|  |  | FGDC Newsletter Spring 1998Subcommittees Key to FGDC MissionOne of the FGDC's main roles is to help implement standards that define complex geospatial data typesthat are broadly accepted and used by professionals in the federal, state, local and private sectors.
In order to carry out this role, much of the FGDC's day-to-day work involves coordinatingsubcommittees and working groups. It's at this level that standards proposals are developed fromdiverse perspectives. The subcommittees also solicit public input during the development, review, andevaluation process.
"The subcommittees are where standards proposals are developed and they are critical to the overallfunctioning of the FGDC," explained John Moeller, staff director of the FGDC. A subcommittee isgenerally chaired by a federal agency that is a member of the FGDC and typically has an ownershipinterest in the data theme. The chair selects a diverse group of peoplefrom other federal agencies as well as other levels of government and the private sector to help with theprocess of creating standards. Some examples of current subcommittee work are highlighted here.
Subcommittee on Base Cartographic DataThe Subcommittee on Base Cartographic Data (SCBD) subcommittee coordinates development ofstandards for fundamental data sets for national series general purpose graphic and digital cartographicproducts. The subcommittee is chaired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and its membershipincludes representatives from a dozen federal bureaus and agencies.
Two standards were put out for review in March of 1997: the Content Standard for DigitalOrthoimagery and the Content Standard for Digital Elevation Data. The orthoimagery and elevationstandards both are important to help solidify the overall National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)within the context of core geography.
"The biggest challenge in coordinating these standards is to get buy-in," said John Crowe, a member ofthe subcommittee and the raster data coordinator for the USGS National Mapping Division. Accordingto Crowe, the subcommittee invited members of the private sector to participate on the adjudicationpanel - the panel that reviews public comments and decides whether and how to implement suggestions."Based on the reviews, significant modifications are being made to the standard to improve usabilityand expand applicability to a broader audience," said Crowe.
Subcommittee on Cadastral DataThe Subcommittee on Cadastral Data (SCD) recently completed work on the Cadastral Data ContentStandard. It has been released by the FGDC and is available over the Internet and in hardcopy form.The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is the lead agency for cadastral data. Input was solicited fromstate and local governments and private industry in developing the standard.
According to Don Buhler, Chief Cadastral Surveyor for the BLM and chair of the subcommittee, themembers of the team that put together the standard focused on cadastral data needed to support decisionmaking at various levels of government and private industry.
The development team used a structured approach which included the creation of a logical data modelto capture data relationships. This approach is being recommended by the FGDC Standards WorkingGroup to other subcommittees for their standards development.
Subcommittee on Cultural and Demographic DataThe Subcommittee on Cultural and Demographic Data recently submitted a proposal for GovernmentalUnit Boundary Data Content Standard to public review. The lead agency for the subcommittee is theBureau of the Census.The standard proposal can be found atwww.census.gov/ftp/pub/geo/www/standards/scdd/.
"The standard is mostly designed to provide consistency in maintaining and interchanging governmentalunit boundaries so that data collected between the boundaries can be analyzed," said Dan Karlson,administrator of the subcommittee. Governmental units are defined by various agencies, such as theCensus Bureau, but it is the goal of the standard to provide consistency for describing all governmentalunit boundaries. These include any geographic entity legally established for the purpose ofimplementing administrative or governmental functions such as the nation, states, American Indian reservations,counties, and other legal minor civil divisions.
Information on these and other standards, as well as subcommittees and working groups, is available atthe FGDC's web site (www.fgdc.gov). To go directly to the standards status page, enterwww.fgdc.gov/standards/status/textstatus.html.
NSDI Stakeholders Praise InclusionTo further the NSDI goals, the FGDC works with a variety of stakeholder groups or partners that helpprovide perspectives beyond those of the federal government agencies that make up the FGDC SteeringCommittee. These partners include cooperating state councils, the National League of Cities (NLC),the National Association of Counties (NACo), the National StatesGeographic Information Council (NSGIC). In addition, the OpenGIS Consortium and the UniversityConsortium for Geographic Information Science have been working with the FGDC and its partners tofurther the development of the NSDI.  Recently, we spoke to management at three of the associationsto gain an understanding of why the partnership is important to them.
**National League of Cities (NLC)**. The NLC serves the needs and interests of municipal governments,and is dedicated to strengthening the performance and capabilities of local governments and advocatingthe interests of local communities. The NLC is the newest NSDI strategic partner, having joined towardthe end of 1997.
According to Jamie Woodwell, NLC's manager of research, there are two main coordination concernsfor cities when it comes to geographic information: (1) being able to use other organizations' data; and(2) collecting and maintaining municipal data so it can be used within municipalities and elsewhere."When you look at geographic information, cities are huge usersand repositories of this data - to the degree that working with federal, state and county governments is anecessity, it makes a lot of sense to coordinate this activity," said Woodwell.
**National Association of Counties (NACo)**. NACo represents 3,072 US counties and is a full-serviceorganization that provides legislative, research, technical and public affairs assistance to its members.Among the services NACo provides are  access to an Information Technology Center, which keepscounty officials abreast of changes in advanced technologies.
Wyn Lyday is director of the department of information at NACo. "Obviously, counties play a criticalrole in the whole area of land records so they clearly have to be involved in building the NSDI," saidLyday. "This is a wonderful partnership that shows what intergovernmental cooperation is all about,and it has the full support of our president, Randy Johnson, who isthe chairman of the Board of Commissioners for Hennepin County in Minnesota."
**National States Geographic Information Council (NSGIC)**. NSGIC is an active organizationrepresenting states' interests. It is committed to informed and effective government through the wiseuse of spatial information and technologies. Given that one of NSGIC's key goals is to encourage thecoordinated development of geographic information so that it can be integrated at all levels ofgovernment, it is not surprising to find it in partnership with the FGDC.
"The states have been involved in their own individual efforts toward building local infrastructures formany years, long before NSDI," said Dennis Goreham, president of NSGIC and manager of theAutomated Geographic Reference Center for the state of Utah. "Being part of the NSDI partnershiphelps NSGIC educate its members about NSDI and what the differencecomponents mean." This can be very important to states because if they're managing spatial datasimilarly, they can work on issues that cross state lines.
NAPA Study ReleasedFGDC Invites Public CommentThe National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) released a report this January thatis required reading for anyone involved in producing or using geographic information. The report,titled "Geographic Information for the 21st Century: Building a Strategy for the Nation," wasdeveloped by NAPA at the request of the BLM, the USGS, the Forest Service and the National OceanService. A group of panelists including Academy Fellows and experts in the geographic informationfield began work on the report inlate 1996.
The panel was asked to address a variety of issues related to geographic information, including:defining the role of geographic information in keeping the U.S. competitive in a global economy,examining the appropriate role of the federal government in civilian surveying, mapping and othergeographic information, examining the effectiveness and possible economic impact of transferringsuitable functions to the private sector, and possible opportunities for consolidation and restructuring ofsurveying, mapping, and other geographic information functions for greater economy and performance.
The panel agreed that the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) vision should be wholeheartedlysupported, and their major finding is that any structural or organizational changeswhich might come about within the federal government should be undertaken with that end in mind.The NSDI vision, as represented in a recent FGDC strategy document, is that current and accurate datawill be readily available to contribute locally, nationally, and globally to  economic growth,environmental quality and stability and social progress.
While the report does include recommendations about restructuring and consolidating federal agencies'mapping functions, the most important recommendations for geographic information professionals arethose that advance the development of the NSDI. These included the call to establish through legislationa national goal to create and maintain a robust NSDI, and to create a private, nonprofit National SpatialData Council (NSDC), modelled on the current FGDC and NSDI charters, with appropriaterepresentation by all levels of government and the private sector.
The report compliments the FGDC's progress in bringing NSDI goals to fruition, and suggests that thenew NSDC would work in tandem with the FGDC to move NSDI initiatives forward.
The NAPA report was discussed by FGDC stakeholders at their January 13 partnership meeting.According to a memorandum from John Moeller, FGDC staff director, inviting public review andcomment on the report, "The general feeling of the group was that [the report] offered manyrecommendations and opportunities for furthering the implementation of the NSDI. It also was thefeeling of the group that the community should give careful review and consideration to the report andthen reach consensus on those recommendations on which they could move forward together. SecretaryBruce Babbitt provided guidance to the group that it should look foropportunities to work on those areas of agreement and that it should set aside those recommendationsdealing with Federal agency reorganization issues." Moeller also cautioned that the type of legislationthat may be required to establish the National Spatial Data Council is difficult to obtain.
The full NAPA report is available from NAPA headquarters for $30. In addition, an informativeexecutive summary can be viewed at NAPA's web site (www.napawash.org/napa/index.html).
News about NSDI InitiativesStakeholdersHow do we know how we are doing at building the NSDI?That was the question that was at the core of a "Measures of Progress" workshop that took placeJanuary 21-23 in Kansas City, MO. The workshop examined critical issues relating not only tomeasuring progress but also to promoting and spreading the NSDI vision.
"The workshop was thought to be a great success by those who participated," said Kathy Covert, theFGDC's state liaison. "We had people from all quadrants of the country and had a nice mix ofrepresentatives from state, county, city and tribal governments, as well as the private sector andacademia.."
A total of 19 participants identified five elements that must be present for successful data sharing.These "themes" should be woven into measures of NSDI progress. They are:
- Mutual benefit    Incentives   Champions   
- Partnership and inclusiveness    Data availabilityParticipants then developed three approaches that can be used to measure progress in building theNSDI. First, objective measures are activities or outcomes that can actually be counted. They mightinclude, for example, the number of clearinghouse nodes, the number of NSDI documented data sets,the number of vendors using Open GIS specifications and the number of students learningabout geographic information sciences.
Second, components of success form the basis of a self-assessment tool that organizations can useindependently to analyze their progress toward participating in the NSDI vision. Among others,questions that self-assessing organizations would ask themselves include: "Are cooperative groupsformed?", "Are all interests of the community involved?", "Is there a coordinated ongoing effort orstrategy for funding?", and "Are complaint clearinghouse nodes being established?"
Third, sustaining systems addresses organizational and individual efforts required to maintain NSDI-development activities over time. Sustaining systems includes the nurturing NSDI champions andvolunteers, gaining and maintaining political support, promoting up-to-date technical knowledge withinthe community and instilling pride in accomplishment.
In general, the participants felt that significant progress in building NSDI is already being made, butthat indicators need to be further refined to be sure the process stays on track. The report of thisworkshop can be found at the FGDC home page.
FrameworkMore Than 2,000 Framework Data Survey Responses Received To Date!As many readers know, the National States Geographic Information Council (NSGIC) and the FGDCare surveying thousands of agencies at all levels of government as part of developing the NSDI (seeFGDC Newsletter N.S. Vol. 1 No. 1, Winter 1997, "The Framework Survey is Underway!" pg. 3).The ultimate goal of the survey is to create a "snapshot" of the status ofdigital geographic data in the United States, with a special focus on "framework" datalayers (transportation, hydrography, elevation, digital orthoimagery, political units, geodetic control,cadastral reference system and cadastral land ownership).
Almost all states are actively participating in the survey effort at this time. Each state has a designatedcoordinator who is administering the survey in that state. Thanks to the diligent efforts of thesecoordinators, more than 2,000 surveys have already been returned. Many coordinators are enthusiasticabout the survey because it helps them gather neededinformation about spatial data creators in their state. Final responses should be coming in by the end ofMarch, and NSGIC and the FGDC will publish a report and make the results available in digital formlater this year.
ClearinghouseClearinghouse Boasts More Than 60 Registered Sites At The End Of 1997Among the major achievements of the Clearinghouse Working Group is the registration of more than60 clearinghouse node sites all using the compatible metadata (Z39.50 protocol) standard. "These sitesare all searchable using the same formats," said Doug Nebert, the FGDC'sclearinghouse activities coordinator. In addition, Nebert recently created a query interface allowingusers to browse all the sites. This interface is accessible atwww.fgdc.gov/clearinghouse.
Many of the organizations that have developed clearinghouse nodes are the types of federal and stateorganizations you would expect to undertake this activity. But there are several unique organizations aswell, including the Global Environmental Information Locator Service and the Sabine River Authorityof Texas, indicating that the metadata standard is catching on everywhere as a viable means to post andsearch for spatial data.
MetadataISO Metadata Standard Goes to Committee DraftThe International Standards Organization (ISO) Metadata Standard has been approved as a CommitteeDraft by the ISO Technical Committee 211. Within the United States, the American National StandardsOrganization (ANSI) sets policy on review of ISO standards, and FGDC has received their permission toconduct a more open than usual review of the Committee Draft ISO Metadata Standard this spring. Youcan help the FGDC establish a position on the proposed ISO Metadata Standard by registering with theFGDC to receive a printed copy of the ISO Metadata Standard. Copies of the draft will be made availableonly for the purposes of review and comment. The registration process will be announced in the FGDCweb page and on electronic list services.
The ISO Metadata Standard has been in development since 1996. FGDC staff, committee members, andpartners have been actively participating in this effort to ensure compatibility between the ISO standardand the FGDC's Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata, Version 2. 0. This will protect thesignificant investment the geospatial data community has already made in existing metadata records.
Version 2.0 of the FGDC Metadata StandardWork is continuing on Version 2.0 of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM).Version 2.0 clarifies some metadata production rules and allows metadata profiles, user-definedmetadata extensions, and metadata tags. Last summer the draft CSDGM Version 2.0 was publiclyreviewed and a total of 76 comments were received.  The comments have been adjudicated and thestandard is proceeding forward for FGDC approval. Version 2.0 of the CSDGM matches very closely theproposed ISO Metadata standard discussed above. It is expected that Version 2.0 will be put forward asan FGDC profile to the ISO Metadata Standard when that standard becomes final.
FGDC Working GroupsCommunication and Education Working Group Forming - Participants SoughtEver had a good idea about how to encourage people to work together and share data? Consider joininga new communication and education working group, sponsored by the FGDC. This working group isseeking members from federal agencies, the business community, state, local and tribal governments,academia and the non-profit sector.
The working group will develop and implement creative ideas to spread the word about the NSDI tomany audiences. Ideas might include developing workshops for federal agencies, briefings for membersof Congress, handbooks for state and local governments or educational materials for data users andschools - all potential ideas will be considered.
The group will begin meeting this spring to develop an action plan. Meetings will be held in theWashington, D.C. area with teleconferencing to other areas of the country. If you are interested inparticipating, please contact Barbara Poore at the FGDC Secretariat, 703-648-5971;[email protected]
Other OrganizationsHighly Successful 1998 Kansas GIS EXPO Focuses On Data SharingThe 1998 Kansas GIS EXPO took place February 12 at the Kansas Museum of History in Topeka, KS. The theme for the 1998 EXPO was "promoting partnerships for GIS data sharing and coordination."More than three hundred people from across the state attended the EXPO.
Meetings and educational sessions held during the EXPO included a GIS policy board town meeting,and sessions on NSDI framework partnerships, GIS data standards, fundamentals of GIS, local andregional best practices, and cadastral mapping and digital orthoimagery. The NSGIC metadata videowas available for viewing throughout the day and staff from the Policy Board's Data Access andsupport center showed off their NSDI clearinghouse web site.
Sponsors of the event included the Kansas GIS Policy Board, the Kansas State Historical Society, theKansas Association of Mappers, the MidAmerica GIS Consortium and the FGDC. If your universityhas a data sharing event you would like to report on or publicize, please send information to[email protected].
FGDC StaffFGDC Staff ChangesMichael Domaratz, who worked for the FGDC since its inception in 1990, has moved to the USGS'sNational Mapping Program. At FGDC, Mike was executive secretary, then participated in thedevelopment of the metadata standard and most recently, concentrated on the implementation of aframework of data for the NSDI. Mike came to the FGDC from the USGS where he started as acartographer in 1978. In his new position with the National MappingProgram, Mike will develop partnership strategies for data production.
Mike is a leader in the development of the NSDI, and an inspiration to his colleagues and friends. Wewill miss him, and wish him well in his new position. Responsibility for framework activities arecurrently being shared by the FGDC secretariat, pending the appointment of a new framework programhead. For more information on the framework, contact the FGDC secretariat at the address on the frontinside page of this newsletter.
Denise Perreca joined the FGDC secretariat in 1995 after a career in standards development at theUSGS's National Mapping Program. As the standards coordinator for the FGDC secretariat andexecutive secretary of the standards working group, Denise developed a more structured standardsprogram to effectively track and report the standards development efforts of the FGDC subcommitteesand working groups. Denise also was active with national and international standards bodies.
Denise accepted a position with the USGS's National Mapping Program to work with the CivilApplications Committee, an interagency committee chaired by the USGS, which coordinates theacquisition and use of classified imagery by federal civil agencies. Denise contributed energy,enthusiasm and  new ideas to the FGDC during her tenure. We know she will continue to do so in hernew position. Frank Beck from the U.S. Geological Survey is now coordinating standards activities forthe FGDC.  He can be reached at 703-648-4573. |
|--|--|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|