United States

Environmental Protection

Agency

Air and Radiation

6202J

EPA 430-R-01-009

July 2001

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION

2000 ANNUAL REPORT

The Power of Partnerships

ENERGY STAR® and Other Voluntary Programs
For additional information, please visit our Web sites at www.epa.gov/cppd

and www.energystar.gov or call the toll-free ENERGY STAR Hotline 

at 1-888-STAR-YES (1-888-782-7937).

Contents

Letter from the Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Power of Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Summary of Program Achievements Through 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Environmental Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Economic Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Program Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Key Accomplishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Estimation of Environmental and Economic Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

ENERGY STAR Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Energy Efficiency is Smart Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

ENERGY STAR in the Residential Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

ENERGY STAR in the Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ENERGY STAR in the Industrial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

ENERGY STAR Award Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Clean Energy Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Combined Heat & Power Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Green Power Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Methane Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Landfill Methane Outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Natural Gas STAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Coalbed Methane Outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Agriculture-Based Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

High GWP Environmental Stewardship Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

HFC-23 Emission Reduction Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

PFC Emission Reduction Partnership for the Semiconductor Industry . . . . . . 35

SF6 Emissions Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems . . . . . . . . 35

SF6 Emission Reduction Partnership for the Magnesium Industry . . . . . . . . . 36

Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

International Climate Protection Award Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Expectations for 2001 and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover
1

July 2001

Congratulations to everyone who has chosen to participate in EPA’s voluntary climate protection

programs. The extraordinary successes detailed on the following pages are a direct result of widespread

cooperation on the part of citizens, businesses, organizations, and governments across the country.

Since taking office, President Bush and I have emphasized the need to build partnerships across traditional

boundaries and encourage cooperation in our efforts to protect the environment. The results have shown

that environmental achievement and economic prosperity can go hand in hand. As EPA Administrator, I

am pleased to have so many dedicated partners in pursuit of this goal.

Our efforts to help control global climate change have been extremely successful. The most recent data

show that, despite unprecedented economic expansion, growth of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions has

started to decline. We have accomplished this together through initiatives to increase energy efficiency,

develop clean energy solutions, capture and use methane gas, and cultivate a sense of environmental

stewardship. In the year 2000 alone, public-private partnerships helped reduce energy consumption by 

74 billion kilowatt hours. This reduction produced net savings for consumers and businesses of more than

$5 billion in energy costs and prevented 35 million metric tons of harmful carbon emissions. That is

equivalent to eliminating the emissions from almost 25 million cars.

As individuals and businesses seek to improve the efficiency of their homes and offices, EPA will do

everything we can to ensure that they have the information necessary to choose the cleanest and most

efficient options available. The ENERGY STAR® label makes it easy for consumers and businesses to

maximize their efficiency, save money, and help protect the environment. Cooperation from a wide variety

of partners has helped make ENERGY STAR the leading symbol of energy efficiency around the world—and

a model for partnership programs in the future.

We all have a responsibility to be good stewards of our environment. We have an obligation to leave our

air cleaner, water purer, and land better protected for future generations. Together, we have the opportunity

to make every day Earth Day‚ not only in our own homes, but in our communities across the country,

and around the world. I look forward to continuing to work in partnership with you to leave a legacy of

environmental progress and economic prosperity unmatched in any previous time.

Christine Todd Whitman

Administrator

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

LETTER FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR
2

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

The Power of Partnerships

Awareness is growing throughout the United States that global warming is a serious problem and that

serious action is required to limit emissions of greenhouse gases. Energy-related activities account for the

vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions, with carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion

contributing approximately 80 percent of total U.S. emissions. These emissions result from generating

the energy used in our homes (19%), in commercial buildings (16%), in industry (33%), and for

transportation (32%) (see Figure 1). Other activities cause

emissions of additional greenhouse gases, such as methane and

perfluorocarbons (PFCs). While emitted in smaller quantities,

these gases are important to address due to their greater impact per

molecule in trapping heat in the Earth’s atmosphere (see Table 1). 

Fortunately, a number of opportunities exist for working in

partnership with businesses and organizations across the country to

enhance investment in attractive, yet underutilized technologies

and practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed publicprivate partnerships that focus on the following opportunities to

take action:

Energy Efficiency. Energy efficiency means getting the

same services or output (such as heating or cooling) for less energy

input. Energy efficiency offers sizable cost savings across the

residential, commercial, and industrial sectors through an array of technologies and practices available

today that can reduce the energy bill for many homes and buildings by 20 to 30 percent. The ENERGY

STAR program works in partnership with businesses, large and small, and other organizations to capture

these savings.

Clean Energy. In addition to using energy more efficiently, there are ways we can make the

energy we use cleaner—effectively breaking the link between increased energy use and harmful air

emissions. Combined heat and power as well as renewable sources of energy can cost-effectively play

larger roles in the U.S. energy mix. EPA is working to facilitate the use of these technologies.

Methane Reductions. While a greenhouse gas, methane is also the major component of

natural gas—a much sought after clean fuel. When methane emissions are reduced in a cost-effective

manner, the recovered methane represents valuable fuel that can be used or sold. The natural gas, coal,

and landfill gas development industries are working with EPA through partnership and outreach

programs to capture and use methane wherever cost effective.

High GWP Environmental Stewardship. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons

(PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are potent greenhouse gases, and some persist in the environment

for thousands of years. Given these long atmospheric lifetimes, various U.S. industries are working

aggressively with EPA to avoid significant accumulation of these chemicals in the atmosphere. These

voluntary programs accelerate the development and implementation of low-emitting technologies and

help companies use alternative chemicals where technically feasible and cost effective.

FIGURE 1. U.S. CARBON DIOXIDE 

EMISSIONS BY SOURCE
A Proven Strategy

The actions taken by partners in EPA’s public-private partnerships continue to demonstrate the power of

voluntary programs to cost-effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent air pollution, while

also saving businesses, organizations, and consumers billions of dollars on their energy bills. 

In 2000, EPA’s climate protection partnerships had their most successful year to date—rapidly

expanding national participation in the popular ENERGY STAR program, as well as the methane and high

GWP voluntary programs. This growth in existing programs combined with new initiatives launched in

the energy supply and industry sectors will help ensure that these partnerships deliver ever greater

environmental benefits in years ahead. This report presents the environmental and economic benefits

from EPA’s climate protection partnerships through the end of 2000. Overall achievements are

summarized in the next section. Following that are descriptions of each program, covering the rationale

for each, the accomplishments of 2000, and goals for the future. The final section outlines EPA’s broad

goals for 2001 and beyond.

3

THE POWER OF PARTNERSHIPS

TABLE 1. GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS (GWPS) AND ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES OF 

GREENHOUSE GASES

Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential Atmospheric Lifetime 

for 100 Years (years)

Carbon Dioxide 1 50-200

Methane 21 12 ± 3

Nitrous Oxide 310 120

Hydrofluorocarbons 140–11,700 1.5-264

Perfluorocarbons 6,500–9,200 3,200-50,000

Sulfur Hexafluoride 23,900 3,200

Source: IPCC 1996

“Cooperation from a wide variety of partners has helped make ENERGY STAR the

leading symbol of energy efficiency around the world, and a model for partnership

programs in the future.”

— Christine Todd Whitman
Global Warming: New and Stronger Evidence

Our atmosphere today contains about 660 billion more metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) than it did before industrial

times. This CO2 buildup is well documented and is the unambiguous result of clearing forests and burning fossil fuels

that generate electricity, power industry, and drive transportation. In reality, even this large amount of CO2 still

represents a tiny fraction of our atmosphere. However, these trace amounts of CO2 and other greenhouse gases,

including methane and nitrous oxide, help regulate our planet’s temperature.

The recent Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that the

ongoing accumulation of greenhouse gases will result in a global temperature increase of 2.5-10°F by the end of the

century. The range represents uncertainties in emissions growth over the next 100 years and the global temperature

response to a given increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. To place IPCC’s estimates in context, even the low-end

projection would be an unprecedented temperature change relative to the past 10,000 years (see Figure 2).

Because human activities have already changed the composition of our atmosphere—by releasing CO2, methane,

nitrous oxide, and even more potent synthetic gases such as HFCs, PFCs, and SF6—one would expect to see signs of

global warming today. Average global surface temperatures have in fact increased by 1°F over the past century, and

scientists are hard pressed to explain this warming through natural fluctuations alone. The IPCC states “[t]here is new

and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.” 

Increasing average temperatures are only part of the global warming story. More extreme hot days, less extreme cold

days, more intense rainfall, sea-level rise, and shrinking ice and glaciers are all strongly associated with global warming.

Human health, agriculture, water resources, coastal areas, ecosystems, and wildlife are vulnerable to these changes.

Exactly how the impacts of global warming will play out over time and over various regions remains uncertain. It is clear

that the greater the change, the greater the chance of adverse impacts on human health and the environment. The

greenhouse gases now being added to

the atmosphere will remain airborne for

decades to centuries, which is why there

are calls to reduce emissions now to

insure against long-term, and largely

irreversible, consequences.

4

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

FIGURE 2. AVERAGE GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE 

PAST VARIATIONS AND PROJECTIONS, 1000-2100

“There is new and stronger

evidence that most of the

warming observed over the

last 50 years is attributable

to human activities.”

— IPCC 2001
EPA’s climate protection partnerships achieved substantial environmental and economic results in 2000,

exceeding their goals for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions under the nation’s Climate Change

Action Plan (CCAP).1 The major environmental and economic achievements across these programs,2

based on actions that partners have taken through the end of 2000, are summarized below.

Environmental Benefits

In 2000 alone, reductions of greenhouse gas emissions totaled 35 million metric tons of carbon

equivalent3 (MMTCE)—the same as eliminating the emissions from almost 25 million cars.

Emissions of almost 160,000 tons of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were prevented in 2000—equivalent

to the emissions from more than 100 power plants.

Emission reductions averaging

about 33 MMTCE per year

between now and 2010 were

locked in, based on actions already

taken by partners.

Economic Benefits

Locked-in expenditures on energyefficient technologies exceeding

$11 billion.

Cumulative net energy bill savings

for consumers and businesses of

over $60 billion through 2010—

an average net savings of more

than $4.5 billion per year from

2000 through 2010.

5

SUMMARY OF PROGRAM ACHIEVEMENTS 

1 Each of EPA’s climate protection partnerships has annual performance goals that were set through an interagency process in

1997. Goals for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2020 were communicated to the Secretariat of the Framework Convention

on Climate Change in the Climate Action Report of 1997. 

2 This report provides results for the climate protection partnership programs operated by the Office of Atmospheric Programs

at EPA (not including the State and Local Outreach Program). It does not include emission reductions attributable to

WasteWise, transportation programs, the Significant New Alternatives Program, or the landfill rule, which are the remaining

EPA actions that constitute EPA’s responsibilities within the nation’s Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP).

3 Reductions in annual greenhouse gas emissions for all EPA programs, including non-CO2 gases, are expressed in “carbon

equivalents,” which are determined by weighting the reductions in emissions of a gas by its global warming potential for a

100-year period.

Summary of Program Achievements 

Through 2000

FIGURE 3. ACTUAL DIVISION CARBON

REDUCTIONS COMPARED TO ANNUAL

PERFORMANCE GOALS
4 Each partnership program, including ENERGY STAR, was expected to deliver specific reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

ENERGY STAR was expected to reduce energy use by 60 billion kWh and reduce CO2 emissions by 12.8 MMTCE. The

actual 2000 reductions were 74 billion kWh and 15.2 MMTCE.

Program Effectiveness

Every federal dollar spent on these partnership programs through 2000 means:

Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of 1.0 metric ton of carbon equivalent (3.7 tons of CO2). 

Savings for partners and consumers of more than $75 on their energy bills.

The creation of more than $15 in private sector investment.

The addition of over $60 into the economy.

Key Accomplishments

The ENERGY STAR program saved 74 billion kilowatt hours

(kWh) in 2000 alone (20 percent greater energy savings than

expected under the nation’s CCAP4) and more than 10,000

megawatts (MW) of peak power.

The ENERGY STAR label has become a national symbol for

energy efficiency and is recognized by more than 40 percent of

the American public.

More than 1,600 manufacturers produced a total of 11,000

individual product models in 33 product categories that were

ENERGY STAR compliant.

Americans bought over 120 million ENERGY STAR products in

2000, contributing to the more than 600 million ENERGY STAR

products bought throughout the past decade.

Organizations representing approximately 17 percent of the

U.S. building floor space have partnered with ENERGY STAR as

a commitment to improve their energy performance.

A new national energy performance rating system was used to evaluate the energy efficiency 

of more than 4,200 buildings, and 330 office buildings and 215 schools earned the 

ENERGY STAR label.

More than 1,600 builder partners constructed over 25,000 ENERGY STAR labeled homes, locking

in financial savings for homeowners of more than $7.5 million annually. 

An international agreement was finalized allowing the European Community to implement an

energy efficiency labeling program for office equipment modeled after ENERGY STAR.

Partnership programs achieved reductions of non-carbon dioxide (CO2) gases—methane,

perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)—totaling

more than 17 MMTCE in 2000 alone.

The number of landfill gas-to-energy projects grew from fewer than 100 in the early 1990s to

almost 320 projects by the end of 2000.

The Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership met its aggressive goal for 2000 with emissions

reduced about 45 percent relative to 1990 levels, on an emissions per unit of production basis.

6

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

FIGURE 4. ANNUAL SAVINGS IN ENERGY USE AS

A RESULT OF THE DIVISION’S PARTNERSHIP

PROGRAMS
Estimation of Environmental and Economic Benefits

The environmental and economic benefits from EPA’s partnership programs are presented in greater

detail below. EPA provides these benefits for three key program areas: ENERGY STAR, Methane Programs,

and the Environmental Stewardship Programs for the high GWP gases. 

The environmental and economic benefits reflect the stream of greenhouse gas emission reductions and

energy bill savings that will persist through 2010 from the technology investments and product

purchases made through the year 2000 due to these partnership efforts.

The Endnotes of this Annual Report (see inside back cover) provide more detailed documentation of

the estimation methology and the assumptions used in measuring the performance of the partnership

programs. A few key methodological concepts and assumptions are summarized below.

Stream of Benefits

In Table 2, the benefits are presented through 2010 for investments and program actions that have 

been “locked-in” through the end of 2000. The table shows the locked-in benefits from efficiency

improvements that current partners have completed (or, in the case of ENERGY STAR labeled products,

products that have already been purchased) plus expenditures and benefits that are due to the

persistence of the market transforming activities already undertaken by the Division. In Table 2, the

effect of this persistence is modeled by keeping energy savings constant between 2000 and 2010. For

long-lived equipment, such as lighting fixtures, transformers, and homes, this means no additional

purchases after 2000; for shorter lived items such as computers, fax machines, and audio equipment, it

means replacement only to the level that would keep total energy savings at 2000 levels. Programs that

have a small number of partners, such as Natural Gas STAR and Landfill Methane, are modeled using

only current projects or projects for which partners have signed commitments. 

7

SUMMARY OF PROGRAM ACHIEVEMENTS 

TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF THE CUMULATIVE BENEFITS THROUGH 2010 FROM THE ACTIONS TAKEN BY

PARTNERS THROUGH 2000 (IN BILLIONS OF 2000 DOLLARS)

Technology GHG Reductions

Program Bill Savings Expenditures Net Savings (MMTCE)

ENERGY STAR

Labeled Products $39.6 $1.6 $38.0 94 

Building and Industrial $27.6 $7.1 $20.6 65

Improvements

Methane Programs $5.5 $2.7 $2.7 139 

Environmental

Stewardship Programs ____ ____ ____ 148 

TOTAL $72.7 $11.4 $61.3 447

NOTES: Technology Expenditures include O&M expenses for methane programs.

Bill Savings and Net Savings include revenue from sales of methane and electricity.

Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

____ : Not applicable.
Emissions Prevented 

Many of the Division’s programs focus on energy efficiency. For these programs, EPA estimated the

expected reduction in electricity consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh). Emissions prevented are

calculated as the product of kWh of electricity saved and an annual emission factor (e.g., MMTCE

prevented per kWh). Other programs focus on directly lowering greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., Natural

Gas STAR, Landfill Methane Outreach, and Coalbed Methane Outreach); for these, greenhouse gas

emission reductions were estimated on a project-by-project basis.

Energy Bill Savings 

Energy bill savings are calculated as the product of the kWh of energy saved and the cost of electricity

for the affected market segment (residential, commercial, or industrial taken from EIA’s Annual Energy

Outlook 2001 and Annual Energy Review 2000) for each year in the analysis (1993-2010). Energy bill

savings also include revenue from the sale of methane and/or the sale of electricity made from 

captured methane.

Expenditures on Energy-Efficient Technologies 

For most of its programs, the Division’s estimate of expenditures on energy-efficient technologies is based

on the partners’ capital cost of energy-efficient equipment, including the cost of financing. For ENERGY

STAR labeled products, investment was taken as the increase in cost, if any, of purchasing ENERGY STAR

products. Expenditures on this equipment include the cost of financing the equipment over the life of

the equipment. In all cases equipment purchases are assumed to be financed at a 7-percent real rate of

interest by the private sector and a 4-percent real rate of interest by the public sector.

Net Savings

Net savings is the difference between energy bill savings and expenditures on energy-efficient

technology. It represents the increase in the amount of money that partners and ENERGY STAR product

consumers have available to invest in the economy as a result of participating in the Division’s programs.

8

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT
Energy Efficiency is Smart Investment

American families and businesses spend over $600 billion each year on energy bills—more than one and

a half times what is spent on K-12 education. Energy efficiency offers great potential for reducing these

energy costs and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while enhancing economic growth. More than 50

percent of projected energy use (and carbon dioxide emissions) 10 years from now will come from the

use of equipment purchased between now and then (see Figure 5).

Choosing the energy-efficient solution at these purchase or

investment points has the potential to reduce the nation’s energy

bill by approximately 9 percent from business-as-usual in 2010

(EERE, 2000).

Many homeowners and businesses could use 30-percent less

energy, without sacrificing services or comfort, by investing in

energy efficiency. And many of these purchases or investments

offer financial returns potentially worth more than double the return of other common options, such as

money market funds or U.S. Treasury bonds. However, the potential of energy efficiency is not being

fully realized in the market due

to a variety of reasons. 

With relatively low energy

prices in the United States,

many organizations have

focused much less on energy

efficiency improvements and

more on improvements in 

labor productivity or capital

productivity. And while many

businesses and homeowners

express interest in making

energy efficiency investments

for their own buildings and

homes, they do not know which

products or services to ask for,

who supplies these products in

their areas, and whether the real

energy savings will live up to

the claims. 

ENERGY STAR Program

9

E NERGY S TAR PROGRAM

FIGURE 5. MORE THAN 50% OF PROJECTED ENERGY USE 

10 YEARS FROM NOW WILL COME FROM EQUIPMENT

PURCHASED BETWEEN NOW AND THEN
1 0

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

The ENERGY STAR program enables businesses, organizations, and consumers to realize the cost 

savings and environmental benefits of energy efficiency investments through a straightforward marketbased approach:

Use the ENERGY STAR label to clearly identify which products, practices, new homes, and

buildings are energy efficient—offering lower energy bills and environmental benefits.

Empower decisionmakers by making them aware of the benefits of labeled products, homes, and

buildings and providing energy performance assessment tools and project guidelines for efficiency

improvements.

Work with retail and service companies in the delivery chain so that they can easily offer efficient

products and services.

Partner with regional, state, and local organizations that are running energy efficiency programs so

that these programs leverage the national energy efficiency specifications and public awareness of

ENERGY STAR and achieve more with their resources.

Introduced by EPA in 1992 for energy-efficient computers, the ENERGY STAR label has been expanded

to more than 30 product categories. Since the mid-1990s, EPA has collaborated with the U.S.

Department of Energy (DOE), which now has responsibility for certain product categories. Efficient

new homes and efficient commercial buildings became eligible for the label in 1995 and 1999

respectively. The potential benefits from full use of the ENERGY STAR platform over the next 10 years are

tremendous:

If everyone in the country bought only ENERGY STAR products during the next decade, the nation

would slash its cumulative energy bill by more than $100 billion and reduce greenhouse gas

emissions by more than 300 MMTCE.

If all commercial and industrial building owners implemented the ENERGY STAR strategy during 

the next decade, they would shrink their cumulative energy bill by $130 billion and reduce

greenhouse gas emissions by more than 350 MMTCE.

Contribution of Energy Efficiency to Electric System Reliability

The recent power outages in California, along with last summer’s outages in New York City, Chicago,

and New Orleans, have heightened awareness of the relationship between electric system reliability

and energy efficiency. The North American Electric Reliability Council defines the reliability of electric

systems in terms of two basic, functional aspects: (1) Adequacy—the ability of the electric system to

supply the aggregate electrical demand and energy requirements of the customers at all times; and

(2) Security—the ability of the system to withstand sudden disturbances. 

By reducing demand, energy efficiency is a low-cost (2-3 cents/kWh) contributor to system

adequacy because it reduces the base load as well as the peak power demand. This reduction in

peak power demand can also contribute to system security by reducing the load and stress at

various points in the power distribution system, thereby decreasing the likelihood of failures. One

additional benefit of demand reductions is their ability to moderate electricity price spikes, reducing

not only private costs for individual consumers, but also the market clearing price for delivered

energy, thereby providing monetary benefits to all (Raynolds and Cowart, 2000).

A new report by the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Using Targeted Energy

Efficiency Programs to Reduce Peak Electrical Demand and Address Electric System Reliability Problems,

includes recommendations for six programs whose savings would total more than 60,000 MW by 2010

if deployed nationwide—or about 40 percent of the overall increase in demand projected by the

North American Electric Reliability Council. The proposed efficiency programs could also reduce

peak demand for participating customers by 5-15 percent without reducing comfort or service.
The economic and environmental benefits of ENERGY STAR through the year 2000 are already

substantial. More than 600 million ENERGY STAR labeled products have been purchased and billions 

of square feet of building space improved. The results across the ENERGY STAR program in terms of

energy saved and greenhouse gases avoided in 2000 are provided in Table 3. Additional program

achievements within the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors are presented in the sections

beginning on page 12. 

The ENERGY STAR label is being adopted in countries around the world. The year 2000 saw the signing

of an international agreement allowing the European Community to implement an energy efficiency

labeling program for office equipment modeled after ENERGY STAR, and in 2001 EPA expects to enter

into an agreement with Natural Resources Canada allowing it to implement an energy efficiency

labeling program modeled after ENERGY STAR for commercial and residential products.

1 1

E NERGY S TAR PROGRAM

TABLE 3. ENERGY STAR PROGRAM: ANNUAL GOALS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

2000 2001

Energy Saved Emissions Prevented Energy Saved Emissions Prevented

(Billion kWh) (MMTCE) (Billion kWh) (MMTCE)

Goal Achieved Goal Achieved Goal Goal

Commercial/Residential Buildings 60.3 74.0 12.8 15.2 75.3 15.1

Labeled Products

1

34.9 42.4

2

7.3 8.8 41.0 8.2

Computers ____ 3.0 ____ 0.6 ____ ____

Monitors ____ 21.5 ____ 4.4 ____ ____

Printers ____ 6.0 ____ 1.2 ____ ____

Copiers ____ 1.1 ____ 0.2 ____ ____

Other Office Equipment ____ 3.4 ____ 0.7 ____ ____

Exit Signs ____ 1.8 ____ 0.4 ____ ____

Residential Lighting Fixtures ____ 2.1 ____ 0.4 ____ ____

Home Electronics ____ 2.0 ____ 0.4 ____ ____

Other Products ____ 1.5 ____ 0.9 ____ ____

Building Improvements3 25.4 31.6 5.5 6.4 34.2 6.9

Industrial Improvements

4 ____ ____ 1.8 3.0 ____ 2.0

1 Results for office equipment from Webber et al., 2001.

2 The kWh savings imply peak demand savings of 4.5 gigawatts (GW) for labeled products and 6.8 GW for building improvements, based on 

conservation load factors developed by LBNL (Koomey et al., 1990). 

3 Results for building improvements from Horowitz, available October, 2001.

4 Results for industrial improvements from Dutrow, 2001.

____ : Not applicable.
ENERGY STAR IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

ENERGY STAR continues to deliver and develop new energy efficiency solutions for homeowners across

the country. ENERGY STAR grew through the year 2000 by:

Building and expanding partnerships with manufacturers to add new products that

can earn the ENERGY STAR label. EPA added new products such as set-top (cable) boxes and

dehumidifiers to the ENERGY STAR family in 2000, bringing the total to 33 product categories, of which

25 are routinely used in the home. ENERGY STAR partners with more than 1,600 manufacturers, and the

label appears on more than 11,000 product models. ENERGY STAR includes products that represent over

60 percent of energy use in the average household, so families can reduce their energy bills by up to

$400 per year by purchasing currently available products that also improve home comfort.

Building consumer awareness of the ENERGY STAR label as

the national, government-backed symbol for energy

efficiency. Recent surveys show that more than 40 percent of

consumers nationwide recognize the ENERGY STAR label.

Expanding the use of the ENERGY STAR label on efficient new

homes. ENERGY STAR labeled homes provide comfort, value, and savings to homeowners and increased

profits for homebuilders, while protecting the environment. In 1995, the ENERGY STAR label became

available for new homes that are 30 percent more energy efficient than homes built to the national

model energy code. Since then, more than 1,600 builders have joined the partnership program. 

They have built more than 25,000 ENERGY STAR labeled homes, at a pace that has doubled each year,

and homeowners are now saving $7.5 million annually on their utility bills. Much of this success results

from promotional campaigns with key allies in three of the leading new homes markets—Phoenix/

Tucson, Las Vegas, and Indianapolis—which have netted additional builders, increased awareness of

ENERGY STAR, and brought ENERGY STAR to 10 percent of new housing starts in one of these markets.

1 2

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

2000 ENERGY STAR Award Winner: Southwest Gas Corporation

ENERGY STAR utility partner Southwest Gas Corporation (SWG) is one of the fastest growing

natural gas distribution companies in the country, providing service to more than 1.3 million

customers in Arizona, California, and Nevada. Southwest Gas has leveraged its high visibility

and credibility to form powerful alliances with home energy rating providers and builders and

to help educate prospective home buyers about the benefits of ENERGY STAR labeled homes.

SWG’s partnership with ENERGY STAR is having a significant impact in SWG’s service territory.

For example, it is estimated that over 17,000 new homes are committed to ENERGY STAR in

the Phoenix area alone. The local alliances that Southwest Gas has created in Phoenix and

Las Vegas have become the model for other cities to follow for delivering the benefits of

ENERGY STAR labeled homes.

SET-TOP BOX
Developing home improvement opportunities beyond labeled products. EPA continued

to explore the potential for developing energy performance specifications for parts of the home such as

duct systems. The loss of warmed or cooled air through leaky ducts accounts for up to 20 percent of the

home energy bill. These losses can be turned into savings when ducts are sealed to prescribed levels. EPA

has partnered with several utilities to refine the duct sealing performance specification and to lay the

groundwork for new consumer-oriented materials (see page 15). 

Providing new consumer friendly home improvement tools. EPA launched the ENERGY

STAR home improvement program, featuring an online “toolbox” to help homeowners improve the

energy performance of their homes during repair, remodeling, or renovation. This toolbox includes a

benchmarking tool that helps homeowners assess their home’s energy

performance compared to other homes, and a Web-based audit that

recommends the top five energy efficiency improvements that can be made

to their home.

Working with retailers and regional, state, and local

organizations to assist them in effectively highlighting and

promoting ENERGY STAR labeled products in retail stores and

through key state-level energy efficiency programs. EPA worked

with more than 100 utilities and state energy efficiency providers that serve

approximately 50 percent of the households in the United States in

promoting energy efficiency with the ENERGY STAR label. More than 60 of them promoted ENERGY

STAR labeled homes as part of their residential construction programs. EPA also partners with over 550

retailers in promoting ENERGY STAR labeled products in 7,000 storefronts across the country.

1 3

E NERGY S TAR PROGRAM

Regional Partners: NYSERDA’s Accomplishments

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), a public

benefit corporation created in 1975 by the New York State Legislature, joined with EPA and

DOE as an ENERGY STAR partner in November 1998. NYSERDA is using the ENERGY STAR logo,

name, and energy efficiency messages to promote the environmental and economic benefits

of energy efficiency investments. NYSERDA’s strategy, across all ENERGY STAR programs, is to

create real consumer demand through public awareness and marketing, while building a

sustainable mid-stream infrastructure to deliver ENERGY STAR products and services. 

Through the New York Energy $martSM program, NYSERDA partners with retailers,

manufacturers, and remodelers/contractors to promote ENERGY STAR as a vehicle to deliver

energy efficiency. This collaboration includes 592 retail partners, 52 remodeler partners, and

10 manufacturers. Governor George Pataki has taken a lead role in promoting ENERGY STAR

as the best way for consumers to recognize energy-efficient products. 

These efforts have been remarkably successful. Under NYSERDA’s Appliance and Lighting

program, New York has documented more than 350,000 ENERGY STAR product purchases

attributable to their mid-stream support, marketing, and public awareness efforts.

NYSERDA estimates its efforts under the New York Energy $martSM program have saved

approximately 5.2 megawatt hours in the residential sector from program inception in 1998 

to March 2001. These efforts serve as an outstanding model for other regional, state, and

local organizations.
In 2001, EPA will:

Add new products to the ENERGY STAR family. Candidate products include ventilation fans,

ceiling fans, and telephony. EPA will also update the performance specifications for products in

cases where technology has advanced and updates are necessary to maintain the integrity of the

ENERGY STAR label.

Continue to build consumer awareness of the ENERGY STAR label through a new public awareness

campaign, with the goal of raising awareness of the label to more than 45 percent.

Work with home builders and allies to build 25,000 ENERGY STAR labeled homes in 2001, by 

(1) expanding promotional campaigns to Dallas and Houston, while building on the momentum

in Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Indianapolis; (2) expanding ENERGY STAR in the modular and

manufacturing housing industry; and (3) increasing the use of the ENERGY STAR

label by the large national builders.

Expand the set of home improvement tools to

include guidelines for improving the major systems of a

home so that the homeowner can see the greatest energy cost

savings. Systems will include the home envelope (steps

to take to keep warmed or cooled air in the home)

and the heating and cooling system (efficiently

conditioning and delivering cooled or heated air to where it is wanted). EPA

will work with regional partners to explore and refine these guidelines.

Work with retail partners, utilities, and states in broad promotions of ENERGY STAR labeled

products and homes, with special emphasis on ENERGY STAR labeled lighting and residential

heating and cooling equipment.

1 4

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

2000 ENERGY STAR Award Winner: Sears, Roebuck & Co.

Sears, Roebuck & Co. effectively promotes a wide range of ENERGY STAR labeled products

from appliances, office equipment, and home electronics to HVAC equipment and window

products. Last year, Sears pledged to sell more than one million ENERGY STAR qualified

appliances. The company exceeded this goal by promoting ENERGY STAR in over 1,500 stores

nationally. Sears’ success is the result of a strong commitment to working with ENERGY STAR

utility and market transformation groups across the country, offering comprehensive sales

training programs for its sales staff, and directing its vendors to supply ENERGY STAR qualified

products. Sears has also demonstrated an ongoing commitment to educate its consumers

by airing the ENERGY STAR public service announcement on in-store displays, reaching 

more than 26 million viewers in the last half of 2000, and by using the ENERGY STAR logo in 

weekly advertising.

“Sears is very proud to be part of the ENERGY STAR program. We are by far the largest

retailer of home appliances in the nation, and we are committed to increasing

consumer awareness about the benefits of using ENERGY STAR products.” 

— Tina Settecase, Vice President, Sears, Roebuck & Co., Hoffman Estates, IL
1 5

E NERGY S TAR PROGRAM

The ENERGY STAR Whole House Approach: Residental HVAC Sizing and Ducts

Research shows that proper sizing, installation, and maintenance of HVAC equipment are major factors in

operating efficiency and cost savings. Proper sizing and installation of the equipment can result in energy savings

of up to 35 percent for air conditioners and 16 percent or more for furnaces. In 2000, EPA began to promote

this total HVAC system approach, including proper sizing and installation of the equipment and sealing

of the ducts that deliver the warmed or cooled air to where it is

needed. EPA is partnering with the Consortium for Energy Efficiency

(CEE) and National Association of Technicians for Excellence (NATE)

to promote CEE’s Specification of Energy-Efficient Installation and

Maintenance Practices for Residential HVAC Systems to

contractors. The specification is a clear, accepted definition of an

energy-efficient installation. EPA is also in the pilot phase of a

performance specification for home duct systems, a major part of

the HVAC system. Properly sealed and insulated ducts can save

up to 20 percent on heating and cooling bills and benefit

consumers in the following ways: (1) adding comfort by

distributing air evenly throughout the home, (2) protecting against

combustion back drafting, and (3) preventing outside pollutants

from entering the home.

The following businesses and organizations are participating in

this pilot: Sacramento Municipal Utility District; Austin Energy;

Bodine-Scott Air Conditioning Company; Ongaro & Sons Inc.;

Conservation Services Group; TSC, Inc.; enalasys; and Albermarle

Heating and Air Inc. These pilot participants cover different

climates nationally and different sealing methods. They will

provide feedback on the feasibility of meeting the specification

and feedback on new ENERGY STAR marketing tools for contractors

and consumers.

Federal Partners: DOE’s Building America Program

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Building America Program is a 

set of private-public partnerships that accelerate the adoption of energyefficient technologies and best building practices in production-built

housing. This effort involves five teams from more than 50 specialist

companies working with builders across the country on a systems engineering approach to energy efficiency.

These teams have demonstrated technical innovations that achieve high energy performance with no or minor

additional construction cost. More than 2,000 ENERGY STAR labeled homes have been built as a result. EPA’s ENERGY

STAR perfectly complements DOE’s effort by increasing the market awareness for energy-efficient homes and

providing successful builders with a competitive advantage for their labeled homes. DOE’s Building America and

ENERGY STAR are working together to provide a complete solution for the building industry. And American home

buyers are saving thousands of dollars in ownership costs while living in homes with better comfort, durability, 

and air quality. 

RECOMMENDED 

AIR DISTRIBUTION 

SYSTEM

Source: Lstiburek 2000
ENERGY STAR IN THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR

ENERGY STAR continues to develop and provide innovative energy efficiency solutions to the commercial

sector. ENERGY STAR grew through the year 2000 by:

Building and expanding partnerships to add new commercial products to the ENERGY

STAR family. Water coolers and traffic signals were added in 2000 to the list of commercial products

that can earn the ENERGY STAR label. 

Expanding the innovative national building energy performance rating system that

benchmarks the efficiency of a building and allows the ENERGY STAR label to be earned

by high energy performing buildings. Achieving energy efficiency in the commercial market is

more difficult than simply filling a building with ENERGY STAR

equipment. Significant building efficiency can result only from

designing and operating major building systems in an integrated,

complementary fashion. To help building owners better understand

and measure the energy performance of the whole building, EPA

introduced a national building energy performance rating system in

1999, which compares the energy performance of an individual

building against the national stock of similar buildings. Other than

building codes, which focus only on building component and system

efficiency, no consistent or comparable metric existed for whole

building performance. In 2000, the rating system was expanded to

include both office buildings and schools (K-12). By year end, 

215 schools had earned the ENERGY STAR label representing more

than 15 million square feet of space, in addition to 330 office buildings. More than 4,200 buildings

(office and K-12) were benchmarked.

1 6

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

2000 ENERGY STAR Award Winner: Verizon

Verizon, one of the world’s leading providers of communications services, has dedicated an

energy team of a dozen management employees to focus entirely on the wide range of

energy issues affecting this Fortune 10 company. Team Energy meets quarterly with

department heads across the business. As the Energy Board of Directors, they develop,

implement, and sustain a world class energy program. Verizon’s program features a

corporate purchasing policy, a strong employee communications effort, energy audits and

reviews of the most wasteful buildings, system design, data tracking, and investigation of

alternative clean fuel sources, such as fuel cells. Verizon uses ENERGY STAR to benchmark its

administrative facilities and then to prioritize and motivate facilities to bring their energy

standards to a higher level. Verizon projects a savings of over $20 million annually from more

than 14,000 energy-reduction projects implemented in over 60 percent of its facilities in 2000.
1 7

E NERGY S TAR PROGRAM

National Building Energy Performance Rating System

The national building energy performance rating system, which was first offered for office buildings in 1999, became

available for schools in 2000. To earn the ENERGY STAR label, schools must be among the top 25 percent most efficient in

the country and meet important indoor environment quality targets. Almost 1,700 school buildings were benchmarked in

2000, and 215 earned labels. Through 2000, about 2,500 office buildings were benchmarked with 330 earning labels.

Schools that make energy-efficient improvements can cut costs by an estimated 25 to 30 percent on average. The first

nine school districts to receive the ENERGY STAR label were announced at the Eleventh Annual Energy Efficiency Forum in

June 2000:

San Diego Unified School District California

Academy School District 20 Colorado

Boulder Valley Public Schools Colorado

New Haven Public Schools Connecticut

Kansas City Public Schools Kansas 

Columbia Public Schools Missouri 

McAllen Independent School District Texas

Marion Public Schools West Virginia

Milwaukee Public Schools Wisconsin

2000 ENERGY STAR Award Winner: Arden Realty, Inc.

Arden Realty, Inc., a self-administered real estate investment trust, is the largest landlord of

office properties in Southern California. Arden has earned an ENERGY STAR award for two

consecutive years. The key to Arden’s success is its top-down management commitment

that continually looks for ways to improve the performance of its properties through

benchmarking and linking energy improvements to the financial value of its business. Arden

now displays the ENERGY STAR label on 80 properties, more than doubling the number of

properties that qualified for ENERGY STAR in 1999. In the forefront of adopting new approaches

to accomplish its goals, Arden recently announced the installation of the largest solar array

on an office property in the Western Hemisphere. Arden Realty’s commitment to

improvement has saved 50 million kWh of electricity and avoided 9 MW of demand.

“In general, we’re ahead of the curve on energy conservation. Many of our schools are

the exact same layout, and while one scored 100, one scored below 75. It may turn out

that the air-conditioning is running all day at that school and the lights are on all

night, but now we can go back and look at the historical data and find the red flags.”

— Joe Cochran Jr., Energy/Utility Inspector, San Diego Unified School District, CA
EPA also focused on the construction of new energy-efficient buildings. While new

buildings could use up to 70-percent less energy by taking advantage of today’s highefficiency technologies, in reality the newest stock of buildings does not perform any better

than the existing stock. This poor performance results from owners not knowing what the

energy consumption of a well-designed new building should be and not verifying that the

new building actually performs at the design intent. As of 2000, ENERGY STAR now

provides energy performance targets to architects, engineers, and building owners so that

they can capture the potential energy savings in new buildings. 

Expanding partnerships with organizations, large and small, public and

private, to provide them with effective energy efficiency investment tools.

Through 2000, EPA partnered with organizations representing approximately 17 percent

of the U.S. building floor space who have committed to improving their energy

performance. Among others, EPA has partnered with: (1) almost 2,900 small businesses

and organizations to lower their overhead through lower energy bills; (2) more than 70 commercial real

estate companies representing over 2.25 billion square feet of building space—an estimated 80 percent

of the office properties market; (3) almost 250 universities and about 200 school districts, including the

Los Angeles Unified School District which alone has more than 650 schools, to bring superior building

performance into the classroom; and (4) about 200 local and state governments, helping them overcome

key financing and budgeting barriers, which continue to be a major hurdle to energy efficiency projects

in the public sector, by delivering financing training to 60 of these partners.

Also in 2000, four influential commercial real estate industry associations, including the National

Association of Real Estate Investment Trust (NAREIT) and the Society of Industrial and Office Realtors

(SIOR), agreed to make ENERGY STAR available to their members.

EPA continued to work with the energy services industry and assist these companies in integrating the

national energy performance rating system into their service offerings. The energy services industry

benchmarked almost 750 buildings, submitted more than 50 label applications, and provided

professional engineer (PE) verification on over 300 labeled buildings. 

EPA launched 10 pilots with utilities, states, and regional energy efficiency program managers to

integrate into their activities the national energy performance rating system provided by ENERGY STAR.

Examples include the following: 

California utilities agreed to provide electronic billing data for customer energy performance ratings.

The State of Wisconsin specified ENERGY STAR as the commercial sector delivery platform for the

state’s public benefits program.

1 8

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

2000 ENERGY STAR Award Winner: Servidyne Systems, Inc.

For 25 years, Servidyne Systems, Inc., has provided building owners and managers with

products and services that make building operations more efficient in terms of energy use,

occupant satisfaction, and labor productivity. Servidyne pioneered energy benchmarking in

the early 1980s and has adopted ENERGY STAR as a natural way to recognize clients, as well

as focus attention on achieving a reduction goal. Servidyne uses benchmarking as the basis

for long-term energy efficiency improvements and continues to be a leader in the industry for

improving its clients’ energy efficiency. In 2000, Servidyne benchmarked 94 of its clients’

facilities and helped to provide services that led to the award of an ENERGY STAR label on 

38 buildings.
The Consortium for Energy Efficiency launched a national effort to foster integration of the

performance rating system into member utility programs.

NYSERDA benchmarked more than 1,000 schools to identify opportunities for energy

performance improvements in districts throughout New York.

The Building Operator Certification Program incorporated the rating system and portfolio

manager into curriculum for use in training facility managers on energy-efficient 

operations practices. 

In 2001, EPA will:

Add new products for the commercial marketplace to the ENERGY STAR family. Candidate

products include light commercial heating and cooling equipment and reach-in refrigerators and

freezers.

Develop building energy performance rating systems for four additional space types, such as

convenience stores, grocery stores, hospitals, lodging, or warehouses.

Continue to partner with state and local governments, school systems, small businesses, and the

entire private sector to provide them with energy efficiency solutions. EPA will promote the new

building energy performance rating system and expects to work with building owners and

managers to rate 5,000 additional buildings in 2001 and qualify an additional 1,250 buildings as

ENERGY STAR. EPA will also promote a new and easy-to-use

power management tool for computer monitors. Although

ENERGY STAR labeled monitors account for 95 percent of

monitors sold, many businesses and consumers disable 

the power management feature due to misinformation in 

the marketplace. 

Continue working with energy service providers to integrate 

the national energy performance rating system into their 

service offerings.

Continue to collaborate with utilities, states, and regional

program implementers to promote the national energy

performance rating system provided by ENERGY STAR, including the launch of 10 new pilots.

Efforts will involve the Northwest and Midwest and an innovative partnership with the California

Energy Commission to rate building energy performance in conjunction with a new state 

real-time pricing initiative designed to curb peak load.

1 9

E NERGY S TAR PROGRAM

“Energy efficiency has become an important benchmark for our entire portfolio. 

For us the ENERGY STAR label signals to our tenants and investors that we’re

capitalizing on an extraordinary opportunity to make our buildings environmentally

and fiscally sound.”

— Tim Callahan, President and Chief Executive Officer, Equity Office Properties, Chicago, IL
Partnership Program Evaluation

EPA devotes considerable effort to obtaining the best possible information on which to evaluate emission reductions

from voluntary programs. Below are summaries of efforts undertaken by EPA in three areas of the ENERGY STAR program.

Evaluating Office Equipment Energy Savings

Office equipment was the first in a long line of ENERGY STAR labeled products,

and this equipment is responsible for a large portion of the energy and carbon

savings achieved by the program over the years. To assess the impacts of this

important part of the ENERGY STAR program, EPA used market data (estimated by

a leading industry analyst firm) on shipments of both ENERGY STAR and nonENERGY STAR labeled equipment, field-measured data on the power levels for

this equipment in different operating modes (e.g., active, sleep, off ), as well

as survey data on equipment operating patterns, lifetimes, and ownership

levels. EPA combined these data with survey data on the percentage of the

labeled equipment that was correctly enabled and saving energy in the field.

The reliance on market data, survey data, and state-of-the-art field measurements ensures the accuracy of the

estimates. Because technology in this particular market changes so rapidly and because of the importance of this

equipment to the overall results of the Climate Protection Partnerships Division, the data collection and analysis efforts

are ongoing.

Evaluating the Green Lights® Program

To evaluate the climate protection benefits of EPA’s Green Lights program (now part of

ENERGY STAR), EPA conducted a long-term statistical analysis of the market for energyefficient lighting products. The economic methodology used observed shipment values

and shipped quantities to differentiate market effects from public programs’ effects,

and then employed published data sources to separate the impacts of EPA’s programs

from those of other energy efficiency programs. The EPA impacts are referred to as

market transformation because the intent of EPA’s public-private voluntary partnerships

is to encourage the formation of self-sustaining markets for energy-efficient products

and services, rather than temporarily increase demand through financial subsidies.

Using four decades of data related to fluorescent lighting ballasts, this Green Lights

program evaluation derived price elasticity and relative price response estimates

associated with the quantities demanded and market shares of electronic ballasts. National energy savings and climate

protection impacts associated with Green Lights market transformation efforts through the year 2000 were derived using

engineering algorithms. 

Measuring Results in the Industrial Sector

Reductions in carbon dioxide emissions are estimated based on ENERGY STAR

partners’ reports to the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program

managed by DOE. Partners are encouraged to report on energy reduction

activities they have completed in a given year for either individual projects or for

an entire organization. From these reports, only projects that are clearly identified

as activities that ENERGY STAR impacted are attributed to the program. EPA and

DOE work with reporting companies to ensure the reliability of the data.

2 0

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT
ENERGY STAR IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

ENERGY STAR continues to provide energy efficiency solutions to the industrial sector. ENERGY STAR

grew through the year 2000 by:

Integrating ENERGY STAR and the Climate Wise Partnership into one program to provide the

industrial sector with a more comprehensive set of industrial benchmarking and technical

assistance tools.

Welcoming new partners to the program, for a combined total of 500 companies representing 

14 percent of U.S. industrial energy use.

Continuing technical support for small and medium enterprises; more than 40 percent of the

partner companies have 100 or fewer employees.

Providing technical assistance to its partners by (1) helping U.S. companies to purchase renewable

energy; (2) supporting cement industry partners in the form of an enhanced emissions tracking

spreadsheet tailored to the unique needs of this industry; and (3) promoting opportunities for

green power purchasing, including green power workshops in Connecticut and New Jersey.

In 2001, EPA will:

Enhance ENERGY STAR in the industrial sector by developing energy and related productivity

benchmarks of industrial plant performance for U.S. industries.

Expand the peer-exchange networking opportunities for U.S. industry and ENERGY STAR partners

by holding national networking meetings.

Continue to partner with industrial organizations, large and small, around a joint goal of

improved energy performance.

2 1

E NERGY S TAR PROGRAM

Lockheed Martin Corporation: A Model for Corporate 

Energy Management

Lockheed Martin Corporation—a researcher, designer, developer, manufacturer, and integrator

of advanced technology systems, products, and services—recently instituted a model

corporate energy program and strategy. Using ENERGY STAR principles, Lockheed Martin

established a corporate energy policy, systems for measuring and benchmarking energy in

each business unit, an energy management plan addressing responsibilities and resources,

and systems for promoting awareness among all employees of better energy management.

Lockheed Martin’s corporate energy managment system is geared toward continuous

improvement. Senior management review is a critical factor in ensuring that the company’s

program succeeds. Recognized for having one of the first 100 ENERGY STAR labeled buildings,

Lockheed Martin saved 3 million kWh of electrical energy and more than $500,000 in electric

and gas costs at its Orlando Missiles and Fire Control facility in 2000 alone. Energy

improvements are underway and savings are being realized at the company’s other

manufacturing sites, thus demonstrating that improved energy performance is good for 

the environment and for business.
2 2

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

ENERGY STAR Award Winners

Excellence in

Consumer

Education

Northwest Energy

Efficiency Alliance

Portland, OR

Pacific Gas &

Electric 

San Francisco, CA

Participating

Electric and Gas

Utilities of the

Northeast Energy

Efficiency

Partnerships

Lexington, MA

Sacramento

Municipal Utility

District 

Sacramento, CA

Wisconsin Energy

Conservation

Corporation 

Madison, WI

Excellence in

Corporate

Commitment

IBM Corporation

Armonk, NY 

ENERGY STAR

FOR BUSINESS

Partners of the

Year

Arden Realty, Inc.

Los Angeles, CA

Hilton Hotels

Corporation

Beverly Hills, CA

Hines

Houston, TX 

Johnson Controls,

Inc.

Milwaukee, WI

Kingston School

District

Kingston, NY

M. J. Soffe

Company, Inc.

Fayetteville, NC

Servidyne Systems,

Inc.

Atlanta, GA 

Shaw’s

Supermarkets, Inc.

East Bridgewater, MA 

University of

Missouri at

Columbia

Columbia, MO

University of

Virginia

Charlottesville, VA

Verizon

Albany, NY 

Virtua Health

System

Camden, NJ 

ENERGY STAR

LABELED

PRODUCTS 

Partners of the

Year

Alside

Cuyahoga Falls, OH

Canon USA, Inc. 

Lake Success, NY 

Harvey Industries 

Waltham, MA

Maytag

Corporation

Newton, IA

National Coatings

Corporation 

Camarillo, CA 

Panasonic 

Secaucus, NJ 

Sears, Roebuck &

Co. 

Hoffman Estates, IL

Viking Windows &

Patio Doors 

Portland, OR 

Whirlpool

Corporation

Benton Harbor, MI

Technical

Innovation in

ENERGY STAR

AMD 

Sunnyvale, CA 

Intel Corp.

Folsom, CA 

ENERGY STAR

LABELED HOMES

Partners of the

Year

Atlantic Design and

Construction 

Gainesville, FL

Barry Andrews

Homes

Bel Air, MD 

Beazer Homes

Arizona

Tempe, AZ 

Connecticut Light

and Power 

West Springfield, CT

Guaranteed Watt

Saver Systems

West

Oklahoma City, OK

Southwest Gas

Corporation 

Las Vegas, NV

Tierra Concrete

Homes

Pueblo, CO 

Woods and

Associates 

Las Vegas, NV 

Excellence in

Home

Improvement

Bob Vila 

COMBINED HEAT

AND POWER

The College of 

New Jersey

Ewing, NJ 
Clean Energy Programs

Energy use is fundamental to economic activity—powering our homes, businesses, and transportation

systems. Historically, increased economic growth has been driven primarily by energy produced from

fossil fuels, with the unintended consequence of increased air pollution and an

increased threat of climate change. A wide array of economically viable and

environmentally preferable clean energy technologies are available today, and

more will be available in the next few years. These technologies—including

solar and wind power, fuel cells, and microturbines—can effectively break

the link between increased energy use and harmful air emissions. 

Distributed generation technologies, such as combined heat and power

(CHP), offer the promise of producing electricity and heat in a

fundamentally different way through a dispersed set of smaller scale

generators providing power and heat at or near customer sites. CHP systems

generate electricity and capture waste heat, which is then used to heat and

cool buildings or provide steam in industrial processes. The use of waste heat

results in total system efficiencies of 70 to 90 percent—a considerable

performance gain over the 33-percent average efficiency of conventional

central station electricity plants. 

COMBINED HEAT & POWER PARTNERSHIP

Through its Combined Heat & Power Partnership, EPA is facilitating the use of CHP technologies in

selected sectors. This effort initially targets a handful of state markets, and as the program progresses,

work will be expanded to other markets. EPA is focusing on small- and medium-sized CHP applications

by identifying candidate industrial and commercial hosts in the select state markets. Companies receive

information about the efficiency gains and improved environmental performance of CHP, as well as

technical assistance. 

In 2000, the CHP Partnership:

Recognized the CHP ENERGY STAR Award winner, The College of New Jersey 

Continued to explore opportunities for regulatory flexibility in recognizing the environmental

benefits of CHP applications.

2 3

CLEAN ENERGY PROGRAMS

2000 CHP Award Winner: The College of

New Jersey

In 1999, The College of New Jersey replaced its existing

3.2 MW gas turbine with a 5.2 MW gas turbine. The

upgrade increased both output and efficiency of the

combined heat and power (CHP) unit while decreasing

air emissions. The benefits of this one project alone are

equivalent to removing the emissions from 4,000 cars.

Further, the improved efficiency of the plant allows it to

operate using 12 percent less fuel than modern separate

heat and power installations. EPA was proud to

recognize the important pollution prevention qualities of

this project by awarding the 2000 ENERGY STAR CHP

Award to The College of New Jersey.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
In 2001, EPA will:

Launch a national CHP partnership, working with industrial partners to convert several hundred

industrial boilers to clean, efficient, gas-fired CHP.

Launch the CHP Power Quality Initiative to work with partners’ Internet data centers and

telecom switching stations to meet their reliable power needs with CHP.

Promote the recognition of CHP’s benefits in environmental regulations.

Green Power Partnership

EPA has developed a program to encourage purchases of renewable energy. Modeled after EPA’s

successful energy efficiency programs, the Green Power Partnership is a voluntary partnership with

companies, government agencies, and other organizations that purchase renewable energy. In return for

technical assistance and recognition, partners commit to purchasing a percentage of their annual

electricity consumption from green power. 

In 2001, EPA will:

Launch the Green Power Partnership Program, which will work with founding partners and local

governments to encourage green power purchases.

Announce 40 new corporate or local government

green power purchases.

Launch efforts with states to promote customer

choice through electricity restructuring in an

environmentally friendly manner.

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CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

WIND POWER

“We believe it's beneficial to continually evaluate and improve the energy 

efficiency of our nation's power supply. Using CHP helps companies and 

institutions meet their energy needs while saving money and improving their

environmental performance.”

— Mark Hall, Vice President of External Affairs, Trigen Energy
Methane Programs

Methane’s contribution to total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions is second only to that of carbon dioxide.

Each ton of methane emitted is 21 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than one ton

of CO2. Methane, the major component of natural gas, is also a valuable source of energy.

U.S. industries along with state and local governments collaborate with EPA in several voluntary

partnerships to encourage the profitable collection and use of methane that otherwise would be released

to the atmosphere. These

methane partnerships

include Landfill Methane

Outreach, Natural Gas

STAR, and Coalbed

Methane Outreach. All

follow a common approach,

which is to provide sound

technical, economic, and

regulatory information on

emission-reduction

technologies and practices,

as well as tools to facilitate

implementation of

methane-reduction

opportunities. Partners

profit by their involvement

in these programs by

making their operations

more efficient and their

businesses more competitive. EPA also provides information and tools to the agricultural community to

encourage methane reductions.

These voluntary partnerships, in conjunction with a regulatory program to limit air emissions from the

nation’s largest landfills, reduced national methane emissions to well below 1990 levels in 2000, and

they are projected to maintain emissions below 1990 levels through 2010.

2 5

METHANE PROGRAMS

FIGURE 6. PARTNER ACTIONS ARE PROJECTED TO RETURN

METHANE EMISSIONS BELOW 1990 LEVELS BY 2010

“EPA’s technical and economic information has helped Jim Walter Resources (JWR)

identify options to profitably capture our low-quality coalbed methane. Our

concern at JWR is operating a business. It’s great if this also benefits the environment.”

— Chuck Dixon, Senior Vice President, Jim Walter Resources, Alabama
LANDFILL METHANE OUTREACH PROGRAM

Landfills are the largest source of U.S. anthropogenic methane emissions. Capture

and use of landfill gas not only reduces methane emissions directly, but also

reduces CO2 emissions indirectly by displacing the use of fossil fuels. The

Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) encourages landfills across the

nation to capture and use their landfill gas emissions. Working with landfill

owners, state energy and environmental agencies, energy suppliers, industry,

and other stakeholders, LMOP lowers the barriers to landfill gas-to-energy project development. 

Launched in December 1994, LMOP achieved significant reductions through 2000, reducing methane

emissions from landfills by 3.2 MMTCE in 2000 alone. The number of landfill gas-to-energy projects

grew from fewer than 100 in the early 1990s to almost 320 projects by the end of 2000. 

LMOP focuses its outreach efforts on smaller landfills not regulated by EPA’s New Source Performance

Standards and Emission Guidelines. The program promotes cost-effective and environmentally

beneficial methane emission reductions by encouraging the capture and use of methane that would

otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere. LMOP has developed a range of tools to help landfill owners

and operators overcome barriers to project development, including feasibility analyses, software for

evaluating project economics, profiles of hundreds of candidate landfills across the country, a project

development handbook, energy end-user analyses, and many others. 

In 2000, LMOP:

Assisted in the development of 35 new landfill gas-to-energy projects, with more than 

50 additional projects under construction and expected to be online soon.

Signed on 35 new allies, bringing the total number of LMOP allies to more than 250.

Helped facilitate a partnership between a waste company and three Pennsylvania communities,

which resulted in one of the most innovative and economically beneficial landfill gas utilization

projects in the country.

Held its fourth annual conference, which was the largest and most successful to date. One

highlight of the conference was the project EXPO, a section of the exhibit hall where 10 landfill

operators looking for landfill gas project development partners displayed information about their

sites and distributed requests for proposals.

In 2001, EPA will:

Initiate a competitive grant process designed to spur innovative, replicable projects at 

smaller landfills.

Host its fifth annual conference in December 2001, which will include a half-day session on using

landfill gas as a green power resource.

Conduct training sessions on landfill gas utilization in Korea and Brazil.

2 6

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT
2 7

METHANE PROGRAMS

LMOP 2000 Award Winners

Project of the Year: Green Knight Economic Development Corporation 

Landfill Gas Utilization Project (Pen Argyl, PA)

Known as the “Slate Belt,” Northampton County, Pennsylvania, played host to residents whose livelihoods depended on the

quarry and textile industries. These industries have been on the decline for about a decade, which has forced the region into

economic distress. But now, an unusual source is bringing economic development to the region—the local landfill. Grand

Central Sanitary Landfill, owned by Waste Management, Inc. (WM), generates more than 8 million cubic feet of landfill gas per

day. Waste Management put in a well system to flare the gas and approached the community about end-use options for the gas.

Encouraged by WM’s partnership offer, the community came up with an ideal solution—create the Green Knight Economic

Development Corporation (GKEDC)—an independent, nonprofit corporation that would own the gas collection facility and use

the revenue from sales of the landfill gas to fund local economic development efforts. The project developed through this

innovative public-private partnership not only has economic, social, and environmental benefits but also generates a source of

clean, renewable energy for the community.

Partner of the Year: Buncombe County, NC

Wedged between two national parks, Buncombe County, North Carolina, attracts tourists and is home to many residents.

County officials are mindful of the environment; keeping the county clean and picturesque—and fostering sustainable

development—are among their priorities. When the county closed its landfill, it had to manage the gas emitted from the landfill.

Rather than flare the gas, county staff teamed with a private company, Asheville Landfill Gas LLC, to build a facility, collect the

gas, and turn it into an energy source for the Municipal Service District (MSD), a local wastewater treatment facility. By

purchasing the landfill gas for its supplemental energy needs, MSD saves $500,000 annually. Buncombe County plans to build a

30-acre greenhouse near the landfill and heat it with landfill gas. County officials estimate that the greenhouse has the potential

to create 300 new jobs. 

State Ally of the Year: State of South Carolina Energy Office

South Carolina’s Energy Office partnered with LMOP in 1998 because officials were interested in promoting landfill gas

utilization throughout the state. In 1999, they developed a primer on project development requirements and opportunities,

organized and created a task force of various government and community representatives, and conducted a one-day educational

workshop. In addition, the Energy Office conducted a survey and determined that 30 landfills could economically develop

landfill gas projects, generating a potential 81 MW of power. The tireless efforts of the Energy Office staff have created

momentum in South Carolina—12 projects are under construction, and two are slated to become operational in 2001. 

Energy Ally of the Year: PPL Corporation (Allentown, PA)

PPL Corporation has a long record of working with methane producers—including landfills, wastewater treatment facilities, and

farms. PPL’s support for methane-capturing projects spans more than a decade and represents approximately 2 million tons of

greenhouse gas emission reductions since 1991. Landfill power production facilities are an integral part of PPL’s power portfolio.

PPL is currently purchasing power from Keystone Landfill, Lycoming Landfill, and Taylor/Amity Landfill, all in Pennsylvania.

The company assisted Empire Landfill, also in Pennsylvania, in the development of assets in support of its pipeline quality gas

production. PPL is developing partnerships with new landfills and is looking to expand existing landfill projects. 

“This is an excellent opportunity for the City of Allentown to save money, improve our

operations, and partner with a company that has the experience and know-how to

plan and execute projects well.” 

— Allentown Mayor William Heydt
NATURAL GAS STAR PROGRAM

Natural Gas STAR is a voluntary partnership between EPA and the U.S. natural

gas industry designed to overcome barriers to adoption of cost-effective

technologies and practices that reduce emissions of methane. Natural

Gas STAR was launched in 1993 with the transmission and

distribution sectors, and has since expanded twice—to the production

sector in 1995 and the processing sector in 2000. The program has

achieved significant reductions through 2000, reducing methane

emissions from natural gas systems by 4.2 MMTCE in 2000 alone. 

Natural Gas STAR has developed a range of tools designed to help corporate partners implement best

management practices to reduce gas loss. These include an implementation guide, a series of “lessons

learned” studies, focused workshops, partner-to-partner information exchanges, and others. Extensive

partner support for and continued expansion of the program, combined with ongoing feedback from

partners, demonstrates the effectiveness of these tools in promoting methane reduction activities.

In 2000, Natural Gas STAR:

Represented 72 percent of transmission mileage, 49 percent of service connections, 40 percent of

production, and 23 percent of gas processing.

Partnered with 18 new companies, bringing the total number of partners to 88.

Successfully expanded the program to the gas gathering and processing sector.

Created the successful instructional video, “U.S. EPA’s Natural Gas STAR Program for

Producers,” which received a 2000 Telly award.

In 2001, EPA will:

Expand Natural Gas STAR in all sectors to represent 85 percent of gas transmission pipelines, 

55 percent of distribution service connections, 55 percent of domestic gas production, and 

30 percent of gas processing.

Institute an online reporting system to enhance partner implementation.

Increase participation among independent producers.

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CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

“As a Natural Gas STAR partner, we are recognized as an environmentally friendly

company. Even regulators are aware of this voluntary partnership, which is just as

valuable as the cost savings achieved by reducing methane emissions.” 

— James Frederick, Environmental Specialist, Unocal Gulf Region, USA
2 9

METHANE PROGRAMS

This public service announcement and editorial promoting Gas STAR was printed pro bono on the cover

wrap of the November/December 2000 edition of the Harvard Business Review.
3 0

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

Natural Gas STAR 2000 Partners of the Year

Kerr-McGee Oil and Gas Corporation

Kerr-McGee received the 2000 Natural Gas STAR Producer Partner of the Year Award. EPA

honored the company for significant methane emission reductions, implementation of many

partner reported opportunities (PROs), and outreach contributions both in assisting EPA with

developing an Implementation Case Study and in working to secure the Domestic Petroleum

Council’s endorsement of the Gas STAR program. An active partner since 1996, Kerr-McGee

has reported cumulative methane reductions totaling 8.5 billion cubic feet (Bcf), valued at more than $17 million. In

1999 alone, Kerr-McGee reported emission reductions of 2.3 Bcf, of which 547 million cubic feet (Mmcf) was from

new activities. While transferring the Natural Gas STAR program to its newest acquisition, Oryx Energy, Kerr-McGee

identified more than 5 Bcf in prior reductions during a survey of Oryx facilities. Kerr-McGee’s emphasis on

maintaining open communication to ensure employee awareness and participation in data collection efforts has

significantly contributed to the company’s Gas STAR program success.

Columbia Transmission Segment (a NiSource Company)

Columbia Transmission Segment received the 2000 Natural Gas STAR Transmission

Partner of the Year Award. EPA honored the company, which consists of Columbia Gas

Transmission and Columbia Gulf Transmission, for its

excellent program implementation; significant methane

emission reductions, which include the inventorying and reporting of substantial reductions

from previous years; and its outreach efforts. Even though Columbia Transmission Segment

just became a partner in 1999, it reported more than 9.7 Bcf of methane emission reductions—valued at more 

than $19.4 million—in its first annual report. In 1999 alone, Columbia Transmission Segment reported reductions of

1.5 Bcf, with 1.4 Bcf of this from new activities. The company took a team approach to implementing the Natural

Gas STAR program and integrating it into everyday operations and existing programs, such as the company’s

Environmental Excellence Program. Members of the company’s Natural Gas STAR Team visited field operations and

worked closely with technicians and operators to assess current methane emission reduction practices and ways

to measure these reductions.

Bay State Gas Company (a NiSource Company)

Bay State Gas Company received the 2000 Natural Gas STAR Distribution Partner of the Year Award. Bay

State was honored for achieving significant methane emission reductions,

introducing a number of new PROs, and contributing to the promotion of the

Natural Gas STAR program through its outreach activities. Bay State Gas

Company has been an active partner since 1994. In 1999, the company reported 79 Mmcf of methane emission

reductions, and Bay State’s cumulative reductions total more than 250 Mmcf.

“We are convinced that proactive environmental responsibility is good business.

Through Natural Gas STAR our efforts to reduce our methane emissions often

improve the operating efficiency of the pipelines, and that leads to financial reward.” 

— Steve Wilner, Director, Environmental Health & Safety Services, NiSource, Inc.
COALBED METHANE OUTREACH PROGRAM

The Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP) reduces methane

emissions from underground coal mines by collaborating with large coal

companies and small businesses—primarily independent natural gas project

developers and equipment supply companies—to develop environmentally

beneficial and economically successful coal mine methane projects. Outreach

efforts focus on providing high-quality, project-specific information. CMOP

has achieved significant results through 2000.

EPA began working with the coal mining industry in 1990 when coal mines captured and used only 

25 percent of the methane produced from their degasification systems. As a result of this collaboration,

the percentage of methane recovery grew to more than 85 percent by 1999. To eliminate the remaining

methane emitted from degasification systems, CMOP is working with industry to demonstrate the use

of flare technology, which has yet to be employed at a U.S. mine. 

With the program’s tremendous success in reducing methane emissions from degasification systems,

CMOP has expanded its focus to the methane emitted from coal mine ventilation systems. Ventilation

air from coal mines typically contains methane at concentrations below one percent, yet accounts for 

94 percent of the remaining methane emissions from underground coal mines—over 90 billion cubic

feet of methane annually. CMOP is working with industry to demonstrate and deploy newly developed

technologies that can reduce these emissions substantially over the next few years.

CMOP has developed a range of tools designed to overcome barriers to recovery and combustion of

coal mine methane. These include numerous technical and economic analyses of technologies and

potential projects, mine-specific project feasibility assessments, state-specific analyses of project potential,

market evaluations, and guides to state, local, and federal assistance programs. CMOP has collaborated

with operators of virtually every U.S. underground coal mine to apply these tools and facilitate each

project. CMOP achieved a reduction of 2.1 MMTCE in 2000.

In 2000, CMOP:

Helped reduce methane emissions at 23 project sites by providing high-quality, project-specific

information to mine operators, project developers, and other stakeholders.

Affirmed the feasibility of technology to combust ventilation air methane and identified a mine

for the first demonstration of coal mine methane flaring.

In 2001, EPA will:

Evaluate and promote the market potential of new technologies, including flares at wells

producing medium-quality gas and combustion technologies appropriate for mine ventilation air.

Facilitate flare and ventilation air demonstration projects.

3 1

METHANE PROGRAMS

Jim Walter Resources (JWR) has operated an extensive

degasification program at its deep, longwall mines in

Alabama for about 20 years. These operations produce

gas from in-mine, gob, and vertical degasification wells.

JWR is a leader in exploring innovative technologies to

utilize medium- to low-quality gas.
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CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

Program Evaluation: Measuring Results in the Methane Programs

Tracking and recording the methane reductions achieved by EPA’s partnership programs is a straightforward

process. EPA gathers project-specific data on all the methane reduction activities implemented in coordination

with the partnerships.

Natural Gas STAR

Industry partners report their reduction activities to EPA on a detailed reporting form, and EPA works with

partners to verify these data.

Landfill Methane Outreach

EPA works with all stakeholders to compile up-to-date project information. The program reports reductions

from only those projects that EPA directly assisted.

Coalbed Methane Outreach 

EPA gathers state gas sales data for each mine to determine the total amount of coal mine methane used.

Although EPA works with every project, the program reports only 40 percent of the total reductions achieved,

attributing 60 percent to the impact of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. 

TABLE 4. METHANE PROGRAMS: ANNUAL GOALS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

2000 Goal 2000 Achievement 2001 Goal

LMOP

Number of Projects 193 177 225

Annual Methane Reduction (MMTCE) 3.5 3.2 3.7

Natural Gas STAR

1

Transmission Pipeline Miles (% in program) 85% 72% 85%

Distribution Pipeline Miles (% in program) 60% 49% 55%

Natural Gas Production (% in program) 55% 40% 55%

Gas Processing (% in program) ____ 23% 30%

Annual Gas Savings (MMTCE)2 4.2 4.2 4.4

CMOP

Annual Methane Reduction (MMTCE) 2.0 2.1 2.0

TOTAL Methane Reduction (MMTCE) 9.7 9.5 10.1

1 2000 achievements are estimates. Final figures are not yet available.

2 Includes both CCAP program and base reductions.
AGRICULTURE-BASED PROGRAMS

Through outreach to agriculture-based organizations and farmers, EPA and the U.S. Department of

Agriculture (USDA) work together to promote practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions at U.S.

farms. The programs work with U.S. swine and dairy producers to encourage development of waste

management systems that produce farm revenues and reduce water and air pollution. EPA provides

technical information and tools to aid in the assessment and implementation of the projects.

In 2000, EPA and USDA:

Assisted swine and cattle producers in developing waste management systems that improve

livestock efficiency and produce farm revenues, while reducing water and air pollution. About 

13 million kWh/year of renewable energy was produced from farms capturing methane to provide

energy for the farm and local community.

Increased recognition of anaerobic digestion viability at commercial swine and dairy farms.

Brought 13 new commercial demonstration systems online across nine states through the “Charter

Farm” program. These systems provided about 3 million kWh of renewable power.

Assisted states in developing programs and policies for the broader deployment of technology.

In 2001, EPA and USDA will:

Continue the expansion of methane-reducing technologies in the livestock sector to help ensure

clean water and air.

Collaborate with state energy programs in New York, California, Colorado, Iowa, Wisconsin, and

Minnesota to facilitate the development of anaerobic digesters as renewable energy.

3 3

METHANE PROGRAMS

SWINE USA’S COMPLETE MIX DIGESTER IN THAYER, IOWA
High GWP Environmental 

Stewardship Programs

Public-private industry partnerships are substantially reducing U.S. emissions of the “high global

warming potential” (GWP) gases, which are released as byproducts of industrial operations. These

partnerships involve various

industries that are

developing cost-effective

improvements in processes

to reduce emissions of

perfluorocarbons (PFCs),

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),

and sulfur hexafluoride

(SF6)—all particularly

potent greenhouse gases.

When compared ton-for-ton

with CO2, they trap much

more heat in the atmosphere.

PFCs and SF6 also have very

long atmospheric lifetimes.

Despite the potential for

sizable growth in high GWP

greenhouse gas emissions,

these partnerships are

expected to reduce emissions

below 1990 levels by the year 2005.

THE VOLUNTARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRIAL PARTNERSHIP

This partnership program with the primary aluminum

smelting industry is designed to reduce emissions of PFCs

emitted as a byproduct of the smelting process. EPA is

working with primary aluminum producers to reduce CF4

and C2F6 where technically feasible and cost effective. Since

the partnership was formed in 1996, it has had great success

in characterizing the emissions from smelter operations and

reducing overall emissions. The goal of the partnership was to

reduce emissions by 30 to 60 percent from 1990 levels by 2000.

In 2000, the Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership: 

Met its 2000 program goal, with emissions reduced about 45 percent relative to 1990 levels on an

emissions per unit of product basis. The absolute reductions are a similar percentage but are

currently affected by facility closures caused by high energy costs in the Northwest.

Completed an emissions measurement campaign at six U.S. aluminum smelters to better

characterize the relationship between operating parameters and emissions. 

Continued work with 9 of the 10 U.S. primary aluminum producers, representing 22 of the 

23 U.S. smelters, to better understand the generation of PFCs in the smelting process and to

quantify smelter-specific emissions.

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CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

FIGURE 7. PARTNER ACTIONS CAN MAINTAIN EMISSIONS OF

HIGH GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL GASES AT OR BELOW

1990 LEVELS THROUGH 2010
HFC-23 EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM

The HFC-23 partnership works to cost-effectively reduce emissions of the potent greenhouse gas, 

HFC-23, which is generated as a byproduct in the manufacture of HCFC-22. Through this program,

EPA encourages all U.S. producers of HCFC-22 to develop and implement technically feasible, costeffective processing practices or technologies to reduce HFC-23 emissions.

The partners have reduced emissions of HFC-23 through process optimization, reaching the total

reductions that can likely be achieved through these techniques. The partnership has helped the

intensity of HFC-23 emissions (the amount of HFC-23 emitted per kilogram of HCFC-22

manufactured) decline significantly. Despite an estimated 35-percent increase in production since 1990,

total emissions are below 1990 levels—a reduction of 4.8 MMTCE compared to business-as-usual.

In 2000, EPA partnered with 100 percent of the U.S. HCFC-22 producers to use process optimization

and abatement to reduce production byproduct emissions of HFC-23—the most potent and persistent

of the HFCs.

THE PFC EMISSION REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP FOR THE

SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY

Since 1996, the PFC Emission Reduction Partnership for the Semiconductor

Industry has served as a catalyst for companies in Europe, Japan, Korea,

Taiwan, and the United States to join together to set the first global target

for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Through this partnership, companies

have identified and implemented process changes in the manufacture of

silicon chips to reduce emissions of PFCs.

In 2000, EPA renewed the partnership with U.S. semiconductor manufacturers

who agreed to reduce emissions of PFCs by 10 percent below their 1995

baseline by 2010.

SF6 EMISSIONS REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP FOR

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

The SF6 Emissions Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems, initiated in

1999, provides a forum for the electric power industry to work with the U.S.

government to reduce sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions to technically and

economically feasible levels through identifying and encouraging adoption of best

management practices. By the end of 2000, more than 60 electric utility companies

had joined the partnership, representing approximately 25 percent of the companies within this industry.

In 2000, EPA expanded the electric power systems partnership to reduce SF6 emissions to 63 partners,

representing nearly 45 percent of net generating capacity. Over 80 percent of SF6 sales are to this 

power sector.

3 5

ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
SF6 EMISSION REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP FOR THE

MAGNESIUM INDUSTRY

This new partnership is identifying and encouraging adoption of best management

practices for reducing emissions of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a highly potent

greenhouse gas. The program to reduce emissions from magnesium production

already represents more than 60 percent of U.S. magnesium industry emissions.

In 2000, EPA:

Expanded the magnesium industry partnership to reduce SF6 emissions to 15 partners, representing

100 percent of primary magnesium production and 60 percent of domestic casting capacity. 

This partnership accounts for 75 percent of total domestic SF6 emissions from the U.S.

magnesium industry.

Received reports from magnesium partners for their first annual emissions estimates using EPAdesigned reporting software. In turn, EPA published the partnership’s first annual report.

MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING CLIMATE PROTECTION

PARTNERSHIP

As part of the effort under the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, new vehicles

worldwide have been redesigned to use HFC-134a refrigerants in air conditioning systems rather than

CFC-12. The production of CFC-12 refrigerants for use in developed countries was halted in 1996 and

will be phased out globally by 2006. HFC-134a was the global choice because it has no ozone depleting

potential, has six times less global warming potential than CFC-12, is non-flammable, has low toxicity,

and has cooling capacity and energy efficiency that can be made comparable to CFC-12 through

engineering. Although HFC-134a has far less impact on the climate than the CFC-12 it replaced, it is

included in the basket of greenhouse gases whose emissions need to be reduced.

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), the Mobile Air Conditioning Society Worldwide (MACS),

and EPA have organized a global voluntary partnership to promote improved air conditioning systems

and service. The choice of measures to improve the environmental performance of vehicle air conditioning

systems is complicated because (1) both refrigerant and fuel consumption must be considered over the

life of the vehicle, (2) customers demand reliable and affordable equipment, and (3) new systems may

require special safety systems and technician training. The partnership has three goals:

To promote cost-effective designs and improved service procedures to minimize emissions from

HFC-134a systems.

To cooperate on development and testing of next-generation mobile air conditioning systems that

satisfy customer requirements and environmental, safety, cost, and reliability concerns.

To communicate technical progress to policy makers and the public.

3 6

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT
In 2000, this partnership developed a brochure that provides an overview for decisionmakers and

interested parties of the “state-of-the art” of mobile air conditioning technology from the viewpoint of

industry, technical organizations, and government. Titled The Importance of Motor Vehicle Air

Conditioning in Climate Protection, this brochure presents the consensus on the best methods of

speeding progress toward the implementation of more energy-efficient mobile air conditioning systems.

As a member of the partnership, SAE has drafted new test plans, circulated and improved existing test

plans, and held an extensive investigation of testing organizations. SAE has also worked on the Internet

to involve experts and stakeholders in this process.

In 2001, the High GWP Environmental Stewardship Programs will:

Work with the aluminum industry to negotiate a new agreement to continue to explore and

implement emission reduction options through 2005, as well as continue to conduct smelter

measurements in the aluminum industry to complete the U.S. smelter-type data set and to

validate past process-type measurements.

Work with the U.S. semiconductor partners to achieve their 10 percent PFC emission reduction

goal by 2010 from their 1995 baseline.

Continue to build the SF6 Emissions Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems (utilities)

to 100 (representing 60 percent of the industry’s net generating capacity).

Expand participation in the SF6 Emission Reduction Partnership for the Magnesium Industry to

represent greater than 80 percent of U.S. industry emissions. Facilitate global information sharing

to achieve cost-effective emission reductions of 0.3 MMTCE.

Maintain an effective partnership with HCFC-22 chemical manufacturers to reduce emissions 

of HFC-23.

Expand the stewardship programs to reduce high GWP emissions from other key sources, such as

the military and the ozone-depleting substance (ODS) replacement industries.

3 7

ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

Alcoa Inc.: Aluminum Industry Leader

In addition to achieving significant PFC emission reductions in the past decade, Alcoa Inc.

has been a global industry leader working to protect the climate. U.S. companies in the

aluminum industry, including Alcoa, have partnered with EPA since 1995 to reduce emissions

of PFCs, an inadvertent byproduct of the primary smelting process. The charter partners of

the Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership were Alcan Ingot, Alcoa Inc., Alumax, Century

Aluminum, Columbia Falls, Goldendale, Kaiser Aluminum, Noranda Aluminum, Northwest,

Southwire Co., Reynolds Metals Co., and Vanalco Inc. In 2000, these companies reduced

their U.S. PFC emissions by more than 45 percent from the 1990 baseline. Alcoa has served

as co-chair of the partnership and provided significant in-kind technical expertise in

developing and implementing the partnership's PFC smelter measurement campaigns.

Having met its 2000 PFC emission reduction goal, Alcoa has committed to further PFC

reductions by 2005. These efforts are part of an overall company plan for a 25-percent

reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2010.
3 8

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT

International Climate Protection Award Winners

In 1998, EPA established the Climate Protection Awards to recognize exceptional leadership,

personal dedication, and technical achievements in protecting the Earth’s climate. Awards

are presented to companies, organizations, and individuals that have demonstrated their

commitment to greenhouse gas reductions through pollution prevention, technical innovation,

stewardship, recycling, and new products. The 2000 award winners are presented below.

CORPORATE & GOVERNMENTAL 

AWARDS

Alcan Aluminum Sebree Ingot Plant

Henderson, KY, USA

Architectural Services Department, the

Government of the Hong Kong Special

Administrative Region

Queensway, Hong Kong

The AT&T Employee Telework Program

Atlanta, GA, USA

Honda Motor Company

Torrance, CA, USA

ICI Klea Runcorn

Cheshire, UK

Intel Corporation

multiple locations

International Fuel Cells

South Windsor, CT, USA

Novellus Systems

San Jose, CA, USA

Oregon Energy Facility Siting Council and 

Oregon Office of Energy

Salem, OR, USA

Visteon Corporation

Dearborn, MI, USA

ASSOCIATION AWARDS

American Portland Cement Alliance

Washington, DC, USA

The Real Estate Roundtable

Washington, DC, USA

University of Colorado Environmental Center

Boulder, CO, USA

INDIVIDUAL AWARDS

Ms. Sherri W. Goodman

U.S. Department of Defense

Washington, DC, USA

Dr. Jerry Mahlman

U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

Princeton, NJ, USA

Mayor Marc H. Morial

City of New Orleans

New Orleans, LA, USA

Ms. Tia Nelson

The Nature Conservancy

Arlington, VA, USA

Mr. Nobuo Okubo

Nissan Motor Company, Japan

Tokyo, Japan

Dr. Robert T. Watson

The World Bank

Washington, DC, USA
Expectations for 2001 and Beyond

Voluntary partnership programs will continue to be a powerful means for reducing emissions of

greenhouse gases and air pollutants across the country, while saving businesses, organizations, and

consumers money on their energy bills. In the future, EPA expects these win-win partnerships to

continue reducing local and global air pollution, while delivering sizable savings. 

EPA plans to:

Add new products and services to the ENERGY STAR family.

Build public awareness of ENERGY STAR to more than 60 percent by the end of 2005.

Continue to educate consumers and homeowners to be aware that ENERGY STAR products can

reduce their home energy bills by about 30 percent or $400 annually through a variety of means.

Offer energy performance rating and labeling for more building types, including retail uses,

healthcare, lodging, food service and sales, and public assembly.

Build additional partnerships with businesses and organizations, focusing particularly on small

businesses, state and local governments, and school systems.

Encourage increased penetration of cleaner, more efficient energy supply technologies.

More than double the cost-effective reductions of the non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases by

2010, helping to return methane emissions to 1990 levels.

3 9

THE POWER OF PARTNERSHIPS

FIGURE 8. ANNUAL REDUCTIONS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CAN BE MORE

THAN DOUBLED BY 2010
References

Climate Protection Partnerships Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Partner and emissions data for

2000 provided by individual programs and partnerships in the Division.

Dutrow, Elizabeth. 2001. An Estimate of Emissions Reductions Accomplished by ENERGY STAR Industrial Partners. EPA

Climate Protection Partnerships Division.

Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2001. Annual Energy Review 2000. Office of Markets and End Use.

Available online at www.eia.doe.gov/aer/contents.html.

EIA. 2000. Annual Energy Outlook 2001 with Projections to 2020. Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting.

December. (DOE/EIA-0383(2001).

Horowitz, M.J. 2001. “Economic Indicators of Market Transformation: Energy Efficient Lighting and EPA’s Green

Lights.” The Energy Journal 2(4): 95-122.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2001. Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001. United

Nations Environment Programme.

IPCC. 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander,

N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, eds. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 

Koomey, J., A. Rosenfeld, and A. Gadgil. 1990. Conservation Screening Curves to Compare Efficiency Investments

at Power Plants. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. LBNL-27286. October. Available online at

http://enduse.lbl.gov/Info/Pubs.html.

Lstiburek, J. 2000. Builder’s Guide. Energy Efficient Building Association. January. 

Nadel, S., F. Gordon, and C. Neme. 2000. Using Targeted Energy Efficiency Programs to Reduce Peak Electrical

Demand and Address Electric System Reliability Problems. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. November. 

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). 2000. Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future. Prepared by

the Interlaboratory Working Group on Energy-Efficient and Clean-Energy Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy.

Raynolds, N. and R. Cowart. 2000. The Contribution of Energy Efficiency to the Reliability of the U.S. Electric System.

Alliance to Save Energy/Regulatory Assistance Project.

U.S. Department of State. 1997. Climate Action Report. 1997 Submission of the United States of America Under

the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. July.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Draft Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-

1999. Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation. January. (EPA 236-R-01-001)

Webber, Carrie A., Richard E. Brown, Jonathan G. Koomey, and Akshay Mahajan. 2001. “Savings estimates for the

ENERGY STAR voluntary labeling program: 2001 status report.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Draft

LBNL-48496. July.

Figures and Tables

Figure 1. U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 2. Average Global Surface Temperature Past Variations and Projections, 1000-2100 . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 3. Actual Division Carbon Reductions Compared to Annual Performance Goals . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 4. Annual Savings in Energy Use as a Result of the Division’s Partnership Programs . . . . . . . 6

Figure 5. More than 50% of Projected Energy Use 10 Years From Now Will Come From 

Equipment Purchased Between Now and Then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 6. Partner Actions are Projected To Return Methane Emissions Below 1990 

Levels by 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 7. Partner Actions can Maintain Emissions of High Global Warming Potential Gases 

at or Below 1990 Levels Through 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 8. Annual Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions can be More Than Doubled by 2010 . . . 39

Table 1. Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) and Atmospheric Lifetimes of 

Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Table 2. Summary of the Cumulative Benefits Through 2010 From the Actions Taken by 

Partners Through 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Table 3. ENERGY STAR Program: Annual Goals and Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Table 4. Methane Programs: Annual Goals and Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4 0

CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS DIVISION 2000 ANNUAL REPORT
Endnotes

1. Bill Savings. These are the total savings in energy bills, in 2000 dollars, realized by partners or

purchasers of ENERGY STAR labeled products through 2010. Many of these investments, such as the

building improvements associated with ENERGY STAR, have lifetimes as long as 15 years. A cut-off of

2010 was chosen as a reasonable end-point to assess benefits, even though the benefits of the

Division’s programs and partners’ investments will often continue to be realized after that year.

2. Technology Expenditures. Technology Expenditures represent the cost to partners, in 2000 dollars, 

of investments in energy efficiency, including the cost of financing the investment over its life at a 

7.0 percent real rate of interest (4.0 percent for public-sector investments). This includes any price

premium, and the cost of financing that premium, for the purchase of ENERGY STAR labeled

products. The benefits of these investments have accrued since they were made and will continue to

accrue until the end of their useful lives. Investments also include future investments and purchases

made as a result of market transformation that has already occurred, to the extent that they keep

kWh savings constant between 1999 and 2010.

Seven percent is the standard interest rate recommended by the Office of Management and Budget in

Circular No. A-94, Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Federal Programs for BaseCase Analysis. As stated in the circular, “[the 7.0 percent] rate approximates the marginal pretax rate

of return on an average investment in the private sector in recent years.”

3. Net Savings. Net Savings is the difference between Bill Savings and Technology Expenditures. It

represents the undiscounted amount of cash in constant dollars available to partners and purchasers

of ENERGY STAR labeled products to put into the economy through 2010.

4. MMTCE. Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent is the amount of carbon emission equivalents

avoided by investments in energy-efficient products through 2010 plus the emissions avoided by the

methane programs and by the programs reducing emissions of high global warming potential gases.

For energy efficiency investments and purchases, the carbon emission equivalents are based on an

analysis of marginal carbon emissions from electric generation. The marginal carbon emission rate

decreases over time: in 2000 it is 1.64 lbs. CO2/kWh; in 2005 it is assumed to be 1.20 lbs. CO2/kWh;

and in 2010 it drops to 1.09 lbs. CO2/kWh. 

For further information on the cost and benefits calculations, 

call EPA’s Climate Protection Partnerships Division at 202-564-9190. 
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