United States

Environmental Protection EPA-600/R-01/106

Agency December 2001 

Research and


Development


SOURCE SAMPLING


FINE PARTICULATE MATTER:


WOOD-FIRED INDUSTRIAL BOILER


Prepared for


Office of Air Quality Planing and Standards 

Prepared by 

National Risk Management


Research Laboratory


Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

Foreword 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress with 

protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national 

environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to 

a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to 

support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research program is providing 

data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a 

science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, 

understand how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks 

in the future. 

The National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) is the Agency's 

center for investigation of technological and management approaches for preventing 

and reducing risks from pollution that threaten human health and the environment. The 

focus of the Laboratory's research program is on methods and their cost-effectiveness 

for prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water, and subsurface resources, 

protection of water quality in public water systems; remediation of contaminated sites, 

sediments and ground water; prevention and control of indoor air pollution; and 

restoration of ecosystems. NRMRL collaborates with both public and private sector 

partners to foster technologies that reduce the cost of compliance and to anticipate 

emerging problems. NRMRL’s research provides solutions to environmental problems 

by: developing and promoting technologies that protect and improve the environment; 

advancing scientific and engineering information to support regulatory and policy 

decisions; and providing the technical support and information transfer to ensure 

implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at the national, state, and 

community levels. 

This publication has been produced as part of the Laboratory's strategic 

long-term research plan. It is published and made available by EPA's Office of 

Research and Development to assist the user community and to link researchers with 

their clients. 

E. Timothy Oppelt, Director


National Risk Management Research Laboratory


EPA REVIEW NOTICE 

This report has been peer and administratively reviewed by the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or 

commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 

This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information 

Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 
EPA-600/R-01-106


DECEMBER 2001


Source Sampling Fine Particulate


Matter:


Wood-Fired Industrial Boiler


by


Dave-Paul Dayton and Joan T. Bursey


Eastern Research Group, Inc.


P. O. Box 2010


Morrisville, North Carolina 27560


EPA Contract 68-D7-0001


EPA Work Assignment Manager: N. Dean Smith


Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division


National Risk Management and Research Laboratory


Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711


Prepared for:


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


Office of Research and Development


Washington, DC 20460

Abstract 

Fine particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter 2.5 μm or less (PM-2.5) has been 

implicated in adverse health effects, and a National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM-2.5 

has been promulgated (July 1997) by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. A national 

network of ambient monitoring stations has been established to assist states in determining areas 

which do not meet the ambient standard for PM-2.5. For such areas, it is important to determine 

the major sources of the PM-2.5 so states can devise and institute a control strategy to attain the 

ambient concentrations set by the standard. 

One of the tools often used by states in apportioning ambient PM-2.5 to the sources is a 

source-receptor model. Such a model requires a knowledge of the PM-2.5 chemical composition 

emitted from each of the major sources contributing to the ambient PM-2.5 as well as the 

chemical composition of the PM-2.5 collected at the receptor (ambient monitoring) sites. This 

report provides such a profile for a wood-fired industrial boiler equipped with a multistage 

electrostatic precipitator control device. Along with the PM-2.5 emission profile, data are also 

provided for gas-phase emissions of several organic compounds. Data are provided in a format 

suitable for inclusion in the EPA source profile database, SPECIATE. 

ii 
Table of Contents 

Abstract .................................................................... ii


List of Figures ................................................................v


List of Tables ................................................................ vi


Acknowledgments ............................................................ ix


Section 1 Introduction ......................................................1


Test Objectives ..........................................................2


Organization of Report ...................................................3


Section2 Conclusions ......................................................4


Section 3 Methods and Materials ..............................................7


Description of the Testing Program ..........................................7


Description of Test Equipment .......................................9


Process Description/Site Operation ......................................... 15


Description of the Boiler ........................................... 16


Description of the Fuel ............................................. 16


Collection/Analysis of Fuel Samples .................................. 17


Pre-Test Survey ......................... ............................... 18


Section4 Experimental Procedures ........................................... 21


Preparation for Test Setup ................................................22


Application of EPA Methods 1-4 ....................................22


Measurement of O2 and CO2 Concentrations ............................26


Determination of Average Moisture Using EPA Method 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27


Setup of the Dilution Sampling System ......................................30


Pre-Test Leak Check ..............................................34


Orifice Flow Check ...............................................35


Determination of Test Duration ......................................35


Canister/Veriflow Blanks ...........................................35


Determination of Flow Rates ........................................36


Laboratory Experimental Methodology ......................................54


PM-2.5 Mass ....................................................54


Elemental Analysis ...............................................55


Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions .......................................55


Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon ...................................56


Organic Compounds ..............................................56


iii

Table of Contents (Continued)


Carbonyl Compounds ............................................. 58


Canister Analyses: Air Toxics and Speciated Nonmethane Organic


Compounds ............................................... 60


Particle Size Distribution Data....................................... 60


Section5 Results and Discussion ............................................ 66


PM Mass, Elemental/Organic Carbon, Major Inorganic Ions, and Major Elements .... 66


Speciated Particle-Phase (PM-2.5) Organic Compounds ........................ 68


Gas-Phase Carbonyl Compounds ........................................... 68


Gas-Phase Air Toxics Whole Air Samples ................................... 84


Gas-Phase Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds ......................... 84


Particle Size Distribution Data............................................. 97


Section 6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control .................................. 100


Carbonyl Compound Analysis ............................................ 103


Concurrent Air Toxics/Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound Analysis ....... 106


PM Mass Measurements, Elemental Analysis, Water-Soluble Ion Analysis, and


GC/MS Analysis ...................................................... 106


Section7 References ..................................................... 112


Appendices 

A Table of Unit Conversions ........................................ A-1


B Supporting Data for PM-2.5 ...................................... . B-1


C Elemental Analyses .............................................. C-1


D Major Ions .................................................... D-1


E Elemental Carbon / Organic Carbon ................................ . E-1


F Semivolatile and Nonvolatile Organic Species ........................ . F-1


G Supporting Data for Carbonyl Analysis ........................... ... G-1


H Supporting Data for Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound Analysis . . H-1


I Data from the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ........................ I-1


iv 
List of Figures 

3-1 Diagram of the dilution sampler and dilution air conditioning system. ..............11


3-2 Instrumentation for control and analysis of the dilution sampler. ..................14


3-3 Wood-chip fired boiler test facility (SCC 10200902), sampling port. ...............19


3-4 Schematic diagram of physical layout of process and sampling location. ............20


4-1 Dilution system sampling module positioned at the sampling location. .............31


4-2 Dilution system sampling probe installed in 6 in. I.D. flanged port. ................32


4-3 Dilution system control module positioned at the sampling location. ...............32


4-4 TSI SMPS positioned at the sampling location. ...............................33


4-5 Dilution system with all sample collection arrays and instruments attached. .........33


4-6 Blower flow, pre-test, August 7, 2000 .......................................39


4-7 Dilution flow, pre-test, August 7, 2000 ......................................40


4-8 Venturi flow, pre-test, August 7, 2000. ......................................40


4-9 Schematic diagram of sample collection arrays used in field test


(August 8-9, 2000). ...............................................41


4-10 Blower flow, Test 1—Day 1, August 8, 2000 .................................50


4-11 Dilution flow, Test 1—Day 1, August 8, 2000 ................................50


4-12 Venturi flow, Test 1—Day 1, August 8, 2000. ................................51


4-13 Blower flow, Test 2—Day 2, August 9, 2000 .................................51


4-14 Dilution flow, Test 2—Day 2, August 9, 2000 ................................52


4-15 Venturi flow, Test 2—Day 2, August 9, 2000. ................................52


5-1 Particle size distribution (9 to 400 nanometers) for test day 1 (8/8/00). .............98


5-2 Particle size distribution (9 to 400 nanometers) for test day 2 (8/9/00). .............99


6-1 ERG chain of custody form. .............................................102


v 
List of Tables


2-1 Mass Emission Rates for Nonmethane Organic Compounds and Carbonyl


Compounds ......................................................4


3-1 Sampling Medium Used for Collection of Samples, Analysis Performed, Analytical


Method, and Responsible Laboratory ..................................8


3-2 Results of the Analysis of the Wood Chips ...................................17


4-1 EPA Method 1—Traverse Point Location for Circular Ducts .....................23


4-2 Average Flue Gas Velocity for Each Traverse Point (Average Flue Gas Velocity) ....25


4-3 Moisture Recovery for Method 4 (Measured on August 7, 2000) ..................28


4-4 Blank Values for Veriflows® and Canisters ...................................36


4-5 Run Time Flow Summary Information: Pre-Test, August 7, 2000 .................38


4-6 Run Time Summary Information, Test Run #1 (August 8, 2000) ..................46


4-7 Run Time Summary Information, Test Run #2 (August 9, 2000) ..................48


4-8 Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography:


Method Detection Limits ...........................................59


4-9 Detection Limits (ppbv) for Air Toxics Compounds (Analytical Method TO-15) .....61


4-10 Detection Limits (μg/m3) for Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds


(“Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and Analysis of Ozone


Precursors” (U.S. EPA, 1998)) ......................................63


5-1 Fine Particle Emission Rate and Fine Particle Chemical Composition of Emissions


from An Industrial Wood-Fired Boiler, Including Gas-Phase Volatile


Organic and Carbonyl Compounds ...................................67


5-2a Gas- and Particle-Phase Organic Compounds as Measured by Denuder-Quartz


Filter-PUF ......................................................69


5-2b Gas- and Particle-Phase Organic Compounds as Measured by Quartz


Filter-PUF-PUF ..................................................75


5-3a Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography


Field Samples, August 8, 2000 ......................................81


5-3b Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography


Field Samples, August 9, 2000 ......................................82


5-4 Total Mass of Carbonyl Compounds for Each Test Day: Speciated and


(Speciated + Unspeciated), Corrected for Blanks ........................83


5-5 Analytical Results for Field Samples, Air Toxics Compounds


(Analytical Method TO-15) .........................................85


5-6a Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound Data, August 8, 2000 .................88


5-6b Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound Data, August 9, 2000 .................92


5-7 Total Mass of Speciated as well as Speciated + Unspeciated Nonmethane Organic


Compounds Collected, Test #1 and Test #2 ............................96


vi 
List of Tables (Continued)


6-1 Field Sampling Equipment Quality Control Measures .........................101


6-2 Carbonyl Analysis: Quality Control Criteria .................................104


6-3 Quality Control Procedures for the Concurrent Analysis for Air Toxics and


SNMOC .......................................................107


6-4 PM Mass Measurements: Quality Control Criteria ............................109


6-5 Elemental Analysis: Quality Control Criteria ................................109


6-6 Water-Soluble Ion Analysis: Quality Control Criteria ..........................110


6-7 Quality Control Procedures for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry


Analysis of Semivolatile Organic Compounds. .........................111


Appendices 

B-1 PM Masses from Wood-Fired Industrial Boiler, August 8, 2000 and August 9, 2000 . B-2


C-1 Elemental Analysis ....................................................C-2


D-1 Ion Chromatographic Analysis. Data from Wood-Fired Boiler (wt% of PM Mass) . D-2


E-1 Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon (wt% of PM Mass) ........................ E-2


F-1 Semivolatile and Nonvolatile Organic Compounds - Mass Emission Rates for


Composite Wood-Fired Boiler Test #1 ............................... F-2


F-2 Calculated Gas- and Particle-Phase Emissions from the Wood-Fired Boiler,


August 8, 2000 and August 9, 2000 .................................. F-3


G-1 Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography


Field Samples, August 8-9, 2000 (Results reported by individual carbonyl


sampling tube.) ................................................ G-2


G-2 Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography


Field Samples, Generated August 8-9, 2000 .......................... G-3


G-3 Carbonyl Compounds (Speciated). Mass Emission Rates for Wood-Fired Boiler


(SCC 10200902), Test #1 (August 8, 2000) .......................... G-4


G-4 Carbonyl Compounds (Speciated). Mass Emission Rates for Wood-Fired Boiler


(SCC 10200902), Test #2 (August 9, 2000) .......................... G-5


G-5 Carbonyl Compounds (Speciated + Unspeciated). Mass Emission Rates for


Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #1 (August 8, 2000) ........... G-6


G-6 Carbonyl Compounds (Speciated + Unspeciated). Mass Emission Rates for


Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #2 (August 9, 2000) ........... G-7


H-1 Analytical Results for Field Samples, Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds,


Test #1, 8/8/2000 ............................................... H-2


H-2 Analytical Results for Field Samples, Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds,


Test #2, 8/9/2000 ............................................... H-6


H-3 Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds. Mass Emission Rates for


Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #1 (August 8, 2000) .......... H-10


H-4 Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds. Mass Emission Rates for


Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #2 (August 9, 2000) .......... H-11


H-5 Calculation of Mass Emission Rates for Speciated + Unspeciated Nonmethane


Organic Compounds for a Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #1 . . H-12


vii

List of Tables (Continued)


H-6 Calculation of Mass Emission Rate for Speciated + Unspeciated Nonmethane


Organic Compounds for a Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #2 . . H-13


viii

Acknowledgments 

Dave-Paul Dayton, Mark Owens, and Robert Martz of Eastern Research Group, Inc. 

(ERG) were responsible for conducting sampling at the test site and for preparing collected 

samples for transport to the analytical laboratories. Amy Frame, Donna Tedder, and Randy 

Bower of ERG were responsible for the carbonyl and volatile organic compound analyses. Joan 

Bursey and Raymond Merrill of ERG provided data analysis and sections of the report pertaining 

to the ERG work on the project. Carol Hobson of ERG prepared the typewritten manuscript. 

Michael Hays and Kara Linna of the EPA, NRMRL-RTP, were responsible for the 

analysis of organic compounds, elements, and ionic species. Yuanji Dong, Howard White, 

David Proffitt, and Tomasz Balicki of ARCADIS, Geraghty & Miller, Inc., provided technical 

support in preparing the dilution sampling system and sampling substrates, in performing the 

elemental/organic carbon analyses, and in extracting organic compounds from the various 

sampling substrates. N. Dean Smith was the EPA Project Officer responsible for overall project 

performance. 

ix 
Section 1 

Introduction 

In July, 1997, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated a new 

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ambient particulate matter (PM) of 

aerodynamic diameter 2.5 μm or less (PM-2.5) and revised the existing standard for ambient 

particles of aerodynamic diameter 10 μm or less (PM-10). The first steps in implementation of 

the new standard have been to deploy a network of ambient monitors and to collect the three 

years of data required for designation of areas as nonattainment or attainment of the new 

standard. This period also will give EPA time to review newer research on the observed 

correlation between ambient fine particulate matter and adverse human health effects. 

In 1999, a national network of ambient monitoring stations was started under the overall 

guidance of the EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) to assist the 

States in determining regulatory non-attainment areas and to develop State Implementation Plans 

(SIPs) to bring those areas into compliance with the law for PM-2.5 and revised PM-10 

regulations. One component of the monitoring network will be a few (4-7) “Supersites:” 

i.e., regional airsheds in which intensive coordinated particulate matter-related research will be 

carried out in order to attain a better understanding of the links between source emissions and 

actual human dosages of fine particulate matter. 

To support development of this better understanding, the Emissions Characterization and 

Prevention Branch (ECPB) of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division (APPCD) 

oversees research to characterize PM-2.5 emissions from specific source categories, develops 

chemical profiles of fine PM constituents from specific sources, and populates the OAQPS 

SPECIATE database with improved source profiles. Profiles in SPECIATE are used by receptor 

1
modelers nationwide to conduct modeling analyses to identify specific sources of fine PM found 

in ambient air by the national network of ambient monitoring stations. 

Previous development of source signatures at EPA have focused on analysis of elemental 

constituents which are usually condensed at stack sampling temperatures. To add improved 

analytical power to source signatures, ECPB and others are analyzing organic and elemental 

constituents. Due to very significant shifts in organic gas/particle phase partitioning as a function 

of temperature, there are large differences between profiles acquired by analysis of raw stack gas 

samples at stack temperature and those acquired by dilution sampling. Use of a dilution sampler 

cools the sample and provides additional residence time for developing a stable partitioning of 

semivolatile species at near-ambient temperatures. The dilution sampler gas/particle phase 

partitioning provides samples more representative of the fine PM collected by monitoring 

stations at ambient temperature, especially for the organic components. 

This project focuses on updating and improving source emission profiles and emission 

rates for PM-2.5 with the dual aim of improving the quality of data used for dispersion and 

receptor modeling of ambient PM-2.5 and of providing quality emissions data for evaluation of 

risk management strategies. The program has concentrated its PM source sampling efforts on the 

sources and types of PM-2.5 where data are most lacking and needed, with a primary focus on 

the collection of fine particles emitted by combustion sources, both stationary and mobile. 

Test Objectives 

The mission of the ECPB is to characterize source emissions and develop and evaluate 

ways to prevent those emissions. Source characterization as defined here includes the 

measurement of PM mass emission rates, source PM profiles (PM chemical composition and 

associated chemical mass emission rates), and emission rates of ambient aerosol precursors such 

as SOX, NOX, and NH3. 

2
PM mass emission rates are used in emission inventories and as inputs to atmospheric 

dispersion models which yield estimates of ambient PM concentrations via considerations of 

atmospheric transport and transformation of emitted particles. Source characterization data are 

used in receptor models which enable apportionment of ambient concentrations of PM to the 

various sources which emitted the particles. The overall objective of this program is to update 

and improve source emission profiles and emission rates for PM-2.5 with the dual aim of 

improving the quality of data used for dispersion and receptor modeling of ambient PM-2.5 and 

of providing quality emissions data for evaluation of risk management strategies. 

Source types for testing in this program were selected on the basis of the quantity of fine 

PM emitted by the source type as determined from emission inventories and on the basis of the 

quality of existing PM-2.5 source profiles for each source type. This report presents the results 

of testing one source type so selected, i.e., a wood-fired industrial boiler (Source Classification 

Code SCC 10200902) with the aim of acquiring a PM-2.5 emissions profile for source receptor 

modeling purposes. 

Organization of Report 

This report is organized into five additional sections plus references and appendices. 

Section 2 provides the conclusions derived from the study results, and Section 3 describes the 

process operation and the test site. Section 4 outlines the experimental procedures used in the 

research, and Section 5 presents and discusses the study results. Section 6 presents the quality 

control/quality assurance procedures used in the research to ensure generation of high quality 

data. 

3
Section 2 

Conclusions 

Both gas- and particle-phase emissions from the wood-fired boiler were measured. 

Values reported are for the composition of gas and particulate matter emissions following 

cooling and dilution of the boiler stack gas rather than the in-stack exhaust gas composition and 

may therefore be considered representative of the emissions in the exhaust plume near the stack. 

Diluted source emissions reported in this way are more appropriate than in-stack data for sourcereceptor models used for apportioning pollutants in the ambient air to the sources of the 

pollutants. 

Mass emission rates for Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds and Carbonyl 

Compounds are shown in Table 2-1. An explanation for the observed significant difference 

Table 2-1. Mass Emission Rates for Nonmethane Organic Compounds and Carbonyl 

Compounds 

Mass Emission Rate 

mg/kg Fuel 

Parameter Day #1 Day #2

Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds

Total Nonmethane Organic Compounds 

(Speciated + Unspeciated) 

Speciated Carbonyl Compounds 

Total Carbonyl Compounds 

(Speciated + Unspeciated) 

PM-2.5 mass 

4.83 0.98 

7.50 1.85 

2.53 0.80

2.74 0.94

3.54 1.23 

4
in emission rates of both gaseous and PM-2.5 emissions between the two test days could not be 

deduced with confidence. Both the boiler and sampling system operating parameters were 

essentially identical for both days. The only apparent variable which may have contributed to the 

difference was the nature of the chipped wood fuel itself since the fuel was selected from 

different locations in the large on-site wood chip storage pile during the two days of testing. 

However, only one composited wood waste sample from the storage pile was analyzed, so any 

significant differences in boiler feed between the two tests could not be determined. 

Elemental and organic carbon content of the PM-2.5 collected on quartz filters was found 

to be highly dependent on whether an XAD-coated denuder was inserted in the sampling line 

prior to the filter. The purpose of the denuder was to remove gas-phase semivolatile organic 

compounds which otherwise might be adsorbed to the quartz filter, thereby resulting in a positive 

artifact to the particulate matter collected. Without the denuder, the amount of organic carbon 

found on the quartz filters was 2.6 times the amount found with the denuder, thus providing 

confirmatory evidence for a positive adsorption artifact. The relatively small amount of PM 

mass collected on these filters appears to render this adsorption artifact especially noticeable and 

the adsorbed gaseous organic compounds appear to be primarily responsible for a calculated 

mass balance of greater than 100 percent when the organic carbon value for the undenuded case 

is used. 

Individual organic compounds comprising the organic carbon fraction of the PM-2.5 

emissions consisted mostly of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkanes (>C15), 

alkanoic acids (>C8), and the iso- and anteiso-alkanes. Levoglucosan, a marker compound for 

biomass combustion, was found in the particulate matter but not in the relatively large amounts 

characteristic of open burning of biomass or wood stove combustion emissions. Resin acids 

(e.g., pimaric, isopimaric, and sandarapimaric acids) used as markers for softwood combustion 

and methoxyphenols used as markers for hardwood combustion were not found. Therefore, the 

organic compound emission profile for the wood-fired industrial boiler is very unlike profiles for 

residential wood-fired appliances (wood stoves and wood-burning fireplaces) and biomass open 

5
burning. This observation is not unexpected since the combustion regimes are very different for 

the two types of sources and since the boiler particulate matter emissions in this case were 

controlled by a multi-stage electrostatic precipitator whereas residential wood-fired appliance 

emissions are typically uncontrolled. From this one stationary source test, no unique markers for 

source apportionment were identified. 

Residential wood-fired appliances operate at much lower temperatures compared to 

industrial boilers, and the combustion process for wood stoves and fireplaces entails repeated 

cycling from an initial kindling phase through a final smoldering phase over the course of normal 

operation. Operation of an industrial boiler such as the one studied here involves charging the 

fuel at a fairly constant rate, and the combustion can be thought of as occurring in two stages: an 

initial stage in which the wood is gasified under pyrolysis conditions and a second stage in which 

the pyrolysis gases are essentially completely combusted at high temperature in the presence of 

excess air. 

6
Section 3

Methods and Materials

Description of the Testing Program 

A field test was conducted (August 8-9, 2000) at a wood-fired industrial boiler 

(SCC 10200902) equipped with an electrostatic precipitator control device, with quality control 

procedures implemented to obtain source emissions measurements of known quality. To 

simulate the behavior of fine particles as they enter the ambient atmosphere from an emissions 

source, dilution sampling was performed to cool, dilute, and collect gaseous and fine particulate 

emissions from the wood-fired industrial boiler. Gaseous and fine particulate material collected 

during the sampling was also characterized. ERG coordinated all field test activities; laboratory 

testing activities were divided between EPA and ERG according to the scheme shown in 

Table 3-1. 

The objectives of the testing activities were to evaluate the sampling equipment and to 

characterize the fine particulate emissions from a wood-fired boiler equipped with an 

electrostatic precipitator. ERG performed source sampling to collect artifact-free, size-resolved 

particulate matter in a quantity and form sufficient to identify and quantify trace elements and 

organic compounds and to distinguish gas-phase and particle-phase organic compounds. Total 

particulate matter mass in the diluted and cooled emissions gas was size-resolved at the PM-10 

and PM-2.5 cut points with the PM-2.5 fraction further continuously resolved down to 30 nm 

diameter using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). Fine particle emission profiles can 

be used in molecular marker-based source apportionment models, which have been shown to be 

powerful tools to study the source contributions to atmospheric fine particulate matter. 

7

Table 3-1. Sampling Medium Used for Collection of Samples, Analysis Performed, 

Analytical Method, and Responsible Laboratory 

Sampling Medium Analysis Method Laboratory 

Teflon® Filter PM-2.5 mass Gravimetric (GRAV) 

Teflon® Filter Elemental Analysis X-ray fluorescence 

(XRF) 

Teflon® Filter Inorganic Ions Ion Chromatography 

(IC) 

Quartz Filter Elemental Carbon/ Thermal-Optical 

Organic Carbon Evolution (TOE) 

Quartz filter Organic species Gas Chromatography/ 

XAD-4® denuder Mass Spectrometry 

PUF (GC/MS) 

DNPH-impregnated Carbonyl compounds High Performance 

silica gel tubes	 Liquid

Chromatography 

(HPLC) 

Method TO-11A 

SUMMA® canisters Air Toxics GC/MS 

Speciated Nonmethane Method TO-15 

Organic Compounds ERG Concurrent 

Analysis 

Particle Size Analyzer Particle Sizes Ion mobility 

spectrometer 

EPA

EPA

EPA 

EPA 

EPA 

ERG 

ERG 

ERG 

To assist in the characterization of the stationary source and to obtain chemical 

composition data representative of particle emissions after cooling and mixing with the 

atmosphere, ERG performed the following activities at the test site: 

•	 Installed the pre-cleaned dilution sampling system, sample collection trains, and 

ancillary equipment at the field site without introduction of contaminants; 

•	 Calibrated flow meters before and after sampling, monitoring and adjusting gas 

flows (as necessary) throughout the tests; 

8
• Acquired process data for the test periods, including temperatures, pressures, 

flows, fuel consumption, etc.; 

• Collected two sets of stationary source samples as prescribed in the Site-Specific 

Test Plan, including one set of field blanks; 

• Determined the type of combustion fuel (gross characterization of wood waste 

material and any auxiliary fuel) and the rate of consumption during the source 

tests; and 

• Recovered the dilution sampling unit and sample collection trains for analysis for 

specific parameters and return of the dilution sampling unit to EPA. 

ERG collected integrated samples and performed whole air analysis of volatile organic 

compounds from SUMMA®-polished stainless steel canisters and gas-phase carbonyl compounds 

from 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-impregnated silica gel cartridges, as well as evaluation 

of particle size distribution data collected. EPA was responsible for cleaning and transport of the 

dilution sampling system to the test site, for analysis of semivolatile organic compounds from 

XAD-4® denuders and polyurethane foam (PUF) sampling modules, and for characterization of 

the particle phase emissions and mass loading on quartz and Teflon® filters. 

Description of Test Equipment 

Dilution Sampling System 

The dilution sampling system used in the source test was based on an original design by 

L. M. Hildemann (Hildemann et al., 1989), modified to incorporate more secure closure fittings 

and electronic controls. Automatic flow control and data acquisition capabilities were added to 

the dilution sampler to improve the ease of operation of the unit. A touchscreen interface 

connected to the main controller was used to monitor current conditions and allow setpoints to be 

entered into the system readily. A laptop computer was used for continuous monitoring of 

operating parameters and logging of the sampler operation. 

9
ECPB built a state-of-the-art dilution sampler to deploy in the performance of this field 

testing effort. The dilution sampling system dilutes hot exhaust emissions with clean air to 

simulate atmospheric mixing and particle formation. Control of residence time, temperature, and 

pressure allows condensible organic compounds to adsorb onto fine particles as they might in 

ambient air. The sampler is also designed and fabricated to minimize any contamination of 

samples, especially organic compound contamination, and to have particle losses to the sampler 

walls of no more than approximately 7 percent. 

Figure 3-1 shows a schematic diagram of the dilution sampling system and dilution air 

conditioning system. As shown, the dilution air conditioning system provides High Efficiency 

Particulate Arresting (HEPA) and activated carbon-filtered air. Acid gases (if present) will not 

be completely removed by the dilution air conditioning system, but the presence of acid gases can 

be monitored in the dilution tunnel immediately downstream of the dilution air inlet. The 

dilution air conditioning system can be modified to add a heater, cooler, and dehumidifier as 

needed. Cleaned dilution air enters the main body of the sampler downstream of the dilution air 

orifice meter. 

The key zones of the dilution sampling system and their function are as follows: 

Sample Inlet Zone— 

Stack Emissions Inlet: designed to allow source exhaust gas to be sampled 

through an inlet cyclone separator to remove particles with nominal aerodynamic 

diameters > 10 μm. The PM-10 cyclone prevents large particles from entering the 

sampler to plug or damage the equipment. Three ports are dedicated to sampling 

of the dilution air before it mixes with the source gas. 

Heated Inlet Line: 3/4" heated stainless steel sampling probe draws source gas 

through a venturi meter into the main body of the sampler. Sample flow rate can 

be adjusted from 15-50 Lpm (typically 30 Lpm). 

Venturi Meter— 

Constructed of low carbon, very highly corrosion-resistant stainless steel; 

equipped for temperature and pressure measurement. Wrapped with heating coils 

10
Turbulent Mixing Chamber 

ACCESS 

PORTS 

RESIDENCE 

TIME 

CHAMBER 

DILUTION

T UNNEL 

HIGH-VOL 

FILTER 

Blower 

STACK 

EMISSIONS 

DILUTION 

AIR 

FILTER 

ACTIVATED 

CARBON 

BED 

HEPA 

FILTER COOLING UNIT 

HEATED INLET LINE VENTURI 

STACK 

EMISSIONS INLET 

10 um 

CYCLONE 

BLOW ER 

Re 10,000 

SAMPLE 

ARRAYS 

D1 

D2 

D3 

R2 

R3 

R4 

R5 

10 um 

CYCLONE 

DILUTION AIR VACUUM 

INLET PUMPS 

11


Figure 3-1. Diagram of the dilution sampler and dilution air conditioning system. 
and insulated to maintain the same isothermal temperature as the inlet cyclone and 

inlet line. 

Turbulent Mixing Chamber— 

Consists of an Entrance Zone, U-Bend, and Exit Zone.


Inside diameter: 6 in., yielding a Reynolds number of ~10,000 at a flow rate of


1000 Lpm.


Dilution air enters the Mixing Chamber in the direction parallel to the flow.


Hot source emission gas enters the Chamber perpendicular to the dilution air flow,


4.5 in. downstream of the dilution air inlet.


The combined flow travels 38 in. before entering the U-bend.


After the Residence Chamber Transfer Line, the Mixing Chamber continues for


18 in., then expands to an in-line high-volume sampler filter holder. Collected


particulate has not experienced time to equilibrate with the gas phase at the


diluted condition.


Sample and instrumentation ports are installed on the Turbulent Mixing Chamber


at various locations.


Residence Time Chamber— 

The inlet line to the Residence Time Chamber expands from a 2 in. line (sized to


provide a quasi-isokinetic transfer of sample gas from the Turbulent Mixing


Chamber to the Residence Time Chamber at a flow rate of ~100 Lpm) within the


Mixing Chamber to a 7 in. line at the wall of the Residence Chamber.


The flow rate is controlled by the total sample withdrawal from the bottom of the


Residence Time Chamber and provides a 60-sec residence time in the Chamber.


Twelve ports are installed at the base of the Residence Time Chamber:


Nine ports for sample withdrawal 

Three ports for instrumentation. 

Sample Collection Zone— 

Samples collected from the sample ports at the base of the Residence Time 

Chamber have experienced adequate residence time for the semivolatile organic 

compounds to re-partition between the gas phase and the particle phase. 

Since it is very difficult to maintain both isokinetic sampling and a fixed cyclone size cut 

during most stack sampling operations, the inlet cyclone may be operated to provide a rough 

PM-10 cut while maintaining near-isokinetic sampling. The rough inlet size cut has minimal 

impact on sampling operations since the dilution sampling system is mainly used to collect fine 

particulate matter from combustion sources and the critical fine particle size cut is made at the 

12
end of the Residence Time Chamber. For the test conducted on August 8-9, 2000, the calculated 

total time the sample spent in the dilution sampling system was 73 seconds: 2.4 seconds for the 

Turbulent Mixing Chamber and 70.6 seconds for the Residence Chamber. 

Sampler Control Instrumentation 

Instrumentation for control and analysis of the dilution sampling system is shown in 

Figure 3-2. Differential pressure measurements made across the venturi and orifice meters are 

used to determine the dilution air flow rate, the sample gas flow rate, and the exhaust gas flow 

rate. Since flow equations used for determination of the flow across venturi and orifice meters 

correct for flowing temperature and pressure, the flowing temperature and pressure of the venturi 

and orifice meters must be recorded during sampling operations. Thermocouples for monitoring 

temperature are placed at each flow meter as well as at the inlet PM-10 cyclone, at various points 

on the sample inlet line, at the inlet to the Mixing Chamber U-bend, and at the outlet of the 

Residence Time Chamber. An electronic relative humidity probe is used to determine the 

relative humidity of the sample gas. The sampler is equipped with automated data logging 

capabilities to better monitor source testing operations and to minimize manpower requirements 

during sampling operations. Dilution sampler flows and temperatures are monitored and 

controlled automatically at setpoints established by the operator using a QSI Corporation 

QTERM-K65 electronic touch-screen interface. The dilution sampling system was operated by 

three testing staff members during the test at the wood-fired industrial boiler. 

In operation, the source sample flow, the dilution air flow, and the total air flow (not 

including the sampling arrays) were each measured by separate flow meters and pressure 

transmitters. A venturi measured the source sample flow and orifices were used for the dilution 

and total flows. A ring compressor was used to push the dilution air through a HEPA filter, a 

carbon adsorber, and a final filter into the turbulent mixing chamber. The compressor motor was 

modulated by a variable frequency drive to match the desired dilution flow based on a setpoint 

entry. A separate blower (connected to a speed controller adjusted to achieve the desired sample 

13
TE-105 

TE-101 

TE-102 TE-103 

PT-101 TE-104

TE-108 

PT-103 

PM 10 

Cyclone 

Dilution Air 

Blower 

HEPA Filter Carbon Bed 

Exhaust 

Blower 

Resid

Tim

Cham

PT-

PT-102 

Key: TE = Temperature Indicator 

PT = Pressure Indicator 

RH = Relative Humidity Indicator 

14

Figure 3-2. Instrumentation for control and analysis of the dilution sampler. 
flow based on a setpoint entry) at the end of the sampler pulled the source sample flow through 

the venturi. Flow through this blower consisted of the dilution air flow plus the source sample 

flow not including the flow exiting through the sample collection arrays. 

The main controller modulated the power used to heat the sample probe (32 in. long, one 

heated zone). The controller switched solid state relays on and off as needed to maintain the 

probe temperature entered by the operator. 

Sample Collection Arrays 

Virtually any ambient sampling equipment (including filters, denuders, PUF cartridges, 

DNPH-impregnated sampling cartridges, SUMMA®-polished canisters, cyclones, particle size 

distribution measurement instrumentation) can be employed with the dilution sampling system. 

The exact number and type of sample collection arrays is uniquely configured for each testing 

episode. 

Process Description/Site Operation 

With the concurrence of the EPA Work Assignment Manager, an industrial wood/bark 

waste-fired boiler was selected as the test site. The boiler was operated with a continuous 

screw-feed conveyor belt, with continuous weighing of the wood chips fed to the boiler. The test 

series was scheduled to minimize disruption to the normal operation of the test facility and to 

enable as much simultaneous data collection important to all parties as possible. ERG scheduled 

the sampling test at the chosen facility and obtained permission and cooperation of the 

site/company/management. 

15
Description of the Boiler 

The boiler was a relatively modern, field-erected, watertube, pneumatic, vibrating stokertype unit designed and erected by Steam & Control Systems, Inc. When operating at the design 

heat input rate, the boiler generates 165,000 lb of steam per hour of continuous 960 psig/760 "F 

superheated steam. 

The boiler utilized wood as the primary fuel and natural gas as start-up and backup fuel. 

The combustion unit was a pyrolysis system designed to gasify wood in the initial combustion 

zone at sub-stoichiometric air rates. The initial combustion zone is on the stoker grate. 

Complete combustion of the off-gases from the pyrolysis process occurs in a secondary 

combustion zone located above the initial combustion zone. 

Emissions were controlled by a multicyclone type dust collector, followed by a 

multi-stage electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The multicyclone type dust collector was 

manufactored by Zurn Air Systems and the ESP was a model 34R-1330-37125 Electrostatic 

Precipitator manufactured by PPC industries. 

Description of the Fuel 

Boiler fuel consisted of chipped municipal and residential wood waste – i.e., branches, 

limbs, twigs, tree trunks, stumps, or roots – that had passed through a chipper/shredder and was 

delivered to the test site via dump truck for storage until use. Types of wood were unrestricted 

and encompassed any wood that could be grown in a yard, a municipal park, or other vegetated 

area. The facility utilized a large outdoor wood storage pile that was approximately 800 ft long, 

800 ft wide, and 60 ft deep. Because wood chips were delivered continuously on a daily basis 

and distributed into the pile to ensure that the pile was stable, the age of the wood being burned 

at any given time varied greatly, depending on where in the pile the wood was being selected for 

combustion. The moisture content of this wood also varied greatly depending upon the age of 

16
the wood chips, where the wood chips were located in the wood pile (i.e., depth) and 

meteorological conditions. 

Collection/Analysis of Fuel Samples 

While the test team was on site, two samples of wood chips that were composited from 

all over the wood pile were collected. These wood samples incorporated wood chips from both 

the top and the bottom of the wood pile, including both old and new wood chips, since a mixture 

of all the available wood chips is fed to the wood-fired boiler. Analysis results for the wood 

chips are shown in Table 3-2. 

Table 3-2. Results of the Analysis of the Wood Chips 

Parameter 

As Received 

% 

Dry Basis 

% 

Moisture

Volatile Matter

Fixed Carbon

Ash

Sulfur

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

BTU/lb

38.90 N/A* 

52.67 86.20 

7.38 12.08

1.05 1.72 

0.01 0.02

30.85 50.50

3.55 5.81

0.15 0.25 

25.49 41.69

5537 9062 

*

Not applicable. 

17

Pre-Test Survey 

A thorough survey of the test site was performed in order to determine that the test 

equipment would fit in the test location, to identify and gain access to the utilities needed to 

operate the dilution system and its ancillary equipment, to arrange for installation of sample 

collection ports (Figure 3-3) at the outlet of the electrostatic precipitator, and to determine the 

means of positioning the sampler at the desired location. A flanged sampling port was installed 

at the exact point in the stack where the shape became circular. ERG conducted pre-test site 

surveillance and site preparation to ensure readiness of the site for the start of the scheduled 

sampling activities. The pre-test survey considered access to utilities and personnel, legal, and 

safety requirements. ERG obtained limited source data such as exhaust gas flow rate and 

velocity, exhaust gas temperature and water vapor content, and approximate particulate matter 

concentration, parameters useful for estimating appropriate dilution ratios and duration of sample 

collection. 

Arrangements were made to position the sampler on a platform at the test location 

(Figure 3-4). The sampling location was a flat metal deck (approximately 50 x 50 feet square) on 

top of the ESP system approximately 60 feet above ground level, adjacent to the 6 foot O.D. 

stack at the ESP outlet where the 6 inch flanged port was installed (Figure 3-4). The dilution 

system control module, the sampling module, and all ancillary equipment were delivered to the 

test site by EPA. The two modules (dilution air supply/control module and sampler module) 

were positioned at the sampling location using a crane supplied and operated by the facility. 

Electrical power (250V, single phase, 40A) was provided and installed by the facility. 

18
19

Figure 3-3. Wood-chip fired boiler test facility (SCC 10200902), sampling port. 
Flanged 

SamplingPort 

Stack 

SamplingPlatform Power 

Distribution 

Duct From 

Boiler 

ESP 

Metal Building 

Flow Flow 

Flow 

Figure 3-4. Schematic diagram of physical layout of process and sampling location. 

20

Section 4 

Experimental Procedures 

For sampling undiluted hot exhaust gas streams, the EPA/ECPB dilution sampling system 

(schematic diagram in Figure 3-1), sample collection arrays, sample substrates, and dilution air 

cleaning system were used by ERG. EPA arranged for transporting the sampler and ancillary 

equipment to (and from) the sampling site. To minimize introduction of contaminants, EPA precleaned and pre-assembled the dilution sampler and sampling train arrays in a clean environment 

prior to transport to the test site. The sampler and dilution air cleaning system were assembled 

on separate portable aluminum frames equipped with wheels and tie-down and hoisting lugs for 

transport to and from the site and for positioning on a stack platform. ERG maintained the 

sampler and sampling trains in a contaminant-free condition prior to collection of source samples 

and field blanks. 

A sampler blank test was run prior to transporting the sampler to the test site to ensure 

that the system had been cleaned properly and was leak-free. The blank test was run in the 

laboratory by completely assembling the sampler, including the sampling train equipment 

connected to the Residence Time Chamber and all instrumentation. The blank test was 

conducted for a time period consistent with the expected duration of the source tests (4-6 hours). 

Following the blank test, the sampler was shut down in reverse order from startup, and all 

substrates were unloaded, preserved as appropriate, and analyzed to verify the absence of 

contamination in the dilution sampling system. 

21

Preparation for Test Setup 

Prior to deployment of the dilution sampling system at the test site and initiation of 

sampling with the dilution sampling system and associated sample collection arrays, EPA 

Methods 1-4 were used to establish key experimental parameters for the test conditions. 

Application of EPA Methods 1-4 

Traverse Point Determination Using EPA Method 1 

EPA Method 1, “Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources” (U.S. EPA, 

1989a) was used to establish the number and location of sampling traverse points necessary for 

isokinetic and flow sampling. These parameters are based upon how much duct distance 

separates the sampling ports from the closest downstream and upstream flow disturbances. 

The selected sample collection location (Figure 3-3) did not meet the minimum 

requirements of EPA Method 1 for length of straight run, nor for orientation of the port with 

respect to the plane of bends in the ductwork. However, this location was the only site with 

sufficient space for physical location of the sampling system. Sampling at the test site was 

performed at the point determined by Method 1 to represent the average velocity in the 

electrostatic precipitator exhaust stack (Figure 3-3). 

The following stack parameters were measured: 

• Inside of Far Wall to Outside of Nipple (Distance A): 74-3/8 in. 

• Inside of Near Wall to Outside of Nipple (Distance B): 2-3/8 in. 

• Inside Stack Dimensions: 72 in. 

Traverse point locations for a circular duct (72 in. diameter) are shown in Table 4-1. A table of 

metric unit conversions is shown in Appendix A. 

22

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Table 4-1. EPA Method 1—Traverse Point Location for Circular Ducts 

Fraction of Inside Distance From Stack Traverse Point 

Traverse Point Stack Dimension a Wall Location 

Number % (in.) (in.) 

2.6 1-7/8 4-1/4 

8.2 5-7/8 8-1/4 

14.6 10-1/2 12-7/8 

22.6 16-1/4 18-5/8 

34.2 24-5/8 27 

65.8 47-3/8 49-3/4 

77.4 55-3/4 58-1/8 

85.4 61-1/2 63-7/8 

91.8 66-1/8 68-1/2 

97.4 70-1/8 72-1/2 

a

Inside stack diameter, 72 in. Distance from lip of flange to inside stack wall, 2-3/8 in. 

The absolute pressure of the flue gas (in inches of mercury) was calculated according to the 

following equation: 

P g 

PS = P b a r + (4-1) 

1 3 .6 

Where: 

PS = absolute gas pressure, inches of mercury


Pbar = barometric pressure, inches of mercury (29.68 in.)


Pg = gauge pressure, inches of water (static pressure) (0.31 in.)


The value 13.6 represents the specific gravity of mercury (1 inch of mercury = 13.6 inches of 

water). For the stack tested, the absolute gas pressure under these conditions was 29.702 inches 

of mercury. 

23

Volumetric Flow Rate Determination Using EPA Method 2 

Volumetric flow rate was measured according to EPA Method 2, “Velocity - S-Type 

Pitot” (U.S. GPO, 1989b). A Type K thermocouple and S-type pitot tube were used to measure 

flue gas temperature and velocity, respectively. All of the isokinetically sampled methods that 

were used incorporated EPA Method 2. 

Pitot Tube Calibration 

The EPA has specified guidelines concerning the construction and geometry of an 

acceptable Type-S pitot tube. If the specified design and construction guidelines are met, a pitot 

tube coefficient of 0.84 is used. Information pertaining to the design and construction of the 

Type-S pitot tube is presented in detail in Section 3.1.1 of report EPA 600/4-77-027b (von 

Lehmden et al., 1979). Only Type-S pitot tubes meeting the required EPA specifications were 

used. Pitot tubes were inspected and documented as meeting EPA specifications prior to field 

sampling. 

Calculation of Average Flue Gas Velocity 

The average flue gas velocity for each traverse point is calculated using the following 

equation: 

V s = K p * C p * 

P * (460 T ) 

P * M 

 av g s 

s 

∆ + 

s 

(4-2) 

Where: 

Vs = average flue gas velocity, ft/sec


Kp = Pitot constant (85.49)


Cp = Pitot coefficient (dimensionless), typically 0.84 for Type S


∆Pavg = average flue gas velocity head, inches of water


460 = zero degrees Fahrenheit expressed as degrees Rankin


Ts = flue gas temperature, degrees Fahrenheit


24

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1432 

1544 

1547 

1611 

1549 

2109 

2296 

2340 

2336 

2290 

Ps = absolute stack pressure (barometric pressure at measurement site plus 

stack static pressure), in. Hg 

Ms = wet molecular weight, pounds per pound-mole 

The flue gas velocity calculated for each traverse point and the average velocity are shown in 

Table 4-2. 

Table 4-2. Average Flue Gas Velocity for Each Traverse Point (Average Flue Gas Velocity) 

Traverse Point 

(Calculated in Table 4-1) Velocity (ft/min) 

Average Velocity 1905 

The point of average velocity has the closest relationship to Traverse Point #6. 

Nozzle Size Determination 

It is desirable to sample at or near isokinetic velocities at the probe inlet nozzle. The 

nozzle size is based on the required sample flow rate. Prior to using an Excel® macro to perform 

nozzle size calculations according to the procedures of EPA Method 5 (U.S. GPO, 1989d), the 

25

velocity in the stack (feet per minute) must be determined from the pitot traverses prior to the 

start of the test run. The additional input required by the macro is sampling rate (liters/minute). 

Measurement of O2 and CO2 Concentrations 

The O2 and CO2 concentrations were determined by use of a Fyrite bulb during the 

traverse. 

Stationary Gas Distribution (as Percent Volume) 

The following values were measured by continuous emission monitors at the facility; the 

value for CO was supplied from compliance data collected by the facility. 

Measured %O2 = 10.75% 

Measured %CO2 = 10.5% 

Measured %CO = 0.03% 

The percentage of nitrogen (N2) was calculated according to the following equation: 

% N 2 = 100 − (% O 2 + % C O 2 + % C O ) = 78.75% (4-3) 

Dry Molecular Weight of Flue Gas 

The dry molecular weight of the flue gas (Md) was calculated according to the following 

equation: 

M d = (% C O 2 * 0 .44) + (% O 2 * 0 .32) + [(% C O + % N 2 ) * 0 .28 ]

(4-4) 

= 30.15 lb / lb − m o le 

Where: 

Md = molecular weight of flue gas, dry basis (lb/lb-mole) 

%CO2 = percent CO2 by volume, dry basis 

26

%O2 = percent O2 by volume, dry basis


%CO = percent CO by volume, dry basis


%N2 = percent N2 by volume, dry basis


0.44 = molecular weight of CO2, divided by 100


0.32 = molecular weight of O2, divided by 100


0.28 = molecular weight of N2 or CO, divided by 100


Wet Molecular Weight of Flue Gas 

The wet molecular weight of the flue gas (Ms) was calculated according to the following 

equation: 

M s = (M d * M fd) + (0.1 8 * % H 2O ) (4-5) = 2 7 .7 7 w et lb / lb −mo le

Where: 

Ms = wet molecular weight of flue gas, wet lb/lb-mole


Md = molecular weight of flue gas, dry basis (lb/lb-mole)


Mfd = dry mole fraction of effluent gas, calculated as [1 - %H2O / 100]


0.18 = molecular weight of H2O, divided by 100


%H2O = percent H2O, by volume


Determination of Average Moisture Using EPA Method 4 

EPA Method 4, “Moisture Content” (U.S. GPO, 1989c), was used to determine the 

average moisture content of the stack gas. A gas sample was extracted from the source, moisture 

was removed from the sample stream, and the moisture content was determined gravimetrically. 

Before sampling, the initial weight of the impingers was recorded. When sampling was 

completed, the final weights of the impingers were recorded and the weight gain was calculated. 

The weight gain and the volume of gas sampled were used to calculate the average moisture 

content (percent) of the stack gas. The calculations were performed by computer. Method 4 was 

incorporated into the techniques used for all of the manual sampling methods that were used 

during the test. 

27

--

The measurements shown in Table 4-3 were made on August 7, 2000, using Method 4 to 

determine moisture recovery. 

Table 4-3. Moisture Recovery for Method 4 (Measured on August 7, 2000) 

Impinger 

Number 

Impinger 

Solution 

Weight of 

Impinger 

Contents 

(g) 

Impinger Tip 

Configuration 

Impinger Weight 

Final 

Weight 

Gain 

(g)

Initial

(g) (g)

1 Water 100 S6 707.3 566.0 141.3 

2 Water 100 S6 653.7 598.6 55.1 

3 Empty MS6 499.0 488.6 10.4 

4 Silica Gel 300 S6 773.2 758.8 14.4 

Total Weight Gain (g) 221.2 

Volume of Dry Gas Sampled At Standard Conditions (dscf) 

The volume of dry gas sampled under standard conditions was calculated using the 

following equation: 

∆H 

13 .6 V m (std ) = 1 7.6 4 * V m * Pb a r + 46 0 + T m (4-6) 

= 4 2.7 85 d sc f 

Where: 

Vm(std) = volume of dry gas sampled at standard conditions, dry standard cubic feet 

(dscf) 

Vm = volume of gas metered, cubic feet, dry 

Pbar = barometric pressure at measurement site, inches of mercury 

∆H = Sampling rate, measured as differential pressure at the meter orifice, 

inches of water 

Tm = dry gas meter temperature, degrees Fahrenheit 

28

The constant 17.64 was used for conversion to standard conditions, (68 "F + 460 "R)/29.92 in. 

Hg; 460 is zero degrees Fahrenheit in degrees Rankin. Using measured values from the field 

data sheet, the volume of dry gas sampled at standard conditions is calculated to be 42.785 dscf. 

Volume of Water Vapor At Standard Conditions (dscf) 

The volume of water vapor under standard conditions was calculated using the following 

equation: 

V w (std ) = 0 .0 4707 * V lc 

(4-7) = 1 0 .412 d sc f 

Where: 

Vw(std) = volume of water vapor at standard conditions, dry standard cubic feet 

(dscf) 

Vlc = volume of liquid catch, cubic feet 

The constant 0.04707 is the standard cubic feet per gram (or milliliter) of water at standard 

conditions. Using the total weight gain for water determined using Method 4 (Table 4-3, above), 

the volume of water vapor at standard conditions is calculated to be 10.412 dscf. 

Calculation of Moisture/Water Content (as % Volume) 

The moisture content of the gaseous stack emissions is calculated using the following 

equation: 

V w (std ) % H 2O = 1 00 * 

V w (std ) + V m (std) (4-8) 

= 19.4% 

Using values measured using EPA Method 4 and values calculated previously, the moisture 

content was calculated to be 19.4 percent. The value supplied by the facility was 21 percent. 

29

Calculation of Dry Mole Fraction of Flue Gas 

The dry mole fraction of flue gas is calculated using the following equation: 

%H 2O M fd = 1 − (4-9) 100

Where: 

Mfd = dry mole fraction of effluent gas 

Using the percent moisture determined above, the dry mole fraction of effluent gas is calculated 

as 0.806. 

Setup of the Dilution Sampling System 

The sampling location was a flat metal deck on top of the ESP system approximately 

60 feet above ground level, adjacent to the 6 ft O.D. stack at the ESP outlet where the 6 in. 

flanged port was installed (Figure 3-3). The dilution system control module, the sampling 

module, and all ancillary equipment were delivered to the test site by EPA. The two modules 

(dilution air supply/control module and sampler module) were positioned at the sampling 

location using a crane supplied and operated by the facility. Electrical power (250V, single 

phase, 40A) was provided and installed by the facility. 

The location provided convenient access to the stack and sampling ports, as shown in 

Figure 3-3, and sufficient space for the equipment and personnel. The dilution air system 

module positioned at the sampling location on the flat deck is shown during operation in 

Figure 4-1. Because this test was conducted in the summer, the metal surface of the deck was 

very hot. Note that the pump was elevated above the deck surface for cooling purposes. 

30

Figure 4-1. Dilution system sampling module positioned at the sampling location. 

Figure 4-2 shows the sampling probe installed in the 6 in. I.D. flanged port used for sampling. 

The dilution air supply/control module (Figure 4-3) was located on the deck immediately 

adjacent to the sampling module. A TSI SMPS (Figure 4-4), with associated laptop computer, 

was also connected to the sampling module, together with other sampling arrays shown in the 

background. The dilution system sampling module with all sample collection arrays and 

instruments attached is shown in Figure 4-5: note the TSI SMPS in the foreground, SUMMA®­

polished canister on the deck, and the various sample collection arrays (the white filter holders 

are readily visible) attached to the various ports of the dilution system sampling module. 

31

Figure 4-2. Dilution system sampling probe installed in 6 in. I.D. flanged port. 

Figure 4-3. Dilution system control module positioned at the sampling location. 

32

Figure 4-4. TSI SMPS positioned at the sampling location. 

Figure 4-5. Dilution system with all sample collection arrays and instruments 

attached. 

33

Pre-Test Leak Check 

To perform a pre-test leak check on the assembled dilution system in the field, the end of 

the probe was plugged with a Swagelok® fitting. Solvent-cleaned blank-off plates were inserted 

in place of the orifice plates at the orifice meter run flanges using gaskets on each side. A new 

tared quartz filter was inserted into the filter holder and the fittings were carefully sealed. A 

vacuum pump was attached to the residence chamber and a Magnehelic® gauge was attached to 

an available port. The valve between the pump and the chamber was opened and the vacuum 

was read as the pump was turned on. As the reading passed 27 in., the stopwatch was started and 

the valve between the pump and the chamber was closed. The leak rate was timed between 25 to 

20 in. and again from 20 to 15 in., and the two times were averaged. Using the recorded data, the 

leakage rate in cubic feet/minute was calculated according to Equation 4-10. 

∆ P 

le akage rate = x V x C F (4-10) 

∆ T 

Where: 

leakage rate = rate of leakage (ft3

/min) 

∆P = change in pressure (in. water) 

∆T = time increment (sec) 

V = volume of the evacuated chamber (15.3 ft3

) 

CF = unit conversion factors 

– 60 sec/min 

– 1 atm/406.8 in. water 

The target time (greater than 1 minute 53 seconds, which equals 0.1 cfm) was achieved. 

A recorded time that was too fast or the inability to evacuate the sampler to 27 in. water would 

have been indicative of the presence of a leak, requiring corrective action before the sampler 

could be operated for the test run. 

34

Orifice Flow Check 

Critical orifice flows on the sampling pumps were checked without sample collection 

arrays in place using a rotameter to verify that the channels on sampling array pumps were at the 

specified flow rate of 16.7 L/min. Rotameters were calibrated with a NIST-traceable electronic 

bubble flow meter and the readings were converted to flow (L/min) using a spreadsheet. 

Determination of Test Duration 

A pre-test was performed prior to the initiation of source testing to establish the length of 

the test runs. The pre-test was used to assess whether there were any problems with the source 

testing operations and to obtain an estimate of the substrate loadings during the actual source 

tests to avoid overloading the substrates. To perform the pre-test, two arrays consisting of two 

sets of paired filters, one dedicated to determination of collected mass and the other dedicated to 

the determination of elemental and organic carbon, were attached to the Residence Time 

Chamber. The dilution sampling system was operated for a period of two hours, and the 

resulting samples were transported to the EPA laboratories in Research Triangle Park that 

evening for analysis. The results of the analysis (the loading on the test filters) demonstrated that 

the maximum achievable integration time should be used for the test runs. The equipment used 

to collect the integrated canister samples dictated a maximum integration time of six hours for 

the test runs since the canisters were used to collect an integrated sample over the duration of the 

test run. 

Canister/Veriflow Blanks 

Prior to deployment in the field, SUMMA®-polished canisters and Veriflow® canister 

filling units were cleaned and blank analysis was performed in the laboratory. All units met the 

cleanliness criterion of < 10 parts per billion carbon (ppbC, Table 4-4). 

35

Table 4-4. Blank Values for Veriflows® and Canisters 

Unit Blank Value, ppbC 

Veriflows

® 

Unit #418 (Source), Field Test 1 0.4 

Unit #315 (Dilution Air), Field Test 2 0.2 

Canisters 

3942 0.3 

4040 0.2 

3953 0.3 

1478 0.9 

4043 0.5 

1408 0.3 

1473 0.3 

1425 0.6 

4031 1.1 

Determination of Flow Rates 

A Visual Basic® macro was written to process raw data files of flow rate information and 

convert this information to actual flow based on temperature, pressure, and calibration data. For 

venturi flows, the macro converted differential pressure into a reported flow rate. The square 

root of the differential pressure was then multiplied by a previously determined calibration factor 

based on the flowing temperature, and the resulting value was converted to standard liters per 

minute (sLpm) using ideal gas law relationships (1 atm, 70 "F). 

Calibration data for the venturi were generated by placing a dry gas meter at the inlet to 

the sample probe. The flows reported by the data acquisition system were corrected to actual 

conditions (aLpm) and compared to those produced by the dry gas meter corrected to the venturi 

conditions. An Excel® macro automatically selected a correct calibration value to be applied 

based on the flowing temperature. 

36

Since the actual venturi flow was dependent upon the operating conditions, the setpoint 

value displayed and entered on the viewing screens needed to be adjusted to achieve the desired 

flow. Information to be entered included desired flow, flow temperature, flow pressure, and 

barometric pressure; the Excel® macro automatically selected the correct value to be applied 

based on the flow temperature. 

Flow information collected during the pre-test (August 7, 2000) is summarized in 

Table 4-5. The flows for the blower, dilution, and venturi air are shown graphically in 

Figures 4-6, 4-7, and 4-8, respectively. 

Sample Collection Arrays 

Prior to actual testing (Test Run #1 on August 8, 2000, and Test Run #2 on August 9, 

2000), sample collection arrays were attached to various ports on the dilution sampler, as shown 

in Figure 4-9. Up to ten sampling ports were available attached to either the Dilution Chamber 

or the Residence Chamber (available sampling ports are shown in Figure 3-1). The following 

arrays were used for Test #1 and Test #2: 

•	 Port #D1 (Dilution Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #D1 (Dilution Chamber) included a 

PM-2.5 cyclone branching off to two sample collection systems: one a quartz 

filter (QF) followed by a polyurethane foam (PUF) sampling module, the second a 

Teflon® filter (TF) followed by a KOH-impregnated quartz filter (KOH-QF) for 

collection of volatile organic acids. This array collected semivolatile organic 

compounds, particles, and particle phase organic compounds, as well as any 

semivolatile organic compounds that may have been volatilized from the filters. 

37

Table 4-5. Run Time Flow Summary Information: Pre-Test, August 7, 2000 

Start Time 6:38:38 PM 

End Time 8:28:19 PM 

Run Time 109.68 minutes 

Barometric Pressure 29.63 in. Hg 

Parameter Average 

Venturi Flow 

PT-101a 

TE-104b 

Dilution Flow 

PT-102 

TE-108

Blower Flow

PT-103

TE-105 

Dilution Ratio

TE-101

TE-102

30.08 aLpmc 

17.26 sLpmd 

-1.09 in. WCe 

233.55 "C 

891.10 aLpm

828.58 sLpm

-1.34 in. WC

36.58 "C 

967.85 aLpm

874.56 sLpm

-14.92 in. WC

39.07 "C 

49.24

224.97 "C 

227.62 "C 

a

PT = pressure transducer 

b

TE = thermocouple 

c

aLpm = actual liters per minute 

d

sLpm = standard liters per minute 

e

WC = water column 

38

39

Blower Flow 8/7/00

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-6. Blower flow, pre-test, August 7, 2000.
40

Dilution Flow 8/7/00

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-7. low, pre-test, August 7, 2000.

Venturi Flow 8/7/00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-8. low, pre-test, August 7, 2000.

Dilution f

Venturi f
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QF

KOH 

Test: 8/8/00 

Dilution chamber 

Port #D1 

PUF 

QF 

Cyclone 

KOH 

QF 

TF 

Residence chamber 

Port #R2 

TF TF

Cyclone 

Port #R6 

KOH 

QF 

TF 

QF 

KOH 

Cyclone 

TF 

Port #R3 

DNPH 

DNPH 

Port #R8 

Port #D2 

SUMMA 

TF-0.5 

Port #R4 

Field blanks: 

QF 1 

KOH QF 1 

TF 2 

PUF 1 

DNPH 1 

Port #R5 

TF ZF 

QF QF 

Cyclone 

Denuder 

Denuder 

Cyclone 

PUF PUF 

QF QF 

Cyclone 

Port #R10 

PUF PUF 

SUMMA 

TF-0.5 

Total 

Substrates 

QF 6 

KOH QF 4 

TF-0.5 2 

TF 9 

PUF 11 

Denuder 2 

SUMMA 2 

DNPH 3 

Legend 

QF = Quartz Filter


KOH QF = KOH Quartz Filter


TF-0.5 = Teflon® Filter - 0.5


TF = Teflon® Filter


PUF = Polyurethane Foam Sampling Module


Denuder = Denuder


SUMMA = SUMMA® Canister


DNPH = 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine


-impregnated silica gel cartridge 

Figure 4-9. Schematic diagram of sample collection arrays used in field test (August 8-9, 2000). 

41 
•	 Port #D2 (Dilution Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #D2 (Dilution Chamber) included a 

Teflon® filter followed by a cleaned and blanked SUMMA®-polished stainless 

steel canister for the collection of volatile organic compounds. The canister 

collected whole air samples for analysis of air toxics and Speciated Nonmethane 

Organic Compounds, with a Teflon® filter to protect the canister from particulate 

contamination. 

•	 Port #R2 (Residence Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #R2 (Residence Chamber) included a 

PM-2.5 cyclone leading into two Teflon® filters in parallel to collect fine 

particulate matter for determination of PM mass and elemental composition. 

•	 Port #R3 (Residence Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #R3 (Residence Chamber) consisted of 

two DNPH-impregnated silica gel tubes in series for collection of carbonyl 

compounds. 

•	 Port #R4 (Residence Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #R4 (Residence Chamber) consisted of a 

PM-2.5 cyclone leading into two parallel assemblies consisting of quartz filters 

followed by PUF plugs. This array collected semivolatile organic compounds, 

particles, and particle phase organic compounds, as well as any semivolatile 

organic compounds that may have been volatilized from the filters. 

•	 Port #R5 (Residence Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #R5 (Residence Chamber) consisted of a 

Teflon® filter followed by a cleaned and blanked SUMMA®-polished canister for 

collection of Volatile Organic Compounds. The canister collected integrated 

whole air samples for analysis of air toxics and Speciated Nonmethane Organic 

Compounds, with a Teflon® filter to protect the canister from particulate 

contamination. 

•	 Port #R6 (Residence Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #R6 (Residence Chamber) included a 

PM-2.5 cyclone leading into two parallel assemblies consisting of Teflon® filters 

followed by KOH-impregnated quartz filters for collection of fine particulate 

material and volatile organic acids, respectively. 

•	 Port #R7 (Residence Chamber) 

The sample collection assembly used on Port #R7 (Residence Chamber) consisted 

of an aerodynamic particle-sizing spectrometer to separate particles by size for 

high-resolution measurements of particle size distribution. The instrumentation 

utilized was the TSI Model 3025A (Ultra Fine Condensation Particle Counter) 

42

coupled with the TSI Model 3080 (Electrostatic Classifier), collectively described 

as the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). 

•	 Port #R8 (Residence Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #R8 (Residence Chamber) consisted of a 

cyclone leading into two parallel Teflon® filters (supplied by a second vendor) for 

collection of fine particulate matter for determination of major inorganic ions and 

PM mass. 

•	 Port #R10 (Residence Chamber) 

The sample collection array used on Port #R10 (Residence Chamber) included a 

cyclone leading into a set of two 200 mm long XAD-4®-coated denuders in series 

followed by two parallel quartz filters both leading into PUF sampling modules. 

These denuder-equipped arrays provide an alternative method for distinguishing 

gas- and particle-phase semivolatile organic compounds. 

Preparation of the Particle Size Distribution Analyzer 

The Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (consisting of the TSI Model 3025A Ultra Fine 

Condensation Particle Counter combined with the TSI Model 3080 Electrostatic Classifier) was 

used to make particle size distribution measurements in the range of 10-400 nanometers (nm) 

midpoint diameter. The Electrostatic Classifier separates particles by size for high-resolution 

measurements. Monodisperse aerosol exiting the Electrostatic Classifier passes to the 

Condensation Particle Counter, which measures particle number concentrations. By scanning 

quickly through the desired size range, the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer measures the size 

distribution of the aerosol precisely, providing concentration and size-resolution measurements 

with a high degree of accuracy. 

In operation, a polydisperse submicrometer aerosol passes through a radioactive bipolar 

charger, establishing a bipolar equilibrium charge level on the particles. Nearly all particles in 

the range scanned receive a single positive, single negative, or zero charge. The particles then 

enter the differential mobility analyzer and are separated according to their electrical mobility, 

which is inversely related to particle size. 

43

The pre-calibrated instrument was transported to the field and placed in the vicinity of the 

sampling array on a sturdy table. Thirty minutes prior to the start of the test run, the SMPS was 

turned on to warm up and equilibrate. The computer was turned on, and the sample acquisition 

program was initiated. On the SMPS, the sample flow and the sheath flow were manually 

adjusted to the manufacturer’s specifications (sample flow equal to 0.6 Lpm; total flow 6 Lpm). 

The Teflon® and quartz filters used in the dilution sampling system had a pore size of 

2 μm. This filter pore size was selected for the dilution sampling system because the system 

pressure drop across the filter was too great with a filter pore size of 1 μm. The SMPS was set to 

monitor the range of 10-400 nm midpoint diameter to provide an indication of the particle size 

distribution in the range below 2 μm, as well as the concentration distribution of the particles 

within this size range. The data system was initially set up to collect data for particles ranging 

from 10 to 400 nm in size; particles larger in diameter than 400 nm were not collected. The 

particles were collected over multiple three-minute periods for the duration of the test with a 

filter in the inlet line to establish the absence of background contamination. 

Shortly before the test run, the data system was programmed to collect particulate data 

that encompassed the expected duration of the test run. The instrument completed an 

upward/downward scan every three minutes, producing particle size and concentration data for 

the selected scan range. The particle size analyzer was the last piece of equipment connected to 

the Residence Chamber. When the test was started, the filter was removed from the inlet line of 

the particle sizer, the inlet line was attached to the port, and “Start Run” was initiated on the data 

system. Data were continually saved on the computer hard drive and a real-time display on the 

computer screen showed the particle distribution. Graphical presentations of the data were 

prepared off-line. 

Operation of the Dilution Sampling System with Sample Collection Arrays 

After completion of the pre-test run to establish experimental parameters for the test, the 

dilution sampling system was prepared for a full test run. Sampling probe temperature setpoints 

44

were set equal to or slightly above the measured stack temperature. The system was equilibrated 

at temperature. Sampling arrays were loaded with appropriate media and flow/leak checks were 

performed with each array to ensure that the entire system would be leak-free in operation. 

Sampler flows were set just before initiation of the test to prevent heat loss from the heated 

probe. The blower and the ring compressor were started to achieve a slightly positive pressure, 

then the blower flow was adjusted to cause the stack gas to flow into the dilution sampling 

system after the probe was inserted in the stack. Sample collection array pumps were started and 

valves for the SUMMA® canisters were opened to initiate canister air sample collection. The 

sampling process was carefully monitored by the sampling team based on the pressure change in 

the canister to ensure that filters were not overloaded in the course of sampling. Start time and 

other pertinent data were recorded. At the end of the predetermined sampling interval, the 

sampling process was stopped by stopping the pumps for the sample collection arrays and closing 

the valves on the SUMMA®-canisters. The probe was withdrawn from the stack, the blower and 

ring compressor were turned off, and heaters were turned off and allowed to cool. Each sampling 

array was leak-checked at the end of the sampling period and ending flow rates were 

documented. Experimental parameters for Test #1 and Test #2 are shown in Tables 4-6 and 4-7; 

blower flow, dilution flow, and venturi flow for Tests #1 and #2 are shown graphically in 

Figures 4-10 through 4-15. 

Dilution System Sample Collection Arrays: Train Recovery 

When the sampling run was completed, the pumps on the dilution system were turned off 

and recovery of the dilution sampling system consisted of removing the sample collection arrays 

and turning off the particle size analyzer. The SMPS was then connected to a small HEPA-filter 

unit and pulled ambient air through the filter and analyzer so that the unit could collect 

post-sampling blanks. 

45

Table 4-6. Run Time Summary Information, Test Run #1 (August 8, 2000) 

Test Run #1 (August 8, 2000) 

Start Time 12:58:27 PM 

End Time 5:16:21 PM 

Run Time 257.90 min 

Barometric Pressure 29.65 in. Hg 

Nozzle Size #8 (227 "C, 1905 ft/min) 

Canister Flow 13.9 cm3

/min 

Parameter Average 

Venturi Flow 

PT-101

TE-104

Dilution Flow 

PT-102

TE-108

Blower Flow 

PT-103

TE-105

Dilution Ratio 

TE-101

TE-102

TE-103

Sample Flow Rates 

Actual Flow 

aLpm 

30.47 aLpm 

17.19 sLpm

-2.96 in. WC

239.86 "C 

900.35 aLpm

822.40 sLpm

-3.06 in. WC

40.95 "C 

909.56 aLpm

809.53 sLpm

-16.11 in. WC

44.15 "C 

48.90

240.25 "C 

238.98 "C 

NA

Corrected Flow Notes Average Flow

sLpm sLpm

16.09 17.20 PM2.5 Sample, Dilution Air: Start 17.28

16.24 17.36 PM2.5 Sample, Dilution Air: End

16.53 17.67 PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 17.59 

(Port 10): Start

16.39 17.51	 PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 10): End

(Continued) 

46 
Table 4-6. (Continued) 

Sample Flow Rates 

Actual Flow Corrected Flow Notes Average Flow 

aLpm sLpm sLpm 

16.97 18.14 

16.82 17.98 

16.53 17.67 

16.68 17.82 

16.53 17.67 

16.53 17.67 

16.82 17.98 

16.39 17.51 

0.98 1.05 

0.96 1.03 

Canisters 

Start Pressure 

#1473, Dilution 29.5 in. Hg 

#4043, Source 29.0 in. Hg 

#4031, Blank 29.5 in. Hg 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 8): Start 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 8): End 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 6): Start 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 6): End 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 4): Start 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 4): End 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 2): Start 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 2): End 

DNPH Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 3): Start 

DNPH Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 3):End 

End Pressure 

9.0 in. Hg 

7.0 in. Hg 

29.5 in. Hg 

18.06 

17.74 

17.67 

17.74 

1.04 

NA = Not applicable; channel not connected.


PT = pressure transducer


TE = thermocouple


aLpm = actual liters per minute


sLpm = standard liters per minute


WC = water column


47

Table 4-7. Run Time Summary Information, Test Run #2 (August 9, 2000) 

Test Run #2 (August 9, 2000) 

Start Time 9:07:38 AM 

End Time 3:07:17 PM 

Run Time 359.65 min 

Barometric Pressure 29.62 in. Hg 

Nozzle Size #8 (227 "C, 1905 ft/min) 

Canister Flow 13.9 cm3

/min 

Parameter Average 

Venturi Flow 

PT-101

TE-104

Dilution Flow 

PT-102

TE-108

Blower Flow 

PT-103

TE-105

Dilution Ratio 

TE-101

TE-102

TE-103

Sample Flow Rates 

Actual Flow 

aLpm 

30.05 aLpm

17.06 sLpm

-2.84 in. WC

236.32 "C 

898.27 aLpm

823.46 sLpm

-2.89 in. WC

39.66 "C 

898.15 aLpm

804.22 sLpm

-15.58 in. WC

42.44 "C 

49.33

225.94 "C 

236.83 "C 

NA

Corrected Flow Notes Average Flow 

sLpm sLpm 

16.84 17.96 PM2.5 Sample, Dilution Air: Start 17.88 

16.69 17.81 PM2.5 Sample, Dilution Air: End 

16.55 17.65 PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 17.65 

(Port 10): Start 

16.55 17.65	 PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 10): End 

(Continued) 

48 
Table 4-7. (Continued) 

Sample Flow Rates 

Actual Flow Corrected Flow Notes Average Flow 

aLpm sLpm sLpm 

16.69 17.81 

16.84 17.96 

16.55 17.65 

16.55 17.65 

16.55 17.65 

16.69 17.81 

16.84 17.96 

16.84 17.96 

0.96 1.02 

0.96 1.02 

Canisters 

Start Pressure 

#1478, Dilution 29 in. Hg 

#4040, Source 30 in. Hg 

#3953, Blank 29 in. Hg 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 8): Start 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 8): End 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 6): Start 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 6): End 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 4): Start 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 4): End 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 2): Start 

PM2.5 Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 2): End 

DNPH Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 3): Start 

DNPH Sample, Residence Chamber 

(Port 3):End 

End Pressure 

4.0 in. Hg 

2.5 in. Hg 

29 in. Hg 

17.88 

17.65 

17.73 

17.96 

1.02 

NA = Not applicable; channel not connected.


PT = pressure transducer


TE = thermocouple


aLpm = actual liters per minute


sLpm = standard liters per minute


WC = water column


49

50

Dilution Flow 8/8/00

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-11. low, Test 1—Day 1, August 8, 2000.

Blower Flow 8/8/00

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-10. er flow, Test 1—Day 1, August 8, 2000.

Dilution f

Blow
51

Venturi Flow 8/8/00

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-12. low, Test 1—Day 1, August 8, 2000.

Blower Flow 8/9/00

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-13. er flow, Test 2—Day 2, August 9, 2000.

Venturi f

Blow
52

Venturi Flow 8/9/00

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-15. low, Test 2—Day 2, August 9, 2000.

Dilution Flow 8/9/00

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00

Time

LPM

ALPM

SLPM

Figure 4-14. low, Test 2—Day 2, August 9, 2000.

Venturi f

Dilution f
The sample collection arrays were removed sequentially at the cyclone connection. Each 

individual collection array was removed and the ends of the assembly were covered with 

aluminum foil. As each sample collection array was removed from the sampling system, the 

sampling aperture was covered to avoid introduction of any contaminants into the dilution 

sampler. The ends of the sample collection array were capped and the array placed upright in a 

secure container for transport to the sample recovery area. 

In the sample recovery area, the sample collection arrays were disassembled into the 

following components: 

•	 Polyurethane foam (PUF) modules were disassembled from the sample collection 

array as a module. Both ends of the PUF sampling module were capped, the 

module placed in a sealable plastic bag, the bag appropriately labeled, and chain 

of custody documentation initiated. 

•	 Filters were positioned in specific filter holder assemblies as part of several of the 

sample collection arrays. In the sample recovery area, the filter holder assemblies 

were disassembled, and the filter was removed with Teflon® tipped tweezers and 

placed in a pre-numbered custom filter container with a locking lid. The 

appropriate label was affixed to the filter container and chain of custody 

documentation initiated. The filter holder assembly was re-assembled without the 

filter, placed in a plastic bag, and labeled. 

•	 Denuders were disassembled, the ends of the sorbent tube closed with Teflon® 

caps and sealed with Teflon® tape, the sealed denuder tubes placed in a plastic 

bag, labeled, and chain of custody documentation initiated. 

•	 Carbonyl sampling tube assemblies (two carbonyl sampling tubes in series) were 

disassembled. The ends of the individual tubes were sealed with plastic caps and 

the sealed tubes placed in an aluminum foil packet, labeled to preserve the 

front/back order from the sample collection array, placed in a plastic bag, labeled, 

and chain of custody documentation initiated. 

•	 Canister sampling was terminated by closing the valve on the canister at the end 

of the sampling period. The canister with closed valve was disconnected from the 

dilution system and capped; chain of custody documentation was generated. 

Denuders, PUF modules, and filters were all bagged and stored over ice. 

53

At a later time, extraction on-site was performed for the denuders. The denuders were 

rinsed with a mixture of methylene chloride: acetone: hexane in a volume ratio of 2:3:5. The 

solvent mixture was added to the denuder and the denuder tube was capped and shaken (4 times). 

An internal standard was added to the first extraction. The rinses were combined in a precleaned glass jar for paired denuders, the jar was labeled, sealed with Teflon® tape, chain of 

custody documentation was initiated for the extract, and the jar was stored over ice. After 

extraction, the denuders and caps were dried using high purity nitrogen and capped until ready 

for re-use. 

Canisters and carbonyl tubes were transported to the ERG laboratory for analysis and the 

filters, PUF modules, and denuder extracts were transported to the EPA laboratory for analysis. 

Laboratory Experimental Methodology 

Components of the sample collection arrays, filters, DNPH-impregnated silica gel tubes 

used to sample carbonyl compounds, and canisters used to sample volatile organic compounds 

were returned for analysis to EPA and ERG laboratories, respectively (see Table 3-1 for 

responsible laboratory). The analyses described in the following sections were performed with 

the analytical methodology used by the respective laboratories summarized in Table 3-1. 

PM-2.5 Mass 

Teflon® membrane (Gelman Teflo®) filters of 2 μm pore diameter were used to collect 

fine PM samples for mass determinations. Filters before and after sample collection were 

maintained at 20-23 "C and a relative humidity of 30-40% for a minimum of 24 hours prior to 

weighing on a micro-balance. Sample mass was determined by gravimetric analysis before and 

after sample collection. 

54

Elemental Analysis 

Individual elements above atomic number 9 (fluorine) were measured using a Philips 

Model 2404, wavelength-dispersive, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer running the 

UniQuantTM program. This program gives qualitative and quantitative information on the 

elements present on a Teflon® membrane filter. The filter to be analyzed was covered with a 

0.4 μm thick Prolene® film which was attached using glue. The glue was only on the outer rim 

of the filter and did not interfere with the analysis. Only elements which gave amounts greater 

than 1 standard error above the detection limit were reported. 

Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions 

Teflon® filter samples were analyzed for major inorganic anions and cations using a 

Dionex DX-120 ion chromatograph equipped with a 25 μL sample loop and a conductivity 

detector. Major ions determined were chloride, nitrate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, 

and ammonium. Prior to extraction the filters were wetted with 350-500 μL of ethanol. Two 

sequential extractions with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-grade water were 

performed using mild sonication of the filters followed by filtration of the extracts. The two 

extracts were combined for analysis. 

Anions were separated using an Ion Pac AS14 (4 x 250 mm) column with an alkyl 

quaternary ammonium stationary phase and a carbonate-bicarbonate mobile phase. Cations were 

separated using an Ion Pac CS12 (4 x 250 mm) column with an 8 μm poly(ethylvinylbenzenedivinylbenzene) macroporous substrate resin functionalized with a relatively weak carboxylic 

acid stationary phase and a sulfuric acid mobile phase. Ion concentrations were determined from 

four-point calibration curves using an external standard method. All samples were extracted and 

analyzed in duplicate or triplicate. 

55

Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon 

Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) content of PM samples collected on prefired quartz filters was determined by NIOSH Method 5040 (NIOSH, 1994) using a Sunset 

Laboratory thermal evolution instrument. In this method, a 1.0 x 1.5 cm punch of the quartz 

filter sample is placed in the instrument, and organic and carbonate carbon are evolved in a 

helium atmosphere as the temperature is raised to 850 "C. Evolved carbon is catalytically 

oxidized to CO2 in a bed of granular MnO2, then reduced to methane in a methanator. Methane 

is subsequently quantified by a flame ionization detector (FID). In a second stage, the sample 

oven temperature is reduced, an oxygen-helium mixture is introduced, and the temperature is 

increased to 940 "C. With the introduction of oxygen, pyrolytically generated carbon is oxidized 

and the transmittance of a laser light beam through the filter increases. The point at which the 

filter transmittance reaches its initial value is defined as the split between OC and EC. Carbon 

evolved prior to the split is considered OC (including carbonate), and carbon volatilized after the 

split is considered elemental (EC). Elemental carbon evolved is similarly oxidized to CO2 and 

subsequently reduced to methane to be measured by the FID. 

Organic Compounds 

Individual organic compounds present in the fine PM collected on pre-fired quartz filters 

were determined by extracting the filters with hexane (two extractions) followed with a 2:1 

mixture by volume of benzene and isopropanol (three extractions). Prior to extraction, the filters 

were composited as necessary to achieve a total of approximately 0.5 mg of OC and spiked with 

a mixture of deuterated internal recovery standards. These standards were selected to represent 

the range of expected solubilities, stabilities, chromatographic retention times, and volatilities of 

organic compounds present in the samples. All extracts from the five extraction steps were 

combined and concentrated using an automated nitrogen blow-down apparatus. 

An aliquot of the combined extract was derivatized with diazomethane to yield methyl 

esters of any fatty acids which might be present. After the methylation reaction was complete, 

56

the methylated extract aliquot was reconcentrated by nitrogen blowdown. A separate portion of 

the methylated extract was derivatized a second time using bis (trimethylsilyl) 

trifluoroacetamide-N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide (Sylon BFT®) reagent to convert 

compounds such as levoglucosan and cholesterol to their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Both 

derivatizations were performed in order to allow the compounds to be separated and eluted from 

a gas chromatograph column. Since the TMS derivatives are somewhat unstable over time, the 

silylation was carried out just prior to analysis. 

Gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer detector (GC/MS) was used to 

identify and quantify the individual organic compounds present in the extracts. A HewlettPackard 6890 GC equipped with an HP 5973 mass spectrometer detector was used. A 5MS 

column (30 m, 0.25 mm diameter, 0.25 μm film thickness) was employed along with an injector 

temperature of 65 "C and a GC/MS interface temperature of 300 "C. The initial GC oven 

temperature was set at 65 "C with an initial hold time of 10 minutes. The oven temperature was 

then ramped upward at 10 "C/min to 300 "C and held at the upper temperature for an additional 

41.5 minutes. Helium was used as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) and the GC was operated in the 

split/splitless mode. 

Positive identification of target compounds was obtained by comparing mass spectra of 

the analytes with those obtained from over 100 authentic compound standards. Iso- and anteisoalkanes were identified using secondary standards derived from paraffin candle wax. Additional 

compounds were identified as “probable” based on a comparison of the GC retention times and 

mass spectra with commercially available spectral libraries. Quantification of the individual 

compounds involved referencing each compound against one or more of the deuterated internal 

standards spiked into the sample to correct for losses of the analytes which may have occurred in 

the compositing, extracting, concentrating, and derivatizing steps. An extensive set of standards 

of target compounds at known concentrations, which also included the deuterated internal 

standard compounds, was used to establish 3-point or 5-point calibration curves from which the 

concentrations of the analytes were determined. 

57

Carbonyl Compounds 

Sep-Pak® chromatographic-grade silica gel cartridges impregnated with DNPH were used 

in series for carbonyl sample collection. The tubes were used in series to check for compound 

breakthrough. Following sample collection in the field, the cartridges and accompanying chain 

of custody documentation were transported to the ERG laboratory, where they were logged into 

the laboratory sample tracking system. The cartridges were extracted and analyzed for the 

compounds listed in Table 4-8 using EPA Compendium Method TO-11A, “Determination of 

Formaldehyde in Ambient Air Using Adsorbent Cartridge Followed by High Performance Liquid 

Chromatography (HPLC)” (EPA, 1999). The analytical instrument was a Varian 5000 HPLC 

with a multiwavelength detector operated at 360 nanometers (nm). The HPLC was configured 

with a 25 cm, 4.6 mm I.D., C18 silica analytical column with a 5-μm particle size. An automatic 

sample injector was used to inject 25 μL aliquots into the HPLC. 

The chromatography data acquisition system was used to retrieve data from the HPLC. 

The data were processed and peak identifications were made using retention times and relative 

retention times determined by analysis of analytical standards. After peak identifications were 

made, the concentration of each target analyte was determined using individual response factors 

for the carbonyl compounds. 

Daily calibration checks were performed to ensure that the analytical procedures were in 

control. Daily quality control checks were performed after every 10 samples on the days that 

samples were analyzed, with compound responses within !15% relative to the responses from 

the current calibration curve. Compound retention time drifts were also measured from the 

analysis of the quality control check sample and tracked to ensure that the HPLC was operating 

within acceptable parameters. 

As part of the daily quality control check, if the analysis of the daily quality control 

sample was not acceptable, a second injection of the quality control standard was performed. If 

the second quality control check did not meet acceptance criteria or if more than one daily quality 

58

μ

Table 4-8. Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid 

Chromatography: Method Detection Limits 

Method Detection Limits 

Compound CAS No. μg 

Formaldehyde


Acetaldehyde


Acetone


Propionaldehyde


Crotonaldehyde


Butyraldehyde


Benzaldehyde


Isovaleraldehyde


Valeraldehyde


o-Tolualdehyde


m-Tolualdehyde


p-Tolualdehyde


Hexaldehyde


2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde


Diacetyl


Methacrolein


2-Butanone


Glyoxal


Acetophenone


Methylglyoxal


Octanal


Nonanal


50-00-0 0.0838 

75-07-0 0.0916 

67-64-1 0.0428 

123-38-6 0.0934 

4170-30-3 0.1283 

123-72-8 0.0956 

100-52-7 0.0959 

590-86-3 0.1076 

110-62-3 0.1758 

529-20-4 0.1439 

620-23-5 0.1439 

104-87-0 0.1439 

66-25-1 0.1377 

5779-94-2 0.1337* 

432-03-8 0.0154* 

78-85-3 0.0125* 

78-93-3 0.0125* 

107-22-2 0.0412* 

98-86-2 0.0250* 

78-98-8 0.0244* 

124-13-0 0.0100* 

124-19-6 0.0182* 

*Estimated value. 

control check did not meet acceptance criteria, a new calibration curve (at five concentration 

levels) was analyzed. All samples analyzed with the unacceptable quality control checks would 

be re-analyzed. 

59

An acetonitrile system blank was analyzed after the daily calibration check and before 

sample analysis. The system was considered in control if target analyte concentrations were less 

than the current method detection limits. 

Canister Analyses: Air Toxics and Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds 

The combined analysis for gas-phase air toxics and Speciated Nonmethane Organic 

Compounds was performed on a gas chromatograph(GC)/flame ionization detector(FID)/mass 

selective detector (MSD). A Hewlett-Packard 5971 MSD and a Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II 

GC with a 60 m by 0.32 mm I.D. and a 1 μm film thickness J&W DB-1 capillary column 

followed by a 2:1 splitter was used to send the larger portion of the column effluent to the MSD 

and the smaller fraction to the FID. The chromatograph oven containing the DB-1 capillary 

column was cooled to -50 "C with liquid nitrogen at the beginning of the sample injection. This 

temperature was held for 5 minutes and then increased at the rate of 15 "C per minute to 0 "C. 

The oven temperature was then ramped at 6 "C/minute to 150 "C, then ramped at 20 "C/minute to 

225 "C and held for 8 minutes. The gas eluting from the DB-1 capillary column passed through 

the 2:1 fixed splitter, to divide the flow between the MSD and the FID. 

The air toxics analysis was performed according to the procedures of EPA Compendium 

Method TO-15, “Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) In Air Collected in 

Specially-Prepared Canister and Analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 

(GC/MS)” (U.S. EPA, 1999). The analysis of Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds was 

performed according to the procedures of “Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and 

Analysis of Ozone Precursors” (U.S. EPA, 1998). Detection limits for air toxics are shown in 

Table 4-9, and for the Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds in Table 4-10. 

Particle Size Distribution Data 

The SMPS was operated and collected data during both test days. Data were reduced 

using the TSI software package. 

60

μ

Table 4-9. Detection Limits (ppbv) for Air Toxics Compounds 

(Analytical Method TO-15) 

Method Detection Limit 

Target Compounds* CAS No. g/m3 

Acetylene


Propylene


Dichlorodifluoromethane


Chloromethane


Dichlorotetrafluoroethane


Vinyl chloride


1,3-Butadiene


Bromomethane


Chloroethane


Acetonitrile


Acetone


Trichlorofluoromethane


Acrylonitrile


1,1-Dichloroethene


Methylene chloride
 75-09-2 0.42 

Trichlorotrifluoroethane
 26523-64-8 1.07 

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene

1,1-Dichloroethane


Methyl tert-butyl ether


Methyl ethyl ketone


Chloroprene


cis-1,3-Dichloroethylene


Bromochloromethane


Chloroform


Ethyl tert-butyl ether


1,2-Dichloroethane


1,1,1-Trichloroethane


Benzene

Carbon tetrachloride


tert-Amyl methyl ether


74-86-2 0.24 

115-07-1 0.17 

75-71-8 0.40 

74-87-3 0.24 

1320-37-2 0.70 

75-01-4 0.31 

106-99-0 0.31 

74-83-9 0.70 

75-00-3 0.42 

75-05-8 0.84 

67-64-1 1.23 

75-69-4 0.45 

107-13-1 0.91 

75-35-4 0.79 

56-60-5 0.47

75-34-3 0.65 

1634-04-1 1.29 

78-93-3 0.88 

126-99-8 0.73 

156-59-2 0.79 

74-97-5 1.26 

67-66-3 0.49 

637-92-3 1.25 

107-06-2 0.48 

71-55-6 0.65 

71-43-2 0.25 

56-23-5 1.01 

994-05-8 1.00 

(Continued) 

61

μ

Table 4-9. (Continued) 

Method Detection Limit 

Target Compounds* CAS No. μg/m3 

1,2-Dichloropropane 78-87-5 0.65 

Ethyl acrylate 140-88-5 1.31 

Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 0.80 

Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 0.75 

Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 1.47 

cis-1,2-Dichloropropene 10061-01-5 0.82 

Methyl isobutyl ketone 108-10-1 1.36 

trans-1,2-Dichloropropene 10061-02-6 1.00 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 0.65 

Toluene 108-88-3 0.45 

Dibromochloromethane 124-48-1 1.36 

1,2-Dibromoethane 106-93-4 1.23 

n-Octane 111-65-9 0.56 

Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 0.81 

Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 0.55 

Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 0.35 

m-, p-Xylene 108-38-3/106-42-3 0.87 

Bromoform 75-25-2 1.65 

Styrene 100-42-5 0.59 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 0.82 

o-Xylene 95-47-6 0.43 

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 0.69 

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 0.69 

m-Dichlorobenzene 541-73-1 0.60 

Chloromethylbenzene 100-44-7 0.72 

p-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 1.08 

o-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 0.72 

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 0.89 

Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 87-68-3 1.28 

*MDLs are instrument detection limits based on Fed. Reg., 1984. MDLs reported here are based on nominal 

injection volume of 200 mL of gas. 

62

μ

Table 4-10. Detection Limits (μg/m3) for Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds 

(“Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and Analysis of Ozone Precursors” 

(U.S. EPA, 1998)) 

Method Detection Limits 

Compound CAS No. μg/m3 

Ethylene 74-85-1 0.50 

Acetylene 74-86-2 0.47 

Ethane 74-84-0 0.54 

Propylene 115-07-1 0.44 

Propane 74-98-6 0.46 

Propyne 74-99-7 0.42 

Isobutane 75-28-5 0.43 

Isobutene/1-butene 115-11-7/106-98-0 0.21 

1,3-Butadiene 106-99-0 0.40 

n-Butane 106-97-8 0.43 

trans-2-Butene 624-64-6 0.42 

cis-2-Butene 590-18-1 0.42 

3-Methyl-1-butene 563-45-1 0.32 

Isopentane 78-78-4 0.33 

1-Pentene 109-67-1 0.32 

2-Methyl-1-butene 563-46-2 0.45 

n-Pentane 109-66-0 0.33 

Isoprene 78-79-4 0.31 

trans-2-Pentene 646-04-8 0.33 

cis-2-Pentene 627-20-3 0.33 

2-Methyl-2-butene 513-35-9 0.32 

2,2-Dimethylbutane 75-83-2 0.46 

Cyclopentene 142-29-0 0.31 

4-Methyl-1-pentene 691-37-2 0.45 

Cyclopentane 287-92-3 0.32 

2,3-Dimethylbutane 79-29-8 0.46 

2-Methylpentane 107-83-5 0.46 

3-Methylpentane 96-14-0 0.46 

(Continued)

63 
μ

Table 4-10. (Continued) 

Method Detection Limits 

Compound CAS No. μg/m3 

2-Methyl-1-pentene 763-29-1 0.46 

1-Hexene 592-41-6 0.46 

2-Ethyl-1-butene 760-21-4 0.45 

n-Hexane 110-54-3 0.46 

trans-2-Hexene 4050-45-7 0.46 

cis-2-Hexene 7688-21-3 0.46 

Methylcyclopentane 96-37-7 0.45 

2,4-Dimethylpentane 108-08-7 0.35 

Benzene 71-43-2 0.42 

Cyclohexane 110-82-7 0.45 

2-Methylhexane 591-76-4 0.40 

2,3-Dimethylpentane 565-59-3 0.40 

3-Methylhexane 589-34-4 0.40 

1-Heptene 592-76-7 0.39 

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 540-84-1 0.51 

n-Heptane 142-82-5 0.40 

Methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 0.39 

2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 564-02-3 0.51 

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 565-75-3 0.51 

Toluene 108-88-3 0.37 

2-Methylheptane 592-27-8 0.51 

3-Methylheptane 589-81-1 0.51 

1-Octene 111-66-0 0.50 

n-Octane 111-65-9 0.51 

Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 0.52 

m-, p-Xylene 108-38-3/106-42-3 0.47 

Styrene 100-42-5 0.46 

o-Xylene 95-47-6 0.47 

1-Nonene 124-11-8 0.40 

n-Nonane 111-84-2 0.41 

(Continued)

64 
Table 4-10. (Continued) 

Method Detection Limits 

Compound CAS No. 3 μg/m

Isopropylbenzene 98-82-8 0.38 

α-Pinene 80-56-8 0.39 

n-Propylbenzene 103-65-1 0.38 

m-Ethyltoluene 620-14-4 0.38 

p-Ethyltoluene 622-96-8 0.38 

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 0.38 

o-Ethyltoluene 611-14-3 0.38 

β-Pinene 127-91-3 0.39 

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 0.38 

1-Decene 872-05-9 0.33 

n-Decane 124-18-5 0.33 

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 526-73-8 0.38 

m-Diethylbenzene 141-93-5 0.32 

p-Diethylbenzene 105-05-5 0.32 

1-Undecene 821-95-4 0.49 

n-Undecane 1120-21-4 0.50 

1-Dodecene 112-41-4 0.49 

n-Dodecane 112-40-3 0.50 

1-Tridecene 2437-56-1 0.49 

n-Tridecane 629-50-5 0.50 

65

Section 5


Results and Discussion
 

Analyses were performed in different laboratories according to the scheme shown in 

Table 3-1, with the analytical procedures described in Section 4. Results of these analyses are 

discussed in this section. 

PM Mass, Elemental/Organic Carbon, Major Inorganic Ions, and Major Elements 

Emissions of elemental/organic carbon (EC/OC), major elements, and major inorganic 

ions as components of the fine particulate matter are reported in Table 5-1 as weight percent of 

measured PM-2.5 mass. Results tabulated in Table 5-1 also indicate a nearly three-fold range of 

PM-2.5 mass emission rates between the two days of testing. However, the absolute mass 

emission rates of PM-2.5 were quite low (3.54 and 1.23 mg/kg fuel) on both days. 

EC/OC values for samples collected on quartz filters with and without an XAD-coated 

annular denuder fronting the filters exhibited a wide variance. Substantially lower OC values 

were found on the filters fronted with an organic denuder than on filters without a preceding 

denuder. It is likely that much of the OC collected on the quartz filters without a denuder in 

place represents adsorbed gas-phase semivolatile organic compounds. 

Of the major water-soluble ions, only sulfate and potassium ions were above quantitation 

limits. Total potassium as measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry agreed well with watersoluble potassium determined by ion chromatography. Silicon was the element found in greatest 

concentration, perhaps originating from the firebrick lining of the boiler. Supporting data for the 

inorganic analyses are found in Appendices B through E. 

66
 
Table 5-1. Fine Particle Emission Rate and Fine Particle Chemical Composition of 

Emissions from an Industrial Wood-Fired Boiler, Including Gas-Phase Volatile Organic 

and Carbonyl Compounds 

PM-2.5 Emission Rate (mg/kg fuel burned)
 1.23 - 3.54a 

Speciated Carbonyl Compounds Emission Rate (mg/kg fuel
 2.53 (Day 1) 

burned)
 0.80 (Day 2) 

Total Carbonyl Compound Emission Rate (mg/kg fuel burned)
 2.74 (Day 1) 

0.94 (Day 2) 

Speciated NMOC Emission Rate (mg/kg fuel burned)
 4.83 (Day 1) 

0.98 (Day 2) 

Total NMOC Emission Rate (mg/kg fuel burned)
 7.50 (Day 1) 

1.85 (Day 2) 

Elemental and Organic Carbon (Wt.% of Measured PM-2.5
 w/out w/ 

Mass)
 denuderb denuderc 

Elemental Carbon
 3.0 ± 0.4 13.8 ± 3.1 

Organic Carbon
 84.6 ± 11.0 32.6 ± 8.0 

Ionic Species (Wt.% of Measured PM-2.5 Mass)d
 

Chloride
 NQ
 

Nitrate
 NQ
 

Sulfate
 7.8 ± 0.6
 

Potassium
 6.6 ± 0.5
 

Magnesium
 ND
 

Calcium
 ND
 

Elemental Composition (Wt.% of Measured PM-2.5 Mass)

e
 

Sodium
 0.18 ± 0.04
 

Magnesium
 0.17 ± 0.01
 

Silicon
 16.2 ± 2.5
 

Phosphorus
 0.09 ± 0.03
 

Sulfur
 3.7 ± 0.4
 

Chlorine
 0.64 ± 0.04
 

Potassium
 10.6 ± 0.6
 

Calcium
 0.76 ± 0.06
 

NQ-below quantitation limits 

ND-below detection limits 

a) range over two test days 

b) average of two filters, one from each day of testing 

c) average of two filters, one from each day of testing 

d) average of two filters from each day of testing with the exception of sulfate, which was below 

quantitation limits on the second day 

e) average of two filters from the first day of testing
 

Error shown is the standard deviation of the results from the individual filters.
 

67
 
Speciated Particle-Phase (PM-2.5) Organic Compounds 

Table 5-2(a, b) reports the emission rates (μg/kg of fuel) of individual organic compounds 

collected on the organic denuders, quartz filters, and PUF plugs in the sampling arrays. 

Compounds attributed to the particle-phase are also reported as weight percent of measured 

PM-2.5 mass. For the denuder/filter/PUF sampling arrays (Table 5-2a), organic compounds 

attributed to the particulate matter were those collected on the quartz filters and on the following 

PUF plugs. For the undenuded arrays (Table 5-2b), only the organic compounds found on the 

quartz filters were attributed to the particulate matter. Because of very low PM-2.5 mass 

loadings collected on individual filters, it was necessary to composite a number of quartz filters 

from different sampling arrays between the two test days to have sufficient material to quantify 

individual organic compounds. Organic compound speciation results reported in Table 5-2(a, b) 

therefore represent a composite over the two days. Minor variations in the stack gas and 

sampling flow rates which occurred between the two days have been factored into the 

calculations to determine the reported emission rates. Supporting data for these analyses are 

included in Appendix F. 

Gas-Phase Carbonyl Compounds 

Analytical results for the carbonyl field samples for each of the two test days are shown in 

Table 5-3(a, b). Results of the analysis are reported for the sum of the paired DNPHimpregnated silica gel tubes since the tubes were sampled as pairs, using the back tube as a check 

for breakthrough. At the bottom of the table, the entry reported as “Total Unspeciated” is the 

total mass (front plus back tube) of the compounds characterized as carbonyl compounds but not 

identified as a specific compound because no analytical standard was available. The entry 

reported as “Total Speciated + Unspeciated” includes the total mass (front and back tube) of both 

specifically identified carbonyl compounds and unspeciated carbonyl compounds. As Table 5-3 

shows, the largest portion of the carbonyl compounds (>75%) consisted of speciated 

(i.e., specifically identified) carbonyl compounds. Supporting data showing results for each 

individual carbonyl sampling tube (front and back) are included in Appendix G. 

68
 
Table 5-2a. Gas- and Particle-Phase Organic Compounds as Measured by 

Denuder-Quartz Filter-PUF 

Denuder Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

(mg/kg of (mg/kg of (mg/kg of 

Compound fuel) fuel) fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

Naphthalene 
 0.30 ND 2.28 0.048 ± 0.006 

Acenaphthylene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Acenaphthene 
 ND ND 0.54 0.011 ± 0.003 

Fluorene 
 ND ND 2.01 0.042 ± 0.0003 

Phenanthrene 
 0.24 ND 1.94 0.041 ± 0.009 

Anthracene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Fluoranthene 
 ND 0.01 0.21 0.005 ± 0.0004 

Pyrene 
 ND ND 0.09 0.002 ± 0.00008 

Benzo[a]anthracene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Chrysene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[b]fluoranthene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[k]fluoranthene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[ghi]perylene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Coronene 
 ND ND ND ND 

1-Methylnaphthalene 
 ND ND 3.12 0.065 ± 0.010 

2-Methylnaphthalene 
 ND ND 4.24 0.089 ± 0.047 

2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 
 ND ND 0.69 0.014 ± 0.002 

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 
 ND ND 2.40 0.050 ± 0.008 

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 
 ND ND 1.88 0.040 ± 0.006 

9-Methylanthracene 
 ND ND ND ND 

Methylfluorene 
 ND ND 1.35 0.028 ± 0.004 

bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate 
 1.59 0.19 4.09 0.090 ± 0.019 

Butyl benzyl phthalate 
 8.04 ND 4.48 0.094 ± 0.052 

Diethyl phthalate 
 1.45 ND 31.06 0.651 ± 0.221 

Dimethyl phthalate 
 0.33 ND 20.80 0.436 ± 0.045 

Di-n-butyl phthalate 
 0.63 ND 1.20 0.025 ± 0.014 

Di-n-octyl phthalate 
 ND ND ND ND 

Octylcyclohexane 
 ND ND ND ND 

Decylcyclohexane 
 ND ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

69 
Table 5-2a. (Continued) 

70 

Denuder Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

(mg/kg of (mg/kg of (mg/kg of 

Compound fuel) fuel) fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

Tridecylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND ND
 

Nonadecylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND ND
 

Norpristane
 ND ND ND ND
 

Pristane
 ND ND ND ND
 

Phytane
 ND ND ND ND
 

Squalane
 ND ND ND ND
 

ABB-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND ND
 

BAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND ND
 

AAA-20S-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND ND
 

AAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND ND
 

ABB-20R-C28-Methylcholestane ND ND ND ND
 

ABB-20R-C29-Ethylcholestane ND ND ND ND
 

17A(H)-22, 29, 30-Trisnorhopane ND ND ND ND
 

17B(H)-21A(H)-30-Norhopane ND ND ND ND
 

17B(H)-21B(H)-Hopane ND ND ND ND
 

17B(H)-21A(H)-Hopane ND ND ND ND
 

17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane ND ND ND ND
 

n-Decane (C10) ND ND ND ND
 

n-Undecane (C11) ND ND ND ND
 

n-Dodecane (C12) 3.94 ND ND ND
 

n-Tridecane (C13) 0.60 ND ND ND
 

n-Tetradecane (C14) 3.00 ND ND ND
 

n-Pentadecane (C15) 0.89 ND 1.80 0.038 ± 0.033
 

n-Hexadecane (C16) 2.06 ND 4.51 0.095 ± 0.057
 

n-Heptadecane (C17) 1.00 ND 2.98 0.062 ± 0.009
 

n-Octadecane (C18) 0.77 ND 4.47 0.094 ± 0.013
 

n-Nonadecane (C19) 1.77 ND 10.58 0.222 ± 0.028
 

n-Eicosane (C20) 5.60 ND 1.04 0.022 ± 0.003
 

n-Heneicosane (C21) 18.96 ND 2.74 0.057 ± 0.007
 

n-Docosane (C22) 160.29 ND ND ND
 

n-Tricosane (C23) 550.25 2.83 18.90 0.456 ± 0.086
 

n-Tetracosane (C24) 78.12 19.88 1.68 0.452 ± 0.085
 

n-Pentacosane (C25) 32.86 39.68 5.33 0.944 ± 0.178
 

n-Hexacosane (C26) 12.37 44.01 4.53 1.018 ± 0.192
 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 
Denuder Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

(mg/kg of (mg/kg of (mg/kg of 

Compound fuel) fuel) fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

n-Heptacosane (C27)
 7.37 28.78 5.74 0.724 ± 0.137
 

n-Octacosane (C28)
 6.29 17.00 2.45 0.408 ± 0.144
 

n-Nonacosane (C29)
 3.38 7.62 3.58 0.235 ± 0.083
 

n-Triacontane (C30)
 1.12 3.88 1.11 0.104 ± 0.032
 

n-Hentriacontane (C31)
 0.67 2.26 1.51 0.079 ± 0.025
 

n-Dotriacontane (C32)
 0.79 0.78 3.09 0.081 ± 0.020
 

n-Tritriacontane (C33)
 0.46 0.27 1.28 0.033 ± 0.010
 

n-Tetratriacontane (C34)
 0.30 0.11 2.77 0.060 ± 0.019
 

n-Pentatriacontane (C35)
 0.94 0.24 2.79 0.064 ± 0.020
 

n-Hexatriacontane (C36)
 ND 0.08 ND 0.002 ± 0.0006
 

n-Tetracontane (C40)
 ND ND ND ND
 

3-Methylnonadecane
 0.33 ND ND ND
 

2-Methylnonadecane
 1.70 ND ND ND
 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND
 

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND
 

Pyrene
 ND ND 0.09 0.002 ± 0.0002
 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND
 

Methylfluoranthene
 ND ND ND ND
 

Methylchrysene
 ND ND ND ND
 

Retene
 ND ND ND ND
 

Anthroquinone
 ND ND ND ND
 

9-Fluorenone
 ND ND 1.34 0.028 ± 0.006
 

Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione ND ND ND ND
 

1,8-Naphthalic anhydride
 ND ND ND ND
 

Squalene
 2.65 ND ND ND
 

1-Octadecene
 1.15 ND ND ND
 

Benzo[e]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND
 

Oxalic acid (C2)
 ND ND ND ND
 

Malonic acid (C3)
 ND ND ND ND
 

Maleic acid (C3=)
 ND ND ND ND
 

Fumaric acid (C4=)
 ND ND ND ND
 

Succininc acid (C4) Butanedioic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Glutaric acid (C5) Pentanedioic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Adipic acid (C6) Hexanedioic acid ND ND ND ND
 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

Table 5-2a. (Continued) 

71 
Table 5-2a. (Continued) 

Denuder Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

(mg/kg of (mg/kg of (mg/kg of 

Compound fuel) fuel) fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

Pimelic acid (C7) Heptanedioic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Suberic acid (C8) Octanedioic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Azelaic acid (C9) Nonanedioic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Sebacic acid (C10) Decanedioic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Phthalic acid (1,2) 3.14 ND ND ND
 

Isophthalic acid (1,3) 5.39 ND ND ND
 

Terephthalic acid (1,4) ND ND 2.37 0.050 ± 0.015
 

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid ND ND ND ND
 

1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Methylphthalic acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

C6 Hexanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

C8 Octanoic acid
 0.29 ND 2.91 0.061 ± 0.014
 

C9 Nonanoic acid
 0.63 ND 2.76 0.058 ± 0.013
 

C10 Decanoic acid
 1.02 ND ND ND
 

C11 Undecanoic acid
 0.69 ND 0.48 0.010 ± 0.005
 

C12 Dodecanoic acid
 2.11 ND 1.20 0.025 ± 0.004
 

C13 Tridecanoic Acid
 1.09 0.06 0.19 0.005 ± 0.0007
 

C14 Tetradecanoic acid
 2.78 ND 1.08 0.023 ± 0.003
 

C15 Pentadecanoic Acid
 0.95 ND 0.34 0.007 ± 0.001
 

C16 Hexadecanoic acid
 16.34 1.73 2.03 0.079 ± 0.012
 

C17 Heptadecanoic Acid
 ND ND 0.26 0.005 ± 0.0007
 

C18 Octadecanoic acid
 10.10 5.39 ND 0.113 ± 0.017
 

C19 Nonadecanoic Acid
 ND ND 0.01 0.000
 

C20 Eicosanoic acid
 ND 0.21 ND 0.004 ± 0.0006
 

C21 Heneicosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

C22 Docosanoic acid
 ND ND 0.07 0.001 ± 0.0001
 

C23 Tricosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

C24 Tetracosanoic acid
 0.25 ND ND ND
 

C25 Pentacosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

C26 Hexacosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

C27 Heptacosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

Abietic acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

Octacosanoic acid
 ND ND 0.04 0.001 ± 0.0001
 

Nonacosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

72 
Table 5-2a. (Continued) 

Denuder Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

(mg/kg of (mg/kg of (mg/kg of 

Compound fuel) fuel) fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

Triacontanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

Pinonic acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)
 0.76 0.04 ND 0.001 ± 0.0001
 

Oleic acid (C18:1)
 ND 0.21 ND 0.004 ± 0.0006
 

Linoleic acid (C18:2)
 ND 0.11 ND 0.002 ± 0.0001
 

Linolenic acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

Pimaric acid
 43.00 ND ND ND
 

Sandaracopimaric acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

Isopimaric acid
 ND ND ND ND
 

6,8,11,13-Abietatetraen-18-oic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Dehydroabietic acid ND ND ND ND
 

Levoglucosan (TMS derivative) ND 0.88 ND 0.018 ± 0.011
 

Cholesterol (TMS derivative) ND 2.09 ND 0.044 ± 0.004
 

Stigmasterol (TMS derivative) ND 2.92 ND 0.061 ± 0.005
 

Monopalmitin (TMS derivative) ND 0.33 ND 0.007 ± 0.001
 

Monoolein (TMS derivative) ND 0.92 ND 0.019 ± 0.002
 

Monostearin (TMS derivative) ND 1.47 ND 0.031 ± 0.002
 

Glycerine (TMS derivative) ND 0.86 ND 0.018 ± 0.003
 

β-Sitosterol (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND
 

Sitostenone (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND
 

α-Amyrin ND ND ND ND
 

β-Amyrin ND ND ND ND
 

iso-Docosane ND ND ND ND
 

anteiso-Docosane 0.68 ND ND ND
 

iso-Tricosane 1.41 ND ND ND
 

anteiso-Tricosane 6.44 ND ND ND
 

iso-Tetracosane 0.83 1.01 ND 0.021 ± 0.004
 

anteiso-Tetracosane 0.74 0.43 ND 0.009 ± 0.002
 

iso-Pentacosane 0.56 2.49 ND 0.052 ± 0.010
 

anteiso-Pentacosane 0.77 1.51 ND 0.032 ± 0.006
 

iso-Hexacosane 0.44 2.34 ND 0.049 ± 0.009
 

anteiso-Hexacosane 0.56 1.91 ND 0.040 ± 0.008
 

iso-Heptacosane 0.10 1.73 ND 0.036 ± 0.007
 

anteiso-Heptacosane 0.18 1.41 ND 0.030 ± 0.006
 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

73 
Table 5-2a. (Continued) 

Denuder Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

(mg/kg of (mg/kg of (mg/kg of 

Compound fuel) fuel) fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

iso-Octacosane ND 0.77 ND 0.016 ± 0.003 

anteiso-Octacosane ND 0.80 ND 0.017 ± 0.003 

iso-Nonacosane 0.38 0.43 ND 0.009 ± 0.003 

anteiso-Nonacosane 0.54 0.31 ND 0.007 ± 0.002 

iso-Triacontane ND 0.28 ND 0.006 ± 0.002 

anteiso-Triacontane ND 0.22 ND 0.005 ± 0.002 

iso-Hentriacontane ND 0.10 ND 0.002 ± 0.0006 

anteiso-Hentriacontane ND 0.07 ND 0.001 ± 0.0003 

iso-Dotriacontane ND 0.06 ND 0.001 ± 0.0003 

anteiso-Dotriacontane ND 0.04 ND 0.001 ± 0.003 

iso-Tritriacontane ND ND ND ND 

anteiso-Tritriacontane ND ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. 

74
 
Table 5-2b. Gas- and Particle-Phase Organic Compounds as Measured by Quartz 

Filter-PUF-PUF 

Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

Compound (mg/kg of fuel) (mg/kg of fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

Naphthalene
 ND 1.49 ND
 

Acenaphthylene
 ND ND ND
 

Acenaphthene
 ND 0.85 ND
 

Fluorene
 ND 2.65 ND
 

Phenanthrene
 ND ND ND
 

Anthracene
 ND ND ND
 

Fluoranthene
 0.01 ND 0.0002 ± 0.0001
 

Pyrene
 ND ND ND
 

Benzo[a]anthracene
 ND ND ND
 

Chrysene
 ND ND ND
 

Benzo[b]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND
 

Benzo[k]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND
 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND
 

Benzo[ghi]perylene
 ND ND ND
 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND
 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND
 

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
 ND ND ND
 

Coronene
 ND ND ND
 

1-Methylnaphthalene
 ND 2.81 ND
 

2-Methylnaphthalene
 ND 3.49 ND
 

2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND 1.67 ND
 

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND 2.39 ND
 

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND 2.37 ND
 

9-Methylanthracene
 0.06 ND 0.0012 ± 0.00004
 

Methylfluorene
 0.00 ND 0.0000
 

bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
 0.57 3.75 0.0119 ± 0.0025
 

Butyl benzyl phthalate
 ND ND ND
 

Diethyl phthalate
 ND 19.10 ND
 

Dimethyl phthalate
 ND 20.79 ND
 

Di-n-butyl phthalate
 ND ND ND
 

Di-n-octyl phthalate
 ND 0.29 ND
 

Octylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND
 

Decylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND
 

Tridecylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND
 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

75 
Table 5-2b. (Continued) 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

Compound (mg/kg of fuel) (mg/kg of fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

Nonadecylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND
 

Norpristane
 ND ND ND
 

Pristane
 ND ND ND
 

Phytane
 ND ND ND
 

Squalane
 ND ND ND
 

ABB-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND
 

BAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND
 

AAA-20S-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND
 

AAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND
 

ABB-20R-C28-Methylcholestane
 ND ND ND
 

ABB-20R-C29-Ethylcholestane
 ND ND ND
 

17A(H)-22, 29, 30-Trisnorhopane
 ND ND ND
 

17B(H)-21A(H)-30-Norhopane
 ND ND ND
 

17B(H)-21B(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND
 

17B(H)-21A(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND
 

17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND
 

n-Decane (C10)
 ND 1.67 ND
 

n-Undecane (C11)
 ND 3.30 ND
 

n-Dodecane (C12)
 ND ND ND
 

n-Tridecane (C13)
 ND ND ND
 

n-Tetradecane (C14)
 ND ND ND
 

n-Pentadecane (C15)
 ND 1.02 ND
 

n-Hexadecane (C16)
 ND 2.66 ND
 

n-Heptadecane (C17)
 ND 3.49 ND
 

n-Octadecane (C18)
 ND 7.74 ND
 

n-Nonadecane (C19)
 ND 14.24 ND
 

n-Eicosane (C20)
 ND 9.83 ND
 

n-Heneicosane (C21)
 ND 23.16 ND
 

n-Docosane (C22)
 2.81 64.75 0.0588 ± 0.011
 

n-Tricosane (C23)
 17.68 88.86 0.3707 ± 0.070
 

n-Tetracosane (C24)
 47.75 16.15 1.0010 ± 0.189
 

n-Pentacosane (C25)
 59.37 5.11 1.2446 ± 0.235
 

n-Hexacosane (C26)
 57.32 6.17 1.2016 ± 0.227
 

n-Heptacosane (C27)
 36.98 12.07 0.7752 ± 0.146
 

n-Octacosane (C28)
 22.74 15.87 0.4767 ± 0.16
 

76 
Table 5-2b. (Continued) 

Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

Compound (mg/kg of fuel) (mg/kg of fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

n-Nonacosane (C29)
 10.86 7.04 0.2276 ± 0.081
 

n-Triacontane (C30)
 7.58 3.90 0.1590 ± 0.056
 

n-Hentriacontane (C31)
 4.01 1.55 0.0841 ± 0.0212
 

n-Dotriacontane (C32)
 1.55 0.50 0.0326 ± 0.0082
 

n-Tritriacontane (C33)
 0.64 0.08 0.0134 ± 0.0034
 

n-Tetratriacontane (C34)
 0.23 ND 0.0049 ± 0.0012
 

n-Pentatriacontane (C35)
 0.33 ND 0.0068 ± 0.0017
 

n-Hexatriacontane (C36)
 0.20 ND 0.0042 ± 0.0011
 

n-Tetracontane (C40)
 ND ND ND
 

3-Methylnonadecane
 ND 1.58 ND
 

2-Methylnonadecane
 ND 1.51 ND
 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND
 

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
 ND ND ND
 

Pyrene
 ND 0.05 ND
 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND
 

Methylfluoranthene
 ND ND ND
 

Methylchrysene
 ND ND ND
 

Retene
 ND ND ND
 

Anthroquinone
 ND ND ND
 

9-Fluorenone
 ND ND ND
 

Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione
 ND ND ND
 

1,8-Naphthalic anhydride
 ND ND ND
 

Squalene
 ND ND ND
 

1-Octadecene
 ND ND ND
 

Benzo[e]pyrene
 ND ND ND
 

Oxalic acid (C2)
 0.06 ND 0.0012 ± 0.0005
 

Malonic acid (C3)
 ND ND ND
 

Maleic acid (C3=)
 ND ND ND
 

Fumaric acid (C4=)
 ND ND ND
 

Succininc acid (C4) Butanedioic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Glutaric acid (C5) Pentanedioic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Adipic acid (C6) Hexanedioic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Pimelic acid (C7) Heptanedioic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Suberic acid (C8) Octanedioic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Azelaic acid (C9) Nonanedioic acid
 ND ND ND
 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

77 
Table 5-2b. (Continued) 

Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

Compound (mg/kg of fuel) (mg/kg of fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

Sebacic acid (C10) Decanedioic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Phthalic acid (1,2)
 ND ND ND
 

Isophthalic acid (1,3)
 ND ND ND
 

Terephthalic acid (1,4)
 ND ND ND
 

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid
 ND ND ND
 

1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Methylphthalic acid
 ND ND ND
 

C6 Hexanoic acid
 ND ND ND
 

C8 Octanoic acid
 ND 3.21 ND
 

C9 Nonanoic acid
 0.01 2.91 0.0003 ± 0.00007
 

C10 Decanoic acid
 0.04 3.51 0.0009 ± 0.0005
 

C11 Undecanoic acid
 0.00 0.85 0.0000
 

C12 Dodecanoic acid
 ND 1.53 ND
 

C13 Tridecanoic Acid
 0.06 0.27 0.0014 ± 0.0002
 

C14 Tetradecanoic acid
 0.37 1.10 0.0078 ± 0.0012
 

C15 Pentadecanoic Acid
 0.24 0.05 0.0051 ± 0.0008
 

C16 Hexadecanoic acid
 11.09 2.15 0.2325 ± 0.0346
 

C17 Heptadecanoic Acid
 ND ND ND
 

C18 Octadecanoic acid
 10.66 0.68 0.2235 ± 0.0333
 

C19 Nonadecanoic Acid
 ND ND ND
 

C20 Eicosanoic acid
 0.38 0.03 0.0079 ± 0.0012
 

C21 Heneicosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND
 

C22 Docosanoic acid
 ND 0.18 ND
 

C23 Tricosanoic Acid
 ND 0.00 ND
 

C24 Tetracosanoic acid
 ND 0.02 ND
 

C25 Pentacosanoic Acid
 ND 0.09 ND
 

C26 Hexacosanoic Acid
 ND 0.04 ND
 

C27 Heptacosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND
 

Abietic acid
 ND ND ND
 

C28 Octacosanoic acid
 ND 0.12 ND
 

C29 Nonacosanoic Acid
 ND ND ND
 

C30 Triacontanoic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Pinonic acid
 2.57 ND 0.0538 ± 0.0169
 

Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)
 0.08 0.29 0.0018 ± 0.0004
 

Oleic acid (C18:1)
 0.90 ND 0.0189 ± 0.0029
 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

78 
Table 5-2b. (Continued) 

Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

Compound (mg/kg of fuel) (mg/kg of fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

Linoleic acid (C18:2)
 0.44 ND 0.0092 ± 0.0012
 

Linolenic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Pimaric acid
 ND ND ND
 

Sandaracopimaric acid
 ND ND ND
 

Isopimaric acid
 ND ND ND
 

6,8,11,13-Abietatetraen-18-oic acid
 ND ND ND
 

Dehydroabietic acid
 ND 38.75 ND
 

Levoglucosan (TMS derivative)
 0.06 ND 0.0013 ± 0.0008
 

Cholesterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND
 

Stigmasterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND
 

Monopalmitin (TMS derivative)
 0.06 ND 0.0013 ± 0.0002
 

Monoolein (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND
 

Monostearin (TMS derivative)
 1.08 ND 0.0226 ± 0.0018
 

Glycerine (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND
 

β-Sitosterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND
 

Sitostenone (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND
 

α-Amyrin
 ND ND ND
 

β-Amyrin
 ND ND ND
 

iso-Docosane
 ND ND ND
 

anteiso-Docosane
 ND ND ND
 

iso-Tricosane
 ND ND ND
 

anteiso-Tricosane
 ND ND ND
 

iso-Tetracosane
 2.03 ND 0.0426 ± 0.0081
 

anteiso-Tetracosane
 0.90 ND 0.0188 ± 0.0036
 

iso-Pentacosane
 3.45 ND 0.0722 ± 0.0136
 

anteiso-Pentacosane
 2.12 ND 0.0444 ± 0.0084
 

iso-Hexacosane
 2.95 ND 0.0618 ± 0.0117
 

anteiso-Hexacosane
 2.30 ND 0.0483 ± 0.0091
 

iso-Heptacosane
 2.49 ND 0.0523 ± 0.0099
 

anteiso-Heptacosane
 1.90 ND 0.0398 ± 0.0075
 

iso-Octacosane
 1.34 ND 0.0282 ± 0.0053
 

anteiso-Octacosane
 0.99 ND 0.0207 ± 0.0039
 

iso-Nonacosane
 0.64 ND 0.0134 ± 0.0025
 

anteiso-Nonacosane
 0.47 ND 0.0098 ± 0.0019
 

iso-Triacontane
 0.43 ND 0.0089 ± 0.0017
 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

79 
Table 5-2b. (Continued) 

Quartz filter PUFs 1 and 2 

Compound (mg/kg of fuel) (mg/kg of fuel) % PM2.5 Mass 

anteiso-Triacontane 0.27 ND 0.0058 ! 0.0011
 

iso-Hentriacontane 0.21 ND 0.0044 ! 0.0008
 

anteiso-Hentriacontane 0.14 ND 0.0030 ! 0.0006
 

iso-Dotriacontane 0.09 ND 0.0020 ! 0.0004
 

anteiso-Dotriacontane 0.08 ND 0.0017 ! 0.003
 

iso-Tritriacontane ND ND ND
 

anteiso-Tritriacontane ND ND ND
 

ND = Compound not detected. 

80
 
Table 5-3a. Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Field 

Samples, August 8, 2000 

Res. 

Chamber 

Pair Blank Corrected % 

Compound CAS No. μ g μ g Value Totala 

formaldehyde
 50-00-0 36.35 0.04 36.31 ! 4.00 63.051 ! 6.948 

acetaldehyde
 75-07-0 6.82 0.18 6.64 ! 0.08 11.532 ! 0.131 

ND b acetone
 67-64-1 2.97 2.97 ! 0.13 5.164 ! 0.218 

propionaldehyde
 123-38-6 0.84 ND 0.84 ! 0.01 1.460 ! 0.010 

crotonaldehyde
 4170-30-0 0.12 0.03 0.09 ! 0.00 0.153 ! 0.004 

butyraldehyde
 123-72-8 0.80 ND 0.80 ! 0.05 1.394 ! 0.081 

benzaldehyde
 100-52-7 0.35 ND 0.35 ! 0.01 0.608 ! 0.019 

isovaleraldehyde
 590-86-3 ND ND ND ND

valeraldehyde
 110-62-3 0.17 ND 0.17 ! 0.02 0.298 ! 0.029 

o-tolualdehyde
 529-20-4 ND ND ND ND 

m-tolualdehyde
 620-23-5 0.14 ND 0.14 ! 0.00 0.251 ! 0.003 

p-tolualdehyde
 104-87-0 ND ND ND ND 

hexaldehyde
 66-25-1 0.13 0.02 0.11 ! 0.01 0.191 ! 0.018 

2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde
 5779-94-2 ND ND ND ND 

diacetyl
 431-03-8 ND ND ND ND 

methacrolein
 78-85-3 0.36 ND 0.36 ! 0.02 0.627 ! 0.037 

2-butanone
 78-93-3 0.54 0.01 0.53 ! 0.04 0.917 ! 0.075 

glyoxal
 107-22-2 1.80 ND 1.80 ! 0.05 3.133 ! 0.086 

acetophenone
 98-86-2 0.91 ND 0.91 ! 0.04 1.572 ! 0.075 

methylglyoxal
 78-98-8 0.55 ND 0.55 ! 0.07 0.960 ! 0.118 

octanal
 124-13-0 ND ND ND ND 

nonanal
 124-19-6 0.58 0.07 0.51 ! 0.04 0.891 ! 0.072 

Total Speciated
 53.45 0.36 53.09 

Total Unspeciated
 6.90 2.33 4.57 

Total Speciated + Unspeciated 60.35 2.69 57.66 

Mass emission rate of Speciated Carbonyls = 2.53 mg/kg fuel 

Mass emission rate of Total Carbonyls (Speciated + Unspeciated) = 2.74 mg/kg fuel 

a Percent of each compound expressed as a percentage of Total Speciated + Unspeciated carbonyl compounds. 

b ND = Compound not detected. 

81
 
Table 5-3b. Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Field 

Samples, August 9, 2000 

Res. 

Chamber 

Pair Blank Corrected % 

Compound CAS No. μ g μ g Value Totala 

formaldehyde
 50-00-0 12.29 0.04 12.26 ! 1.35 47.603 ! 5.246 

acetaldehyde
 75-07-0 2.64 0.08 2.56 ! 0.03 9.930 ! 0.113 

acetone
 67-64-1 0.77 0.22 0.55 ! 0.02 2.118 ! 0.090 

NDb propionaldehyde
 123-38-6 0.43 0.43 ! 0.00 1.662 ! 0.011 

crotonaldehyde
 4170-30-0 0.07 ND 0.07 ! 0.00 0.264 ! 0.007 

butyraldehyde
 123-72-8 0.59 0.09 0.51 ! 0.03 1.961 ! 0.115 

benzaldehyde
 100-52-7 0.20 0.02 0.18 ! 0.01 0.705 ! 0.022 

isovaleraldehyde
 590-86-3 ND ND ND ND 

valeraldehyde
 110-62-3 0.07 ND 0.07 ! 0.01 0.280 ! 0.27 

o-tolualdehyde
 529-20-4 ND ND ND ND 

m-tolualdehyde
 620-23-5 0.10 0.03 0.07 ! 0.00 0.276 ! 0.004 

p-tolualdehyde
 104-87-0 0.04 ND 0.04 ! 0.00 0.157 ! 0.009 

hexaldehyde
 66-25-1 0.07 0.02 0.05 ! 0.00 0.198 ! 0.018 

2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde
 5779-94-2 ND ND ND ND 

diacetyl
 431-03-8 ND ND ND ND 

methacrolein
 78-85-3 0.19 ND 0.19 ! 0.01 0.718 ! 0.042 

2-butanone
 78-93-3 0.21 0.03 0.18 ! 0.01 0.703 ! 0.057 

glyoxal
 107-22-2 2.06 ND 2.06 ! 0.06 8.000 ! 0.218 

acetophenone
 98-86-2 0.24 ND 0.24 ! 0.01 0.924 ! 0.044 

methylglyoxal
 78-98-8 0.55 ND 0.55 ! 0.07 2.120 ! 0.260 

octanal
 124-13-0 ND ND ND ND 

nonanal
 124-19-6 0.48 ND 0.48 ! 0.04 1.868 ! 0.151 

Total Speciated
 21.99 0.52 21.47 

Total Unspeciated
 6.13 1.48 4.65 

Total Speciated + Unspeciated 27.12 2.00 25.12 

Mass emission rate of Speciated Carbonyls = 0.80 mg/kg fuel 

Mass emission rate of Total Carbonyls (Speciated + Unspeciated) = 0.94 mg/kg fuel 

a Percent of each compound expressed as a percentage of Total Speciated + Unspeciated carbonyl compounds. b ND = Compound not detected. 

82
 
The mass emission rates of speciated plus unspeciated carbonyl compounds for the 

second testing day (8/9/2000) was approximately half the value observed on the first testing day. 

On a compound-by-compound basis, values for Day 1 are generally higher than values for Day 2, 

with the lighter carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone) a factor of 2 to 3 

higher on the first day than on the second day. There is no obvious explanation for these results 

based on the process information or testing conditions. 

The values for total mass of carbonyl compounds (speciated and speciated + unspeciated 

corrected for the blank values) are shown in Table 5-4. 

Table 5-4. Total Mass of Carbonyl Compounds for Each Test Day: Speciated and 

(Speciated + Unspeciated), Corrected for Blanks 

Sample 

Total Mass, μg 

Speciated Speciated + Unspeciated 

Cartridge Pair (8/8/00) 53.45 60.35 

Blank (8/8/00) 0.36 2.69 

Corrected Value 53.09 57.66 

Cartridge Pair (8/9/00) 21.99 27.12 

Blank (8/9/00) 0.52 2.00 

Corrected Value 21.47 25.12 

These values were used in combination with the flow information and the mass of fuel 

consumed to calculate a mass emission rate of carbonyl compounds for each testing day; these 

calculations are shown in Tables G-3 through G-6. 

The mass emission rates for speciated carbonyl compounds for the two test days were 

2.53 mg/kg of fuel (Day #1) and 0.80 mg/kg of fuel (Day #2). The mass emission rates for all 

carbonyl compounds (speciated + unspeciated) for the two test days were 2.74 mg/kg of fuel 

(Day #1) and 0.94 mg/kg of fuel (Day #2). These mass emission rates reflect the difference in 

total mass of carbonyl compounds observed between the two days (a factor of more than two), 

83
 
rather than a difference in the mass of fuel consumed (97,690 vs. 127,027 kg), since slightly 

more fuel was actually consumed on Testing Day 2. 

Gas-Phase Air Toxics Whole Air Samples 

Analytical results for the air toxics canister samples are shown in Table 5-5. The ERG 

concurrent analysis produces analytical results for both air toxics and nonmethane organic 

compound ozone precursors; these results are presented separately. 

Method Detection Limits for the Air Toxics analysis are shown in Table 4-9, with values 

typically ranging to 1 μg/m3

 and lower. These values are at the lower end of the calibration curve 

for this analysis, and the typical ambient levels observed for these analytes show a maximum of 

20 μg/m3

 where the compounds are observed at detectable levels. Relative to the analytical scale 

for ambient analysis, some very high values are observed for propylene, methylene chloride, and 

benzene. For propylene and methylene chloride, the concentrations obtained for the Dilution Air 

are approximately the same as the values obtained for the Residence Chamber Air, indicating that 

the compounds are present in the ambient air at the source. In the case of benzene, however, the 

concentration determined for the Residence Chamber Air is nearly three orders of magnitude 

higher than the concentration observed in the Dilution Air, indicating that the compound is 

present in the source at relatively high levels compared to ambient standards. 

Gas-Phase Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds 

Analysis of whole air samples of Dilution Air and Residence Chamber Air using ERG’s 

concurrent analysis generated analytical data for Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds 

(SNMOC), shown in Tables 5-6(a, b). Analytical results are presented in weight percent of total 

SNMOC (speciated + unspeciated). Mass emission rates of total SNMOC and total speciated 

plus unspeciated organic compounds are also provided. A Blank canister is a canister that has 

had no exposure to the stationary source matrix. Samples labeled “Dilution Air” reflect the 

84
 
Table 5-5. Analytical Results for Field Samples, Air Toxics Compounds (Analytical Method TO-15) 

Residence 

Blank Dilution Chamber Blank Dilu

8/8/00 Air Air 8/9/00 A

μg/m3 Compound CAS No. μμg/

 

acetylene 74-86-2 ND 0.76 1.26 ND 0.6

propylene 115-07-1 ND 59.4 54.34 ND 7

dichlorodifluoromethane 75-71-8 ND 24.85 30.88 ND 12

chloromethane 74-87-3 ND 2.24 1.04 ND 1.3

dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1320-37-2 ND ND ND ND N

vinyl chloride 75-01-4 ND ND ND ND N1,3-butadiene 106-99-0 ND ND ND ND N

bromomethane 74-83-9 ND ND ND ND N

chloroethane 75-00-3 ND ND ND ND Nacetonitrile 75-05-8 ND ND 9.94 ND 10acetone 67-64-1 ND ND ND ND Ntrichlorofluoromethane 75-69-4 ND ND ND ND N

acrylonitrile 107-13-1 ND ND ND ND N

1,1-dichloroethene 75-35-4 ND ND ND ND N

methylene chloride 75-09-2 ND 77.87 47.99 ND 8.4

trichlorotrifluoroethane 26523-64-8 ND ND ND ND Ntrans-1,2-dichloroethylene 56-60-5 ND ND ND ND N

1,1-dichloroethane 75-34-3 ND ND ND ND N

methyl tert-butyl ether 1634-04-1 ND ND ND ND Nmethyl ethyl ketone 78-93-3 ND ND 23.05 ND 3.6

chloroprene 126-99-8 ND ND ND ND N

85
 
Table 5-5. (Continued) 

Residence 

Blank Dilution Chamber Blank Dilu

8/8/00 Air Air 8/9/00 A

μg/m3 μg/

Compound CAS No. μ μ 

cis-1,3-dichloroethylene 156-59-2 ND ND ND ND N

bromochloromethane 74-97-5 ND ND ND ND N

chloroform 67-66-3 ND ND ND ND N

ethyl tert-butyl ether 637-92-3 ND ND ND ND N

1,2-dichloroethane 107-06-2 ND ND ND ND N

1,1,1-trichloroethane 71-55-6 ND ND ND ND N

benzene 71-43-2 ND 0.51 420 ND 0.4

carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 ND ND ND ND N

tert-amyl methyl ether 994-05-8 ND ND ND ND N

1,2-dichloropropane 78-87-5 ND ND ND ND N

ethyl acrylate 140-88-5 ND ND ND ND N

bromodichloro-methane 75-27-4 ND ND ND ND N

trichloroethylene 79-01-6 ND ND 10.70 ND N

methyl emethacrylat 80-62-6 ND ND ND ND N

cis-1,2-dichloropropene 10061-01-5 ND ND ND ND N

methyl isobutyl ketone 108-10-1 ND 9.56 ND ND N

trans-1,2-dichloropropene 10061-02-6 ND ND ND ND N

1,1,2-trichloroethane 79-00-5 ND ND ND ND N

toluene 108-88-3 ND 1.13 3.95 ND 0.

dibromochloromethane 124-48-1 ND ND ND ND N

1,2-dibromoethane 106-93-4 ND ND ND ND N

86
 
Table 5-5. (Continued) 

Residence 

Blank Dilution Chamber Blank Dilu

8/8/00 Air Air 8/9/00 A

μg/m3 μg/

Compound CAS No. μ μ 

n-octane 111-65-9 ND 1.95 2.33 ND 0.6

tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 ND ND ND ND N

chlorobenzene 108-90-7 ND ND ND ND N

ethylbenzene 100-41-4 ND ND 1.13 ND 1.2

m-, p-xylene 108-38-3/106-42-3 ND 0.52 2.94 ND 8.

bromoform 75-25-2 ND ND ND ND N

styrene 100-42-5 ND 0.34 0.76 ND 0.7

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 ND ND ND ND N

o-xylene 95-47-6 ND ND 0.65 ND 0.9

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 ND ND ND ND N

1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 ND 0.69 0.74 ND 0.6

m-dichlorobenzene 541-73-1 ND ND ND ND N

chloromethylbenzene 100-44-7 ND ND ND ND N

p-dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 ND ND ND ND N

o-dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 ND ND ND ND N

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 ND ND ND ND N

hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 87-68-3 ND ND ND ND N

ND = Not detected; compound not observed in the performance of the analysis. 

87
 
Table 5-6a. Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound Data, August 8, 2000 

Total μ g Total μ g Total 

Compound CAS No. Res. Cham. Dilution μ g S

ethylene 4-84-0 3180.83 349.96 2830.87 ! 276.29 

acetylene 74-86-2 2035.38 184.52 1850.86 ! 180.64 

ethane 74-85-1 1507.05 585.39 921.66 ! 109.59 

propylene 115-07-01 11549.73 12140.43 * 

propane 74-98-6 10482.23 11022.68 * 

propyne 74-99-7 ND ND ND 

isobutane 75-28-5 326.96 144.23 182.73 ! 6.7 

isobutene/1-butene 115-11-7/106-98-0 513.18 184.52 328.65 ! 10.94 

1,3-butadiene 106-99-0 67.12 ND 67.12 ! 2.3 

n-butane 106-97-8 337.79 180.28 157.50 ! 5.54 

trans-2-butene 624-64-6 121.26 48.78 72.47 ! 2.82 

cis-2-butene 590-18-1 145.08 91.20 53.87 ! 1.85 

3-methyl-1-butene 563-45-1 28.15 ND 28.15 ! 0.89 

isopentane 78-78-4 132.08 112.41 19.67 ! 0.57 

1-pentene 109-67-1 ND ND ND 2-methyl-1-butene 563-46-2 34.64 ND 34.64 ! 0.99 

n-pentane 109-66-0 181.89 53.02 128.86 ! 3.57 

isoprene 78-79-4 99.60 892.93 * 

trans-2-pentene 646-04-8 132.08 63.63 68.45 ! 2.07 

cis-2-pentene 627-20-3 110.43 76.35 34.08 ! 1.07 

2-methyl-2-butene 513-35-9 ND ND ND 

2,2-dimethylbutane 75-83-2 1180.09 2104.00 * 

88
 
Table 5-6a. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Total μ g 

Res. Cham. 

Total μ g 

Dilution 

Total 

μ g 

S

cyclopentene 142-29-0 49.80 46.66 3.14 ! 0.10 4-methyl-1-pentene 691-37-2 ND ND ND cyclopentane 287-92-3 86.61 78.48 8.14 ! 0.27 2,3-dimethylbutane 79-29-8 129.72 125.14 4.78 ! 0.15 

2-methylpentane 107-83-5 ND 114.53 * 

3-methylpentane 96-14-0 108.27 114.53 * 2-methyl-1-pentene 763-29-1 ND ND ND 1-hexene 592-41-6 342.12 144.23 197.89 ! 6.47 

2-ethyl-1-butene 760-21-4 ND ND ND n-hexane 110-54-3 472.04 1351.06 * 

trans-2-hexene 4050-45-7 ND ND ND 

cis-2-hexene 7688-21-3 ND ND ND 

methylcyclopentane 96-37-7 140.74 184.52 * 2,4-dimethylpentane 108-08-7 88.78 78.48 10.30 ! 0.26 

benzene 71-43-2 86655.43 74.23 86581.19 ! 2155.87 

cyclohexane 110-82-7 97.44 84.84 12.60 ! 0.33 2-methylhexne 591-76-4 47.64 195.13 * 2,3-dimethylpentane 565-59-3 99.60 112.41 * 

3-methylhexane 589-34-4 207.87 241.79 * 1-heptene 592-76-7 ND 31.81 * 

2,2,4-trimethylpentane 540-84-1 ND 129..38 * n-heptane 142-82-5 326.96 142.11 184.86 ! 4.10 

89
 
Table 5-6a. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Total μ g 

Res. Cham. 

Total μ g 

Dilution 

Total 

μ g 

S

methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 173.22 1679.81 * 

2,2,3-trimethylpentane 564-02-3 ND ND ND 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 565-75-3 108.27 76.35 31.91 ! 0.75 toluene 108-88-3 844.47 277.85 566.62 ! 8.67 

2-methylheptane 592-27-8 90.94 93.32 * 3-methylheptane 589-81-1 140.74 118.77 21.97 ! 0.50 

1-octene 111-66-0 179.72 55.15 124.57 ! 3.38 

n-octane 111-65-9 588.96 506.91 82.05 ! 2.58 

ethylbenzene 100-41-4 294.48 214.22 80.26 ! 3.23 

m-xylene/p-xylene 108-38-3/106-42-3 368.10 256.64 111.46 ! 4.60 

styrene 100-42-5 162.40 142.11 20.29 ! 0.45 o-xylene 95-47-6 ND 133.62 * 1-nonene 

90
 124-11-8 69.29 27.57 41.72 ! 1.83 

n-nonane 111-84-2 290.15 171.80 118.35 ! 5.24 

isopropylbenzene 98-82-8 90.94 69.99 20.95 ! 0.77 

alpha-pinene 80-56-8 621.44 1011.70 * 

n-propylbenzene 103-65-1 99.60 74.23 25.37 ! 0.56 

m-ethyltoluene 620-14-4 309.64 322.39 * p-ethyltoluene 622-96-8 225.19 218.46 6.73 ! 0.15 

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 242.51 214.22 28.30 ! 0.42 

o-ethyltoluene 611-14-3 558.65 545.09 13.56 ! 0.29 

β-pinene 127-91-3 398.42 439.04 * 
Table 5-6a. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Total μ g 

Res. Cham. 

Total μ g 

Dilution 

Total 

μ g 

S

1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 389.75 305.42 84.33 ! 0.25 

1-decene 872-05-9 ND ND ND n-decane 124-18-5 6225.25 6273.83 * 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 526-73-8 110.43 84.84 25.59 ! 0.06 

m-diethylbenzene 141-93-5 123.42 142.11 * 

p-diethylbenzene 105-05-5 43.31 50.90 * 

1-undecene 821-95-4 ND ND ND n-undecane 1120-21-4 961.39 950.19 11.20 ! 0.86 

1-dodecene 112-41-4 207.87 178.16 29.71 ! 0.32 

n-dodecane 112-40-3 30838.25 30278.97 559.28 ! 30.82 

1-tridecene 2437-56-1 225.19 173.92 51.27 ! 2.83 

n-tridecane 629-50-5 194.88 178.16 16.72 ! 0.92 

Total speciated 166195.67 76749.42 89446.25 

Total unspeciated 65119.32 16335.71 48783.61 Total speciated + unspeciated** 231314.99 93085.13 138229.9
 Mass emission rate of Total Speciated NMOC = 13.191 mg/kg fuel
 

Mass emission rate of Speciated + Unspeciated NMOC = 22.640 mg/kg fuel
 

ND = Compound not detected.
 

*Concentration of analyte in Dilution Air is higher that concentration of analyte in Residence Chamber Air when dilution factor of 48.

**Total NMOC with unknowns in μg/m3 is an estimate based on propane only.
 

91
 
Table 5-6b. Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound Data, August 9, 2000 

Compound CAS No. 

Total μ g 

Res. Cham. 

Total μ g 

Dilution 

Total 

μ g 

S

ethylene 4-84-0 1466.12 379.08 1087.04 ! 106.10 

acetylene 74-86-2 2321.61 216.19 2105.42 ! 205.49 

ethane 74-85-1 1239.40 758.16 481.24 ! 57.22 

propylene 115-07-01 3028.98 2132.33 896.64 ! 27.35 

propane 74-98-6 7847.53 7703.05 144.47 ! 3.55 

propyne 74-99-7 ND ND ND 

isobutane 75-28-5 250.90 177.69 73.21 ! 2.69 

isobutene/1-butene 115-11-7/106-98-0 314.38 154.00 160.38 ! 5.34 1,3-butadiene 106-99-0 33.25 ND 33.25 ! 1.14 n-butane 106-97-8 296.25 242.85 53.40 ! 1.88 

trans-2-butene 624-64-6 ND 79.96 * 

cis-2-butene 590-18-1 145.10 115.50 29.60 ! 1.02 

3-methyl-1-butene 563-45-1 ND ND ND 

isopentane 78-78-4 151.15 142.16 8.99 ! 0.26 

1-pentene 109-67-1 ND ND ND 2-methyl-1-butene 563-46-2 ND ND ND 

n-pentane 109-66-0 284.16 148.08 136.08 ! 3.77 

isoprene 78-79-4 120.92 420.54 * trans-2-pentene 646-04-8 105.80 77.00 28.80 ! 0.87 

cis-2-pentene 627-20-3 123.94 103.66 20.285 ! 0.64 

2-methyl-2-butene 513-35-9 ND ND ND 

2,2-dimethylbutane 75-83-2 326.48 296.16 30.32 ! 0.98 

92
 
Table 5-6b. (Continue) 

Compound CAS No. 

Total μ g 

Res. Cham. 

Total μ g 

Dilution 

Total 

μ g 

S

cyclopentene 142-29-0 48.37 26.65 21.71 ! 0.71 

4-methyl-1-pentene 691-37-2 ND ND ND 

cyclopentane 287-92-3 120.92 100.69 20.22 ! 0.67 

2,3-dimethylbutane 79-29-8 163.24 156.96 6.27 ! 0.19 

2-methylpentane 107-83-5 ND 130.31 * 3-methylpentane 96-14-0 157.19 171.77 * 

2-methyl-1-pentene 763-29-1 ND ND ND 1-hexene 592-41-6 256.95 192.50 64.45 ! 2.11 

2-ethyl-1-butene 760-21-4 ND ND ND 

n-hexane 110-54-3 2224.88 2615.07 * 

trans-2-hexene 4050-45-7 ND ND ND 

cis-2-hexene 7688-21-3 ND ND ND 

methylcyclopentane 96-37-7 308641.15 349.47 308291.7 ! 9002.12 

2,4-dimethylpentane 108-08-7 108.83 103.66 5.17 ! 0.13 

benzene 71-43-2 30365.33 142.16 30223.18 ! 752.56 

cyclohexane 110-82-7 126.96 133.27 * 

2-methylhexane 591-76-4 169.28 195.46 * 

2,3-dimethylpentane 565-59-3 157.19 156.96 0.23 ! 0.02 

3-methylhexane 589-34-4 154.17 142.16 12.01 ! 0.29 

1-heptene 592-76-7 ND 35.54 * 

2,2,4-trimethylpentane 540-84-1 ND 112.54 * 

93
 
Table 5-6b. (Continue) 

Compound CAS No. 

Total μ g 

Res. Cham. 

Total μ g 

Dilution 

Total 

μ g 

S

n-heptane 142-82-5 136.03 103.66 32.38 ! 0.72 

methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 193.47 216.19 * 

2,2,3-trimethylpentane 564-02-3 ND 35.54 * 

2,3,4-trimethylpentane 565-75-3 102.78 91.81 10.97 ! 0.26 

toluene 108-88-3 580.40 308.00 272.40 ! 4.17 

2-methylheptane 592-27-8 139.05 130.31 8.75 ! 0.18 

3-methylheptane 589-81-1 108.83 94.77 14.06 ! 0.32 

1-octene 111-66-0 81.62 62.19 19.43 ! 0.53 

n-octane 111-65-9 396.00 432.39 * ethylbenzene 100-41-4 414.14 414.62 * 

m-xylene/p-xylene 108-38-3/106-42-3 997.57 1128.36 * 

styrene 100-42-5 287.18 331.70 * o-xylene 95-47-6 ND 358.35 * 

1-nonene 124-11-8 ND ND ND 

n-nonane 111-84-2 296.25 281.35 14.90 ! 0.66 

isopropylbenzene 98-82-8 99.76 94.77 4.99 ! 0.18 

alpha-pinene 80-56-8 302.29 121.42 180.87 ! 5.34 n-propylbenzene 103-65-1 108.83 142.16 * m-ethyltoluene 620-14-4 601.56 568.62 32.94 ! 0.51 

p-ethyltoluene 622-96-8 314.38 313.93 0.46 ! 0.01 

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 256.95 299.12 * 

94
 
Table 5-6b. (Continue) 

Compound CAS No. 

Total μ g 

Res. Cham. 

Total μ g 

Dilution 

Total 

μ g 

S

o-ethyltoluene 611-14-3 556.22 518.28 37.94 ! 0.81 

β-pinene 127-91-3 332.52 319.85 12.67 ! 0.15 

1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 377.87 331.70 46.17 ! 0.14 

1-decene 872-05-9 ND ND ND 

n-decane 124-18-5 7285.26 7842.25 * 

1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 526-73-8 157.19 207.31 * m-diethylbenzene 141-93-5 172.31 180.66 * p-diethylbenzene 105-05-5 69.53 68.12 1.41 ! 0.05 

1-undecene 821-95-4 ND ND ND n-undecane 1120-21-4 1091.28 1187.59 * 

1-dodecene 112-41-4 287.18 284.31 2.87 ! 0.03 

n-dodecane 112-40-3 37647.57 42776.98 * 

1-tridecene 2437-56-1 ND 233.96 * n-tridecane 629-50-5 145.10 222.12 * 

Total speciated 105995.22 55584.26 50410.96 

Total unspeciated 38326.93 10320.64 28006.29 

Total speciated + unspeciated** 144322.14 65904.90 78417.24 

ND = Compound not detected.

*Concentration of analyte in Dilution Air is higher than concentration of analyte in Residence Chamber Air when dilution factor of 49.3 

**Total NMOC with unknowns in μg/m3 is an estimate based on propane only.

95
 
dilution air entering the sample dilution system; this dilution air has not been exposed to the 

stationary source matrix. The second canister sample on each test day is labeled “Residence 

Chamber Air” and reflects the diluted source matrix at the end of the residence chamber. 

Supporting data for the SNMOC analysis are found in Appendix H. 

The Total Mass of Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound results and the Total 

Speciated + Unspeciated results have been used to calculate the mass emission rates for 

Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds as well as Speciated + Unspeciated Nonmethane 

Organic Compounds (Table 5-7). Samples taken from the residence chamber were corrected for 

the SNMOC observed in the dilution air to determine the total SNMOC collected. These values 

were used to calculate a mass emission rate for Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds for 

each test day; these calculations are shown in Tables H-3 through H-6 (Appendix H). 

Table 5-7. Total Mass of Speciated as well as Speciated + Unspeciated Nonmethane 

Organic Compounds Collected, Test #1 and Test #2 

Total Mass (✙g) 

Total Speciated Total Speciated + 

Sample NMOC
 Unspeciated NMOC 

Residence Chamber Air (8/8/00)
 3.52 4.60 

Dilution Air (8/8/00)
 1.66 1.79 

Corrected Value (8/8/00)
 1.86 2.82 

Residence Chamber Air (8/9/00)
 1.93 2.50 

Dilution Air (8/9/00)
 1.44 1.56 

Corrected Value (8/9/00)
 0.49 0.93 

The mass emission rate for the SNMOC is consistent with the mass emission rate 

observed for the carbonyl compounds: Speciated, 13,190 μg/kg of fuel for Test Day #1 versus 

50,411 μg/kg of fuel for Test Day #2; Speciated + Unspeciated, 22,640 μg/kg of fuel for Test 

96
 
Day #1 versus 78,417 μg/kg of fuel for Test Day #2. There is no obvious explanation for a 

difference of approximately a factor of two between the two test days. 

Particle Size Distribution Data 

The TSI system was operated on both test days, collecting data on particle size 

distribution in the range below 2.5 μm (range monitored was 9 nm to approximately 400 nm). 

The analytical data are presented graphically as a plot of midpoint diameter of the particles vs. 

counts (an indirect version of number of particles in each size range) or as midpoint diameter in 

nanometers vs. number of particles (Figures 5-1 and 5-2). The supporting data for these plots 

are included in Appendix I. 

The profiles for the two days are qualitatively different. Figure 5-2 shows an obvious 

deficit in particles in the range of 25 through 104 nm, with a slight shift of the particle size 

distribution for Day 2 toward larger diameter particles. Results for particles in this size range 

also reflect the general difference observed in carbonyls and SNMOC between Day 1 and Day 2: 

a maximum of ~6x104

 particles/cm3 for Day 1 versus ~0.8x104 particles/cm3 for Day 2. 

97
 
8-8-00
 

18000
 

16000
 

14000
 

12000
 

10000
 

8000
 

6000
 

4000
 

2000
 

0
 

10 12 14 16 18 21 25 28 33 38 44 50 58 67 78 90 104 120 138 160 184 213 246 284 328 379
 

Midpoint Diameter, nanometers 

Counts, # 

Figure 5-1. Particle size distribution (9 to 400 nanometers) for test day 1 (8/8/00). 

(Figures shown are a composite of all three-minute scans collected for the duration of the test.) 

98
 
8-9-00
 

3000
 

2500
 

2000
 

1500
 

1000
 

500
 

0
 

10 12 14 16 18 21 25 28 33 38 44 50 58 67 78 90 104 120 138 160 184 213 246 284 328 379
 

Midpoint Diameter, nanometers 

Counts, # 

Figure 5-2. Particle size distribution (9 to 400 nanometers) for test day 2 (8/9/00). 

(Figures shown are a composite of all three-minute scans collected for the duration of the test.) 

99
 
Section 6 

Quality Assurance/Quality Control 

In field sampling with the dilution sampling system, the following quality control 

procedures were implemented: 

• A leak check of the dilution sampling system was performed before field testing 

was initiated; 

• Pitot tubes and meter boxes were calibrated; 

• The analytical balance(s) were calibrated; 

• Flow control collection devices for the canisters were calibrated using a primary 

flow standard; 

• Multipart forms recording field conditions and observations were used for 

canisters and carbonyl samples; and 

• Strict chain of custody documentation for all field samples was maintained. 

Field sampling equipment quality control requirements that were met in the course of 

preparing for the field test and execution of testing activities are summarized in Table 6-1. 

Strict chain of custody procedures were followed in collecting and transporting samples 

and sampling media to and from the field sampling location. Sample substrates (filters, 

denuders, PUF canister, DNPH cartridges) were prepared in advance in accordance with the 

number and types of samples designated in the sampling matrix of the approved field test plan. 

Clean SUMMA® collection canisters and DNPH cartridges used to collect carbonyl compounds 

were prepared and supplied by ERG. The PUF, XAD-4®, denuder, and PM-2.5 sampling 

substrates were prepared and supplied by EPA. Chain of custody forms (Figure 6-1) were 

100
Table 6-1. Field Sampling Equipment Quality Control Measures 

Equipment Effect Acceptance Criteria 

Criteria Achieved? 

Orifice meters (volumetric gas flow Ensures the accuracy of flow ! 1% Yes 

calibration) measurements for sample collection 

Venturi meters (volumetric gas flow Ensures the accuracy of flow ! 1% of Yes 

calibration) measurements for sample collection reading 

Flow transmitter (Heise gauge with Ensures the accuracy of flow ! 0.5% of range Yes 

differential pressure) measurements for sample collection 

Analytical Balances Ensures control of bias for all project Calibrated with Yes 

weighing Class S weights 

Thermocouples Ensures sampler temperature control !1.5 }

C Yes 

Relative humidity probes Ensures the accuracy of moisture ! 2% relative Yes 

measurements in the residence 

chamber 

humidity 

Sampling equipment leak check and Ensures accurate measurement of 1% Yes 

calibration (before each sampling sample volume 

run) 

Sampling equipment field blanks Ensures absence of contamination in < 5.0% of Yes 

sampling system sample values 

Reference. EPA Quality Assurance Project Plan - Source Sampling for Fine Particulate Matter 

(U.S. EPA, 2001). 

101
Chain of Custody Record 

PROJECT 

NO. OF 

CONTAINERS 

ANALYSES 

REMARKS 

S(

SITE COLLECTED BY (Signature) FIELD SAMPLE I.D. SAMPLE MATRIX DATE/TIME 

REMARKS: RELINQUISHE

BY: 

RECEIVED BY: DATE TIME RELINQUISHED BY: DATE TIME RECEIVED BY: DATE TIME RELINQUISHE

BY: 

LAB USE ONLY 

RECEIVED FOR LABORATORY BY: DATE TIME AIRBILL NO. OPENED BY DATE TIME TEMP°C SEAL 

REMARKS: 

Figure 6-1. ERG chain of custody form. 

102
started when the sampling media were prepared; each sample substrate was assigned a unique 

identification number by the laboratory supplying the substrates. 

Sample identification numbers include a code to track: 

• Source type; 

• Test date; 

• Sampler type; 

• Substrate type; 

• Sampler chamber (i.e., dilution chamber or residence chamber); 

• Sampler port; 

• Lane/leg; 

• Position; and 

• Holder number. 

For samples to be analyzed in the EPA laboratories, whole sampling arrays were assembled by 

EPA, assigned a unique tracking number, and used for sample collection. Sample collection 

arrays were recovered in the field as a complete unit and transferred to the EPA laboratory for 

disassembly and analysis. 

After collection, samples were transported to the analysis laboratories by ERG, with 

careful documentation of sample collection and chain of custody records for the samples being 

transported. Samples were stored in a secure area until they were transported to the laboratories 

performing analyses. 

Carbonyl Compound Analysis 

Quality control criteria for the carbonyl analysis performed by ERG are shown in 

Table 6-2. Supporting analytical data are a part of the project file at ERG. 

103
Table 6-2. Carbonyl Analysis: Quality Control Criteria 

Criteria 

Quality Control Acceptance Corrective Achieved 

Parameter Check Frequency Criteria Action ? 

HPLC Column Analyze second At setup and 1 Resolution Eliminate dead Yes 

Efficiency source QC sample per sample between acetone volume, 

(SSQC) batch and backflush, or 

propionaldehyde replace 

m 1.0 column; 

Column efficiency 

> 500 plates 

repeat analysis 

Linearity Check Analyze 5-point At setup or Correlation Check Yes 

calibration curve when coefficient m0.999, integration, reand SSQC in calibration relative error for integrate or retriplicate check does not each level against calibrate 

meet calibration curve 

acceptance ! 20% or less 

criteria Relative Error 

Intercept Check Yes 

acceptance should integration, rebe m10,000 area integrate or recounts/compound; 

correlates to 0.06 

calibrate 

mg/mL 

Retention time Analyze Once per 10 Acetaldehyde, Check system Yes 

calibration samples Benzaldehyde, for plug, 

midpoint Hexaldehyde regulate 

within retention column 

time window temperature, 

established by check gradient 

determining 3 σ or and solvents 

! 2% of the mean 

calibration and 

midpoint 

standards, 

whichever is 

greater 

Calibration Check Analyze midpoint Once per 10 85-115% recovery Check Yes 

standard samples integration, recalibrate or reprepare 

standard, reanalyze 

samples not 

bracketed by 

acceptable 

standard 

(Continued) 

104
Table 6-2. (Continued) 

Criteria 

Quality Control Acceptance Corrective Achieved 

Parameter Check Frequency Criteria Action ? 

Calibration SSQC Once after 85-115% recovery Check Yes 

Accuracy calibration in integration; retriplicate calibrate or reprepare 

standard, reAnalyze 0.1 μg/mL 

standard 

Once after 

calibration in 

! 25% difference analyze 

samples not 

triplicate bracketed by 

acceptable 

standard 

System Blank Analyze Bracket sample Measured Locate Yes 

acetonitrile batch, 1 at concentration contamination 

beginning and 1 [ 5 x MDL and document 

at end levels of 

contamination 

in file 

Duplicate Duplicate Samples As collected ! 20% difference Check Yes 

Analyses integration; 

check 

instrument 

function; reanalyze 

duplicate 

samples 

Replicate Replicate Duplicate [ 10% RPD for Check Yes 

Analyses injections samples only concentrations integration, 

greater than 1.0 check 

μg/mL instrument 

function, reanalyze 

duplicate 

samples 

Method Analyze MS/MSD One MS/MSD 80-120% recovery Check Yes 

Spike/Method per 20 samples for all compounds calibration, 

Spike Duplicate check 

(MS/MSD) extraction 

procedures 

105
Concurrent Air Toxics/Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound Analysis 

The analytical system performing the concurrent analysis is calibrated monthly and 

blanked daily prior to sample analysis. A quality control standard is analyzed daily prior to 

sample analysis to ensure the validity of the current monthly response factor. Following the daily 

quality control standard analysis and prior to the sample analysis, cleaned, dried air from the 

canister cleaning system is humidified and then analyzed to determine the level of organic 

compounds present in the analytical system. Upon achieving acceptable system blank results --

less than or equal to 20 ppbC -- sample analysis begins. Ten percent of the total number of 

samples received are analyzed in replicate to determine the precision of analysis for the program. 

After the chromatography has been reviewed, the sample canister is returned to the canister 

cleaning laboratory to be prepared for subsequent sample collection episodes or sent to another 

laboratory for further analysis. Quality control procedures for the Air Toxics and SNMOC 

analyses are summarized in Table 6-3. 

PM Mass Measurements, Elemental Analysis, Water-Soluble Ion Analysis, and 

GC/MS Analysis 

Quality control criteria for EPA analyses (PM mass, elemental analyses, ion 

chromatography analysis, and GC/MS analysis) are summarized in Tables 6-4 through 6-7; 

supporting data are included in the project file in the EPA laboratory. 

106
Table 6-3. Quality Control Procedures for the Concurrent Analysis for Air Toxics and 

SNMOC 

Corrective Criteria 

Quality Control Check Frequency Acceptance Criteria Action Achieved? 

Air Toxics Analysis 

BFB Instrument Tune Daily prior to Evaluation criteria in Retune mass Yes

Check calibration check data system software; spectrometer;

consistent with clean ion source

Method TO-15 and quadrupoles

Five-point calibration Following any major RSD of response Repeat individual Yes

bracketing the expected change, repair, or factors [ 30% sample analysis;

sample concentration maintenance if daily Relative Retention repeat linearity

quality control check Times (RRTs) for check; prepare

is not acceptable. target peaks ! 0.06 new calibration

Calibration is valid for units from mean RRT standards and

six weeks if repeat analysis

calibration check

criteria are met.

Calibration check using Daily Response factor Repeat calibration Yes

mid-point of calibration [ 30% bias from check; repeat

range calibration curve calibration curve

average response 

factor 

System Blank Daily following tune 0.2 ppbv/analyte or Repeat analysis Yes

check and calibration MDL, whichever is with new blank;

check greater check system for

Internal Standard (IS) leaks,

area response ! 40% contamination;

and retention time re-analyze blank.

! 0.33 min of most 

recent calibration 

check 

Laboratory Control Daily Recovery limits Repeat analysis; Yes

Standard (LCS) 70% - 130% repeat calibration

IS Retention Time curve.

! 0.33 min of most 

recent calibration 

Replicate Analysis All duplicate field <30% RPD for Repeat sample Yes

samples compounds >5xMDL analysis

Samples All samples IS RT ! 0.33 min of 

most recent calibration 

Repeat analysis Yes

(Continued) 

107
Table 6-3. (Continued) 

Corrective Criteria 

Quality Control Check Frequency Acceptance Criteria Action Achieved? 

SNMOC Analysis 

System Blank Analysis Daily, following 20 ppbC total Repeat analysis; Yes 

calibration check check system for 

leaks; clean 

system with wet 

air 

Multiple point calibration Prior to analysis and Correlation coefficient Repeat individual Yes 

(minimum 5); propane monthly (r2

) m0.995 sample analysis; 

bracketing the expected repeat linearity 

sample concentration check; prepare 

range new calibration 

standards and 

repeat 

Calibration check: Daily Response for selected Repeat calibration Yes 

midpoint of calibration hydrocarbons check; repeat 

curve spanning the spanning the carbon calibration curve. 

carbon range (C2-C10) range within ! 30% 

difference of 

calibration curve slope 

Replicate analysis All duplicate field Total NMOC within Repeat sample Yes 

samples ! 30% RSD analysis 

108
Table 6-4. PM Mass Measurements: Quality Control Criteria 

Parameter Quality Control Frequency Acceptance Corrective Criteria 

Check Criteria Action Acheived? 

Deposition on Analyze Bracket sample Mass within Adjust mass for Yes

Filter during Laboratory Filter batch, 1 at ! 15mg of deposition

Conditioning Blank beginning and 1 

at end 

previous weight 

Laboratory Analyze Bracket sample Mass within Adjust mass to Yes

Stability Laboratory Control batch, 1 at ! 15mg of account for

Filter beginning and 1 previous weight laboratory

at end difference

Balance Stability Analyze Standard Bracket sample Mass within Perform Yes

Weights batch, 1 at ! 3mg of internal

beginning and 1 previous weight calibration of

at end balance,

perform

external

calibration of

balance

Table 6-5. Elemental Analysis: Quality Control Criteria 

Parameter Quality Control Frequency Acceptance Corrective Criteria 

Check Criteria Action Achieved? 

Performance Analyze Monitor Once per [ 2% change in Recalibrate Yes 

Evaluation check Sample month each element from 

previous 

measurement 

109
Table 6-6. Water-Soluble Ion Analysis: Quality Control Criteria 

Parameter Quality Control Frequency Acceptance Corrective Criteria

Check Criteria Action Achieved

Linearity Analyze 4-point At setup or Correlation Recalibrate Yes

Check calibration curve when coefficient m0.999 

calibration 

check does not 

meet acceptance 

criteria 

System Dead Analyze water Bracket sample Within 5% of Check system Yes 

Volume batch, 1 at previous analysis temperature, 

beginning and 1 eluent, and 

at end columns 

Retention Analyze standard At setup Each ion within Check system Yes 

Time ! 5% of standard temperature and 

retention time eluent 

Calibration Analyze one standard Once every 4- 85-115% recovery Recalibrate or Yes 

check 10 samples re-prepare 

standard, reanalyze sample 

not bracketed 

by acceptable 

standard 

System Blank Analyze HPLC grade Bracket sample No quantifiable Re-analyze Yes 

water batch, 1 at ions 

beginning and 1 

at end 

Replicate Replicate Injections Each sample [ 10% RPD for Check Yes 

Analyses concentrations instrument 

greater than function, re1.0mg/L analyze samples 

? 

110
Table 6-7. Quality Control Procedures for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 

Analysis of Semivolatile Organic Compounds. 

Quality Control Check Frequency Acceptance Criteria Corrective Criteria 

Action Achieved? 

Mass spectrometer Daily prior to Mass assignments m/z = Retune mass Yes

instrument tune check calibration check 69, 219, 502 (! 0.2) spectrometer;

Peak widths = 0.59-0.65 clean ion

Relative mass source

abundances = 100 % 

(69); m30 % (219); 

m 1% (502). 

Five-point calibration Following maintenance Correlation coefficient Check Yes

bracketing the expected or repair of either gas of either quadratic or integration, reconcentration range chromatograph or mass linear regression m 0.999 integrate or

spectrometer or when recalibrate

daily quality control 

check is not acceptable 

Calibration check using Daily Compounds in a Repeat Yes

midpoint of calibration representative organic analysis,

range compound suite > 80% repeat

are ! 15% of calibration

individually certified 

values. Values m 20% 

curve

are not accepted. 

System Blank As needed after system Potential analytes [ Repeat Yes

maintenance or repair detection limit values analysis;

check system

integrity.

Reanalyze

blank

Retention time check Daily Verify that select Check inlet Yes

compounds are within and column

! 2% of established flows and the

retention time window various

GC/MS

temperature

zones

111
Section 7 

References 

Federal Register, Volume 49, Number 209, Appendix B to Part 136—Definition and Procedure 

for the Determination of the Method Detection Limit—Revision 1.11, pp. 198-199, October 26, 

1984. 

Hildemann, L. M., G. R. Cass, and G. R. Markowski. A Dilution Stack Sampler for Collection

of Organic Aerosol Emissions: Design, Characterization and Field Test. Aerosol Science and

Technology 10:193-204 (1989)

NIOSH Method 5040, Elemental Carbon (Diesel Particulate). National Institute for


Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM®), 4th Edition,


Department of Health and Human Services (NIOSH) Publication 94-113 (August, 1994).


U.S. EPA. Quality Assurance Project Plan. Chemical Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter.


N. Dean Smith. QTRAK No. 99002/III, Revision 4, August 2001. National Risk Management


Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, U.S. Environmental


Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.


U.S. EPA. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in


Ambient Air, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Research


Information, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and


Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/625/R-96/010b (NTIS PB99-172355), January 1999.


U.S. EPA. Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and Analysis of Ozone Precursors,


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of


Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA-600/R-98-161, September 1998.


No NTIS number available. Document is available from Ambient Monitoring Technology

Information Center (AMTIC) Bulletin Board

(http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/pams/newtad.pdf ).

U.S. Government Printing Office, EPA Method 1, Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary 

Sources, in Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, pp. 181-206, 

Washington, DC, 1989a. 

U.S. Government Printing Office, EPA Method 2, Velocity - S- Type Pitot, in Code of Federal 

Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, pp. 214-253, Washington, DC, 1989b. 

U.S. Government Printing Office, EPA Method 4, Moisture Content, in Code of Federal 

Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, pp. 347-371, Washington, DC, 1989c. 

112
U.S. Government Printing Office, EPA Method 5, Determination of Particulate Matter

Emissions from Stationary Sources, in Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60,

Appendix A, pp. 371-443, Washington, DC, 1989d.

von Lehmden, D. J., W. G. De Wees, and C. Nelson. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air

Pollution Measurement Systems. Volume III. Stationary Source Specific Methods.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,

Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA/600/4-77/027b (NTIS PB80-112303), May 1979.

113
Appendix A


Table of Unit Conversions


A-1

Unit Conversion Table


Multiply By To Obtain 

atmospheres 101.3 kilopascals 

atmospheres 29.92 inches of mercury 

atmospheres 760 mm of mercury 

atmospheres 33.94 feet of water 

atmospheres 14.70 lb/in.2 (psi) 

Btu 1054 joules 

Btu 2.982 x 10-4 kilowatt-hours 

centimeters 0.3937 inches 

cm/sec 1.969 ft/min 

cm/sec 0.03281 ft/sec 

cm/sec 0.036 km/hr 

cm/sec 0.6 m/min 

cm3 3.53 x 10-2 ft3 

cm3 10-3 liters 

ft3 0.02832 m3 

ft3/min 0.4720 liters per second 

in.3 16.39 cm3 

m3 35.31 ft3 

ft 12 in. 

ft 0.3048 m 

ft of water 0.8826 in. mercury 

grams 0.03527 ounces 

inches 2.540 cm 

inches of water 0.07355 inches of mercury 

kg 2.20462 lb 

km 3280.84 ft 

A-2

Multiply By To Obtain 

km 0.6214 miles 

kilowatts 56.92 Btu per min. 

liters 0.03531 ft3 

liters 61.02 in.3 

liters 10-3 m3 

liters per minute 5.855 x 10-4 ft3 per second 

m 3.28084 ft 

m 39.37 in. 

m3 0.02832 ft3 

miles 5280 feet 

miles 1.6093 km 

ounces 28.35 grams 

pounds 453.6 grams 

pounds per square inch 703.1 kg/m2 

cm2 0.1550 in.2 

ft2 929.0 cm2 

ft2 0.09290 m2 

temperature ( "C + 273) 1 absolute temperature (K) 

temperature ("C + 17.8) 1.8 temperature ("F) 

temperature ("F + 460) 1 temperature ("Rankin) 

temperature ("F-32) 5/9 temperature ("C) 

watts 0.05692 Btu per min. 

watts 44.26 foot-pounds per min. 

A-3

Appendix B


Supporting Data for PM-2.5


B-1

Table B-1. PM Masses from Wood-Fired Industrial Boiler, 

August 8, 2000 and August 9, 2000 

Tare Weight Final Weight 

Filter ID * (g) (g) PM mass (mg) Comments 

T053100A IB080800Hr2A1610 0.162028 0.162413 0.385 

T053100G IB080800Hr2B1622 0.161328 0.161712 0.384 

T053100H IB080800Hr6A1613 0.158369 0.158772 0.403 

T053100I IB080800Hr6B1614 0.166334 0.16673 0.396 

Z041200B IB080800Hr8A1564 0.26073 0.261214 0.484 

Z041200C IB080800Hr8B1642 0.256683 0.257115 0.432 

T061300A IB080800Hd1B1618 0.166579 0.166761 0.182 very high for a 

"blank" 

T060800D IB080900Hr2A1610 0.168993 0.167522 -1.471 hole in filter 

T063000C IB080900Hr2B1622 0.162283 0.162382 0.099 

T063000D IB080900Hr6A1613 0.167419 0.169122 1.703 

T060800E IB080900Hr6B1614 0.176678 0.176805 0.127 

Z031300C IB080900Hr8A1564 0.268824 0.268992 0.168 

Z031300B IB080900Hr8B1642 0.273316 0.273477 0.161 

T063000B IB080900Hd1B1618 0.166107 0.166169 0.062 

* ID Explanation: 

First 8 digits – clean filter ID 

IB – Name of test 

080800 – Date of test 

H – Hildemann sampler 

r – Residence chamber or d – Dilution chamber 

Next three digits (number, letter, number) – port, side, first filter 

Last three digits – array number 

B-2

Appendix C


Elemental Analyses


C-1

Table C-1. Elemental Analysis 

Filter ID T053100A T053100G 

IB080800Hr2A1 IB080800Hr2B1 

Element wt% of PM mass wt% of PM mass 

Sodium 0.15 0.21 

Magnesium 0.18 0.16 

Silicon 17.9 14.4 

Phosphorus 0.11 0.07 

Sulfur 4.0 3.4 

Chloride 0.61 0.66 

Potassium 11.1 10.2 

Calcium 0.72 0.81 

Analyzed for all elements with atomic number greater than 9. However, only elements with 

concentrations greater than one standard error above the detection limit are reported. 

C-2

Appendix D


Major Ions


D-1

Table D-1. Ion Chromatographic Analysis. Data from Wood-Fired Boiler 

(wt% of PM mass) 

Filter ID Z041400B Z041400C Z033100C Z033100B 

IB080800Hr8A1 IB080800Hr8B1 IB080900Hr8A1 IB080900Hr8B1 

Ion 

Chloride NQ NQ NQ NQ 

Nitrate NQ NQ NQ NQ 

Sulfate 7.4 8.3 NQ NQ 

Potassium 6.4 7.2 6.0 6.6 

Magnesium ND ND ND ND 

Calcium ND ND ND ND 

NQ – Not Quantified 

ND – Not Detected 

D-2

Appendix E


Elemental Carbon / Organic Carbon


E-1

Table E-1. Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon (wt% of PM Mass) 

Filter ID EC OC 

Q060200C IB080800Hr4A1 3.3 76.8 

Q051200U IB080900Hr4A1 2.7 92.4 

E-2

Appendix F 

Semivolatile and Nonvolatile 

Organic Species 

F-1

Table F-1. Semivolatile and Nonvolatile Organic Compounds – Mass Emission Rates for 

Composite Wood-Fired Boiler Test #1 (T1) August 8, 2000, and Test #2 (T2) August 9, 2000 

Mass of Fuel Consumed = 224,717 kg


Total Volume of Combustion Air = (combustion air flow rateT1 x timeT1) + (combustion air flow rateT2 x


timeT2)


= [(9851 scfm x 257.9 min) + (9851.6 scfm x 359.7 min)] x


28.32 sLpm/scfm


= 172,290,407 liters


Volume of Combustion Air = (Venturi flow rateT1 x timeT1) + (Venturi flow rateT2 x timeT2)


Sampled = (17.19 sLpm x 257.9 min) + (17.06 sLpm x 359.7 min)


= 10,569.8 liters


Volume of Dilution Air	 = (Critical Orifice flow rateT1 x timeT1) + (Critical Orifice flow rateT2


= x timeT2)


= (822.4 sLpm x 257.9 min) + (823.5 sLpm x 359.7 min)


508,309 liters


Mass Flow Rate of Compound in = (mass of compound collected) / [(sum of flow rates at sample


Diluted Sample collection units x (timeT1 + timeT2)] 


= 17.3 μg / [(8.835 sLpm + 8.865 sLpm) x (257.9 min + 359.7 min)]


= 0.00158 μg/L


Mass Flow Rate of Compound in = (mass of compound collected) / [(sum of flow rates at sample


Dilution Air Sample collection units x (timeT1 + timeT2)] 


= 0.24 μg / [(8.835 sLpm + 8.865 sLpm) x (257.9 min + 359.7 min)]


= 0.0000219 μg/L


Mass Flow Rate Corrected for = (mass flow rate of compound in diluted sample) – (mass flow rate


Compound in Dilution Air of compound in dilution air)


= (0.00158 μg/L) - (0.0000219 μg/L)


= 0.00156 μg/L


Dilution Ratio = [(volume of dilution airT1+volume of dilution airT2) + (volume of


combustion air sampledT1 + volume of combustion air sampledT2)] /


(volume of combustion air sampledT1 + volume of combustion air


sampledT2)


= [(212096.96 liters + 296157 liters) + (4433.3 liters + 6135 liters)] /


(4433.3 liters + 6135 liters)


= 49.09


Mass Flow Rate of Compound in = (mass flow rate of compound corrected for dilution air PM) x


Undiluted Sample (dilution ratio) 


= (0.00156 μg/L) x (49.09)


= 0.076 μg/L


Mass of Compound in Sampled Air = (mass flow rate of compound in undiluted sample) x (volume of


combustion air sampledT1 + volume of combustion air sampledT2) 


= (0.076 μg/L) * (4433.3 liters + 6135 liters)


= 803.19 μg


Mass of compound in total = [(mass of compound in sampled air) / (volume of combustion air


combustion air sampledT1 + volume of combustion air sampledT2)] x (total volume


of combustion airT1+total volume of combustion airT2) 


= [(803.19 μg) / (4433.3 liters + 6135 liters)] x (172,290,407 liters)


= 13,094,057.9 μg


Mass emission rate of compound	 = (mass of compound in total combustion air) / (mass of fuel


= consumed) 13,094,057.9 μg / 224,717 kg


= 58.27 μg/kg fuel consumed


F-2

Table F-2. Calculated Gas- and Particle-Phase Emissions from the Wood-Fired Boiler, 

August 8, 2000 and August 9, 2000 

Denuders 

Compound 

Mass of fuel (kg) 224717 

Dilution ratio 49.05 

Total air introduced (m3

) 172275.6 

Time (min) 617.55 

Flow rate (L/min) 35.24 

Extract Volume (μL) 210.00 

Extract Volume (μL) 245.00 

Denuder (Composite


of August 8 and


August 8 August 9 
 August 9) 


Extract Concentration Extract Concentration
 Compound Emission


D0619001&2 D710001&2
 Rate


(ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg)


Naphthalene
 0.15 0.58 0.30 

Acenaphthylene
 ND ND ND 

Acenaphthene
 ND ND ND 

Fluorene
 ND ND ND 

Phenanthrene
 ND 0.56 0.24 

Anthracene
 ND ND ND 

Fluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]anthracene
 ND ND ND 

Chrysene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[b]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[k]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[ghi]perylene
 ND ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
 ND ND ND 

Coronene
 ND ND ND 

1-Methylnaphthalene
 ND ND ND 

2-Methylnaphthalene
 ND ND ND 

2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND ND 

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND ND 

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND ND 

9-Methylanthracene
 ND ND ND 

Methylfluorene
 ND ND ND 

bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
 2.42 1.69 1.59 

Butyl benzyl phthalate
 12.97 7.87 8.04 

Diethyl phthalate
 1.28 2.33 1.45 

Dimethyl phthalate
 0.38 0.45 0.33 

Di-n-butyl phthalate
 1.18 0.47 0.63 

Di-n-octyl phthalate
 ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-3 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

Denuder (Composite 

of August 8 and 

August 8 August 9 August 9) 

Extract Concentration Extract Concentration Compound Emission 

D0619001&2 D710001&2 Rate 

Compound (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) 

Octylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND 

Decylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND 

Tridecylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND 

Nonadecylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND 

Norpristane
 ND ND ND 

Pristane
 ND ND ND 

Phytane
 ND ND ND 

Squalane
 ND ND ND 

ABB-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND 

BAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND 

AAA-20S-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND 

AAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND 

ABB-20R-C28-Methylcholestane
 ND ND ND 

ABB-20R-C29-Ethylcholestane
 ND ND ND 

17A(H)-22, 29, 30-Trisnorhopane
 ND ND ND 

17B(H)-21A(H)-30-Norhopane
 ND ND ND 

17B(H)-21B(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND 

17B(H)-21A(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND 

17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND 

n-Decane (C10)
 ND ND ND 

n-Undecane (C11) 
 ND ND ND 

n-Dodecane (C12) 
 3.12 6.63 3.94 

n-Tridecane (C13) 
 ND 1.41 0.60 

n-Tetradecane (C14) 
 2.68 4.80 3.00 

n-Pentadecane (C15) 
 0.73 1.47 0.89 

n-Hexadecane (C16) 
 2.13 3.05 2.06 

n-Heptadecane (C17) 
 1.32 1.22 1.00 

n-Octadecane (C18) 
 0.70 1.21 0.77 

n-Nonadecane (C19)
 2.90 1.69 1.77 

n-Eicosane (C20) 
 15.42 ND 5.60 

n-Heneicosane (C21)
 28.04 20.75 18.96 

n-Docosane (C22)
 221.83 188.49 160.29 

n-Tricosane (C23)
 202.81 1125.95 550.25 

n-Tetracosane (C24) 
 135.10 68.73 78.12 

n-Pentacosane (C25) 
 49.27 35.38 32.86 

n-Hexacosane (C26) 
 17.26 14.43 12.37 

n-Heptacosane (C27) 
 9.81 8.99 7.37 

n-Octacosane (C28)
 8.03 7.97 6.29 

n-Nonacosane (C29)
 4.76 3.91 3.38 

n-Triacontane (C30)
 1.63 1.26 1.12 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-4 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

Denuder (Composite 

of August 8 and 

August 8 August 9 August 9) 

Extract Concentration Extract Concentration Compound Emission 

D0619001&2 D710001&2 Rate 

Compound (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) 

n-Hentriacontane (C31)
 0.98 0.75 0.67 

n-Dotriacontane (C32)
 1.17 0.86 0.79 

n-Tritriacontane (C33)
 0.63 0.55 0.46 

n-Tetratriacontane (C34)
 0.49 0.28 0.30 

n-Pentatriacontane (C35)
 1.45 0.98 0.94 

n-Hexatriacontane (C36)
 ND 0.98 0.75 

n-Tetracontane (C40)
 ND ND ND 

3-Methylnonadecane
 ND 0.78 0.33 

2-Methylnonadecane
 2.91 1.53 1.70 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Methylfluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Methylchrysene
 ND ND ND 

Retene
 ND ND ND 

Anthroquinone
 ND ND ND 

9-Fluorenone
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione
 ND ND ND 

1,8 Naphthalic anhydride
 ND ND ND 

Squalene
 2.71 3.93 2.65 

1-Octadecene
 3.17 ND 1.15 

Benzo[e]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Oxalic acid (C2)
 ND ND ND 

Malonic acid (C3)
 ND ND ND 

Maleic acid (C3=)
 ND ND ND 

Fumaric acid (C4=)
 ND ND ND 

Succininc acid (C4) Butanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Glutaric acid (C5) Pentanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Adipic acid (C6) Hexanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Pimelic acid (C7) Heptanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Suberic acid (C8) Octanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Azelaic acid (C9) Nonanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Sebacic acid (C10) Decanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Phthalic acid (1,2)
 ND 7.16 3.14 

Isophthalic acid (1,3)
 ND 12.27 5.39 

Terephthalic acid (1,4)
 ND ND ND 

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid
 ND ND ND 

1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid
 ND ND ND 

Methylphthalic acid
 ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-5 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

Denuder (Composite 

of August 8 and 

August 8 August 9 August 9) 

Extract Concentration Extract Concentration Compound Emission 

D0619001&2 D710001&2 Rate 

Compound (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) 

C6 Hexanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C8 Octanoic acid
 0.27 0.36 0.29 

C9 Nonanoic acid
 0.74 0.64 0.63 

C10 Decanoic acid
 1.08 1.17 1.02 

C11 Undecanoic acid
 1.11 0.39 0.69 

C12 Dodecanoic acid
 2.78 1.82 2.11 

C13 Tridecanoic acid
 1.37 1.01 1.09 

C14 Tetradecanoic acid
 3.14 2.96 2.78 

C15 Pentadecanoic acid
 0.98 1.10 0.95 

C16 Hexadecanoic acid
 20.66 15.03 16.34 

C17 Heptadecanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C18 Octadecanoic acid
 12.65 9.42 10.10 

C19 Nonadecanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C20 Eicosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C21 Heneicosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C22 Docosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C23 Tricosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C24 Tetracosanoic acid
 0.22 0.33 0.25 

C25 Pentacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C26 Hexacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C27 Heptacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

Abietic acid
 ND ND ND 

Octacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

Nonacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

Triacontanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

Pinonic acid
 ND ND ND 

Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)
 ND 1.74 0.76 

Oleic acid (C18:1)
 ND ND ND 

Linoleic acid (C18:2)
 ND ND ND 

Linolenic acid
 ND ND ND 

Pimaric acid
 ND 73.01 43.00 

Sandaracopimaric acid
 ND ND ND 

Isopimaric acid
 ND ND ND 

6,8,11,13-Abietatetraen-18-oic acid
 ND ND ND 

Dehydroabietic acid
 ND ND ND 

Levoglucosan (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

Cholesterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

Stigmasterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

Monopalmitin (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

Monoolein (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-6 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

Denuder (Composite 

of August 8 and 

August 8 August 9 August 9) 

Extract Concentration Extract Concentration Compound Emission 

D0619001&2 D710001&2 Rate 

Compound (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) 

Monostearin (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

Glycerine (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

β-Sitosterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

Sitostenone (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

α-Amyrin
 ND ND ND 

β-Amyrin
 ND ND ND 

Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM)
 ND ND ND 

2-methylnonadecane
 ND ND ND 

3-methylnonadecane
 ND ND ND 

iso-docosane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-docosane
 1.88 ND 0.68 

iso-tricosane
 1.82 1.77 1.41 

anteiso-tricosane
 11.15 5.65 6.44 

iso-tetracosane
 1.26 0.88 0.83 

anteiso-tetracosane
 0.96 0.93 0.74 

iso-pentacosane
 0.82 0.61 0.56 

anteiso-pentacosane
 1.00 0.97 0.77 

iso-hexacosane
 0.61 0.52 0.44 

anteiso-hexacosane
 0.78 0.65 0.56 

iso-heptacosane
 0.28 ND 0.10 

anteisoheptacosane
 0.50 ND 0.18 

iso-Octacosane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-Octacosane
 ND ND ND 

iso-nonacosane
 1.04 ND 0.38 

anteiso-nonacosane
 1.48 ND 0.54 

iso-triacontane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-triacontane
 ND ND ND 

iso-hentriacontane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-hentriacontane
 ND ND ND 

iso-dotriacontane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-dotriacontane
 ND ND ND 

iso-tritriacontane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-tritriacontane
 ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-7

Table F-2. (Continued) 

Quartz Filters (After Denuder) 

Compounds 

Mass of fuel (kg) 

Dilution ratio 

Total air introduced (m3

) 

Time (min) 

Flow rate (L/min) 

Extract Volume (μL) 

August 8 and August 9 Composite 

Extract Concentration 

(ng/μL) 

224,717 

49.05 

172,275.6 

617.55 

17.62 

2.50 

Compound Emission Rate 

(μg/kg) 

Naphthalene
 0.31 0.26 

Acenaphthylene
 0.03 0.02 

Acenaphthene
 ND ND 

Fluorene
 ND ND 

Phenanthrene
 0.03 0.02 

Anthracene
 ND ND 

Fluoranthene
 0.01 0.01 

Pyrene
 ND ND 

Benzo[a]anthracene
 ND ND 

Chrysene
 ND ND 

Benzo[b]fluoranthene
 ND ND 

Benzo[k]fluoranthene
 ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND 

Benzo[ghi]perylene
 ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
 ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene
 ND ND 

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
 ND ND 

Coronene
 ND ND 

1-Methylnaphthalene
 0.10 0.09 

2-Methylnaphthalene
 0.08 0.07 

2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND 

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND 

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND 

9-Methylanthracene
 ND ND 

Methylfluorene
 ND ND 

bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
 2.88 2.48 

Butyl benzyl phthalate
 1.69 1.46 

Diethyl phthalate
 0.55 0.48 

Dimethyl phthalate
 ND ND 

Di-n-butyl phthalate
 0.58 0.50 

Di-n-octyl phthalate
 ND ND 

Octylcyclohexane
 ND ND 

Decylcyclohexane
 ND ND 

Tridecylcyclohexane
 ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-8 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

Compounds 

August 8 and August 9 Composite 

Extract Concentration 

(ng/μL) 

Compound Emission Rate 

(μg/kg) 

Nonadecylcyclohexane
 ND ND 

Norpristane
 ND ND 

Pristane
 ND ND 

Phytane
 ND ND 

Squalane
 ND ND 

ABB-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND 

BAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND 

AAA-20S-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND 

AAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND 

ABB-20R-C28-Methylcholestane
 ND ND 

ABB-20R-C29-Ethylcholestane
 ND ND 

17A(H)-22, 29, 30-Trisnorhopane
 ND ND 

17B(H)-21A(H)-30-Norhopane
 ND ND 

17B(H)-21B(H)-Hopane
 ND ND 

17B(H)-21A(H)-Hopane
 ND ND 

17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane
 ND ND 

n-Decane (C10)
 ND ND 

n-Undecane (C11) 
 ND ND 

n-Dodecane (C12) 
 ND ND 

n-Tridecane (C13) 
 ND ND 

n-Tetradecane (C14) 
 0.1 0.09 

n-Pentadecane (C15) 
 0.135 0.12 

n-Hexadecane (C16) 
 0.12 0.10 

n-Heptadecane (C17) 
 0.1 0.09 

n-Octadecane (C18) 
 0.09 0.08 

n-Nonadecane (C19)
 ND ND 

n-Eicosane (C20) 
 0.305 0.26 

n-Heneicosane (C21)
 0.32 0.28 

n-Docosane (C22)
 0.79 0.68 

n-Tricosane (C23)
 3.935 3.40 

n-Tetracosane (C24) 
 23.8 20.56 

n-Pentacosane (C25) 
 46.97 40.58 

n-Hexacosane (C26) 
 52.335 45.21 

n-Heptacosane (C27) 
 34.81 30.07 

n-Octacosane (C28)
 21.135 18.26 

n-Nonacosane (C29)
 10.045 8.68 

n-Triacontane (C30)
 5.21 4.50 

n-Hentriacontane (C31)
 3.405 2.94 

n-Dotriacontane (C32)
 1.255 1.08 

n-Tritriacontane (C33)
 0.485 0.42 

n-Tetratriacontane (C34)
 0.215 0.19 

n-Pentatriacontane (C35)
 0.28 0.24 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-9 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

Compounds 

August 8 and August 9 Composite 

Extract Concentration 

(ng/μL) 

Compound Emission Rate 

(μg/kg) 

n-Hexatriacontane (C36)
 0.095 0.08 

n-Tetracontane (C40)
 ND ND 

3-Methylnonadecane
 ND ND 

2-Methylnonadecane
 ND ND 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
 ND ND 

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
 ND ND 

Pyrene
 ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND 

Methylfluoranthene
 ND ND 

Methylchrysene
 ND ND 

Retene
 ND ND 

Anthroquinone
 ND ND 

9-Fluorenone
 ND ND 

Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione
 ND ND 

1,8-Naphthalic anhydride
 ND ND 

Squalene
 ND ND 

1-Octadecene
 ND ND 

Benzo[e]pyrene
 ND ND 

Oxalic acid (C2)
 ND ND 

Malonic acid (C3)
 ND ND 

Maleic acid (C3=)
 ND ND 

Fumaric acid (C4=)
 ND ND 

Succininc acid (C4) Butanedioic acid
 ND ND 

Glutaric acid (C5) Pentanedioic acid
 ND ND 

Adipic acid (C6) Hexanedioic acid
 ND ND 

Pimelic acid (C7) Heptanedioic acid
 ND ND 

Suberic acid (C8) Octanedioic acid
 ND ND 

Azelaic acid (C9) Nonanedioic acid
 ND ND 

Sebacic acid (C10) Decanedioic acid
 ND ND 

Phthalic acid (1,2)
 ND ND 

Isophthalic acid (1,3)
 ND ND 

Terephthalic acid (1,4)
 ND ND 

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid
 ND ND 

1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid
 ND ND 

Methylphthalic acid
 ND ND 

C6 Hexanoic acid
 ND ND 

C8 Octanoic acid
 ND ND 

C9 Nonanoic acid
 ND ND 

C10 Decanoic acid
 ND ND 

C11 Undecanoic acid
 ND ND 

C12 Dodecanoic acid
 0.15 0.15 

C13 Tridecanoic acid
 0.09 0.09 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-10 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

Compounds 

August 8 and August 9 Composite 

Extract Concentration 

(ng/μL) 

Compound Emission Rate 

(μg/kg) 

C14 Tetradecanoic acid
 0.17 0.16 

C15 Pentadecanoic acid
 0.11 0.11 

C16 Hexadecanoic acid
 3.19 3.09 

C17 Heptadecanoic acid
 ND ND 

C18 Octadecanoic acid
 6.03 5.83 

C19 Nonadecanoic acid
 ND ND 

C20 Eicosanoic acid
 0.24 0.23 

C21 Heneicosanoic acid
 ND ND 

C22 Docosanoic acid
 ND ND 

C23 Tricosanoic acid
 ND ND 

C24 Tetracosanoic acid
 ND ND 

C25 Pentacosanoic acid
 ND ND 

C26 Hexacosanoic acid
 ND ND 

C27 Heptacosanoic acid
 ND ND 

Abietic acid
 ND ND 

Octacosanoic acid
 ND ND 

Nonacosanoic acid
 ND ND 

Triacontanoic acid
 ND ND 

Pinonic acid
 ND ND 

Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)
 0.28 0.27 

Oleic acid (C18:1)
 0.5 0.48 

Linoleic acid (C18:2)
 0.28 0.27 

Linolenic acid
 ND ND 

Pimaric acid
 ND ND 

Sandaracopimaric acid
 ND ND 

Isopimaric acid
 ND ND 

6,8,11,13-Abietatetraen-18-oic acid
 ND ND 

Dehydroabietic acid
 ND ND 

Levoglucosan (TMS derivative)
 2.12 12.31 

Cholesterol (TMS derivative)
 3.96 22.99 

Stigmasterol (TMS derivative)
 3.63 21.07 

Monopalmitin (TMS derivative)
 0.53 3.08 

Monoolein (TMS derivative)
 0.58 3.37 

Monostearin (TMS derivative)
 0.79 4.59 

Glycerine (TMS derivative)
 1.18 6.85 

β-Sitosterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND 

Sitostenone (TMS derivative)
 ND ND 

α-Amyrin
 ND ND 

β-Amyrin
 ND ND 

Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM)
 ND ND 

2-methylnonadecane
 ND ND 

3-methylnonadecane
 ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-11 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

Compounds 

August 8 and August 9 Composite 

Extract Concentration 

(ng/μL) 

Compound Emission Rate 

(μg/kg) 

iso-docosane ND ND 

anteiso-docosane ND ND 

iso-tricosane ND ND 

anteiso-tricosane ND ND 

iso-tetracosane 1.17 1.01 

anteiso-tetracosane 0.495 0.43 

iso-pentacosane 2.885 2.49 

anteiso-pentacosane 1.745 1.51 

iso-hexacosane 2.705 2.34 

anteiso-hexacosane 2.205 1.91 

iso-heptacosane 2.005 1.73 

anteisoheptacosane 1.635 1.41 

iso-Octacosane 0.89 0.77 

anteiso-Octacosane 0.93 0.80 

iso-nonacosane 0.555 0.48 

anteiso-nonacosane 0.36 0.31 

iso-triacontane 0.325 0.28 

anteiso-triacontane 0.25 0.22 

iso-hentriacontane 0.11 0.10 

anteiso-hentriacontane 0.08 0.07 

iso-dotriacontane 0.065 0.06 

anteiso-dotriacontane 0.045 0.04 

iso-tritriacontane ND ND 

anteiso-tritriacontane ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-12

Table F-2. (Continued) 

Dilution Air Quartz Filters 

Compounds 

Mass of fuel (kg)
 224,717 

Dilution ratio
 48.05 

Total air introduced
 172,275.6 

(m3

)


Time (min)
 617.55 

Flow rate (L/min)
 17.585 

Extract Volume (μL)
 260 

August 8 and


August 9 Composite


Extract Concentration
 Compound Emission 

Q051200Q-Q051200T
 Rate 

(ng/μL)
 (μg/kg) 

Compound Emission 

Rate Corrected for 

Dilution Air 

(μg/kg) 

Naphthalene
 0.36 0.35 -0.09 

Acenaphthylene
 0.02 0.02 0.00 

Acenaphthene
 ND ND ND 

Fluorene
 ND ND ND 

Phenanthrene
 0.03 0.03 -0.01 

Anthracene
 ND ND ND 

Fluoranthene
 ND ND 0.01 

Pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]anthracene
 ND ND ND 

Chrysene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[b]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[k]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[ghi]perylene
 ND ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
 ND ND ND 

Coronene
 ND ND ND 

1-Methylnaphthalene
 0.06 0.06 0.03 

2-Methylnaphthalene
 0.10 0.10 -0.03 

2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND ND 

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND ND 

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
 ND ND ND 

9-Methylanthracene
 ND ND ND 

Methylfluorene
 0.02 0.02 -0.02 

bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
 2.35 2.29 0.19 

Butyl benzyl phthalate
 0.73 0.71 0.74 

Diethyl phthalate
 0.88 0.86 -0.38 

Dimethyl phthalate
 0.05 0.05 -0.05 

Di-n-butyl phthalate
 0.72 0.70 -0.21 

Di-n-octyl phthalate
 ND ND ND 

Octylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-13 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

August 8 and 

August 9 Composite Compound Emission 

Extract Concentration Compound Emission Rate Corrected for 

Q051200Q-Q051200T Rate Dilution Air 

Compounds (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (μg/kg) 

Decylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND 

Tridecylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND 

Nonadecylcyclohexane
 ND ND ND 

Norpristane
 ND ND ND 

Pristane
 0.04 0.04 -0.04 

Phytane
 0.08 0.08 -0.08 

Squalane
 0.17 0.17 -0.17 

ABB-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND 

BAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND 

AAA-20S-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND 

AAA-20R-C27-Cholestane
 ND ND ND 

ABB-20R-C28-Methylcholestane
 ND ND ND 

ABB-20R-C29-Ethylcholestane
 ND ND ND 

17A(H)-22, 29, 30-Trisnorhopane
 ND ND ND 

17B(H)-21A(H)-30-Norhopane
 ND ND ND 

17B(H)-21B(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND 

17B(H)-21A(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND 

17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane
 ND ND ND 

n-Decane (C10)
 ND ND ND 

n-Undecane (C11) 
 ND ND ND 

n-Dodecane (C12) 
 ND ND ND 

n-Tridecane (C13) 
 ND ND ND 

n-Tetradecane (C14) 
 0.15 0.15 -0.06 

n-Pentadecane (C15) 
 0.13 0.13 -0.01 

n-Hexadecane (C16) 
 0.11 0.11 0.00 

n-Heptadecane (C17) 
 0.08 0.08 0.01 

n-Octadecane (C18) 
 0.12 0.12 -0.04 

n-Nonadecane (C19)
 0.58 0.57 -0.57 

n-Eicosane (C20) 
 1.73 1.69 -1.43 

n-Heneicosane (C21)
 1.89 1.85 -1.57 

n-Docosane (C22)
 0.98 0.96 -0.27 

n-Tricosane (C23)
 0.58 0.57 2.83 

n-Tetracosane (C24) 
 0.7 0.68 19.88 

n-Pentacosane (C25) 
 0.92 0.90 39.68 

n-Hexacosane (C26) 
 1.23 1.20 44.01 

n-Heptacosane (C27) 
 1.33 1.30 28.78 

n-Octacosane (C28)
 1.29 1.26 17.00 

n-Nonacosane (C29)
 1.08 1.05 7.62 

n-Triacontane (C30)
 0.64 0.62 3.88 

n-Hentriacontane (C31)
 0.7 0.68 2.26 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-14 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

August 8 and 

August 9 Composite Compound Emission 

Extract Concentration Compound Emission Rate Corrected for 

Q051200Q-Q051200T Rate Dilution Air 

Compounds (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (μg/kg) 

n-Dotriacontane (C32)
 0.31 0.30 0.78 

n-Tritriacontane (C33)
 0.15 0.15 0.27 

n-Tetratriacontane (C34)
 0.08 0.08 0.11 

n-Pentatriacontane (C35)
 ND ND 0.24 

n-Hexatriacontane (C36)
 ND ND 0.08 

n-Tetracontane (C40)
 ND ND ND 

3-Methylnonadecane
 0.42 0.41 -0.41 

2-Methylnonadecane
 0.29 0.28 -0.28 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Methylfluoranthene
 ND ND ND 

Methylchrysene
 ND ND ND 

Retene
 ND ND ND 

Anthroquinone
 ND ND ND 

9-Fluorenone
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione
 ND ND ND 

1,8-Naphthalic anhydride
 ND ND ND 

Squalene
 0.71 0.69 -0.69 

1-Octadecene
 ND ND ND 

Benzo[e]pyrene
 ND ND ND 

Oxalic acid (C2)
 ND ND ND 

Malonic acid (C3)
 ND ND ND 

Maleic acid (C3=)
 ND ND ND 

Fumaric acid (C4=)
 ND ND ND 

Succininc acid (C4) Butanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Glutaric acid (C5) Pentanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Adipic acid (C6) Hexanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Pimelic acid (C7) Heptanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Suberic acid (C8) Octanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Azelaic acid (C9) Nonanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Sebacic acid (C10) Decanedioic acid
 ND ND ND 

Phthalic acid (1,2)
 1.06 1.08 -1.08 

Isophthalic acid (1,3)
 ND ND ND 

Terephthalic acid (1,4)
 ND ND ND 

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid
 ND ND ND 

1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid
 ND ND ND 

Methylphthalic acid
 ND ND ND 

C6 Hexanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-15 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

August 8 and 

August 9 Composite Compound Emission 

Extract Concentration Compound Emission Rate Corrected for 

Q051200Q-Q051200T Rate Dilution Air 

Compounds (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (μg/kg) 

C8 Octanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C9 Nonanoic acid
 0.08 0.08 -0.08 

C10 Decanoic acid
 0.09 0.09 -0.09 

C11 Undecanoic acid
 0.03 0.03 -0.03 

C12 Dodecanoic acid
 0.38 0.39 -0.24 

C13 Tridecanoic acid
 0.03 0.03 0.06 

C14 Tetradecanoic acid
 0.47 0.48 -0.31 

C15 Pentadecanoic acid
 0.12 0.12 -0.02 

C16 Hexadecanoic acid
 1.33 1.35 1.73 

C17 Heptadecanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C18 Octadecanoic acid
 0.44 0.45 5.39 

C19 Nonadecanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C20 Eicosanoic acid
 0.02 0.02 0.21 

C21 Heneicosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C22 Docosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C23 Tricosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C24 Tetracosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C25 Pentacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C26 Hexacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

C27 Heptacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

Abietic acid
 ND ND ND 

Octacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

Nonacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

Triacontanoic acid
 ND ND ND 

Pinonic acid
 ND ND ND 

Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)
 0.23 0.23 0.04 

Oleic acid (C18:1)
 0.27 0.28 0.21 

Linoleic acid (C18:2)
 0.16 0.16 0.11 

Linolenic acid
 ND ND ND 

Pimaric acid
 ND ND ND 

Sandaracopimaric acid
 ND ND ND 

Isopimaric acid
 ND ND ND 

6,8,11,13-Abietatetraen-18-oic acid
 ND ND ND 

Dehydroabietic acid
 15.98 16.28 -16.28 

Levoglucosan (TMS derivative)
 1.87 11.43 0.88 

Cholesterol (TMS derivative)
 3.42 20.90 2.09 

Stigmasterol (TMS derivative)
 2.97 18.15 2.92 

Monopalmitin (TMS derivative)
 0.45 2.75 0.33 

Monoolein (TMS derivative)
 0.4 2.45 0.92 

Monostearin (TMS derivative)
 0.51 3.12 1.47 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-16 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

August 8 and 

August 9 Composite Compound Emission 

Extract Concentration Compound Emission Rate Corrected for 

Q051200Q-Q051200T Rate Dilution Air 

Compounds (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (μg/kg) 

Glycerine (TMS derivative)
 0.98 5.99 0.86 

β-Sitosterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

Sitostenone (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND 

α-Amyrin
 ND ND ND 

β-Amyrin
 ND ND ND 

Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM)
 ND ND ND 

2-methylnonadecane
 0.29 0.28 -0.28 

3-methylnonadecane
 0.42 0.41 -0.41 

iso-docosane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-docosane
 0.18 0.18 -0.18 

iso-tricosane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-tricosane
 ND ND ND 

iso-tetracosane
 ND ND 1.01 

anteiso-tetracosane
 ND ND 0.43 

iso-pentacosane
 ND ND 2.49 

anteiso-pentacosane
 ND ND 1.51 

iso-hexacosane
 ND ND 2.34 

anteiso-hexacosane
 ND ND 1.91 

iso-heptacosane
 ND ND 1.73 

anteisoheptacosane
 ND ND 1.41 

iso-Octacosane
 ND ND 0.77 

anteiso-Octacosane
 ND ND 0.80 

iso-nonacosane
 0.05 0.05 0.43 

anteiso-nonacosane
 ND ND 0.31 

iso-triacontane
 ND ND 0.28 

anteiso-triacontane
 ND ND 0.22 

iso-hentriacontane
 ND ND 0.10 

anteiso-hentriacontane
 ND ND 0.07 

iso-dotriacontane
 ND ND 0.06 

anteiso-dotriacontane
 ND ND 0.04 

iso-tritriacontane
 ND ND ND 

anteiso-tritriacontane
 ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. (Continued) 

F-17

Table F-2. (Continued) 

PUF Plugs Mass of fuel (kg) August 8 Tot. Air Intro Augus

Dilution Ratio (m3) Dilution 

224717 49.05 172275.6 48.05 Time (min) PUF Flow rate PUFs Flow rate - August 9 

(L/min) (L/min) 

617.55 17.62 17.585 

Extract Volume Extract Volume Extract Volume Extract Volume 

250.00 μL 245.00 μL 240 μL 255 μL 

August 8 August 9 August 8 August 9 Compo

Concentration Concentration Compound Concentration Concentration Dilution 

Compound P071900AB P073100AB Emission Rate P073100GH P080100AB Emission 

(ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/k

Naphthalene
 2.65 1.49 3.55 0.56 0.94 1.27 

Acenaphthylene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Acenaphthene
 ND 0.64 0.54 ND ND ND 

Fluorene
 2.33 ND 2.01 ND ND ND 

Phenanthrene
 ND 3.46 2.93 0.62 0.56 0.99 

Anthracene
 ND ND ND ND 0.06 0.05 

Fluoranthene
 0.05 0.25 0.25 ND 0.05 0.04 

Pyrene
 0.03 0.12 0.13 ND 0.04 0.03 

Benzo[a]anthracene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chrysene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[b]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[k]fluoranthene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[ghi]perylene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Coronene ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1-Methylnaphthalene 3.27 0.92 3.60 0.26 0.32 0.49 

2-Methylnaphthalene 4.60 1.53 5.27 0.49 0.73 1.03 

ND = Compound not detected. 

F-18

Table F-2. (Continued) 

F-19


August 8 August 9 August 8 August 9 Compo

Concentration Concentration Compound Concentration Concentration Dilution 

Compound P071900AB P073100AB Emission Rate P073100GH P080100AB Emission 

(ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/k

2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 1.50 ND 1.30 ND 0.7 0.61 

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2.13 0.83 2.54 ND 0.17 0.15 

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1.41 0.93 2.01 ND 0.14 0.12 

9-Methylanthracene ND ND ND ND ND ND Methylfluorene ND 2.23 1.89 0.21 0.43 0.54 

bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate 3.02 2.49 4.72 0.77 ND 0.63 

Butyl benzyl phthalate 1.94 4.98 5.89 0.72 0.95 1.41 Diethyl phthalate 16.53 22.12 33.01 1.49 0.85 1.95 

Dimethyl phthalate 24.07 ND 20.80 ND ND ND 

Di-n-butyl phthalate 0.83 2.94 3.21 0.83 1.54 2.01 

Di-n-octyl phthalate ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Octylcyclohexane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Decylcyclohexane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Tridecylcyclohexane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Nonadecylcyclohexane ND ND ND ND ND ND Norpristane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pristane 1.28 ND 1.11 0.79 0.54 1.11 

Phytane ND ND ND 1.22 1.35 2.16 

Squalane ND ND ND ND ND ND ABB-20R-C27-Cholestane ND ND ND ND ND ND BAA-20R-C27-Cholestane ND ND ND ND ND ND AAA-20S-C27-Cholestane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

AAA-20R-C27-Cholestane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ABB-20R-C28-

Methylcholestane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ABB-20R-C29-

Ethylcholestane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

17A(H)-22, 29, 30-Trisnorhopane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

17B(H)-21A(H)-30-Norhopane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

17B(H)-21B(H)-Hopane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

F-20


August 8 August 9 August 8 August 9 Compo

Concentration Concentration Compound Concentration Concentration Dilution 

Compound P071900AB P073100AB Emission Rate P073100GH P080100AB Emission 

(ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/k

17B(H)-21A(H)-Hopane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

n-Decane (C10) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

n-Undecane (C11) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

n-Dodecane (C12) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

n-Tridecane (C13) 2.77 ND 2.39 2.2 1.25 2.87 

n-Tetradecane (C14) 1.08 0.33 1.21 1.34 1.31 2.22 

n-Pentadecane (C15) 3.84 0.55 3.78 1.28 1.09 1.98 

n-Hexadecane (C16) 6.02 2.56 7.37 1.51 1.88 2.86 

n-Heptadecane (C17) 4.69 1.56 5.37 1.35 1.5 2.40 

n-Octadecane (C18) 5.74 2.36 6.96 1.37 1.59 2.49 

n-Nonadecane (C19) 11.02 6.23 14.80 2.01 2.98 4.21 

n-Eicosane (C20) 3.26 1.47 4.06 1.28 2.29 3.02 

n-Heneicosane (C21) 3.72 1.49 4.48 0.99 1.08 1.74 

n-Docosane (C22) 7.01 2.83 8.45 0.74 ND 13.0

n-Tricosane (C23) 17.98 5.55 20.23 1.64 ND 1.34 

n-Tetracosane (C24) 14.24 3.12 14.94 1.02 14.38 13.2

n-Pentacosane (C25) 6.42 3.65 8.64 1.91 2.03 3.31 

n-Hexacosane (C26) 4.34 4.33 7.42 3.54 ND 2.88 

n-Heptacosane (C27) 5.94 6.21 10.39 5.42 0.27 4.65 

n-Octacosane (C28) 6.56 6.26 10.97 6.1 4.11 8.52 

n-Nonacosane (C29) 7.96 6.25 12.17 5.84 4.43 8.59 

n-Triacontane (C30) 2.87 1.86 4.05 2.06 1.47 2.95 

n-Hentriacontane (C31) 2.65 1.42 3.49 1.2 1.16 1.98 n-Dotriacontane (C32) 3.37 1.43 4.12 1.27 ND 1.03 

n-Tritriacontane (C33) 1.45 0.78 1.91 0.78 ND 0.63 

n-Tetratriacontane (C34) 3.19 0.51 3.19 0.51 ND 0.42 n-Pentatriacontane (C35) 4.09 0.87 4.27 1.82 ND 1.48 

n-Hexatriacontane (C36) ND ND ND 1.37 ND 1.12 

n-Tetracontane (C40) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3-Methylnonadecane ND ND ND ND 0.83 0.72 

2-Methylnonadecane ND ND ND ND 0.37 0.32 

ND = Compound not detected. 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

F-21


August 8 August 9 August 8 August 9 Compo

Concentration Concentration Compound Concentration Concentration Dilution 

Compound P071900AB P073100AB Emission Rate P073100GH P080100AB Emission 

(ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/k

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
 ND ND ND 0.91 ND 0.74 

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pyrene
 ND 0.04 0.03 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Methylfluoranthene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Methylchrysene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Retene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Anthroquinone
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 9-Fluorenone
 1.55 ND 1.34 ND ND ND 

Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12­
dione
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Squalene
 ND 4.44 3.76 ND 4.47 3.87 

1-Octadecene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Benzo[e]pyrene
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Oxalic acid (C2)
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Malonic acid (C3)
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Maleic acid (C3=)
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

)
C4= (dic aFumaric ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Succininc acid (C4)
Butanedioic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Glutaric acid (C5)
Pentanedioic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Adipic acid (C6) Hexanedioic
acid ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pimelic acid (C7)


Heptanedioic d aci ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Suberic acid (C8) Octanedioic
acid ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Azelaic acid (C9)
Nonanedioic acid ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

F-22


August 8 August 9 August 8 August 9 Compo

Concentration Concentration Compound Concentration Concentration Dilution 

Compound P071900AB P073100AB Emission Rate P073100GH P080100AB Emission 

(ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/k

Sebacic acid (C10)
Decanedioic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Phthalic acid (1,2)
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Isophthalic acid (1,3)
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Terephthalic acid (1,4)
 ND 3.78 2.37 ND ND ND 

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic
acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,4,5-
Benzenetetracarboxylic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Methylphthalic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

C6 Hexanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

C8 Octanoic acid
 2.12 2.66 4.09 0.5 0.69 1.18 C9 Nonanoic acid
 1.89 3.34 4.25 0.61 0.9 1.50 

C10 Decanoic acid
 ND 0.38 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.48 

C11 Undecanoic acid
 0.28 0.51 0.64 0.07 0.09 0.16 

C12 Dodecanoic acid
 0.78 1.96 2.12 0.32 0.6 0.92 

C13 Tridecanoic acid
 ND 0.51 0.32 0.05 0.08 0.13 

C14 Tetradecanoic acid
 1.24 1.33 2.25 0.31 0.85 1.17 

C15 Pentadecanoic acid
 0.49 0.53 0.89 0.14 0.41 0.55 

C16 Hexadecanoic acid
 4.49 4.00 7.64 1.57 4.01 5.60 

C17 Heptadecanoic acid
 ND 0.51 0.32 0.07 ND 0.06 

C18 Octadecanoic acid
 2.08 2.36 3.86 1.41 3.2 4.62 C19 Nonadecanoic acid
 ND 0.04 0.03 0.02 ND 0.02 C20 Eicosanoic acid
 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.28 

C21 Heneicosanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

C22 Docosanoic acid
 0.06 ND 0.07 ND ND ND 

C23 Tricosanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND 0.06 0.06 

C24 Tetracosanoic acid
 0.14 0.18 0.27 0.08 0.24 0.32 

C25 Pentacosanoic acid
 ND 0.04 0.03 ND 0.08 0.08 C26 Hexacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

C27 Heptacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Abietic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

F-23


August 8 August 9 August 8 August 9 Compo

Concentration Concentration Compound Concentration Concentration Dilution 

Compound P071900AB P073100AB Emission Rate P073100GH P080100AB Emission 

(ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/k

Octacosanoic acid
 ND 0.06 0.04 ND ND ND 

Nonacosanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Triacontanoic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pinonic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)
 ND ND ND 0.14 0.47 0.62 Oleic acid (C18:1)
 0.18 0.30 0.39 0.21 0.51 0.72 

Linoleic acid (C18:2)
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Linolenic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pimaric acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Sandaracopimaric acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Isopimaric acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

6,8,11,13-Abietatetraen-18-
oic acid
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dehydroabietic acid
 ND ND ND 6.93 ND 6.40 Levoglucosan 


(TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Cholesterol (TMS derivative)
 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Stigmasterol (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Monopalmitin (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Monoolein (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Monostearin (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Glycerine (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

β-Sitosterol (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Sitostenone (TMS derivative) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

α-Amyrin ND ND ND ND ND ND 

β-Amyrin ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM) ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2-Methylnonadecane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3-Methylnonadecane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

iso-Docosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. 
Table F-2. (Continued) 

August 8 August 9 August 8 August 9 Compo

Concentration Concentration Compound Concentration Concentration Dilution 

Compound P071900AB P073100AB Emission Rate P073100GH P080100AB Emission 

(ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/kg) (ng/μL) (ng/μL) (μg/k

anteiso-Docosane ND ND ND ND ND ND iso-Tricosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

anteiso-Tricosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

iso-Tetracosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

anteiso-Tetracosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

iso-Pentacosane ND ND ND ND ND ND anteiso-Pentacosane ND ND ND ND ND ND iso-Hexacosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

anteiso-Hexacosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

iso-Heptacosane ND ND ND ND ND ND anteisoHeptacosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

iso-Octacosane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

anteiso-Dotriacontane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

iso-Tritriacontane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

anteiso-Tritriacontane ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ND = Compound not detected. 

F-24

Appendix G


Supporting Data for Carbonyl Analysis


G-1

Table G-1.	 Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid 

Chromatography 

Field Samples, August 8-9, 2000 

Results reported by individual carbonyl sampling tube. 

Blank Blank 

Residence Chamber Residence Chamber 

Front Back Front Back 

Compound CAS No. 

8/8/00 8/9/00 Tube Tube Tube Tube 

μg 

formaldehyde 50-00-0 0.0425 0.0365 36.28 0.07 12.8735 0.0505 

acetaldehyde 75-07-0 0.079 0.083 6.6595 0.165 2.5435 0.0965 

acetone 67-64-1 0.184 0.2235 0.804 2.1695 0.2155 0.5535 

propionaldehyde 123-38-6 ND ND 0.8405 ND 0.428 ND 

crotonaldehyde 4170-30-3 ND ND 0.122 ND 0.068 ND 

butyraldehyde 123-72-8 0.034 0.0875 0.51 0.293 0.3455 0.247 

benzaldehyde 100-52-7 ND 0.0205 0.35 ND 0.202 ND 

isovaleraldehyde 590-86-3 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

valeraldehyde 110-62-3 ND ND 0.1585 0.013 0.072 ND 

o-tolualdehyde 529-20-4 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

m-tolualdehyde 620-23-5 ND 0.028 0.1125 0.032 0.099 ND 

p-tolualdehyde 104-87-0 ND ND ND ND 0.0405 ND 

hexaldehyde 66-25-1 0.016 0.018 0.1075 0.0185 0.0485 0.0205 

2,5-dimethylbenz- 5779-94-2 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

aldehyde 

diacetyl 431-03-8 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

methacrolein 78-85-3 ND ND 0.361 ND 0.185 ND 

2-butanone 78-93-3 0.013 0.026 0.221 0.320 0.026 0.181 

glyoxal 107-22-2 ND ND 1.579 0.225 2.060 ND 

acetophenone 98-86-2 ND ND 0.905 ND 0.238 ND 

methylglyoxal 78-98-8 ND ND 0.553 ND 0.546 ND 

octanal 124-13-0 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

nonanal 124-19-6 0.070 ND 0.506 0.077 0.379 0.102 

ND = Not detected; compound not observed at detectable levels. 

G-2

Table G-2.	 Carbonyl Compounds Analyzed by High Performance Liquid 

Chromatography 

Field Samples, Generated August 8-9, 2000 

Residence Residence 

Chamber Chamber 

Blank Paired Tubes Blank Paired Tubes 

8/8/00 8/8/00 8/9/00 8/9/00 

Compound CAS No. μg μg μg μg 

formaldehyde 50-00-0 0.0425 36.35 0.0365 12.924 

acetaldehyde 75-07-0 0.079 6.8245 0.083 2.640 

acetone 67-64-1 0.184 2.9735 0.2235 0.7690 

propionaldehyde 123-38-6 ND 0.8405 ND 0.4280 

crotonaldehyde 4170-30-3 ND 0.1220 ND 0.0680 

butyraldehyde 123-72-8 0.034 0.8030 0.0875 0.5925 

benzaldehyde 100-52-7 ND 0.3500 0.0205 0.2020 

isovaleraldehyde 590-86-3 ND ND ND ND 

valeraldehyde 110-62-3 ND 0.1715 ND 0.0720 

o-tolualdehyde 529-20-4 ND ND ND ND 

m-tolualdehyde 620-23-5 ND 0.1445 0.028 0.0990 

p-tolualdehyde 104-87-0 ND ND ND 0.0405 

hexaldehyde 66-25-1 0.016 0.1260 0.018 0.0690 

2,5-dimethylbenz- 5779-94-2 ND ND ND ND 

aldehyde 

diacetyl 431-03-8 ND ND ND ND 

methacrolein 78-85-3 ND 0.3610 ND 0.1850 

2-butanone 78-93-3 0.013 0.5410 0.026 0.2070 

glyoxal 107-22-2 ND 1.8040 ND 2.0600 

acetophenone 98-86-2 ND 0.9050 ND 0.2380 

methylglyoxal 78-98-8 ND 0.5530 ND 0.5460 

octanal 124-13-0 ND ND ND ND 

nonanal 124-19-6 0.070 0.5830 ND 0.4810 

Total Speciated 0.3595 53.4525 0.5230 21.4680 

Total 2.3270 6.8975 1.4755 4.6515


Unspeciated 

Total Speciated + 2.6865 60.3500 1.9985 25.1195


Unspeciated 

ND = Not detected; compound not observed in performance of the analysis.


Total Speciated = Total mass (front plus back tube) of identified carbonyl compounds.


Total Unspeciated = Total mass (front plus back tube) of compounds characterized as carbonyl compounds but not


identified as a specific compound because no analytical reference standard was available.


G-3

Table G-3.	 Carbonyl Compounds (Speciated). Mass Emission Rates for Wood-Fired 

Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #1 (August 8, 2000) 

Mass Fuel Consumed = 97,690 kg 

Total Volume of Combustion Air = (combustion air flow rate) x (time) 

= (3,263.6 scfm) x (28.31685 sLpm/scfm) x (257.90 min) 

= 23,833,795 liters 

Volume of Combustion Air Sampled = (Venturi flow rate) x (time) 

= (17.19 sLpm) x (257.90 min) 

= 4,433.301 liters 

Volume of Dilution Air = (dilution air flow rate) x (time) 

= (822.4 sLpm) x (257.90 min) 

= 212,096.96 liters 

Dilution Ratio = (volume of dilution air + volume of combustion air)/volume of 

combustion air 

= (212,096.96 liters + 4,433.301 liters)/4,433.301 liters 

= 48.8 

Mass Flow Rate of Carbonyls in = (mass carbonyls collected)/[(sample flow rate at cartridge) x (time)] 

Diluted Sample = (53.0930 μg)/[(0.970699 Lpm) x (257.90 min)] 

= 0.2120808 μg/liter 

Mass Flow Rate of Carbonyls in = (mass flow rate carbonyls diluted) x dilution ratio 

Undiluted Sample = (0.2120808 μg/liter) x 48.841768* 

= 10.358401 μg/liter 

Total Mass of Carbonyls in Sampled = (mass flow rate of carbonyls in undiluted sample) x (volume of 

Air undiluted sample) 

= 10.358401 μg/liter x 4,433.301 liters 

= 45,921.91 μg 

Total Carbonyls in Total = [(mass of carbonyls in sampled air)/(volume of sampled air)] x (tota

Combustion Air combustion air) 

= [(45,853.58 μg)/(4,433.301 liters)] x (23,833,795 liters) 

= 246,880,011 μg 

Mass Emission Rate of Speciated = (mass carbonyls in total combustion air)/(kg fuel burned) 

Carbonyls = 246,880,011 μg /97,690 kg 

= 2,527.2 μg/kg fuel 

= 2.53 mg/kg fuel 

l 

*Dilution factor is dimensionless 

G-4

Table G-4.	 Carbonyl Compounds (Speciated). Mass Emission Rates for Wood-Fired 

Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #2 (August 9, 2000) 

Mass Fuel Consumed = 127,027 kg 

Total Volume of Combustion Air = (combustion air flow rate) x (time) 

= (3,263.6 scfm) x (28.31685 sLpm/scfm) x (359.65 min) 

= 33,237,009 liters 

Volume of Combustion Air Sampled = (Venturi flow rate) x (time) 

= (17.06 sLpm) x (359.65 min) 

= 6,135.629 liters 

Volume of Dilution Air = (dilution air flow rate) x (time) 

= (823.46 sLpm) x (359.65 min) 

= 296,157.39 liters 

Dilution Ratio = (volume of dilution air + volume of combustion air)/volume of 

combustion air 

= (296,157.39 liters + 100,330,222 liters)/6,135.629 liters 

= 49.268464 

Mass Flow Rate of Carbonyls in = (mass carbonyls collected)/[(sample flow rate at cartridge) x (time)] 

Diluted Sample = (21.468 μg)/[(0.969695 Lpm) x (359.65 min)] 

= 0.0621336 μg/liter 

Mass Flow Rate of Carbonyls in = (mass flow rate carbonyls diluted) x dilution ratio 

Undiluted Sample = (0.0621336 μg/liter) x 49.268464* 

= 3.061223 μg/liter 

Total Mass of Carbonyls in Sampled = (mass flow rate of carbonyls in undiluted sample) x (volume of 

Air undiluted sample) 

= 3.061223 μg/liter x 6,135.629 liters 

= 18,782.53 μg 

Total Carbonyls in Total = [(mass of carbonyls in sampled air)/(volume of sampled air)] x (total 

Combustion Air combustion air) 

= [(18,782.53 μg)/(6,135.629 liters)] x (33,237,009 liters) 

= 101,745,906 μg 

Mass Emission Rate of Speciated = (mass carbonyls in total combustion air)/(kg fuel burned) 

Carbonyls = 101,745,906 μg /127,027 kg 

= 800.9786 μg/kg fuel 

= 0.801 mg/kg fuel 

*Dilution factor is dimensionless 

G-5

Table G-5. 	 Carbonyl Compounds (Speciated + Unspeciated). Mass Emission Rates for 

Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #1 (August 8, 2000) 

Mass Fuel Consumed = 97,690 kg 

Total Volume of Combustion Air = (combustion air flow rate) x (time) 

= (3,263.6 scfm) x (28.31685 sLpm/scfm) x (257.90 min) 

= 23,833,795 liters 

Volume of Combustion Air Sampled = (Venturi flow rate) x (time) 

= (17.19 sLpm) x (257.90 min) 

= 4,433.3 liters 

Volume of Dilution Air = (dilution air flow rate) x (time) 

= (822.4 sLpm) x (257.90 min) 

= 212,097.0 liters 

Dilution Ratio = (volume of dilution air + volume of combustion air)/volume of 

combustion air 

= (212,097.0 liters + 4,433.3 liters)/4,433.3 liters 

= 48.8 

Mass Flow Rate of Carbonyls in = (mass carbonyls collected)/[(sample flow rate at cartridge) x (time)] 

Diluted Sample = (57.6635 μg)/[(0.970699 Lpm) x (257.90 min)] 

= 0.2303 μg/liter 

Mass Flow Rate of Carbonyls in = (mass flow rate carbonyls diluted) x dilution ratio 

Undiluted Sample = (0.2303 μg/liter) x 48.8* 

= 11.25 μg/liter 

Total Mass of Carbonyls in Sampled = (mass flow rate of carbonyls in undiluted sample) x (volume of 

Air undiluted sample) 

= 11.25 μg/liter x 4,433.3 liters 

= 49,875.09 μg 

Total Carbonyls in Total = [(mass of carbonyls in sampled air)/(volume of sampled air)] x (total 

Combustion Air combustion air) 

= [(49,875.09 μg)/(4,433.3 liters)] x (23,833,795 liters) 

= 268,132,626 μg 

Mass Emission Rate of Carbonyls = (mass carbonyls in total combustion air)/(kg fuel burned) 

(Speciated + Unspeciated) = 268,132,626 μg /97,690 kg 

= 2,744.7 μg/kg fuel 

= 2.74 mg/kg fuel 

*Dilution factor is dimensionless 

G-6

Table G-6. 	 Carbonyl Compounds (Speciated + Unspeciated). Mass Emission Rates for 

Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #2 (August 9, 2000) 

Mass Fuel Consumed = 127,027 kg 

Total Volume of Combustion Air = (combustion air flow rate) x (time) 

= (3,263.6 scfm) x (28.31685 sLpm/scfm) x (359.65 min) 

= 33,237,008 liters 

Volume of Combustion Air Sampled = (Venturi flow rate) x (time) 

= (17.06 sLpm) x (359.65 min) 

= 6,135.6 liters 

Volume of Dilution Air = (dilution air flow rate) x (time) 

= (823.46 sLpm) x (359.65 min) 

= 296,157.4 liters 

Dilution Ratio = (volume of dilution air + volume of combustion air)/volume of 

combustion air 

= (296,157.4 liters + 6,135.6 liters)/6,135.6 liters 

= 49.3 

Mass Flow Rate of Carbonyls in = (mass carbonyls collected)/[(sample flow rate at cartridge) x (time)] 

Diluted Sample = (25.1195 μg)/[(0.960695 Lpm) x (359.65 min)] 

= 0.0727 μg/liter 

Mass Flow Rate of Carbonyls in = (mass flow rate carbonyls diluted) x dilution ratio 

Undiluted Sample = (0.0727 μg/liter) x 49.3* 

= 3.58 μg/liter 

Total Mass of Carbonyls in Sampled = (mass flow rate of carbonyls in undiluted sample) x (volume of 

Air undiluted sample) 

= 3.58 μg/liter x 6,135.6 liters 

= 21,997.26 μg 

Total Carbonyls in Total = [(mass of carbonyls in sampled air)/(volume of sampled air)] x (total 

Combustion Air combustion air) 

= [(21,997.26 μg)/(6,135.6 liters)] x 33,237,008 liters 

= 119,051,905 μg 

Mass Emission Rate of Carbonyls = (mass carbonyls in total combustion air)/(kg fuel burned) 

(Speciated + Unspeciated) = 119,051,905 μg /127,027 kg 

= 937.2 μg/kg fuel 

= 0.94 mg/kg fuel 

*Dilution factor is dimensionless 

G-7

Appendix H


Supporting Data for


Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compound Analysis


H-1

Table H-1. Analytical Results for Field Samples, Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds, Test #1, 

Compound CAS No. 

Blank Dilution Air Reside

3 μg/m 3 μg/m Total μg 

μg/m 

ethylene 74-85-1 0.15 1.65 350.0 14.69 acetylene 74-86-2 ND 0.87 184.5 9.4 

ethane 74-84-0 0.17 2.76 585.4 6.96 

propylene 115-07-1 0.09 57.24 12140.4 53.34 propane 74-98-6 0.18 51.97 11022.7 48.41 

propyne 74-99-7 ND ND ND ND 

isobutane 75-28-5 0.09 0.68 144.2 1.51 

isobutene/1-butene 115-11-7/106-98-0 0.07 0.87 184.5 2.37 

1,3-butadiene 106-99-0 ND ND ND 0.31 

n-butane 106-97-8 0.15 0.85 180.3 1.56 

trans-2-butene 624-64-6 0.09 0.23 48.8 0.56 

cis-2-butene 590-18-1 0.12 0.43 91.2 0.67 3-methyl-1-butene 563-45-1 ND ND ND 0.13 

isopentane 78-78-4 0.14 0.53 112.4 0.61 

1-pentene 109-67-1 ND ND ND ND 

2-methyl-1-butene 563-46-2 ND ND ND 0.16 

n-pentane 109-66-0 0.09 0.25 53.0 0.84 isoprene 78-79-4 0.09 4.21 892.9 0.46 

trans-2-pentene 646-04-8 0.09 0.3 63.6 0.61 cis-2-pentene 627-20-3 0.13 0.36 76.4 0.51 2-methyl-2-butene 513-35-9 ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dimethylbutane 75-83-2 0.16 9.92 2104.0 5.45 

cyclopentene 142-29-0 ND 0.22 46.7 0.23 4-methyl-1-pentene 691-37-2 ND ND ND ND 

cyclopentane 287-92-3 0.09 0.37 78.5 0.4 ND = Compound not detected. 

H-2

Table H-1. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Blank Dilution Air Reside

3 μg/m 3 μg/m Total μg 

μg/m 

2,3-dimethylbutane 79-29-8 0.19 0.59 125.1 0.6 

2-methylpentane 107-83-5 0.08 0.54 114.5 ND 

3-methylpentane 96-14-0 0.16 0.54 114.5 0.5 

2-methyl-1-pentene 763-29-1 ND ND ND ND 

1-hexene 592-41-6 0.21 0.68 144.2 1.58 

2-ethyl-1-butene 760-21-4 ND ND ND ND 

n-hexane 110-54-3 0.12 6.37 1351.1 2.18 

trans-2-hexene 4050-45-7 ND ND ND ND 

cis-2-hexene 7688-21-3 ND ND ND ND 

methylcyclopentane 96-37-7 0.11 0.87 184.5 0.65 

2,4-dimethylpentane 108-08-7 0.15 0.37 78.5 0.41 

benzene 71-43-2 0.12 0.35 74.2 400.2 

cyclohexane 110-82-7 0.15 0.4 84.8 0.45 2-methylhexane 591-76-4 0.07 0.92 195.1 0.22 

2,3-dimethylpentane 565-59-3 0.19 0.53 112.4 0.46 

3-methylhexane 589-34-4 0.12 1.14 241.8 0.96 

1-heptene 592-76-7 ND 0.15 31.8 ND 

2,2,4-trimethylpentane 540-84-1 0.14 0.61 129.4 ND 

n-heptane 142-82-5 0.12 0.67 142.1 1.51 

methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 0.14 7.92 1679.8 0.8 

2,2,3-trimethylpentane 564-02-3 ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4-trimethylpentane 565-75-3 0.1 0.36 76.4 0.5 

toluene 108-88-3 0.18 1.31 277.8 3.9 2-methylheptane 592-27-8 0.1 0.44 93.3 0.42 

3-methylheptane 589-81-1 0.11 0.56 118.8 0.65 

ND = Compound not detected. 

H-3

Table H-1. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Blank Dilution Air Reside

3 μg/m 3 μg/m Total μg 

μg/m 

1-octene 111-66-0 ND 0.26 55.1 0.83 

n-octane 111-65-9 0.12 2.39 506.9 2.72 

ethylbenzene 100-41-4 0.1 1.01 214.2 1.36 m-, p-xylene 108-38-3/106-42-3 0.15 1.21 256.6 1.7 

styrene 100-42-5 0.06 0.67 142.1 0.75 

o-xylene 95-47-6 0.1 0.63 133.6 ND 1-nonene 124-11-8 0.1 0.13 27.6 0.32 

n-nonane 111-84-2 0.15 0.81 171.8 1.34 

isopropylbenzene 98-82-8 0.3 0.33 70.0 0.42 

α-pinene 80-56-8 ND 4.77 1011.7 2.87 

n-propylbenzene 103-65-1 0.1 0.35 74.2 0.46 

m-ethyltoluene 620-14-4 0.18 1.52 322.4 1.43 

p-ethyltoluene 622-96-8 0.14 1.03 218.5 1.04 

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 0.09 1.01 214.2 1.12 

o-ethyltoluene 611-14-3 0.1 2.57 545.1 2.58 

β-pinene 127-91-3 ND 2.07 439.0 1.84 

1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 0.15 1.44 305.4 1.8 

1-decene 872-05-9 ND ND ND ND 

n-decane 124-18-5 0.13 29.58 6273.8 28.75 

1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 526-73-8 ND 0.4 84.8 0.51 

m-diethylbenzene 141-93-5 0.11 0.67 142.1 0.57 

p-diethylbenzene 105-05-5 0.1 0.24 50.9 0.2 

1-undecene 821-95-4 ND ND ND ND 

n-undecane 1120-21-4 0.14 4.48 950.2 4.44 1-dodecene 112-41-4 ND 0.84 178.2 0.96 

ND = Compound not detected. 

H-4

Table H-1. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Blank Dilution Air Reside

3 μg/m 3 μg/m Total μg 

μg/m 

n-dodecane 112-40-3 0.07 142.76 30279.0 142.41-tridecene 2437-56-1 ND 0.82 173.9 1.04 n-tridecane 629-50-5 ND 0.84 178.2 0.9 

Total Speciated 6.55 361.86 76749.4 767.5

Total Unspeciated 6.37 77.02 16335.7 300.7

Total Speciated + Unspeciated* 12.92 438.88 93085.1 1068.2

* Total NMOC with unknowns in μg/m3 is an estimate based on propane only. 

ND = Not detected; compound not observed in the performance of the analysis.
NR = Not reported because of compound co-elution.


Total Speciated = Sum of concentrations for all identified peaks.
Total Unspeciated = Concentration obtained by taking the difference between (Total Speciated + Unspeciated) and Total S

Total Speciated + Unspeciated = Concentration obtained from the integration of all of the peaks in the chromatogram.


H-5

Table H-2. Analytical Results for Field Samples, Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds, Test #2, 8/9

Compound CAS No. 

Blank Dilution Air Reside

3 μg/m 3 μg/m Total μg 

μg/m 

ethylene 74-85-1 0.15 1.25 379.1 4.85 acetylene 74-86-2 ND 0.73 216.2 7.68 

ethane 74-84-0 0.16 2.56 758.2 4.1 

propylene 115-07-1 0.11 7.2 2132.3 10.02 

propane 74-98-6 0.17 26.01 7703.1 25.96 

propyne 74-99-7 ND ND ND ND 

isobutane 75-28-5 0.08 0.6 177.7 0.83 

isobutene/1-butene 115-11-7/106-98-0 0.07 0.52 154.0 1.04 

1,3-butadiene 106-99-0 ND ND ND 0.11 

n-butane 106-97-8 0.14 0.82 242.8 0.98 

trans-2-butene 624-64-6 0.08 0.27 80.0 ND 

cis-2-butene 590-18-1 0.13 0.39 115.5 0.48 3-methyl-1-butene 563-45-1 ND ND ND ND 

isopentane 78-78-4 0.14 0.48 142.2 0.5 

1-pentene 109-67-1 ND ND ND ND 

2-methyl-1-butene 563-46-2 ND ND ND ND 

n-pentane 109-66-0 0.09 0.5 148.1 0.94 isoprene 78-79-4 0.12 1.42 420.5 0.4 

trans-2-pentene 646-04-8 0.10 0.26 77.0 0.35 cis-2-pentene 627-20-3 0.13 0.35 103.7 0.41 

2-methyl-2-butene 513-35-9 ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dimethylbutane 75-83-2 0.16 1 296.2 1.08 

cyclopentene 142-29-0 ND 0.09 26.7 0.16 4-methyl-1-pentene 691-37-2 ND ND ND ND 

cyclopentane 287-92-3 0.09 0.34 100.7 0.4 ND = Compound not detected. 

H-6

Table H-2. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Blank Dilution Air Reside

3 μg/m 3 μg/m Total μg 

μg/m 

2,3-dimethylbutane 79-29-8 0.2 0.53 157.0 0.54 

2-methylpentane 107-83-5 0.06 0.44 130.3 ND 

3-methylpentane 96-14-0 0.17 0.58 171.8 0.52 

2-methyl-1-pentene 763-29-1 ND ND ND ND 

1-hexene 592-41-6 0.20 0.65 192.5 0.85 

2-ethyl-1-butene 760-21-4 ND ND ND ND 

n-hexane 110-54-3 0.12 8.83 2615.1 7.36 

trans-2-hexene 4050-45-7 ND ND ND ND 

cis-2-hexene 7688-21-3 ND ND ND ND 

methylcyclopentane 96-37-7 0.10 1.18 349.5 1021 2,4-dimethylpentane 108-08-7 0.14 0.35 103.7 0.36 

benzene 71-43-2 0.12 0.48 142.2 100.4

cyclohexane 110-82-7 0.14 0.45 133.3 0.42 

2-methylhexane 591-76-4 0.07 0.66 195.5 0.56 

2,3-dimethylpentane 565-59-3 0.19 0.53 157.0 0.52 

3-methylhexane 589-34-4 0.14 0.48 142.2 0.51 

1-heptene 592-76-7 ND 0.12 35.5 ND 

2,2,4-trimethylpentane 540-84-1 0.14 0.38 112.5 ND 

n-heptane 142-82-5 0.11 0.35 103.7 0.45 

methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 0.14 0.73 216.2 0.64 

2,2,3-trimethylpentane 564-02-3 ND 0.12 35.5 ND 

2,3,4-trimethylpentane 565-75-3 0.11 0.31 91.8 0.34 toluene 108-88-3 0.20 1.04 308.0 1.92 

2-methylheptane 592-27-8 0.09 0.44 130.3 0.46 

3-methylheptane 589-81-1 0.11 0.32 94.8 0.36 

ND = Compound not detected. 

H-7

Table H-2. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Blank Dilution Air Reside

3 μg/m 3 μg/m Total μg 

μg/m 

1-octene 111-66-0 ND 0.21 62.2 0.27 

n-octane 111-65-9 0.14 1.46 432.4 1.31 

ethylbenzene 100-41-4 0.12 1.4 414.6 1.37 m-, p-xylene 108-38-3/106-42-3 0.17 3.81 1128.4 3.3 

styrene 100-42-5 0.08 1.12 331.7 0.95 

o-xylene 95-47-6 0.09 1.21 358.4 ND 1-nonene 124-11-8 ND ND ND ND 

n-nonane 111-84-2 0.10 0.95 281.4 0.98 

isopropylbenzene 98-82-8 0.16 0.32 94.8 0.33 

α-pinene 80-56-8 ND 0.41 121.4 1 

n-propylbenzene 103-65-1 0.10 0.48 142.2 0.36 

m-ethyltoluene 620-14-4 0.16 1.92 568.6 1.99 

p-ethyltoluene 622-96-8 0.13 1.06 313.9 1.04 

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 0.10 1.01 299.1 0.85 

o-ethyltoluene 611-14-3 0.09 1.75 518.3 1.84 

β-pinene 127-91-3 ND 1.08 319.9 1.1 

1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 0.14 1.12 331.7 1.25 

1-decene 872-05-9 ND ND ND ND 

n-decane 124-18-5 0.15 26.48 7842.2 24.1 

1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 526-73-8 ND 0.7 207.3 0.52 

m-diethylbenzene 141-93-5 0.13 0.61 180.7 0.57 

p-diethylbenzene 105-05-5 0.08 0.23 68.1 0.23 

1-undecene 821-95-4 ND ND ND ND 

n-undecane 1120-21-4 0.13 4.01 1187.6 3.61 1-dodecene 112-41-4 ND 0.96 284.3 0.95 

ND = Compound not detected. 

H-8

Table H-2. (Continued) 

Compound CAS No. 

Blank Dilution Air Reside

3 μg/m 3 μg/m Total μg 

μg/m 

n-dodecane 112-40-3 0.06 144.44 42777.0 124.51-tridecene 2437-56-1 ND 0.79 234.0 ND 

n-tridecane 629-50-5 ND 0.75 222.1 0.48 Total Speciated 6.60 262.07 77614.0 350.7 

Total Unspeciated 6.46 48.66 14411.0 126.8

Total Speciated + Unspeciated* 13.06 310.73 92025.0 477.5

*Total NMOC with unknowns in μg/m3 is an estimate based on propane only. 

ND = Not detected; compound not observed in the performance of the analysis.
NR = Not reported because of compound co-elution.


Total Speciated = Sum of concentrations for all identified peaks.
Total Unspeciated = Concentration obtained by taking the difference between (Total Speciated + Unspeciated) and Total S

Total Speciated + Unspeciated = Concentration obtained from the integration of all of the peaks in the chromatogram.
 H-9

Table H-3. 	 Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds. Mass Emission Rates for 

Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #1 (August 8, 2000) 

Mass Fuel Consumed
 = 97,690 kg


Total Volume of Combustion Air
 = (combustion air flow rate) x (time)


= (3,263.6 scfm) x (28.31685 sLpm/scfm) x (257.9 min)


= 23,833,795 liters


Volume of Combustion Air Sampled = (Venturi flow rate) x (time)


= (17.19 sLpm) x (257.9 min)


= 4,433.301 liters


Volume of Dilution Air = (dilution air flow rate) x (time)


= (822.4 sLpm) x (257.9 min)


= 212,096.96 liters


Dilution Ratio = (volume of dilution air + volume of combustion air)/volume of


combustion air


= (212,096.96 liters + 4,433.301 liters) / 4,433.301 liters


= 48.8


Mass Flow Rate of SNMOC in = (mass SNMOC collected)/[(sample flow rate at canister) x (time)]


Diluted Sample = (1.862 μg)/[(0.0178 Lpm) x (257.9 min)]


= 0.4056097 μg/liter


Mass Flow Rate of SNMOC in = (mass flow rate SNMOC diluted) x dilution ratio


Undiluted Sample = (0.4056097 μg/liter) x 48.8* 


= 19.810695 μg/liter


Total Mass of SNMOC in Sampled = (mass flow rate of SNMOC in undiluted sample) x (volume of


Air undiluted sample)


= 19.810695 μg/liter x 4,433.301 liters


= 87826.774 μg


Total SNMOC in Total Combustion = [(mass of SNMOC in sampled air)/(volume of sampled air)] x (total


Air combustion air)


= [(87826.774 μg)/(4,433.301 liters)] x 23,833,795 liters


= 472,245,958 μg


Mass Emission Rate of Speciated = (mass SNMOC in total combustion air)/(kg fuel burned)


SNMOC = 472,245,958 μg /97,690 kg


= 4,834.1369 μg/kg fuel


= 4.834 mg/kg fuel


*Dilution factor is dimensionless. 

H-10

Table H-4. 	 Speciated Nonmethane Organic Compounds. Mass Emission Rates for 

Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #2 (August 9, 2000) 

Mass Fuel Consumed
 = 127,027 kg


Total Volume of Combustion Air
 = (combustion air flow rate) x (time)


= (3,263.6 scfm) x (28.31685 sLpm/scfm) x (359.65 min)


= 33,237,009 liters


Volume of Combustion Air Sampled = (Venturi flow rate) x (time)


= (17.06 sLpm) x (359.65 min)


= 6,135.629 liters


Volume of Dilution Air = (dilution air flow rate) x (time)


= (823.46 sLpm) x (359.65 min)


= 296,157.39 liters


Dilution Ratio = (volume of dilution air + volume of combustion air)/volume of


combustion air


= (296,157.39 liters + 6,135.629 liters) / 6,135.629 liters


= 49.3


Mass Flow Rate of SNMOC in = (mass SNMOC collected)/[(sample flow rate at canister) x (time)]


Diluted Sample = (0.918 μg)/[(0.0153 Lpm) x (359.65 min)]


= 0.0761819 μg/liter


Mass Flow Rate of SNMOC in = (mass flow rate SNMOC diluted) x dilution ratio


Undiluted Sample = (0.0761819 μg/liter) x 49.3*


= 3.753 μg/liter


Total Mass of SNMOC in Sampled = (mass flow rate of SNMOC in undiluted sample) x (volume of


Air undiluted sample)


= 3.753 μg/liter x 6,135.629 liters


= 23,029.26 μg


Total SNMOC in Total Combustion = [(mass of SNMOC in sampled air)/(volume of sampled air)] x (total


Air combustion air)


= [(23,029.26 μg)/(6,135.629 liters)] x 33,237,009 liters


= 124,750,631 μg


Mass Emission Rate of Speciated = (mass SNMOC in total combustion air)/(kg fuel burned)


SNMOC = 124,750,631 μg /127,027 kg


= 982.080 μg/kg fuel


= 0.982 mg/kg fuel


*Dilution factor is dimensionless. 

H-11

Table H-5. 	 Calculation of Mass Emission Rate for Speciated + Unspeciated Nonmethane 

Organic Compounds for a Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #1 

Mass Fuel Consumed = 97,690 kg 

Total Volume of Combustion Air = (combustion air flow rate) x (time) 

= (3,263.6 scfm) x (28.31685 sLpm/scfm) x (257.90 min) 

= 23,833,795 liters 

Volume of Combustion Air Sampled = (Venturi flow rate) x (time) 

= (17.19 sLpm) x (257.90 min) 

= 4,433.3 liters 

Volume of Dilution Air = (dilution air flow rate) x (time) 

= (822.4 sLpm) x (257.90 min) 

= 212,097.0 liters 

Dilution Ratio = (volume of dilution air + volume of combustion air)/volume of 

combustion air 

= (212,097.0 liters + 4,433.3 liters)/4,433.3 liters 

= 48.8 

Mass Flow Rate of SNMOC in = (mass SNMOC collected)/[(sample flow rate at canister) x (time)] 

Diluted Sample = (2.889336 μg)/[(0.0178 Lpm) x (257.90 min)] 

= 0.6294 μg/liter 

Mass Flow Rate of SNMOC in = (mass flow rate SNMOC diluted) x dilution ratio 

Undiluted Sample = (0.6294 μg/liter) x 48.8* 

= 30.7410 μg/liter 

Total Mass of SNMOC in Sampled = (mass flow rate of SNMOC in undiluted sample) x (volume of 

Air undiluted sample) 

= 30.7410 μg/liter x 4,433.3 liters 

= 136,284.15 μg 

Total SNMOC in Total Combustion = [(mass of SNMOC in sampled air)/(volume of sampled air)] x (total 

Air combustion air) 

= [(136,284.15 μg)/4,433.3 liters)] x (23,833,795 liters) 

= 732,674,863 μg 

Mass Emission Rate of SNMOC = (mass SNMOC in total combustion air)/(kg fuel burned) 

(Speciated + Unspeciated) = 732,674,863 μg /97,690 kg 

= 7500.0125 μg/kg fuel 

= 7.500 mg/kg fuel 

*Dilution factor is dimensionless. 

H-12

Table H-6. 	 Calculation of Mass Emission Rate for Speciated + Unspeciated Nonmethane 

Organic Compounds for a Wood-Fired Boiler (SCC 10200902), Test #2 

Mass Fuel Consumed = 127,027 kg 

Total Volume of Combustion Air = (combustion air flow rate) x (time) 

= (3,263.6 scfm) x (28.31685 sLpm/scfm) x (359.65 min) 

= 33,237,009 liters 

Volume of Combustion Air Sampled = (Venturi flow rate) x (time) 

= (17.06 sLpm) x (359.65 min) 

= 6,135.6 liters 

Volume of Dilution Air = (dilution air flow rate) x (time) 

= (823.46 sLpm) x (359.65 min) 

= 296,157.4 liters 

Dilution Ratio = (volume of dilution air + volume of combustion air)/volume of 

combustion air 

= (296,157.4 liters + 6,135.6 liters)/6,135.6 liters 

= 49.3 

Mass Flow Rate of SNMOC in = (mass SNMOC collected)/[(sample flow rate at canister) x (time)] 

Diluted Sample = (0.917731 μg)/[(0.0153 Lpm) x (359.65 min)] 

= 0.14336 μg/liter 

Mass Flow Rate of SNMOC in = (mass flow rate SNMOC diluted) x dilution ratio 

Undiluted Sample = (0.14336 μg/liter) x 49.3* 

= 7.06292 μg/liter 

Total Mass of SNMOC in Sampled = (mass flow rate of SNMOC in undiluted sample) x (volume of 

Air undiluted sample) 

= 7.06292 μg/liter x 6,135.6 liters 

= 43,335.46 μg 

Total SNMOC in Total Combustion = [(mass of SNMOC in sampled air)/(volume of sampled air)] x (total 

Air combustion air) 

= [(43,335.46 μg)/(6,135.6 liters)] x 33,237,009 liters 

= 234,750,372 μg 

Mass Emission Rate of SNMOC = (mass SNMOC in total combustion air)/(kg fuel burned) 

(Speciated + Unspeciated) = 234,750,372 μg /127,027 kg 

= 1848.035 μg/kg fuel 

= 1.848 mg/kg fuel 

*Dilution factor is dimensionless. 

H-13

Appendix I


Data from the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer


I-1

I-2

I-3

I-4

I-5

I-6

I-7