Evaluating Components of International Migration:

 Consistency of 2000 Nativity Data

by Nolan J. Malone
i

Synopsis

On March 1, 2001, the U.S. Census Bureau issued the recommendation of the Executive Steering

Committee for A.C.E. Policy (ESCAP) that the Census 2000 Redistricting Data not be adjusted based on

the Accuracy and Coverage Evaluation (A.C.E.). By mid-October 2001, the Census Bureau had to

recommend whether Census 2000 data should be adjusted for future uses, such as the census long form

data products, post-censal population estimates, and demographic survey controls. In order to inform that

decision, the ESCAP requested that further research be conducted.

Between March and September 2001, the Demographic Analysis-Population Estimates (DAPE) research

project addressed the discrepancy between the demographic analysis data and the A.C.E. adjusted

estimates of the population. Specifically, the research examined the historical levels of the components of

population change to address the possibility that the 1990 Demographic Analysis understated the national

population and assessed whether demographic analysis had not captured the full population growth

between 1990 and 2000. Assumptions regarding the components of international migration (specifically,

emigration, temporary migration, legal migration, and unauthorized migration) contain the largest

uncertainty in the demographic analysis estimates. Therefore, evaluating the components of international

migration was a critical activity in the DAPE project.

This report focuses on the consistency of the data sources related to the foreign-born population. 

Specifically, the analysis examines the comparability and consistency of data from three different data

sources collected in 2000: the March 2000 Current Population Survey (original and reweighted); the

Census 2000 Supplementary Survey; and a provisional Census 2000 nativity data file. We examine

differences in estimates among survey/census items specific to the foreign-born population – citizenship,

place of birth and year of entry – as well as by general population characteristics, such as age, sex, race

and Hispanic origin.

Our evaluation reveals that there is no significant difference in the total foreign born estimated among the

data sources (when controlling for differences in coverage and methodologies). The provisional Census

2000 estimate of 30.6 million foreign born does not differ significantly from the Census 2000 Supplementary

Survey estimate of 30.5 million foreign born. Further, both of these figures fall within the 90-percent

confidence interval of the (reweighted) March 2000 Current Population Survey estimate of 30.1 million

foreign born. Additional detailed comparisons show similar results, a general consistency in nativity data

across data sources.
ii

Table of Contents

Synopsis ..................................................................... i

Table of Contents ............................................................... ii

Background ................................................................... 1

Methods ...................................................................... 1

Methods ................................................................ 1

Data ................................................................... 1

Nativity items ............................................................ 1

Limitations .................................................................... 2

Coverage ............................................................... 2

Methodology ............................................................. 3

Mode of collection ................................................... 3

Question position, format and skip patterns ................................. 3

Response rates ..................................................... 4

Imputation/edit techniques ............................................. 4

Weights .......................................................... 5

Results ....................................................................... 5

Total foreign born .......................................................... 5

DA Components .......................................................... 6

Age ............................................................. 6

Sex ............................................................. 6

Hispanic Origin ..................................................... 7

Race ............................................................ 7

Detailed tabulations ........................................................ 7

Conclusions/Implications .......................................................... 8

References .................................................................... 9
iii

List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of Coverage Among Data Sources: 2000 ......................... 10

Table 2. Census 2000 Supplementary Survey Population by Nativity and Mode of Data Collection

............................................................... 11

Table 3. Item Sequence, by Data Source: 2000 .................................. 12

Table 4. Nativity Item Response Rates, by Data Source: 2000 ........................ 13

Table 5. Nativity Status of the Population, by Data Source: 2000 ...................... 14

Table 6. Citizenship Status, Place of Birth and Year of Entry of the Foreign-Born Population, by

Data Source: 2000 ................................................. 15

Table 7. Age and Sex Distributions of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 2000 .... 16

Table 8. Hispanic Origin and Race Distributions of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 

2000 ............................................................ 17

Table 9. Foreign-Born Population Entering Before 1990, by Data Source: 2000 ............ 18

Table 10. Foreign-Born Population Entering 1990 to 1999, by Data Source: 2000 .......... 19

Table 11. Foreign-Born Population Born in Europe, by Data Source: 2000 ................ 20

Table 12. Foreign-Born Population Born in Asia, by Data Source: 2000 ................. 21

Table 13. Foreign-Born Population Born in Mexico, by Data Source: 2000 ............... 22

Table 14. Foreign-Born Population Born in Other Latin America: 2000 .................. 23

List of Figures

Figure 1. Place-of-Birth Items, by Data Source ................................... 24

Figure 2. Citizenship Items, by Data Source ..................................... 25

Figure 3. Year-of-Entry Items, by Data Source ................................... 26

Appendices

Appendix A. Citizenship Status of the Population, by Data Source: 2000 ............. 27

Appendix B. General Characteristics of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 2000 31

Appendix C. DAPE Census 2000 data file compilation ............................ 35

Appendix D. Demographic Analysis-Population Estimates (DAPE) Research Project Reports

Related to Evaluating Components of International Migration .............. 36
1

For original March 2000 CPS tabulations (based on 1990), see Appendix A and Appendix B.

2

For Census 2000 tabulations including group quarters, see Appendix A and Appendix B.

1

Evaluating Components of International Migration: 

Consistency of 2000 Nativity Data

Background.

We examine the consistency of the data sources related to the foreign-born population used for several

components of the Demographic Analysis Population Estimates (DAPE) project. Initial examinations of the

Demographic Analysis (DA) assumptions relied heavily on tabulations gleaned from the March 2000 Current

Population Survey (CPS). Since that time, however, other data sources have been introduced, including the

provisional Census 2000 nativity data, the March 2000 CPS reweighted to results from Census 2000, and

the Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS). Consequently, this report seeks to examine the

consistency of the data associated with the foreign-born population across all data products currently under

scrutiny, and to address the potential implications of significant differences.

Methods.

Methods

Using SAS, we examine distributions of the nativity data from each data source across various

characteristics intrinsic to the Demographic Analysis estimates. We conduct Sigma tests to assess

statistically significant differences among the estimates produced.

Data

We analyze the March 2000 CPS in both its original form – based on distributions from the 1990 Census1

adjusted for underenumeration and carried forward to March 2000 – and its reweighted form – based on

results from the 2000 Census. For a detailed description of the CPS, see “Technical Paper 63: Current

Population Survey Design and Methodology.”

The provisional Census 2000 file was developed jointly by the Population Division, Decennial Systems and

Contracts Management Office (DSCMO) and Decennial Statistical Methods Division (DSSD) to best

approximate the 100-percent Census 2000 data file. (See Appendix B for a detailed explanation of the data

compilation process.) For the purposes of this examination, we analyze Census 2000 data limited to

households only (i.e., excluding group quarters2), which more closely reflect the respondent base of the two

comparison data sources: March 2000 CPS and C2SS. 

The C2SS file was last updated on 9 July 2001 and serves as the third data source included in this

comparison. For a detailed explanation of these data, see “Accuracy of the Data (2000)” (Demographic

Surveys Division 2001).

Nativity items

The March CPS, Census 2000 and C2SS contain three nativity-specific items: Place of birth, Citizenship,

and Year of entry. 
3

The term “civilian, non-institutionalized population” can be misleading. The CPS does include

some group quarters, such as fraternity and sorority houses, as well as individuals in the armed forces

living off post or on post with families provided one adult civilian resides in the same household (Technical

Paper 63).

2

The Place-of-birth questions identify where each respondent was born: name of state for those born within

the United States; or, country name for those born elsewhere. The Citizenship questions separate

respondents into various citizenship categories based on how citizenship was obtained, or into a residual

non-citizen group. The Year-of-entry questions identify the year during which each respondent born outside

the United States came to the United States.

These three data sources contain no other direct measures of nativity, although the March 2000 CPS also

contains information on Place of birth for the respondent's mother and father.

Limitations.

In order to adequately examine and contrast figures from the various data sources, one must consider the

overall comparability of the data in question. Because each data set analyzed here is unique, based on

differing census/survey designs and methodologies, several important factors have the potential to

significantly affect counts of the foreign-born population. The following sections address various areas of

comparability.

Coverage

The March 2000 CPS and the C2SS are surveys. As such, they produce only samples upon which

statistical inferences can be made for the total population, as measured by Census 2000.

The March 2000 CPS is based on a sample of 50,000 households within 754 primary sampling units

throughout the United States (Technical Paper 63). Households are inducted into the sample based on the

1990 Census address file and its subsequent updates throughout the decade. The sample is restricted to

the “civilian, non-institutionalized” population. Consequently, individuals residing in many group quarters,

such as army barracks, hospitals and prisons, are excluded.3 A sample household participates in the

survey over a 16-month period, during which it is surveyed during the first four months, dropped the following

eight months, and then rotated back in the remaining four months. Because respondent households

respond to questions regarding nativity only once upon inclusion in the survey, a data value for a nativity

item in the March 2000 Current Population Survey may reflect the response received as many as 15

months prior. Subsequent changes to a respondent’s citizenship status after this time would not be known.

Like the CPS, the C2SS is a national sample of 700,000 households and excludes group quarters. Unlike

the CPS, however, the C2SS uses a sampling frame based on the 2000 Master Address File (MAF), the

same source used for Census 2000. The Census 2000 Supplementary Survey was conducted over a time

period from January through December, 2000.

The population universe for Census 2000 is the resident population of the United States as of 1 April 2000. 

All housing units are identified and enumerated using the 2000 MAF. Nativity questions, however, are

included only on the long form, a sample of the U.S. population. Because the Census seeks to count the

entire U.S. resident population, the data include individuals living in group quarters. For the purposes of this

comparison, however, the provisional Census 2000 data are divided into household and group quarters

populations.
3

Table 1 summarizes these basic differences in coverage across the three data sources. Differences in

sampling frames/address files, respondent pools, and especially survey/census durations provide possible

explanations for differences in nativity estimates across the data sources under analysis. 

Methodology

With respect to overall coverage of the data sources in question, there exists a mixture of census and

survey methodologies used to obtain data. The following sections address some of these differences.

Mode of collection

The nativity data collected in the CPS are acquired in the initial interview of the sample household. That is,

questions that concern place of birth, citizenship status and year of entry are asked by a CPS interviewer at

the time the household enters the survey. Consequently, nearly all CPS nativity data come from person-toperson interactions, where probing can produce more reliable responses.

The Census 2000 data rely heavily on self-administered mail-back questionnaires from long-form recipients. 

Enumerators usually contact individuals only if no questionnaire is received by the Census Bureau after a

reasonable duration. The General Accounting Office report, “Status of Nonresponse Follow-up and Key

Operations” (2000), reports a long-form mail-return rate of 54.1 percent. Measures to acquire missing

information include Nonresponse Follow-up (NRFU), Coverage Edit Follow-up (CEFU) and the Coverage

Improvement Follow-up (CIFU), which involve enumerator interaction. (These response rates refer to

completion of the actual questionnaire; individual item response rates are discussed and presented below.)

The C2SS data were collected by means of mail-back questionnaires, follow-up telephone calls and followup personal visits. All sample households received an announcement of their selection as part of the

survey, followed by a questionnaire. If the questionnaire was not returned within the time frame specified, a

second questionnaire was delivered to the household. Households that did not return questionnaires were

subject to Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) completion of the survey. One of every three

remaining non-response households was visited by field interviewers for Computer Assisted Personal

Interview (CAPI) completion of the survey. Table 2 presents the mode of data collection for the Census

2000 Supplementary Survey, by nativity. In brief, these figures show that data for the foreign born were

more likely to be collected via personal interview — the third and final data collection attempt — than by

other methods: 48.4 percent of foreign-born respondents received CAPI data collection, while only 31.4

percent of natives were surveyed in such a manner.

The varying modes of data collection described above, especially concerning potentially sensitive questions

of nativity, may contribute to observed differences in estimates.

Question position, format and skip patterns

The sequence of the nativity items (i.e., the order and position of the questions within each questionnaire),

the manner in which they are stated, and the skip patterns contained within may influence certain response

outcomes. As shown in Table 3, although the order of the nativity items never change in sequence relative

to each other, they do shift location within the overall questionnaire across all three instruments. Further,

differences exist with respect to question and response wording as well as with certain skip patterns.

Figure 1 presents the actual place-of-birth questions used in each of the three data sources. For Census

2000 and C2SS, the place-of-birth items are nearly identical: “Where was this person born?” followed by

two check boxes and fields (or delimited spaces) for the name of the state of birth (if in the United States)

or the country of birth (if elsewhere). The March 2000 CPS, however, phrases the question somewhat
4Response rates refer to the proportion of individuals for whom the actual response was coded (i.e.,

no allocation required).

5

The year-of-entry item is asked only of those individuals born outside the United States, whether

native (born a citizen) or foreign born.

4

differently — “In what country were/was __________ born?” — followed by a field in which the interviewer

must enter the appropriate country code (derived from adjacent computer screens).

Figure 2 shows that the citizenship item, including question and response options, is identical for the

Census 2000 and the C2SS: “Is this person a citizen of the United States?” followed by four citizenship

categories and a residual non-citizen category. Again, however, the Current Population Survey differs. The

Current Population Survey uses a skip pattern based upon the responses to the place-of-birth questions

obviating the citizenship question altogether if either the respondent or his/her parents report the United

States as the place of birth. Only those individuals who report a foreign country of birth for self and parents

are questioned about citizenship through as many as three questions: “(Are/Is) ... a citizen of the United

States?,” “(Were/was)...born a citizen of the United States?,” and “Did...become a citizen of the United

States through naturalization?”

Finally, as shown in Figure 3, all three data products share nearly identical year-of-entry items. Posed to

all respondents who report a non-U.S. place of birth, the question asks, “When did (this person/_________)

come to live in the United States?” followed by spaces for a four-digit year response.

In sum, although Census 2000 and C2SS closely resemble each other concerning nativity item placement

and formats, the CPS differs sufficiently, especially with respect to the citizenship item, to warrant caution

when making comparisons.

Response rates4

In addition to the mode of overall data collection, individuals may return census and survey questionnaires

without responding to certain items. Differences in item response rates could contribute to data

incomparability.

Although all three data sources contain similar questions regarding nativity, Table 4 shows that response

rates for the nativity items vary across data sources and population sub-groups. Rates for both the entire

population and foreign born only are shown. Excluding group quarters, response rates among the total

population range from 91.7 (Census 2000) to 99.0 percent (CPS) for the place-of-birth item, a difference of

7.3 percentage points. Response rates for the citizenship item range from 95.7 percent (Census 2000) to

98.8 percent (CPS) among the total population (excluding group quarters). Finally, response rates for the

year-of-entry item5 among the foreign born range from 88.0 percent (Census 2000) to 91.9 percent (C2SS).

In sum, among the civilian, non-institutionalized population, response rates appear to be slightly lower for

the provisional Census 2000 data than for CPS or C2SS. 

Imputation/edit techniques

Each of the three data sources is maintained by a separate group within the Census Bureau (and, in the

case of CPS, the Bureau of Labor Statistics). As a result, decisions regarding data imputation and edits

ultimately rest with different decision makers. Owing to the complexity of the edit and imputation

processes adopted by each group, this report acknowledges that differences do exist, not only in nativity
5

item specifications, but in other items (race, Hispanic origin, sex) that contribute to the overall DA

estimates. Specifically, an examination of the Census 2000 and C2SS edit specifications by the Ethnic and

Hispanic Statistics Branch reveals little difference among nativity items. However, owing to the unique skip

pattern of the CPS mentioned earlier, the imputation/edit specifications differ significantly from those of the

other two data sources (Costanzo, Davis and Malone 2001; Hansen 1994). These differences in data

evaluation and reconstruction introduce another source of potential lack of comparability.

Weights

Weights are assigned to each record to estimate the number of individuals in the total population

represented by the sample data. Differences in weighting techniques may introduce potential sources of

incomparability.

Owing to differences in sampling between the CPS and C2SS, differing weighting schemes exist also. 

Further, as mentioned earlier, the provisional Census 2000 data are a sample of the enumerated population

and thus are weighted as well. Details of the weighting process for the provisional Census 2000 data are

contained in Appendix C.

Results.

Total foreign born

Overall, there is no significant difference in the total foreign born estimated from the three data sources. 

Table 5 shows a provisional Census 2000 estimate of 30.6 million and a C2SS estimate of 30.5 million, an

apparent difference of only 0.1 percent, but not significantly different. Both these figures fall within the 90-

percent confidence interval of the March 2000 CPS estimate of 30.1 million.

Although significant differences do exist among counts/estimates of the native population, these figures 

vary by less than two percent.

Table 6 presents a more detailed look at the three questionnaire items that address the foreign-born

population: citizenship, place of birth, and year of entry. Estimates of citizenship status, broad periods of

entry and general regions of birth show mixed results. Citizenship status among the foreign born is limited

to two groups: those naturalized as U.S. citizens, and those who are not citizens. While figures for the

total foreign born do not vary significantly, some differences do exist when disaggregated into these two

categories. Specifically, while the Census 2000 and C2SS figures do not differ significantly from each

other, they do differ from those of the March 2000 CPS for each citizenship group: a 10.3 percent to 11.3

percent difference among “naturalized” figures; and a 3.7 percent to 4.1 percent difference among “noncitizen” figures. 

Table 6 shows also estimates for five general regions of birth for foreign-born individuals: Europe, Asia,

Mexico, Other Latin America and (residual) Other Regions. Again, little difference exists between Census

2000 and Census 2000 Supplementary Survey figures, with the exception of Asia — a significant difference

of approximately 3.1 percent. A comparison of Census 2000 counts and C2SS estimates with March 2000

CPS shows approximately one-half million more foreign born from Europe, representing significant

differences of 11.4 percent and 9.6 percent respectively. Both Census 2000 and C2SS show roughly onehalf million fewer foreign born from the residual category, Other Regions, than the March 2000 CPS,

significant differences of slightly more than 20 percent. The Census 2000 count of foreign born from Mexico

differs significantly from the March 2000 CPS estimate, although the difference of 6.5 percent is just outside

the CPS 90-percent confidence interval. Figures for Asia and Other Latin America do not differ significantly
6

between the March 2000 CPS and the other two data sources.

Finally, Table 6 presents broad periods of entry for all foreign born. Most notable among these figures are

the large discrepancies among estimates for entries in the year 2000. Recall that each data source

involved differing time frames of data collection (see “Limitations: Coverage” above). Differences in year2000 entries range from 56.1 percent (Census 2000 - March 2000 CPS) to 184.3 percent (C2SS - March

2000 CPS). Among other periods of entry, however, there are no significant differences between Census

2000 counts and March 2000 CPS estimates. C2SS estimates differ significantly from March 2000 CPS

figures for the periods 1980-1989 and 1990-1999, although the difference never exceeds 6.3 percent.

Significant differences exist for each of the period of entry examined between Census 2000 and C2SS. 

However, with the exception of year-2000 entries, these differences never exceed 4.5 percent and are likely

due to the small standard errors of the C2SS data.

In sum, there is general consistency among estimates the total foreign born population across the three

data sources, with some exceptions. Conformity between Census 2000 and C2SS estimates of citizenship

status seemingly translate to similar differences with March 2000 CPS estimates: about 10 percent more

naturalized citizens compared with about 4 percent fewer non-citizens. Again, continuity between Census

2000 and C2SS estimates of region of birth translate to more individuals born in Europe (roughly one-half

million) and fewer born in Other Regions (again, roughly one-half million). Finally, with the exception of

year-2000 entries, the broad period-of-entry figures never vary by more than 6.3 percent.

DA Components

Among the various components that contribute to the overall Demographic Analysis, age, sex, Hispanic

origin and race constitute the basis for many estimates of specific foreign-born population types: 

unauthorized, temporary, legal resident, etc. Therefore, we produce tabulations with respect to these four

subject areas.

Age

Table 7 presents the broad age distribution of the foreign-born population for each of the data sources under

investigation. Ages are distributed in the form of four broad age categories (as used in the DA estimation

process): younger than 18 years old; 18 to 29 years old; 30 to 49 years old; and 50 years and older. No

significant differences occur among any of the four age groupings. Furthermore, differences in

counts/estimates never exceed 5.4 percent.

Sex

Table 7 also shows sex distributions of the foreign-born population by data source. There are no significant

differences among the data sets with the exception of the Census 2000 count and the March 2000 CPS

estimate of foreign-born females: a difference of 3.5 percent.

Because age and sex are combined in certain elements of the DA estimation process, combined

tabulations are also shown in Table 7. There are no significant differences among the various age-sex

categories across the three data sources.

Hispanic Origin

We present the distributions of Hispanic Origin among the foreign born in Table 8. While no percentage

difference among data source counts/estimates exceeds 3.9 percent, the differences between the Census

2000 Supplementary Survey and the March 2000 CPS estimates are significant. Furthermore, the
7

difference between the Census 2000 count and C2SS estimate of the foreign-born Hispanic population is

significant, although the percentage difference is less than 1.0 percent.

Race

Although Census 2000 and Census 2000 Supplementary Survey share similar questions, response options

and edit specifications for the race item on the March 2000 CPS differ considerably. Some differences

include: (1) multiple race options for Census 2000 and C2SS, but only one race option per respondent in

the CPS; (2) the Census 2000 and C2SS separate “Asian” from “Pacific Islander” while the March 2000

CPS combines the two categories; and, (3) the Census 2000 and C2SS provide “Other race” as a possible

response option; the CPS does so only after extensive interviewer probing and data edits are exhausted. 

To help overcome these obstacles, we construct a single race/Hispanic origin variable based on the two

items from each data product to permit reasonable comparisons.

Table 8 shows distributions of race/Hispanic origin among the foreign born across the three data sources. 

As anticipated, large (significant) differences exist among all three “Non-Hispanic Other” figures. Exclusive

of this race category, other significant differences are also apparent: Census 2000 and C2SS record nearly

20 percent more “Non-Hispanic Black” respondents than the March 2000 CPS. Further, the foreign-born

Non-Hispanic Asian figure for Census 2000 is significantly lower than that of the March 2000 CPS (8.4

percent), possibly owing to the inclusion of Pacific Islanders in the latter estimate. Finally, although largely

similar in construction of the race item, Census 2000 and C2SS differ significantly for three of the five race

categories: Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Asian, and Non-Hispanic Other.

Given the size and frequency of these differences, we suggest caution with respect to analyses using the

race variable as an estimation component.

Detailed tabulations

Because DA estimates are contingent on more than one dimension of foreign-born characteristics, we

conduct additional tabulations controlling for selected nativity indicators: the foreign born entering in the

1990s; those born in Europe; those born in Asia; those born in Mexico; and those born in Other Latin

America. 

Table 9 presents tabulations of the foreign born who entered before 1990, while Table 10 shows the same

distributions of the foreign born who entered 1990 to 1999, per each data source. (Data for those who

entered in year 2000 are not presented owing to the substantial discrepancies in coverage that affect the

counts/estimates.) These data reflect many of the same characteristics of those for the total foreign-born

population: overall precision among estimates, with the exception of “Other Region” place-of-birth,

problematic race classifications, and certain younger age groups.

Table 11 reports general statistics for the foreign-born population who report countries in Europe as the

place of birth; Table 12 provides the same data for those born in Asian countries; Table 13 for those born in

Mexico; and Table 14 for those born in Other Latin American countries. (Data for “Other Regions” are not

presented here.) Again, comparisons across data sources mirror those of the total foreign-born population: 

general conformity in all measures with the exception of year-2000 entries and race classifications.

Conclusions/Implications

In general, the (reweighted) March 2000 CPS nativity data are consistent with the new comparison data

sources: Census 2000 and the C2SS. Whether examined in total, or across various sub-groups, the
8

tabulations of the foreign-born population generally do not differ significantly. When significant differences

exist, they are often minor in magnitude (less than 5 percent difference).

In spite of the general agreement in counts and estimates, caution is advised in certain respects. 

As mentioned earlier, year-of-entry data for the year 2000 are highly inconsistent, differing substantially

across data sources and within subgroups. We attribute these large discrepancies to the variation in

coverage periods among the data products. 

Further, race incongruities exist across the three data sources and may prove problematic. Differences in

racial classifications across the three data sources should be considered when producing estimates

requiring race components.

Moreover, significant differences consistently appear when controlling for the residual place-of-birth

category, Other Regions. These incongruities may be the result of differing modes of data acquisition or

edit/imputation techniques among the data sources presented. 

Finally, although the findings here reflect statistical comparisons of estimates, one should bear in mind that

lower and upper bounds will not be the inputs used in the DA estimation procedure. Instead, point

estimates of various foreign-born sub-groups will form the basis of many of the components being developed

and hence will differ. The adoption of a uniform data source throughout the DA estimation process is

advised.
9

References

Costanzo, Joseph M., Cynthia J. Davis, and Nolan J. Malone. 2001. “Guide to International Migration

Statistics: The Collection and Processing of Foreign-Born Population Data at the U.S. Census

Bureau.” Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association,

Anaheim, CA, August 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Ethnic

and Hispanic Statistics Branch.

Demographic Surveys Division. 2001. “Accuracy of the Data (2000).” Web document: 

http://www.census.gov/c2ss/www/Downloads/Accuracy00.pdf. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census

Bureau.

General Accounting Office. 2000. “Status of Nonresponse Follow-up and Key Operations.” Testimony,

Before the Subcommittee on the Census Committee on Government Reform, House of

Representatives.

Gibson, Campbell, and Emily Lennon. 1999. “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population

of the United States: 1850 to 1990.” Working Paper #29, Population Division. Washington, D.C.: 

U.S. Census Bureau.

Hansen, Kristin A. 1994. “1994 CPS: Final Nativity Edit Specifications.” Memorandum to Current

Population Surveys Branch, Demographic Surveys Division. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census

Bureau.

Schmidley, Dianne A., and J. Gregory Robinson. 1998. “How well does the Current Population Survey

measure the foreign-born population in the United States?” Technical Working Paper #22. 

Washington, D.C.: Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau.

“Technical Paper 63: Current Population Survey Design and Methodology.” U.S. Department of Commerce, 

Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.

Tupek, Alan R. 2000. “Source and Accuracy Statement for The Foreign-born Population: 2000.” 

Demographic Statistical Methods Division, U.S. Census Bureau.
10

Table 1. Summary of Coverage Among Data Sources: 2000

Provisional

Coverage characteristic March 2000 CPS Census 2000 C2SS

Data Survey Census sample Survey

Universe Civilian, noninstitutionalized

population

Entire resident

population

Civilian, noninstitutionalized

population

Sample frame Updated 1990 MAF 2000 MAF 2000 MAF

Collection dates 12-month period ending

March 2000

April 1, 2000 January to December

2000
11

Table 2. Census 2000 Supplementary Survey Population by Nativity and Mode of Data

Collection

Total Native Foreign born

Response type Number Pct. Number Pct. Number Pct.

All types 273,643,269 100.0 243,120,584 100.0 30,522,685 100.0

Mail-back 157,071,141 57.4 144,025,258 59.2 13,045,883 42.7

Telephone (CATI) 25,433,670 9.3 22,714,821 9.3 2,718,849 8.9

Personal visit

(CAPI)

91,138,458 33.3 76,380,505 31.4 14,757,953 48.4
12

Table 3. Item Sequence, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 CPS Census 2000 C2SS

Owing to computer-based data

collection and complex skip

patterns, unique sequence

numbers are not identifiable.

! Place of birth

! Mother’s place of birth

! Father’s place of birth

! Citizenship status

! Year of entry

1. Name

2. Phone number

3. Sex

4. Age

5. Hispanic origin

6. Race

7. Marital status

8. School enrollment

9. Educational attainment

10. Ancestry/ethnic origin

11. Language at home

12. Place of birth

13. Citizenship status

14. Year of entry

15. Residence 5 yrs. ago

1. Sex

2. Age

3. Relationship

4. Marital status

5. Hispanic origin

6. Race

7. Place of birth

8. Citizenship status

9. Year of entry

10. School enrollment

11. Educational attainment

12. Ancestry/ethnic origin

13. Residence 1 yr. ago

14. Language at home
13

Table 4. Nativity Item Response Rates, by Data Source: 2000

Place of birth Citizenship Year of entry

Data source All

respondents

Foreign

born only

All

respondents

Foreign

born only

All

respondents

Foreign

born only

March 2000 CPS 

Reweighted 99.0 98.5 98.8 95.7 98.8 91.2

Original 99.0 98.5 98.8 95.6 98.8 91.3

Census 2000

Total 91.0 93.6 95.1 92.2 98.5 87.6

Households only 91.7 94.0 95.7 92.6 98.5 88.0

Group qtrs.only 67.1 74.1 71.7 70.6 97.0 61.6

C2SS 93.6 95.7 97.2 94.6 98.9 91.9
14

Table 5. Nativity Status of the Population, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total population 276,979,090 273,643,273 273,643,269 -3,335,817 -1.20 -3,335,821 -1.20 -4 0.00

Native 246,897,872 243,087,763 243,120,584 -3,810,109 -1.54 * -3,777,288 -1.53 * 32,821 0.01

Foreign born 30,081,218 30,555,509 30,522,685 474,291 1.58 441,467 1.47 -32,824 -0.11

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.
15

Table 6. Citizenship Status, Place of Birth and Year of Entry of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total foreign born 30,081,218 30,555,510 30,522,685 474,292 1.58 441,467 1.47 -32,825 -0.11

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 11,102,506 12,353,071 12,249,038 1,250,565 11.26 * 1,146,532 10.33 * -104,033 -0.84

Not a citizen 18,978,712 18,202,438 18,273,647 -776,274 -4.09 * -705,065 -3.72 * 71,209 0.39

Place of birth

Europe 4,349,655 4,846,038 4,768,602 496,383 11.41 * 418,947 9.63 * -77,436 -1.60

Asia 8,028,880 8,143,449 8,397,093 114,569 1.43 368,213 4.59 253,644 3.11 *

Mexico 8,397,883 8,943,298 8,774,313 545,415 6.49 * 376,430 4.48 -168,985 -1.89

Other Latin America 6,949,405 6,793,408 6,727,159 -155,997 -2.24 -222,246 -3.20 -66,249 -0.98

Other Regions 2,355,396 1,829,317 1,855,518 -526,079 -22.34 * -499,878 -21.22 * 26,201 1.43

Year of entry

Before 1970 4,624,042 4,903,282 4,683,040 279,240 6.04 58,998 1.28 -220,242 -4.49 *

1970-1979 4,795,198 4,730,631 4,499,796 -64,567 -1.35 -295,402 -6.16 -230,835 -4.88 *

1980-1989 8,536,011 8,279,153 8,000,393 -256,858 -3.01 -535,618 -6.27 * -278,760 -3.37 *

1990-1999 11,795,700 12,126,818 12,400,539 331,118 2.81 604,839 5.13 * 273,721 2.26 *

2000 1 330,268 515,625 938,917 185,357 56.12 * 608,649 184.29 * 423,292 82.09 *

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.

1

 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2).
16

Table 7. Age and Sex Distributions of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total foreign born 30,081,218 30,555,510 30,522,685 474,292 1.58 441,467 1.47 -32,825 -0.11

Age

Younger than 18 2,975,483 3,134,746 3,072,235 159,263 5.35 96,752 3.25 -62,511 -1.99

18-29 6,822,664 6,750,040 6,761,512 -72,624 -1.06 -61,152 -0.90 11,472 0.17

30-49 12,316,298 12,599,814 12,541,287 283,516 2.30 224,989 1.83 -58,527 -0.46

50 and older 7,966,773 8,070,910 8,147,651 104,137 1.31 180,878 2.27 76,741 0.95

Sex

Male 15,201,094 15,158,400 15,190,081 -42,694 -0.28 -11,013 -0.07 31,681 0.21

Female 14,880,125 15,397,110 15,332,604 516,985 3.47 * 452,479 3.04 -64,506 -0.42

Age and Sex

Male: 0-17 1,569,972 1,616,643 1,576,704 46,671 2.97 6,732 0.43 -39,939 -2.47

Male: 18-29 3,741,012 3,616,138 3,653,191 -124,874 -3.34 -87,821 -2.35 37,053 1.02

Male: 30-49 6,263,857 6,385,869 6,382,187 122,012 1.95 118,330 1.89 -3,682 -0.06

Male: 50+ 3,626,252 3,539,750 3,577,999 -86,502 -2.39 -48,253 -1.33 38,249 1.08

Female: 0-17 1,405,511 1,518,103 1,495,531 112,592 8.01 90,020 6.40 -22,572 -1.49

Female: 18-29 3,081,652 3,133,902 3,108,321 52,250 1.70 26,669 0.87 -25,581 -0.82

Female: 30-49 6,052,441 6,213,945 6,159,100 161,504 2.67 106,659 1.76 -54,845 -0.88

Female: 50+ 4,340,521 4,531,160 4,569,652 190,639 4.39 229,131 5.28 38,492 0.85

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.
17

Table 8. Hispanic Origin and Race Distributions of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total foreign born 30,081,218 30,555,510 30,522,685 474,292 1.58 441,467 1.47 -32,825 -0.11

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 16,330,655 16,909,590 16,956,135 578,935 3.55 625,480 3.83 * 46,545 0.28

Hispanic 13,750,564 13,645,920 13,566,550 -104,644 -0.76 -184,014 -1.34 * -79,370 -0.58 *

Hispanic Origin/Race

Non-Hispanic White 7,066,098 7,419,335 7,222,781 353,237 5.00 156,683 2.22 -196,554 -2.65 *

Non-Hispanic Black 1,747,030 2,095,498 2,064,731 348,468 19.95 * 317,701 18.19 * -30,767 -1.47

Non-Hispanic Asian 7,443,093 6,818,011 7,319,039 -625,082 -8.40 * -124,054 -1.67 501,028 7.35 *

Non-Hispanic Other 74,435 576,746 349,584 502,311 674.83 * 275,149 369.65 * -227,162 -39.39 *

Hispanic 13,750,564 13,645,920 13,566,550 -104,644 -0.76 -184,014 -1.34 -79,370 -0.58

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.
18

Table 9. Foreign-Born Population Entering Before 1990, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total entering pre-1990 17,955,251 17,913,066 17,183,229 -42,185 -0.23 -772,022 -4.30 -729,837 -4.07 *

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 10,034,908 10,620,105 10,559,008 585,197 5.83 * 524,100 5.22 * -61,097 -0.58

Not a citizen 7,920,343 7,292,961 6,624,221 -627,382 -7.92 * -1,296,122 -16.36 * -668,740 -9.17 *

Place of birth

Europe 3,104,092 3,262,002 3,156,724 157,910 5.09 52,632 1.70 -105,278 -3.23 *

Asia 4,833,158 4,711,433 4,627,476 -121,725 -2.52 -205,682 -4.26 -83,957 -1.78

Mexico 4,504,765 4,760,030 4,424,274 255,265 5.67 -80,491 -1.79 -335,756 -7.05 *

Other Latin America 4,218,775 4,135,888 3,958,859 -82,887 -1.96 -259,916 -6.16 -177,029 -4.28 *

Other Regions 1,294,461 1,043,713 1,015,896 -250,748 -19.37 * -278,565 -21.52 * -27,817 -2.67

Age

Younger than 18 579,666 511,406 447,377 -68,260 -11.78 -132,289 -22.82 * -64,029 -12.52 *

18-29 2,401,273 2,301,048 2,042,597 -100,225 -4.17 -358,676 -14.94 * -258,451 -11.23 *

30-49 8,253,508 8,331,414 7,889,781 77,906 0.94 -363,727 -4.41 -441,633 -5.30 *

50 and older 6,720,803 6,769,198 6,803,474 48,395 0.72 82,671 1.23 34,276 0.51

Sex

Male 8,939,003 8,708,490 8,333,371 -230,513 -2.58 -605,632 -6.78 * -375,119 -4.31 *

Female 9,016,248 9,204,576 8,849,858 188,328 2.09 -166,390 -1.85 -354,718 -3.85 *

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 10,347,179 10,329,568 10,007,478 -17,611 -0.17 -339,701 -3.28 -322,090 -3.12 *

Hispanic 7,608,072 7,583,498 7,175,751 -24,574 -0.32 -432,321 -5.68 -407,747 -5.38 *

Hispanic Origin/Race

Non-Hispanic White 4,839,161 4,892,907 4,629,785 53,746 1.11 -209,376 -4.33 -263,122 -5.38 *

Non-Hispanic Black 1,092,396 1,237,399 1,208,895 145,003 13.27 116,499 10.66 -28,504 -2.30

Non-Hispanic Asian 4,355,726 3,900,002 3,998,225 -455,724 -10.46 * -357,501 -8.21 * 98,223 2.52 *

Non-Hispanic Other 59,896 299,260 170,573 239,364 399.63 * 110,677 184.78 * -128,687 -43.00 *

Hispanic 7,608,072 7,583,498 7,175,751 -24,574 -0.32 -432,321 -5.68 -407,747 -5.38 *

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.
19

Table 10. Foreign-Born Population Entering 1990 to 1999, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total entering in 1990s 11,795,700 12,126,819 12,400,539 331,119 2.81 604,839 5.13 * 273,720 2.26 *

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 1,058,837 1,701,766 1,670,254 642,929 60.72 * 611,417 57.74 * -31,512 -1.85

Not a citizen 10,736,863 10,425,053 10,730,285 -311,810 -2.90 -6,578 -0.06 305,232 2.93 *

Place of birth

Europe 1,208,657 1,527,404 1,476,048 318,747 26.37 * 267,391 22.12 * -51,356 -3.36

Asia 3,160,315 3,329,352 3,519,311 169,037 5.35 358,996 11.36 * 189,959 5.71 *

Mexico 3,761,300 3,971,665 4,048,548 210,365 5.59 287,248 7.64 76,883 1.94

Other Latin America 2,639,081 2,544,858 2,595,369 -94,223 -3.57 -43,712 -1.66 50,511 1.98

Other Regions 1,026,346 753,540 761,263 -272,806 -26.58 * -265,083 -25.83 * 7,723 1.02

Age

Younger than 18 2,327,425 2,459,384 2,379,217 131,959 5.67 51,792 2.23 -80,167 -3.26 *

18-29 4,280,274 4,257,771 4,363,746 -22,503 -0.53 83,472 1.95 105,975 2.49 *

30-49 3,964,118 4,147,853 4,403,437 183,735 4.63 439,319 11.08 * 255,584 6.16 *

50 and older 1,223,883 1,261,811 1,254,139 37,928 3.10 30,256 2.47 -7,672 -0.61

Sex

Male 6,087,930 6,164,046 6,346,808 76,116 1.25 258,878 4.25 182,762 2.96 *

Female 5,707,769 5,962,773 6,053,731 255,004 4.47 345,962 6.06 * 90,958 1.53

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 5,862,322 6,355,925 6,432,459 493,603 8.42 * 570,137 9.73 * 76,534 1.20

Hispanic 5,933,377 5,770,894 5,968,080 -162,483 -2.74 34,703 0.58 197,186 3.42 *

Hispanic Origin/Race

Non-Hispanic White 2,154,477 2,429,294 2,367,225 274,817 12.76 * 212,748 9.87 -62,069 -2.56

Non-Hispanic Black 641,210 829,210 802,923 188,000 29.32 * 161,713 25.22 * -26,287 -3.17

Non-Hispanic Asian 3,052,096 2,833,376 3,097,861 -218,720 -7.17 45,765 1.50 264,485 9.33 *

Non-Hispanic Other 14,539 264,045 164,450 249,506 1,716.12 * 149,911 1,031.10 * -99,595 -37.72 *

Hispanic 5,933,377 5,770,894 5,968,080 -162,483 -2.74 34,703 0.58 197,186 3.42 *

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.
20

Table 11. Foreign-Born Population Born in Europe, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total from Europe 4,349,656 4,846,038 4,768,602 496,382 11.41 * 418,946 9.63 * -77,436 -1.60

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 2,291,399 2,702,767 2,638,104 411,368 17.95 * 346,705 15.13 * -64,663 -2.39 *

Not a citizen 2,058,257 2,143,271 2,130,498 85,014 4.13 72,241 3.51 -12,773 -0.60

Year of entry

Before 1970 1,917,761 2,008,115 1,939,745 90,354 4.71 21,984 1.15 -68,370 -3.40 *

1970-1979 540,794 579,996 541,409 39,202 7.25 615 0.11 -38,587 -6.65 *

1980-1989 645,537 673,891 675,570 28,354 4.39 30,033 4.65 1,679 0.25

1990-1999 1,208,659 1,527,405 1,476,048 318,746 26.37 * 267,389 22.12 * -51,357 -3.36

2000 1 36,906 56,632 135,830 19,726 53.45 98,924 268.04 * 79,198 139.85 *

Age

Younger than 18 237,901 370,055 372,339 132,154 55.55 * 134,438 56.51 * 2,284 0.62

18-29 466,543 539,985 517,910 73,442 15.74 51,367 11.01 -22,075 -4.09

30-49 1,415,768 1,526,089 1,507,768 110,321 7.79 92,000 6.50 -18,321 -1.20

50 and older 2,229,444 2,409,909 2,370,585 180,465 8.09 141,141 6.33 -39,324 -1.63

Sex

Male 2,098,928 2,201,658 2,152,641 102,730 4.89 53,713 2.56 -49,017 -2.23 *

Female 2,250,727 2,644,380 2,615,961 393,653 17.49 * 365,234 16.23 * -28,419 -1.07

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 4,262,978 4,736,992 4,672,521 474,014 11.12 * 409,543 9.61 * -64,471 -1.36

Hispanic 86,677 109,046 96,081 22,369 25.81 9,404 10.85 -12,965 -11.89 *

Hispanic Origin/Race

Non-Hispanic White 4,165,318 4,546,272 4,553,298 380,954 9.15 * 387,980 9.31 * 7,026 0.15

Non-Hispanic Black 46,815 65,439 56,593 18,624 39.78 9,778 20.89 -8,846 -13.52

Non-Hispanic Asian 46,886 52,401 40,526 5,515 11.76 -6,360 -13.56 -11,875 -22.66 *

Non-Hispanic Other 3,960 72,880 22,104 68,920 1,740.40 * 18,144 458.18 * -50,776 -69.67 *

Hispanic 86,677 109,046 96,081 22,369 25.81 9,404 10.85 -12,965 -11.89 *

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.

1 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2).
21

Table 12. Foreign-Born Population Born in Asia, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total from Asia 8,028,879 8,143,449 8,397,093 114,570 1.43 368,214 4.59 253,644 3.11 *

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 3,757,081 4,135,765 4,222,524 378,684 10.08 * 465,443 12.39 * 86,759 2.10 *

Not a citizen 4,271,798 4,007,684 4,174,569 -264,114 -6.18 -97,229 -2.28 166,885 4.16 *

Year of entry

Before 1970 609,830 659,623 643,057 49,793 8.17 33,227 5.45 -16,566 -2.51

1970-1979 1,519,512 1,491,526 1,460,510 -27,986 -1.84 -59,002 -3.88 -31,016 -2.08

1980-1989 2,703,816 2,560,285 2,523,909 -143,531 -5.31 -179,907 -6.65 -36,376 -1.42

1990-1999 3,160,317 3,329,352 3,519,311 169,035 5.35 358,994 11.36 * 189,959 5.71 *

2000 1 35,406 102,663 250,306 67,257 189.96 * 214,900 606.96 * 147,643 143.81 *

Age

Younger than 18 704,828 748,860 783,368 44,032 6.25 78,540 11.14 34,508 4.61

18-29 1,755,804 1,662,016 1,698,772 -93,788 -5.34 -57,032 -3.25 36,756 2.21

30-49 3,366,285 3,583,570 3,672,434 217,285 6.45 306,149 9.09 88,864 2.48 *

50 and older 2,201,962 2,149,002 2,242,519 -52,960 -2.41 40,557 1.84 93,517 4.35 *

Sex

Male 3,829,838 3,896,492 4,068,171 66,654 1.74 238,333 6.22 171,679 4.41 *

Female 4,199,042 4,246,957 4,328,922 47,915 1.14 129,880 3.09 81,965 1.93 *

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 7,944,953 8,020,729 8,355,524 75,776 0.95 410,571 5.17 334,795 4.17 *

Hispanic 83,926 122,719 41,569 38,793 46.22 -42,357 -50.47 -81,150 -66.13 *

Race/Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic White 1,085,532 1,238,659 1,203,609 153,127 14.11 118,077 10.88 -35,050 -2.83

Non-Hispanic Black 44,262 83,120 33,076 38,858 87.79 * -11,186 -25.27 -50,044 -60.21 *

Non-Hispanic Asian 6,771,075 6,520,165 7,035,783 -250,910 -3.71 264,708 3.91 515,618 7.91 *

Non-Hispanic Other 44,085 178,785 83,056 134,700 305.55 * 38,971 88.40 * -95,729 -53.54 *

Hispanic 83,926 122,719 41,569 38,793 46.22 -42,357 -50.47 -81,150 -66.13 *

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.

1 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2).
22

Table 13. Foreign-Born Population Born in Mexico, by Data Source: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total from Mexico 8,397,883 8,943,298 8,774,313 545,415 6.49 * 376,430 4.48 -168,985 -1.89

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 1,632,518 2,017,985 1,916,963 385,467 23.61 * 284,445 17.42 * -101,022 -5.01 *

Not a citizen 6,765,365 6,925,313 6,857,350 159,948 2.36 91,985 1.36 -67,963 -0.98

Year of entry

Before 1970 657,696 805,503 717,749 147,807 22.47 * 60,053 9.13 -87,754 -10.89 *

1970-1979 1,422,441 1,437,107 1,323,487 14,666 1.03 -98,954 -6.96 -113,620 -7.91 *

1980-1989 2,424,628 2,517,420 2,383,038 92,792 3.83 -41,590 -1.72 -134,382 -5.34 *

1990-1999 3,761,300 3,971,666 4,048,548 210,366 5.59 287,248 7.64 76,882 1.94

2000 1 131,819 211,604 301,491 79,785 60.53 * 169,672 128.72 * 89,887 42.48 *

Age

Younger than 18 1,087,810 1,204,355 1,121,005 116,545 10.71 33,195 3.05 -83,350 -6.92 *

18-29 2,690,752 2,818,014 2,822,677 127,262 4.73 131,925 4.90 4,663 0.17

30-49 3,447,097 3,681,072 3,599,232 233,975 6.79 152,135 4.41 -81,840 -2.22

50 and older 1,172,225 1,239,857 1,231,399 67,632 5.77 59,174 5.05 -8,458 -0.68

Sex

Male 4,675,943 4,918,220 4,856,169 242,277 5.18 180,226 3.85 -62,051 -1.26

Female 3,721,940 4,025,079 3,918,144 303,139 8.14 196,204 5.27 -106,935 -2.66 *

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 83,164 289,726 63,733 206,562 248.38 * -19,431 -23.36 -225,993 -78.00 *

Hispanic 8,314,719 8,653,572 8,710,580 338,853 4.08 395,861 4.76 57,008 0.66

Race/Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic White 67,656 181,934 48,648 114,278 168.91 * -19,008 -28.10 -133,286 -73.26 *

Non-Hispanic Black 0 48,587 8,604 48,587 --- * 8,604 --- * -39,983 -82.29 *

Non-Hispanic Asian 8,921 31,549 1,333 22,628 253.65 * -7,588 -85.06 -30,216 -95.77 *

Non-Hispanic Other 6,587 27,656 5,148 21,069 319.86 * -1,439 -21.85 -22,508 -81.39 *

Hispanic 8,314,719 8,653,572 8,710,580 338,853 4.08 395,861 4.76 57,008 0.66

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.

1 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2).
23

Table 14. Foreign-Born Population Born in Other Latin America: 2000

March 2000 Provisional Differences

CPS Census 2000 Census 2000-CPS C2SS-CPS C2SS-Census 2000

(Reweighted) (Households) C2SS Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Characteristic 1 2 3 4=2-1 5=4/1*100 6=3-1 7=6/1*100 8=3-2 9=8/2*100

Total Other Latin America 6,949,405 6,793,408 6,727,159 -155,997 -2.24 -222,246 -3.20 -66,249 -0.98

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 2,559,234 2,752,948 2,760,125 193,714 7.57 200,891 7.85 7,177 0.26

Not a citizen 4,390,171 4,040,460 3,967,034 -349,711 -7.97 -423,137 -9.64 * -73,426 -1.82

Year of entry

Before 1970 982,421 962,285 918,386 -20,136 -2.05 -64,035 -6.52 -43,899 -4.56 *

1970-1979 1,015,615 1,004,549 966,077 -11,066 -1.09 -49,538 -4.88 -38,472 -3.83

1980-1989 2,220,739 2,169,055 2,074,396 -51,684 -2.33 -146,343 -6.59 -94,659 -4.36 *

1990-1999 2,639,081 2,544,859 2,595,369 -94,222 -3.57 -43,712 -1.66 50,510 1.98

2000 1 91,549 112,661 172,931 21,112 23.06 81,382 88.89 * 60,270 53.50 *

Age

Younger than 18 696,364 628,342 619,522 -68,022 -9.77 -76,842 -11.03 -8,820 -1.40

18-29 1,458,375 1,431,351 1,423,080 -27,024 -1.85 -35,295 -2.42 -8,271 -0.58

30-49 3,058,684 3,026,307 2,979,000 -32,377 -1.06 -79,684 -2.61 -47,307 -1.56

50 and older 1,735,983 1,707,409 1,705,557 -28,574 -1.65 -30,426 -1.75 -1,852 -0.11

Sex

Male 3,327,093 3,235,278 3,190,063 -91,815 -2.76 -137,030 -4.12 -45,215 -1.40

Female 3,622,312 3,558,130 3,537,096 -64,182 -1.77 -85,216 -2.35 -21,034 -0.59

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 1,917,288 2,057,050 2,037,638 139,762 7.29 120,350 6.28 -19,412 -0.94

Hispanic 5,032,117 4,736,358 4,689,521 -295,759 -5.88 -342,596 -6.81 -46,837 -0.99

Race/Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic White 541,024 387,098 335,243 -153,926 -28.45 * -205,781 -38.04 * -51,855 -13.40 *

Non-Hispanic Black 1,206,348 1,366,564 1,437,410 160,216 13.28 231,062 19.15 * 70,846 5.18 *

Non-Hispanic Asian 167,860 129,036 143,121 -38,824 -23.13 -24,739 -14.74 14,085 10.92

Non-Hispanic Other 2,056 174,352 121,864 172,296 8,380.16 * 119,808 5,827.24 * -52,488 -30.10 *

Hispanic 5,032,117 4,736,358 4,689,521 -295,759 -5.88 -342,596 -6.81 -46,837 -0.99

* Significantly different at the 90 percent confidence level.

1 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2).
24

Figure 1. Place-of-Birth Items, by Data Source
25

Figure 2. Citizenship Items, by Data Source
26

Figure 3. Year-of-Entry Items, by Data Source
27

Appendix A. Citizenship Status of the Population, by Data Source: 2000

Provisional Census 2000

Total In households In group quarters

Characteristic Number Pct. Number Pct. Number Pct.

Total population 281,421,906 100.0% 273,643,273 100.0% 7,778,633 100.0%

Citizenship status

Born in the U.S. 246,976,984 87.8% 239,866,420 87.7% 7,110,564 91.4%

Born in Puerto Rico or other USIA 1,584,812 0.6% 1,517,932 0.6% 66,880 0.9%

Born abroad of Amer. parent(s) 1,761,164 0.6% 1,703,411 0.6% 57,753 0.7%

Naturalized 12,556,533 4.5% 12,353,071 4.5% 203,462 2.6%

Not a citizen 18,542,413 6.6% 18,202,438 6.7% 339,975 4.4%
28

Appendix A. Citizenship Status of the Total Population, by Data Source: 2000 (cont’d)

March 2000 CPS - Original (1990-based) weights

90-percent

confidence interval

Characteristic Number Percent a 1b 1 Standar

derror 

Lower

bound

Upper

bound

Total population 274,087,002 100.0% -0.000019 5,211 1,195,101 272,121,060 276,052,944

Citizenship Status

Born in the U.S. 242,339,637 88.4% -0.000019 5,211 1,123,758 240,491,055 244,188,219

Born in Puerto Rico or other USIA 1,479,117 0.5% -0.000019 5,211 87,793 1,334,697 1,623,537

Born abroad of American parent(s) 1,889,014 0.7% -0.000019 5,211 99,215 1,725,805 2,052,223

Naturalized 10,621,537 3.9% -0.000025 6,774 268,236 10,180,290 11,062,784

Not a citizen 17,757,696 6.5% -0.000025 6,774 346,829 17,187,162 18,328,230

1

The “a” and “b” parameters used to compute standard errors are produced by the Demographic Statistical

Methods Division and published in the “Source and Accuracy Statement for the Foreign-Born Population.”
29

Appendix A. Citizenship Status of the Total Population, by Data Source: 2000 (cont'd)

March 2000 CPS - Reweighted

90-percent confidence interval

Characteristic Number Percent a 1b 1

Standard

error

Lower bound Upper bound

Total population 276,979,090 100.0% -0.000019 5,211 1,201,390 275,002,803 278,955,377

Citizenship Status

Born in the U.S. 243,438,713 87.9% -0.000019 5,211 1,126,303 241,585,944 245,291,482

Born in Puerto Rico or other USIA 1,550,671 0.6% -0.000019 5,211 89,892 1,402,799 1,698,543

Born abroad of American parent(s) 1,908,488 0.7% -0.000019 5,211 99,725 1,744,440 2,072,536

Naturalized 11,102,506 4.0% -0.000025 6,774 274,241 10,651,379 11,553,633

Not a citizen 18,978,712 6.9% -0.000025 6,774 358,555 18,388,889 19,568,535

1

The “a” and “b” parameters used to compute standard errors are produced by the Demographic Statistical

Methods Division and published in the “Source and Accuracy Statement for the Foreign-Born Population.”
30

Appendix A. Citizenship Status of the Total Population, by Data Source: 2000 (cont'd)

Census 2000 Supplementary Survey

90-percent confidence interval

Characteristic Number Percent Standard

error

Lower bound Upper bound

Total population 273,643,269 100.0% --- --- ---

Citizenship Status

Born in the U.S. 239,692,877 87.6% 173,220 239,407,930 239,977,824

Born in Puerto Rico or other USIA 1,455,835 0.5% 36,156 1,396,358 1,515,312

Born abroad of American parent(s) 1,971,872 0.7% 28,250 1,925,401 2,018,343

Naturalized 12,249,038 4.5% 71,110 12,132,062 12,366,014

Not a citizen 18,273,647 6.7% 160,385 18,009,814 18,537,480

1 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2). 
31

Appendix B. General Characteristics of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 2000

Provisional Census 2000

Total In households In group quarters

Characteristic Number Pct. Number Pct. Number Pct.

Total foreign born 31,098,946 100.0% 30,555,510 100.0% 543,436 100.0%

Citizenship status

Naturalized 12,556,533 40.4% 12,353,071 40.4% 203,462 37.4%

Not a citizen 18,542,413 59.6% 18,202,438 59.6% 339,975 62.6%

Place of birth

Europe 4,956,908 15.9% 4,846,038 15.9% 110,870 20.4%

Asia 8,276,315 26.6% 8,143,449 26.7% 132,867 24.4%

Mexico 9,064,828 29.1% 8,943,298 29.3% 121,530 22.4%

Other Latin America 6,917,622 22.2% 6,793,408 22.2% 124,214 22.9%

Other Regions 1,883,272 6.1% 1,829,317 6.0% 53,955 9.9%

Year of entry

Before 1970 5,012,740 16.1% 4,903,282 16.0% 109,458 20.1%

1970-1979 4,789,199 15.4% 4,730,631 15.5% 58,569 10.8%

1980-1989 8,437,062 27.1% 8,279,153 27.1% 157,909 29.1%

1990-1999 12,326,269 39.6% 12,126,818 39.7% 199,449 36.7%

2000 1 533,676 1.7% 515,625 1.7% 18,051 3.3%

Age

Younger than 18 3,154,305 10.1% 3,134,746 10.3% 19,559 3.6%

18-29 7,005,350 22.5% 6,750,040 22.1% 255,309 47.0%

30-49 12,727,607 40.9% 12,599,814 41.2% 127,793 23.5%

50 and older 8,211,685 26.4% 8,070,910 26.4% 140,775 25.9%

Sex

Male 15,487,452 49.8% 15,158,400 49.6% 329,052 60.6%

Female 15,611,495 50.2% 15,397,110 50.4% 214,384 39.4%

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 17,251,187 55.5% 16,909,590 55.3% 341,597 62.9%

Hispanic 13,847,759 44.5% 13,645,920 44.7% 201,840 37.1%

Hispanic Origin/Race

Non-Hispanic White 7,568,020 24.3% 7,419,335 24.3% 148,686 27.4%

Non-Hispanic Black 2,157,634 6.9% 2,095,498 6.9% 62,136 11.4%

Non-Hispanic Asian 6,939,470 22.3% 6,818,011 22.3% 121,460 22.4%

Non-Hispanic Other 586,062 1.9% 576,746 1.9% 9,316 1.7%

Hispanic 13,847,759 44.5% 13,645,920 44.7% 201,840 37.1%

1 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2). 
32

Appendix B. General Characteristics of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 2000 (cont’d)

March 2000 CPS - Original (1990-based) weights

90-percent

confidence interval

Characteristic Number Percent a 1b 1 Standar

derror 

Lower

bound

Upper

bound

Total foreign born 28,379,233 100.0% -0.000025 6,774 438,453 27,657,978 29,100,488

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 10,621,537 37.4% -0.000025 6,774 268,236 10,180,290 11,062,784

Not a citizen 17,757,696 62.6% -0.000025 6,774 346,829 17,187,162 18,328,230

Place of birth

Europe 4,303,120 15.2% -0.000024 6,351 165,315 4,031,176 4,575,064

Asia 7,297,324 25.7% -0.000038 10,351 274,836 6,845,219 7,749,429

Mexico 7,841,142 23.4% -0.000041 11,054 294,408 7,356,841 8,325,443

Other Latin America 6,636,356 27.6% -0.000041 11,054 270,847 6,190,812 7,081,900

Other Regions 2,301,291 8.1% -0.000038 10,351 154,339 2,047,403 2,555,179

Year of entry

Before 1970 4,546,849 16.0% -0.000025 6,774 175,500 4,258,151 4,835,547

1970-1979 4,604,906 16.2% -0.000025 6,774 176,617 4,314,371 4,895,441

1980-1989 8,021,603 28.3% -0.000025 6,774 233,106 7,638,144 8,405,062

1990-1999 10,899,226 38.4% -0.000025 6,774 271,719 10,452,248 11,346,204

2000 1 306,647 1.1% -0.000025 6,774 45,577 231,673 381,621

Age

Younger than 18 2,836,887 10.0% -0.000112 6,774 138,626 2,608,848 3,064,926

18-29 6,050,235 21.3% -0.000177 6,774 202,446 5,717,212 6,383,258

30-49 11,720,854 41.3% -0.000167 6,774 281,775 11,257,334 12,184,374

50 and older 7,771,257 27.4% -0.000161 6,774 229,440 7,393,829 8,148,685

Sex

Male 14,199,934 50.0% -0.000051 6,774 310,146 13,689,744 14,710,124

Female 14,179,299 50.0% -0.000048 6,774 309,920 13,669,480 14,689,118

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 15,537,773 54.8% -0.000030 8,232 357,641 14,949,454 16,126,092

Hispanic 12,841,461 45.2% -0.000337 11,039 376,506 12,222,108 13,460,814

Hispanic Origin/Race

Non-Hispanic White 7,045,302 24.8% -0.000030 8,232 240,826 6,649,144 7,441,460

Non-Hispanic Black 1,789,890 6.3% -0.000312 11,039 140,565 1,558,660 2,021,120

Non-Hispanic Asian 6,637,546 23.4% -0.000811 11,039 270,688 6,192,265 7,082,827

Non-Hispanic Other 65,035 0.2% -0.000811 11,039 26,794 20,959 109,111

Hispanic 12,841,461 45.2% -0.000337 11,039 376,506 12,222,108 13,460,814

1

The “a” and “b” parameters used to compute standard errors are produced by the Demographic Statistical

Methods Division and published in the “Source and Accuracy Statement for the Foreign-Born Population.”

2 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2). 
33

Appendix B. General Characteristics of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source: 2000 (cont'd)

March 2000 CPS - Reweighted

90-percent confidence interval

Characteristic Number Percent a 1b 1

Standard

error

Lower bound Upper bound

Total foreign born 30,081,218 100.0% -0.000025 6,774 451,409 29,338,650 30,823,786

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 11,102,506 36.9% -0.000025 6,774 274,241 10,651,379 11,553,633

Not a citizen 18,978,712 63.1% -0.000025 6,774 358,555 18,388,889 19,568,535

Place of birth

Europe 4,349,655 14.5% -0.000024 6,351 166,207 4,076,245 4,623,065

Asia 8,028,880 26.7% -0.000038 10,351 288,283 7,554,655 8,503,105

Mexico 8,397,883 27.9% -0.000041 11,054 304,680 7,896,684 8,899,082

Other Latin America 6,949,405 23.1% -0.000041 11,054 277,162 6,493,474 7,405,336

Other Regions 2,355,396 7.8% -0.000038 10,351 156,143 2,098,540 2,612,252

Year of entry

Before 1970 4,624,042 15.4% -0.000025 6,774 176,984 4,332,904 4,915,180

1970-1979 4,795,198 15.9% -0.000025 6,774 180,229 4,498,720 5,091,676

1980-1989 8,536,011 28.4% -0.000025 6,774 240,464 8,140,448 8,931,574

1990-1999 11,795,700 39.2% -0.000025 6,774 282,673 11,330,703 12,260,697

2000 2 330,268 1.1% -0.000025 6,774 47,299 252,460 408,076

Age

Younger than 18 2,975,483 9.9% -0.000112 6,774 141,972 2,741,940 3,209,026

18-29 6,822,664 22.7% -0.000177 6,774 214,981 6,469,021 7,176,307

30-49 12,316,298 40.9% -0.000167 6,774 288,844 11,841,150 12,791,446

50 and older 7,966,773 26.5% -0.000161 6,774 232,308 7,584,627 8,348,919

Sex

Male 15,201,094 50.5% -0.000051 6,774 320,893 14,673,225 15,728,963

Female 14,880,125 49.5% -0.000048 6,774 317,487 14,357,859 15,402,391

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 16,330,655 54.3% -0.000030 8,232 366,652 15,727,512 16,933,798

Hispanic 13,750,564 45.7% -0.000337 11,039 389,606 13,109,663 14,391,465

Hispanic Origin/Race

Non-Hispanic White 7,066,098 23.5% -0.000030 8,232 241,181 6,669,356 7,462,840

Non-Hispanic Black 1,747,030 5.8% -0.000312 11,039 138,872 1,518,585 1,975,475

Non-Hispanic Asian 7,443,093 24.7% -0.000811 11,039 286,643 6,971,565 7,914,621

Non-Hispanic Other 74,435 0.2% -0.000811 11,039 28,665 27,281 121,589

Hispanic 13,750,564 45.7% -0.000337 11,039 389,606 13,109,663 14,391,465

1

The “a” and “b” parameters used to compute standard errors are produced by the Demographic Statistical

Methods Division and published in the “Source and Accuracy Statement for the Foreign-Born Population.”

2 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2). 
34

Appendix B. General Characteristics of the Foreign-Born Population, by Data Source (cont'd)

Census 2000 Supplementary Survey

90-percent confidence interval

Characteristic Number Percent Standard

error

Lower bound Upper bound

Total foreign born 30,522,685 100.0% 165,884 30,249,806 30,795,564

Citizenship Status

Naturalized 12,249,038 40.1% 71,110 12,132,062 12,366,014

Not a citizen 18,273,647 59.9% 160,385 18,009,814 18,537,480

Place of birth

Europe 4,768,602 15.6% 53,205 4,681,080 4,856,124

Asia 8,397,093 27.5% 72,981 8,277,039 8,517,147

Mexico 8,774,313 28.7% 103,634 8,603,835 8,944,791

Other Latin America 6,727,159 22.0% 75,079 6,603,654 6,850,664

Other Regions 1,855,518 6.1% 43,647 1,783,719 1,927,317

Year of entry

Before 1970 4,683,040 15.3% 38,183 4,620,229 4,745,851

1970-1979 4,499,796 14.7% 50,368 4,416,941 4,582,651

1980-1989 8,000,393 26.2% 79,070 7,870,323 8,130,463

1990-1999 12,400,539 40.6% 121,834 12,200,122 12,600,956

2000 1 938,917 3.1% 36,235 879,310 998,524

Age

Younger than 18 3,072,235 10.1% 45,817 2,996,866 3,147,604

18-29 6,761,512 22.2% 70,842 6,644,977 6,878,047

30-49 12,541,287 41.1% 87,509 12,397,335 12,685,239

50 and older 8,147,651 26.7% 53,893 8,058,997 8,236,305

Sex

Male 15,190,081 49.8% 94,296 15,034,964 15,345,198

Female 15,332,604 50.2% 91,468 15,182,139 15,483,069

Hispanic Origin

Non-Hispanic 16,956,135 55.6% 106,848 16,780,370 17,131,900

Hispanic 13,566,550 44.4% 115,236 13,376,987 13,756,113

Hispanic Origin/Race

Non-Hispanic White 7,222,781 23.7% 67,050 7,112,484 7,333,078

Non-Hispanic Black 2,064,731 6.8% 44,662 1,991,262 2,138,200

Non-Hispanic Asian 7,319,039 24.0% 66,311 7,209,957 7,428,121

Non-Hispanic Other 349,584 1.1% 17,014 321,596 377,572

Hispanic 13,566,550 44.4% 115,236 13,376,987 13,756,113

1 Owing to differing coverage periods among data sources, entries in the year 2000 vary substantially (see p. 2). 
35

Appendix C. DAPE Census 2000 data file compilation

(Copied directly from a memo written by Arthur Cresce)

Overview of Census 2000 DAPE File

As the DAPE project was being conducted, it became clear that having advance data from Census

2000 sample files was critical to the success of DAPE. However, it also became clear that the formal

development, clearance, and release of these data would occur too late to have an impact on DAPE. 

As a consequence, POP worked with DSCMO and DSSD to develop an advance set of sample data

including key variables that would be needed by DAPE analysts. 

Development of this special file involved several important steps: 1) obtaining coded place of birth and

migration data, 2) creating edit and imputation specifications that would be a scaled-down version of the

full edit but follow the same basic philosophy, and 3) a simplified version of the formal weighting scheme

developed by DSSD for full sample processing.

Coded responses, reflecting the results of automated coding ( 99.4% of all place of birth codes and 96%

of all migration codes) were obtained from GEO. DSCMO obtained these codes from GEO and

merged them into the sample census unedited file (SCUF) to produce a pseudo sample census

information file (SCIF). The SCIF was then put through the scaled-down version of the edits to

produce a sample census edited file (SCEF). DSSD, using its scaled-down version of the Census 2000

weighting specs, produced weights that were included in each sample record on the SCEF. These

procedures were followed to produce records for the housing unit and group quarters populations. 

As with Census 2000, a SCIF and SCEF (in ASCII format) was produced for each state. The Data

Management Team (DMT) converted each of these files into SAS data sets and merged them into a

national file. This file is stored on POPDEC2K in the directory /dec2k/scratch/scef.

Documentation - all documentation for this Census 2000 DAPE file is located in:

X:\SHARED\DAPE\Background-Resources

Record layout (SCIF) – ALIEN-SCIF.doc

Record layout (SCEF) – ALIEN-SCEF.doc 

Edit procedures – DAPE SPECS REVISED.doc

Weighting procedures – Dainvest4.doc 
36

Appendix D. Demographic Analysis-Population Estimates (DAPE) Research Project Reports

Related to Evaluating Components of International Migration 

(in order of Working Paper Series Number)

Deardorff, K. and L. Blumerman. 2001. Evaluating Components of International Migration: Estimates of the

Foreign-Born Population by Migrant Status: 2000. (Population Division Working Paper #58)

(December 2001) U.S. Census Bureau.

Perry, M., B. Van der Vate, L. Auman, and K. Morris. 2001. Evaluating Components of International

Migration: Legal Migrants. (Population Division Working Paper #59) (December 2001) U.S. Census

Bureau.

Cassidy, R. and L. Pearson. 2001. Evaluating Components of International Migration: Temporary (Legal)

Migrants. (Population Division Working Paper #60) (December 2001) U.S. Census Bureau.

Costanzo, J., C. Davis, C. Irazi, D. Goodkind, R. Ramirez. 2001. Evaluating Components of International

Migration: The Residual Foreign Born. (Population Division Working Paper #61) (December 2001)

U.S. Census Bureau.

Mulder, T., B. Guzmán, and A. Brittingham. 2001. Evaluating Components of International Migration:

Foreign-Born Emigrants. (Population Division Working Paper #62) (December 2001) U.S. Census

Bureau.

Gibbs, J., G. Harper, M. Rubin, H. Shin. 2001. Evaluating Components of International Migration: Native

Emigrants. (Population Division Working Paper #63) (December 2001) U.S. Census Bureau.

Christenson, M. 2001. Evaluating Components of International Migration: Migration Between Puerto Rico and

the United States. (Population Division Working Paper #64) (December 2001) U.S. Census Bureau.

Cresce, A., R. Ramirez, and G. Spencer. 2001. Evaluating Components of International Migration: Quality of

Foreign-Born and Hispanic Population Data. (Population Division Working Paper #65) (December

2001) U.S. Census Bureau.

Malone, N. 2001. Evaluating Components of International Migration: Consistency of 2000 Nativity Data.

(Population Division Working Paper #66) (December 2001) U.S. Census Bureau.