 | | | | | |Black ash-----------| 45 | 2 |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Ba--------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Tamarack------------| 40 | 2 |White spruce,

 Barronett | | | | | |Black ash-----------| --- | --- | black spruce.

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow--------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BlB-------------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 60 | 4 |Red pine,

 Bilson | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | spruce, Norway

 | | | | | | | | | spruce.

 | | | | | | | | |

 BoC-------------| 2S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Black oak-----------| 44 | 2 |Red pine, jack

 Boone | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 49 | 4 |

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
288 Soil Survey of

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BoF-------------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Black oak-----------| 44 | 2 |Red pine, jack

 Boone | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 49 | 4 |

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | | | | | |

 Boone----------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Black oak-----------| 44 | 2 |Red pine, jack

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 49 | 4 |

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil-------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Black oak-----------| 45 | 2 |Jack pine, red

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BrA-------------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Sugar maple---------| 62 | 3 |White spruce,

 Brander | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- | pine, red

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | | | | |

 Capitola-------| 7W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Balsam fir----------| 52 | 7 |Balsam fir, red

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| 56 | 2 | maple, white

 | | | | | |Black ash-----------| 48 | 2 | ash, black

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | spruce, white

 | | | | | |Northern whitecedar-| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Marshfield-----| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |White ash-----------| 54 | 3 |White ash, red

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | maple, white

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Black ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum---------| 1W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |White ash-----------| 39 | 1 | ---

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Cd--------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Black spruce--------| 15 | 2 | ---

 Citypoint | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CmA-------------| 3W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Red maple-----------| 61 | 3 |Eastern white

 Comstock | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| 65 | 3 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Balsam fir----------| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American hornbeam---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 289

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2------------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 66 | 4 |Red pine,

 Council | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | spruce, Norway

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | | | | | |

 Council--------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 66 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | spruce, Norway

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton---------| 5R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 5 |Black walnut,

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | red pine,

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | white spruce,

 | | | | | | | | | northern

 | | | | | | | | | whitecedar.

 | | | | | | | | |

 CuB-------------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Sugar maple---------| 61 | 3 |Eastern white

 Crystal Lake | | | | | |American basswood---| 69 | 4 | pine, red

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 71 | 5 |

 | | | | | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Da--------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Black spruce--------| 15 | 2 | ---

 Dawsil | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 EaB-------------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 73 | 5 |Red pine, white

 Eauclaire | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | spruce,

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | northern red

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | oak.

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ElB, ElC2-------| 2A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Black oak-----------| 45 | 2 |Jack pine, red

 Elevasil | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ElD2------------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Black oak-----------| 45 | 2 |Jack pine, red

 Elevasil | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild------| 5W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Jack pine-----------| 55 | 5 |Jack pine, red

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | pine, eastern

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | white pine,

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | Norway spruce.

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
290 Soil Survey of

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake-------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple-----------| 60 | 3 |White spruce,

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | red maple,

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | white ash.

 | | | | | | | | |

 FfA-------------| 4W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 68 | 4 |Red pine, white

 Fallcreek | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | spruce,

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | | | | | |

 Fallcreek------| 4W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 68 | 4 |Red pine, white

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | spruce,

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan------| 4W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 60 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | | | | | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 FhB, FhC--------| 4L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 Flambeau | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce, jack

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FhD-------------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 Flambeau | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce, jack

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FkB-------------| 4L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 Flambeau | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce, jack

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FlB, FlC: | | | | | | | | |

 Flambeau-------| 4L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce, jack

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| 4L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| 55 | 3 | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 63 | 6 | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 291

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Fm--------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Silver maple--------| 80 | 2 |Silver maple,

 Fordum | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | red maple,

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | white ash.

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FnB, FnC--------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Sugar maple---------| 62 | 3 |Red pine,

 Freeon | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 63 | 4 | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | spruce, black

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 62 | 4 | spruce.

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HeB-------------| 4L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 Hiles | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HuB, HuC--------| 4L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 Humbird | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| 55 | 3 | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 63 | 6 | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| 4L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| 55 | 3 | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 63 | 6 | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan------| 4W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 60 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | | | | | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun--------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Quaking aspen-------| 70 | 6 |Eastern white

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, Norway

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Swamp white oak-----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Jack pine-----------| 59 | 6 |Eastern white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| 50 | 3 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
292 Soil Survey of

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun--------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Quaking aspen-------| 70 | 6 |Eastern white

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, Norway

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Swamp white oak-----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Jack pine-----------| 59 | 6 |Eastern white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| 50 | 3 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Arbutus--------| 2S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Red maple-----------| 56 | 2 |Jack pine, red

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | pine, eastern

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | white pine.

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 KeA-------------| 4W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |White spruce,

 Kert | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Swamp white oak-----| --- | --- | pine, red

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Lk--------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Black spruce--------| 15 | 2 | ---

 Loxley | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Balsam fir----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | | | | | |

 Loxley---------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Black spruce--------| 15 | 2 | ---

 | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Balsam fir----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Beseman--------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Black spruce--------| 35 | 3 |Black spruce,

 | | | | | |Tamarack------------| 50 | 2 | tamarack.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Dawson---------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Black spruce--------| 15 | 2 | ---

 | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LoB, LoC--------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Sugar maple---------| 60 | 3 |Red pine,

 Loyal | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LsB, LsC: | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal----------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Sugar maple---------| 60 | 3 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 293

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LsB, LsC: | | | | | | | | |

 Hiles----------| 4L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LuB, LuC--------| 5S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Jack pine-----------| 55 | 5 |Jack pine, red

 Ludington | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington------| 5S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Jack pine-----------| 55 | 5 |Jack pine, red

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild------| 5W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Jack pine-----------| 55 | 5 |Jack pine, red

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | pine, eastern

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | white pine,

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | Norway spruce.

 | | | | | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington------| 5R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Jack pine-----------| 55 | 5 |Jack pine, red

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| 55 | 3 | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 63 | 6 | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 MaB-------------| 3W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Sugar maple---------| 61 | 3 |Eastern white

 Magnor | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 67 | 4 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| 65 | 3 | spruce, red

 | | | | | |American basswood---| 67 | 4 | pine.

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| 65 | 3 |

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 68 | 4 |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American hornbeam---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Balsam fir----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MbB, MbC--------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Red pine------------| 64 | 8 |Red pine, jack

 Mahtomedi | | | | | |White spruce--------| 62 | 8 | pine, eastern

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 69 | 7 | white pine,

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 59 | 8 | white spruce.

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| 77 | 6 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 McA-------------| 3W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Red maple-----------| 65 | 3 |White spruce,

 Maplehurst | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | red maple,

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- | white ash,

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | black spruce.

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
294 Soil Survey of

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Me: | | | | | | | | |

 Markey---------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Quaking aspen-------| 45 | 2 | ---

 | | | | | |Balsam fir----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black spruce--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern whitecedar-| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Newson---------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Jack pine-----------| 59 | 6 |Eastern white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| 50 | 3 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce, balsam

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | fir, tamarack.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Mf--------------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |White ash-----------| 54 | 3 |White ash, red

 Marshfield | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | maple, white

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Black ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MgB-------------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Red pine------------| 63 | 8 |Red pine, white

 Menahga | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| 65 | 7 | spruce,

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 57 | 8 | eastern white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| 66 | 5 | pine, jack

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| 76 | 6 | pine.

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| 60 | 4 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 55 | 3 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MmA-------------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 68 | 4 |Red pine,

 Merimod | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MnB-------------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 68 | 4 |Red pine,

 Merit | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | | | | | |

 Merit----------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 68 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Gardenvale-----| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 68 | 4 |Red pine, white

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | spruce,

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | northern red

 | | | | | | | | | oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 295

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MpA-------------| 4W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 60 | 4 |Red pine,

 Merrillan | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | | | | | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan------| 4W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 60 | 4 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | spruce, red

 | | | | | | | | | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum---------| 1W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |White ash-----------| 39 | 1 | ---

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | | | | | |

 Moppet---------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Red maple-----------| 60 | 3 |White spruce,

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, red

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | pine, black

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Fordum---------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Silver maple--------| 80 | 2 |Silver maple,

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | red maple,

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | white ash.

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NeB, NeC--------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Sugar maple---------| 59 | 3 |Red pine,

 Newood | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Eastern hophornbeam-| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | | | | |

 Newood---------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Sugar maple---------| 59 | 3 |Red pine,

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Eastern hophornbeam-| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
296 Soil Survey of

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | | | | |

 Magnor---------| 3W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Red maple-----------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 67 | 4 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| 61 | 3 | spruce, red

 | | | | | |American basswood---| 67 | 4 | pine.

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| 65 | 3 |

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 68 | 4 |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American hornbeam---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Balsam fir----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Cathro---------| 5W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Balsam fir----------| 53 | 5 | ---

 | | | | | |Northern whitecedar-| 33 | 3 |

 | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NoC-------------| 3X |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Sugar maple---------| 59 | 3 |Red pine, white

 Northmound | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 66 | 4 | spruce,

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | northern red

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | oak.

 | | | | | |Bitternut hickory---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | | | | | |

 Northmound-----| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Sugar maple---------| 59 | 3 |Red pine, white

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 66 | 4 | spruce,

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | northern red

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | oak.

 | | | | | |Bitternut hickory---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 OeA-------------| 3W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Red maple-----------| 66 | 3 |Red maple,

 Oesterle | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 72 | 5 | white ash,

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| 78 | 6 | white spruce.

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | | | | | |

 Pelkie---------| 3A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Sugar maple---------| 65 | 3 |Red pine, white

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- | spruce, Norway

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Winterfield----| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Quaking aspen-------| 70 | 6 |White spruce,

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| 65 | 3 | eastern white

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine, northern

 | | | | | |White spruce--------| --- | --- | whitecedar.

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 297

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PoA-------------| 3W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Red maple-----------| 65 | 3 |Eastern white

 Plover | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruce, black

 | | | | | | | | | spruce.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Jack pine-----------| 59 | 6 |Eastern white

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| 50 | 3 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Dawsil---------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Black spruce--------| 15 | 2 | ---

 | | | | | |Tamarack------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PxA-------------| 3W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Red maple-----------| 65 | 3 |White spruce,

 Poskin | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | red maple,

 | | | | | | | | | white ash,

 | | | | | | | | | black spruce.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Rb--------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple-----------| 55 | 2 |Red maple,

 Rib | | | | | |Black ash-----------| --- | --- | white spruce.

 | | | | | |Silver maple--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RkA-------------| 6S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Jack pine-----------| 56 | 6 |Jack pine, red

 Rockdam | | | | | |Red pine------------| 52 | 6 | pine, eastern

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | white pine.

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RoA, RoB, RoC---| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Sugar maple---------| 65 | 3 |Red pine,

 Rosholt | | | | | |White ash-----------| 77 | 5 | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 69 | 4 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RzB, RzC--------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Sugar maple---------| 60 | 3 |Red pine,

 Rozellville | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Paper birch---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ScA-------------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 60 | 8 |Red pine,

 Simescreek | | | | | |Red pine------------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| --- | --- | pine, jack

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 SrB, SrC--------| 3L |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Sugar maple---------| 63 | 3 |Eastern white

 Spencer | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 5 | pine, red

 | | | | | |American basswood---| 67 | 4 | pine, white

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruce.

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
298 Soil Survey of

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site |Produc-| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|tivity | plant

 | | | ity | hazard | tion | | |class* | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TrB-------------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Eastern white pine--| 60 | 8 |Red pine,

 Tarr | | | | | |Red pine------------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Jack pine-----------| --- | --- | pine, jack

 | | | | | |Northern pin oak----| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Ve--------------| 1W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |White ash-----------| 39 | 1 | ---

 Veedum | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum---------| 1W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |White ash-----------| 39 | 1 | ---

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake-------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Red maple-----------| 60 | 3 |White spruce,

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | red maple,

 | | | | | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | white ash.

 | | | | | | | | |

 WeA-------------| 4W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 69 | 4 |White spruce,

 Withee | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| 64 | 3 | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, red

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 69 | 4 | ash, red

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | | | | | |

 Withee---------| 4W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 69 | 4 |White spruce,

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| 64 | 3 | eastern white

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | pine, red

 | | | | | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine, white

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 69 | 4 | ash, red

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | maple.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Kert-----------| 4W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Northern red oak----| 65 | 4 |White spruce,

 | | | | | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | eastern white

 | | | | | |Swamp white oak-----| --- | --- | pine, red

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | pine.

 | | | | | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Productivity class is the yield in cubic meters per hectare per year calculated at the age of

 culmination of the mean annual increment for fully stocked natural stands.
Clark County, Wisconsin 299

Table 8.--Woodland Equipment Use

 (Only the soils suitable for the production of commercial trees are listed)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Ratings for the most limiting seasons | _______________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Logging areas | | | Site | Preferred

 map symbol | and skid | Log landings | Haul roads | preparation | operating

 | trails | | | and planting | seasons _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

AbB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Aftad | | | | |

 | | | | |

AgA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Almena | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

AnA: | | | | |

 Au Gres-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | winter.

 | | | | |

 Newson--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

Au-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Auburndale | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

Ba-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Barronett | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

BlB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Bilson | | | | |

 | | | | |

BoC------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Boone | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | too sandy. | | |

 | | | | |

BoF------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Boone | too sandy, | slope. | slope, | too sandy, |

 | slope. | | too sandy. | slope. |

 | | | | |

BpF: | | | | |

 Boone---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 | too sandy, | slope. | slope, | too sandy, |

 | slope. | | too sandy. | slope. |

 | | | | |

 Elevasil------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

BrA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer, fall,

 Brander | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | winter.

 | | | | |

Ca: | | | | |

 Capitola------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Marshfield----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Veedum--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |
300 Soil Survey of

 Table 8.--Woodland Equipment Use--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Ratings for the most limiting seasons | _______________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Logging areas | | | Site | Preferred

 map symbol | and skid | Log landings | Haul roads | preparation | operating

 | trails | | | and planting | seasons _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

Cd-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Citypoint | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

CmA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Comstock | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

CoC2-----------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Council | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

CsD2: | | | | |

 Council-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Summer, fall,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | winter.

 | | | | |

 Seaton--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Summer, fall,

 | slope. | slope, | low strength. | slope. | winter.

 | | low strength. | | |

 | | | | |

CuB------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer, fall,

 Crystal Lake | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | winter.

 | | | | |

Da-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Dawsil | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

EaB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Eauclaire | | | | |

 | | | | |

ElB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Elevasil | | | | |

 | | | | |

ElC2-----------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Year round.

 Elevasil | | slope. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

ElD2-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Elevasil | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

FeA: | | | | |

 Fairchild-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | winter.

 | | | | |

 Elm Lake------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

FfA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Fallcreek | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

FgA: | | | | |

 Fallcreek-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Merrillan-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

FhB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Flambeau | | | | |

 | | | | |

FhC------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Flambeau | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 301

 Table 8.--Woodland Equipment Use--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Ratings for the most limiting seasons | _______________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Logging areas | | | Site | Preferred

 map symbol | and skid | Log landings | Haul roads | preparation | operating

 | trails | | | and planting | seasons _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

FhD------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Flambeau | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

FkB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Flambeau | | | | |

 | | | | |

FlB: | | | | |

 Flambeau------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 | | | | |

 Humbird-------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 | | | | |

FlC: | | | | |

 Flambeau------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Humbird-------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

Fm-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Fordum | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | flooding, | flooding, | low strength. |

 | | low strength. | low strength. | |

 | | | | |

FnB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Freeon | | | | |

 | | | | |

FnC------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Freeon | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

HeB------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Summer, fall,

 Hiles | | low strength. | low strength. | | winter.

 | | | | |

HuB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Humbird | | | | |

 | | | | |

HuC------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Humbird | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

HxB: | | | | |

 Humbird-------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 | | | | |

 Merrillan-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

IxA: | | | | |

 Ironrun-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | winter.

 | | | | |

 Ponycreek-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

IzB: | | | | |

 Ironrun-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | winter.

 | | | | |

 Ponycreek-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Arbutus-------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Year round.

 | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| |

 | | | | |
302 Soil Survey of

 Table 8.--Woodland Equipment Use--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Ratings for the most limiting seasons | _______________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Logging areas | | | Site | Preferred

 map symbol | and skid | Log landings | Haul roads | preparation | operating

 | trails | | | and planting | seasons _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

KeA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Kert | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

Lk-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Loxley | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

Lm: | | | | |

 Loxley--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Beseman-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, |

 | low strength. | | | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Dawson--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

LoB------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Summer, fall,

 Loyal | | low strength. | low strength. | | winter.

 | | | | |

LoC------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Summer, fall,

 Loyal | | slope, | low strength. | | winter.

 | | low strength. | | |

 | | | | |

LsC: | | | | |

 Loyal---------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Summer, fall,

 | | low strength. | low strength. | | winter.

 | | | | |

 Hiles---------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Summer, fall,

 | | low strength. | low strength. | | winter.

 | | | | |

LuB------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Ludington | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

LuC------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Ludington | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | too sandy. | | |

 | | | | |

LxB: | | | | |

 Ludington-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

 Fairchild-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | winter.

 | | | | |

LyD: | | | | |

 Ludington-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 | too sandy, | slope. | slope, | too sandy, |

 | slope. | | too sandy. | slope. |

 | | | | |

 Humbird-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

MaB------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Magnor | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 303

 Table 8.--Woodland Equipment Use--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Ratings for the most limiting seasons | _______________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Logging areas | | | Site | Preferred

 map symbol | and skid | Log landings | Haul roads | preparation | operating

 | trails | | | and planting | seasons _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

MbB------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Mahtomedi | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

MbC------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Mahtomedi | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | too sandy. | | |

 | | | | |

McA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Maplehurst | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

Me: | | | | |

 Markey--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Newson--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

Mf-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Marshfield | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

MgB------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Menahga | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

MmA------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Merimod | | | | |

 | | | | |

MnB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Merit | | | | |

 | | | | |

MoB: | | | | |

 Merit---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 | | | | |

 Gardenvale----------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Summer, fall,

 | | low strength. | low strength. | | winter.

 | | | | |

MpA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Merrillan | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

MrA: | | | | |

 Merrillan-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Veedum--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

MxA: | | | | |

 Moppet--------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 | | | | |

 Fordum--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | flooding, | flooding, | low strength. |

 | | low strength. | low strength. | |

 | | | | |

NeB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Newood | | | | |

 | | | | |
304 Soil Survey of

 Table 8.--Woodland Equipment Use--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Ratings for the most limiting seasons | _______________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Logging areas | | | Site | Preferred

 map symbol | and skid | Log landings | Haul roads | preparation | operating

 | trails | | | and planting | seasons _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

NeC------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Newood | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

NmC: | | | | |

 Newood--------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Magnor--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Cathro--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

NoC------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Northmound | | slope, | depth to rock,| too cobbly. |

 | | depth to rock,| too cobbly. | |

 | | too cobbly. | | |

 | | | | |

NrF: | | | | |

 Northmound----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 | slope. | slope. | depth to rock,| too cobbly, |

 | | | slope, | slope. |

 | | | too cobbly. | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop--------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Year round.

 | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope. |

 | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| |

 | | | | |

OeA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Oesterle | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

PeA: | | | | |

 Pelkie--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

 Winterfield---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | winter.

 | | | | |

PoA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Plover | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

Pv: | | | | |

 Ponycreek-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Dawsil--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

PxA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Poskin | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

Py-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Psammaquents | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 305

 Table 8.--Woodland Equipment Use--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Ratings for the most limiting seasons | _______________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Logging areas | | | Site | Preferred

 map symbol | and skid | Log landings | Haul roads | preparation | operating

 | trails | | | and planting | seasons _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

Rb-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Rib | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

RkA------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Rockdam | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

RoA, RoB-------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Rosholt | | | | |

 | | | | |

RoC------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Rosholt | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

RzB------------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Rozellville | | | | |

 | | | | |

RzC------------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Year round.

 Rozellville | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

ScA------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Simescreek | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

SrB, SrC-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer, fall,

 Spencer | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | winter.

 | | | | |

TrB------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Year round.

 Tarr | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

Ve-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 Veedum | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

Vs: | | | | |

 Veedum--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Elm Lake------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Winter.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

WeA------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 Withee | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

WkA: | | | | |

 Withee--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | |

 Kert----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Summer,

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | winter.

 | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
306 Soil Survey of

Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings

 (Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated or that trees generally do not grow to the given

 height on that soil)

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AbB---------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 Aftad | | whitecedar, | Norway spruce, | pine, red maple, |

 | | lilac, American | Black Hills | red pine, white |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce. | ash. |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 AgA---------------| --- |Nannyberry |White spruce------|Silver maple, | ---

 Almena | | viburnum, | | eastern white |

 | | redosier dogwood,| | pine, red pine, |

 | | silky dogwood, | | white ash, red |

 | | American | | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | lilac, northern | | |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | |

 Au Gres----------| --- |American |White spruce, jack|Norway spruce, |Imperial Carolina

 | | cranberrybush, | pine, Manchurian | green ash, | poplar.

 | | Amur maple, | crabapple. | eastern white |

 | | common ninebark, | | pine. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |

 Newson-----------| --- |Common ninebark, |White spruce, |Silver maple, red | ---

 | | American | balsam fir. | maple, green ash,|

 | | cranberrybush, | | white ash. |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood,| | |

 | | northern | | |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |

 Au----------------| --- |Nannyberry |White spruce, |Green ash, red | ---

 Auburndale | | viburnum, silky | balsam fir. | maple, white ash,|

 | | dogwood, redosier| | silver maple. |

 | | dogwood, common | | |

 | | ninebark, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | northern | | |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

 Ba----------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Silver maple, red | ---

 Barronett | | whitecedar, | balsam fir. | maple, green ash,|

 | | American | | white ash. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood, common | | |

 | | ninebark. | | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 307

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BlB---------------|Manyflower |Gray dogwood, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 Bilson | cotoneaster. | silky dogwood, | | pine, eastern |

 | | Siberian | | white pine. |

 | | peashrub, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, | | |

 | | lilac, northern | | |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

 BoC, BoF----------|Manyflower |Siberian peashrub,|Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Boone | cotoneaster. | northern | | pine, red pine, |

 | | whitecedar, | | jack pine. |

 | | lilac, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, Amur | | |

 | | maple, American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | |

 Boone------------|Manyflower |Siberian peashrub,|Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | northern | | pine, red pine, |

 | | whitecedar, | | jack pine. |

 | | lilac, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, Amur | | |

 | | maple, American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

 Elevasil---------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | | northern | | pine, red pine, |

 | | whitecedar, | | jack pine. |

 | | lilac, Amur | | |

 | | maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, silky | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 BrA---------------|Manyflower |Silky dogwood, |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Brander | cotoneaster. | northern | | pine, red pine, |

 | | whitecedar, | | jack pine. |

 | | Amur maple, | | |

 | | lilac, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, Siberian| | |

 | | peashrub, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

 CmA---------------| --- |Nannyberry |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 Comstock | | viburnum, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | northern | | white ash, red |

 | | whitecedar, | | maple, silver |

 | | lilac, American | | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood.| | |

 | | | | |

 CoC2--------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 Council | | whitecedar, | Norway spruce, | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | Black Hills | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce. | maple. |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |
308 Soil Survey of

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | |

 Council----------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | Norway spruce, | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | Black Hills | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce. | maple. |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Seaton-----------| --- |Gray dogwood, |Hackberry, |Eastern white | ---

 | | redosier dogwood,| northern | pine, green ash. |

 | | lilac, Siberian | whitecedar, | |

 | | peashrub. | Russian-olive, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar, | |

 | | | Amur maple, blue | |

 | | | spruce. | |

 | | | | |

 CuB---------------| --- |Gray dogwood, Amur|Black Hills |Eastern white | ---

 Crystal Lake | | maple, American | spruce, Norway | pine, red pine, |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce, white | white ash, red |

 | | lilac, northern | spruce. | maple. |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

 EaB---------------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Eauclaire | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | Siberian | | jack pine. |

 | | peashrub, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 ElB, ElC2, ElD2---| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Elevasil | | northern | | pine, red pine, |

 | | whitecedar, | | jack pine. |

 | | lilac, Amur | | |

 | | maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, silky | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | |

 Fairchild--------| --- |Northern |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, silky | | white ash, red |

 | | dogwood, American| | maple, silver |

 | | cranberrybush, | | maple. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood.| | |

 | | | | |

 Elm Lake---------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Silver maple, | ---

 | | whitecedar, | balsam fir. | white ash, green |

 | | American | | ash, red maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood, common | | |

 | | ninebark. | | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 309

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 FfA---------------| --- |Northern |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 Fallcreek | | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | | maple, silver |

 | | nannyberry | | maple. |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | |

 Fallcreek--------| --- |Northern |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | | maple, silver |

 | | nannyberry | | maple. |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Merrillan--------| --- |Nannyberry |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 | | viburnum, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | northern | | white ash, red |

 | | whitecedar, | | maple, silver |

 | | lilac, American | | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood.| | |

 | | | | |

 FhB, FhC, FhD, | | | | |

 FkB--------------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Flambeau | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | Siberian | | jack pine. |

 | | peashrub, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 FlB, FlC: | | | | |

 Flambeau---------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | Siberian | | jack pine. |

 | | peashrub, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | Siberian | | jack pine. |

 | | peashrub, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |
310 Soil Survey of

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 FnB, FnC----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Northern |Norway spruce, | ---

 Freeon | | redosier dogwood,| whitecedar, blue | jack pine, |

 | | lilac, American | spruce, white | eastern white |

 | | cranberrybush. | spruce. | pine, red pine, |

 | | | | green ash. |

 | | | | |

 HeB---------------|Manyflower |Northern |Siberian peashrub,|Eastern white | ---

 Hiles | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | Norway spruce. | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | | jack pine. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 HuB, HuC----------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Humbird | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | Siberian | | jack pine. |

 | | peashrub, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | Siberian | | jack pine. |

 | | peashrub, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Merrillan--------| --- |Nannyberry |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 | | viburnum, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | northern | | white ash, red |

 | | whitecedar, | | maple, silver |

 | | lilac, American | | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood.| | |

 | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | |

 Ironrun----------| --- |Common ninebark, |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 | | lilac, American | Norway spruce. | pine, red pine, |

 | | cranberrybush, | | white ash, red |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | maple. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Ponycreek. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | |

 Ironrun----------| --- |Common ninebark, |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 | | lilac, American | Norway spruce. | pine, red pine, |

 | | cranberrybush, | | white ash, red |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | maple. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 311

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | |

 Ponycreek. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Arbutus----------| --- |Autumn-olive, |Hawthorn----------|Red pine, eastern | ---

 | | lilac, white | | white pine, jack |

 | | spruce, Amur | | pine. |

 | | privet. | | |

 | | | | |

 KeA---------------| --- |Northern |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 Kert | | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | | maple, silver |

 | | nannyberry | | maple. |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Lk----------------| --- |Common ninebark, |Siberian |Eastern white |Imperial Carolina

 Loxley | | nannyberry | crabapple, | pine, green ash, | poplar.

 | | viburnum, silky | northern | Norway spruce. |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | whitecedar. | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | gray dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | |

 Loxley-----------| --- |Common ninebark, |Siberian |Eastern white |Imperial Carolina

 | | nannyberry | crabapple, | pine, green ash, | poplar.

 | | viburnum, silky | northern | Norway spruce. |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | whitecedar. | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | gray dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Beseman. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Dawson. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LoB, LoC----------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 Loyal | | whitecedar, | Norway spruce, | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | Black Hills | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce. | maple. |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 LsB, LsC: | | | | |

 Loyal------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | Norway spruce, | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | Black Hills | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce. | maple. |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Hiles------------|Manyflower |Northern |Siberian peashrub,|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | Norway spruce. | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | | jack pine. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |
312 Soil Survey of

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LuB, LuC----------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Ludington | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, Amur | | pine, red pine, |

 | | maple, American | | jack pine. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | lilac, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, Siberian| | |

 | | peashrub. | | |

 | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | |

 Ludington--------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, Amur | | pine, red pine, |

 | | maple, American | | jack pine. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | lilac, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, Siberian| | |

 | | peashrub. | | |

 | | | | |

 Fairchild--------| --- |Northern |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, silky | | white ash, red |

 | | dogwood, American| | maple, silver |

 | | cranberrybush, | | maple. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood.| | |

 | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | |

 Ludington--------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, Amur | | pine, red pine, |

 | | maple, American | | jack pine. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | lilac, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, Siberian| | |

 | | peashrub. | | |

 | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | Siberian | | jack pine. |

 | | peashrub, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 MbB, MbC----------|Manyflower |Gray dogwood, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 Mahtomedi | cotoneaster. | silky dogwood, | | pine, eastern |

 | | Siberian | | white pine. |

 | | peashrub, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, | | |

 | | lilac, northern | | |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 313

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 McA---------------| --- |White spruce, |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Maplehurst | | northern | | pine, red pine, |

 | | whitecedar, | | white ash, red |

 | | lilac, American | | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, silky| | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Me: | | | | |

 Markey. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Newson-----------| --- |Common ninebark, |White spruce, |Silver maple, red | ---

 | | American | balsam fir. | maple, green ash,|

 | | cranberrybush, | | white ash. |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood,| | |

 | | northern | | |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |

 Mf----------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Silver maple, | ---

 Marshfield | | whitecedar, | balsam fir. | white ash, green |

 | | American | | ash, red maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood, common | | |

 | | ninebark. | | |

 | | | | |

 MgB---------------|Manyflower |Gray dogwood, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 Menahga | cotoneaster. | silky dogwood, | | pine, eastern |

 | | Siberian | | white pine. |

 | | peashrub, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Amur maple, | | |

 | | lilac, northern | | |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

 MmA---------------|Siberian peashrub,|Northern |Eastern white | --- | ---

 Merimod | lilac. | whitecedar, | pine, jack pine, | |

 | | Manchurian | green ash, bur | |

 | | crabapple, | oak, honeylocust,| |

 | | hackberry. | Russian-olive. | |

 | | | | |

 MnB---------------|Siberian peashrub,|Manchurian |Eastern white |Red maple---------| ---

 Merit | lilac. | crabapple, | pine, jack pine, | |

 | | hackberry. | green ash, bur | |

 | | | oak, honeylocust,| |

 | | | Russian-olive. | |

 | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | |

 Merit------------|Siberian peashrub,|Manchurian |Eastern white |Red maple---------| ---

 | lilac. | crabapple, | pine, jack pine, | |

 | | hackberry. | green ash, bur | |

 | | | oak, honeylocust,| |

 | | | Russian-olive. | |

 | | | | |
314 Soil Survey of

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | |

 Gardenvale-------|Manyflower |American |Norway spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | cranberrybush, | jack pine. | pine, red pine. |

 | | Siberian | | |

 | | peashrub, Amur | | |

 | | maple, lilac, | | |

 | | silky dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 MpA---------------| --- |Nannyberry |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 Merrillan | | viburnum, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | northern | | white ash, red |

 | | whitecedar, | | maple, silver |

 | | lilac, American | | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood.| | |

 | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | |

 Merrillan--------| --- |Nannyberry |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 | | viburnum, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | northern | | white ash, red |

 | | whitecedar, | | maple, silver |

 | | lilac, American | | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood.| | |

 | | | | |

 Veedum-----------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Silver maple, | ---

 | | whitecedar, | balsam fir. | white ash, green |

 | | American | | ash, red maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood, common | | |

 | | ninebark. | | |

 | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | |

 Moppet-----------| --- |Northern |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, redosier | | white ash, red |

 | | dogwood, silky | | maple, silver |

 | | dogwood, American| | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |

 Fordum. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 NeB, NeC----------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Newood | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, Amur | | jack pine. |

 | | maple, American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Siberian | | |

 | | peashrub, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 315

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | |

 Newood-----------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, Amur | | jack pine. |

 | | maple, American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Siberian | | |

 | | peashrub, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Magnor. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Cathro. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 NoC---------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 Northmound | | whitecedar, | Norway spruce, | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | Black Hills | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce. | maple. |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | |

 Northmound-------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | Norway spruce, | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | Black Hills | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce. | maple. |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 OeA---------------| --- |Nannyberry |White spruce------|Red maple, silver | ---

 Oesterle | | viburnum, | | maple, white ash,|

 | | American | | red pine, eastern|

 | | cranberrybush, | | white pine. |

 | | redosier dogwood,| | |

 | | lilac, northern | | |

 | | whitecedar, silky| | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | |

 Pelkie-----------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Red pine, eastern |Imperial Carolina

 | | whitecedar, | Siberian | white pine, green| poplar.

 | | American | crabapple. | ash, Norway |

 | | cranberrybush, | | spruce. |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | common ninebark, | | |

 | | lilac. | | |

 | | | | |

 Winterfield------| --- |Lilac, Amur maple,|White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 | | silky dogwood, | northern | pine, Norway |

 | | common ninebark, | whitecedar, | spruce, green |

 | | American | Siberian | ash. |

 | | cranberrybush, | crabapple. | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |
316 Soil Survey of

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 PoA---------------| --- |Northern |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 Plover | | whitecedar, | | pine, red maple, |

 | | nannyberry | | white ash, red |

 | | viburnum, silky | | pine, silver |

 | | dogwood, American| | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood,| | |

 | | lilac. | | |

 | | | | |

 PxA---------------| --- |Common ninebark, |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 Poskin | | northern | | pine, white ash, |

 | | whitecedar, | | red maple, silver|

 | | lilac, American | | maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | redosier dogwood,| | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |

 Rb----------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Red maple, white |Silver maple.

 Rib | | whitecedar, | balsam fir. | ash, green ash. |

 | | redosier dogwood,| | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | silky dogwood, | | |

 | | common ninebark, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |

 RkA---------------|Manyflower |Northern |Red pine, Norway |Eastern white | ---

 Rockdam | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, Amur | spruce. | pine, jack pine. |

 | | maple, Siberian | | |

 | | peashrub, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | silky dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 RoA, RoB, RoC-----|Manyflower |Lilac, American |Norway spruce-----|Red pine, jack | ---

 Rosholt | cotoneaster. | cranberrybush, | | pine, eastern |

 | | Amur maple, | | white pine. |

 | | northern | | |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | Siberian | | |

 | | peashrub, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, silky | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 RzB, RzC----------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 Rozellville | | whitecedar, | Norway spruce, | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | Black Hills | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce. | maple. |

 | | Amur maple, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 ScA---------------|Manyflower |Lilac, Amur maple,|Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Simescreek | cotoneaster. | American | | pine, red pine, |

 | | cranberrybush, | | jack pine. |

 | | Siberian | | |

 | | peashrub, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 317

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 SrB, SrC----------| --- |Gray dogwood, Amur|Norway spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 Spencer | | maple, American | Black Hills | pine, red pine, |

 | | cranberrybush, | spruce, white | red maple, white |

 | | lilac, northern | spruce. | ash. |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

 TrB---------------|Manyflower |Northern |Norway spruce-----|Eastern white | ---

 Tarr | cotoneaster. | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, Amur | | jack pine. |

 | | maple, American | | |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | Siberian | | |

 | | peashrub, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 Ve----------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Silver maple, | ---

 Veedum | | whitecedar, | balsam fir. | white ash, green |

 | | American | | ash, red maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood, common | | |

 | | ninebark. | | |

 | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | |

 Veedum. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Elm Lake---------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Silver maple, | ---

 | | whitecedar, | balsam fir. | white ash, green |

 | | American | | ash, red maple. |

 | | cranberrybush, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood, common | | |

 | | ninebark. | | |

 | | | | |

 WeA---------------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 Withee | | whitecedar, | silver maple. | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | | maple. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | |

 Withee-----------| --- |Northern |White spruce, |Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | silver maple. | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | | maple. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | |
318 Soil Survey of

 Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | | |

 map symbol | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | |

 Kert-------------| --- |Northern |White spruce------|Eastern white | ---

 | | whitecedar, | | pine, red pine, |

 | | lilac, American | | white ash, red |

 | | cranberrybush, | | maple, silver |

 | | nannyberry | | maple. |

 | | viburnum, silky | | |

 | | dogwood, redosier| | |

 | | dogwood. | | |

 | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Clark County, Wisconsin 319

Table 10.--Recreational Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions

 of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AbB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Aftad | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 AgA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Almena | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | large stones,

 | | percs slowly. | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | |

 Au Gres--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | wetness.

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

 Newson---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus. | excess humus, | ponding. | excess humus. | ponding.

 | | too acid. | | |

 | | | | |

 Au--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Auburndale | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Ba--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Barronett | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding.

 | | | | |

 BlB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Bilson | | | slope, | | droughty.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BoC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Boone | too sandy, | too sandy, | slope, | too sandy. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too sandy, | | droughty.

 | | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 BoF-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Boone | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy, | too acid,

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | slope. | droughty,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | |

 Boone----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy, | too acid,

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | slope. | droughty,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Elevasil-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 BrA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate:

 Brander | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | |

 Capitola-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |
320 Soil Survey of

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | |

 Marshfield-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Veedum---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Cd--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Citypoint | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 CmA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Comstock | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 CoC2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Council | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | |

 Council--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Seaton---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 CuB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Crystal Lake | | | slope. | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

 Da--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Dawsil | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 EaB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Eauclaire | small stones, | wetness, | small stones. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | wetness, | too sandy, | | |

 | percs slowly. | small stones. | | |

 | | | | |

 ElB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 Elevasil | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | too acid.

 | | | | |

 ElC2------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 Elevasil | too acid. | too acid. | slope, | | too acid.

 | | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 ElD2------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Elevasil | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | |

 Fairchild------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | too acid,

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | wetness, | too sandy. | wetness.

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Elm Lake-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 321

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 FfA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Fallcreek | wetness, | too acid. | wetness, | wetness. | too acid.

 | too acid. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | |

 Fallcreek------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness, | too acid. | wetness, | wetness. | too acid.

 | too acid. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Merrillan------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 FhB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Flambeau | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | wetness. | too acid.

 | | | | |

 FhC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Flambeau | too acid. | too acid. | slope, | wetness. | too acid.

 | | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 FhD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Flambeau | slope, | slope, | slope, | wetness, | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 FkB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Flambeau | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | wetness. | too acid.

 | | | | |

 FlB: | | | | |

 Flambeau-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | wetness. | too acid.

 | | | | |

 Humbird--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | droughty.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 FlC: | | | | |

 Flambeau-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | too acid. | too acid. | slope, | wetness. | too acid.

 | | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Humbird--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness, | wetness, | | | droughty,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Fm--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Fordum | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 FnB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Freeon | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | erodes easily. | large stones.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 FnC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Freeon | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | wetness. | wetness. | | | slope.

 | | | | |
322 Soil Survey of

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 HeB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Hiles | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | erodes easily. | wetness,

 | | | wetness, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 HuB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Humbird | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | droughty.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 HuC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Humbird | slope, | slope, | slope. | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness, | wetness, | | | droughty,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | |

 Humbird--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | droughty.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 Merrillan------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | |

 Ironrun--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | too acid,

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | wetness, | too sandy. | wetness,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Ponycreek------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | |

 Ironrun--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | too acid,

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | wetness, | too sandy. | wetness,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Ponycreek------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Arbutus--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | too sandy. | too acid.

 | | | | |

 KeA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Kert | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Lk--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Loxley | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 323

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | |

 Loxley---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Beseman--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding. | too acid,

 | | too acid. | too acid. | | ponding,

 | | | | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Dawson---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 LoB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Loyal | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | | | small stones, | | wetness.

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 LoC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Loyal | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | wetness. | wetness. | | | wetness,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 LsB: | | | | |

 Loyal----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | | | small stones, | | wetness.

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 Hiles----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | erodes easily. | wetness,

 | | | wetness, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 LsC: | | | | |

 Loyal----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | wetness. | wetness. | | | wetness,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Hiles----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | wetness,

 | wetness. | wetness. | | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 LuB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Ludington | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy. | too acid.

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 LuC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Ludington | too sandy, | too sandy, | slope, | too sandy. | too acid.

 | too acid. | too acid. | too sandy, | |

 | | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | |

 Ludington------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy. | too acid.

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | |

 | | | | |
324 Soil Survey of

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | |

 Fairchild------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | too acid,

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | wetness, | too sandy. | wetness.

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | |

 Ludington------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy. | too acid,

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | | slope.

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Humbird--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | wetness, | slope.

 | | | | slope. |

 | | | | |

 MaB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Magnor | wetness, | too acid. | wetness, | wetness. | too acid.

 | too acid. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 MbB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Mahtomedi | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 MbC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Mahtomedi | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy. | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 McA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Maplehurst | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | large stones,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Me: | | | | |

 Markey---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Newson---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus. | excess humus, | ponding. | excess humus. | ponding.

 | | too acid. | | |

 | | | | |

 Mf--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Marshfield | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 MgB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Menahga | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 MmA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Merimod | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 MnB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Merit | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | |

 Merit----------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 325

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | |

 Gardenvale-----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 MpA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Merrillan | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | |

 Merrillan------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Veedum---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | |

 Moppet---------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Fordum---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 NeB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Newood | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | large stones,

 | | | small stones, | | droughty.

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 NeC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Newood | slope, | slope, | slope. | | large stones,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | |

 Newood---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | | large stones,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Magnor---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness, | too acid. | wetness, | wetness. | too acid.

 | too acid. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Cathro---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 NoC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Northmound | too acid. | too acid. | large stones, | large stones. | too acid,

 | | | slope, | | large stones.

 | | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | |

 Northmound-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | slope, | | large stones,

 | | | too acid. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |
326 Soil Survey of

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 OeA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Oesterle | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | large stones,

 | | | | | wetness,

 | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | |

 Pelkie---------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | flooding. | | flooding. | | droughty,

 | | | | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Winterfield----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Pg--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Pits | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 PoA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Plover | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | |

 Ponycreek------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Dawsil---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 PxA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Poskin | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Py--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Psammaquents | ponding, | ponding, | too sandy, | ponding, | ponding.

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | ponding. | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

 Rb--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Rib | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding.

 | | | | |

 RkA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Rockdam | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 RoA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Rosholt | | | small stones. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 RoB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Rosholt | | | slope, | | droughty.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 RoC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Rosholt | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 RzB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Rozellville | | | slope, | erodes easily. | large stones.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 327

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 RzC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Rozellville | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 ScA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Simescreek | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 SrB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Spencer | | | slope. | erodes easily. | large stones.

 | | | | |

 SrC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Spencer | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 TrB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Tarr | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy. | too acid.

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Ve--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Veedum | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | |

 Veedum---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Elm Lake-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 WeA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Withee | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | large stones,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | |

 Withee---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | large stones,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Kert-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
328 Soil Survey of

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat

 (See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the

 soil was not rated)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AbB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Aftad | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AgA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Almena | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Au Gres-----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Au-----------------|Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good.

 Auburndale | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ba-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good.

 Barronett | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BlB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Bilson | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BoC----------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 Boone | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BoF----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 Boone | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boone-------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Brander | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | | | | | |

 Capitola----------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Marshfield--------|Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum------------|Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Cd-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair.

 Citypoint | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CmA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Comstock | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Council | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Council-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 329

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CuB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Crystal Lake | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Da-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair.

 Dawsil | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 EaB----------------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Eauclaire | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ElB, ElC2----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Elevasil | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ElD2---------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Elevasil | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild---------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Good |Poor |Fair |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FfA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Fallcreek | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Fallcreek---------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan---------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FhB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Flambeau | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FhC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Flambeau | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FhD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Flambeau | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FkB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Flambeau | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FlB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Flambeau----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | poor. | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FlC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Flambeau----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | poor. | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Fm-----------------|Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Fair |Good.

 Fordum | poor. | poor. | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FnB, FnC-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Freeon | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
330 Soil Survey of

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HeB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Hiles | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HuB, HuC-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Poor.

 Humbird | | | | | | | poor. | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | poor. | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan---------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun-----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek---------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun-----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek---------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Arbutus-----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 KeA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Kert | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Lk-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 Loxley | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | | | | | | |

 Loxley------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Beseman-----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good.

 | poor. | | | | | | | poor. | poor. |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dawson------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair.

 | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LoB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Loyal | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LoC----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Loyal | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LsB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal-------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hiles-------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LsC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal-------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hiles-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 331

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LuB----------------|Very |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Ludington | poor. | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LuC----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Ludington | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington---------|Very |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild---------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington---------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird-----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | poor. | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MaB----------------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 Magnor | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MbB, MbC-----------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Mahtomedi | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 McA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Maplehurst | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Me: | | | | | | | | | |

 Markey------------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mf-----------------|Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good.

 Marshfield | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MgB----------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Menahga | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MmA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Merimod | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MnB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Merit | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Merit-------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Gardenvale--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MpA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Merrillan | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan---------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum------------|Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |
332 Soil Survey of

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Moppet------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Fordum------------|Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Fair |Good.

 | poor. | poor. | | | | | | poor. | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 NeB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Newood | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 NeC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Newood | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Newood------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Magnor------------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Cathro------------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 NoC----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Northmound | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Northmound--------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OeA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Oesterle | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pelkie------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Winterfield-------|Poor |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pg-----------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 Pits | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PoA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Plover | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek---------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dawsil------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair.

 | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PxA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Poskin | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Py-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair.

 Psammaquents | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rb-----------------|Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good.

 Rib | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 333

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RkA----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Rockdam | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RoA, RoB-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Rosholt | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RoC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Rosholt | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RzB, RzC-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Rozellville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ScA----------------|Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Simescreek | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SrB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Spencer | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SrC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Spencer | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 TrB----------------|Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Tarr | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ve-----------------|Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 Veedum | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum------------|Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Good |Poor |Fair |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WeA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Withee | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Withee------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Kert--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
334 Soil Survey of

Table 12.--Building Site Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AbB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Aftad | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 AgA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Almena | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | large stones,

 | | | | | frost action. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | | |

 Au Gres----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Newson-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | too acid,

 | ponding. | | | | | ponding.

 | | | | | |

 Au----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Auburndale | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | ponding.

 | | | | | ponding, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Ba----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Barronett | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | ponding.

 | ponding. | | | | ponding. |

 | | | | | |

 BlB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate:

 Bilson | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 BoC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Boone | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 BoF---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Boone | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | | |

 Boone------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Elevasil---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 BrA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Severe: |Moderate:

 Brander | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | wetness. | | low strength, | large stones.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | |

 Capitola---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding. | | | | frost action. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 335

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | |

 Marshfield-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | too acid,

 | | | | | ponding, | ponding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Veedum-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | too acid,

 | | | | | ponding, | ponding,

 | | | | | frost action. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 Cd----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Citypoint | cutbanks cave,| ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus, | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. | excess humus.

 | ponding. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CmA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Comstock | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 CoC2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Council | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | | |

 Council----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Seaton-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 CuB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Crystal Lake | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | wetness. | shrink-swell, | low strength, |

 | | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Da----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Dawsil | cutbanks cave,| subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding. | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 EaB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Eauclaire | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | droughty.

 | wetness. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ElB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Elevasil | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | too acid.

 | | | | | |

 ElC2--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Elevasil | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | too acid.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 ElD2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Elevasil | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | |

 Fairchild--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too acid,

 | wetness. | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | | |
336 Soil Survey of

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | |

 Elm Lake---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding,

 | ponding. | | | | | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 FfA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Fallcreek | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | too acid.

 | | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | | |

 Fallcreek--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | too acid.

 | | | | | |

 Merrillan--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 FhB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Flambeau | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | too acid.

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 FhC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Flambeau | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | too acid.

 | | slope, | | | slope, |

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 FhD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Flambeau | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | shrink-swell. | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 FkB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Flambeau | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | too acid.

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 FlB: | | | | | |

 Flambeau---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | too acid.

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness,

 | | | | | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 FlC: | | | | | |

 Flambeau---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | too acid.

 | | slope, | | | slope, |

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | wetness,

 | | slope. | | | slope, | droughty,

 | | | | | frost action. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Fm----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Fordum | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 337

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FnB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Freeon | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | large stones.

 | wetness. | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 FnC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Freeon | cutbanks cave,| wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | large stones,

 | wetness. | slope. | | | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 HeB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Hiles | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness,

 | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 HuB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Humbird | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness,

 | | | | | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 HuC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Humbird | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | wetness,

 | | slope. | | | slope, | droughty,

 | | | | | frost action. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness,

 | | | | | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 Merrillan--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | | |

 Ironrun----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too acid,

 | wetness. | | | | | wetness,

 | | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 Ponycreek--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | too acid,

 | ponding. | | | | | ponding,

 | | | | | | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | | |

 Ironrun----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too acid,

 | wetness. | | | | | wetness,

 | | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 Ponycreek--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | too acid,

 | ponding. | | | | | ponding,

 | | | | | | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 Arbutus----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| too acid.

 | cutbanks cave.| | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 KeA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Kert | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness,

 | | | | | frost action. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |
338 Soil Survey of

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Lk----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Loxley | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | too acid,

 | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding,

 | | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | frost action. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | | |

 Loxley-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | too acid,

 | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding,

 | | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | frost action. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 Beseman----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | too acid,

 | ponding. | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. | ponding,

 | | | | | | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 Dawson-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus.

 | ponding. | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 LoB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Loyal | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | large stones,

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 LoC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Loyal | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | large stones,

 | | slope, | | | slope, | wetness,

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 LsB: | | | | | |

 Loyal------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | large stones,

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 Hiles------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness,

 | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 LsC: | | | | | |

 Loyal------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | large stones,

 | | slope, | | | slope, | wetness,

 | | shrink-swell. | | | frost action. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Hiles------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | shrink-swell, | wetness,

 | | shrink-swell, | | | wetness, | slope,

 | | slope. | | | slope. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 LuB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Ludington | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too acid.

 | wetness. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LuC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Ludington | cutbanks cave,| wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | too acid.

 | wetness. | slope. | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 339

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | | |

 Ludington--------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too acid.

 | wetness. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Fairchild--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too acid,

 | wetness. | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | | |

 Ludington--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | wetness, | | slope. | | | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

 MaB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Magnor | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | too acid.

 | | | | | |

 MbB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 Mahtomedi | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 MbC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Mahtomedi | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 McA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Maplehurst | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | large stones,

 | wetness. | | | | frost action. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 Me: | | | | | |

 Markey-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus.

 | ponding. | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Newson-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | too acid,

 | ponding. | | | | | ponding.

 | | | | | |

 Mf----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Marshfield | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | too acid,

 | | | | | ponding, | ponding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 MgB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 Menahga | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 MmA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Merimod | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | wetness. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 MnB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Merit | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |
340 Soil Survey of

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | | |

 Merit------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Gardenvale-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | | low strength, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 MpA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Merrillan | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | | |

 Merrillan--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Veedum-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | too acid,

 | | | | | ponding, | ponding,

 | | | | | frost action. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | | |

 Moppet-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Fordum-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 NeB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Newood | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | slope. | frost action. | large stones,

 | | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 NeC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Newood | cutbanks cave.| slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope, | large stones,

 | | | slope. | | frost action. | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | |

 Newood-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope, | large stones,

 | | | slope. | | frost action. | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Magnor-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | too acid.

 | | | | | |

 Cathro-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding, | excess humus.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 NoC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Northmound | depth to rock,| large stones. | depth to rock,| slope, | large stones. | too acid,

 | large stones. | | large stones. | large stones. | | large stones.

 | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 341

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | | |

 Northmound-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope, | too acid,

 | large stones, | large stones. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones,

 | slope. | | large stones. | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 OeA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Oesterle | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | large stones,

 | wetness. | | | | | wetness,

 | | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | | |

 Pelkie-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty,

 | | | | | | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Winterfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 Pg----------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 Pits | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 PoA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Plover | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | | |

 Ponycreek--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | too acid,

 | ponding. | | | | | ponding,

 | | | | | | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 Dawsil-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | too acid,

 | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding. | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 PxA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Poskin | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Py----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Psammaquents | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding.

 | ponding. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Rb----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Rib | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | ponding.

 | ponding. | | | | ponding. |

 | | | | | |

 RkA---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 Rockdam | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | too acid,

 | | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 RoA---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate:

 Rosholt | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |
342 Soil Survey of

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RoB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Rosholt | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 RoC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Rosholt | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | droughty,

 | | | | | frost action. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 RzB---------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Rozellville | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | large stones.

 | | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 RzC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Rozellville | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell, | large stones,

 | | slope. | | | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 ScA---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 Simescreek | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 SrB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Spencer | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell, | low strength, | large stones.

 | | | shrink-swell. | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 SrC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Spencer | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell, | wetness, | slope. | low strength, | large stones,

 | | slope. | slope, | | frost action. | slope.

 | | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 TrB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 Tarr | cutbanks cave.| | | | | too acid.

 | | | | | |

 Ve----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Veedum | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | too acid,

 | | | | | ponding, | ponding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | | |

 Veedum-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength, | too acid,

 | | | | | ponding, | ponding,

 | | | | | frost action. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 Elm Lake---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding,

 | ponding. | | | | | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

 WeA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Withee | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | large stones,

 | | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | | |

 Withee-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | large stones,

 | | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 Kert-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness,

 | | | | | frost action. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Clark County, Wisconsin 343

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AbB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Aftad | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 AgA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Almena | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | |

 Au Gres------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Newson-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | excess humus. | ponding. | ponding. | too sandy,

 | | | | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Au------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Auburndale | ponding, | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Ba------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Barronett | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding.

 | percs slowly. | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 BlB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Bilson | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 BoC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Boone | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 BoF-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Boone | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | |

 Boone--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 Elevasil-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BrA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Brander | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | small stones.

 | | | | |
344 Soil Survey of

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | |

 Capitola-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding. | ponding. | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | | | small stones,

 | | | | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Marshfield---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Veedum-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | too acid. | | too acid.

 | | | | |

 Cd------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Citypoint | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | ponding, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding,

 | percs slowly. | excess humus. | ponding. | ponding. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 CmA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Comstock | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | percs slowly. | | too sandy. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 CoC2----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Council | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | |

 Council------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Seaton-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 CuB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Crystal Lake | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Da------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Dawsil | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | excess humus,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | excess humus. | | too acid.

 | | | | |

 EaB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Fair:

 Eauclaire | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | seepage. | small stones,

 | percs slowly, | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | poor filter. | | | |

 | | | | |

 ElB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Elevasil | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | | |

 ElC2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Elevasil | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 ElD2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Elevasil | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 345

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | |

 Fairchild----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | depth to rock, | wetness, | seepage, | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 Elm Lake-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | ponding, | depth to rock, | ponding, | seepage, | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | excess humus. | too sandy. | ponding. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 FfA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Fallcreek | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | |

 Fallcreek----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Merrillan----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 FhB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Flambeau | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 FhC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Flambeau | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | too acid. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 FhD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Flambeau | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | slope. | slope.

 | percs slowly, | wetness. | slope, | |

 | slope. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 FkB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Flambeau | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 FlB: | | | | |

 Flambeau-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Humbird------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 FlC: | | | | |

 Flambeau-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | too acid. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Humbird------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |
346 Soil Survey of

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Fm------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Fordum | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | ponding, | flooding. | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy,

 | poor filter. | | ponding. | ponding. | small stones.

 | | | | |

 FnB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Freeon | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 FnC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Freeon | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

 HeB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Hiles | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | too acid.

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 HuB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Humbird | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 HuC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Humbird | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | |

 Humbird------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Merrillan----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | |

 Ironrun------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Ponycreek----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | too sandy,

 | | ponding. | too sandy. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | |

 Ironrun------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Ponycreek----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | too sandy,

 | | ponding. | too sandy. | | ponding.

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 347

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | |

 Arbutus------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 KeA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Kert | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Lk------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Loxley | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | excess humus,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | excess humus. | | too acid.

 | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | |

 Loxley-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | excess humus,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | excess humus. | | too acid.

 | | | | |

 Beseman------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | seepage, | ponding, | seepage, | ponding,

 | percs slowly. | excess humus, | excess humus, | ponding. | excess humus,

 | | ponding. | too acid. | | too acid.

 | | | | |

 Dawson-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | excess humus.

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | excess humus. | |

 | | | | |

 LoB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Loyal | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 LoC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Loyal | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness, | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | slope. |

 | | | | |

 LsB: | | | | |

 Loyal--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Hiles--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | too acid.

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 LsC: | | | | |

 Loyal--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness, | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | slope. |

 | | | | |

 Hiles--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | | too acid.

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | too acid. | |

 | | | | |
348 Soil Survey of

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LuB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Ludington | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | depth to rock. | wetness. | seepage. | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 LuC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Ludington | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | depth to rock, | wetness. | seepage. | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | |

 Ludington----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | depth to rock. | wetness. | seepage. | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 Fairchild----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | depth to rock, | wetness, | seepage, | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | |

 Ludington----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | depth to rock, | wetness, | seepage, | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 Humbird------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | slope. | slope.

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 MaB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Magnor | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 MbB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Mahtomedi | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 MbC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Mahtomedi | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 McA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Maplehurst | wetness. | seepage, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 Me: | | | | |

 Markey-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | too sandy,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | too sandy. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Newson-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | excess humus. | ponding. | ponding. | too sandy,

 | | | | | ponding.

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 349

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Mf------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Marshfield | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 MgB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Menahga | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 MmA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Merimod | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 MnB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Merit | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | |

 Merit--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 Gardenvale---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | seepage, | | too sandy.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 MpA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Merrillan | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | |

 Merrillan----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Veedum-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | too acid. | | too acid.

 | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | |

 Moppet-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer.

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Fordum-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | ponding, | flooding. | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy,

 | poor filter. | | ponding. | ponding. | small stones.

 | | | | |

 NeB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Newood | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | wetness. | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 NeC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Newood | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | | slope, | slope. |

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |
350 Soil Survey of

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | |

 Newood-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | | slope, | slope. |

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 Magnor-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Cathro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | seepage, | ponding. | seepage, | ponding.

 | percs slowly. | excess humus, | | ponding. |

 | | ponding. | | |

 | | | | |

 NoC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Northmound | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | large stones. | slope, | large stones. | | large stones.

 | | large stones. | | |

 | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | |

 Northmound---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | large stones,

 | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 OeA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Oesterle | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | |

 Pelkie-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy.

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Winterfield--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Pg------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Pits | poor filter. | seepage. | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 PoA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Plover | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | |

 Ponycreek----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | too sandy,

 | | ponding. | too sandy. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Dawsil-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | excess humus,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | excess humus. | | too acid.

 | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 351

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 PxA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Poskin | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Py------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Psammaquents | ponding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Rb------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Rib | ponding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | too sandy,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 RkA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Rockdam | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 RoA, RoB------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Rosholt | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 RoC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Rosholt | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 RzB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Rozellville | percs slowly. | seepage, | large stones. | | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 RzC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Rozellville | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones.

 | slope. | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 ScA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Simescreek | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 SrB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Spencer | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 SrC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Spencer | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | slope,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | slope. | slope. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 TrB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Tarr | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 Ve------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Veedum | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | | too acid.

 | | | | |
352 Soil Survey of

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | |

 Veedum-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | too acid. | | too acid.

 | | | | |

 Elm Lake-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | ponding, | depth to rock, | ponding, | seepage, | seepage,

 | percs slowly. | excess humus. | too sandy. | ponding. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 WeA-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Withee | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | |

 Withee-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Kert---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Clark County, Wisconsin 353

Table 14.--Construction Materials

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 AbB-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Aftad | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 AgA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Almena | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 AnA: | | | |

 Au Gres--------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Newson---------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Au--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Auburndale | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Ba--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Barronett | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

 BlB-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Bilson | | | too sandy. | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

 BoC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Boone | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 BoF-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Boone | depth to rock, | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 BpF: | | | |

 Boone----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Elevasil-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

 BrA-------------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Brander | wetness. | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Ca: | | | |

 Capitola-------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 | wetness. | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |
354 Soil Survey of

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 Ca: | | | |

 Marshfield-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Veedum---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness,

 | low strength, | | | too acid.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 Cd--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Citypoint | depth to rock, | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 CmA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Comstock | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

 CoC2------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Council | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 CsD2: | | | |

 Council--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 Seaton---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 CuB-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Crystal Lake | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

 Da--------------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 Dawsil | wetness. | | too sandy. | excess humus,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 EaB-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Eauclaire | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 ElB, ElC2-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Elevasil | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 ElD2------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Elevasil | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 FeA: | | | |

 Fairchild------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | wetness. | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Elm Lake-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 FfA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Fallcreek | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 355

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 FgA: | | | |

 Fallcreek------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Merrillan------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength, | | | wetness,

 | wetness. | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 FhB, FhC--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Flambeau | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 FhD-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Flambeau | wetness, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

 FkB-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Flambeau | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 FlB: | | | |

 Flambeau-------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Humbird--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 FlC: | | | |

 Flambeau-------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Humbird--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Fm--------------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Fordum | wetness. | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 FnB, FnC--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Freeon | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 HeB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Hiles | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too acid.

 | | | |

 HuB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Humbird | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 HuC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Humbird | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |
356 Soil Survey of

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 HxB: | | | |

 Humbird--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Merrillan------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength, | | | wetness,

 | wetness. | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 IxA: | | | |

 Ironrun--------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Ponycreek------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 IzB: | | | |

 Ironrun--------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Ponycreek------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Arbutus--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 KeA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Kert | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength. | | | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

 Lk--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Loxley | wetness, | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus,

 | low strength. | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Lm: | | | |

 Loxley---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness, | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus,

 | low strength. | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Beseman--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Dawson---------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 357

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 LoB, LoC--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Loyal | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 LsB, LsC: | | | |

 Loyal----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Hiles----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too acid.

 | | | |

 LuB, LuC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Ludington | depth to rock. | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 LxB: | | | |

 Ludington------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Fairchild------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | wetness. | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 LyD: | | | |

 Ludington------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | too acid,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Humbird--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 MaB-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Magnor | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 MbB, MbC--------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Mahtomedi | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 McA-------------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Maplehurst | wetness. | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Me: | | | |

 Markey---------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Newson---------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Mf--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Marshfield | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |
358 Soil Survey of

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 MgB-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 Menahga | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 MmA-------------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Merimod | wetness. | | too sandy. | area reclaim,

 | | | | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 MnB-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Merit | | | too sandy. | area reclaim,

 | | | | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 MoB: | | | |

 Merit----------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 | | | too sandy. | area reclaim,

 | | | | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Gardenvale-----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | too sandy. | small stones,

 | thin layer. | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

 MpA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Merrillan | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength, | | | wetness,

 | wetness. | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 MrA: | | | |

 Merrillan------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength, | | | wetness,

 | wetness. | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Veedum---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness,

 | low strength, | | | too acid.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 MxA: | | | |

 Moppet---------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 | wetness. | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Fordum---------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 | wetness. | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 NeB, NeC--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Newood | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 NmC: | | | |

 Newood---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Magnor---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 359

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 NmC: | | | |

 Cathro---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 NoC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Northmound | depth to rock, | excess fines, | excess fines, | large stones,

 | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | too acid.

 | | | |

 NrF: | | | |

 Northmound-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines, | excess fines, | large stones,

 | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | depth to rock.

 | | | |

 OeA-------------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Oesterle | wetness. | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 PeA: | | | |

 Pelkie---------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 Winterfield----------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Pg--------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Pits | | | | too sandy.

 | | | |

 PoA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Plover | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

 Pv: | | | |

 Ponycreek------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Dawsil---------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | excess humus,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 PxA-------------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Poskin | wetness. | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Py--------------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 Psammaquents | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Rb--------------------|Poor: |Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Rib | wetness. | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 RkA-------------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 Rockdam | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |
360 Soil Survey of

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 RoA, RoB, RoC---------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Rosholt | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 RzB, RzC--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Rozellville | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 ScA-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 Simescreek | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 SrB, SrC--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Spencer | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 TrB-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 Tarr | | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Ve--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Veedum | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness,

 | low strength, | | | too acid.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 Vs: | | | |

 Veedum---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness,

 | low strength, | | | too acid.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 Elm Lake-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 WeA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Withee | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 WkA: | | | |

 Withee---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Kert-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength. | | | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Clark County, Wisconsin 361

Table 15.--Water Management

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AbB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope----------|Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Aftad | seepage, | piping. | | wetness, | wetness, | rooting depth.

 | slope. | | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 AgA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Frost action---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Almena | seepage. | thin layer. | | erodes easily.| wetness. | erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | | |

 Au Gres----------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty. | too sandy, | droughty.

 | | piping, | | | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Newson-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | too sandy, | droughty,

 | | piping, | | | soil blowing. | rooting depth.

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Au----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Auburndale | seepage. | thin layer, | frost action. | | ponding. | erodes easily.

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ba----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Barronett | seepage. | piping, | frost action. | | ponding. | erodes easily.

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BlB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty.

 Bilson | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | soil blowing. |

 | | piping. | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 BoC, BoF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Boone | seepage, | seepage, | | droughty, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | piping. | | fast intake. | too sandy. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | | |

 Boone------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | seepage, | | droughty, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | piping. | | fast intake. | too sandy. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Elevasil---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping. | | droughty, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 BrA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Frost action, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Brander | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| rooting depth,| wetness, | rooting depth.

 | | piping. | | erodes easily.| too sandy. |

 | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | |

 Capitola---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Large stones, |Large stones,

 | seepage. | seepage, | frost action, | soil blowing, | erodes easily,| wetness,

 | | piping, | cutbanks cave.| rooting depth.| ponding. | erodes easily.

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |
362 Soil Survey of

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | |

 Marshfield-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | piping, | frost action, | rooting depth,| ponding. | erodes easily,

 | | ponding. | too acid. | too acid. | | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 Veedum-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage, | thin layer, | depth to rock,| soil blowing, | erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | depth to rock.| ponding. | frost action. | depth to rock.| ponding. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Cd----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 Citypoint | seepage. | excess humus, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | ponding. | depth to rock,

 | | ponding. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 CmA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Frost action, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Comstock | seepage. | piping. | cutbanks cave.| erodes easily.| wetness, | erodes easily.

 | | | | | too sandy. |

 | | | | | |

 CoC2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope, |Slope,

 Council | slope. | piping. | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | | |

 Council----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | piping. | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 Seaton-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | piping. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 CuB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Frost action, |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 Crystal Lake | seepage, | piping. | slope, | wetness, | wetness. |

 | slope. | | cutbanks cave.| erodes easily.| |

 | | | | | |

 Da----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Wetness.

 Dawsil | seepage. | excess humus, | subsides, | too acid. | |

 | | ponding. | frost action. | | |

 | | | | | |

 EaB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope----------|Slope, |Wetness, |Droughty.

 Eauclaire | seepage. | piping. | | wetness, | soil blowing. |

 | | | | droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 ElB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 Elevasil | seepage. | piping. | | droughty, | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 ElC2, ElD2--------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Elevasil | seepage, | piping. | | droughty, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | |

 Fairchild--------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave,| droughty, | wetness, | droughty,

 | | piping, | too acid. | fast intake. | too sandy. | depth to rock.

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Elm Lake---------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | depth to rock,| | erodes easily,| erodes easily.

 | | piping, | cutbanks cave.| | ponding. |

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FfA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Frost action, |Wetness--------|Wetness--------|Wetness.

 Fallcreek | | thin layer. | too acid. | | |

 | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 363

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | | |

 Fallcreek--------|Slight---------|Severe: |Frost action, |Wetness--------|Wetness--------|Wetness.

 | | thin layer. | too acid. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Merrillan--------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage, | thin layer, | depth to rock,| droughty. | wetness, | droughty,

 | depth to rock.| wetness. | frost action. | | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 FhB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Wetness--------|Favorable.

 Flambeau | seepage, | thin layer. | too acid. | wetness. | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FhC, FhD----------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope.

 Flambeau | slope. | thin layer. | too acid. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 FkB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Wetness, |Favorable.

 Flambeau | seepage, | thin layer. | too acid. | wetness, | soil blowing. |

 | slope. | | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 FlB: | | | | | |

 Flambeau---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Wetness--------|Favorable.

 | seepage, | thin layer. | too acid. | wetness. | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 | seepage, | piping. | depth to rock,| wetness, | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | depth to rock,| | slope. | droughty. | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FlC: | | | | | |

 Flambeau---------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope.

 | slope. | thin layer. | too acid. | wetness, | wetness, |

 | | | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | piping. | depth to rock,| wetness, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | | | slope. | droughty. | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Fm----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Fordum | seepage. | seepage, | flooding, | droughty, | ponding, | erodes easily,

 | | piping, | frost action. | flooding. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FnB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Large stones, |Large stones,

 Freeon | slope. | seepage, | slope. | wetness, | erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | piping. | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 FnC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones,

 Freeon | slope. | seepage, | slope. | wetness, | large stones, | slope,

 | | piping. | | percs slowly. | erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 HeB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily,

 Hiles | seepage, | thin layer. | slope, | wetness, | erodes easily.| depth to rock.

 | depth to rock,| | too acid. | depth to rock.| |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HuB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 Humbird | seepage, | piping. | depth to rock,| wetness, | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | depth to rock,| | slope. | droughty. | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |
364 Soil Survey of

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HuC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Humbird | slope. | piping. | depth to rock,| wetness, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | | | slope. | droughty. | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 | seepage, | piping. | depth to rock,| wetness, | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | depth to rock,| | slope. | droughty. | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Merrillan--------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage, | thin layer, | depth to rock,| droughty. | wetness, | droughty,

 | depth to rock.| wetness. | frost action. | | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | | |

 Ironrun----------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | too acid. | droughty, | too sandy, | droughty.

 | | piping, | | fast intake. | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ponycreek--------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave,| droughty, | too sandy, | droughty.

 | | piping, | too acid. | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | | |

 Ironrun----------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | too acid. | droughty, | too sandy, | droughty.

 | | piping, | | fast intake. | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ponycreek--------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave,| droughty, | too sandy, | droughty.

 | | piping, | too acid. | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Arbutus----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | too sandy, | depth to rock.

 | | piping. | | fast intake. | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 KeA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 Kert | seepage, | thin layer. | frost action. | depth to rock.| erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | depth to rock.| | | | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Lk----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Wetness.

 Loxley | seepage. | excess humus, | subsides, | too acid. | |

 | | ponding. | frost action. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | | |

 Loxley-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Wetness.

 | seepage. | excess humus, | subsides, | too acid. | |

 | | ponding. | frost action. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Beseman----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Wetness,

 | seepage. | excess humus, | subsides, | rooting depth.| | rooting depth.

 | | ponding. | frost action. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dawson-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Wetness,

 | seepage. | excess humus, | subsides, | rooting depth.| | rooting depth.

 | | ponding. | frost action. | | |

 | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 365

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LoB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slope----------|Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Loyal | slope. | piping, | | wetness, | wetness. | rooting depth.

 | | wetness. | | rooting depth.| |

 | | | | | |

 LoC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slope----------|Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Loyal | slope. | piping, | | wetness, | erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | rooting depth.| wetness. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 LsB: | | | | | |

 Loyal------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slope----------|Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 | slope. | piping, | | wetness, | wetness. | rooting depth.

 | | wetness. | | rooting depth.| |

 | | | | | |

 Hiles------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily,

 | seepage, | thin layer. | slope, | wetness, | erodes easily.| depth to rock.

 | depth to rock,| | too acid. | depth to rock.| |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LsC: | | | | | |

 Loyal------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slope----------|Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | piping, | | wetness, | erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | rooting depth.| wetness. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 Hiles------------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | thin layer. | slope, | wetness, | depth to rock,| erodes easily,

 | | | too acid. | depth to rock.| erodes easily.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 LuB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 Ludington | seepage. | seepage, | slope, | wetness, | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | piping. | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 LuC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Ludington | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | wetness, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | piping. | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | | |

 Ludington--------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 | seepage. | seepage, | slope, | wetness, | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | piping. | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 Fairchild--------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave,| droughty, | wetness, | droughty,

 | | piping, | too acid. | fast intake. | too sandy. | depth to rock.

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | | |

 Ludington--------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | wetness, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | piping. | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Humbird----------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | piping. | depth to rock,| wetness, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | | | slope. | droughty. | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 MaB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Magnor | seepage. | piping. | frost action. | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | | | | percs slowly. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 MbB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty,

 Mahtomedi | seepage. | seepage. | | droughty, | soil blowing. | rooting depth.

 | | | | fast intake. | |

 | | | | | |
366 Soil Survey of

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MbC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Mahtomedi | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty, | too sandy. | droughty,

 | slope. | | | fast intake. | | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 McA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Frost action---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Maplehurst | seepage. | wetness. | | erodes easily.| wetness. | erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 Me: | | | | | |

 Markey-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness.

 | seepage. | seepage, | subsides, | soil blowing. | too sandy, |

 | | piping, | frost action. | | soil blowing. |

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Newson-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | too sandy, | droughty,

 | | piping, | | | soil blowing. | rooting depth.

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Mf----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Marshfield | seepage. | piping, | frost action, | rooting depth,| ponding. | erodes easily,

 | | ponding. | too acid. | too acid. | | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 MgB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty.

 Menahga | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | soil blowing. |

 | | piping. | | fast intake. | |

 | | | | | |

 MmA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Merimod | seepage. | seepage, | | rooting depth.| wetness, | rooting depth.

 | | piping. | | | too sandy. |

 | | | | | |

 MnB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Merit | seepage. | seepage, | | rooting depth.| too sandy. | rooting depth.

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | | |

 Merit------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 | seepage. | seepage, | | rooting depth.| too sandy. | rooting depth.

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Gardenvale-------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 | seepage. | seepage, | | erodes easily.| too sandy. |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MpA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 Merrillan | seepage, | thin layer, | depth to rock,| droughty. | wetness, | droughty,

 | depth to rock.| wetness. | frost action. | | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | | |

 Merrillan--------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage, | thin layer, | depth to rock,| droughty. | wetness, | droughty,

 | depth to rock.| wetness. | frost action. | | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Veedum-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage, | thin layer, | depth to rock,| soil blowing, | erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | depth to rock.| ponding. | frost action. | depth to rock.| ponding. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | | |

 Moppet-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Rooting depth.

 | seepage. | piping. | | soil blowing, | soil blowing. |

 | | | | rooting depth.| |

 | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 367

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | | |

 Fordum-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | flooding, | droughty, | ponding, | erodes easily,

 | | piping, | frost action. | flooding. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 NeB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Droughty,

 Newood | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | wetness, | too sandy. | rooting depth.

 | slope. | piping. | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 NeC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Newood | slope. | seepage, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | droughty,

 | | piping. | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | too sandy. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | |

 Newood-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | seepage, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | droughty,

 | | piping. | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | too sandy. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 Magnor-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | piping. | frost action. | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | | | | percs slowly. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 Cathro-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Ponding--------|Wetness.

 | seepage. | piping, | subsides, | | |

 | | ponding. | frost action. | | |

 | | | | | |

 NoC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones,

 Northmound | slope. | seepage, | | large stones, | large stones, | slope,

 | | piping, | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty.

 | | large stones. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | | |

 Northmound-------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones,

 | slope. | seepage, | | large stones, | large stones, | slope,

 | | piping, | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty.

 | | large stones. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----|Severe: |Slight---------|Deep to water |Depth to rock |Depth to rock |Depth to rock.

 | depth to rock.| | | | |

 | | | | | |

 OeA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Frost action, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 Oesterle | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | piping, | | | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | | |

 Pelkie-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Droughty.

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | too sandy, |

 | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 Winterfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | too sandy, | droughty.

 | | piping, | | | soil blowing. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Pg----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy------|Droughty.

 Pits | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake. | |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PoA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Frost action, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Plover | seepage. | piping, | cutbanks cave.| soil blowing. | wetness, | erodes easily.

 | | wetness. | | | too sandy. |

 | | | | | |
368 Soil Survey of

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | | |

 Ponycreek--------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave,| droughty, | too sandy, | droughty.

 | | piping, | too acid. | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dawsil-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Wetness.

 | seepage. | excess humus, | subsides, | too acid. | |

 | | ponding. | frost action. | | |

 | | | | | |

 PxA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Frost action, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Poskin | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| rooting depth,| wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | piping, | | erodes easily.| too sandy. | rooting depth.

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Py----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 Psammaquents | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| droughty, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | piping, | | fast intake. | |

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Rb----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Rib | seepage. | seepage, | frost action. | rooting depth.| ponding, | erodes easily,

 | | piping, | | | too sandy. | rooting depth.

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RkA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Droughty.

 Rockdam | seepage. | seepage, | too acid. | droughty, | too sandy, |

 | | piping. | | fast intake. | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 RoA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty,

 Rosholt | seepage. | seepage, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | rooting depth.

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RoB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty,

 Rosholt | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | soil blowing. | rooting depth.

 | | piping. | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 RoC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Rosholt | seepage, | seepage, | | droughty, | too sandy, | droughty,

 | slope. | piping. | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 RzB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Large stones, |Large stones,

 Rozellville | seepage, | large stones. | | rooting depth,| erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | slope. | | | erodes easily.| |

 | | | | | |

 RzC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones,

 Rozellville | slope. | large stones. | | rooting depth,| large stones, | slope,

 | | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 ScA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty.

 Simescreek | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake, | soil blowing. |

 | | piping. | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 SrB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Frost action, |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 Spencer | seepage, | thin layer, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. |

 | slope. | piping, | | erodes easily.| |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SrC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Frost action, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Spencer | slope. | thin layer, | slope. | wetness, | erodes easily,| erodes easily.

 | | piping, | | erodes easily.| wetness. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 369

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 TrB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty.

 Tarr | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | soil blowing. |

 | | piping. | | fast intake. | |

 | | | | | |

 Ve----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 Veedum | seepage, | thin layer, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.| erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | depth to rock.| ponding. | frost action. | | ponding. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | | |

 Veedum-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage, | thin layer, | depth to rock,| soil blowing, | erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | depth to rock.| ponding. | frost action. | depth to rock.| ponding. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Elm Lake---------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | seepage, | depth to rock,| | erodes easily,| erodes easily.

 | | piping, | cutbanks cave.| | ponding. |

 | | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WeA---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Withee | seepage. | piping, | frost action. | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | | |

 Withee-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | seepage. | piping, | frost action. | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 Kert-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | seepage, | thin layer. | frost action. | depth to rock.| erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | depth to rock.| | | | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
370 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 AbB-----------| 0-7 |Very fine |ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|75-95 |45-65 | <23 | NP-6

 Aftad | | sandy loam. | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |

 | 7-13|Very fine |SM, SC-SM,|A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|45-95 |25-80 | <23 | NP-6

 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |13-43|Very fine |SM, SC, |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|65-95 |35-80 | 18-26 | NP-8

 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |43-60|Stratified |SM, SC-SM,|A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|65-95 |25-90 | <23 | NP-6

 | | sandy loam to| ML, CL-ML| A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 AgA-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |85-100|85-100|80-100|75-100| 25-32 | 7-13

 Almena | 9-19|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |85-100|85-100|80-100|75-100| 21-32 | 4-13

 | | | ML | | | | | | | | |

 |19-33|Silt loam-----|CL, ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |85-100|85-100|80-100|75-100| 25-35 | 7-15

 |33-45|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-100| 28-35 | 9-15

 |45-60|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-9 |70-100|50-95 |30-90 |15-70 | 21-30 | 4-11

 | | gravelly | ML, CL | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Au Gres------| 0-13|Sand----------|SM, SP-SM,|A-2-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|35-70 | 0-15 | --- | NP

 | | | SP | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 |13-27|Sand, loamy |SP-SM, SM,|A-2-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|35-75 | 0-30 | <25 | NP-7

 | | sand, coarse | SC-SM, SP| A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 |27-61|Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM,|A-3, | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|35-70 | 0-15 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | SP | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson-------| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | NP

 | 4-21|Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-75 | 3-30 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 |21-64|Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-75 | 3-30 | --- | NP

 | | sand, coarse | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Au------------| 0-7 |Silt loam-----|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|80-100|80-100| <35 | 2-15

 Auburndale | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-14|Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|80-100|80-100| <30 | NP-11

 | | silt. | CL | | | | | | | | |

 |14-41|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|80-100|75-100| 25-35 | 10-17

 |41-53|Loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-5 |55-100|50-90 |40-85 |20-80 | 20-30 | 4-11

 | | loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-2, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |53-60|Sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0 | 0-5 |55-100|50-90 |40-85 |20-80 | <25 | NP-7

 | | gravelly | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 371

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ba------------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|90-100|85-95 | <26 | NP-8

 Barronett | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-15|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|85-100|85-95 | <26 | NP-8

 | | silt. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |15-32|Silt loam, |CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|90-100|85-100| 28-35 | 9-15

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |32-60|Stratified |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|80-100|70-95 | 21-28 | 4-9

 | | silt loam to | | | | | | | | | |

 | | very fine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BlB-----------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 15-25 | NP-7

 Bilson | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-32|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95 |20-65 | <28 | NP-9

 | | fine sandy | CL, ML | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |32-60|Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 5-25 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoC-----------| 0-5 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|40-80 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 Boone | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 5-37|Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|20-75 | 1-35 | --- | NP

 | | coarse sand, | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |37-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |20-75 | 1-35 | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoF-----------| 0-2 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|40-80 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 Boone | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 2-7 |Sand, channery|SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|25-75 | 2-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-31|Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|20-75 | 1-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |20-75 | 1-35 | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boone--------| 0-3 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|40-80 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 3-8 |Sand, channery|SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|25-75 | 2-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 8-35|Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|20-75 | 1-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |20-75 | 1-35 | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
372 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil-----| 0-3 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80 |20-45 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 3-27|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|30-80 |15-55 | 21-28 | 4-9

 | | loam, | CL, CL-ML| A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |27-31|Loamy sand, |SP, SM, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|15-70 | 4-35 | <21 | NP-4

 | | loamy fine | SP-SM | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | sand, | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-39|Sand, fine |SP, SM, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|10-60 | 2-20 | <18 | NP-3

 | | sand, | SP-SM | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |39-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BrA-----------| 0-10|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |80-90 | 20-30 | 4-11

 Brander |10-17|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |80-90 | 20-30 | 4-11

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |17-22|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |80-90 | 28-36 | 9-16

 |22-32|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |80-90 | 28-36 | 9-16

 |32-35|Gravelly loam,|ML, CL, |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |50-100|45-100|25-95 |15-80 | <30 | NP-11

 | | sandy loam, | GM, SC | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | very gravelly| | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-60|Stratified |GP, GP-GM,|A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |40-100|25-95 |10-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | extremely | SM | A-1-a, | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand | | | | | | | | | |

 | | to sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Capitola-----| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | NP

 | 4-12|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-90 | 23-26 | 6-8

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-35|Silt loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-5 | 0-15 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-90 | <28 | NP-9

 | | loam, sandy | SM, SC | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-39|Fine sandy |SM, SC |A-4, | 0-10 | 0-25 |65-100|55-95 |35-85 |15-50 | <26 | NP-8

 | | loam, sandy | | A-1-b, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |39-64|Fine sandy |SM, SP-SM |A-4, | 0-10 | 0-25 |65-100|55-95 |20-85 | 8-50 | <21 | NP-4

 | | loam, sandy | | A-1-b, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 373

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Marshfield---| 0-3 |Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-8 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-100| 25-35 | 7-15

 | 3-10|Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-8 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-100| 18-33 | 3-14

 | | silt. | CL | | | | | | | | |

 |10-26|Silt loam, |CL |A-6, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-8 |90-100|85-100|70-100|70-90 | 28-44 | 9-22

 | | silty clay | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |26-34|Loam, clay |CL, SC |A-6, A-4,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-95 |40-90 |25-75 | 28-44 | 9-22

 | | loam, | | A-7-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |34-60|Loam, clay |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-95 |40-90 |25-75 | 18-39 | 3-18

 | | loam, | SC, SM | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum-------| 0-3 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 3-7 |Silt loam-----|CL, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 15-30 | NP-9

 | 7-18|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 30-40 | 10-20

 |18-37|Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-7, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-85 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | silty clay | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |37-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cd------------| 0-8 |Mucky-peat----|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Citypoint | 8-28|Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |28-33|Sand, sandy |SP, SM, |A-1, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-100| 4-80 | 0-55 | NP-30

 | | loam, clay. | SC-SM, CL| A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 |33-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CmA-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 20-35 | 3-15

 Comstock | | | ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-12|Silt loam-----|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 20-30 | 3-10

 | | | ML | | | | | | | | |

 |12-20|Silt loam, |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 25-35 | 8-15

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |20-36|Silt loam, |CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-100| 25-40 | 9-20

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |36-41|Stratified |CL, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 20-30 | 3-10

 | | silt to fine | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |41-60|Stratified |CL, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 20-30 | 3-10

 | | silt to fine | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2----------| 0-8 |Loam----------|ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|55-100|45-85 | <20 | NP-4

 Council | 8-42|Loam, silt |CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-100|35-85 | 20-28 | 4-9

 | | loam, sandy | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |42-60|Sandy loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-100|30-85 | <28 | NP-9

 | | loam, silt | SM, SC | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
374 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Council------| 0-7 |Loam----------|ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|55-100|45-85 | <20 | NP-4

 | 7-45|Loam, silt |CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-100|35-85 | 20-28 | 4-9

 | | loam, sandy | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |45-60|Sandy loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-100|30-85 | <28 | NP-9

 | | loam, silt | SM, SC | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton-------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| 20-35 | 5-15

 | 9-46|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 25-40 | 5-20

 |46-60|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 25-40 | 5-20

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CuB-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |98-100|97-100|85-100|80-100| 18-30 | 3-11

 Crystal Lake | | | ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-23|Silt loam, |CL, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |98-100|97-100|90-100|85-100| 18-30 | 3-11

 | | silt. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |23-31|Silt loam, |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |98-100|97-100|90-100|85-100| 25-36 | 7-16

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-42|Silt loam, |CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |98-100|97-100|90-100|85-100| 28-40 | 9-18

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |42-60|Stratified |CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |98-100|97-100|75-100|60-90 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | silt loam to | ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Da------------| 0-7 |Mucky peat----|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Dawsil | 7-31|Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |31-60|Sand, coarse |SC-SM, SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|25-75 | 5-35 | <20 | NP-10

 | | sand, loamy | SC, SP-SM| A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 EaB-----------| 0-2 |Loamy sand----|SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |75-100|70-100|30-75 |10-35 | <20 | NP-4

 Eauclaire | | | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | 2-4 |Sand, gravelly|SP, SM |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |75-100|70-100|20-85 | 3-35 | <20 | NP-4

 | | loamy sand, | | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | 4-12|Loamy sand, |SP, SM |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |75-100|70-100|20-85 | 3-35 | <20 | NP-4

 | | gravelly | | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | sand, fine | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-34|Sand, gravelly|SP, SM |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |75-100|70-100|20-85 | 3-35 | <20 | NP-4

 | | loamy sand, | | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 |34-66|Sandy loam, |SM, SC |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |75-100|70-95 |40-75 |20-45 | 15-25 | 3-9

 | | sandy clay | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |66-80|Sandy loam, |SM, SC |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |75-100|70-95 |40-75 |20-45 | <25 | NP-8

 | | gravelly fine| | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 375

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ElB-----------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80 |20-45 | 18-25 | 3-7

 Elevasil | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-26|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|30-80 |15-55 | 21-28 | 4-9

 | | loam, | CL, CL-ML| A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |26-30|Loamy sand, |SP, SM, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|15-70 | 4-35 | <21 | NP-4

 | | loamy fine | SP-SM | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | sand, | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-38|Sand, fine |SP, SM, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|10-60 | 2-20 | <18 | NP-3

 | | sand, | SP-SM | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ElC2----------| 0-9 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80 |20-45 | 18-25 | 3-7

 Elevasil | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 9-24|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|30-80 |15-55 | 21-28 | 4-9

 | | loam, | CL, CL-ML| A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-28|Loamy sand, |SP, SM, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|15-70 | 4-35 | <21 | NP-4

 | | loamy fine | SP-SM | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | sand, | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |28-39|Sand, fine |SP, SM, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|10-60 | 2-20 | <18 | NP-3

 | | sand, | SP-SM | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |39-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ElD2----------| 0-9 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80 |20-45 | 18-25 | 3-7

 Elevasil | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 9-18|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|30-80 |15-55 | 21-28 | 4-9

 | | loam, | CL, CL-ML| A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |18-26|Loamy sand, |SP, SM, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|15-70 | 4-35 | <21 | NP-4

 | | loamy fine | SP-SM | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | sand, | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |26-36|Sand, fine |SP, SM, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|10-60 | 2-20 | <18 | NP-3

 | | sand, | SP-SM | A-3, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |36-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
376 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild----| 0-4 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |20-75 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 4-12|Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-1, A-4| | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-19|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-1, A-4| | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |19-27|Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-2,| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |27-33|Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |45-90 |20-80 | 20-45 | 4-21

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM, SC| A-7, A-2| | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake-----| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 4-24|Sand, loamy |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|30-75 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, coarse | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-36|Silty clay |CL, CL-ML,|A-6, A-2,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |45-95 |25-85 | 20-45 | 4-22

 | | loam, loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |36-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FfA-----------| 0-9 |Loam----------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |55-90 |45-75 | 15-26 | NP-8

 Fallcreek | | | CL | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-16|Loam, sandy |CL, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam. | ML, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |16-22|Sandy loam, |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |55-90 |30-75 | 23-32 | 6-13

 | | loam. | SC-SM, | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |22-68|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |55-90 |30-75 | 25-35 | 7-15

 | | loam. | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |68-80|Loam, sandy |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam. | SC, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fallcreek----| 0-7 |Loam----------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |55-90 |45-75 | 15-26 | NP-8

 | | | CL | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-13|Loam, sandy |CL, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam. | ML, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |13-21|Sandy loam, |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |55-90 |30-75 | 23-32 | 6-13

 | | loam. | SC-SM, | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |21-47|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |55-90 |30-75 | 25-35 | 7-15

 | | loam. | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |47-60|Loam, sandy |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-9 |80-100|75-98 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam. | SC, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 377

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan----| 0-3 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 15-23 | 2-6

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 3-5 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 5-12|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-19|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 21-28 | 4-9

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |19-28|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-95 |50-85 | 43-65 | 21-40

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |28-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FhB-----------| 0-10|Loam----------|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |45-75 | 15-26 | NP-8

 Flambeau | | | CL | | | | | | | | |

 |10-16|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam. | ML, CL | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |16-25|Sandy clay |CL, SC, |A-4, A-2,| 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |30-75 | 23-32 | 6-13

 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |25-50|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |30-75 | 25-35 | 7-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |50-60|Fine sandy |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam, clay | SC, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FhC-----------| 0-9 |Loam----------|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |45-75 | 15-26 | NP-8

 Flambeau | | | CL | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-24|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam. | ML, CL | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |24-42|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |30-75 | 25-35 | 7-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |42-60|Fine sandy |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam, clay | SC, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
378 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FhD-----------| 0-7 |Loam----------|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |45-75 | 15-26 | NP-8

 Flambeau | | | CL | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-12|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam. | ML, CL | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |12-21|Sandy clay |CL, SC, |A-4, A-2,| 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |30-75 | 23-32 | 6-13

 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |21-46|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |30-75 | 25-35 | 7-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |46-60|Fine sandy |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam, clay | SC, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FkB-----------| 0-10|Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |45-75 |20-45 | 15-23 | NP-6

 Flambeau | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |10-20|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam. | ML, CL | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |20-50|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |30-75 | 25-35 | 7-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |50-60|Fine sandy |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam, clay | SC, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FlB: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Flambeau-----| 0-9 |Loam----------|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |45-75 | 15-26 | NP-8

 | | | CL | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-18|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam. | ML, CL | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |18-42|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |30-75 | 25-35 | 7-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |42-60|Fine sandy |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam, clay | SC, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird------| 0-7 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 15-25 | 2-7

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 7-9 |Fine sandy |SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | --- | NP

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-14|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |14-25|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-95 | 43-66 | 21-39

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |25-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 379

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FlC: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Flambeau-----| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |45-75 |20-45 | 15-23 | NP-6

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-18|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam. | ML, CL | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |18-48|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |55-90 |30-75 | 25-35 | 7-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |48-60|Fine sandy |CL, ML, |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-75 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam, clay | SC, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird------| 0-7 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 15-25 | 2-7

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 7-9 |Fine sandy |SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | --- | NP

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-15|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |15-25|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-95 | 43-66 | 21-39

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |25-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fm------------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-100|55-100|45-85 | 20-35 | 3-15

 Fordum | | | SM, SC | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-36|Silt loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-15 |30-100|25-100|20-100|10-90 | <30 | 3-10

 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |36-60|Sand, very |SP, SM, |A-3, A-2,| 0 | 0-15 |30-100|25-100| 7-95 | 1-50 | --- | NP

 | | gravelly | GP, SM | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FnB-----------| 0-10|Silt loam-----|ML, CL, |A-4 | 2-3 |10-25 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-95 | <30 | NP-10

 Freeon | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |10-23|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-4 | 1-5 |10-25 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-95 | <30 | NP-10

 | | silt. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |23-30|Sandy loam, |SC, ML, |A-4, A-3,| 1-5 | 0-15 |55-95 |50-90 |20-85 | 7-70 | <30 | NP-10

 | | loamy sand, | CL, SP-SM| A-2, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-52|Sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-15 |55-95 |50-90 |30-85 |15-70 | <25 | NP-7

 | | gravelly | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |52-60|Sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-15 |55-95 |50-90 |30-85 |15-70 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
380 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FnC-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL, |A-4 | 2-3 |10-25 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-95 | <30 | NP-10

 Freeon | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-20|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-4 | 1-5 |10-25 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-95 | <30 | NP-10

 | | silt. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |20-35|Sandy loam, |SC, ML, |A-4, A-3,| 1-5 | 0-15 |55-95 |50-90 |20-85 | 7-70 | <30 | NP-10

 | | loamy sand, | CL, SP-SM| A-2, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-50|Sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-15 |55-95 |50-90 |30-85 |15-70 | <25 | NP-7

 | | gravelly | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |50-60|Sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-15 |55-95 |50-90 |30-85 |15-70 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeB-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|65-85 | 20-30 | 4-10

 Hiles | 9-19|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|65-85 | 25-35 | 10-15

 |19-29|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-6, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-95 |25-75 | 25-40 | 10-20

 | | loam, silty | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HuB-----------| 0-8 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 15-25 | 2-7

 Humbird | | loam. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-11|Fine sandy |SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | --- | NP

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |11-22|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |22-32|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-95 | 43-66 | 21-39

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |32-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HuC-----------| 0-3 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 15-25 | 2-7

 Humbird | | loam. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 3-6 |Fine sandy |SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | --- | NP

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 6-12|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-16|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |16-24|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-95 | 43-66 | 21-39

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 381

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird------| 0-2 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 15-25 | 2-7

 | | loam. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 2-9 |Fine sandy |SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | --- | NP

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-14|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |14-21|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |21-27|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-95 | 43-66 | 21-39

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |27-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan----| 0-3 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 15-23 | 2-6

 | | loam. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 3-10|Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-15|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |15-22|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 21-28 | 4-9

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |22-33|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-95 |50-85 | 43-65 | 21-40

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun------| 0-3 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | 3-12|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 |12-19|Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-75 | 2-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |19-29|Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-75 | 2-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-61|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek----| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 4-6 |Mucky sand----|SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | 6-28|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 |28-64|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
382 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun------| 0-3 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | 3-8 |Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | 8-12|Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-75 | 2-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-22|Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-75 | 2-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |22-61|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek----| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 4-6 |Mucky sand----|SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | 6-22|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 |22-64|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Arbutus------| 0-2 |Loamy sand----|SM |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|35-75 |15-35 | 0-20 | NP-4

 | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 2-5 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|25-75 | 4-35 | 0-20 | NP-4

 | | sand. | | A-1, A-3| | | | | | | |

 | 5-17|Loamy sand, |SM, SP |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|25-75 | 4-35 | 0-20 | NP-5

 | | sand. | | A-1, A-3| | | | | | | |

 |17-25|Sand, loamy |SM, SP |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|25-75 | 4-35 | 0-20 | NP-4

 | | sand. | | A-1, A-3| | | | | | | |

 |25-25|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 KeA-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 20-30 | 4-10

 Kert | 9-22|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 30-40 | 10-20

 |22-34|Loam, silty |CL, SC |A-7, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-85 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | clay loam, | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |34-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lk------------| 0-6 |Peat----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Loxley | 6-60|Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loxley-------| 0-10|Peat----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |10-60|Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Beseman------| 0-10|Peat----------| --- | --- | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |10-29|Sapric |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | material. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-60|Loam, sandy |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| --- | 0-2 |75-100|65-100|40-95 |25-75 | 15-30 | NP-12

 | | loam. | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dawson-------| 0-10|Peat----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |10-42|Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |42-60|Sand, gravelly|SP, SM, |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |45-100|35-100|15-90 | 0-45 | <20 | NP-10

 | | sand, very | SC, GP | A-1, A-4| | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly very| | | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 383

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LoB-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 21-26 | 4-8

 Loyal | 9-14|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 21-26 | 4-8

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |14-20|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 23-35 | 6-15

 |20-24|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-2 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 25-32 | 7-13

 | | clay loam, | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-45|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 28-35 | 9-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |45-60|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 25-32 | 7-13

 | | sandy clay | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LoC-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 21-26 | 4-8

 Loyal | 9-12|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 21-26 | 4-8

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-18|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 23-35 | 6-15

 |18-24|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-2 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 25-32 | 7-13

 | | clay loam, | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-42|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 28-35 | 9-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |42-60|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 25-32 | 7-13

 | | sandy clay | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LsB: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal--------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 21-26 | 4-8

 | 9-13|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 21-26 | 4-8

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |13-25|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 23-35 | 6-15

 |25-33|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-2 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 25-32 | 7-13

 | | clay loam, | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-50|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 28-35 | 9-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |50-60|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 25-32 | 7-13

 | | sandy clay | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hiles--------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|65-85 | 20-30 | 4-10

 | 8-13|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|65-85 | 20-30 | 4-10

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |13-17|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|65-85 | 25-35 | 10-15

 |17-23|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-6, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-95 |25-75 | 25-40 | 10-20

 | | loam, silty | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |23-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
384 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LsC: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal--------| 0-7 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 21-26 | 4-8

 | 7-10|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 21-26 | 4-8

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-17|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|70-85 | 23-35 | 6-15

 |17-25|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-2 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 25-32 | 7-13

 | | clay loam, | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |25-43|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 28-35 | 9-15

 | | clay loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |43-60|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |25-75 |15-60 | 25-32 | 7-13

 | | sandy clay | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hiles--------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|65-85 | 20-30 | 4-10

 | 9-17|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|65-85 | 20-30 | 4-10

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |17-22|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|65-85 | 25-35 | 10-15

 |22-28|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-6, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-95 |25-75 | 25-40 | 10-20

 | | loam, silty | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |28-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LuB-----------| 0-4 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 5-25 | --- | NP

 Ludington | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 4-12|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-3, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-18|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |18-31|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-37|Loam, sandy |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |45-90 |20-80 | 20-45 | 4-21

 | | clay loam, | SC-SM, | A-7, A-2| | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |37-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LuC-----------| 0-3 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 5-25 | --- | NP

 Ludington | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 3-8 |Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-3, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 8-14|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |14-27|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |27-33|Loam, sandy |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |45-90 |20-80 | 20-45 | 4-21

 | | clay loam, | SC-SM, | A-7, A-2| | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |33-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 385

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington----| 0-4 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 5-25 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 4-11|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-3, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |11-16|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |16-33|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-39|Loam, sandy |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |45-90 |20-80 | 20-45 | 4-21

 | | clay loam, | SC-SM, | A-7, A-2| | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |39-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild----| 0-4 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |20-75 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 4-10|Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-1, A-4| | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-18|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-1, A-4| | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |18-29|Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-2,| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-34|Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |45-90 |20-80 | 20-45 | 4-21

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM, SC| A-7, A-2| | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |34-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington----| 0-4 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 5-25 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 4-12|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-3, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-17|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |17-28|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-95 | 5-50 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-4, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |28-35|Loam, sandy |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |45-90 |20-80 | 20-45 | 4-21

 | | clay loam, | SC-SM, | A-7, A-2| | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |35-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
386 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird------| 0-3 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 15-25 | 2-7

 | | loam. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 3-5 |Fine sandy |SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | --- | NP

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 5-10|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-19|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-90 |30-50 | 20-28 | 3-9

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |19-25|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-95 | 43-66 | 21-39

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |25-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MaB-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 2-3 | 2-9 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-100| <28 | NP-9

 Magnor | | | ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-15|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 1-3 | 1-9 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |60-95 | <28 | NP-9

 | | silt. | ML | | | | | | | | |

 |15-21|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0-5 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|70-85 |60-85 | <28 | NP-9

 | | silt. | ML | | | | | | | | |

 |21-45|Gravelly sandy|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-5 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |40-85 |20-70 | <28 | NP-9

 | | loam, fine | SM, SC | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |45-60|Sandy loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-5 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |40-85 |20-70 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, | SM, SC-SM| A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MbB-----------| 0-4 |Loamy sand----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-1 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|75-90 |40-85 |15-30 | 15-20 | NP-4

 Mahtomedi | 4-15|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-2 |80-95 |75-90 |30-75 | 5-15 | 15-20 | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |15-20|Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-10 |70-95 |50-90 |30-75 | 5-15 | 15-20 | NP

 | | sand, | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |20-61|Sand, coarse |SP, SM, |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-10 |55-95 |50-90 |30-70 | 2-15 | 15-20 | NP

 | | sand, | SP-SM | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MbC-----------| 0-4 |Loamy sand----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-1 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|75-90 |40-85 |15-30 | 15-20 | NP-4

 Mahtomedi | 4-6 |Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-2 |80-95 |75-90 |30-75 | 5-15 | 15-20 | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 6-33|Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-10 |70-95 |50-90 |30-75 | 5-15 | 15-20 | NP

 | | sand, | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-61|Sand, coarse |SP, SM, |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0-10 |55-95 |50-90 |30-70 | 2-15 | 15-20 | NP

 | | sand, | SP-SM | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 387

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 McA-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|90-100|85-100| 23-27 | 7-9

 Maplehurst | 9-16|Silt loam, |CL |A-6, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|90-100|85-95 | 23-30 | 7-11

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |16-25|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|90-100|85-95 | 25-32 | 7-13

 |25-44|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|90-100|85-95 | 28-34 | 9-14

 |44-47|Sandy loam, |SM, GM, |A-4, | 0-3 | 0-15 |50-100|45-100|25-95 |15-80 | <25 | NP-7

 | | gravelly | ML, CL-ML| A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |47-60|Stratified |SP, GM, |A-1-a | 0-3 | 0-15 |45-100|40-95 |10-65 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | very gravelly| GP, SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand | | | | | | | | | |

 | | to sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Me: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Markey-------| 0-27|Muck----------|PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |27-60|Sand, fine |SP, SM, |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |95-100|60-100|30-75 | 0-30 | --- | NP

 | | sand, | SP-SM | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson-------| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | NP

 | 4-25|Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-75 | 3-30 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 |25-60|Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-75 | 3-30 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | SP | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mf------------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-8 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-100| 25-35 | 7-15

 Marshfield | 9-14|Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-8 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-100| 18-33 | 3-14

 | | silt. | CL | | | | | | | | |

 |14-30|Silt loam, |CL |A-6, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-8 |90-100|85-100|70-100|70-90 | 28-44 | 9-22

 | | silty clay | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-36|Loam, clay |CL, SC |A-6, A-4,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-95 |40-90 |25-75 | 28-44 | 9-22

 | | loam, | | A-7-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |36-60|Loam, clay |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-95 |40-90 |25-75 | 18-39 | 3-18

 | | loam, | SC, SM | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MgB-----------| 0-4 |Loamy sand----|SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 |85-100|60-80 |10-30 | --- | NP

 Menahga | 4-24|Coarse sand, |SP, SP-SM |A-3, A-2,| 0 | 0 | 100 |80-100|30-75 | 0-10 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-61|Coarse sand, |SP, SP-SM |A-3, A-2,| 0 | 0 | 100 |80-100|30-75 | 0-10 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MmA-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 23-30 | 6-11

 Merimod | 9-17|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 28-34 | 9-14

 |17-32|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95 |20-80 | 28-34 | 9-14

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |32-60|Sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
388 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MnB-----------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 23-30 | 6-11

 Merit | 8-20|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 28-34 | 9-14

 |20-30|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95 |20-80 | 28-34 | 9-14

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |30-60|Sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merit--------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 23-30 | 6-11

 | 9-12|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 28-34 | 9-14

 |12-30|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95 |20-80 | 28-34 | 9-14

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 |30-60|Sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Gardenvale---| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|CL |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 25-30 | 7-11

 | 8-26|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 28-37 | 9-16

 |26-30|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95 |25-70 | 25-37 | 7-16

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-50|Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85 | 5-35 | <21 | NP-4

 | | sand. | | A-1-b, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |50-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MpA-----------| 0-9 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 15-23 | 2-6

 Merrillan | | loam. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 9-11|Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |11-22|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |22-36|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-95 |50-85 | 43-65 | 21-40

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |36-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 389

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan----| 0-3 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 15-23 | 2-6

 | | loam. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 3-6 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 6-13|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 18-25 | 3-7

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |13-21|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | 21-28 | 4-9

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |21-30|Clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7-6 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-95 |50-85 | 43-65 | 21-40

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | unweathered | | | | | | | | | |

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum-------| 0-5 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 5-7 |Silt loam-----|CL, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 15-30 | NP-9

 | 7-20|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 30-40 | 10-20

 |20-26|Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-7, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-85 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | silty clay | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |26-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Moppet-------| 0-5 |Fine sandy |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-95 |30-65 | 21-26 | 4-8

 | | loam. | CL, CL-ML| A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 5-35|Fine sandy |ML, SM, |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-100|40-85 | 18-28 | 3-9

 | | loam, loam, | SC, CL | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-60|Gravelly sand,|SM, SP-SM,|A-1-b, | 0 | 0-5 |55-100|50-100|15-95 | 2-50 | 15-21 | NP-4

 | | fine sand, | SP | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy fine | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fordum-------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|75-100|55-100|45-85 | 20-35 | 3-15

 | | | SM, SC | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-28|Silt loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-15 |30-100|25-100|20-100|10-90 | <30 | 3-10

 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |28-60|Sand, very |SP, SM, |A-3, A-2,| 0 | 0-15 |30-100|25-100| 7-95 | 1-50 | --- | NP

 | | gravelly | GP, SM | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
390 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NeB-----------| 0-9 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 2-3 | 0-15 |80-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | <25 | NP-7

 Newood | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |

 | 9-16|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 1-3 | 0-15 |70-100|65-100|40-90 |20-75 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, | ML, CL-ML| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |16-39|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |35-80 |12-45 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, sandy | GM, GM-GC| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |39-62|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |45-80 |20-45 | <30 | NP-10

 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, GM| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |62-65|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |45-80 |20-45 | <25 | NP-7

 | | gravelly | GM, GM-GC| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NeC-----------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 2-3 | 0-15 |80-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | <25 | NP-7

 Newood | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |

 | 8-15|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 1-3 | 0-15 |70-100|65-100|40-90 |20-75 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, | ML, CL-ML| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |15-38|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |35-80 |12-45 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, sandy | GM, GM-GC| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-61|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |45-80 |20-45 | <30 | NP-10

 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, GM| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |61-65|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |45-80 |20-45 | <25 | NP-7

 | | gravelly | GM, GM-GC| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 391

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newood-------| 0-4 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 2-3 | 0-15 |80-100|75-100|40-85 |20-55 | <25 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |

 | 4-15|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 1-3 | 0-15 |70-100|65-100|40-90 |20-75 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, | ML, CL-ML| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |15-38|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |35-80 |12-45 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, sandy | GM, GM-GC| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-63|Gravelly sandy|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |45-80 |20-45 | <30 | NP-10

 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, GM| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |63-65|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-2 | 0-15 |60-100|55-95 |45-80 |20-45 | <25 | NP-7

 | | gravelly | GM, GM-GC| A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Magnor-------| 0-4 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 2-3 | 2-9 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-100| <28 | NP-9

 | | | ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-9 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 1-3 | 1-9 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |60-95 | <28 | NP-9

 | | silt. | ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-26|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0-5 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|70-85 |60-85 | <28 | NP-9

 | | silt. | ML | | | | | | | | |

 |26-60|Gravelly sandy|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-5 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |40-85 |20-70 | <28 | NP-9

 | | loam, fine | SM, SC | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |60-65|Sandy loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-5 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |40-85 |20-70 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, | SM, SC-SM| A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly fine| | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cathro-------| 0-4 |Mucky peat----|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 4-30|Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |30-60|Loam, silty |SC-SM, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|65-100|60-100|35-90 | 20-40 | 4-20

 | | clay loam, | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | SC, CL | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
392 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NoC-----------| 0-4 |Flaggy silt |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 2-3 |15-40 |80-98 |75-96 |60-95 |50-85 | <25 | NP-7

 Northmound | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-8 |Flaggy silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, | 2-5 |10-40 |80-98 |75-96 |45-95 |20-85 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, sandy | SM, SC-SM| A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 8-24|Very flaggy |ML, CL, |A-4, | 2-10 |30-60 |55-80 |50-75 |30-75 |15-65 | <30 | NP-9

 | | silt loam, | GM, GC | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery| | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-30|Very flaggy |ML, CL, |A-4, | 5-20 |30-60 |55-80 |50-75 |30-70 |15-65 | <30 | NP-9

 | | loam, very | GM, GC | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-30|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Northmound---| 0-5 |Flaggy silt |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 2-3 |15-40 |80-98 |75-96 |60-95 |50-85 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 5-11|Flaggy silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, | 2-5 |10-40 |80-98 |75-96 |45-95 |20-85 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, sandy | SM, SC-SM| A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |11-24|Very flaggy |ML, CL, |A-4, | 2-10 |30-60 |55-80 |50-75 |30-75 |15-65 | <30 | NP-9

 | | silt loam, | GM, GC | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery| | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-30|Very flaggy |ML, CL, |A-4, | 5-20 |30-60 |55-80 |50-75 |30-70 |15-65 | <30 | NP-9

 | | loam, very | GM, GC | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-30|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 OeA-----------| 0-6 |Loam----------|CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|65-95 |45-75 | 21-26 | 4-8

 Oesterle | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | |

 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | |

 | 6-12|Sandy loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-9 |75-100|70-100|40-95 |20-75 | 18-26 | 3-8

 | | loam. | SM, SC | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 |12-27|Sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-1,| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|25-95 |15-60 | <28 | NP-9

 | | gravelly | CL, ML | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |27-61|Gravelly sand,|SM, SP, |A-1, A-3,| 0 | 0-9 |30-100|25-100| 7-75 | 1-35 | --- | NP

 | | loamy sand. | GM, GP | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 393

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pelkie-------| 0-4 |Loamy fine |SM |A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-95 |15-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-60|Sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-80 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Winterfield--| 0-7 |Loamy fine |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|50-90 |15-45 | <25 | NP-7

 | | sand. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 7-31|Coarse sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-2-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|50-90 | 2-45 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loamy sand, | SC-SM, SP| A-3, A-4| | | | | | | |

 | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-60|Sand, gravelly|SM, SP-SM,|A-3, | 0 | 0 |85-100|70-100|35-80 | 0-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, loamy | SP | A-1-b, | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sand. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pg------------| 0-60|Sand and |GP, SP, | --- | --- | 0-10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pits | | gravel. | GP-GM, | | | | | | | | |

 | | | SP-SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PoA-----------| 0-10|Very fine |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|75-95 |50-60 | <25 | 3-6

 Plover | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-28|Fine sandy |SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|40-75 | <20 | NP-5

 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, silt | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |28-33|Fine sandy |SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|40-70 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, sandy | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 |33-60|Stratified |ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|55-100|35-75 | <25 | NP-7

 | | silt to sand.| SC-SM, SM| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek----| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 4-6 |Mucky sand----|SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | 6-26|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 |26-64|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dawsil-------| 0-4 |Mucky peat----|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 4-30|Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |30-60|Sand, coarse |SC-SM, SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|25-75 | 5-35 | <20 | NP-10

 | | sand, loamy | SC, SP-SM| A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PxA-----------| 0-4 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-4 |95-100|90-100|80-100|70-95 | 20-30 | 5-10

 Poskin | 4-6 |Silt loam-----|CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-4 |95-100|90-100|80-100|70-95 | 20-25 | 4-7

 | 6-25|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-4 |95-100|90-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-35 | 7-15

 |25-28|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-4 |95-100|90-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-35 | 9-15

 |28-31|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-10 |50-100|45-100|30-100|10-90 | <25 | NP-7

 | | loam, | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-61|Gravelly sand,|SP, SP-SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0-10 |30-100|25-100|10-90 | 1-15 | --- | NP

 | | coarse sand, | GP, GP-GM| A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | sand and | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravel. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
394 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Py------------| 0-6 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|25-75 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 Psammaquents | | | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | 6-60|Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|25-75 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rb------------| 0-7 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|90-100|85-100| 20-30 | 4-11

 Rib | 7-27|Silt loam, |CL |A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|90-100|85-100| 30-40 | 10-20

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |27-31|Loam, sandy |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|45-100|35-90 |20-75 | 17-40 | 1-20

 | | loam, very | SC, SM | A-6, A-1| | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-60|Stratified |SP, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0-1 | 0-9 |45-95 |40-95 |25-55 | 2-10 | --- | NP

 | | very gravelly| GP, GP-GM| A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand | | | | | | | | | |

 | | to loamy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RkA-----------| 0-4 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 Rockdam | | | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | 4-9 |Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | 9-13|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 |13-35|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 |35-61|Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 2-25 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoA-----------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-3 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | <21 | NP-4

 Rosholt | 8-16|Fine sandy |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|20-100| 7-90 | <23 | NP-6

 | | loam, | SC-SM, | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |16-31|Fine sandy |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|30-95 |15-80 | <26 | NP-8

 | | loam, sandy | CL, ML | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-60|Stratified |GP, SP, |A-1, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-25 |30-100|25-100| 7-70 | 1-25 | --- | NP

 | | extremely | SM, GM | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sand| | | | | | | | | |

 | | to coarse | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 395

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoB-----------| 0-9 |Sandy loam----|SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-3 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | <21 | NP-4

 Rosholt | 9-30|Fine sandy |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|30-95 |15-80 | <26 | NP-8

 | | loam, sandy | CL, ML | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-34|Gravelly loamy|SM, GM, |A-1, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-25 |30-100|25-100|15-75 | 8-35 | <23 | NP-6

 | | sand, | SP-SM, | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | GP-GM | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | coarse sand, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |34-60|Stratified |GP, SP, |A-1, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-25 |30-100|25-100| 7-70 | 1-25 | --- | NP

 | | extremely | SM, GM | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sand| | | | | | | | | |

 | | to coarse | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoC-----------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-3 |80-100|75-100|45-90 |20-50 | <21 | NP-4

 Rosholt | 8-28|Fine sandy |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|30-95 |15-80 | <26 | NP-8

 | | loam, sandy | CL, ML | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |28-60|Stratified |GP, SP, |A-1, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-25 |30-100|25-100| 7-70 | 1-25 | --- | NP

 | | extremely | SM, GM | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sand| | | | | | | | | |

 | | to coarse | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RzB-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 18-30 | 3-11

 Rozellville | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-13|Silt loam, |CL, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|55-100|50-85 | 18-30 | 3-11

 | | loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |13-17|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-2 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-85 | 21-34 | 4-14

 | | clay loam, | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |17-38|Loam, clay |CL, SC |A-2-4, | 0-10 | 0-25 |55-100|50-95 |30-95 |25-75 | 28-39 | 9-18

 | | loam, | | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Gravelly loam,|GC, GM-GC,|A-1, A-2,| 0-15 | 0-50 |40-85 |35-70 |20-65 |15-50 | 21-36 | 4-16

 | | cobbly loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-4, A-6| | | | | | | |

 | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RzC-----------| 0-4 |Silt loam-----|CL, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|60-100|50-85 | 18-30 | 3-11

 Rozellville | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-14|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-2 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-85 | 21-34 | 4-14

 | | clay loam, | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |14-34|Loam, clay |CL, SC |A-2-4, | 0-10 | 0-25 |55-100|50-95 |30-95 |25-75 | 28-39 | 9-18

 | | loam, | | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |34-60|Gravelly loam,|GC, GM-GC,|A-1, A-2,| 0-15 | 0-50 |40-85 |35-70 |20-65 |15-50 | 21-36 | 4-16

 | | cobbly loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-4, A-6| | | | | | | |

 | | very gravelly| | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
396 Soil Survey of

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ScA-----------| 0-2 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|20-70 | 5-25 | --- | NP

 Simescreek | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | 2-32|Sand, coarse |SP, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|20-70 | 1-10 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 |32-60|Sand, coarse |SP, SP-SM |A-1-b, | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|20-70 | 1-10 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SrB-----------| 0-10|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 21-28 | 4-9

 Spencer |10-35|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 28-35 | 9-15

 |35-43|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 28-35 | 9-15

 |43-60|Sandy loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, | 0-2 | 0-9 |55-90 |50-90 |25-80 |10-70 | 21-30 | 4-11

 | | gravelly | SC, SP-SC| A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loamy | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SrC-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 21-28 | 4-9

 Spencer | 9-11|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 21-28 | 4-9

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |11-33|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 28-35 | 9-15

 |33-42|Silt loam-----|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-9 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 28-35 | 9-15

 |42-60|Sandy loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, | 0-2 | 0-9 |55-90 |50-90 |25-80 |10-70 | 21-30 | 4-11

 | | gravelly | SC, SP-SC| A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loamy | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 TrB-----------| 0-8 |Sand----------|SM, SP-SM |A-1, A-2,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70 | 5-25 | --- | NP

 Tarr | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-36|Sand, fine |SP, SP-SM |A-1, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-80 | 1-10 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 |36-60|Sand, fine |SP, SP-SM |A-1, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-80 | 1-10 | --- | NP

 | | sand. | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ve------------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 20-30 | 4-10

 Veedum | 9-15|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 30-40 | 10-20

 |15-35|Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-7, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-85 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | silty clay | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum-------| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 4-6 |Silt loam-----|CL, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 15-30 | NP-9

 | 6-20|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 30-40 | 10-20

 |20-29|Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-7, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-85 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | silty clay | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 397

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake-----| 0-4 |Muck----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 4-30|Sand, loamy |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|30-75 | 5-35 | --- | NP

 | | sand, coarse | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 |30-38|Silty clay |CL, CL-ML,|A-6, A-2,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |45-95 |25-85 | 20-45 | 4-22

 | | loam, loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 WeA-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-100| 20-30 | 5-10

 Withee | 9-14|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-2 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-100| 20-30 | 5-10

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |14-24|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-3 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-100| 20-35 | 5-15

 |24-47|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-6, A-7,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |40-80 |15-60 | 25-45 | 10-25

 | | clay loam, | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |47-60|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-6, A-7,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |40-80 |20-60 | 20-45 | 7-25

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2, A-4| | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Withee-------| 0-10|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-100| 20-30 | 5-10

 |10-17|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-2 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-100| 20-30 | 5-10

 | | silt. | | | | | | | | | |

 |17-35|Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-3 | 0-9 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-100| 20-35 | 5-15

 |35-44|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-6, A-7,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |40-80 |15-60 | 25-45 | 10-25

 | | clay loam, | | A-2 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |44-60|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-6, A-7,| 0-3 | 0-15 |55-100|50-90 |40-80 |20-60 | 20-45 | 7-25

 | | loam, sandy | | A-2, A-4| | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kert---------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 20-30 | 4-10

 | 8-13|Silt loam, |CL, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | <30 | NP-9

 | | silt. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 |13-21|Silt loam-----|CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|65-85 | 30-40 | 10-20

 |21-31|Loam, silty |CL, SC |A-7, A-6,| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-100|20-85 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | clay loam, | | A-2-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |31-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
398 Soil Survey of

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire

 profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer.

 Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AbB--------------| 0-7 | 5-12|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 3 | 1-3

 Aftad | 7-13| 3-12|1.45-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |13-43| 8-15|1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |43-60| 1-12|1.50-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.05-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AgA--------------| 0-9 |14-23|1.20-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 2-5

 Almena | 9-19|10-23|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |19-33|15-25|1.50-1.65| 0.2-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |33-45|18-27|1.50-1.65| 0.2-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |45-60|10-20|1.70-1.80| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Au Gres---------| 0-13| 0-8 |1.30-1.55| 6.0-60 |0.07-0.10|3.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 5 | 1 | 2-5

 |13-27| 1-15|1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.09|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 |27-61| 0-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson----------| 0-4 | --- |0.10-0.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-7.3 |-------------|0.05| 5 | 2 | 30-80

 | 4-21| 1-4 |1.70-1.80| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.11|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |21-64| 1-4 |1.70-1.80| 6.0-20 |0.04-0.11|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Au---------------| 0-7 | 6-25|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 4-10

 Auburndale | 7-14| 6-20|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |14-41|18-27|1.50-1.65| 0.2-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |41-53| 8-20|1.50-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.08-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |53-60| 5-15|1.75-1.85| 0.2-2.0 |0.08-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ba---------------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.26|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 4-10

 Barronett | 9-15| 4-15|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |15-32|18-25|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |32-60|10-18|1.40-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.22|4.5-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BlB--------------| 0-8 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.17| 4 | 3 | 1-2

 Bilson | 8-32| 6-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.17|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |32-60| 1-8 |1.60-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.08|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoC--------------| 0-5 | 2-3 |1.55-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.07-0.10|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-5

 Boone | 5-37| 0-3 |1.55-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.11|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |37-60| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoF--------------| 0-2 | 2-3 |1.55-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.07-0.10|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-5

 Boone | 2-7 | 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.12|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 7-31| 0-3 |1.55-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.11|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |31-60| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------| 0-3 | 2-3 |1.55-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.07-0.10|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-5

 | 3-8 | 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.12|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 8-35| 0-3 |1.55-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.11|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |35-60| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | 2-6

 | 3-27|10-17|1.45-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |27-31| 2-10|1.50-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.03-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |31-39| 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.08|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |39-60| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 399

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BrA--------------| 0-10|10-20|1.30-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 5 | 1-3

 Brander |10-17|10-20|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |17-22|18-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |22-32|18-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |32-35| 6-20|1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |35-60| 1-6 |1.55-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.01-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Capitola--------| 0-4 | --- |0.15-0.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.35-0.45|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 2 | 50-80

 | 4-12|12-16|1.25-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 |12-35| 8-17|1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.09-0.22|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |35-39| 8-16|1.40-1.90| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |39-64| 5-10|1.70-1.90| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.16|5.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Marshfield------| 0-3 |15-27|1.25-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|3.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.32| 5 | 6 | 4-10

 | 3-10| 8-23|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |10-26|18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |26-34|18-35|1.70-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.10|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |34-60| 8-30|1.80-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum----------| 0-3 | --- |0.15-0.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 2 | 20-50

 | 3-7 | 8-20|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 | 7-18|18-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |18-37|18-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 |37-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cd---------------| 0-8 | --- |0.20-0.35| 0.2-6.0 |0.55-0.65|3.6-5.0 |-------------|----| 2 | 5 | 65-85

 Citypoint | 8-28| --- |0.15-0.40| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.6-5.0 |-------------|0.10| | |

 |28-33| 0-50|1.55-1.75| 0.06-20 |0.05-0.18|3.6-5.0 |Moderate-----|0.15| | |

 |33-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CmA--------------| 0-9 | 8-22|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 2-4

 Comstock | 9-12| 8-20|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |12-20|15-28|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |20-36|18-30|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |36-41| 8-20|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 |41-60| 8-20|1.40-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2-------------| 0-8 | 6-10|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | 1-2

 Council | 8-42|10-17|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |42-60| 6-17|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Council---------| 0-7 | 6-10|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | 1-2

 | 7-45|10-17|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |45-60| 6-17|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| 0-9 |15-22|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.49| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 | 9-46|18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 |46-60|15-25|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|5.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CuB--------------| 0-9 | 8-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 2-4

 Crystal Lake | 9-23| 8-20|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |23-31|15-27|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |31-42|18-30|1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |42-60| 8-20|1.45-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.20-0.22|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Da---------------| 0-7 | --- |0.20-0.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.45-0.55|3.5-4.4 |-------------|----| 2 | 5 | 65-85

 Dawsil | 7-31| --- |0.15-0.40| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-4.4 |-------------|0.10| | |

 |31-60| 0-10|1.55-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.10|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
400 Soil Survey of

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EaB--------------| 0-2 | 3-10|1.35-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.07-0.12|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 2 | 2-5

 Eauclaire | 2-4 | 3-10|1.45-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.12|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 4-12| 3-10|1.45-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.04-0.11|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |12-34| 3-10|1.45-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.04-0.11|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |34-66| 8-17|1.40-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.09-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |66-80| 6-15|1.35-1.85| 0.2-2.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ElB--------------| 0-8 | 8-13|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | 1-3

 Elevasil | 8-26|10-17|1.45-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |26-30| 2-10|1.50-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.03-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |30-38| 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.08|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |38-60| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ElC2-------------| 0-9 | 8-13|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 1-3

 Elevasil | 9-24|10-17|1.45-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |24-28| 2-10|1.50-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.03-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |28-39| 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.08|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |39-60| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ElD2-------------| 0-9 | 8-13|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 1-3

 Elevasil | 9-18|10-17|1.45-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |18-26| 2-10|1.50-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.03-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |26-36| 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.08|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |36-60| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild-------| 0-4 | 2-8 |1.25-1.45| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-5

 | 4-12| 1-6 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |12-19| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |19-27| 2-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |27-33|10-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.19|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |33-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake--------| 0-4 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.10| 3 | 2 | 50-80

 | 4-24| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |24-36|10-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |36-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FfA--------------| 0-9 | 6-15|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | 2-3

 Fallcreek | 9-16| 9-18|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |16-22|12-22|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |22-68|15-25|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |68-80| 8-20|1.55-1.75| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fallcreek-------| 0-7 | 6-15|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | 2-3

 | 7-13| 9-18|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |13-21|12-22|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |21-47|15-25|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |47-60| 8-20|1.55-1.75| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan-------| 0-3 | 6-13|1.35-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 1-3

 | 3-5 | 8-14|1.35-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | 5-12| 8-14|1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |12-19|10-18|1.50-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |19-28|35-60|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.07-0.18|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |28-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 401

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FhB--------------| 0-10| 6-15|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | 2-3

 Flambeau |10-16| 9-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |16-25|15-25|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |25-50|18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |50-60|10-22|1.55-1.75| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FhC--------------| 0-9 | 6-15|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | 2-3

 Flambeau | 9-24| 9-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |24-42|18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |42-60|10-22|1.55-1.75| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FhD--------------| 0-7 | 6-15|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | 2-3

 Flambeau | 7-12| 9-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |12-21|15-25|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |21-46|18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |46-60|10-22|1.55-1.75| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FkB--------------| 0-10| 4-12|1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 3 | 2-3

 Flambeau |10-20| 9-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |20-50|18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |50-60|10-22|1.55-1.75| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FlB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Flambeau--------| 0-9 | 6-15|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | 2-3

 | 9-18| 9-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |18-42|18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |42-60|10-22|1.55-1.75| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird---------| 0-7 | 6-13|1.35-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | 1-3

 | 7-9 | 2-6 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | 9-14| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |14-25|35-60|1.50-1.75| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.13|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |25-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FlC: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Flambeau--------| 0-8 | 4-12|1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 3 | 2-3

 | 8-18| 9-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |18-48|18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |48-60|10-22|1.55-1.75| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird---------| 0-7 | 6-13|1.35-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | 1-3

 | 7-9 | 2-6 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | 9-15| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |15-25|35-60|1.50-1.75| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.13|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |25-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fm---------------| 0-9 |10-23|1.35-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|4.5-8.4 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 8 | 4-12

 Fordum | 9-36| 8-17|1.40-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.22|4.5-8.4 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 |36-60| 2-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.10|5.6-8.4 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FnB--------------| 0-10| 5-17|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 Freeon |10-23| 5-17|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |23-30| 7-17|1.70-1.80| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |30-52| 3-14|1.70-1.80| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |52-60| 3-14|1.80-1.95| 0.00-0.06 | 0.0-0.04|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FnC--------------| 0-9 | 5-17|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 Freeon | 9-20| 5-17|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |20-35| 7-17|1.70-1.80| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |35-50| 3-14|1.70-1.80| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |50-60| 3-14|1.80-1.95| 0.00-0.06 | 0.0-0.04|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
402 Soil Survey of

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeB--------------| 0-9 |10-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 5 | 1-3

 Hiles | 9-19|20-27|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |19-29|20-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.13-0.18|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |29-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HuB--------------| 0-8 | 6-13|1.35-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 2-5

 Humbird | 8-11| 2-6 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |11-22| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |22-32|35-60|1.50-1.75| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.13|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |32-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HuC--------------| 0-3 | 6-13|1.35-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 2-5

 Humbird | 3-6 | 2-6 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | 6-12| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |12-16| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.06-2.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |16-24|35-60|1.50-1.75| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.13|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |24-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird---------| 0-2 | 6-13|1.35-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 2-5

 | 2-9 | 2-6 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | 9-14| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |14-21| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.06-2.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |21-27|35-60|1.50-1.75| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.13|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |27-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan-------| 0-3 | 6-13|1.35-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 2-6

 | 3-10| 8-14|1.35-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |10-15| 8-14|1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |15-22|10-18|1.50-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |22-33|35-60|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.07-0.18|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |33-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun---------| 0-3 | 2-7 |1.35-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.09|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 5 | 1 | 2-5

 | 3-12| 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.08|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |12-19| 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.09|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |19-29| 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.09|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |29-61| 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.07|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek-------| 0-4 | --- |0.30-0.50| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-6.5 |-------------|0.05| 5 | 2 | 20-70

 | 4-6 | 2-8 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.09-0.12|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 6-28| 2-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.11|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |28-64| 2-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun---------| 0-3 | 2-7 |1.35-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.09|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 5 | 1 | 2-5

 | 3-8 | 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.08|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 8-12| 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.09|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |12-22| 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.09|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |22-61| 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.07|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek-------| 0-4 | --- |0.30-0.50| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-6.5 |-------------|0.05| 5 | 2 | 20-70

 | 4-6 | 2-8 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.09-0.12|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 6-22| 2-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.11|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |22-64| 2-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 403

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Arbutus---------| 0-2 | 2-10|1.30-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.09-0.12|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.10| 2 | 2 | 2-7

 | 2-5 | 1-10|1.30-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.07-0.11|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | 5-17| 1-10|1.45-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.07-0.11|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |17-25| 1-10|1.40-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.11|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |25-25| --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 KeA--------------| 0-9 |10-20|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 5 | 2-4

 Kert | 9-22|18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |22-34|20-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 |34-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lk---------------| 0-6 | --- |0.30-0.40| 6.0-60 |0.35-0.65| <4.5 |-------------|----| 3 | 7 | 70-90

 Loxley | 6-60| --- |0.10-0.35| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45| <4.5 |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loxley----------| 0-10| --- |0.30-0.40| 6.0-60 |0.35-0.65| <4.5 |-------------|----| 3 | 7 | 70-90

 |10-60| --- |0.10-0.35| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45| <4.5 |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Beseman---------| 0-10| --- |0.10-0.20| 0.6-6.0 |0.55-0.65|3.5-4.4 |-------------|----| 2 | 7 | 25-75

 |10-29| --- |0.10-0.25| 0.6-6.0 |0.55-0.65|3.5-4.4 |-------------|----| | |

 |29-60|10-27|1.55-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.11-0.18|3.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dawson----------| 0-10| --- |0.15-0.30| 6.0-60 |0.55-0.65|3.6-4.4 |-------------|----| 2 | 7 | 65-85

 |10-42| --- |0.15-0.40| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.6-4.4 |-------------|----| | |

 |42-60| 0-10|1.55-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LoB--------------| 0-9 |10-16|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 Loyal | 9-14|10-16|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |14-20|12-25|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |20-24|15-22|1.70-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |24-45|18-25|1.75-1.90| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |45-60|15-22|1.80-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.04-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LoC--------------| 0-9 |10-16|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 Loyal | 9-12|10-16|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |12-18|12-25|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |18-24|15-22|1.70-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |24-42|18-25|1.75-1.90| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |42-60|15-22|1.80-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.04-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LsB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal-----------| 0-9 |10-16|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 | 9-13|10-16|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |13-25|12-25|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |25-33|15-22|1.70-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |33-50|18-25|1.75-1.90| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |50-60|15-22|1.80-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.04-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hiles-----------| 0-8 |10-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 5 | 1-3

 | 8-13|10-20|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |13-17|20-27|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |17-23|20-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.13-0.18|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |23-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
404 Soil Survey of

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LsC: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal-----------| 0-7 |10-16|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 | 7-10|10-16|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |10-17|12-25|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |17-25|15-22|1.70-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |25-43|18-25|1.75-1.90| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |43-60|15-22|1.80-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.04-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hiles-----------| 0-9 |10-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 5 | 1-3

 | 9-17|10-20|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |17-22|20-27|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |22-28|20-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.13-0.18|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |28-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LuB--------------| 0-4 | 2-4 |1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.09|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-5

 Ludington | 4-12| 1-6 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |12-18| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |18-31| 2-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |31-37|10-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.19|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |37-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LuC--------------| 0-3 | 2-4 |1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.09|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-5

 Ludington | 3-8 | 1-6 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 8-14| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |14-27| 2-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |27-33|10-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.19|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |33-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington-------| 0-4 | 2-4 |1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.09|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-5

 | 4-11| 1-6 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |11-16| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |16-33| 2-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |33-39|10-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.19|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |39-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild-------| 0-4 | 2-8 |1.25-1.45| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-6

 | 4-10| 1-6 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |10-18| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |18-29| 2-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |29-34|10-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.19|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |34-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington-------| 0-4 | 2-4 |1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.09|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 3 | 1 | 2-5

 | 4-12| 1-6 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |12-17| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |17-28| 2-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |28-35|10-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.19|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |35-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird---------| 0-3 | 6-13|1.35-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 2-5

 | 3-5 | 2-6 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | 5-10| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |10-19| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.06-2.0 |0.09-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |19-25|35-60|1.50-1.75| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.13|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |25-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 405

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MaB--------------| 0-9 | 7-17|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 1-3

 Magnor | 9-15| 7-17|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |15-21| 7-17|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |21-45| 7-17|1.70-1.80| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.18|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |45-60| 3-14|1.80-1.95| <0.06 | 0.0-0.04|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MbB--------------| 0-4 | 2-15|1.40-1.60| 6.0-60 |0.10-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 2 | 1-2

 Mahtomedi | 4-15| 0-10|1.40-1.50| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.08|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 |15-20| 0-10|1.45-1.75| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.05| | |

 |20-61| 0-10|1.45-1.75| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.09|5.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.05| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MbC--------------| 0-4 | 2-15|1.40-1.60| 6.0-60 |0.10-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 2 | 1-2

 Mahtomedi | 4-6 | 0-10|1.40-1.50| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.08|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | 6-33| 0-10|1.45-1.75| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.05| | |

 |33-61| 0-10|1.45-1.75| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.09|5.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.05| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 McA--------------| 0-9 |13-17|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 5 | 1-3

 Maplehurst | 9-16|13-20|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |16-25|15-22|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |25-44|18-24|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |44-47| 2-15|1.40-1.75| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |47-60| 0-3 |1.65-1.85| 6.0-60 |0.01-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Me: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Markey----------| 0-27| --- |0.15-0.45| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|5.1-7.8 |-------------|----| 2 | 2 | 55-85

 |27-60| 0-10|1.40-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.08|5.6-8.4 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson----------| 0-4 | --- |0.10-0.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-7.3 |-------------|0.05| 5 | 2 | 30-80

 | 4-25| 1-4 |1.70-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.11|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |25-64| 1-4 |1.70-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.11|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mf---------------| 0-9 |15-27|1.25-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 6 | 4-10

 Marshfield | 9-14| 8-23|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |14-30|18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |30-36|18-35|1.70-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.10|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |36-60| 8-30|1.80-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MgB--------------| 0-4 | 2-10|1.20-1.50| 6.0-60 |0.10-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 2 | 1-3

 Menahga | 4-24| 0-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |24-61| 0-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|5.6-7.8 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MmA--------------| 0-9 |12-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 5 | 2-3

 Merimod | 9-17|18-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |17-32|18-27|1.50-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |32-60| 1-6 |1.65-1.85| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MnB--------------| 0-8 |12-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 5 | 2-3

 Merit | 8-20|18-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |20-30|18-27|1.50-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |30-60| 1-6 |1.65-1.85| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merit-----------| 0-9 |12-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 5 | 2-3

 | 9-12|18-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |12-30|18-27|1.50-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |30-60| 1-6 |1.65-1.85| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
406 Soil Survey of

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Gardenvale------| 0-8 |14-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 5 | 2-4

 | 8-26|18-27|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |26-30|14-27|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |

 |30-50| 1-10|1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |50-60| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MpA--------------| 0-9 | 6-13|1.35-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 1-3

 Merrillan | 9-11| 8-14|1.35-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |11-22| 8-14|1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |22-36|35-60|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.07-0.18|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |36-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan-------| 0-3 | 6-13|1.35-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 2-6

 | 3-6 | 8-14|1.35-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | 6-13| 8-14|1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |13-21|10-18|1.50-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |21-30|35-60|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.07-0.18|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| | |

 |30-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum----------| 0-5 | --- |0.15-0.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 2 | 20-50

 | 5-7 | 8-20|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 | 7-20|18-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |20-26|18-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 |26-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Moppet----------| 0-5 |10-15|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.22|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 3 | 2-3

 | 5-35| 8-17|1.45-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |35-60| 2-10|1.60-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.09|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fordum----------| 0-9 |10-23|1.35-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.24|4.5-8.4 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 8 | 4-12

 | 9-28| 8-17|1.40-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.22|4.5-8.4 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 |28-60| 2-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.10|5.6-8.4 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NeB--------------| 0-9 | 6-15|1.35-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 3 | 1-3

 Newood | 9-16| 6-15|1.35-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |16-39| 6-15|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |39-62|10-17|1.80-2.05| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |62-65| 7-17|1.80-2.05| <0.06 | 0.0-0.04|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NeC--------------| 0-8 | 6-15|1.35-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 3 | 1-3

 Newood | 8-15| 6-15|1.35-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |15-38| 6-15|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |38-61|10-17|1.80-2.05| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |61-65| 7-17|1.80-2.05| <0.06 | 0.0-0.04|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newood----------| 0-4 | 6-15|1.35-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 3 | 2-5

 | 4-15| 6-15|1.35-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |15-38| 6-15|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |38-63|10-17|1.80-2.05| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |63-65| 7-17|1.80-2.05| <0.06 | 0.0-0.04|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Magnor----------| 0-4 | 7-17|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 2-6

 | 4-9 | 7-17|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 | 9-26| 7-17|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |26-60| 7-17|1.70-1.80| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.18|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |60-65| 3-14|1.80-1.95| <0.06 | 0.0-0.04|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 407

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cathro----------| 0-4 | --- |0.10-0.20| 0.2-6.0 |0.45-0.55|4.5-7.8 |-------------|----| 2 | 5 | 60-85

 | 4-30| --- |0.15-0.30| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|4.5-7.8 |-------------|0.24| | |

 |30-60|10-30|1.50-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.11-0.22|5.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NoC--------------| 0-4 | 5-15|1.30-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.23|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 5 | 2-5

 Northmound | 4-8 | 5-15|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.21|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | 8-24| 6-17|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |24-30| 6-17|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.14|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |30-30| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Northmound------| 0-5 | 5-15|1.30-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.23|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 5 | 2-5

 | 5-11| 5-15|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.21|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |11-24| 6-17|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |24-30| 6-17|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.14|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |30-30| --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop----| 0-60| --- | --- | 0.00-20 | --- | --- |-------------|----|---| 8 | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 OeA--------------| 0-6 |10-15|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 5 | 2-5

 Oesterle | 6-12| 8-15|1.40-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |12-27| 7-17|1.40-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |27-61| 1-6 |1.50-1.75| 6.0-60 |0.01-0.07|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pelkie----------| 0-4 | 5-12|1.30-1.55| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | 2 | 1-2

 | 4-60| 0-10|1.25-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Winterfield-----| 0-7 | 0-15|0.90-1.50| 2.0-20 |0.10-0.12|5.6-7.8 |Low----------|0.15| 5 | 2 | 2-4

 | 7-31| 0-15|1.45-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.11|5.6-7.8 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 |31-60| 0-10|1.55-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.04-0.10|5.6-8.4 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pg---------------| 0-60| 0-2 | --- | 6.0-60 |0.02-0.07| --- |-------------|0.02| 5 | --- | ---

 Pits | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PoA--------------| 0-10| 5-12|1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 3 | 2-4

 Plover |10-28| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |28-33|10-18|1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |33-60| 5-12|1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek-------| 0-4 | --- |0.30-0.50| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-6.5 |-------------|0.05| 5 | 2 | 20-70

 | 4-6 | 2-8 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.09-0.12|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 6-26| 2-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.11|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |26-64| 2-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dawsil----------| 0-4 | --- |0.20-0.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.45-0.55|3.5-4.4 |-------------|----| 2 | 5 | 65-85

 | 4-30| --- |0.15-0.40| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-4.4 |-------------|0.10| | |

 |30-60| 0-10|1.55-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.10|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PxA--------------| 0-4 |13-17|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.21-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 5 | 2-5

 Poskin | 4-6 |10-15|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 | 6-25|15-22|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |25-28|18-27|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |28-31| 2-15|1.40-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |31-61| 0-3 |1.75-1.85| 6.0-60 |0.02-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Py---------------| 0-6 | 0-6 |1.35-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.07-0.09|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.02| 5 | 8 | 1-10

 Psammaquents | 6-60| 0-6 |1.45-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
408 Soil Survey of

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rb---------------| 0-7 |10-20|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.28|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 5 | 3-10

 Rib | 7-27|18-30|1.45-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |27-31| 5-25|1.45-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |31-60| 1-6 |1.75-1.85| 6.0-60 |0.02-0.06|5.6-7.8 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RkA--------------| 0-4 | 2-5 |1.35-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.09|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 5 | 1 | 2-5

 Rockdam | 4-9 | 1-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.08|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | 9-13| 1-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.07|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |13-35| 1-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.07|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |35-61| 1-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.04-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoA--------------| 0-8 | 4-10|1.50-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 3 | 1-3

 Rosholt | 8-16| 3-12|1.70-1.80| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |16-31| 6-15|1.65-1.75| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |31-60| 0-5 |1.50-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.02-0.04|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoB--------------| 0-9 | 4-10|1.50-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 3 | 1-3

 Rosholt | 9-30| 6-15|1.65-1.75| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |30-34| 4-12|1.55-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.16|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 |34-60| 0-5 |1.50-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.02-0.04|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoC--------------| 0-8 | 4-10|1.50-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 3 | 1-3

 Rosholt | 8-28| 6-15|1.65-1.75| 0.6-6.0 |0.09-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |28-60| 0-5 |1.50-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.02-0.04|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RzB--------------| 0-9 | 8-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 5 | 2-3

 Rozellville | 9-13| 8-20|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |13-17|10-24|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |17-38|18-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |38-60|10-27|1.40-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.02-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RzC--------------| 0-4 | 8-20|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 5 | 2-5

 Rozellville | 4-14|10-24|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |14-34|18-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |34-60|10-27|1.40-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.02-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ScA--------------| 0-2 | 3-5 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.08-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.02| 5 | 1 | 1-3

 Simescreek | 2-32| 3-10|1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.05-0.07|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |32-60| 1-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.05|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SrB--------------| 0-10| 9-17|1.20-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 2-4

 Spencer |10-35|18-25|1.50-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |35-43|18-25|1.50-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |43-60|10-20|1.70-1.85| 0.2-2.0 |0.05-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SrC--------------| 0-9 | 9-17|1.20-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 2-4

 Spencer | 9-11| 9-17|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |11-33|18-25|1.50-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |33-42|18-25|1.50-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |42-60|10-20|1.70-1.85| 0.2-2.0 |0.05-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TrB--------------| 0-8 | 3-5 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.10|3.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.02| 5 | 1 | 1-3

 Tarr | 8-36| 3-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.07|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |36-60| 3-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.07|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ve---------------| 0-9 |10-20|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 5 | 4-10

 Veedum | 9-15|18-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |15-35|18-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 |35-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 409

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum----------| 0-4 | --- |0.15-0.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 2 | 20-50

 | 4-6 | 8-20|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 | 6-20|18-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |20-29|18-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 |29-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake--------| 0-4 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.2-6.0 |0.35-0.45|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.10| 3 | 2 | 50-80

 | 4-30| 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.06-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |30-38|10-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |38-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WeA--------------| 0-9 |12-18|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 3-4

 Withee | 9-14|12-18|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |14-24|12-22|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |24-47|18-25|1.70-1.80| 0.6-2.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |47-60|12-22|1.80-1.95| 0.2-0.6 | 0.0-0.04|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Withee----------| 0-10|12-18|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 5 | 3-4

 |10-17|12-18|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |17-35|12-22|1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |35-44|18-25|1.70-1.80| 0.6-2.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |44-60|12-22|1.80-1.95| 0.2-0.6 | 0.0-0.04|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kert------------| 0-8 |10-20|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 5 | 2-4

 | 8-13| 6-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |13-21|18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |

 |21-31|20-35|1.55-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |

 |31-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
410 Soil Survey of

Table 18.--Soil and Water Features

 ("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "occasional," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. The

 symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data

 were not estimated)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | | Risk of corros _____________________________________________________________________ _______________ion ____

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Total |Potential| |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |subsi-| frost |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | dence| action | steel | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | In | | | __ __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 AbB-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |2.5-3.5|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Aftad | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 AgA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|Moderate.

 Almena | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 AnA: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Au Gres--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson---------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Au--------------| B/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|High-----|Moderate.

 Auburndale | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ba--------------| B/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Moderate |High.

 Barronett | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BlB-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Bilson | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoC, BoF--------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft | --- |Low------|Low------|Moderate.

 Boone | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BpF: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boone----------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft | --- |Low------|Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil-------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BrA-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |2.5-3.5|Apparent|Oct-May| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Moderate |Moderate.

 Brander | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Capitola-------| B/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ca: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Marshfield-----| B/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum---------| D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Sep-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 411

 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | | Risk of corros _____________________________________________________________________ _______________ion ____

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Total |Potential| |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |subsi-| frost |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | dence| action | steel | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | In | | | __ __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cd--------------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Oct-Jun|20-51|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 Citypoint | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CmA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Moderate |High.

 Comstock | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Council | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CsD2: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Council--------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton---------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CuB-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |2.5-3.5|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|High.

 Crystal Lake | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Da--------------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- |30-36 |High-----|High-----|High.

 Dawsil | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 EaB-------------| A |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.5|Perched |Oct-May| >60 | --- | --- |Low------|Low------|High.

 Eauclaire | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ElB, ElC2, ElD2-| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Elevasil | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FeA: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Oct-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake-------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Oct-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FfA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|High.

 Fallcreek | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FgA: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fallcreek------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Sep-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FhB, FhC, FhD, | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FkB------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.5|Perched |Nov-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|High.

 Flambeau | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
412 Soil Survey of

 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | | Risk of corros _____________________________________________________________________ _______________ion ____

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Total |Potential| |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |subsi-| frost |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | dence| action | steel | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | In | | | __ __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FlB, FlC: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Flambeau-------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.5|Perched |Nov-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fm--------------| D |Frequent----|Brief or |Mar-Jun| +1-1.0|Apparent|Jan-Dec| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 Fordum | | | long. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 FnB, FnC--------| C |None--------| --- | --- |2.0-3.5|Perched |Nov-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Freeon | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeB-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High.

 Hiles | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HuB, HuC--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 Humbird | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HxB: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Sep-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 IxA: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 IzB: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ironrun--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Arbutus--------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Hard | --- |Low------|Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 KeA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 Kert | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lk--------------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Oct-May| >60 | --- |50-55 |High-----|High-----|High.

 Loxley | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lm: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loxley---------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Oct-May| >60 | --- |50-55 |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Beseman--------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +2-0 |Apparent|Jan-Dec| >60 | --- |12-36 |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dawson---------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- |30-36 |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 413

 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | | Risk of corros _____________________________________________________________________ _______________ion ____

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Total |Potential| |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |subsi-| frost |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | dence| action | steel | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | In | | | __ __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LoB, LoC--------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.5|Perched |Nov-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High.

 Loyal | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LsB, LsC: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal----------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.5|Perched |Nov-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hiles----------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LuB, LuC--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.5|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Low------|Moderate |High.

 Ludington | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LxB: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.5|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Low------|Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fairchild------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Oct-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LyD: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ludington------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.5|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Low------|Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Humbird--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MaB-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|Moderate.

 Magnor | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MbB, MbC--------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Low------|Low------|High.

 Mahtomedi | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 McA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|Moderate.

 Maplehurst | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Me: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Markey---------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |25-30 |High-----|High-----|Low.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson---------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mf--------------| B/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Moderate |High.

 Marshfield | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MgB-------------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Low------|Low------|Moderate.

 Menahga | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MmA-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Oct-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Merimod | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MnB-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Merit | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
414 Soil Survey of

 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | | Risk of corros _____________________________________________________________________ _______________ion ____

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Total |Potential| |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |subsi-| frost |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | dence| action | steel | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | In | | | __ __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MoB: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merit----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Gardenvale-----| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |40-60|Soft | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MpA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Sep-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 Merrillan | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MrA: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Merrillan------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Sep-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum---------| D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Sep-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MxA: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Moppet---------| B |Occasional |Very brief|Sep-Jun|2.5-3.5|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fordum---------| D |Frequent----|Brief or |Mar-Jun| +1-1.0|Apparent|Jan-Dec| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | long. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NeB, NeC--------| C |None--------| --- | --- |2.5-3.5|Perched |Oct-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High.

 Newood | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NmC: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newood---------| C |None--------| --- | --- |2.5-3.5|Perched |Oct-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Magnor---------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Sep-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cathro---------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |19-22 |High-----|High-----|Low.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NoC-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Hard | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Northmound | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NrF: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Northmound-----| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Hard | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop---| --- |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0-4 |Hard | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 OeA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|Moderate.

 Oesterle | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PeA: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pelkie---------| A |Occasional |Very brief|Mar-May|2.5-3.5|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Low------|Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Winterfield----| A/D |Occasional |Brief-----|Nov-May|0.5-3.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Low.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Clark County, Wisconsin 415

 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | | Risk of corros _____________________________________________________________________ _______________ion ____

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Total |Potential| |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |subsi-| frost |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | dence| action | steel | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | In | | | __ __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pg--------------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PoA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Moderate |High.

 Plover | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pv: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ponycreek------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dawsil---------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- |30-36 |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PxA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|Moderate.

 Poskin | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Py--------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | +2-1.0|Apparent|Jan-Dec| >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate.

 Psammaquents | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rb--------------| B/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 Rib | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RkA-------------| A |None--------| --- | --- |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- | --- |Low------|Low------|High.

 Rockdam | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoA, RoB, RoC---| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate.

 Rosholt | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RzB, RzC--------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High.

 Rozellville | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ScA-------------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Low------|Low------|High.

 Simescreek | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SrB, SrC--------| B |None--------| --- | --- |2.5-3.5|Perched |Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|High.

 Spencer | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 TrB-------------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- |Low------|Low------|High.

 Tarr | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ve--------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Sep-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 Veedum | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Vs: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Veedum---------| D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Sep-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elm Lake-------| A/D |None--------| --- | --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Oct-Jun|20-40|Soft | --- |Moderate |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
416 Soil Survey of

 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | | | Risk of corros _____________________________________________________________________ _______________ion ____

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | |Total |Potential| |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |subsi-| frost |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | dence| action | steel | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | In | | | __ __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 WeA-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|High.

 Withee | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 WkA: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Withee---------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Oct-Jun| >60 | --- | --- |High-----|Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kert-----------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-3.0|Perched |Oct-May|20-40|Soft | --- |High-----|High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Clark County, Wisconsin 417

Table 19.--Engineering Index Test Data

 (Dashes indicate that data were not available. LL means liquid limit; PI, plasticity index; UN, Unified; and NP, nonplastic)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Percentage | Percentage | | |

 | | | | | passing sieve*-- | smaller than*-- | | | Class ____________________________________________ ______ification __________

 Soil name and | Parent | Report | Horizon |Depth |No.| No.| No. | No. | 0.05| 0.02|0.005|0.002| LL | PI | AASHTO | UN

 location | material | number | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | mm | mm | mm | mm | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | __________

 | | | | In | | | | | | | | | Pct | | __ ___ |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Boone sand: |Siliceous sandy|S90WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SE1/4NE1/4 sec. | residuum | 036-3 | Bw | 6-22 | 99| 99 | 84 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | --- | NP |A-3(0) |SP-SM

 6, T. 23 N., | derived from | 036-4 | BC |22-30 |---|100 | 81 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | --- | NP |A-3(0) |SP-SM

 R. 3 W. | the underlying| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | sandstone. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Eauclaire loamy |Sandy alluvium |S92WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 sand: | underlain by | 4-4 | Bw1 |15-24 | 93| 90 | 69 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 3 | --- | NP |A-2-4(0) |SM

 SE1/4NW1/4 sec.| loamy glacial | 4-7 | 2Bt2 |41-63 | 92| 89 | 71 | 32 | 30 | 23 | 16 | 12 | 19.6| 4.8|A-2-4(0) |SM-SC

 9, T. 26 N., | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 R. 4 W. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Fallcreek loam: |Loamy glacial |S88WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SW1/4SE1/4 sec. | till. | 3-3 | E/B |12-18 | 98| 97 | 86 | 43 | 36 | 23 | 11 | 8 | --- | NP |A-4(2) |SM

 6, T. 26 N., | | 3-4 | B/E |18-30 | 98| 96 | 85 | 36 | 30 | 23 | 18 | 16 | 23.6| NP |A-4(0) |SM

 R. 2 W. | | 3-8 | C |57-60 | 88| 84 | 66 | 26 | 23 | 15 | 9 | 8 | --- | NP |A-2-4(0) |SM

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Flambeau loam: |Loamy glacial |S87WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SW1/4NW1/4 sec. | till. | 3-1 | E/B |12-20 | 98| 96 | 88 | 63 | 58 | 38 | 14 | 8 | --- | NP |A-4(6) |ML

 19, T. 25 N., | | 3-2 | Bt |26-33 | 95| 92 | 78 | 45 | 41 | 33 | 22 | 18 | 30.0| 16.4|A-6(2) |SC

 R. 2 W. | | 3-3 | C |36-60 | 95| 91 | 76 | 39 | 35 | 27 | 18 | 14 | 21.0| 8.3|A-4(1) |SC

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Flambeau loam: |Loamy glacial |S88WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NW1/4NE1/4 sec. | till. | 4-3 | B/E |16-25 | 96| 93 | 80 | 45 | 42 | 36 | 27 | 24 | 33.1| 16.5|A-6(4) |SC

 7, T. 26 N., | | 4-4 | Bt1 |25-34 | 93| 88 | 72 | 34 | 32 | 26 | 19 | 17 | 28.6| 13.8|A-2-6(1) |SC

 R. 2 W. | | 4-7 | C |50-60 | 97| 95 | 81 | 30 | 27 | 20 | 15 | 12 | 23.0| 7.7|A-2-4(0) |SC

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Freeon silt loam:|Loess or silty |S89WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NW1/4NW1/4 sec. | alluvium | 042-5 | 2Bt1 |30-44 | 78| 71 | 60 | 31 | 26 | 16 | 8 | 6 | 15.3| 1.4|A-2-4(0) |SM

 9, T. 29 N., | underlain by | 042-7 | 2Cd |52-60 | 85| 80 | 68 | 36 | 30 | 20 | 11 | 8 | 16.1| 3.1|A-4(0) |SM

 R. 3 W. | dense loamy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | glacial till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Ironrun sand: |Siliceous sandy|S90WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SW1/4NW1/4 sec. | alluvium. | 038-4 | Bs |22-36 |100| 99 | 55 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | --- | NP |A-3(0) |SP

 34, T. 23 N., | | 038-5 | C |36-60 |100| 99 | 73 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | --- | NP |A-3(0) |SP

 R. 3 W. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
418 Soil Survey of

 Table 19.--Engineering Index Test Data--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Percentage | Percentage | | |

 | | | | | passing sieve*-- | smaller than*-- | | | Class ____________________________________________ ______ification __________

 Soil name and | Parent | Report | Horizon |Depth |No.| No.| No. | No. | 0.05| 0.02|0.005|0.002| LL | PI | AASHTO | UN

 location | material | number | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | mm | mm | mm | mm | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | __________

 | | | | In | | | | | | | | | Pct | | __ ___ |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Loyal silt loam: |Loess or silty |S87WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SW1/4SW1/4 sec. | alluvium | 1-1 | 2Bt |24-36 | 94| 92 | 80 | 48 | 45 | 37 | 26 | 21 | 31.5| 16.6|A-6(5) |SC

 22, T. 25 N., | underlain by | 1-2 | 2C |45-60 | 92| 90 | 77 | 44 | 39 | 29 | 18 | 13 | 27.0| 13.0|A-6(3) |SC

 R. 1 W. | loamy glacial | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Loyal silt loam: |Loess or silty |S87WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NW1/4NW1/4 sec. | alluvium | 2-1 | 2Bt |32-44 | 96| 93 | 81 | 50 | 45 | 38 | 28 | 25 | 34.8| 19.6|A-6(6) |SC

 28, T. 25 N., | underlain by | 2-2 | 2C |54-60 | 93| 91 | 80 | 43 | 39 | 30 | 20 | 18 | 26.5| 11.1|A-6(2) |SC

 R. 1 E. | loamy glacial | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Loyal silt loam: |Loess or silty |S88WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SW1/4SW1/4 sec. | alluvium | 2-3 | E/B |12-21 | 98| 97 | 95 | 90 | 82 | 52 | 20 | 13 | 26.6| 4.0|A-4(8) |ML

 21, T. 26 N., | underlain by | 2-5 | 2Bt1 |29-36 | 98| 96 | 88 | 63 | 60 | 49 | 35 | 31 | 46.8| 29.5|A-7-6(14)|CL

 R. 1 W. | loamy glacial | 2-8 | 2C1 |47-58 | 92| 90 | 78 | 39 | 35 | 24 | 12 | 9 | 21.6| 7.0|A-4(1) |CL-ML

 | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Magnor silt loam:|Loess or silty |S89WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SW1/4NW1/4 sec. | alluvium | 043-4 | 2Bt |21-39 | 83| 80 | 65 | 32 | 27 | 17 | 10 | 7 | 16.0| 2.5|A-2-4(0) |SM

 2, T. 29 N., | underlain by | 043-6 | 2Cd |45-60 | 88| 81 | 66 | 33 | 26 | 17 | 10 | 7 | 14.0| 1.0|A-2-4(0) |SM

 R. 4 W. | dense loamy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | glacial till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Marshfield silt |Loess or silty |S77WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 loam: | alluvium | 2-1 | 2Btg |24-28 | 94| 92 | 84 | 66 | 61 | 42 | 25 | 19 | 33.9| 16.7|A-6(9) |CL

 SW1/4NW1/4 sec.| underlain by | 2-2 | 2Cg |34-60 | 92| 89 | 79 | 54 | 50 | 41 | 27 | 22 | 35.7| 20.0|A-6(8) |CL

 34, T. 27 N., | loamy glacial | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 R. 1 E. | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Ponycreek mucky |Siliceous sandy|S90WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 sand: | alluvium. | 039-2 | Bg | 6-28 |---|100 | 55 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | --- | NP |A-3(0) |SP

 SW1/4NW1/4 sec.| | 039-3 | C |28-60 |100| 99 | 61 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | --- | NP |A-3(0) |SP

 34, T. 23 N., | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 R. 3 W. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Rockdam sand: |Siliceous sandy|S90WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SE1/4SW1/4 sec. | alluvium. | 037-3 | Bw | 9-19 |100| 98 | 60 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 5 | --- | NP |A-2-4(0) |SP-SM

 34, T. 23 N., | | 037-5 | C1 |27-38 |---|100 | 64 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | --- | NP |A-3(0) |SP

 R. 3 W. | | 037-6 | C2 |38-60 |---|100 | 71 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | --- | NP |A-3(0) |SP

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Clark County, Wisconsin 419

 Table 19.--Engineering Index Test Data--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Percentage | Percentage | | |

 | | | | | passing sieve*-- | smaller than*-- | | | Class ____________________________________________ ______ification __________

 Soil name and | Parent | Report | Horizon |Depth |No.| No.| No. | No. | 0.05| 0.02|0.005|0.002| LL | PI | AASHTO | UN

 location | material | number | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | mm | mm | mm | mm | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | __________

 | | | | In | | | | | | | | | Pct | | __ ___ |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Spencer silt |Loess or silty |S87WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 loam: | alluvium | 4-1 | B/E |22-43 |100|100 | 100 | 93 | 75 | 41 | 21 | 18 | 29.3| 4.9|A-4(8) |CL-ML

 SW1/4NE1/4 sec.| underlain by | 4-2 | 2Bt |43-48 | 89| 85 | 71 | 39 | 34 | 24 | 13 | 9 | 21.0| 5.9|A-4(1) |SC

 4, T. 25 N., | loamy glacial | 4-3 | 2C |48-60 | 88| 85 | 75 | 46 | 41 | 28 | 15 | 11 | 22.2| 6.2|A-4(2) |SC

 R. 2 W. | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Spencer silt |Loess or silty |S89WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 loam: | alluvium | 045-3 | B/E |20-35 | 99| 99 | 97 | 94 | 92 | 57 | 25 | 21 | 32.0| 8.2|A-4(8) |ML

 SW1/4SW1/4 sec.| underlain by | 045-5 | 2C |43-60 | 91| 91 | 76 | 37 | 30 | 19 | 12 | 9 | 17.0| 2.7|A-4(0) |SM

 26, T. 29 N., | loamy glacial | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 R. 4 W. | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Withee silt loam:|Loess or silty |S77WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SE1/4NE1/4 sec. | alluvium | 4-1 | A, B |11-16 | 92| 90 | 78 | 49 | 45 | 35 | 23 | 19 | 28.7| 14.4|A-6(5) |SC

 34, T. 29 N., | underlain by | 4-2 | 2C |42-60 | 95| 90 | 76 | 46 | 40 | 29 | 17 | 13 | 23.6| 9.3|A-4(2) |SC

 R. 1 W. | loamy glacial | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 (inclusion in a | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Loyal map unit) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Withee silt loam:|Loess or silty |S88WI-019-| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SE1/4SW1/4 sec. | alluvium | 1-3 | E/B |12-20 | 98| 98 | 95 | 88 | 84 | 49 | 23 | 17 | 32.2| 9.6|A-4(8) |CL

 21, T. 26 N., | underlain by | 1-5 | 2Bt1 |27-35 | 92| 88 | 83 | 62 | 58 | 47 | 27 | 23 | 40.6| 24.4|A-7-6(11)|CL

 R. 1 W. | loamy glacial | 1-8 | 2C |49-60 | 95| 94 | 88 | 73 | 68 | 55 | 33 | 24 | 40.8| 24.6|A-7-6(14)|CL

 | till. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | __________

 * Mechanical analysis according to the AASHTO designation T 88-57 (AASHTO, 1986). Results from this procedure can differ somewhat

from the results obtained by the soil survey procedure of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). In the AASHTO procedure,

the fine material is analyzed by hydrometer method and the various grain-size fractions are calculated on the basis of all material up

to and including that 3 inches in diameter. In the NRCS soil survey procedure, the fine material is analyzed by the pipette method and

the material coarser than 2 millimeters in diameter is excluded from the calculation of grain-size fraction. The mechanical analysis data

used in this table are not suitable for use in naming textural classes of soils.
420 Soil Survey of

Table 20.--Classification of the Soils

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 Aftad---------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

 Almena--------------------| Fine-silty, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Arbutus-------------------| Sandy, siliceous, frigid Entic Haplorthods

 Auburndale----------------| Fine-silty, mixed, frigid Mollic Epiaqualfs

 Au Gres-------------------| Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Endoaquods

 Barronett-----------------| Fine-silty, mixed, frigid Mollic Endoaqualfs

 Beseman-------------------| Loamy, mixed, dysic Terric Borosaprists

 Bilson--------------------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Boone---------------------| Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Brander-------------------| Fine-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

 Capitola------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Mollic Epiaqualfs

 Cathro--------------------| Loamy, mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists

 Citypoint-----------------| Dysic Typic Borosaprists

 Comstock------------------| Fine-silty, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Council-------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Crystal Lake--------------| Fine-silty, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

 Dawsil--------------------| Sandy or sandy-skeletal, siliceous, dysic Terric Borosaprists

 Dawson--------------------| Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, dysic Terric Borosaprists

 Eauclaire-----------------| Sandy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods

 Elevasil------------------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Elm Lake------------------| Sandy over loamy, siliceous, acid, frigid Humaqueptic Epiaquents

 Fairchild-----------------| Sandy over loamy, siliceous, frigid Ultic Epiaquods

 Fallcreek-----------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Flambeau------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

 Fordum--------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic Fluvaquents

 Freeon--------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

 Gardenvale----------------| Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Hiles---------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

 Humbird-------------------| Coarse-loamy over clayey, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods

 Ironrun-------------------| Sandy, siliceous, frigid Typic Endoaquods

 Kert----------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Loxley--------------------| Dysic Typic Borosaprists

 Loyal---------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

 Ludington-----------------| Sandy over loamy, siliceous, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods

 Magnor--------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Mahtomedi-----------------| Mixed, frigid Typic Udipsamments

 Maplehurst----------------| Fine-silty, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Markey--------------------| Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists

 Marshfield----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Mollic Epiaqualfs

 Menahga-------------------| Mixed, frigid Typic Udipsamments

 Merimod-------------------| Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Merit---------------------| Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Merrillan-----------------| Coarse-loamy over clayey, mixed, frigid Ultic Epiaquods

 Moppet--------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Dystrochrepts

 Newood--------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods

 Newson--------------------| Mixed, frigid Humaqueptic Psammaquents

 Northmound----------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic Glossoboralfs

 Oesterle------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Pelkie--------------------| Mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Udipsamments

 Plover--------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Ponycreek-----------------| Siliceous, frigid Humaqueptic Psammaquents

 Poskin--------------------| Fine-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Psammaquents--------------| Siliceous, frigid Typic Psammaquents

 Rib-----------------------| Fine-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic

 | Endoaquepts

 Rockdam-------------------| Sandy, siliceous, frigid Entic Haplorthods

 Rosholt-------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed Typic Glossoboralfs

 Rozellville---------------| Fine-loamy, mixed Typic Glossoboralfs

 Seaton--------------------| Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Simescreek----------------| Frigid, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Spencer-------------------| Fine-silty, mixed Oxyaquic Glossoboralfs

 Tarr----------------------| Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 |
Clark County, Wisconsin 421

 Table 20.--Classification of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 Veedum--------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, acid, frigid Humic Epiaquepts

 Winterfield---------------| Mixed, frigid Aquic Udipsamments

 Withee--------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed Aquic Glossoboralfs

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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