J-S12032-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

TONY BRENT SHOWER, JR. 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1248 MDA 2022

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered August 5, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division at No(s): 

CP-67-CR-0007642-2018

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED: JUNE 7, 2023

Appellant, Tony Brent Shower, Jr., appeals from the order denying his 

first petition filed under the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA)1 alleging claims 

of ineffective assistance by the attorneys who represented him at his jury trial 

and on direct appeal. We affirm. 

This Court previously set forth the following summary of the evidence

presented at trial:

On November 22, 2016, a van struck and killed four-year-old D.W. 

in front of her home in Hanover Borough, York County. The van’s 

driver did not stop at the scene of the accident. . . 

At trial, Natalie Meckley (Meckley), D.W.’s older half-sister, 

testified that she drove to York with two of her friends and D.W. 

on the day of the accident. When the group returned just after 

7:00 p.m., Meckley parked across the street from her parents’

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546.
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home. Meckley saw a van “fly past” in the opposite direction as 

she got out of the car, unaware that D.W. was no longer in the 

backseat. Meckley then heard a “loud noise” that she described 

as “an impact sound.” At first, she thought that the van hit a 

“trash can or something.” However, when she saw D.W. laying in 

the roadway, Meckley realized that the van had struck her sister 

and rushed inside her parents’ home to get help.

Matthew Markle (Markle), a neighbor down the street, testified 

that he heard a “loud crunch” and thought it was a garbage can. 

Turning toward the noise, Markle saw a white utility van driving 

toward him and noticed that it had a roof rack with a ladder.

Despite it being dark out, Markle saw that the van’s driver was a 

white male with a dark “scruffy beard or goatee” and had no 

passenger with him.

Sergeant Matthew Waltersdorff was the first to arrive. After an 

ambulance left with D.W., he secured the scene and began 

reconstructing the accident. Based on his review, he made several 

findings. First, there were no skid marks on the road, suggesting 

that the driver did not take any evasive actions or brake before or 

after the accident. Second, there was a trail of blood on the road 

that included several smears typical of a person being dragged by 

a vehicle. By mapping the blood marks, Sergeant Waltersdorff 

determined that the van dragged D.W. over three car lengths from 

the area of impact to the final resting place. Finally, using footage 

from a neighbor’s security camera, Sergeant Waltersdorff 

determined that the van was going 22 miles per hour just before 

the accident.

Within minutes of the accident, the police issued a “be on the 

lookout” (BOLO) for the van. Officer John Carbaugh testified that 

he was on patrol in a neighboring township when he saw a van 

matching the BOLO around 7:30 p.m. After pulling over the van, 

Officer Carbaugh questioned the driver, Stephen Gambal 

(Gambal) and his passenger, Shower. Gambal was evasive at first 

in answering questions. However, when the officer told him the 

reason for the stop, Gambal became more relaxed and denied 

being in an accident. After finding no fresh damage on the van, 

Officer Carbaugh released Gambal and Shower. A few hours later, 

however, the police pulled over Gambal again. Gambal was in the 

van by himself and had crack cocaine and drug paraphernalia. 

After failing field sobriety tests, he was arrested for DUI and drug 

possession. As a result, the police towed his van and inspected it 

again. This time, the police found blond hair in the driver’s side 
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headlight, leading to a search warrant for the van; DNA testing of 

the hair later matched it to D.W., confirming that Gambal’s van 

was involved in the accident.

Lieutenant Scott James, a detective with the District Attorney’s 

office, testified about the damage to the van. First, there was a 

long scratch on the front bumper that, according to him, matched 

the zipper on the jacket D.W. was wearing at the time of the 

accident. He also found several distinct marks on the bumper that 

he believed were “finger marks” and an apparent fabric transfer 

pattern on the van, explaining that such transfers are common 

when a person is struck by a vehicle and their clothing pattern is 

visible on the car. Moving to the front grill, he testified that the 

driver’s side portion was pushed in while the passenger’s side 

stuck out. Additionally, after he removed the grill, he discovered 

that there were several pieces of plastic that had broken off and 

were missing. When he then removed the headlight, he 

discovered the plastic pieces. In his view, the accident caused 

this damage, stating that he would not have expected to find the 

loose pieces if the damage had not been recent.

. . . Gambal [then] recounted what happened the day of the 

accident[, testifying] that he was a contractor and that Shower 

worked for him. On the morning of the accident, he picked up 

Shower in his van and drove to a job site in Hanover. At the site, 

the two smoked crack cocaine together. The two then drove to 

Baltimore to get more crack cocaine. After doing so, the two 

returned to Pennsylvania in the afternoon but soon drove back to 

Baltimore, this time buying crack cocaine and heroin. While there, 

Shower ingested the heroin.

The two left Baltimore around 5 or 5:30 p.m. As they drove home, 

Shower took over driving because he wanted to go to his 

methadone clinic. When he realized the clinic was closed, Shower 

drove back to Hanover and wanted to get more drugs. Because 

he needed to go alone to get the drugs, Shower dropped Gambal 

off at a local bar and drove off in the van.

According to Gambal, Shower came back about 20 minutes later. 

As soon as he returned, Shower told Gambal that he needed to 

drive the van. Gambal assumed Shower had drugs on him and 

took over driving the van. Not long after, however, the police 

pulled the van over. Gambal recalled he was nervous at first but 

was fine after the police told him the reason for the stop. After 

the police released them, Shower wanted to go home. As they 
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drove, the two did not discuss what happened. When they finally 

arrived, Shower got out of the van without waiting for Gambal to 

come to a complete stop. . . Gambal then went back to Baltimore 

to get more crack cocaine before returning to Pennsylvania and 

being arrested.

The Commonwealth’s final witness was the lead investigator, 

Officer Jared Auman. In October 2018, he re-interviewed Mathew 

Markle about seeing the van’s driver after the accident. Officer 

Auman showed Markle two photo arrays—one with Gambal in it, 

the other with Shower in it. Markle made no identification in the 

first array that included Gambal. In the second array, however, 

Markle selected four individuals as possibly being the driver, 

including Shower.

Officer Auman further testified about Shower’s post-accident 

statements. Shower gave his first statement the day after the 

accident. In that statement, he claimed that he was asleep while 

Gambal drove the van and that he never heard anything. Officer 

Auman re-interviewed Shower in May 2017 after obtaining a 

prison phone call in which Gambal told his mother that Shower 

dropped him off to get drugs. Shower again denied that he drove 

the van the night of the accident. In August 2017, however, 

Shower reached out to the police to give a third statement. 

Though he still denied driving the van, Shower now claimed that 

he heard a thud while Gambal was driving. When Shower asked 

what happened, Gambal responded that he hit something. 

Gambal then pulled over farther down the road. According to 

Shower, Gambal was “pale white” and said, “I believe I just hit a 

kid.”

Commonwealth v. Shower, No. 1071 MDA 2020, 2021 WL 2395955, *1-3

(Pa. Super. filed June 9, 2021) (unpublished memorandum).

For the purpose of our present analysis, we additionally highlight the 

evidence at trial specifically touching upon Appellant’s drug use and 

intoxication on the date of the accident. As discussed above, Gambal testified 

that he and Appellant smoked crack cocaine when they first arrived at the 

construction site in the morning, the two then smoked crack cocaine during a
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morning excursion to Baltimore, and they smoked crack cocaine again when 

they visited Baltimore in the afternoon; Appellant also used heroin 

intravenously during the afternoon trip. N.T. Trial at 389-95, 428. According 

to Gambal, after returning to Pennsylvania, Appellant left Gambal at a bar and 

drove in Gambal’s van to buy more drugs in Hanover, returning 20 minutes 

later. Id. at 399-405, 430.

Upon Appellant’s return, Gambal then drove away with Appellant in the 

passenger seat, but they were pulled over just after leaving the bar. Id. at 

406-07, 244-45. Officer Carbaugh initiated the traffic stop at 7:30 p.m., 

approximately 21 minutes after the crash that caused D.W.’s death. Id. at 

242-46. During the traffic stop, Officer Carbaugh concluded that Appellant 

“was extremely intoxicated” after observing Appellant seated in the passenger 

seat and attempting to have a conversation with him. Id. at 248-51. Officer 

Carbaugh related that Appellant was “very difficult to speak with, very difficult 

to get words out of him at the time,” and he kept repeating to the officer 

“aren’t you cold, aren’t you cold.” Id. at 251. Officer Carbaugh stated that 

the only information he obtained from Appellant in response to questions 

about whether he had driven in the vicinity of the scene of the accident was 

Appellant’s statement that he and Gambal had traveled to Maryland to obtain 

methadone. Id. at 251-52, 265. 

Finally, we note that Officer Jared Aumen, the lead investigator who

spoke with Appellant on several occasions during the course of the 

investigation, testified that Appellant stated during a November 15, 2018 
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interview that the reason that his account was shifting during the course of 

the interviews was because he was “high as shit and it was coming back to 

[him] in pieces.” Id. at 501-02. 

Following trial, the jury found Appellant guilty of accidents involving 

death or personal injury and driving under the influence (DUI)—controlled 

substances.

2

 The trial court then sentenced Appellant to serve 5 to 10 years’ 

imprisonment for accidents involving death or personal injury and a 

consecutive 1 to 5 years’ imprisonment for DUI, resulting in a 6-to-15-year 

aggregate sentence. On direct appeal, we first rejected Appellant’s claim that 

there was insufficient evidence to show that he knew or should have known

that he was involved in an accident that resulted in death or personal injury. 

Id. at *3-5. Addressing his second claim that he was not given proper credit 

for 415 days he spent in pre-trial detention, we vacated Appellant’s judgment 

of sentence and remanded to allow the trial court to determine whether this 

time should be allocated to his sentence on the instant charges or towards a 

probation violation on a prior case. Id. at *5-6. 

On September 20, 2021, Appellant filed a pro se PCRA petition. On 

September 21, 2021, the trial court held a hearing and then issued an order 

that same day reimposing the term of imprisonment discussed above and 

crediting the 415 days towards the sentence in the instant case. On October 

25, 2021, the PCRA court appointed counsel to represent Appellant. On July 

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2 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3742(a) and 3802(d)(2), respectively.
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14, 2022, PCRA counsel filed an amended petition, raising the ineffective 

assistance of counsel issue that is the subject of this appeal. A hearing was 

held on August 5, 2022, at which Appellant’s trial counsel, Eric White, Esquire

(trial counsel), and direct appeal counsel, Brian McNeil, Esquire (appellate 

counsel), testified. On the same date as the hearing, the PCRA court entered 

an order denying Appellant relief under the PCRA. Appellant then filed this 

timely appeal.3

Appellant raises the following issue on appeal:

Whether the PCRA court erred in denying postconviction collateral 

relief based on the claim that trial counsel and/or appellate 

counsel was ineffective for failure to challenge the sufficiency of 

the evidence at trial, and to support the guilty verdict, to establish 

that Appellant[] was under the influence of a drug, or combination 

of drugs, to a degree that impaired his ability to safely 

drive/operate the vehicle for the offense of driving under the 

influence of controlled substances 75 Pa.[C.S. §] 3802(d)(2)?

Appellant’s Brief at 4 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

Prior to reaching the merits of this appeal, we must address whether 

the PCRA court had jurisdiction to consider Appellant’s PCRA petition. 

Pursuant to the PCRA, a petition “shall be filed within one year of the date the 

judgment becomes final[.]” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1). “[A] judgment becomes 

final at the conclusion of direct review, including discretionary review in the 

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3

In compliance with the PCRA court’s directive, Appellant filed a concise 

statement of errors complained of on appeal on September 22, 2022. The 

PCRA court filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion on October 31, 2022. 
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Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 

or at the expiration of time for seeking the review.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(3).

Appellant filed his pro se PCRA petition on September 20, 2021, the day 

before the trial court entered its order addressing the proper computation of 

Appellant’s time-credit for pre-trial detention, the issue to be addressed on 

remand from our decision in Appellant’s direct appeal. Therefore, on the date 

Appellant filed his pro se petition there was no judgment of sentence in effect, 

as we had vacated the original judgment of sentence in our decision on direct 

appeal. See Shower, 2021 WL 2395955, *6.

Clearly, Appellant’s September 20, 2021 pro se PCRA petition was 

premature as he did not wait until a new judgment of sentence was imposed, 

let alone until it became final upon the expiration of the time period for seeking 

direct review. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1), (3); Pa.R.A.P. 903(a) (appeal 

from judgment of sentence must be taken within 30 days); Commonwealth 

v. Ballance, 203 A.3d 1027, 1031 (Pa. Super. 2019) (when a timely direct 

appeal is not filed, the one-year period for filing a PCRA petition “commences 

upon the actual expiration of the time period allowed for seeking direct review, 

as specified in the PCRA”) (citation omitted). A premature PCRA petition is a 

legal nullity, over which a court of common pleas lacks authority to consider. 

Commonwealth v. Smith, 244 A.3d 13, 17 (Pa. Super. 2020). As this Court 

has explained, the proper course for a court facing a premature PCRA petition 

is to dismiss the petition without prejudice to allow the petitioner the 
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opportunity to file a petition once the time for direct appeal has expired. Id.

at 16-17; Commonwealth v. Seay, 814 A.2d 1240, 1241 (Pa. Super. 2003). 

In the present case, the PCRA court did not dismiss Appellant’s 

premature petition. Nevertheless, while the pro se petition is a nullity, we 

conclude that, under the unique circumstances of this case, the PCRA court 

properly addressed Appellant’s claims for PCRA relief. On October 25, 2021, 

following Appellant’s premature petition and after Appellant’s 30-day appeal 

period had run, the PCRA court appointed counsel to represent Appellant in 

the PCRA proceeding.4 Appellant’s appointed counsel then filed a petition on 

his behalf on July 14, 2022, which was within one year of the date that his 

September 21, 2021 judgment of sentence became final. 42 Pa.C.S. § 

9545(b)(3). Thus, while improperly titled an amended petition as the original 

petition had no legal effect, the July 14, 2022 petition constituted a timely first 

petition on Appellant’s behalf. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1); see also 

Commonwealth v. Kubis, 808 A.2d 196, 198, 201 & n.4 (Pa. Super. 2002)

(premature petition was not cognizable under PCRA and therefore 

subsequently filed counseled petition constituted first petition). Accordingly, 

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4 The Rules of Criminal Procedure direct that counsel is to be appointed when 

a petitioner files a first PCRA petition. Pa.R.Crim.P. 904(C), Comment. 

Because Appellant’s premature petition was a legal nullity, his right to 

assistance of counsel was thus not yet triggered. See Commonwealth v. 

Robinson, 970 A.2d 455, 458 (Pa. Super. 2009) (en banc) (noting that the 

rule-based right to counsel attaches when the petitioner files a first PCRA 

petition). However, appointment of counsel was not improper as a PCRA court 

has the discretion to appoint counsel to represent a defendant “whenever the 

interests of justice require it.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 904(E), Comment.
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the PCRA court was not without jurisdiction when it ruled on Appellant’s claims

set forth in his counseled, timely PCRA petition. Cf. Smith, 244 A.3d at 15-

17 (quashing appeal from dismissal of PCRA relief where pro se petition was 

filed while direct appeal was pending, appointed counsel filed petition to 

withdraw and no-merit letter after appeal became final, and petition was 

dismissed after Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 notice was provided). We therefore may 

proceed to address the substantive issues raised in this appeal.5

Appellant argues that trial counsel and appellate counsel were 

ineffective for failing to raise a claim of insufficient evidence as to his DUI—

controlled substances conviction because the Commonwealth did not show 

that he was incapable of safe driving at the time of the accident that resulted 

in D.W.’s death. Appellant asserts that there was no testimonial or other 

evidence regarding his unsafe driving or his physical demeanor at the time of 

the accident, no chemical testing after the accident, and no expert evidence 

to establish his impairment. Appellant acknowledges that Gambal’s testimony 

and his own statements established that he had consumed cocaine and heroin 

earlier in the day, but he maintains that this evidence showed that he was no 

longer impaired at the time of the accident as he was on his way to acquire 

more drugs. Further, Appellant contends that Officer Carbaugh’s testimony 

____________________________________________

5 We remind the lower court that, in future cases where it receives a premature 

PCRA petition, it should follow the procedure set forth in Smith and dismiss 

the petition without prejudice and with instructions that a timely petition may 

be filed after the judgment of sentence becomes final. 244 A.3d at 16-17.
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that he appeared highly intoxicated during the traffic stop after the accident 

was devoid of any specific observations as to Appellant’s behavior that led to 

the officer’s conclusion. Appellant avers that trial and appellate counsel lacked 

any reasonable basis for not raising this appellate challenge as it has clear 

arguable merit and that he was prejudiced as this claim could have provided 

him relief on direct appeal through the vacation of his conviction on the DUI—

controlled substances count. 

We review the denial of PCRA relief to decide whether the PCRA court’s 

factual determinations are supported by the record and its legal conclusions 

are free of error. Commonwealth v. Small, 238 A.3d 1267, 1280 (Pa. 

2020). When supported by the record, the PCRA court’s factual findings and 

credibility determinations are binding on this Court, but we review the lower 

court’s legal conclusions under a de novo standard of review. Id. Our scope 

of review is limited to the findings of the PCRA court and the evidence of 

record, which we view in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the 

party who prevailed below. Id.

In assessing a claim of ineffective assistance under the PCRA, we begin

our analysis with the presumption that counsel has rendered effective

assistance. Commonwealth v. Reid, 259 A.3d 395, 405 (Pa. 2021). To 

overcome the presumption, the petitioner must show that:

(1) the underlying substantive claim has arguable merit; (2) 

counsel did not have a reasonable basis for his or her act or 

omission; and (3) the petitioner suffered prejudice as a result of 

counsel’s deficient performance, that is, a reasonable probability 
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that but for counsel’s act or omission, the outcome of the 

proceeding would have been different.

Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). The defendant must satisfy all

three prongs of this test to obtain relief under the PCRA. Id.

In this case, the PCRA court concluded that there was no arguable merit 

to Appellant’s claim of ineffectiveness by trial or appellate counsel in not 

raising a sufficiency challenge to the DUI conviction, noting there was “not 

only sufficient but substantial evidence” demonstrating Appellant’s 

impairment due to the influence of drugs. Order, 8/5/22, at 2-4. 

Furthermore, citing the PCRA hearing testimony of trial and appellate counsel, 

the PCRA court found that both attorneys had a reasonable basis for not taking 

“a kitchen sink approach” and instead “focus[ing] on the issues with the most 

merit with impairment due to drugs at the time of the incident being one on 

which [Appellant] would not prevail.” Id. at 4-5; see also N.T., 8/5/22, at 

8-19, 27-39.

Upon review, we first quickly dispose of Appellant’s claim of trial 

counsel’s ineffectiveness as lacking arguable merit. Appellant does not allege 

any deficiency in trial counsel’s strategy or his performance during trial, but 

instead Appellant solely targets the issue of whether trial counsel should have 

preserved the DUI sufficiency claim as an appellate issue. This claim must fail 

because a defendant is under no obligation to raise a sufficiency claim at trial; 

instead, a sufficiency claim may be argued on appeal even where counsel does 

not raise the issue at trial or file a post-verdict or post-sentence motion. See
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Pa.R.Crim.P. 606(A)(7) (“A defendant may challenge the sufficiency of the 

evidence to sustain a conviction of one or more of the offenses charged 

[through, one of various methods, including] a challenge to the sufficiency of 

the evidence made on appeal.”); accord Commonwealth v. Kennedy, 151 

A.3d 1117, 1121 n.11 (Pa. Super. 2016); Commonwealth v. Gezovich, 7 

A.3d 300, 302 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2010). Furthermore, while a defendant must 

raise a sufficiency claim in his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, identifying the 

specific elements that he wishes to challenge, see, e.g., Commonwealth v.

Ellison, 213 A.3d 312, 320-21 (Pa. Super. 2019), trial counsel handed the 

case off to appellate counsel prior to the filing of the Rule 1925(b) statement. 

N.T., 8/5/22, at 6, 21-22, 25-26. Therefore, trial counsel cannot be ineffective 

for not raising the DUI sufficiency claim.6

Turning to the ineffectiveness claim concerning appellate counsel, we 

conclude that the record supports the PCRA court’s determination that the DUI 

sufficiency claim lacked arguable merit. A challenge to the sufficiency of the 

evidence presents a question of law and is subject to plenary review under a

de novo standard. Commonwealth v. Smith, 234 A.3d 576, 581 (Pa. 2020). 

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine whether 

____________________________________________

6 Although the PCRA court did not base its decision that this claim lacked 

arguable merit on the fact that trial counsel was not required to preserve the 

sufficiency claim for appeal, we may affirm the PCRA court’s decision on any 

basis apparent on the record. Commonwealth v. Elliott, 249 A.3d 1190, 

1193 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2021); Commonwealth v. Pou, 201 A.3d 735, 740 (Pa. 

Super. 2018).
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the evidence admitted at trial and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, 

viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, were sufficient to 

prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. “[T]he 

facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not preclude 

every possibility of innocence.” Commonwealth v. Bowens, 265 A.3d 730, 

740 (Pa. Super. 2021) (en banc) (citation omitted). “The Commonwealth may 

sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable 

doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.” Id. (citation omitted). 

Finally, we note that the trier of fact has the authority to determine the weight 

of the evidence and credibility of the witnesses and is free to believe all, part, 

or none of the evidence. Id. at 741.

Appellant was convicted of DUI under Section 3802(d)(2) of the Vehicle 

Code, which provides as follows:

An individual may not drive, operate or be in actual physical 

control of the movement of a vehicle under any of the following 

circumstances:

* * *

(2) The individual is under the influence of a drug or 

combination of drugs to a degree which impairs the 

individual’s ability to safely drive, operate or be in actual 

physical control of the movement of the vehicle.

75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(2). In order to obtain a conviction under Section 

3802(d)(2), the Commonwealth must show “that [the defendant] was under 

the influence of a drug to a degree that impairs his or her ability to safely 
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drive[] or operate a vehicle.” Commonwealth v. Williamson, 962 A.2d 

1200, 1204 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

Section 3802(d)(2) “by its plain text does not require that a drug be 

measured in the defendant’s blood, nor does it specify any particular manner 

by which the Commonwealth is required to prove that the defendant was 

under the influence of a drug.” Commonwealth v. Griffith, 32 A.3d 1231, 

1239 (Pa. 2011); see also Williamson, 962 A.2d at 1204. This provision 

“requires only proof that the driver was under the influence of a drug or 

combination of drugs to a degree that the ability to drive is impaired.” 

Commonwealth v. Tarrach, 42 A.3d 342, 345 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations 

and quotation marks omitted). 

Furthermore, expert testimony is not required to establish impairment 

under Section 3802(d)(2). Griffith, 32 A.3d at 1238; Commonwealth v. 

Gause, 164 A.3d 532, 538 (Pa. Super. 2017) (en banc). A “lay witness[] may 

testify to someone’s readily observable physical condition or appearance that 

does not require medical training.” Gause, 164 A.3d at 538 (citation 

omitted). Likewise, “[e]vidence of erratic driving is not a necessary precursor 

to a finding” that an individual is incapable of safe driving under the DUI 

statute. Commonwealth v. Mobley, 14 A.3d 887, 890 (Pa. Super. 2011) 

(citation omitted); see also Gause, 164 A.3d at 541.

We discern no legal error in the PCRA court’s conclusion that there was 

no arguable merit to a potential appellate argument that the evidence was 

insufficient to show to show Appellant’s impairment under Section 3802(d)(2). 
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First, we note that there was substantial evidence of Appellant’s drug use 

throughout the day on November 22, 2016. This included Appellant’s use of 

crack cocaine upon arriving at the work site in York County, his subsequent 

use of crack cocaine during two separate trips to Baltimore in the morning and 

afternoon, and his intravenous use of heroin during the second Baltimore visit. 

N.T. Trial at 389-95, 428. Upon their return to Hanover, Appellant then drove 

in Gambal’s van to a local dealer to purchase more drugs. Id. at 399-403. 

Appellant also admitted in later conversations with the police that he was “high 

as shit” around the time of the accident. Id. at 501-02. While Appellant 

argues that the local trip shows that he had sobered up, see Appellant’s Brief 

at 22, 27-28, his argument is belied by his own statement to police. In any 

event, such a reading of the trial record runs counter to our standard of review 

of sufficiency claims requiring that we view the evidence and any reasonable 

inferences therefrom in the light most reasonable to the Commonwealth. 

Smith, 234 A.3d at 581. The jury could reasonably infer based upon 

Appellant’s all-day crack cocaine and heroin binge that he remained “under 

the influence of a drug or combination of drugs,” 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(2), 

when he drove past D.W.’s house. 

The evidence also supported a determination beyond a reasonable doubt 

that Appellant’s drug use “impair[ed his] ability to safely drive, operate or be 

in actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle.” Id. Officer 

Carbaugh personally observed Appellant’s impairment during a traffic stop 

that commenced at 7:30 p.m. on November 22, 2016, only 21 minutes after 
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D.W. was struck by the van, which was established by surveillance video to 

have occurred at 7:09 p.m. Id. at 135, 137-38, 147-48, 242-46. Officer 

Carbaugh determined that Appellant was “extremely intoxicated,” noting that 

Appellant could not answer basic questions regarding where he had been that 

evening, while repeating the phrase “aren’t you cold.” Id. at 248-52, 265. 

The officer’s lay opinion of Appellant’s condition during the traffic stop was 

properly allowed as evidence to demonstrate Appellant’s impairment just 

minutes after he had been driving. See Gause, 164 A.3d at 538-39 (noting 

that “lay witnesses may testify to someone’s readily observable physical 

condition or appearance that does not require medical training” and that 

“staggering, stumbling, glassy or bloodshot eyes, and slurred speech” were 

the type of “ordinary signs of intoxication discernable by a layperson”)

(citation omitted); see also Griffith, 32 A.3d at 1238 (expert witness is not 

required to establish impairment in a prosecution under Section 3802(d)(2)). 

As further evidence of Appellant’s compromised state, the jury was also 

free to consider the fact that Appellant made no effort to stop or return to the 

scene of an accident in which he knew or should have known that he struck 

and, at a minimum, injured a child. N.T. Trial at 161-63 (witness observed 

van continue to drive for at least 8 seconds after accident, with no effort to 

stop or turn around); id. at 211-12 (collision reconstructionist expert testified 

that absence of tire marks showed no attempt to brake or take evasive action 

before or after van struck D.W.). In addition, as noted above, Appellant 

admitted that he was “high as shit” at the time of the accident resulting in 
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memory lapses concerning the events of the evening of the date in question. 

Id. at 501-02. 

Accordingly, we agree with the PCRA court that Appellant could not have 

prevailed on a direct appeal claim of insufficiency of the evidence as to his 

DUI—controlled substances conviction and therefore appellate counsel was 

not ineffective for raising that claim. We therefore affirm the order denying 

Appellant relief under the PCRA.

Order affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 6/7/2023