DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA 

FOURTH DISTRICT 

DAVID W. RACE, 

Appellant, 

v. 

WILLIAM J. MITCHELL, 

Appellee. 

No. 4D22-1979 

[March 8, 2023]

Appeal of a nonfinal order from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth 

Judicial Circuit, Broward County; Jeffrey R. Levenson, Judge; L.T. Case 

No. 0602021CA007130AXXXCE. 

James S. Toscano and Rebecca E. Rhoden of Lowndes, Drosdick, 

Doster, Kantor & Reed, P.A., Orlando, for appellant. 

James A. Stepan of Law Offices of James A. Stepan, P.A., Hollywood, 

for appellee. 

GROSS, J.

Defendant David Race appeals the nonfinal order denying his motion to 

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. We reverse, concluding that 

Defendant lacks sufficient minimum contacts with Florida to require him 

to defend a lawsuit in this state.

Background

Plaintiff William “Billy” Mitchell sued Defendant in Florida for alleged 

violations of the Florida Security of Communications Act (the Act), Chapter 

934, Florida Statutes (often referred to as the “wiretap statute”). 

Using a smartphone application that automatically recorded all of his 

calls, Defendant, while in Ohio, recorded 27 phone calls with Plaintiff in 

Florida, including seven calls Defendant made from Ohio to Plaintiff in 

Florida. Defendant neither disclosed that he was recording nor obtained 

Plaintiff’s consent to record any of the calls.
Defendant initiated the series of conversations from Ohio by calling 

Plaintiff in Florida to discuss Plaintiff’s disputed video game world records. 

Defendant communicated with Plaintiff and others in Florida during a 

year-and-a-half long “investigation” that Defendant conducted of the 

records. Defendant eventually accused Plaintiff of cheating and disclosed 

one of the recorded calls to Twin Galaxies, an entity that administers video 

game records. Defendant also referred to the call in Internet postings and 

voluntarily filed a transcript of the call in a defamation case that Plaintiff 

has brought against Twin Galaxies in California. 

Plaintiff sued Defendant in Florida under section 934.10, Florida 

Statutes (2019), which creates a civil remedy for violations of the Act, 

including unlawfully recording phone calls without the consent of all 

parties. See § 934.10(1), Fla. Stat. (2019) (“Any person whose wire, oral, 

or electronic communication is intercepted, disclosed, or used in violation 

of ss. 934.03-934.09 shall have a civil cause of action against any person 

or entity who intercepts, discloses, or uses, or procures any other person 

or entity to intercept, disclose, or use, such communications . . . .”); § 

934.03(2)(d), Fla. Stat. (2019) (allowing “a person to intercept a wire, oral, 

or electronic communication when all of the parties to the communication 

have given prior consent to such interception”) (emphasis added). 

Defendant moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction under 

Florida’s long-arm jurisdiction statute, arguing that he did not commit a 

tort in Florida because he recorded the calls from Ohio, where consent of 

all parties was not required. See § 48.193(1)(a)2., Fla. Stat. (2019) 

(providing for long arm jurisdiction over a non-resident that “commit[s] a 

tortious act within [Florida]”). 

Defendant also argued that he lacked minimum contacts with Florida 

and that subjecting him to suit in Florida violated due process. 

The trial court denied the motion and concluded that Plaintiff has 

sufficiently alleged that Defendant committed tortious acts in Florida 

because the interception of Plaintiff’s words—the conduct prohibited by 

the Act—occurred in Florida. See State v. Mozo, 655 So. 2d 1115, 1117 

(Fla. 1995) (“The actual ‘interception’ of a communication occurs not where 

such is ultimately heard or recorded but where the communication 

originates.”). Defendant timely appeals. 
Discussion

Defendant lacks sufficient minimum contacts with Florida to satisfy 

due process. See Venetian Salami Co. v. Parthenais, 554 So. 2d 499, 500 

(Fla. 1989). 

Without contradiction, Defendant alleged that he owns no property and 

does no business in Florida. He has visited just twice in the last decade 

and has no other ties to Florida. 

It is significant that the conduct that offends the Florida Plaintiff—the 

recording of phone calls without his consent—is not illegal in Ohio, where 

the calls were recorded. The recording of the calls is not malum in se, a 

wrong or evil in itself that is prohibited everywhere.1 Nor is the act of 

recording a conversation akin to a tort like slander or libel, which is 

recognized as tortious conduct in every state. While a defamation action 

deters falsehoods, an unaltered, audible recording conveys with precision 

what was said. 

The Fifth District recognized in France v. France, 90 So. 3d 860, 863 

(Fla. 5th DCA 2012), that “the United States Supreme Court has held that 

‘[a] State cannot punish a defendant for conduct that may have been lawful 

where it occurred.’” Id. (quoting State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 

538 U.S. 408, 421 (2003)). 

“[T]o subject a defendant to an in personam judgment when he is not 

present within the territory of the forum, due process requires that the 

defendant have certain minimum contacts with the forum such that the 

maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and 

substantial justice.” Parthenais, 554 So. 2d at 500 (citing Int’l Shoe Co. v. 

Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)). 

Where a defendant legally records a phone conversation in his home 

state, and has no other significant contacts with Florida, it offends 

traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice to require him to 

appear in Florida to defend against a lawsuit for an alleged violation of the 

Florida Security of Communications Act. 

1 Florida is one of just 11 states that requires all-party consent. Rauvin Johl, 

Reassessing Wiretap and Eavesdropping Statutes: Making One-Party Consent the 

Default, 12 Harv. L. & Pol’y Rev. 177, 180 & n.27 (2018). 
Although Defendant knew he was calling into Florida, we note that cell 

phones have largely displaced land lines and a call to a number in a 

specific area code does not necessarily mean that the call was received 

within the geographical limits of the area code. Personal jurisdiction 

should not entirely turn on a cell phone’s location in Florida when a 

conversation is legally recorded by a cell phone under the law of the state 

where the voice communication is received.

The Fifth District faced a similar issue of personal jurisdiction in France

but held that Florida had jurisdiction over a defendant who surreptitiously 

recorded telephone calls with a Florida plaintiff in a jurisdiction that 

allowed such a recording. 90 So. 3d at 863–64. France certified conflict 

in the case law that has never been resolved.

The conflict originates from two Second District cases. In Koch v. 

Kimball, 710 So. 2d 5, 6 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998), a Georgia defendant recorded

a telephone call with a Florida plaintiff. The Second District held that long 

arm jurisdiction was proper in Florida. Id. at 7–8. 

Years later, in a footnote, the Florida Supreme Court approved of Koch

because “the decision held that a telephonic communication into Florida 

can constitute a tortious act under section 48.193(1)(b), [Fla. Stat. 

(1999)].” Acquadro v. Bergeron, 851 So. 2d 665, 670 n.11 (Fla. 2003).

After Acquadro was decided, the Second District, in an en banc

decision, unanimously receded from Koch. The court held that 

a Florida statute that creates a private cause of action for the 

nonconsensual interception of a communication originating 

within Florida cannot transform a defendant’s out-of-state act 

of recording that communication, standing alone, into a 

“tortious act within this state” for jurisdictional purposes.

Kountze v. Kountze, 996 So. 2d 246, 248 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). 

The Fifth District in France concluded that the Second District’s holding 

in Koch—from which it has receded—controlled because the Florida 

Supreme Court approved it in footnote 11 of Acquadro, quoted above. The 

Fifth District certified conflict with Kountze.

Unlike the Fifth District in France, we do not believe that footnote 11 in 

Acquadro controls our decision in this case. The footnote does not address 

the issue of minimum contacts under International Shoe but focuses on 

the different proposition that “a telephonic communication into Florida 
can constitute a tortious act under section 48.193(1)(b).” Acquadro, 851 

So. 2d at 670 n.11. 

We certify an express and direct conflict with France.

We therefore reverse and remand to the circuit court with directions to 

enter an order dismissing the case for lack of personal jurisdiction.

Reversed; conflict certified. 

KLINGENSMITH, C.J., and KUNTZ, J., concur. 

* * * 

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.