Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 A-1

Appendix A. Glossary

acre-foot The amount of water required to cover an acre of land to the depth of 1foot.

active nest Birds initiated nest building but may not have progressed further.

adaptive resource

management

Management viewed as an adaptive process involving an array of potential management actions, set

of models representing effects of actions, measures of uncertainty, and objective junctions to

evaluate actions.

alkaline The opposite of acid; having a high pH value. 

alluvial Relating to river and stream deposits.

arroyo A step-sided, flat-bottomed gully cut through cohesive sediment deposits in arid regions.

BLM Bureau of Land Management

blinds Structures made of artificial or natural materials that provide visual camouflage for hunters or

wildlife viewers and photographers.

BMN Refuge bat mist netting records

BP Before present

browse Tender parts of shrubs, woodvines, and trees that are eaten as food by animals. Browsing is distinct

from grazing because it refers to eating woody material, whereas grazing is usually restricted to

non-woody plants such as grasses.

candidate species Animal or plant species that are being considered for Federal designation as either threatened or

endangered.

carrying capacity The level of visitor use that can be sustained without degrading visitor experience as well as

minimizing wildlife disturbance.

CCP Comprehensive Conservation Plan (See Comprehensive Conservation Plan)

cfs An abbreviation for water flow measured in cubic feet per second. A measure of streamflow volume.

One cubic foot is 7.98 gallons. A flow of 1 cfs produces 448.8 gallons per minute.

compatible use A proposed or existing wildlife-dependent recreational use or any other use of a national wildlife

refuge that, in the sound professional judgement of the refuge manager, will not materially interfere

with or detract from the fulfillment of the National Wildlife Refuge System mission or the major

purposes of the affected national wildlife refuge.

conservation Management of natural resources to provide maximum benefit over a sustained period of time.

Conservation includes preservation and forms of wise use, including reducing waste, balanced

multiple use, and recycling.

comprehensive

conservation plan

(CCP)

The CCP is a document that describes the desired future condition of the refuge and provides longrange guidance and management direction for the refuge manager to accomplish the purpose of the

refuge, contribute to the mission of the System, and to meet other relevant mandates.

COE Corps of Engineers

core A specimen of rock, soil, or sediment that has been extracted by drilling.

CRSP Colorado River Storage Project Act of 1956.

cultural resource Evidence of human occupation or activity that is important in the history, architecture, archaeology

or culture of a community or region.

dense A term used to describe the density of vegetation in a given area and indicates the physical

difficulty an animal would experience while traveling through the habitat.

desert pavement A thin layer of coarse particles left on the surface of unconsolidated sediment after finer particles

have been carried away by wind.
A-2 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

downcutting Reduction in sediment and streambed materials causing an erosive deepening of the active river

channel.

drawdown Lowering water levels within a reservoir.

emergent Vegetation that is rooted below the water’s surface but grows above the surface of the water.

extirpation The loss or removal of a species from one or more specific areas but not all areas.

endangered

species (E)

Any species whose populations have been reduced to the point that it is at risk of becoming extinct

over much or all of its range in the near future.

evapotranspiration The combined water loss from a biotic community or ecosystem into the atmosphere caused by

evaporation of water from the soil plus the transpiration of plants.

fauna All the animals of a particular region or a particular area.

fee title Acquiring total, unrestricted ownership of a parcel of land.

flora All the plants in a particular region or a particular area.

forage Food for animals, especially that obtained by grazing or browsing. Also, to look for food.

FTE Full-time employee

game species Huntable wildlife

geographic

information system

(GIS)

Through the use of computer technology, GIS allows the input, storage, analysis, and display of a

variety of physically locatable data, i.e., data which is known to exist at some specific place or area

on the ground.

gpm Gallons per minute

habitat The place where an animal or plant normally lives or grows, usually characterized either by physical

features or by dominant plants.

herbaceous Resembling an herb, a green, leafy plant that does not produce persistent woody tissue. Herbaceous

plants form the lowest layer of vegetation in most plant communities.

HSP Harriman State Park

high succession Relatively complex, stable communities composed of populations of many different species of plants,

animals, birds, insects, and microorganisms. Usually highly stable in that populations of member

species tend to replace themselves over time and are resilient to distress.

horsepower Traditional unit for measuring the ability of an engine to do work in the foot-pound-second system,

now usually replaced by the watt.

interpret Signs and structures that provide information on the natural environment and cultural resources for

the convenience, education, and enjoyment of the visiting public.

invertebrate An animal without a backbone or internal body skeleton.

IPM Integrated pest management

kilowatt One thousand watts. One kilowatt is approximately 1.34 horsepower.

kiosk A structure used to provide public information.

loam A general term for a soil mixture containing sand, silt, and clay in nearly equal parts.

macrophyte A large plant, as opposed to small and microscopic plants such as algae.

Maintenance

Management

System (MMS)

The MMS is a national database which contains the unified maintenance needs of each refuge.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 A-3

marsh Lowland that is occasionally covered by water. A marsh differs from a swamp in that it is dominated

by rushes, reeds, cattails, and sedges with few, if any woody plants. It differs from a bog in having

soil rather than peat as its base.

migratory corridor Route by which migratory birds move from one place to another.

mitigation Avoiding or minimizing impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its

implementation. Also, rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating or restoring the affected

environment and reducing or eliminating the impact through preservation and maintenance

operations during the life of the action.

monoculture A method of farming in which one type of crop is grown on a large area over a number of years, or a

plantation devoted to one species of trees. Monoculture results in the reduction in the diversity of

associated animal species, including beneficial insect predators; it increases pest and disease.

morphology Study of the structure and form of an organism.

multiple-use Principle of managing public land such as a national forest so that it is used simultaneously for a

variety of purposes such as timbering, mining, recreation, grazing, wildlife preservation, and soil

and water conservation.

neotropical

migrants

Birds that migrate north in the summer and winter in South or Central America.

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act 

nongame species Non-huntable wildlife

noxious weeds A plant species that is undesirable or causes conflicts with native species.

NWI National Wetlands Inventory

NWPCP National Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan

open ponded water Wetland classification that indicates all ponds and lakes that are entirely free of permanent

vegetation.

overstory Uppermost layer of vegetation in a forest, formed by the leaves and the branches of the highest

trees. The overstory contributes to the entire canopy.

patchy A term that describes the dispersion of vegetation within a given area and the relative level of

difficulty that an animal traveling through the area would experience. See dense.

PIF Partners in Flight

prescribed burning Controlled application of fire to wildland fuels, either their natural or modified state, under such

conditions as to allow the fire to be confined to a predetermined area while producing the intensity

of heat and rate of spread required to achieve planned management objectives.

priority public use See wildlife-dependent recreational use.

provinces Natural regions that share similar climate, soils, topography, and vegetation.

raptors A bird of prey, such as an eagle or hawk.

reclamation A general term for the filling, grading, and reseeding or replanting of land that has been disturbed.

Reclamation United States Bureau of Reclamation

Refuge

Administration Act

National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act

Refuge Operating

Needs System

(RONS)

The RONS is a national database which contains the unified operational needs of each refuge.

relief A general reference to the degree of variation in elevation between parts of a landscape.
A-4 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

resident

migrants/songbirds

Birds that migrate generally between elevations, but remain within the same general area such as

the Tropic of Cancer.

riparian A term pertaining to features or land use along the banks of a stream or river.

RMIS A collection of databases containing information on the resources, needs, activities, and

accomplishments of the National Wildlife Refuge System.

RONS See Refuge Operating Needs System

ROW Right-of-way

RRL Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge

sandy loam Any loam that contains at least 70 percent sand and less than 15 percent clay particles.

SCORP State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan

Service Fish and Wildlife Service

SOP Standard operating procedure

sound professional

judgement

A finding, determination, or decision that is consistent with the principles of sound fish and wildlife

management and administration, available science and resources, and adherence to the

requirements of the National Wildlife Refuge Improvement Act and other applicable laws.

sp. Species

spp. Subspecies

Species of Special

Concern

Plants and animals are considered "species of special concern" if they are vulnerable to extirpation at

the global or state level due to: 1) inherent rarity (restricted geographic range, small population

size, low population density, or specialized habitat requirements), and 2) significant loss of habitat,

or sensitivity to human-caused mortality or habitat disturbances.

step-down

management plans

Step-down management plans deal with specific management subjects such as habitat, public use,

and safety. Step-down management describe the management strategies and implementation

schedules.

story A layer of vegetation within an area.

structural

diversity

Variations in the physical characteristics of an environment that create a variety of habitats within

a community, increasing the diversity of species that can live there.

substrate Surface or medium that serves as a base for something. Substrate refers to the nutrient medium for

an organism, or to a physical structure on which it grows.

sustained yield A level of harvest of a renewable resource per year (or any other time period) that can be continued

without jeopardizing the ability of the ecosystem to be fully renewed, and thus to continue to

provide an undiminished level of harvest each year long into the future. 

terrestrial Of or relating to the land rather than water; the opposite of aquatic. Terrestrial organisms live or

grow on land.

threatened species A species that is not currently in danger of extinction but is likely to be in the foreseeable future.

The status is determined by the Secretary of the Interior.

trona soda ash

turbidity A lack of clarity in a fluid, usually caused by turbulent flow picking up large quantities of

particulate.

two-track road Unsurfaced road

understory The lowest layer of trees in a forest; the layer between the overstory tree layer and the shrub layer.

uneconomic

remnants

These are lands outside the Refuge boundary purchased from private parties as parts of larger

parcels within the boundary.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 A-5

ungulate Describing hoofed animals that usually graze, such as horses, deer, or cows.

upland Area where water usually does not collect or flow on an extended basis. The opposite of wetlands.

upland game Animal species, especially game animals such as bighorn sheep, living in mountainous areas.

vertebrate Distinguished by possession of cartilagineous or bony, axial endoskeleton that forms a brain case

and a vertebral column supporting the nerve cord.

viewshed A landscape unit seen from a key viewing area.

weed Any plant growing where it is not wanted, usually a wild plant that grows without much cultivation

or care and may be invasive in cultivated areas.

wetlands Areas of land that are covered with water for at least part of the year, have characteristically hydric

soils, and have one of a number of distinctive vegetation types: swamps marshes, salt marshes (and

other coastal wetlands), and bogs. Wetlands have important functions including purifying the water

that recharges the aquifers, providing food and habitat for many different species, and providing

temporary stopover sites for migrating waterfowl and other waterbirds.

WFS Refuge Waterfowl Surveys

wildlife-dependent

recreational use

A use of a refuge involving hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography, or environmental

education and interpretation. These uses are the six priority general public uses of the Refuge

System as established in the Refuge Administration Act.

WOL Refuge Wildlife Observation Log

WYG&F Wyoming Game and Fish Department

WYWS Wyoming Wetland Society Trumpeter Swan Fund

GLOSSARY - SPECIAL STATUS DEFINITIONS: Definitions for Tables 3.4 and 3.7.

Species conservation status (Heritage Ranks, Federal and State status) cited from Wyoming Natural Diversity Database

(WYNDD). 2001. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.

PIF Ranks cited from Cerovski, A., M. Gorges, T. Byer, K. Duffy, and D. Felley. 2000. Wyoming DRAFT Bird Conservation

Plan. Wyoming Partners in Flight, Lander, WY.

Heritage Ranks

WYNDD uses a standardized ranking system developed by The Nature Conservancy's Natural Heritage Network to assess

the global and statewide conservation status of each plant and animal species, subspecies, and variety. Each taxon is ranked

on a scale of 1-5, from highest conservation concern to lowest. Codes are as follows:

G Global rank: Rank refers to the rangewide status of a species. 

T Trinomial rank: Rank refers to the rangewide status of a subspecies or variety.

S State rank: Rank refers to the status of the taxon (species or subspecies) in Wyoming. State ranks differ from state to

state.

1 Critically imperiled because of extreme rarity (often known from 5 or fewer extant occurrences or very few remaining

individuals) or because some factor of a species’ life history makes it vulnerable to extinction.

2 Imperiled because of rarity (often known from 6 to 20 occurrences) or because of factors demonstrably making a species

vulnerable to extinction.

3 Rare or local throughout its range or found locally in a restricted range (usually known from 21 to 100 occurrences).

4 Apparently secure, although the species may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

5 Demonstrably secure, although the species may be rare in parts of its range, specially at the periphery.

H Known only from historical records. 1950 is the cutoff for plants; 1970 is the cutoff date for animals.

X Believed to be extinct.

A Accidental or vagrant: A taxon that is not known to regularly breed in the state or which appears very infrequently

(typically refers to birds and bats).

B Breeding rank: A state rank modifier indicating the status of a migratory species during the breeding season (used

mostly for migratory birds and bats)

N Nonbreeding rank: A state rank modifier indicating the status of a migratory species during the non-breeding season

(used mostly for migratory birds and bats)

ZN or ZB Taxa that are not of significant concern in Wyoming during breeding (ZB) or non-breeding (ZN) seasons. Such

taxa often are not encountered in the same locations from year-to-year.

U Possibly in peril, but status uncertain; more information is needed.

Q Questions exist regarding the taxonomic validity of a species, subspecies, or variety.

? Questions exist regarding the assigned G, T, or S rank of a taxon.
A-6 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Federal Status

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) is directed by the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to identify and protect

Threatened and Endangered plant and animal species. USFWS revised its candidate system in 1996, eliminating the old

categories of C2 and 3C. The following categories are now being used to rank listed and candidate species: 

Endangered Defined in the ESA as a species, subspecies, or variety in danger of extinction throughout all or a

significant portion of its range.

Threatened Defined in the ESA as a species, subspecies, or variety likely to become endangered in the foreseeable

future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

E/SA Treated as endangered due to similarity of appearance with a listed species.

Proposed Taxa formally proposed for listing as Endangered or Threatened (a proposal has been published in the

Federal Register, but not a final rule).

Candidate (formerly C1): Taxa for which substantial biological information exists on file to support a proposal to list as

Endangered or Threatened, but no proposal has yet been published in the Federal Register.

State Status

The Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WYG&F) has developed a matrix of habitat and population variables to

determine the conservation priority of all native, breeding bird and mammal species in the state. Six classes of Species of

Special Concern (SSC) are recognized, of which classes 1, 2, and 3 are considered to be high priorities for conservation

attention.

These classes can be defined as follows: 

SSC1 Includes species with on-going significant loss of habitat and with populations that are greatly restricted or declining

(extirpation appears possible).

SSC2 Species in which (1) habitat is restricted or vulnerable (but no recent or significant loss has occurred) and

populations are greatly restricted or declining; or (2) species with on-going significant loss of habitat and populations

that are declining or restricted in numbers and distribution (but extirpation is not imminent).

SSC3 Species in which (1) habitat is not restricted, but populations are greatly restricted or declining (extirpation appears

possible); or (2) habitat is restricted or vulnerable (but no recent or significant loss has occurred) and populations are

declining or restricted in numbers or distribution (but extirpation is not imminent); or (3) significant habitat loss is

on-going but the species is widely distributed and population trends are thought to be stable.

SSC4 Species of Special Concern but are not a high priority for conservation attention.

Partners In Flight (PIF)

Partner’s In Flight (PIF) was formed by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation in 1990 to develop Bird Conservation

Plans in each state to keep common birds common and reverse the downward trends of declining species. Priority species

were ranked using 7 criteria, which include relative abundance, breeding distribution, non-breeding distribution, threats on

the breeding grounds, threats on non-breeding grounds, population trend, and area of importance.

Priority species are defined as follows:

Level 1 (Conservation Action) Species needs conservation action. Includes species of which Wyoming has a high percentage

of and responsibility for the breeding population, monitoring, and the need for additional knowledge through

research into basic natural history, distribution, etc.

Level 2 (Monitoring) The action and focus for the species is monitoring. Includes species of which Wyoming has a high

percentage of and responsibility for the breeding population, species whose stability may be unknown, species that

are peripheral for breeding in the habitat or state, or additional knowledge may be needed.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 B-1

Appendix B. Bibliography

Literature Cited

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Comparison of Cottonwood Communities Upstream and

Downstream of Fontenelle Dam on Green River, WY.

Unpublished

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Whooping Cranes during migration. Biol. Rpt. 90(4):1-

16.

Bartels, W. S. 1991. Early middle Eocene (Bridger A), lower

vertebrates from the southern Green River Basin,

Wyoming. [Abst] Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v.

11, p. 16A.

Berk, D. 1998. Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge

Vegetation Inventory, Technical Memorandum No.

8260-98-01, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of

Reclamation.

Bitterroot Consultants. 1996. Draft Feasibility for Riparian

Restoration at Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge,

Corvallis, MT. 30p.

Bureau Of Land Management. 1997. Green River Resource

Management Plan and ROD. Rock Springs, WY

Colorado River Storage Project Act. 1956. 43 U.S.C. 620

§620g. Recreational and fish and wildlife facilities.

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Braun. 2000. Guidelines to manage sage grouse

populations and their habitats. Wildlife Society Bulletin

28(4): 967-985.

Constanza, Robert, R. d’Agre, R. deGroot, S. Faber, M.

Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limberg, S. Naeem, R. O’Neil, J.

Paruelo, R. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt.

1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and

natural capital. Nature. Vol. 387.

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Wyoming, Withdrawal for Seedskadee National

Wildlife Refuge.

Frison, G. C. 1978. Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains.

Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.

Frison, G. C. 1991. Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains.

Second Edition, Academic Press, New York, New York,

USA.

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Formation, with a review of the fish fauna. Geological

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Gunnell, G. F. and W. S. Bartels. 1994. Early Bridgerian

(middle Eocene) vertebrate paleontology and

paleoecology of the southern Green River Basin,

Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of

Wyoming, 30: 57-69

Howe, M. A. 1989. Migration of Radio-marked Whooping

Cranes from the Aransas-Wood Buffalo Population:

Patterns of Use, Behavior, and Survival. U. S. Dept. of

the Interior. USFWS Tech. Rpt. No. 21. 33 pp. 

Kuyt, E. 1992. Aerial radio-tracking of Whooping Cranes

migrating between Wood Buffalo National Park and

Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, 1981-1984. Occas.

Pap. 74. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa. 53 pp. 

Laubhan, M. 1997. Report on Green River Refuges.

Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Internal Report. 

Leidy, J. L. 1871. On the fossil vertebrates of the early

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Wyoming and Dakota. Academy Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, Proceedings, v. 21, p. 63-67.

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northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah.

University of California. Geological Sciences. 83:140 p.

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Bridger Basin, middle Eocene: Memoirs America

Museum Natural History. 9: 289-567.

Miller, J. C. and M. Kornfeld. 1996. Salvage Excavations of

48SW4141 Dodge Bottom Interpretive Road

Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Technical Report No.

13 Department of Anthropology, University of

Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.

Parrish, T. L. 1988. Mountain Plover habitat selection in the

Powder River Basin, Wyoming. M.S. thesis. University

of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming. 60 pages.

Parrish, T. L., S. H. Anderson, and W. F. Oelklaus. 1993.

Mountain Plover habitat selection in the Powder River

Basin, Wyoming. Prairie Naturalist 25:219-226. 

Pioneer Environmental Services. 1997. Seedskadee National

Wildlife Refuge Wildlife - Habitat Matrix and Species

Accounts. Logan, UT. 567pp.

Roehler, H. W. 1993. Eocene climates, depositional

environments, and geography, Greater Green River

Basin, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. U.S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 1506-F, 14 p.

_____. 1992c. Correlation, composition, areal distribution

and thickness of Eocene stratigraphic units, Greater

Green River Basin, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. U.S.

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1506-E, 49 p.

Ryan, T. 1998. USBR. Personal Communication with Bear

West, Salt Lake City, UT.
B-2

Sullivan, R. 1980. A stratigraphic evaluation of the Eocene

rocks of southwestern Wyoming: Geological Survey of

Wyoming Report of Investigations 20. 50 p.

Taylor, D. T. 1996. Summer Visitors in Sweetwater County

Wyoming. University of Wyoming. Cooperative

Extension Service.

The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of

1997. Public Law 105-57. 16 U.S.C. 668dd.

The White House Executive Order 12996- Management and

General Public Use of the National Wildlife Refuge

System, 1996.

Thompson, K. W. and J. V. Pastor. May 1995. People of the

Sage: 10,000 Years of Occupation in Southwest

Wyoming. Cultural Resource Management Report No.

67. Archeological Services, Western Wyoming

Community College.

USDI, BLM. 1992. Green River Resource Area Resource

Management Plan and Draft Environmental Impact

Statement. Rock Springs Bureau of Land Management,

Rock Springs, WY.

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Plan Report, Appendix B Water Supply Plan

Formulation. Region 4, Salt Lake City, Utah.

USDI, USFWS. 1982. National Wildlife Refuge System

Refuge Manual. Washington D.C.

USDI, USFWS. 1989-1996. Seedskadee National Wildlife

Refuge Annual Narrative Reports. National Wildlife

Refuge System. Unpublished.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisheries

and Wildlife. 1958. A report on fish and wildlife

resources in relation to the plan for the Seedskadee

Project Green River, WY. Southwest Region

Albuquerque, NM. 37 pp with Appendix A (6 pp).

U.S. Forest Service. 1989. An Analysis of the Outdoor

Recreation and Wilderness Situation in the United

States: 1989-2040. 

United States v. Hells Canyon Guide Service; United States

District Court, District of Oregon; Civil No. 79-743; 5-6;

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United States v. Brown; 552 F.2d 822; 8th Cir. 1977.

United States v. Armstrong; No. 99-1190; 8th Cir. 1999.

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Formation, southern Green River Basin, southwestern

Wyoming. Part 1. History of field work and geological

setting. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in

Biology and Geology. 7:1-12.

Literature References (not cited in text)

Auble, G. T., M. L. Scott, and J. Friedman. 1997. Notes on

Impacts of Fontenelle Dam on Cottonwood

Regeneration at Seedskadee NWR. Unpublished.

Bailey, R. G. 1978. Description of the Ecoregions of the

United States. U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain

Region. Ogden, UT. 77pp.

Bean, M. J. 1983. The Evolution of National Wildlife Law.

Praeger Publishers. New York, New York, USA.

Blackstone, D. L., Jr. 1980. Tectonic map of the Overthrust

Belt, Western Wyoming, Southeastern Idaho and

northeastern Utah showing current oil and gas drilling

and development. The Geological Survey of Wyoming

Map Series 8, Scale 1:316,800.

Bradley, W. H. 1964. Geology of Green River Formation and

associated rocks in southwestern Wyoming and

adjacent parts of Colorado and Utah. U.S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 496-A, p. A1-A86.

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Department of Geography and Recreation, 1990

Wyoming DRAFT State Comprehensive Outdoor

Recreation Plan (SCORP), Department of Commerce.

Buchheim, H. P. and R. C. Surdam. 1977. Fossil catfish and

the depositional environment of the Green River

Formation. Wyoming. Geology. 5:196-198.

Buchheim, H. P. 1981. Paleoenvironments and fossil fishes of

the Laney Member, Green River Formation, Wyoming.

Pages 415-452 in J. Gray, A. J. Boucot, and W. B. N.

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Pennsylvania, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., USA.

De Voto, B. A. 1947. Across the wide Missouri. Houghton

Mifflin, Boston, 451 p.

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Series 35, scale 1:500,000.

Dover, J. H., and J. W. M'Gonigle. 1993. Geologic Map of the

Evanston 30°x 60° Quadrangle, Uinta and Sweetwater

Counties, Wyoming. U. S. Geological Survey.

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1:100,000.

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Mountains in the year 1842 and to Oregon and North

California in the years 1843-44. Senate Executive

Document 174, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, 693 p.

Friedman, J. M., M. L. Scott, and G. T. Auble. 1997. Water

Management and Cottonwood Forest Dynamics Along

Prairie Streams. Pages 49-71 in Knopf, F. L., and F. B.

Samson, eds., Ecology and Conservation of Great Plains

Vertebrates. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.
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Gilmer, D. R., J. C. Case, L. A. Coombs, and L. L. Larsen.

1991. Landslide map of the Ogden 1° x 2° Quadrangle.

The Geological Survey of Wyoming, Open File Report

91-2M, scale 1:250,000.

Grande, L. 1994. Studies of paleoenvironments and 

historical biogeography in the Fossil Butte and Laney

members of the Green River Formation. Contributions

to Geology, University of Wyoming. 30:14-32.

Harris, R. E., W.D . Hausel, and J. E. Meyer. 1985. Metallic

and industrial minerals map of Wyoming. The

Geological Survey of Wyoming, Map Series 14, scale

1:500,000.

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Farson-Fontenelle Road in Sweetwater County,

Wyoming. Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist,

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Management Plan. 24pp + appendices.

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of paleontological resources on the federal public lands.

Indiana Law Journal. 69:601-636.

Leidy, J. L. 1870. Notice of remains of fishes in the Bridger

Tertiary Formation of Wyoming. Philadelphia

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Miller, J. C. and M. Kornfeld. 1996. Salvage excavations of

48SW4141 Dodge Bottom Interpretive Road

Sweetwater County, WY. Department of Anthropology,

University of Wyoming. Technical Report No. 13. 49 pp.

Oakleaf B., A. O. Cerovski, and B. Luce. 1996. Nongame bird

and mammal plan. Wyoming Game and Fish

Department. 177pp. 

Osborn, H. F. 1931. Cope: Master Naturalist. Princeton

University Press, Princeton, N.J.,USA. 740 p.

Osborn, H. F., W. B. Scott, and R. F. Speir. 1878.

Paleontological report of the Princeton Scientific

Expedition 1877. Contributions Museum Archaeology,

Princeton College, NJ, USA. 107 p.

Osborn, H. F. 1913. Joseph Leidy: National Academy

Biographical Memoirs. 7:339-396.

Roberts, S. 1989. Wyoming Geomaps. Education Series 1, 41 p.

Roehler, H. W. 1991. Revised stratigraphic nomenclature for

the Wasatch and Green River Formations in Geology of

the Eocene Wasatch, Green River, and Bridger

(Washakie) Formations, Green River Basin, Wyoming,

Utah, and Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey

Professional Paper 1506-B, 38 p.

Scott, W. B. 1939. Some memories of a paleontologist.

Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. . 336 p.

Scott, M. L., M. A. Wondzell, and G. T. Auble. 1993.

Hydrograph Characteristics Relevant to the

Establishment and Growth of Western Riparian

Vegetation. Pages 237-246 in H. J. Morel-Seytoux ed.,

Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual American

Geophysical Union Hydrology Days. Hydrology Days

Publications, Altherton, CA.

Soil Conservation Service. 1957. Seedskadee Project

Wyoming Soil Survey Report. Casper, WY. 118 pp. 

State of Wyoming, Wyoming Game and Fish Department.

1994. Loss of trout in side channels of the Green River

below Fontanelle Dam during February, 1994. WYG&F

Administrative Report.

State of Wyoming, Wyoming Game and Fish Department,

Nongame Bird and Mammal Plan. October 1996.

USDI, BLM. 1985. Draft resource management

plan/environmental impact statement for the Kemmerer

Resource Area oil, Kemmerer, Wyoming. Prepared by

BLM Kemmerer Resources Area, Kemmerer,

Wyoming, 217 p.

USDI, BLM. 1986. Oregon/Mormon Pioneer National

Historic Trails Management Plan. 65pp. 

USDI, BLM. 1979. Kemmerer Resource Area oil and gas

leasing environmental assessment record. Prepared by

BLM Kemmerer Resources Area, Kemmerer,

Wyoming.

USDI, BLM. 1991. Amoco Production Company Moxa Arch

Natural Gas Production Project Environmental

Assessment and Decision Record (WY-047-EA-91-47).

Prepared by BLM Kemmerer Resources Area,

Kemmerer, Wyoming, 122 p.

USDI, BLM. 1992. Supplemental Environmental

Assessment to Amoco Production Company Moxa Arch

Natural Gas Production Project (WY-047 -EA-92-114).

prepared by BLM Kemmerer Resources Area,

Kemmerer, Wyoming, 62 p.

USDI, BOR. 1972. Seedskadee Project Wyoming Definite

Plan Report. Upper Colorado Region, Salt Lake City

Utah. 58 pp. 

USDI, USFWS. 1995. Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge,

Refuge Development Plan.
B-4 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

USDI, USFWS. 1996-1997. Seedskadee National Wildlife

Refuge Annual Predator Management Report.

Unpublished.

USDI, USFWS. 1993. Land Acquisition - Decision

Document for 1,800 acres expansion. 

USDI, USFWS. 1996. Seedskadee NWR Refuge Expansion

- Preliminary Project Proposal. Includes discussion of

transfer of 1,346 lands from USBR to the Service.

USDI, USFWS. 1996. Refuges and Wildlife, Report

regarding Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Public

Use Minimum Requirements Evaluation.

USDI, USFWS. 1992. Final Biological Opinion of Flaming

Gorge Dam.

USDI, 1966. Memorandum of Agreement Between the

USBR and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

concerning the establishment of a compatible common

boundary between the SNWR and adjoining Farm

Units on the Seedskadee Project, WY. Contract N4-06-

400-4402.

University of Wyoming, 1996. Recreation on BLM Lands in

Southwest Wyoming Per Unit Economic Values for

Outdoor Recreation Big Game Hunting in Southwest

Wyoming, Wyoming Mineral Tax Revenue from

Southwest Wyoming, Southwest Wyoming PaymentsIn-Lieu of Payments (PILT), Economic Impacts Per

Unit of Economic Activity. College of Agriculture

Cooperative Extension Service, Department of

Agricultural Economics, Laramie, WY, USA.

Wyoming Geological Survey. 1973. Geology of Sweetwater

County. County Resource Series 2- Sweetwater

County, Wyoming. Scale 1:500,000.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 C-1

Appendix C. RONS and MMS Projects

The following two tables show the top 10 RONS projects and the top 19 MMS projects associated with the CCP. The “Goal or

Objective” column on the tables link back to the Goals, Objectives, and Strategies section in the CCP. For further information

on these projects, please contact the Refuge Manager.

RONS Projects

RONS

No.

Goal

or

Objective

Project

Description

Construction

Funding

First

Year

Need

Recurring

Annual

Need

FTE*

00001

A1, A1.3, A2.1,

A2.4, A2.5, B2.1,

B.2.2, B.2.3

Improve water level management to

enhance wetland impoundments. $49,000

00002

C1.1, C 1.2, C2.1,

C3.1, C3.2, C3.3,

C4.1

Improve directional and interpretive

signing to enhance visitor experience and

protect habitats.

$36,000

00003 C2.1,C3.1, C4.1 Provide education outreach displays and

protect historic trails. $40,000

97002 A2.1, B4.1 Improve trumpeter swan management

and augmentation program. $38,000

97006 B5.1 Control and eradicate noxious weeds by

utilizing sustainable methods. $78,000 $40,000 .5

97014

A2.4, A2.5,B1.1,

B1.2, B1.3, B2.4,

B4.2

Implement riparian restoration efforts $54,000 $50,000

98008 C1.1, C2.1, C3.1,

C3.3, C5.1

Enhance public education and outreach

activities. $139,000 $74,000 1.0

98009 C1, C1.1, C1.2,

C3.1, C2.1, C4.1

Maintain public use and Refuge facilities

on Seedskadee and Cokeville Meadows

NWRs.

$125,000 $60,000 1.0

99003 C1.1,C1.2 C2.1,

C3.1, C4.1

Enhance Refuge brochures and public

information. $29,000

99005 C5 Enhance volunteer and temporary hire

housing facility. $65,000

01001 C1, C1.1, C1.2,

C2, C3 Enhance Auto Tour Roads $155,000

01002 C1.1,C3.1, C4.1 Design and Install Interpretative Display

at New Refuge Visitor/Education Center $140,000

Totals $948,000 $224,000 2.5

* FTE = Full Time Equivalency
C-2 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

MMS Projects

MMS

No. Goal or Objective Description Cost

00001 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 1980 auto car tractor truck $140,000

00002 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace deteriorating 1991 chevy 3/4-ton pick up truck $40,000

00003 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace over-used 1991 4x4 Chevy extended cab truck $40,000

00004 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace worn-out 1981 International 6-yard dump truck $120,000

00005 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace deteriorated 4x2 Dodge pick up truck $40,000

00006 A1.3, A2.1, B1.1, C1.1,

C2.1, C3.1 Replace worn-out John Deere 850 tractor, crawler $230,000

00007 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 1981 John Deere 550 tractor crawler (dozer) $150,000

00008 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace deteriorating 1980 Case front-end loader $165,000

00009 C1.1, C1.2, C2.1, C3.2 Replace worn-out 1979 road grader with 12' blade $200,000

00010 A1.3, A2.1, A2.4, A2.5,

B2.1

Replace water control structure at Pool 5 of the Hawley Wetland

Impoundment $15,000

00011 A2.1, A2.4, A2.5, B2.1 Rehabilitate 8,000 feet of Hamp 2-C dike to improve wetland

management $320,000

00012 C1.1, C2.1, C4.1 Restore 1922 Dodge suspension bridge remaining support structure $25,000

00014 A1.3, A2.1, B2.1, C1.1,

C2.1, C3.2 Replace outdated and worn-out 80 hp 1969 John Deere tractor $200,000

00015 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 6 hand held radios $18,000

95008 C3 Paint interior and exterior of shop building $20,000

97001 C3, C5.1 Rehabilitate residence lawns, windows, windbreaks, and cooling $70,000

99004 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace worn-out all terrain vehicles (ATVs) $18,000

01001 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 4x4 Chevy Blazer $38,000

01002 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 4x4 Chevy Suburban $45,000

01003 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace Dodge Ram 4x4 V8-3800 Magnum Fire Truck $65,000

01004 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 1999 4x4 Silverado Pickup Truck $40,000

01005 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 1999 4x4 Silverado Pickup Truck $40,000
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 C-3

01006 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5

Replace 1999 4x4 Chevy Extended Cab Pickup with Portable Fuel

Tank $45,000

01007 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5

Replace 1999 4x4 Ford SUP Chassis 162 Super Duty Maintenance

Truck - Diesel $50,000

01008 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 2000 12 cubic yard Dump Truck $118,000

01009 A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 Replace 2000 Chevy Flatbed 4x4 Truck $40,000
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 D-1

Appendix D. Compatibility Determinations

Station Name: Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge

(NWR): Established November 30, 1965.

Establishing and Acquisition Authorities:Seedskadee

NWR, located in Sweetwater County in southwestern

Wyoming, was authorized under the provisions of Section 8

of the Colorado River Storage Project Act of April 11, 1956,

Public Law 485 of the 84th Congress, 2nd Session. Section 8 of

the Act specifically authorizes and directs the Secretary of

the Interior to plan, develop, and maintain facilities for

recreation and fish and wildlife conservation in connection

with the BOR’s Colorado River Storage Project and to

purchase lands and withdraw public lands for these purposes.

The Refuge is intended to restore prime waterfowl and

wildlife habitat lost through the construction of Fontenelle

and Flaming Gorge Reservoirs.

The Director approved acquisition of Seedskadee NWR on

June 11, 1958. It was established November 30, 1965, with

the purchase of the first tract of private land. 

Purpose(s) for which Established: Each refuge within the

National Wildlife Refuge System (System) is managed to

fulfill the mission of the System as well as the specific

purposes for which each refuge was established. Seedskadee

NWR’s purpose is defined by two pieces of Federal enabling

legislation. The principal purpose of Seedskadee NWR is to

provide for the conservation, maintenance, and management

of wildlife resources and its habitat including the

development and improvement of such wildlife resources.

Additionally, the Refuge is charged to protect the scenery,

cultural resources and other natural resources and provide

for public use and enjoyment of wildlife-dependent activities.

The two pieces of enabling legislation are:

1. Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act: “. . . shall be

administered by him (Secretary of the Interior) directly or

in accordance with cooperative agreements . . . and in

accordance with such rules and regulations for the

conservation, maintenance and management of wildlife,

resources thereof, and its habitat thereon, . . . .” 16 U.S.C.

664

2. Colorado River Storage Act: “. . . Secretary is authorized

and directed to investigate, plan, construct, operate, and

maintain . . . (1) public recreational facilities on lands

withdrawn or acquired . . .” for the Colorado River

project in order to “. . . conserve the scenery, the

natural, historic, and archaeologic objects, and the

wildlife on said lands, and to provide for public use and

enjoyment of the same and of the water areas created by

these projects . . . and (2) facilities to mitigate losses of

and improve conditions for, the propagation of fish and

wildlife.” The Secretary may “. . . dispose of . . . the

facilities . . . to federal . . . agencies . . . upon such terms

and conditions as will best promote their development

and operation in the public interest.” 43 U.S.C 620g

National Wildlife Refuge System Mission: The Mission

of the National Wildlife Refuge System is “to administer a

national network of lands and waters for the conservation,

management, and where appropriate, restoration of fish,

wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats within the

United States for the benefit of present and future

generations of Americans.”

Description of Proposed Use: 

Wildlife Observation, Wildlife Photography,

Environmental Interpretation and Environmental

Education

The Refuge strives to provide opportunities that support

wildlife-dependent recreation, education, and outreach to the

public. Approximately 6,000 visitors come to Seedskadee

National Wildlife Refuge annually for wildlife/wildland

observation, photography, and interpretation/education. The

majority of the use is focused on the auto-tour route located

near the Refuge headquarters, the auto-tour route near

Upper Dodge Bottoms, Lombard Ferry interpretive site, and

visitors completing scenic floats on the Green River.

Interpretation and environmental education services are

provided when staff are available and include talks or guided

tours for school groups, scouts, 4-H clubs, and special interest

groups. The public is invited to a variety of special events

sponsored by the Refuge including Take A Kid Fishing Day,

International Migratory Bird Day, National Wildlife Refuge

Week, etc. 

The Comprehensive Conservation Plan proposes to continue

with the above uses and add the following to improve wildlife

viewing, interpretation, and access for visitors:

 Build an Education/Visitor Center Building adjacent to

the Headquarters to expand the visitor center displays,

group presentation area, and wildlife viewing

opportunities.

 Develop an interpretive trail at the Lombard Ferry

Historical Site to further interpret this site.

 Develop an interpretive trail near the headquarters to

interpret historical sites and wildlife habitat areas.

 Assist schools by conducting limited Refuge

environmental education programs.

 Develop new Refuge brochures and update old

brochures to meet new Service standards.

 Develop a River interpretive boat trail brochure.

 Develop interpretive panels at a minimum of five

pullouts along the auto tour routes.

 Develop teacher workshops to help teachers educate

students about the Refuge’s natural resources.

 Improve four existing boat ramps located on the Refuge

and work with cooperators to establish boat ramps offRefuge.

 Continue participation in “special community events”

like the Green River Annual Fly Swap, Take a Kid

Fishing Day, etc. 

 Improve auto pullouts along Refuge roads which offer

optimum wildlife viewing opportunities. 

 Provide the Refuge General Public Use Brochure at 15

primary Refuge entrances - the brochure will provide a

map showing designated roads and list all Refuge

regulations.

 Develop a road marker system to facilitate navigation on

Refuge roads and reduce off-road travel.
D-2 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Availability of resources:

Currently, resources are stretched to continue the existing

wildlife-dependent recreation. An outdoor recreation planner

is required to meet the Refuge’s current demands. The

additional items to be added from the Comprehensive

Conservation Plan are tied to funding requests in the form of

the attached RONS and MMS projects (Appendix C).

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Some disturbance to wildlife will occur in areas of the Refuge

frequented by visitors. A majority of the use that occurs on

the Refuge occurs along the 15 mile auto-tour route, the 8

mile loop road at Upper Dodge Bottoms, the 18 mile East

River Road, and on the first 15 miles of Green River which

flows through the Refuge. The remaining areas receive

minimal use and disturbance. Primary wildlife species

disturbed by vehicles, floaters, and hikers are pronghorn

antelope, moose, mule deer, raptors, sage grouse, waterfowl,

trumpeter swans, and rabbits.

Construction of interpretive facilities, a new education center,

and improved roads will result in the loss of a small portion of

wildlife habitat. The improved roads may increase both the

amount of traffic and vehicle speeds which may result in

increased wildlife mortality. It is anticipated that all uses will

increase, particularly if better access and interpretation are

offered.

Justification:

Based upon biological impacts presented above and in the

Environmental Assessment, it is determined that wildlife

observation, wildlife photography, interpretation, and

environmental education within Seedskadee National

Wildlife Refuge will not materially interfere with or detract

from the purposes for which this Refuge was established. By

limiting areas open to public use and closing non-designated

Refuge roads, these impacts can be lessened. Monitoring of

activities and their impacts and limiting the location and time

of year for wildlife-dependent visits will maintain use at an

acceptable level. 

Although human activities have been shown to disturb

wildlife and habitat, the stipulations presented below and in

the CCP should reduce impacts to a minimal level. One of the

secondary goals of the National Wildlife Refuge System is to

provide opportunities for the public to develop an

understanding and appreciation for wildlife when a use is

found compatible. The four uses are identified as priority

public uses in the National Wildlife Refuge System

Improvement Act of 1997 and will help meet that goal at

Seedskadee NWR with only minimal conflicts with the

wildlife conservation mission of the Refuge System.

Determination: Wildlife Observation, Wildlife Photography,

Interpretation, and Environmental Education are

compatible.

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 During peak concentrations of migratory waterbirds or

during critical wintering periods, areas may be closed

and access restricted to minimize wildlife disturbance

and provide resting areas.

 Monitor use, regulate access, and maintain necessary

facilities to prevent habitat degradation in high public

use areas.

 Monitor levels of use and corresponding effects on wildlife.

 Implement additional educational and interpretive

programs that discuss wildlife disturbance.

 Vehicles will be restricted to designated Refuge roads

and the speed limit will be 25 miles per hour. 

 Road construction will focus on improving existing

roads. No new roads will be constructed. 

 Enforce Refuge regulations.

 Improve signing and availability of Refuge information

brochures.

 River use, specifically boating, may be restricted in the

future to a daily limit on numbers of launches for noncommercial users. 

 Recreationists will be asked to provide a voluntary 1/4

mile buffer zone to trumpeter swans.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 D-3

Description of Proposed Use: 

Commercial Outfitters (Fishing, Scenic Floats)

Currently six commercial outfitters are issued Special Use

Permits to conduct commercially guided sport fishing and

scenic tours on Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge. These

activities are permitted on the Green River from the north

boundary of the Refuge to the Six Mile Hill Boat Ramp

(Otterson Ramp). All commercial guiding activities must be

in compliance with the Special Conditions issued with the

Special Use Permits (5 RM 17.3) and information found in the

“Operating Plan: Commercial Outfitting for Sport Fishing on

Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge.” An annual fee is

charged for each special use permit through the User Fee

Demonstration program. Funds generated from these

permits are used to help pay for implementation of the

program, including improvement of Refuge infrastructure for

wildlife and people. In 1999, seven outfitters conducted 304

trips on the Refuge between April 1 and October 31. 

The CCP proposes to continue with the proposed use.

Development of the following may minimize visitor impacts

on resources and ensure a quality recreational experience for

the visiting public:

 Improve law enforcement coverage associated with this

use.

 Monitor impacts of use to Refuge resources and “visitor

experience.”

 Further reduce numbers of outfitters to four or less in

accordance with Draft Commercial Outfitting Plan.

Availability of resources:

Current resources are stretched to maintain the existing

commercial outfitter permit operation. If additional staff

support were available, this program could be better

managed and effective law enforcement implemented to

monitor compliance. The additional items to be added from

the CCP are tied to funding requests in the form of the

attached RONS projects (Appendix C). Funding of the

RONS projects would accomplish the goals of the CCP and

improve the existing program.

Anticipated Impacts of the use:

Commercial outfitting for sport fishing will result in

increased public use of the Refuge. This results both from

individual guided trips and from national advertising

associated with the commercial businesses. Cumulative

impacts of this increased use have correlating effects on

wildlife, habitat, and the fisheries resource. This includes

more disturbance to wildlife, vegetation trampling, potential

introduction and spread of exotic aquatic and terrestrial

plants, potential transmission of diseases including whirling

disease, problems associated with disposal of human waste,

and deposition of lead sinkers and fishing line. These impacts,

however, apply to all angling activity, both commercial and

non-commercial. Special conditions of the Special Use

Permits are designed to minimize these impacts. In addition,

limiting numbers of commercial outfitters will also minimize

these impacts. 

Permitting commercial outfitting on the Refuge results in

some negative feelings within the local community. Some

residents feel strongly that there is no place for commercial

guiding on the Refuge. Comments from local residents also

express concern about having to compete for a limited public

resource with a commercial guide who is making a profit on

those same resources. As a result, to some degree,

permitting commercial guiding on the Refuge negatively

impacts the Refuge’s relationship with the local community.

Regulating the numbers of outfitters and guides helps

mitigate these impacts somewhat.

Commercial outfitting creates additional wear and tear on

Refuge roads, boat ramps, and other facilities. Time spent

administering the program diverts staff time from other

activities and programs.

To a limited degree, permitting regulated commercial guiding

on the Refuge may increase public awareness of Seedskadee

Refuge and the Refuge System, helping to build support for

the Service’s mission. However, this is highly dependent on

an individual guide’s efforts in educating their clients.

Justification:

Fishing is a popular wildlife-dependent public use of the

Refuge. Commercially-guided sport fishing, in compliance

with the Special Conditions of the Special Use Permit and

the “Operating Plan: Commercial Outfitting for Sport

Fishing on Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge,” has no

more impacts on wildlife than other recreational anglers.

Guided trips allow visitors from various parts of the country

to enjoy Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge and its

associated resources. In addition, it provides an additional

opportunity for community members with disabilities to

utilize the Refuge.

Determination:

Commercial Outfitting for Sport Fishing and Scenic Tours

are compatible when conducted within guidelines stipulated

in the “Operating Plan: Commercial Outfitting for Sport

Fishing on Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge,” and if

additional staff funding is provided to administer and

monitor the program. The addition of an outdoor recreation

planner would greatly facilitate the administration of this

program.
D-4 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Based on fisheries data, public comments, impacts to

wildlife and habitat, and Refuge goals, the Refuge can

support a maximum of four outfitters for commercial

guiding on the Refuge (see “Operating Plan: Commercial

Outfitting for Sport Fishing on Seedskadee National

Wildlife Refuge”). The Refuge currently has six

outfitters that have established commercial guiding use

on the Refuge. Through voluntary attrition, over a

period of unspecified years, the number of Special Use

Permits will be reduced to four or less. Permits are nontransferrable and will be retired as outfitters stop

guiding on the Refuge. 

 Commercial guiding for sport fishing is highly regulated

on the Refuge. Use is limited to between April 1 and

October 31 to minimize impacts to wildlife. In addition,

numbers of trips per day for each outfitter is limited to

minimize impacts to wildlife and to the general public.

Outfitters and their guides must be in compliance with

all Special Conditions on the Special Use Permit. For

specific details regarding the special conditions, please

contact the refuge manager.

 User fees have been established as part of the Entrance

and Recreation User Fee Demonstration Program.

These fees are used to cover the majority of the expenses

the Refuge incurs for running the commercial outfitting

for sport fishing program. Collection of these fees is

instrumental to this program to prevent diversion of

station funds from other programs.

Description of Proposed Use: Fishing

A secondary use of the Refuge is public sport fishing

according to State Regulations. Year-round bank, wade, and

boat fishing is allowed. Visitors participating in this use at

the Refuge are estimated at 6,000 per year. Available

facilities include four boat ramps, registration boxes, several

instream habitat improvement projects, and parking areas.

In addition, Fontenelle Dam operations are coordinated with

the State Fish and Wildlife Agency to optimize conditions for

sport fisheries.

Approximately half of the 36-mile-long Refuge has been

designated as trophy trout waters (northern section of the

Refuge). Anglers in the trophy trout section of the River are

restricted to artificial flies and lures and may only keep one

trout over 20 inches. General State regulations for trout

apply to the southern half the Refuge. Game fish include

rainbow, brown, and cutthroat trout, and white fish (native

species).

The Comprehensive Conservation Plan proposes to continue

with the above uses and add the following to improve fishing

opportunities and access for visitors:

 Improve the four existing boat ramps and associated

parking areas.

 Provide additional interpretative signs to inform the

public about Refuge resources.

 Work with adjacent landowners to add additional boat

ramps off Refuge lands.

 Develop a new fishing/hunting brochure.

 Add a rest room facility at the Dodge Bottoms boat

ramp.

 Install a sill at Big Island to restore an historic river

oxbow and improve riparian and fish habitat. 

 Work with Wyoming Game and Fish Department to

establish a wakeless zone through the Refuge. 

 Improve vehicle pullouts throughout the Refuge.

Availability of resources:

Currently, sufficient resources are available to continue the

existing recreational fishing.

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Fishing and other human activities cause disturbance to

wildlife. Cumulative impacts of this increased use have

correlating effects on wildlife, habitat, and the fisheries

resource. This includes more disturbance to wildlife,

vegetation trampling, potential introduction and spread of

exotic aquatic and terrestrial plants, potential transmission

of diseases including whirling disease, problems associated

with disposal of human waste, and deposition of lead sinkers

and fishing line. Birds or mammals feeding or resting on or

near the River may be disturbed by boats or anglers fishing

from the bank. The current visitor use is often low enough

that disturbance by anglers have minimal impacts to most

wildlife species. Over the past couple of years, the reputation

of the Refuge’s trophy trout waters has spread and

subsequently the amount of angling pressure has increased.

There are now days when cumulative boat/foot traffic may be

having negative impacts to some wildlife.

Travel on non-designated roads and the creation of additional

two-tracks continues to be a problem. 
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 D-5

During the critical late fall and winter months, impacts may

be occurring to wintering birds, especially trumpeter swans.

Boating associated with fishing may be especially detrimental

to over-water or riverine nesting species such as grebes,

herons, eagles, and mergansers. Development of seasonal

closed areas may be warranted in the future if visitor use

increases.

Justification:

Based upon biological impacts described above and in the

Environmental Assessment, it is determined that

recreational fishing within Seedskadee NWR will not

materially interfere with or detract from the purposes for

which the Refuge was established.

One of the secondary goals of the National Wildlife Refuge

System is to provide opportunities for public fishing when

compatible, and it is identified as a priority public use in the

National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997.

Current recreational fishing at Seedskadee NWR will

support this goal with only minimal conflicts with the wildlife

conservation mission of the Refuge System. 

Determination:

Recreational fishing is compatible.

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Monitor existing use to ensure that facilities are

adequate and disturbance to wildlife continues to be

minimal.

 Work with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department to

limit boat use to non-motorized or wakeless power

devices (no jet skis, powering boating, etc.). 

 Only the riverine sections of the Refuge will be open to

fishing (no wetland impoundments, ditches or marshes

will be open to fishing).

 Parking lot, road, and related access facilities will be

maintained as necessary to prevent erosion or habitat

damage.

 Promote use of non-toxic sinkers, split shot, and lures. 

 During peak concentrations of migratory waterbirds or

for the protection of special wildlife species/habitats,

areas may be closed and access limited to minimize any

wildlife disturbances.

 The Refuge may have to limit numbers of boats per day

in the future to prevent wildlife disturbance and

maintain a quality fishing experience for anglers.

Description of Proposed Use: Recreational Hunting

Seedskadee NWR is open to hunting of mourning dove, sage

grouse, mule deer, pronghorn antelope, moose, waterfowl,

cottontail rabbit, skunk, red fox, and raccoon. Hunting

seasons start around September 1 and continue through

February. Visitation for these activities is estimated at 3,000.

Species are hunted according to State and Federal laws.

Currently, two closed areas exist on the Refuge.

Approximately 800 acres are closed to migratory bird

hunting below Highway 28. A second area of approximately

800 acres is closed to all hunting and protects Refuge

buildings and primary wetland impoundments. When these

backwater closed areas freeze over in fall or early winter,

there are no open-water areas remaining which are closed to

hunting on the Refuge. 

Hunting of mourning dove, cottontail rabbit, skunk, fox, and

raccoon are minimal (estimate less then 50 hunters).

Waterfowl, grouse, and big game hunts comprise the

greatest hunting pressure (approximately 2,950 hunters).

Hunting pressure is often concentrated around the opening

of each hunt season, but a steady hunt pressure continues

throughout the seasons.

The CCP proposes to continue with the above uses and add

or change the following to improve the hunting experience

and better protect Refuge resources:

 Develop a hunting/fishing brochure.

 Modify the existing closed hunting areas to better

accommodate wildlife needs and improve hunting

opportunities. A separate public process will be initiated

to develop new closed area boundaries.

Availability of resources:

Currently, sufficient resources are available to continue the

existing recreational hunting. Additional law enforcement

support is necessary to ensure compliance with Refuge

regulations.

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Hunters disturb non-target species and harvest target

species. Recreational hunting will remove individual animals

from the wildlife populations ensuring that carrying capacity

(especially for big game species) is not exceeded (possibly

impacting other species habitat). The areas closed to various

hunting activities do provide some sanctuary for target and

non-target species. Once wetland impoundments which are

closed to hunting freeze up, no sanctuary areas are available

for waterfowl and swans, and consequently disturbance to

these species increases.

Travel on non-designated roads and the creation of additional

two-tracks (illegal off-road travel) continues to be a problem. 
D-6 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Justification:

Hunting is a legitimate wildlife management tool that is used

to manage deer, antelope, moose, and predator populations.

This is necessary to ensure that populations above the

carrying capacity are controlled to reduce impacts to habitat

and other wildlife that also depend upon that habitat.

Hunting of predators such as skunk, raccoon, and red fox will

benefit ground-nesting species such as waterfowl, geese,

swans, grouse, cranes, etc. Some wildlife disturbance will

occur during the hunting seasons. Proper zoning, regulations,

and Refuge seasons will be designated to minimize any

negative impact to wildlife populations using the Refuge.

Based upon biological impacts presented in the CCP and in

the Environmental Assessment, it is determined that

recreational hunting within Seedskadee NWR will not

materially interfere with or detract from the purposes for

which this Refuge was established. 

One of the secondary goals of the National Wildlife Refuge

System is to provide opportunities for public hunting when it

is found to be compatible, and it is identified as a priority

public use in the National Wildlife Refuge System

Improvement Act of 1997.

Determination: Recreational hunting is compatible.

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Only non-toxic shot is permitted on the Refuge when

hunting with a shot gun. This restriction minimizes the

exposure of waterfowl and other wildlife to lead. 

 Hunting must be in accordance with Federal and State

regulations.

 Hunting on Seedskadee NWR will take place in a

manner that will minimize disturbance to migrating

waterbirds.

 Hunting will be evaluated to provide a safe hunt (reduce

conflicts between hunt seasons).

 The Refuge deer, antelope and moose hunts will be

coordinated with the Wyoming Game and Fish

Department to determine the number of permits to

manage the populations. 

 Monitor all hunting uses to assure they do not interfere

with and are compatible with other wildlife-dependent

recreational activities.

 During critical wintering periods for waterbirds or for

the protection of special wildlife species/habitats, areas

may be closed and access limited to minimize any wildlife

disturbances.

 Refuge areas closed to hunting must be re-evaluated to

ensure adequate habitat for migrating, feeding, and

resting waterfowl and other wildlife is available. A

closed area inclusive of some portion of the main stem of

the Green River must be created to ensure compatibility

of the hunting program.

 Dog training on the Refuge will not be allowed. Dogs

must be confined or leashed except when participating in

a legal hunt for sage grouse, cottontail rabbits and

migratory game birds. 

Description of Proposed Use: Camping

Camping is not currently permitted on the Refuge except for

a limited number of special groups (i.e. scouts) which are

conducting projects to enhance Refuge habitat (i.e. trash

pickup, protecting trees, etc.). Historically, camping occurred

on lands which were eventually acquired (or transferred) to

Seedskadee NWR. Some demand occurs for camping on the

Refuge from visitors wishing to conduct multiple day floats

through the Refuge. Currently, three BLM/ BOR developed

campgrounds are located approximately five miles north of

the Refuge boundary. The BLM lands surrounding the

Refuge also offer camping opportunities.

Availability of resources:

Development of specific campgrounds would require

additional funding to build, maintain, and monitor. Currently,

resources are stretched to maintain existing Refuge facilities

and conduct law enforcement of existing public uses.

Resources are not available to accommodate this use.

Camping is not required to participate in the six priority

public uses (hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, wildlife

photography, environmental education and interpretation). 

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Camping is a high impact activity which often results in the

degradation of Refuge habitat. Camping in itself will disturb

and disperse wildlife. Human activity, generators, loud

motors, music, and dogs associated with camping disturb

wildlife and detract from the outdoor experience for other

Refuge users. Fires and firewood collection damage habitat

and pose serious resource threats. Use of detergent, soap,

and toothpaste in or near rivers harms fish and other aquatic

life. Human waste creates unsanitary conditions and litter.

Campers often leave garbage, trash, and other undesirable

items. Illegal removal of natural objects (plants, antlers, live

animals, etc.) and cultural objects may result from camper

visits. Creation of “improvements” (lean-tos, tables, chairs,

game poles, etc.) and alternation of the site (trenching) are

also byproducts of camping.

Camping results in inappropriate uses, tramples vegetation

(particularly herbaceous and shrub layers), and devalues

wildlife habitats. Camping can degrade land, water, and

wildlife by simplifying plant communities, increasing

mortality, displacing and disturbing wildlife and distributing

refuse (Boyle and Samson 1985). In addition, camping

induced soil disturbance may provide conditions that favor

weed infestations. Camping in riparian areas may also result

in increased runoff into streams due in part to exposed soil

and reduction in vegetation (Green 1998). Camping also

requires additional law enforcement efforts that may have to

be directed at a wide range of violations from those listed

above to domestic disturbance/assaults.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 D-7

Justification:

Camping is not required to support the priority public uses

(hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, wildlife photography,

environmental education and interpretation). Developed

campgrounds are available five miles north of the Refuge and

the surrounding BLM lands provide primitive camping

opportunities. In addition, numerous hotel accommodations

are available 45 minutes away in Green River and 30 minutes

away in Farson, Wyoming. 

Determination:

Camping is not a compatible use unless conducted under a

special use permit for the exclusive purpose of completing a

civic project to enhance Refuge habitat. 

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Any camping permitted under a special use permit will

not exceed one nights stay on Refuge lands and group

size will not exceed 12 individuals.

 Within any given year only three special use permits will

be issued for camping in order to minimize impacts to

wildlife and habitat. 

 Groups permitted to camp on Refuge lands for the

purpose of completing specific projects must adhere to

all conditions specified in the special use permit and

Refuge regulations. 

 Refuge management will identify campsite locations. All

solid waste must be removed from Refuge lands. 

 Special use permits for camping will be issued based on

the project proposed and cannot be reserved more than

four months in advance. 

Description of Proposed Use: 

Horseback Riding, Picnicking

Picnicking is often associated with many of the wildlifedependent recreational uses such as hunting, fishing, hiking,

wildlife observation, boating, and wildlife photography.

Horseback riding is rarely observed on the Refuge and is

most often affiliated with hunting or the removal of trespass

cattle and sheep. Horses may travel anywhere on the Refuge

which is open to public foot access. Numerous locked gates,

fences, and cattle guards make the Refuge difficult to ride

through. The CCP does not propose any additional

improvements beyond maintaining the existing use. 

Availability of resources:

Currently, sufficient resources are available to continue the

existing recreational picnicking and horseback riding.

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Picnicking and horseback riding may cause disturbance to

wildlife and increase litter problems. Horses brought in from

outside the local area may introduce noxious weeds not

currently on the Refuge via fecal material. Present levels of

these activities do not appear to be a problem. Limiting of

areas open to public use at specific times of the year can limit

impacts. Monitoring of activities and their impacts and

limiting the location and time of year for wildlife-dependent

visits will maintain use at an acceptable level. 

Justification:

Picnicking and horseback riding do not appear to create any

special problems and are most often associated with other

wildlife-dependent uses such as hunting, fishing, or wildlife

viewing.

Determination:

Picnicking and horseback riding are compatible.

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Visitors must comply with Refuge regulations.

 Monitor levels of use and effects on wildlife.

 Monitor use, regulate access, and maintain necessary

facilities to prevent habitat degradation in high public

use areas. 

 During critical wintering periods for waterbirds or for

the protection of special wildlife species/habitats, areas

may be closed and access limited to minimize any wildlife

disturbances.
D-8 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Description of Proposed Use: 

Cross-country skiing, Snowshoeing

Occasionally, winter visitors engage in cross-country skiing

and snowshoeing activities (less then 10 visitors/year

estimated). Often these uses are conducted in association

with other wildlife-dependent recreational uses such as

wildlife observation, wildlife photography, and hunting.

These activities are permitted in any areas open to foot

travel. The Refuge staff does not groom or maintain any

winter trails. The CCP does not propose any additional

improvements beyond maintaining the existing use. 

Availability of resources:

Currently, sufficient resources are available to continue the

existing recreational cross-country skiing and snowshoeing

uses.

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Cross-country skiing and snowshoeing may cause

disturbance to wildlife during critical winter periods. Present

levels of these activities do not appear to be a problem.

Limiting areas open to public use at specific times of the year

can reduce impacts. Monitoring activities and their impacts

and limiting the location and time of year for wildlifedependent visits will maintain use at an acceptable level.

Justification:

Cross-country skiing and snowshoeing do not appear to

create any special problems and are most often associated

with other wildlife-dependent uses such as hunting, wildlife

viewing, and wildlife photography.

Determination:

Cross-country skiing and snowshoeing are compatible.

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Monitor these uses to assure they do not interfere with,

and are compatible with, other wildlife-dependent

recreational activities.

 Monitor existing use to ensure that disturbance to

wildlife continues to be minimal during the critical

winter months. 

 During peak concentrations of wintering waterbirds

(especially trumpeter swans) or for protection of special

wildlife species/habitat, areas may be closed and access

limited to minimize any wildlife disturbance. 

Description of Proposed Use: Off-road vehicles

(motorized dirt bikes, all-terrain-vehicles,

snowmobiles)

Off-road vehicles which are not licensed by the State for

highway travel are not permitted on Refuge lands (50 CFR

27.31). Vehicles licensed for highway travel are allowed on

designated Refuge roads. Travel off any designated Refuge

road is prohibited. 

Availability of resources:

Support of off-road vehicle use would require additional

funding for law enforcement and would cause extensive

damage to wildlife habitats. Currently, resources are

stretched to maintain existing Refuge facilities and conduct

law enforcement of existing public uses. Resources are not

available to accommodate off-road vehicle use. The use of offroad vehicles is not required to participate in the six priority

public uses.

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Motorized off-road vehicles are disturbing to wildlife and

impact vegetation and soils when used off of designated

roads. Loud motors detract from the quality of other forms of

Refuge recreation. Studies indicate snowmobile disturbance

increases the home range sizes of winter ungulates and

increases deer metabolism (Moen et al. 1982, Dorrance et al.

1975). Snowmobile trails provide access to habitats for

species such as coyotes and bobcat that otherwise may not

use certain winter habitats. Snowmobile use hinders the

solitude of the Refuge for winter visitors and may reduce air

quality.

Illegal off-road use continues to occur, despite attempts to

close non-designated roads and two-track spur roads. Many

signs have been removed or destroyed and fences cut by offroad violators. 

Justification:

Use of off-road vehicles is not necessary to support the

priority public uses (hunting, fishing, wildlife observation,

wildlife photography, environmental education and

interpretation). In fact, these types of vehicles often degrade

other recreationists experiences. Surrounding BLM, BOR,

and USFS lands provide numerous opportunities to recreate

with these types of vehicles.

Determination:

Off-road vehicle use (dirt bikes, all-terrain-vehicles,

snowmobiles) is not a compatible Refuge use. 
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 D-9

Description of Proposed Use: 

Hiking and Cycling

Hiking is a popular activity which is often associated with

wildlife observation, wildlife photography, and hunting.

Hiking occurs along roads, trails and throughout various

habitats of the Refuge. Bicycles are considered vehicles and

are restricted to designated Refuge roads. Off-road cycling is

not permitted. Cycling is most affiliated with wildlife

observation.

Approximately 500 visitors engage in these activities

annually. The CCP proposes to continue with the above uses

and add the following to improve hiking opportunities:

 Develop a short trail at the Lombard Ferry Historical

Site.

 Develop an interpretive hiking trail near the Refuge

Headquarters.

Availability of resources:

Currently, sufficient resources are available to continue the

existing levels of hiking, and cycling.

Anticipated impacts of the use:

These activities, when conducted responsibly, may create

minor and temporary disturbances to wildlife. At the current

level of use, these activities are not expected to materially

interfere with Refuge purposes. Limiting of areas open to

public use at specific times of the year can reduce impacts.

Monitoring of activities and their impacts and limiting the

location and time of year for wildlife-dependent visits will

maintain use at an acceptable level. 

Justification:

Hiking and cycling do not appear to create any special

problems and are most often associated with other wildlifedependent uses such as hunting, wildlife viewing and wildlife

photography.

Determination:

Hiking and cycling are compatible uses. 

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Cycling is restricted to designated Refuge roads which

are open to vehicle traffic. Bicycles are considered

vehicles on the Refuge.

 Hiking may occur anywhere on the Refuge open to

visitor use (public entry). During certain times of the

year, the Refuge may exclude public entry into portions

of the Refuge to protect habitat or reduce disturbance to

sensitive wildlife species.

Description of Proposed Use: 

Providing Livestock Access to Water 

As part of the purchase of lands from the Rock Springs

Grazing Association (RSGA), the Service is required by a

Warranty Deed (10/26/1996) to provide access to water for

livestock. The way in which livestock are afforded access to

water shall be jointly determined by RSGA and the

Seedskadee NWR Manager. Watering opportunities which

occur on Refuge lands (outside current water gaps) will be

permitted via a special use permit. 

Availability of resources:

Currently, resources are available to continue this use.

Additional staffing is needed to would provide for better

monitoring of this activity.

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Sheep trailing within Sweetwater County generally occurs

between April 1 and May 15. The Service provides direct

guidance via a special use permit to RSGA permittees as to

where they can water sheep on Refuge lands. Approximately

7 to 10 sheep bands (200 to 2,000 sheep/band) trail along the

Refuge boundary. During the trailing period, short duration

trampling and grazing of vegetation occurs. Any wildlife in

the area, especially ground-nesting birds would be

temporarily and/or permanently disturbed or displaced. Nest

trampling can occur. Vegetation, primarily grasses/forbs, will

be consumed and damage to shrubs may occur from

trampling. Long-term changes to vegetation may happen

because trailing occurs in the same areas each year.

Justification:

The Service is obligated to provide this activity as indicated

in the Warranty Deed signed 10/26/1996. It is a legal

requirement for the Refuge to provide RSGA livestock

members access to water for livestock. Access to water may

occur directly on Refuge lands or the Refuge may provide

off-Refuge watering sites.

Determination:

This activity is not considered a compatible use of the

Refuge. Provided that all stipulations are followed by all

cooperators of the RSGA in the annual special use permit,

impacts can be minimized.

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Herders may not camp on Seedskadee NWR.

 Herders will immediately exit Seedskadee NWR after

watering sheep.

 Herders will keep sheep moving across Seedskadee

NWR except when sheep are watering at specified sites.

Grazing is not permitted.

 Herders will water sheep at specific watering sites

indicated on maps supplied by the Refuge Manager to

avoid cottonwood groves and riparian shrub (willow)

areas.

 Operators will be fully accountable for the actions of

their herders. RSGA will be fully accountable for the

actions of its operators.

 Use of vehicles off designated roads is prohibited. All

Refuge regulations apply to all operators, herders, and

the RSGA. 

 All gates will be locked and/or closed immediately after

livestock enter or exit the Refuge. 
D-10 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Description of Proposed Use: Research

Research is completed on refuges to address specific refuge

management problems or provide information to assist with

regional/national research questions (i.e. research on specific

species like sage grouse, trumpeter swans, pepperweed,

etc.). Research results often have a direct benefit for

management activities. Current research conducted on

Seedskadee NWR involves invasive species, riparian

restoration, and public use. It is anticipated that various

research projects will continue on the Refuge over the next

15 years to address a variety of local and national issues.

Availability of resources:

Currently, resources are stretched to continue the existing

research projects. Often staff are required to assist with

research projects in some capacity and a balance between

research demands and other duties must be maintained.

Additional assistance with invasive species research is

needed.

Anticipated impacts of the use:

Depending on the type of research projects, disturbances

may occur to wildlife and/or wildlife habitat. Prior to

permitting any research projects, the Service will fully

explore potential impacts to Refuge resources relative to the

value of information gathered for refuge or national interests.

Research projects will be strictly monitored and are required

to comply with Refuge regulations and special stipulations

dictated by special use permits.

Justification:

Research often results in a better understanding of the

natural resources studied and often assists in solving

resource management issues. The knowledge gained by

research should outweigh disturbances to wildlife and

habitat. Efforts will be made to minimize all potential

disturbances. Researchers must obtain a special use permit

from the refuge manager which will outline conditions

required to comply with refuge management.

Determination:

Research conducted at Seedskadee NWR is found to be

compatible with the purposes of the Refuge provided all

permit conditions are followed.

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility: 

 All researchers must be issued special use permits by

the refuge manager to conduct research on the Refuge.

 Researchers must comply with all Refuge regulations

unless authorized otherwise by the refuge manager in

the conditions of the special use permit.

 All data collected by the researcher also becomes

property of the Refuge. Copies of any reports,

summaries, and data regarding the research must be

provided to the Refuge.

 Researchers are responsible for coordinating with

various agencies to gain specific permits to complete

their projects. Authorized projects will be in compliance

with all local, State, and Federal laws. 

Description of Proposed Use: Construction of

Environmental Education and Visitor Center

Seedskadee NWR plans to construct a 6,000 square foot

building for the purpose of providing an interpretative center

and environmental education training area. The building

would be located between the Refuge Headquarters and

housing residence #5. The proposed building is one story .

The entire building would be fully accessible to people with

disabilities. The main floor of the facility would contain

interpretive displays, rest rooms, and an office. The

basement level would contain a kitchen, rest room, and a

large open room which would be used to conduct

environmental education programs or Refuge/community

meetings. Construction of this building would improve the

Service’s ability to conduct public outreach and

environmental education on Seedskadee NWR.

Availability of resources:

Funding for the construction of this project will be supplied

by the Bureau of Reclamation. Current staff is available to

administer the construction and completion of this project.

Additional funding will be required in future Refuge budgets

to maintain the facility (heat, electricity, phone, etc.) and

create/maintain/update interpretive displays. An additional

staff position (outdoor recreation specialist) will also be

required to coordinate outreach and education programs.

Anticipated impacts of the use: 

The area impacted by the construction of the building would

be less then one acre and has been previously disturbed. The

area has been cleared previously for cultural resources and

Section 7.

Visiting public which formerly visited the headquarters

office will be directed to the new visitor/education building.

Creation of the new building may attract more tourists and

environmental education groups to the Refuge and,

therefore, increase the potential public use and awareness of

the Refuge. 

Costs of maintaining the new building (electricity, phone,

heat) and providing adequate staff will increase the overall

funding needs of the Refuge. 

Disturbance to wildlife may increase if public use increases.

Monitoring activities and their impacts and limiting the

location and time of year for wildlife-dependent visits will

maintain use at an acceptable level. 

Water use for domestic purposes may increase slightly with

addition of more visitors.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 D-11

Justification:

The current office/visitor center cannot accommodate current

school groups, does not provide adequate office space for

Refuge employees, and limits display of interpretive

materials. The addition of the new facility will provide an

area for the Refuge staff to conduct slide presentations and

environmental education programs. Transfer of interpretive

displays from the current headquarters to the new building

will provide areas for additional office space. The new facility

will contain one office and also provide an area to expand the

current interpretative displays which are very limited. The

new building will also provide the public a place to conduct

meetings regarding environmental issues.

Determination:

Construction of the new visitor and education building will

support several of the secondary goals of the National

Wildlife Refuge System which are to provide for wildlife

observation, interpretation, and environmental education.

Based on biological impacts described above, it is determined

that the construction of this building will not materially

interfere with or detract from the purposes for which the

Refuge was established. 

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Service will comply with all building codes. 

 During construction, efforts will be made to minimize

disturbance to the immediate construction area. All

disturbed areas around the building will be landscaped

with native vegetation.

 All features of the building must be fully accessible to

people with disabilities. 

Description of Proposed Use: 

Construction of an 800 foot interpretive trail at the

Lombard Ferry Historical Site

Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge plans to build an 800

foot asphalt trail at the Lombard Ferry site adjacent to State

Highway 28. The trail and two additional interpretive signs

will be designed to match an existing handicapped-accessible

interpretive walkway. The trail will follow an already

disturbed pathway that parallels the Green River to a replica

of a ferry used by early settlers to cross the River. The

completed trail will provide Refuge visitors with an overview

of the Refuge and an insight into the significance of the area

as a River crossing by pioneers using several historical trails

that traverse the Refuge. This site currently receives a

relatively high volume of public use, including many people

passing through that otherwise may not stop to visit the

Refuge. Completion of the trail will enhance the Refuge’s

ability to conduct public outreach for these and other

visitors.

Availability of resources:

Funding of this project will come from several partnered

sources. A private family with historic ties to the area is

donating funds for purchase of new interpretive signs and

benches. Funding for the construction of the trail will be

supplied by the Bureau of Reclamation. The Bureau of Land

Management is purchasing and producing the interpretive

signs and bases, assisting with planning and construction

details, and will maintain the asphalt trail as needed. Finally,

Refuge staff will complete project planning, administer all

phases of construction, complete naturalization of the area

when completed, and monitor the site. 

Anticipated impacts of the use:

 Some short-term disturbance could occur to wildlife

during construction. 

 The area that would be impacted by the construction of

the trail is already a disturbed site, devoid of vegetation.

Revegetation of the site at the conclusion of the project

will make the site more visually aesthetic. 

 A cultural resources survey has already been completed,

and the area has been cleared for construction.

 Construction of a new trail will focus public use in a

limited area, reducing impacts to contiguous habitat.

 Disturbance to wildlife could increase if public use

increases. However, due to the steady rate of visitation

in the warmer months and the proximity of the site to

State Highway 28, it is expected that any additional

impacts would be minimal.

Determination:

Construction of this trail is compatible with Refuge and

Refuge System purposes. It will support several of the

secondary goals of the Refuge System including providing

opportunities for wildlife observation, interpretation, and

environmental education. The construction of this trail will

not materially interfere with or detract from the purposes for

which the Refuge was established.
D-12 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 During construction, efforts will be made to minimize

disturbance to the immediate construction area. The

entire trail area, including all disturbed sites, will be

landscaped/naturalized with native vegetation. 

 All features of the trail must be fully accessible to people

with disabilities.

 Use of the trail and surrounding associated area will be

monitored by Refuge staff after its completion to ensure

the integrity of the site is maintained. 

Description of Proposed Use: Beaver Trapping

The Refuge staff proposes to continue to allow trapping of

beaver, Castor canadensis, on Seedskadee National Wildlife

Refuge. Changes in the hydrology of the Green River since

the completion of the Fontenelle Dam in 1964 has had a

significant impact on recruitment of cottonwood and willow

trees. Cottonwood and willow trees that dominate the

riparian forest no longer regenerate to the degree necessary

to maintain a healthy forest. This forest zone is critical,

however, to a large variety of migrating and nesting birds

and resident wildlife. Due to the very high and expanding

beaver population, many areas of the Refuge have

experienced extensive damage to mature and seedling

cottonwood and willow trees by beaver. Girdling or cutting

down mature cottonwoods generally results in the tree’s

death. To alleviate this situation, beaver will be trapped and

removed from the Refuge to minimize damage to trees and

reduce beaver numbers to meet their carrying capacity of the

Refuge.

Availability of resources:

Current Refuge resources are stretched and additional

funding and staff are necessary to ensure this program is

consistently applied to achieve Refuge objectives. Funding

RONS projects in Appendix C would accomplish the goals of

the CCP and improve the existing program. 

Anticipated impacts on Service lands, waters or interests:

Reduction of beaver numbers will have a direct, positive

effect on the preservation of mature and seedling cottonwood

and willow trees. This is critically important for the Refuge

given the extremely low recruitment rate of new trees.

These trees provide habitat for nesting and migrating bird

species. They are important perching and roosting sites for

wintering raptors, including bald and golden eagles. Several

heron rookeries, which are dependent on mature

cottonwoods, are also located on the Refuge. Resident

wildlife species also benefit from these riparian forests,

which provide significant food and shelter for species such as

moose, mule deer, sage grouse, and many other species. 

The digging of bank dens by beaver, in some cases, damages

water control structures, levees, irrigation ditches, or

wetland management units. Beaver also routinely block or

obstruct water control structures. A reduction in beaver

numbers will reduce damages they cause to these facilities,

saving significant amounts of staff time throughout the year

on repairs. 

Beaver trapping is supported by the Wyoming Game and

Fish Department. It will provide an opportunity for a local

resident to trap. 
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 D-13

Justification:

Changes in the hydrology of the Green River since the

completion of the Fontenelle Dam in 1964 has had a

significant impact on recruitment of cottonwood and willow

trees. Cottonwood and willow trees that dominate the

riparian forest no longer regenerate to the degree necessary

to maintain a healthy forest. This forest zone is critical,

however, to a large variety of migrating and nesting birds and

resident wildlife. Due to the very high and expanding beaver

population, many areas of the Refuge have experienced

extensive damage to mature and seedling cottonwood and

willow trees by beaver. Girdling or cutting down mature

cottonwoods generally results in the tree’s death. To alleviate

this situation, beaver must be trapped and removed from the

Refuge to minimize damage to trees and reduce beaver

numbers to meet their carrying capacity of the Refuge. 

In the past, some mature cottonwood trees have been

protected by wrapping the tree bases with wire. While

individual cottonwood groves are wrapped annually by

volunteer groups, this alternative is still not practical on a

large scale, primarily due to the labor needs and the large

numbers of trees that need protection. Hiring a professional

trapper is a cost efficient, fast, and low-profile way to reduce

beaver population levels on the Refuge.

The following excerpt is taken from Beaver: Water Resources

and Riparian Habitat Manager by Olsen and Hubert, 1994:

“Unlimited beaver populations can be detrimental to riparian

habitats. Likewise, removing beavers completely from an

area can eliminate a natural component of an ecosystem that

is important to many species of animals and plants.

Management cannot embrace total protection or reduction of

beaver populations, but (rather) discretionary management

that promotes adequate harvest where conflict occurs or

protection where habitat enhancement is needed . . . .” 

Determination:

Beaver trapping conducted under a special use permit for

management purposes is considered a compatible use.

Stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility:

 Trapping is only permitted via a special use permit

issued by the refuge manager. Permittee must adhere to

all special conditions listed in the special use permit (see

special use permit for a full list of stipulations).

 Trapping will be done in compliance with Wyoming

Game and Fish Department regulations.

 Permittee will provide a report, in writing, on the

number, age, and sex of beaver taken and numbers of

trap nights. Permittee will also provide a map (Refuge

travel map) marking the locations of dens, food caches,

trap sets, and where beaver were taken. Report and

maps will be provided to the Refuge office within one

month of the completion of trapping. 

 Only beaver may be trapped. Any non-target animals

that are still alive will be released immediately and a

record of species and their condition will be provided to

the Refuge office. All non-target animals killed will be

turned over to the Refuge for proper disposition. Traps

may not be set in any areas where evidence of river

otter use exists. 

 Failure to comply with any terms of the special use

permit or other Refuge regulations may result in

revocation of the permit.

Description of Proposed Use: 

Commercial Shuttle Service

The Refuge proposes to issue special use permits for the

purpose of allowing commercial shuttle services on

Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge. The shuttle service is

used primarily by boaters needing assistance moving their

vehicle from a launch site to a take-out site. Shuttle services

will be permitted only on designated roads on the Refuge. All

commercial shuttle service activities must be in compliance

with general Refuge regulations and the Special Conditions

issued with the Special Use Permit.

Availability of resources:

Current resources are stretched to maintain the existing

commercial permit operations. If additional staff support

were available, this program could be better managed and

effective law enforcement implemented to monitor

compliance. The additional items to be added from the CCP

are tied to funding requests in the form of the attached

RONS projects (Appendix C). Funding of the RONS projects

would accomplish the goals of the CCP and improve the

existing program. 

Anticipated impacts on Service lands, waters or interests:

Commercial shuttles may result in increased use of the

Refuge. Shuttle services provide a useful and needed public

service for visitors. A permitted shuttle service could reduce

wear and tear to Refuge roads and other resources due to

familiarity with Refuge regulations. In addition, personnel

conducting shuttles may disperse information about Refuge

regulations to visitors thereby decreasing the numbers of

violations of Refuge regulations and reducing impacts to

resources.

Commercial shuttle services may create additional wear and

tear on Refuge roads, boat ramps, and other facilities and

will also be deriving a profit from using these facilities. A fee

for the Special Use Permit will help mitigate these impacts.

Time spent administering the program diverts staff time

from other activities and programs. 

Justification:

Commercial shuttle services provide a valuable service to

many people who float the Green River on Seedskadee

National Wildlife Refuge. Allowing commercial shuttle

services under a Special Use Permit will provide the Refuge

with a means to monitor this activity and ensure compliance

with Refuge regulations. This may also provide the Refuge

with an opportunity to provide additional information about

the Refuge to clients of the shuttle service. 

Determination:

Commercial shuttle services are compatible when conducted

under the stipulations of a special use permit and if additional

staff funding is provided to administer and monitor the

program. The addition of an outdoor recreation planner

would greatly facilitate the administration of this program. 
D-14 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

The following stipulations are required to ensure

compatibility:

 Permittee and employees must be in compliance with all

Special Conditions listed on the Special Use Permit. For

specific details, refer to the Special Use Permit.

 User fees have been established as part of the Entrance

and Recreation User Fee Demonstration Program.

These fees are used to cover the majority of the

expenses the Refuge incurs for running the commercial

outfitting for sport fishing program. Collection of these

fees is instrumental to this program to prevent diversion

of station funds from other programs. 

 Permits are not transferrable and renewed annually.

 Permittee must comply with all Refuge regulations.

Signatures:

_____________________________________________________

Project Leader Date

Concurrence:

_____________________________________________________

Regional Chief, NWRS Date

LITERATURE CITED

Boyle, S.A. and F. B. Samson. 1985. Effects of

nonconsumptive recreation on wildlife: a review. Wildl.

Soc. Bull. 13:110-116.

Dorrance, M.J., P. J. Savage, and D.E. Huff. 1975. Effects of

snowmobiles on white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage.

39:563-569.

Green, D. M. 1998. Recreational impacts on erosion and

runoff in a central Arizona riparian area. J. Soil and

Water Conserv. Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 38-42.

Moen, A. N., S. Whittemore, and B. Buxton. 1982. Effects of

disturbance by snowmobiles on heart rate of captive

white-tailed deer. N. Y. Fish and Game J. Vol. 29, No. 2,

pp.176-183.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 E-1

Appendix E. Legislation and Policies

Legal Parameters And Policy Direction

Following is a list of the most pertinent statutes establishing

legal parameters and policy direction for the National

Wildlife Refuge System. At the end of the list are those

statutes and mandates that pertain to Reclamation’s role in

upper Colorado River management and Refuge

development.

For some laws that provide special guidance or have strong

implications relevant to the Service and the refuges,

summaries are offered below. Many of the summaries have

been taken from The Evolution of National Wildlife Law by

Michael J. Bean.

Summary of Congressional Acts, Treaties, and other Legal

Acts Relating to Administration of the National Wildlife

Refuge System.

1. The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act

of 1997. The Act establishes that the conservation of fish,

wildlife, plants and their habitats is the mission of the

NWRS and sets forth the policies and procedures

through which the System and individual refuge are to

be managed in order to fulfill that mission for the longterm benefit of the American people. The Act requires

that public use of a refuge may be allowed only where

the use is compatible with the mission of the System and

purpose of the individual refuge, and sets forth a

standard by which the Secretary shall determine

whether such uses are compatible. It establishes as the

policy of the United States that wildlife-dependent

recreation, when it is compatible, is a legitimate and

appropriate public use of the Refuge System, through

which the American public can develop appreciation for

fish and wildlife. It establishes compatible wildlifedependent recreational uses as the priority general

public use of the Refuge System. Finally, it also requires

the Secretary to prepare comprehensive conservation

plans for each refuge.

2. Executive Order 12996, 3/25/96, Management and

General Public Use of the NWRS. In this Executive

Order, the President defined the mission of the NWRS

and identified four guiding principals and issued ten

directives to the Secretary of Interior on how the

System should be managed in the future. The Executive

Order identified opportunities for compatible wildlifedependent recreation, habitat protection, partnerships

with sportsmen, other conservation interests and public

involvement as guiding principals of the Refuge System.

In particular, the President identified “compatible

wildlife-dependent recreation activities involving

hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography,

and environmental education and interpretation as

priority general public uses of the Refuge System.”

3. Recreational Fisheries...Executive Order.

4. Lacey Act of 1900, as amended (16 U.S.C. 701).

5. Antiquities Act of 1906 (16 U.S.C. 431).

6. Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (16 U.S.C. 703-711).

Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1978 (40 Stat. 755). 

7. Migratory Bird Conservation Act (1929), as amended (16

U.S.C. 715-715s). “Migratory Bird Conservation Act (16

U.S.C. 715-715d, 715e, 715f-715r) -- The Act of February

18, 1929, (45 Stat. 1222) established a Migratory Bird

Conservation Commission to approve areas

recommended by the Secretary of the Interior for

acquisition with Migratory Bird Conservation Funds.

The Commission consists of the Secretary of the Interior

(as chairman), the Secretaries of Transportation and

Agriculture, two members of the Senate and two of the

House of Representatives, and an ex-officio member

from each State in which acquisition is being considered.

The Commission, through its chairman, is directed to

report by the first Monday in December of each year to

Congress on its activities. The Secretary of the Interior

is authorized to cooperate with local authorities in

wildlife conservation and as to conduct investigations, to

publish documents related to North American birds, and

to maintain and develop refuges. The Act provides for

cooperation with States in enforcement. It established

procedures for acquisition by purchase, rental or gift of

areas approved by the Commission for migratory birds.

Public Law 94-215, approved February 17, 1976, (90

Stat. 190) included in acquisition authority under the Act

the purchase or rental of a partial interest in land or

waters.

Public Law 95-552, approved October 30, 1978, (92 Stat.

2071) required that the Secretary of the Interior consult

with the appropriate units of local government and with

the Governor of the State concerned, or the appropriate

State agency, before recommending an area for purchase

or rental under the provisions of the Act. This provision

was subsequently amended by P.L. 98-200, approved

December 2, 1983 (97 Stat. 1378); P.L. 98-548, approved

October 26, 1984 (98 Stat. 2774); and P.L. 99-645,

approved November 10, 1986 (100 Stat. 3584) to require

that either the Governor or the State agency approve

each proposed acquisition.

Public Law 95-616, approved November 8, 1978, (92

Stat. 3110) authorized acquisition of areas for purposes

other than inviolate sanctuary.”

8. Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934), as amended

(16 U.S.C. 661-666). This Act was “the first major

Federal wildlife statute to employ the strategy of

compelling consideration of wildlife impacts. The act

authorized ‘investigations to determine the effects of

domestic sewage, trade wastes, and other polluting

substances on wildlife, encouraged the development of a

program for the maintenance of an adequate supply of

wildlife on the public domain’ and other Federally owned

lands, and called for state and Federal cooperation in

developing a nationwide program of wildlife

conservation and rehabilitation.”

9. Historic Sites Act of 1935 (16 U.S.C. 461).
E-2 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

10. Convention of Nature Protection and Wildlife

Preservation in the Western Hemisphere 1940 (56 Stat.

1354).

11. Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as amended (16 U.S.C.

742-742).

12. Refuge Recreation Act, as amended (Public Law 87-

714,76 Sta. 653; 16 U.S.C. 460k) September 28, 1962.

This Act authorizes the Secretary of the Interior “to

administer areas of the System ‘for public recreation

when in his judgment public recreation can be an

appropriate incidental or secondary use; provided, that

such public recreation use shall be permitted only to the

extent that it is practicable and not inconsistent with the

primary objectives for which each particular area is

established.’ Recreational uses ‘not directly related to

the primary purposes and functions of the individual

areas’ of the System may also be permitted, but only on

an express determination by the Secretary that they

‘will not interfere with the primary purposes’ of the

refuges and that funds are available for their

development, operation, and maintenance.” This

legislation is the basis for establishment of the refuge

allowable use compatibility process. A compatibility

process not only invokes consistency with refuge

purposes, but also National Wildlife Refuge System

goals in NWRS Improvement Act 1997.

13. Refuge Revenue Sharing Act of 1964 (16 U.S.C. 715s), as

amended (P.L. 95-469, approved 10-17-78). This Act

provides “that the net receipt from the sale or other

disposition of animals, timber, bay, grass, or other

products of the soil, minerals, shells, sand, or gravel,

from other privileges, or from leases for public

accommodations or facilities in connection with the

operation and management’...of areas of the National

Wildlife Refuge System shall be paid into a special fund.

The monies from the fund are then to be used to make

payments for public schools and roads to the counties in

which refuges having such revenue producing activities

are located.”

14. Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as

amended (16 U.S.C. 460L-4 to 460L-11), and as amended

through 1987.

15. National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of

1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd - 668ee). This Act, derived from

sections 4 and 5 of Public Law 89-669, “consolidated

‘game ranges’, ‘wildlife ranges’, ‘wildlife management

areas’, ‘waterfowl production areas’, and ‘wildlife

refuges’, into a single ‘National Wildlife Refuge System.’

It placed restrictions on the transfer, exchange, or other

disposal of lands within the System; clarified the

Secretary’s authority to accept donations of money to be

used for land acquisition; and, most importantly,

authorized the Secretary, under regulations, to ‘permit

the use of any area within the System for any purpose,

including, but not limited to, hunting, fishing, public

recreation and accommodations, and access whenever he

determines that such uses are compatible with the major

purposes for which such areas were established.”

16. National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C.

470).

17. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended

(42 U.S.C. 4321-4347).

18. Environmental Education Act of 1975 (20 U.S.C. 1531-

1536).

19. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-1543 87

Stat. 884) P.L. 93-205). The Endangered Species Act as

amended by Public Law 97-304, The Endangered

Species Act Amendments of 1982, dated February 1983.

The 1973 Act “builds its program of protection on three

fundamental units. These include two classifications of

species--those that are ‘endangered’ and those that are

threatened’—and a third classification of geographic

areas denominated critical habitats.’”

This Act: (1) Authorizes the determination and listing of

species as endangered and threatened, and the ranges in

which such conditions exist; (2) Prohibits unauthorized

taking, possession, sale, and transport of endangered

species; (3) Provides authority to acquire land for the

conservation of listed species, using land and water

conservation funds; (4) Authorizes establishment of

cooperative agreements and grants-in-aid to states that

establish and maintain active and adequate programs for

endangered and threatened wildlife; and, (5) Authorizes

the assessment of civil and criminal penalties for

violating the Act or regulations.

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act requires

Federal agencies to ensure that any action authorized,

funded, or carried out by them does not jeopardize the

continued existence of listed species or modify their

critical habitat.

20. Floodplain Management Executive Order of 1977

(Executive Order 11988, dated May 24, 1977).

21. Wetlands Preservation Executive Order of 1977

(Executive Order 11990, dated May 24, 1977).

22. The Archeological Resource Protection Act of 1979 (P.L.

96-95, 93 Sta. 721, dated October 1979) (16 U.S.C. 470aa -

47011).

23. Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-366,

dated September 29, 1980). (“Nongame Act”) (16 U.S.C.

2901-2911; 94 Stat. 1322).

24. Administrative Procedures Act (5 U.S.C. 551-559, 701-

706, 1305, 3105, 3344, 4301, 5362, 7521; 60 Stat. 237), as

amended (P.L. 79-404, as amended).

25. Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 (16 U.S.C. 668-668d;

54 Stat. as amended).

26. Canadian United States Migratory Bird Treaty

(Convention Between the United States and Great

Britain for Canada for the Protection of Migratory

Birds. (39 Stat. 1702; TS 628), as amended.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 E-3

27. Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 1857-1857f; 69 Stat. 322), as

amended.

28. Cooperative Research and Training Units Act(16U.S.C.

753a-753b, 74 Stat. 733, as amended. P.L. 86-686).

29. Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act (16 U.S.C. 777-

777k, 64 Stat. 430).

30. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (16 U.S.C. 669-

669i; 50 Stat. 917), as amended.

31. Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 (7

U.S.C. 136-136y; 86 Stat. 975), as amended.

32. Federal Land Policy Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C.

1701-1771, 1714-1716 for land acquisitions and other

U.S.C. sections; 90 Stat. 2743). Public Law 94-579,

October 1976.

33. Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 791a 825r; 41 Stat. 1063),

as amended.

34. Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of

1949 (40 U.S.C., 471-535, and other U.S.C. sections; 63

Stat. 378), as amended.

35. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of

1972 (33 U.S.C. 1251-1265, 1281-1292, 1311-1328, 1341-

1345, 1361-1376, and other U.S.C. titles; 86 Stat. 816), as

amended.

36. Federal Water Project Recreation Act (16 U.S.C. 4601-

12-4601-21; 79 Stat. 213), as amended P.L. 89-72,

approved July 1985.

37. Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C.

7421; 92 Stat. 3110) P.L. 95-616, November 1978.

38. Flood Control Act of 1944 (16 U.S.C. 460d, 825s and

various sections of title 33 and 43 U.S.C.; 58 Stat 887), as

amended and supplemented.

39. Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552; 88 Stat. 1561.

40. Refuge Trespass Act (18 U.S.C. 41; Stat 686).

41. Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (33 U.S.C. 401 et seq.; 30

Stat. 1151, as amended and supplemented.

42. Transfer of Certain Real Property for Wildlife

Conservation Purposes Act of May 1948, (16 U.S.C.

667b-667d; 62 Stat. 240), as amended.

43. Water Resources Planning Act (42 U.S.C., 1962-1962a-3;

79 Stat. 244), as amended.

44. Waterfowl Depredations Prevention Act (7 U.S.C. 442-

445; 70 Stat. 492), as amended.

45. Clean Water Act of 1972, Section 404. Under this Act,

permits are required to be obtained for discharges of

dredged and fill materials into all waters, including

wetlands. Implementation of the 404 program involves

three other Federal agencies in addition to limited state

involvement. The Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the

Service review permit applications and provide

comments and recommendations on whether permits

should be issued by the Corps. The EPA has veto

authority over permits involving disposal sites if impacts

are considered unacceptable, and also develops criteria

for discharges and state assumption of the 404 program.

Due to a national lawsuit, Section 404 regulations were

changed in 1984, and now apply to tributaries of

navigable waters, isolated wetlands, and waters where

interstate commerce is involved. With the new

regulations, all washes, drainage, and tributaries of

navigable waters, including ephemeral and perennial

streams, are included under the 404 program in Arizona.

46. The Flood Security Act of 1985 (Farm Bill). Revised.

47. Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act.

(U.S.C. 718d(b)-c).

48. Mining Act of 1872, as amended (30 U.S.C. 21 et. Seq.)

Authorizes and governs prospecting and mining for the

so-called “hardrock” minerals such as gold and silver, on

public lands.

49. Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, as amended (30 U.S.C. 181

et. Seq.)

Authorizes and governs leasing of public lands for

development of deposits of coal, oil, gas and other

hydrocarbons, sulphur, phosphate, potassium, and

sodium, Section 185 of this title contains provisions

relating to granting rights-of-way over Federal lands for

pipelines. (Additional requirements for refuges are

found at 16 U.S.C. 668dd(d)(2).)

50. Federal Coal Leasing Amendment Act of 1976

In section 16, the Act provides that nothing in the

Mining Act, the Mineral Leasing Act, or the Mineral

Leasing Act for Acquired Lands authorizes the mining

of coal on refuges. 

51. Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands as amended

(30 U.S.C. 351 et. seq.) Authorizes and governs mineral

leasing on acquired lands.

52. Wyoming State Statute 23-1-105, Migratory Bird

Refuges Gives consent of state to acquisition of land

(20,000 acres) by United States in the Seedskadee area

for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a

migratory bird refuge. If ceases to be used as a

migratory bird refuge, the land reverts back to the

State. Provides for the owner of any land acquired under

this section to reserve all oil, gas, coal, or other minerals

as well as the right to enter the land for exploration,

development and production of oil, gas, coal, or other

minerals.
E-4 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

53. Volunteer and Partnership Enhancement Act of 1998:

To amend the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 to promote

volunteer programs and community partnerships for the

benefit of national wildlife refuges, and for other

purposes. October 5, 1998

Bureau of Reclamation Mandates.

1. Colorado River Storage Project Act, Section 8 (43 U.S.C.

620-620o, except certain sections classified to the

Colorado River Basin Project Act; 70 Stat. 105), as

amended. This Act authorized the Secretary of the

Interior to construct a variety of dams, power plants,

reservoirs, and related works. This Act also authorized

and directed the Secretary, in connection with the

development of the Colorado River Storage Project and

participating projects, to investigate, plan, construct,

and operate facilities to mitigate losses of, and improve

conditions for, fish and wildlife and public recreational

facilities. This Act provided authority to acquire lands

and to lease or convey lands and facilities to state and

other agencies.

2. Colorado River Basin Project Act, Sept. 30, 1968, Public

Law 90-537, 82 Stat. 885.

3. Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act, June 24,

1974, Public Law 93-320, 88 Stat. 266.

4. Reclamation Act of 1902, 32 Stat. 388, 43 U.S.C. 391.

5. Upper Colorado River Basin Compact, approved by

Congress, December 21, 1928, c 42 § 13, 45 Stat. 1064.

6. Conservation of Wildlife, Fish and Game, March 10,

1934, 48 Stat. 401.

7. Coordination of Recreation Programs, Public Law 88-29,

May 28, 1963, 77 Stat. 49.

8. The Seedskadee Reclamation Act of 1958, August 28,

1958, 72 Stat. 963.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 F-1

Appendix F. Species List of Seedskadee NWR

Birds

Loons

Common Loon Gavia immer

Grebes

Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps

Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus

Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis

Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis

Clark's Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii

Pelicans

American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Cormorants

Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus

Bitterns, Herons, and Egrets

American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus

Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias

Great Egret Ardea alba

Snowy Egret Egretta thula

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis

Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax

Ibises and Spoonbills

White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi

New World Vultures

Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura

Swans, Geese, and Ducks

Snow Goose Chen caerulescens

Ross' Goose Chen rossii

Canada Goose Branta canadensis

Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator

Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus

Wood Duck Aix sponsa

Gadwall Anas strepera

American Wigeon Anas americana

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

Blue-winged Teal Anas discors

Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera

Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata

Northern Pintail Anas acuta

Green-winged Teal Anas crecca

Canvasback Aythya valisineria

Redhead Aythya americana

Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris

Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis

Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis

Bufflehead Bucephala albeola

Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula

Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica

Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus

Common Merganser Mergus merganser

Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator

Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis

Osprey, Kites, Hawks, and Eagles

Osprey Pandion haliaetus

Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus

Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus

Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii

Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis

Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni

Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis

Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis

Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus

Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

Falcons and Caracaras

American Kestrel Falco sparverius

Merlin Falco columbarius

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus

Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus

Gallinaceous Birds

Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus

Rails

Virginia Rail Rallus limicola

Sora Porzana carolina

Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus

American Coot Fulica americana

Cranes

Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis

Whooping Crane Grus americana

Plovers

Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola

Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus

Killdeer Charadrius vociferus

Mountain Plover Charadrius montanus

Stilts and Avocets

Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus

American Avocet Recurvirostra americana

Sandpipers and Phalaropes

Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca

Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes

Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria

Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia

Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda

Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus

Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa

Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla

Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri

Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla

Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii

Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos

Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus

Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus

Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus

Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago

Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor

Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus
F-2 Seedskadee NationalWildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive ConservationPlan - September 2001

Skuas, Jaegers, Gulls, and Terns

Franklin's Gull Larus pipixcan

Bonaparte's Gull Larus philadelphia

Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis

California Gull Larus californicus

Herring Gull Larus argentatus

Caspian Tern Sterna caspia

Common Tern Sterna hirundo

Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri

Black Tern Chlidonias niger

Pigeons and Doves

Rock Dove Columba livia Introduced

Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura

Cuckoos and Anis

Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus

Typical Owls

Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus

Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca

Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia

Long-eared Owl Asio otus

Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus

Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus

Nightjars

Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor

Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii

Swifts

White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis

Hummingbirds

Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri

Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope

Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus

Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus

Kingfishers

Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon

Woodpeckers

Lewis' Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis

Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius

Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis

Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens

Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus

Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus

Tyrant Flycatchers

Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi

Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus

Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii

Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus

Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii

Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii

Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri

Cordilleran Flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis

Say's Phoebe Sayornis saya

Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis

Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus

Shrikes

Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus

Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor

Vireos

Plumbeous Vireo Vireo plumbeus

Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus

Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus

Crows, Jays, and Magpies

Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata

Clark's Nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana

Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia

American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos

Common Raven Corvus corax

Larks

Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris

Swallows

Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor

Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina

Northern Rough-winged Swallow

Stelgidopteryx serripennis

Bank Swallow Riparia riparia

Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica

Titmice and Chickadees

Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapilla

Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli

Nuthatches

Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis

White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis

Creepers

Brown Creeper Certhia americana

Wrens

Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus

Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii

House Wren Troglodytes aedon

Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris

Kinglets

Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula

Old World Warblers

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea

Thrushes

Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides

Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi

Veery Catharus fuscescens

Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus

Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus

American Robin Turdus migratorius

Mimic Thrushes

Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis

Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos

Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus

Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 F-3

Starlings

European Starling Sturnus vulgaris

Wagtails and Pipits

American (Water) Pipit Anthus rubescens

Waxwings

Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus

Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum

Wood Warblers

Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina

Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata

Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla

Virginia's Warbler Vermivora virginiae

Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia

Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica

Magnolia Warbler Dendroica magnolia

Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata

Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus

American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla

Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis

MacGillivray's Warbler Oporornis tolmiei

Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

Wilson's Warbler Wilsonia pusilla

Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens

Tanagers

Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana

Sparrows and Towhees

Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo chlorurus

Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus

American Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea

Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina

Brewer's Sparrow Spizella breweri

Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus

Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus

Sage Sparrow Amphispiza belli

Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys

Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis

Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum

Fox Sparrow Passerelia iliaca

Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia

Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii

Harris' Sparrow Zonotrichia querula

White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys

Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis

McCown's Longspur Calcarius mccownii

Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus

Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus

Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis

Cardinals, Grosbeaks, and Allies

Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus

Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus

Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena

Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea

Dickcissel Spiza americana

Blackbirds and Orioles

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus

Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus

Western Meadowlark Surnella neglecta

Yellow-headed BlackbirdXanthocephalus xanthocephalus

Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus

Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus

Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula

Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater

Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula

Finches

Gray-crowned Rosy Finch Leucosticte tephrocotis

Black Rosy-Finch Leucosticte atrata

Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator

Cassin's Finch Carpodacus cassinii

House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus

Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea

Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus

American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis

Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus
F-4 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - March 2001

Mammals

Cinereus or Masked Shrew Sorex cinereus

Merriam's Shrew Sorex merriami

Dusky or Montane Shrew Sorex monticolus

Common Water Shrew Sorex palustris

Vagrant Shrew Sorex vagrans

Western Small-footed Myotis Myotis ciliolabrum 

Long-eared Myotis Myotis evotis 

Little Brown Myotis Myotis lucifugus 

Long-legged Myotis Myotis volans 

Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus

Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans

Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus

Pallid Bat Antrozous pallidus

Pygmy Rabbit Brachylagus idahoensis

Desert Cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii

White-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus townsendii

Least Chipmunk Tamias minimus

Yellow-bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris

Uinta Ground Squirrel Spermophilus armatus

Wyoming Ground Squirrel Spermophilus elegans

Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel Spermophilus lateralis

Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus 

White-tailed Prairie-dog Cynomys leucurus 

Northern Pocket Gopher Thomomys talpoides 

Olive-backed Pocket Mouse Perognathus fasciatus

Great Basin Pocket Mouse Perognathus parvus 

Ord’s Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ordii 

American Beaver Castor canadensis

Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus

Northern Grasshopper Mouse Onychomys leucogaster 

Bushy-tailed Woodrat Neotoma cinerea

Long-tailed Vole Microtus longicaudus

Montane Vole Microtus montanus

Meadow Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus

Sagebrush Vole Lemmiscus curtatus

Common Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus

Western Jumping Mouse Zapus princeps

Common Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum

Coyote Canis latrans

Red Fox Vulpes vulpes 

Black Bear Ursus americanus

Common Raccoon Procyon lotor

Ermine Mustela erminea

Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata

American Mink Mustela vison

American Badger Taxidea taxus

Northern River Otter Lontra canadensis

Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis

Bobcat Lyns rufus

Wapiti or Elk Cervus elaphus

Mule or Black-tailed Deer Odocoileus hemionus

Moose Alces alces

Pronghorn Antilocapra americana

Reptiles and Amphibians

Reptiles

Many-lined Skink Eumeces multivirgatus

Northern Sagebrush Lizard Sceloporus graciosus

Northern Plateau Lizard Sceloporus undulatus

Eastern Short-Horned Lizard Phrynosoma douglassi

Eastern Yellowbelly Racer Coluber constrictor

Great Basin Gopher Snake Pituophis melanoleucas

Wandering Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans

Western Plains Garter Snake

Thamnophis radix subspeci. haydenies

Amphibians

Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum

Great Basin Spadefoot Scaphiopus intermontanus

Northern Leopard Frog Rana pipiens

Boreal Chorus Frog Pseudacris triseriata

Fish

Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Snake River Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarki

Bonnieville Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarki utah

Kokanee Salmon Oncorhynchus nerki

Brown Trout Salmo trutta

Lake Trout Salvelinus namaychus

Mountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni

Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieui

Mottled Sculpin Cottus bairdi

White Sucker Catostomus commersoni

Mountain Sucker Catostomus platyrhychus

Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis

Bluehead Sucker Catostomus discobolus

Common Carp Cyprinnus carpio

Utah Chub Gila atraria

Roundtail Chub Gila robusta

Bonneville Redside Shiner Richardsonius balteatus

Fathead Minnow Pimphales promelas

Speckled Dace Rhinichthys osculus
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 F-5

Vascular plant species of Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge, Sweetwater County, Wyoming

Last Update – 1/04/2001, Following Dorn 1992.

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY TYPE

TREES

*Populus angustifolia James. Narrowleaf cottonwood SALICACEAE NP

SHRUBS

 *Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed sagebrush ASTERACEAE NP

*Artemisia nova A. Nels. Black sagebrush ASTERACEAE NP

*Artemisia spinescens Eaton Bud sagebrush ASTERACEAE NP

*Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush ASTERACEAE NP

*Atriplex confertifolia (Torrey & Frem.) Wats. Shadscale CHENOPODIACEAE NP

*Atriplex gardneri (Moq.) Dietr. Gardner saltbush (former Nuttall) CHENOPODIACEAE NP

Betula occidentalis Hook. Water birch BETULACEAE NP

Chrysothamnus linifolius Greene Green/Douglas rabbitbrush ASTERACEAE NP

*Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas ex Pursh) Britt. Gray/Rubber rabbitbrush ASTERACEAE NP

*Cornus sericea L. (former = C. stolonifera) Red-osier dogwood CORNACEAE NP

*Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. Ex Rydb. Silverberry/wolf willow ELAEAGNACEAE ?

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive ELAEACEACEAE IP

Eriogonum brevicaule Nutt. Umbrella plant POLYGONACEAE ??

*Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq. Spiny hop-sage CHENOPODIACEAE NP

Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby Snakeweed ASTERACEAE NP

*Leptodactylon pungens (Torrey) Nutt. Granite prickly gilia POLEMONIACEAE NP

Lycium barbarum L. Matrimony vine SOLANACEAE IP

Opuntia Spp? Prickly pear cactus CACTACEAE NP

*Pediocactus simpsonii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Pincushion cactus CACTACEAE NP

*Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush/fragrant sumac ANACARDIACEAE NP

*Ribes aureum Pursh Wax currant, golden currant GROSSULARIACEAE NP

1

*Ribes oxyacanthoides L. var. setosum Lindl. Dorn Missouri/Redshoot gooseberry GROSSULARIACEAE NP

*Rosa woodsii Lindl. Woods’ rose ROSACEAE NP

*Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb willow SALICACEAE NP

*Salix exigua Nutt. Coyote willow SALICACEAE NP

Salix lasiandra Benth. var. caudate (Nutt.) Sudw. Whiplash willow SALICACEAE NP

*Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Black greasewood CHENOPODIACEAE NP

*Sheperdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. Silver buffaloberry ELAEAGNACEAE NP

Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Salt cedar TAMARICACEAE IP

*Tetradymia canescens DC. Gray horsebrush ASTERACEAE NP

*Tetradymia spinosa H.&A. Cottonthorn horsebrush ASTERACEAE NP

FORBS

Abronia fragrans Nutt.ex Hook. Snowball sand verbena NYCTAGINACEAE ?

2

Abronia micrantha Torrey Sandpuffs NYCTAGINACEAE ?A

* Acroptilon repens L. = Centaurea repens (L.) De Candolle Russian knapweed ASTERACEAE IP

Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. Pale agoseris ASTERACEAE ?P

*Allium textile Nels. & Macbr. Wild onion LILIACEAE NP
F-6 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. Littleleaf pussytoes ASTERACEAE ?P

*Arabis holboellii Hornem. Holboell rockcress BRASSICACEAE ?B-P

*Arenaria hookeri Nutt. Hooker sandwort CARYOPHYLLACEAE ?

*Artemisia dracunculus L. Tarragon sagewort ASTERACEAE NP

*Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana wormwood/sagewort ASTERACEAE NP

*Asclepias speciosa Torrey Showy milkweed ASCLEPIADACEAE NP

3

*Aster chilensis Nees refer to A. ascendens Lindl. Pacific aster ASTERACEAE ?

*Astragalus agrestis Dougl.ex G. Don Purple/Field milkvetch FABIACEAE ?P

*Astragalus argophyllus Nutt. Silver-leafed Milkvetch FABIACEAE ?P

*Astragalus canadensis L. Canada/Short-toothed milkvetch FABIACEAE ?P

*Astragalus chamaeleuce Gray Milkvetch FABIACEAE ?P

4

*Astragalus convallarius Greene (diversifolius, Dorn) Lesser Rushy milkvetch/Timber poisonvetch FABIACEAE ?P

*Astragalus geyeri Gray Geyer’s Milkvetch FABIACEAE ?P

*Astragalus pubentissimus T&G. Green River milkvetch FABIACEAE ?P

*Astragalus purshii Dougl. Ex. Hook. Wooly pod milkvetch/Purshes locoweed FABIACEAE ?P

*Astragalus spatulatus Sheld. Draba/Tufted milkvetch FABIACEAE ?P

*Astragalus tenellus Pursh. Loose flower milkvetch FABIACEAE ?P

*Calochortus nuttallii T&G Nuttall’s mariposa lily LILIACEAE NP

Camissonia minor (A. Nels.) Raven Evening primrose family ONAGRACEAE ?

*Camissonia scapoidea (T.&G.) Raven Naked stemmed evening primrose ONAGRACEAE ?

Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Hoary cress BRASSICACEAE IP

*Cardaria pubescens (Meyer) Jarmol. Longstalk whitetop BRASSICACEAE IP

*Carduus nutans L. Musk thistle ASTERACEAE IA-B

*Castilleja augustifolia (Nutt.) G. Don (former chromosa A. Nels.) Desert paintbrush SCROPHULARIACEAE NP

*Centaurea muculosa Lam. Spotted knapweed ASTERACEAE IB-P

*Chenopodium glaucum L. Oakleaf goosefoot CHENOPODIACEAE ?A

Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex Wats. Slimleaf goosefoot CHENOPODIACEAE ?A

*Cicuta maculata (in Dorn) [old? Douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose] Water hemlock APIACEAE NP

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle ASTERACEAE IP

5

*Cirsium foliosum (Hook.) DC. [C. scariosum Nutt.]Elk thistle ASTERACEAE NP

*Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore Bull thistle ASTERACEAE IB

*Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow beeplant CAPPARACEAE NA

Comandra sp. [C. umellata (L.)?? ] Bastard Toadflax SANTALACEAE ??

Convolvulus arvensis L. Field bindweed CONVOLVULACEAE IP

*Cordylanthus ramosus Nutt. Ex Benth. Bushy birdbeak SCROPHULARIACEAE ??

*Crepis runcinata (James) T.&G. Dandelion hawksbeard ASTERACEAE ?P

*Cryptantha flavoculata (A. Nels.) Payson Roughseed cryptantha BORAGINACEAE NB-P

*Cryptantha sericea (Gray) Payson Cryptantha BORAGINACEAE NB-P

*Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Raf. Biscuit root APIACEAE NP

*Cymopterus longipes Wats. Biscuit root APIACEAE NP

*Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt Pinnate tansy-mustard BRASSICACEAE NA

*Descurainia sophia (L.)Webb ex Prantl Flixweed tansy-mustard BRASSICACEAE IA

*Erigeron glabellus Nutt. Smooth fleabane ASTERACEAE ??
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 F-7

*Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Low fleabane ASTERACEAE ??

*Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. Nodding eriogonum POLYGONACEAE ?A-B

*Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. Cushion eriogonum POLYGONACEAE ??

Euphorbia brachycera Engelm. var. robusta (Engelm.) Dorn Rocky Mountain spurge EUPHORBIACEAE ?P

Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Ridgeseed spurge EUPHORBIACEAE ?A

*Gaura coccinea Nutt. ex Pursh Scarlet gaura ONAGRACEAE NP

*Gilia leptomeriaGray Gilia POLEMONIACEAE NA

Glaux maritima L. Sea-milkwort PRIMULACEAE ??

*Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh American licorice FABACEAE NP

*Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal Curlycup gumweed ASTERACEAE NB-P

Gypsophila paniculata L. Babysbreath CARYOPHYLLACEAE IP

*Halimolobos virgata (Nutt.) Schulz Halimolobos BRASSICACEAE ??

*Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) Meyer Common halogeton CHENOPODIACEAE IA

*Haplopappus acaulis (Nutt.) Gray Stemless goldenweed ASTERACEAE ?P

*Haplopappus lanceolatus (Hook.) T.&G. Lanceleaf goldenweed ASTERACEAE ?P

6

*Haplopappus nuttallii T. & G. [Former Machaeranthera grindelioides Nutt. Shinners] Nuttall goldenweed

ASTERACEAE ??

*Helenium autumnale L. Common sneezeweed ASTERACEAE ?P

*Hippuris vulgaris L. Common marestail HIPPURIDACEAE NP

*Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Fineleaf hymenopappus ASTERACEAE ?P

*Hyoscyamus niger L. Black henbane SOLANACEAE IA-B

7

*Ipomopsis congesta (Hook.) Grant [former = Gilia congesta Hook.] Common ball-head gilia POLEMONIACEAE ??

*Iris missouriensis Nutt. Rocky Mountain iris IRIDACEAE NP

*Iva axillaries Pursh Poverty weed ASTERACEAE NP

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Kochia CHENOPODIACEAE IA

Lactuca serriola L. Prickly lettuce ASTERACEAE ?NA-B

Lappula occidentalis (S. Wats.) Greene Western sticktight BORAGINACEAE NA

*Lepidium latifolium L. Tall whitetop, pepperweed BRASSICACEAE IP

Lepidium perfoliatum L. Clasping pepperweed BRASSICACEAE IA

*Lepodactylon pungens (Torr.) Nutt. Lepodactylon POLEMONIACEAE ??

*Lesquerella alpina (Nutt.) Wats. Bladderpod BRASSICACEAE ??

*Lesquerella ludoviciana (Nutt.) Wats. Bladderpod BRASSICACEAE ??

*Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Narrow-leaf gromwell BORAGINACEAE NP

8

*Lupinus argenteus Pursh. [= L. caudatus} Silvery lupine FABIACEAE NP

*Lupinus pusillus Pursh. Rusty lupine FABIACEAE NA

*Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) T.& G. Skeletonweed ASTERACEAE ?P

*Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh) Gray Purple aster ASTERACEAE ?P

9

*Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link Starry solomon plume LILIACEAE N?

*Malcolmia africana (L.) R.Br. Malcolmia BRASSICACEAE ?A

*Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa FABIACEAE IP

*Melilotus albus Medic. White sweet-clover FABACEAE IA-B

*Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas Yellow sweet-clover FABACEAE IA-B

*Mentha arvensis L. Field mint LAMIACEAE NP
F-8 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

*Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl Narrowleaf umbrella wort NYTAGINACEAE ?P

Monolepis nuttalliana (Schultes) Greene Poverty-weed CHENOPODIACEAE NA

*Nama densum Lemmon Leafy/Matted nama HYDROPHYLLACEAE ?A

*Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Tufted evening primrose ONAGRACEAE N?

10*Oenothera hookeri T. & G.?? Hooker evening primrose ONAGRACEAE N?

11*Oenothera pallida Lindl. Hairycalyx evening primrose ONAGRACEAE N?

Oenothera villosa Thunb. Evening-primrose ONAGRACEAE NB

*Orobanche fasciculate Nutt. Tufted broomrape OROBANCHACEAE N?

*Oxytropis deflexa (Pallas) DC. Drop-pod locoweed FABIACEAE NP

*Oxytropis riparia Litv. River oxytrope FABIACEAE NP

*Oxytropis sericea Nutt. ex T. & G. Silky crazyweed FABIACEAE NP

*Penstemon arenicola A. Nels. Sand penstemon; beardtongue SCROPHULARIACEAE NP

Penstemon eriantherus Pursh Crested penstemon SCROPHULARIACEAE NP

*Penstemon fremontii T. & G. ex Gray Fremont penstemon SCROPHULARIACEAE NP

*Phlox hoodii Richardson Hood’s phlox POLEMONIACEAE NP

*Physaria acutifolia Rydb. Twinpod/Bladderpod BRASSICACEAE NP

*Physostegia parviflora Nutt. Ex Gray False dragonhead LAMIACEAE ??

*Plantago eriopoda Torr. Saline/Redwood plaintain PLANTAGINACEAE NP

*Plantago major L. Broadleaf plantain PLANTAGINACEAE IP

*Polygonum aviculare L. Prostrate knotweed POLYGONACEAE IA

*Potentilla anserina L. Common silverweed ROSACEAE NP

*Potentilla hippiana Lehm. Wooly potentilla ROSACEAE NP

12*Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb Lemon scurf pea FABIACEAE ?P

*Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh Marsh/Seaside buttercup RANUNCULACEAE NP

Rorippa curvipes Greene Cress BRASSICACEAE ??

*Rorippa sinuate (Nutt.) A.S. Hitch. Spreading yellow cress BRASSICACEAE ??

*Rumex crispus L. Curly dock POLYGONACEAE NP

*Rumex hymenosepalus Torrey Dock POLYGONACEAE ??

*Rumex maritimus L. [var. fueginus (Phil) Dusen] Dock POLYGONACEAE ??

*Salicornia rubra A. Nels. Rocky Mountain glasswort CHENOPODIACEAE

13Salsola iberica Sennen Russian thistle CHENOPODIACEAE IA

14*Schoenocrambe linifolia (Nutt.) Greene Plains/Basin mustard BRASSICACEAE ?P

*Senecio hydrophilus Nutt. Groundsel ASTERACEAE NP

*Sisyrinchium spp. Blue-eyed grass IRIDACEAE NP

*Solanum rostratum Dun. Buffalobur SOLANACEAE NA

*Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri goldenrod ASTERACEAE NP

*Sonchus arvensis L.ssp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman Marsh sow-thistle ASTERACEAE IP

*Sonchus asper L. Hill Spiny sowthistle ASTERACEAE IA

*Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. Scarlet globemallow MALVACEAE NP

*Sphaeromeria argentea Nutt. False sagebrush ASTERACEAE ?P

*Sphaerophysa salsula (Pall.) DC. Swainsonpea FABIACEAE IP

*Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers Common dandelion ASTERACEAE IP

*Tiquilia nuttallii(Hook.) Richardson Tiquilia BORAGINACEAE ?A
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 F-9

*Townsendia incana Nutt. Hoary townsendia ASTERACEAE ??

*Trifolium andinum Nutt. Nuttal clover FABACEAE ??

Triglochin maritimum L. var. elatum (Nutt) Gray Maritime arrowgrass JUNCAGINACEAE NP

*Typha latifolia L. Common cattail TYPHACEAE NP

Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex T. & G. Edible valeriana VALERIANACEAE ?P

Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Prostrate vervain VERBENACEAE ?A-P

*Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Water Speedwell SCROPHULARIACEAE ??

Vicia americana American vetch FABACEAE ?P

*Xanthium strumarium L. Common cocklebur ASTERACEAE NA

FERN ALLIES

*Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth scouringrush/horsetail EQUISETACEAE NP

GRASSES

*Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Crested wheatgrass POACEAE IP

*Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Sm.= Elymus spicatus (Pursh) Gould Bluebunch wheatgrass POACEAE NP

*Agropyron trachycaulum x Hordeum jubatum hybrid

*Agrostis stolonifera L. Redtop, Bentgrass POACEAE IP

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Shortawn foxtail POACEAE NP

Alopecurus arundinaceus Poiret Creeping foxtail (Garrison is a cultivar) POACEAE IP

*Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow foxtail POACEAE IP

*Beckmannia syzigachne (Steudel) Fern. American sloughgrass POACEAE NA

*Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth brome POACEAE IP

Bromus tectorum L. Cheatgrass brome POACEAE IA

15*Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler Northern reedgrass POACEAE NP

*Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted hairgrass POACEAE NP

*Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene Inland saltgrass POACEAE NP

*Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr. Great Basin wildrye POACEAE NP

* Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis = Agropyron intermedium (Host.)Beauv. Intermediate wheatgrass POACEAE IP

*Elymus repens (L.) Gould =Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quackgrass POACEAE IP

Elymus smithii (Rydb.) Gould= Agropyron smithii Rydb. Western wheatgrass POACEAE NP

16E lymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners var. andinus (Scribn. & Sm.) Dorn = Agropyron subsecundum.

Bearded wheatgrass POACEAE ?P

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners var. trachycaulus = Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte

Slender wheatgrass POACEAE ?P

*Festuca pratensis Huds. = F. elatior L. Meadow fescue POACEAE IP

*Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth Galleta POACEAE ??

*Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail barley POACEAE NP

Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Mey. Ex Trin) Parodi Scratchgrass POACEAE NP

*Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb. Mat Muhly POACEAE NP

*Oryzopsis hymenoides (R. & S.) Riker ex Piper Indian ricegrass POACEAE NP

Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canarygrass POACEAE IP

Phleum pratense L. Timothy POACEAE IP

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steudel Common Reed POACEAE IP

Poa juncifolia Scribn. Alkali bluegrass POACEAE NP
F-10 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Poa nevadensis Vasey ex Scribn. Nevada bluegrass POACEAE NP

Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass POACEAE IP

*Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J.G. Smith Bottlebrush squirreltail POACEAE

*Spartina gracilis Trin. Alkali cordgrass POACEAE

*Sporobolus airoides (Torrey) Torrey Alkali sacaton POACEAE NP

*Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Needle and thread grass POACEAE NP

SEDGES

*Carex douglasii Boott Douglas sedge CYPERACEAE

*Carex lanuginose Michx. Wooly sedge CYPERACEAE

*Carex nebrascensis Dewey Nebraska sedge CYPERACEAE

*Carex praegracilis Boott Silver sedge CYPERACEAE

*Carex rostrata Stokes Beaked sedge CYPERACEAE

*Carex simulata Mack. Short-beaked sedge CYPERACEAE

*Eleocharis palustris (L.) R.&S. Common spikerush CYPERACEAE NP

*Scirpus acutus Muhl. ex Bigelow Tule bulrush CYPERACEAE NP

*Scirpus pungens Vahl. Common threesquare CYPERACEAE NP

RUSHES

Juncus balticus Willd. Wiregrass JUNCACEAE NP

WEED SPECIMENS IN HERBARIUM – NOT FOUND ON REFUGE (YET)

*Euphorbia esula L. Leafy spurge EUPHORBIACEAE IP

*Centaurea solstitialis L. Yellow starthistle ASTERACEAE IP

*Hypericum perforatum L. St. John’s-wort HYPERICACEAE IP

*Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife LYTHRACEAE IP

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

<Plant Type Codes: I = Introduced; N = Native

A = Annual; B = Biennial; P = Perennial

* Denotes plant specimen in herbarium.

NOTES:

1

*Ribes oxyacanthoides L. var. setosum Lindl. Dorn Missouri/Redshoot gooseberry

Ribes setosum specimen in herbarium. Dorn lists Ribes oxyacanthoides L. var. setosum Lindl. Dorn.

2

Abronia micrantha Torrey Sandpuffs

Tripterocalyx micranthus listed in “Plants of Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge”

Dorn 92 – T. Micranthus not listed. A. micrantha is listed.

Uinta Basin Flora listed “T. Micranthus (Torr.) Hook. [T. pedunculatus (Jones) Stand.; Abronia micrantha Torr.]”

3 Aster chilensis –

Specimum in herbarium A. chilensis. Uinta Basin Flora. Lists chilensis but spp. Referable to ascendens (Lindl.)

Cronq.

4 *Astragalus convallarius Greene Lesser Rushy milkvetch/Timber poisonvetch

Uinta Basin Flora. Reports A. diversifolius Gray is misapplied. No spp. for convallarius Greene in Dorn 92, only

diversifolius var. diversifolius listed in the Green River Basin.

5

*Cirsium foliosum (Hook.) DC. Elk thistle

Dorn 92 – C. foliosum recorded in Yellowstone Park, Sheridan. C. scariosum Nutt. Recorded in nw,nwc,nec,cw,c.

Weeds of West – Lists C. foliosum in picture but references C. scariosum in index.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 F-11

6

*Haplopappus nuttallii T. & G. Nuttall goldenweed

Machaeranthera grindelioides Nutt. Shinners specimen in herbarium. Uinta Basin Flora – lists M. grindelioides

(Haplopappus nuttallii T. & G.). In Dorn’s index lists M. grindelioides = H. nuttallii

7

* Ipomopsis congesta (Hook.) Grant Common ball-head gilia

Gilia congesta specimen in herbarium. Uinta Basin Flora lists Gilia congesta Hook. [Ipomopsis congesta (Hook.) V.

Grant]as common widespread desert shrub, sagebrush and pinyon-juniper communities.

8

*Lupinus argenteus Pursh.[= L. caudatus} Silvery lupine

*Lupinus caudatus Kell. Tailcup lupine 9

*Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link Starry solomon plume

Dorn 92 - Smilacina = Maianthemum; Old name: Smilacina stellata

10*Oenothera hookeri T. & G. Hooker evening primrose

Uinta Basin Flora – O. elata H.B.K. [O. hookeri T. & G. var. angustifolia Gates]

Dorn 92 – No index listing for O. elata or hookeri. Is this maybe O. laciniata or villosa?

11*Oenothera pallida Lindl. Hairycalyx evening primrose

Oenothera trichocalyx specimen in herbarium. Dorn lists O. pallida with trichocalyx as a variety. Uinta Basin Flora

lists O. pallida Lindl. Pale e. (O. trichocalyz Nutt. ex T. & G.)

12* Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb Lemon scurf pea

Psoralea lanceolata Pursh in herbarium. Dorn 92 lists Psoralea changed to Pedimelum or Psoralidium. And

lanceolata to lanceolatum. Uinta Basin Flora agrees.

13Salsola iberica Sennen Russian thistle

Name from Weeds of the West, Russian thistle synonyms include S. kali L. and S. pesitfer A. Nels. Dorn 92 lists two

Salisola spp. – S. australis R. Br. and S. collina Palles.

14*Schoenocrambe linifolia (Nutt.) Greene Plains/Basin mustard

Uinta Basin Flora = [Sisymbrium linifolium (Nutt.) Nutt. in T. & G.]

Dorn 92 does not list Sisymbrium linifolium.

15*Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler Northern reedgrass

Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. in herbarium and in Hitchcock 2nd ed.

Dorn 92 – C. neglecta not listed 

Uinta Basin Flora “C. stricta (Timm) Koeler Northern r. [C. inexpansa Gray; C. neglecta (ehrh.) Gaertn.]

16E lymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners var. andinus (Scribn. & Sm.) Dorn Bearded Wheatgrass

Agropyron subsecundum in herbarium as Bearded wheatgrass . Dorn 92 – A. subsecundum is now Elymus

trachycaulus with Slender wheatgrass as var. trachycaulus and Bearded Wheatgrass as var. andinus.
F-12 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Plants removed from list because of possible misidentification or unknown species.

A. Arabis perennans Wats. Rockcress

Dorn 92 – Records only in Albany county. 

B. Salix eriocephala Michauz var. watsonii (Bebb) Dorn Yellow willow SALICACEAE

Dorn 92 – Salix eriocephala Michx. Records for Black Hills; E, nec only. No variety for eriocephala

C. Dracocephalum nuttallii False dragonhead LAMIACEAE

D.nuttallii not listed in Dorn or Uinta Basin Flora

D. Epilobium spp. Willow-herb ONAGRACEAE

Unknown species

E. Erigeron controversus Fleabane; wild daisy ASTERACEAE

E. controversus not listed in Dorn or Uinta Basin Flora

F. Lathyrus sp. Pea-vine FABACEAE

Unknown spp.

G. *Plantago tweedyi Tweedy plaintain PLANTAGINACEAE

Dorn 92 – “moist places in mountains” nw,cw,c,sc

H. *Agropyron caninum POACEAE

Dorn 92 – not listed.

Hitchcock - “This is the species [A. subsecundum] which has generally been called by American botanists A.

caninum (L.)

Beauv.; that is a European species, differing in having 3-nerved glumes.

Uinta Basin Flora – Recognized as a diverse complex in which several species have similarities and intergradation including 

A. caninum by Cronquist and others (1977). Also “A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte Slender w. [A canium L.

ssp. Majis (Vasey) C. L. Hichc.

Literature cited

Dorn R. D. 1992 Vascular plants of Wyoming, 2nd edition. Mountain West Publishing. Cheyenne, Wyoming. 340pp.

Goodrich, S. and E. Neese. 1986. Uinta Basin Flora. USDA Forest Service – Intermountain Region. Ogden, Utah. 320pp.

Hartman, R. L. and C. H. Refsdal. 1995. Status report on the general floristic inventory of southwest Wyoming and adjacent

northeast Utah. Rocky Mountain Herbarium. University of Wyoming , Laramie.

Hitchcock, A. S. 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States, 2nd edition, Volume 1 & 2. Dover publications, Inc. New

York.

USDA, NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov/plants). National Plant data Center, Baton Rouge, LA

70874-4490. USA.

Whitson, T. D., L. C. Burrill, S. A. Dewey, D. W. Cudney, B. E. Nelson, R. D. Lee, and R. Parker. 1996. Weeds of the West, 5th

Edition. Pioneer of Jackson Hole, Jackson, Wyoming. 630pp.

List was complied from 

· Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge herbarium list,

· Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge herbarium,

· “Plants of Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge”, 

· “Survey for (Spiranthes diluvialis) Ute Ladies’-Tresses on the Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge”, P.E. Kung,

· Bitterroot Consultants, 1996, Riparian Revegetation Suitability Study Plant Species List – Appendix A.

· “Field guide to selected grasses and shruhb of Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge”, by Barbara J. Scott 1986
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 G-1

Appendix G. Mailing List

Federal Officials

■ U.S. Congress Woman Representative, Barbara Cubin,

Washington, D.C. and Rock Springs, WY

■ U.S. Senator Craig Thomas, Washington, D.C. and Rock

Springs, WY

■ U.S. Senator Mike Enzi, Washington, D.C. and Jackson,

WY

Federal Agencies

■ Bureau of Land Management

Andy Tenney, Rock Springs, WY

Dave Vesterby, Rock Springs, WY

Renee Dana, Rock Springs, WY

Stan McKee, Rock Springs, WY

Lorraine Keith, Rock Springs, WY

Jeff Rawson, Kemmerer, WY

Priscilla Mecham, Pinedale, WY

■ Bureau of Reclamation

Provo Area Office, Provo, UT

Environmental Resources Group, Salt Lake City, UT

Fontenelle Dam, Gary Butterfield, Fontenelle, WY

■ Fossil Butte National Monument, Dave McGinnis,

Kemmerer, WY

■ National Resource Conservation Service, Farson, WY

■ U.S. Corps of Engineers, Cheyenne, WY

■ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wes Wilson,

Denver, CO

■ U.S. Forest Service

Bernie Weingardt , Salt Lake City, UT

Bert Kaluza, Vernal, UT

Bonnie Jacques, Ogden, UT

Steve Sams, Manila, UT

Kemmerer, WY

Jackson, WY

Green River, WY

■ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Dr. Ruth Shea Pocatello, ID; Lee Carlson, Golden, CO;

Mike Long, Cheyenne, WY; Shannon Heath, Helena,

MT; Salt Lake City, UT; Lander, WY; Pocatello, ID;

Ouray NWR, Vernal, UT; Browns Park NWR, Maybell,

CO; National Elk Refuge, Jackson, WY; Portland, OR;

Sherwood, OR; Sacramento, CA; Albuquerque, NM;

Fort Snelling, MN; Atlanta, GA; Hadley, MA;

Anchorage, AK; Juneau, AK; Arlington, VA;

Shepherdstown, WV; Lakewood, CO; Alamosa/Monte

Vista NWR, CO; Crescent Lake NWR, NE; Lost Trail

NWR, MT; Rainwater Basin WMD, NE; Arapaho NWR,

CO; Arrowwood NWR, ND; Sand Lake NWR, SD;

Waubay NWR, SD; Medicine Lake NWR, MT

■ U.S. Geological Survey

Mike Scott and Greg Auble, Fort Collins, CO

BRD, Rick Schroeder, Ft. Collins, CO

State Officials

■ Governor Jim Geringer

■ State Rep. House Dist. 39, Chris Boswell

■ State Rep. House Dist. 18, John L. Eyre

■ State Rep. House Dist. 16, Larry Levitt

■ State Rep. House Dist. 48, George ‘Bud’ Nelson

■ State Rep. House Dist. 17, Fred Parady

■ State Rep. House Dist. 60, Bill Thompson

State Agencies

■ Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, IL

■ Wyoming Game and Fish Department

Bill Long, Jackson, WY

Ron Lockwood, Kemmerer, WY

Duane Kerr, Green River, WY

Tom Christiansen, Green River, WY

Steve DeCecco, Green River, WY

Neil Hymas, Cokeville, WY

Lucy Diggins, Green River, WY

Susan Patla, Jackson, WY

Robert Keith, Green River, WY

Ron Remmick, Green River, WY

Superior, WY

Casper, WY

Pinedale, WY

■ State Historic Preservation Office, Laramie, WY

■ State Historic Preservation Office, Cheyenne, WY

■ Utah Division of Wildlife, Vernal, UT

City/County/Local Governments

■ City of Green River, City Hall, Green River, WY

■ City of Pinedale, Pinedale, WY

■ City of Kemmerer, Kemmerer, WY

■ City of Rock Springs, Rock Springs, WY

■ County Commission, Lincoln County, Kemmerer, WY

■ Board of County Commissioners, Sweetwater County,

Carl Maldonado, Ted Ware, John Pallesen

■ Dist Mgr, Eden Valley Irrigation Dist, Farson, WY 

■ Green River Chamber of Commerce, Green River, WY

■ Green River Police Dept., Greg Gillen, Green River, WY

■ Lincoln County, Randy Wilson, Kemmerer, WY

■ Rock Springs Chamber of Commerce, Dave Hanks, Rock

Springs, WY

■ Town of Cokeville, Cokeville, WY

■ Town of Labarge, Labarge, WY

■ Sweetwater County Fire Warden, Denny Washam, Rock

Springs WY

■ Uinta County Commissioners, W. Robert Stoddard,

Evanston, WY

Libraries

■ Cokeville Branch Library, Cokeville, WY

■ Lincoln County Library, Kemmerer, WY

■ Rock Springs Library, Rock Springs, WY

■ Sublette County Library, Pinedale, WY

■ Sweetwater County Library, Green River, WY

■ White Mountain Library, Rock Springs, WY

Newspapers/Radio

■ Casper Star Tribune, Dave Boyd, Casper, WY

■ Green River Star, Keith Jantz, Green River, WY

■ Kemmerer Gazette, Don Kiminski, Kemmerer, WY

■ Pinedale Roundup, Janet Montgomery, Pinedale, WY

■ Rocket-Miner, Greg Little, Rock Springs, WY
G-2 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001

Businesses

■ Bear West Consulting, Salt Lake City, UT

■ Creative Fishing Adventures, Jim Willians, Manila, UT

■ Crosson Ranch Inc, John Crosson, Green River, WY

■ Flaming Gorge Lodge, Rock Springs, WY

■ Fontenelle Services, Kemmerer, WY

■ Four Seasons Fly Fishers, Murray, UT

■ Great Outdoor Shop, Rex Poulson, Pinedale, WY

■ Great Divide Flyfishers, Steve Hayes, Rawlins, WY

■ Highland Desert Flies, Bennie Johnson, Green River, WY

■ Landmark Design, Jan Striefel, Salt Lake City, UT

■ OCI Wyoming, IJ Rogers, Green River, WY

■ Park City Fly Shop, Chris Kunkle, Park City, UT

■ Sweet Dreams Inn, George and Tree, Green River, WY

■ Sweetwater County TV, Paula Wannacott, Rock

Springs, WY

■ Sweetwater County Weed and Pest, Farson, WY

■ Solitary Angler, Van Beacham, Kemmerer, WY

■ Wind River Sporting Goods, Bill Birmingham, Green

River, WY

Organizations

■ Animal Protection Inst., Chris Tapouchis, Sacramento, CA

■ Association of Flyfishers, Larry Watson, Bozeman, MT

■ Audubon Council of Wyoming, Cheyenne, WY

■ Audubon Society, Gretchen Muller, Washington, D.C.

■ Big Sandy Group, Rock Springs, WY

■ Central Wyoming Outfitters Assoc, Chris Peterson,

Casper, WY

■ Creative Fishing Adventures, Manila, UT

■ Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, D.C.

■ Friends of WY Deserts, Meridith Taylor, Dubois, WY

■ KRA Corporation, Paul E. Wilson, Bethesda, MD

■ National Trappers Assoc. Inc., New Martinsville, WV

■ National Wildlife Refuge Assoc., Colorado Springs, CO

■ North American Pronghorn Foundation, Lander, WY

■ People For The USA, Randy Shipman, Rock Springs, WY

■ Rock Springs Grazing Assoc, Rock Springs, WY

■ States West Water Resources Corp., Patrick Tyrrell,

Cheyenne, WY

■ Sweetwater County Wildlife Assoc, Dick Randall, Rock

Springs, WY

■ Trout Unlimited, Joe McGurrin, Arlington, VA

■ The Nature Conservancy, David Neary and Ben Pierce,

Lander, WY; Boulder, CO

■ The Wilderness Society, Washington, D.C.

■ The Wildlife Society, CMPS, Len Carpenter, Fort Collins,

CO

■ Water for Wildlife Foundation, Lander, WY

■ Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. and

Pratt, KS

■ Wyoming Ducks Unlimited, Barry Floyd, Sundance, WY

■ Wyoming Native Plant Society, Phillip White, Laramie,

WY

■ Wyoming Trout Unlimited, Donald Lilley, Green River,

WY

■ Wyoming Outdoors Council, Dan Heilig, Lander, WY

■ Wyoming Outfitters Assoc, Jane Chelberg, Cody , WY

■ Wyoming Resource Council, John McGee, Cody, WY

■ Wyoming Sportsmen’s Assoc , John Burd, Casper, WY

■ Wyoming Stock Growers Assoc, Cheyenne, WY

■ Wyoming Wildlife Federation, Kim Floyd, Cheyenne, WY

■ Wyoming Woolgrowers Assoc, Casper, WY

Schools/Universities

■ Northwestern University, Prof. Paul Friesema,

Evanston, IL

■ Western WY Community College, Green River, WY

■ Western WY Community College, Rock Springs, WY

■ Colorado State University, Dept. of Fishery and Wildlife

Biology, Ken Wilson, Ft. Collins, CO

■ Utah State University, Rich Etchberger, Vernal, UT

■ University of Wyoming, Department of Zoology,

Laramie, WY

Individuals

Bob Barwick Les Skinneer

Mary Beery George Slonebraker

Eric Berg Dr. David Sowada

Dale Blakley Dick and Mary Thoman

Ed Boese Brad Thoren

Jim Brady Kathleen Tucker

Tom Brehim Bill Weeks

Tim Buman Carl Williams

Allan Burton H. Ray Williams

Lamont Clark Bruce Woodward

Barry Cook JoAnn Zakatruk

Craig Crompton

Bill Cummings

Terry Dockter

Fred Eales

Mike Ebert

John Faccio

John Freeman

Nick Gillio

Kurt Haeker

Doug Hamel

Chris Harbin

Joseph Harris Sr.

Howard Hart

Jimmy Helmick

John Howard

Carlos Johnsen

Polly Karshner

Dave Kawvlok

John McDonnell

Larry Means

Darrel Melvin

Steve Mines

Robert Moore

Frederick Muller, M.D.

Hal Nash

Patrick Newell

Dan and Kristina Parson

Bruce Peterson

Vance Peterson

Vernon Phinney

Norm Piner

Kevin Quitberg

Ken Reed

Ted Remus

Pat Robbins

David Roose

Maria Ryan

Ed Sabourin

Matt Salitrik

Tara Salitrik

Dan Schmill
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 H-1

Appendix H. Hydrographs of Green River
H-2 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 I-1

Appendix I. List of Preparers

The Planning Team for the Seedskadee National Wildlife

Refuge CCP included the following individuals.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Refuge Staff

■ Seedskadee NWR Manager Carol Damberg and

former Manager Anne Marie LaRosa

Region 6 Regional Office

■ Michael Spratt, Chief, Division of Refuge Planning,

USFWS, R6

■ Ty Berry, former Chief , Technical Services,

Refuges and Wildlife, R6

■ Jaymee Fojtik, GIS Specialist, Division of Refuge

Planning, R6

■ Shannon Heath, Outdoor Recreation Planner, EVS,

USFWS, R6

■ Mary Jennings, Wyoming Field Office, Ecological

Services, USFWS

■ Wayne King, Regional Biologist, Refuges and

Wildlife, R6

■ Barbara Shupe, Editor, Division of Refuge

Planning, R6

■ Carol Taylor, former Chief, Branch of Land

Acquisition and Refuge Planning, Division of Realty

■ Bernardo Garza, Refuge Planner, Division of

Refuge Planning, USFWS, R6

■ Cheryl Williss, Chief, Division of Water Resources,

USFWS, R6

Bear West Consulting Team

■ Dennis Earhart, Bear West Team Manager

■ Emilie Charles, Bear West

■ Jan Striefel, Landmark Design

■ Bob Nagel, AGRC

■ Scott Evans and William Adair, Pioneer

Bureau of Reclamation

■ Darrel Welch, Resource Management and Planning,

Technical Service Center, Denver, CO

■ Fred Liljegren, Resource Management and

Planning, Upper Colorado Regional Office Salt

Lake City, UT

■ Al Simpson, Provo Area Office, UT

Bureau of Land Management

Rock Springs District, WY

■ Renee Dana

Wyoming Game and Fish Department

Green River, WY

■ Mark Fowden

■ Ron Remmick

Written by: Primary authors are Carol Damberg, current

refuge manager, and Anne Marie LaRosa, former refuge

manager of Seedskadee NWR; and Dennis Earhart and

Emilie Charles of Bear West Company.

The Refuge Planners assisting the Refuge staff in

development of this Draft CCP are Bernardo Garza, current

Refuge Planner, and Carol Taylor, former Chief of the

branch of Land Acquisition and Refuge Planning.

In addition to members of the planning team, the following

individuals provided valuable assistance in preparing this

Plan: members of the Refuge staff including Edward

Rodriguez, Doug Damberg, Gene Smith, Suzanne

Beauchaine Halvorson, Lamont Glass, Adam Halvorson,

Lorraine Keith, Tom Koerner, and Karl Stanford; Lou

Ballard and Rhoda Lewis, USFWS Region 6; Greg Auble,

Murray Laubhan and Mike Scott of the Biological Resources

Division of the USGS; Mike Pucherelli, Manager of the

Remote Sensing and Geographic Information for USBR at

the Technical Service Center in Denver, CO; Leigh

Fredrickson of Gaylord Memorial Laboratory; Rob Keith of

the WYG&F; Andy Tienney and Dave Vesterby of the Rock

Springs District (BLM); and Gustav F. Winterfeld, Ph.D.

who provided assistance with the paleontological resource

review.

Maps were prepared by: Jaymee Fojtik, GIS Specialist,

Division of Refuge Planning, USFWS, R6 and Bob Nagel of

Utah Automated Geographic Resource Center.

Draft Document (or portions of the document) were 

reviewed by Refuge staff and Ken McDermond, Patty

Stevens, Michael Spratt, Bridget McCann, Linda Coe, Ty

Berry, Wayne King, Rhoda Lewis, Bernardo Garza, Barbara

Shupe, USFWS; Rick Schroeder, Liz Bellantoni, USGS;

Dale Henry, National Wildlife Refuge Association; BLM,

Rock Springs District; Darrel Welch, USBR, Upper

Colorado Regional Office., Ron Remmick, Robert Keith,

WYGF.
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan - September 2001 J-1

Appendix J. Section 7

Intra-Service Section 7 Consultation has been initiated with the Cheyenne Field Station and will be completed prior to final

approval of the Plan.