CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS

Consumer Income

P60-200

Money

Income

in the

United

States:

1997

(With Separate Data on Valuation

of Noncash Benefits)

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
HIGHLIGHTS

Official Money Income Estimates

• After 8 years, the median income of households has recovered to its 1989 prerecessionary peak.

The median household income in 1997 was $37,005 (± 281), not statistically different from the

1989 income of $37,303 (± 339) (in 1997 dollars). (See Tables A and B-2.)

• Between 1996 and 1997, real median household income increased by 1.9 (±0.9) percent, from

$36,306 (±301) to $37,005 (±281). This is the third consecutive year households in the United

States experienced an increase in real annual median income. (See Tables A and B-2.)

• The real median earnings of both men and women working full time, year round increased

between 1996 and 1997. The median earnings of men increased by 2.4 (±1.5) percent to $33,674

(±526); the median earnings of women increased by 3.0 (±1.3) percent to $24,973 (±255). The

female-to-male earnings ratio remained at 0.74 (±.01). (See Tables A and 7.)

Valuation of Noncash Benefits

• The use of a fully adjusted income definition (one that includes the effects of taxes and noncash

benefits) lowered income inequality by 10.0 (± 1.1) percent when compared with pre-tax (official)

money income. Government transfers have a much more significant effect than taxes on

redistributing income. (See Table 12.)

• The change in household median income between 1996 and 1997 using the fully adjusted

income definition was 1.6 (± 0.8) percent compared with 1.9 (±0.9) for pre-tax (official) money

income.

Acknowledgments

Carmen DeNavas, Robert W. Cleveland, and Arthur F. Jones Jr., prepared this report under

the direction of Edward J. Welniak Jr., Chief of the Income Statistics Branch. Diana Marz and

Shirley L. Smith provided statistical assistance. Doris Sansbury provided clerical assistance.

Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division Chief for Income and Poverty, Housing and Household

Economic Statistics Division, provided overall direction.

David Nguyen and Anh Ly Teitler, Demographic Surveys Division, programmed the detailed

tables. Richard A. Denby, Chief of the Computer Programming and Applications Staff, Caroline

Carbaugh, Stacy Masano, and Chandararith R. Phe produced the tabulation and publication

tables.

Genny Burns and Fred Meier of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division conducted

sampling review.

Bonnie S. Tarsia, Demographic Surveys Division, and Frances Simmons, Technologies

Management Office, prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument

used to conduct the March income supplement.

U.S. Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected the data. Without

their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current Population Survey

would be impossible.

The staff of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief,

performed publication planning, design, composition, editorial review, and printing planning and

procurement. Cynthia G. Brooks provided publication coordination and editing.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 28, 1998
CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS

Consumer Income

P60-200

Issued September 1998

Money

Income

in the

United

States:

1997

(With Separate Data on Valuation

of Noncash Benefits)

U.S. Department of Commerce

William M. Daley, Secretary

Economics and Statistics

 Administration

Robert J. Shapiro,

 Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

James F. Holmes, Acting Director
HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD

ECONOMIC STATISTICS DIVISION

Daniel H. Weinberg, Chief

SUGGESTED CITATION

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, P60-200, Money Income in the United

States: 1997 (With Separate Data on Valuation of Noncash Benefits), U.S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, DC, 1998.

For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

James F. Holmes, Acting Director

Bradford R. Huther, Deputy Director

Paula J. Schneider, Principal Associate

Director for Programs

Nancy M. Gordon, Associate Director

for Demographic Programs

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economics and Statistics

Administration

Robert J. Shapiro, Under Secretary

for Economic Affairs
TEXT

Highlights ........................................................................................... v

Introduction......................................................................................... vi

Official Estimates of Money Income .............................................................. vi

Household Income .............................................................................. viii

Type of Household .............................................................................. viii

Race and Hispanic Origin....................................................................... ix

Nativity of the Householder..................................................................... x

Region ........................................................................................... x

Residence........................................................................................ x

Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers................................................... x

Per Capita Income .............................................................................. x

Income Inequality................................................................................ xi

State Income Data .............................................................................. xiii

Valuation of Noncash Benefits .................................................................... xv

Distributional Effects ............................................................................ xvii

Effects on Selected Population Groups ........................................................ xviii

Rounding ........................................................................................... xviii

Symbols Used in Tables........................................................................... xviii

TEXT TABLES

A. Comparison of Summary Measures of Income by Selected Characteristics: 1989,

1996, and 1997 ........................................................................... vii

B. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 1997 .................. xi

C. Median Income of Households by State .................................................. xiv

D. Median Household Income by Definition: 1996 and 1997............................... xvi

E. Percentage of Aggregate Income Received by Income Quintiles and Gini Coefficient

by Definition of Income: 1997 ........................................................... xvi

F. Median Income Using Different Definitions for Households With Selected

Characteristics: 1997..................................................................... xvii

FIGURES

1. Median Household Income: 1967 to 1997 ................................................ vi

2. Median Household Income by Type of Household: 1989 and 1997 .................... viii

3. Share of Aggregate Household Income by Quintile: 1967, 1977, 1987, and 1997 .... xii

4. Percent Change in Household Gini Coefficients: 1967 to 1997......................... xiii

5. Median Household Income by State ...................................................... xv

DETAILED TABLES

Income

1. Median Income of Households by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic

Origin of Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995 ......................................... 1

iii

Contents

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 9, 1998
2. Selected Characteristics—Households by Total Money Income in 1997 ............... 5

3. People in Households, by Total Household Income in 1997, Relationship to

Householder, Age, Gender, Race, and Hispanic Origin ................................ 7

4. Median Income of Families by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin

of Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995 ................................................. 13

5. Selected Characteristics of Families—Total Money Income of Families in 1997....... 17

6. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years Old—Total Money Income in 1997 of

Married-Couple Families, by Work Experience in 1997 of Husband and Wife........ 19

7. Median Income of People by Selected Characteristics: 1997, 1996, and 1995 ....... 26

8. Selected Characteristics of People—Total Money Income in 1997 of People 15

Years Old and Over by Work Experience in 1997 and Gender........................ 30

9. Educational Attainment—Total Money Earnings in 1997 of People 18 Years Old and

Over by Age, Work Experience in 1997, and Gender .................................. 34

10. Work Experience in 1997 —Total Money Earnings in 1997 of People 15 Years Old

and Over, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender ...................................... 38

11. Source of Income in 1997—Number With Income and Mean Income of Specified

Type in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and Over, by Age ............................... 42

Valuation of Noncash Benefits

12. Income Distribution Measures by Definition of Income: 1997........................... 48

APPENDIXES

A. Definitions and Explanations............................................................... A–1

B. Time Series Estimates of Income ......................................................... B–1

C. Source and Accuracy of Estimates........................................................ C–1

APPENDIX TABLES

B–1. Annual Average Consumer Price Index (CPI-U): 1947 to 1997 ........................ B–2

B–2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 1997 ..................................................................... B–3

B–3. Share of Aggregate Income Received by Each Fifth and Top 5 Percent of

Households by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 1997............ B–6

B–4. Families by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967

to 1997 .................................................................................... B–8

B–5. Total Money Income of People by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender: 1967 to

1997 .......................................................................................B–11

C–1. Description of the March Current Population Survey .................................... C–2

C–2. March CPS Coverage Ratios.............................................................. C–3

C–3. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Income and Nonincome Characteristics: 1997.. C–4

C–4. CPS Factors to Apply to a and b Parameters for Estimates Prior to 1997 ............. C–5

C–5. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Income and Nonincome Characteristics of

Hispanics: 1972 to 1983 ................................................................. C–6

C–6. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Income and Nonincome Characteristics of

Asians and Pacific Islanders: 1997...................................................... C–7

C–7. CPS Year-to-Year Correlation Coefficients for Income Estimates: 1960 to 1997 ...... C–7

iv

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 9, 1998
Money Income in the United States: 1997

(With Separate Data on Valuation of Noncash Benefits)

In 1997, real1 median income of U.S. households returned

to the peak reached in 1989, the year before the most

recent recessionary period (lasting from July 1990 to

March 1991). U.S. households began their recovery in

median household income in 1995 and since then have

experienced significant annual increases in their income.

Subgroups that achieved2 or surpassed their 1989 income

levels in 1997 included White households, households

maintained by a person 25 to 34 years old, households

maintained by a person 65 years old and over, households

outside of metropolitan areas, households in the West,

family households, and nonfamily households maintained

by a woman. Subgroups that had already achieved their

1989 income level within the past 2 years and continue to

sustain or exceed that level include Black households,

households in the Midwest and South, households maintained by a person 55 to 64 years old, married-couple

households, and family households maintained by women

with no husband present. These data are from the March

supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS).

The CPS supplement conducted in March of each year

is one of the best known and most widely used of all

continuing federal household surveys. For 50 years, analysts, researchers, and policymakers have used the CPS to

examine annual changes in income and earnings and to

compare those changes with historical trends. Daily news

(whether television, radio, or newspaper) frequently details

statistics on Americans’ jobs, income, poverty status, health

insurance coverage, marital status, migration, and so forth

based on these data.

HIGHLIGHTS

(The figures in parentheses denote 90-percent confidence intervals.)

• After 8 years, the median income of households has

recovered to its 1989 peak. The median household

income in 1997 was $37,005 (± 281), not statistically

different from the 1989 income of $37,303 (± 339) (in

1997 dollars). (See Tables A and B-2 and Figure 1.)

• Between 1996 and 1997, real median household income

increased by 1.9 (± 0.9) percent, from $36,306 (± 301) to

$37,005 (± 281). This is the third consecutive year

households in the United States experienced an increase

in real annual median income. (See Tables A and B-2.)

• For the fourth consecutive year, family households experienced an increase in real median income. Between

1996 and 1997, the median income of family households

increased by 2.9 (± 1.1) percent to $45,347 (± 388); the

change in the income for nonfamily households was not

statistically significant. (See Tables A and 1.)

• Most race/Hispanic-origin3 groups experienced increases

in their real median household income between 1996

and 1997. White households experienced an increase of

2.5 (± 1.1) percent and Black households an increase of

4.3 (± 3.6) percent. The change in the median income of

Asian and Pacific Islander households was not statistically significant. Households maintained by a person of

Hispanic origin experienced a 4.5 (± 3.0) percent increase

in their median household income between 1996 and

1997; households maintained by a White, not Hispanic

person experienced a 2.3 (± 1.2) percent increase.4 (See

Table A.)

• Three of the four regions experienced a significant

increase in real median household income between 1996

and 1997. The median household income of the Midwest

increased by 2.4 (± 2.1) percent; for the South, it

increased by 3.6 (± 1.9) percent; and for the West, it

increased by 3.1 (± 2.4) percent.5 The real median

income for households in the Northeast was statistically

unchanged. (See Table A.)

• The real median earnings of both men and women

working full time, year round increased between 1996

and 1997. The median earnings of men increased by 2.4

(± 1.5) percent to $33,674 (± 526); the median earnings

1

Changes in real income refer to comparisons after adjusting for

inflation. The percentage changes in prices between earlier years and

1997 were computed by dividing the annual average Consumer Price

Index (CPI-U) for 1997 by the annual average for earlier years. See Table

B-1 in Appendix B for values of the CPI-U from 1947 to 1997. 2

For the purpose of this report, we say that a particular subgroup

‘‘achieved’’ the 1989 prerecessionary income level (in 1997 dollars) if the

difference between the income level for the reference year and that for

1989 is not statistically significant at the 90-percent level of confidence.

The difference, or percent change, may be positive or negative.

3

People of Hispanic origin may be of any race, therefore data users

should use caution in comparing data for Hispanics to data for race groups

(such as White, Black and Asian and Pacific Islander). 4

The differences were not statistically significant between the 1996-

1997 percent increases in median income among White, Black, Hispanicorigin, and White, not Hispanic households. 5

The differences were not statistically significant among the 1996-

1997 percent increases in median household income for the Midwest,

South, and West.

v

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998
of women increased by 3.0 (± 1.3) percent to $24,973

(± 255).6 The female-to-male earnings ratio remained at

0.74 (± .01) (See Table A and 7.)

• The overall per capita income increased significantly

between 1996 and 1997, in real terms, by 3.7 (± 1.3)

percent to $19,241 (± 196). (See Table A.)

• Based on comparisons of 2-year moving averages (1995-

1996 and 1996-1997), real median household income

increased significantly for 12 states. Seven of these

states ( Alabama, Delaware, Louisiana, North Carolina,

Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Virginia) were in the

South, two (Indiana and Kansas) were in the Midwest,

and three (New Mexico, Utah, and Washington) were in

the West. Median household income declined for four

states—Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, and Wisconsin. Median

household income did not change significantly for any of

the remaining states or the District of Columbia. (See

Table C.)

• The use of a fully adjusted income definition (one that

includes the effects of taxes and noncash benefits)

lowered income inequality by 10.0 (± 1.1) percent when

compared with pre-tax (official) money income. Government transfers have a much more significant effect than

taxes on redistributing income. (See Table 12.)

• The change in household median income between 1996

and 1997 using the fully adjusted income definition was

1.6 (± 0.8) percent compared with 1.9 (± 0.9) for pre-tax

(official) money income.

INTRODUCTION

This report presents data on the income of households,

families, and people in the United States for calendar year

1997 and compares them with those for 1996 and, in some

cases, with those for 1989 (the peak year before the most

recent recessionary period that lasted from July 1990 to

March 1991). The Census Bureau compiled these data

from information collected in the March Supplement to the

Current Population Survey (CPS). The March 1998 CPS

consisted of approximately 50,000 randomly sampled households nationwide.

OFFICIAL ESTIMATES OF MONEY INCOME

The official income estimates in this report are based

solely on money income before taxes and do not include

the value of noncash benefits such as food stamps,

6

The difference was not statistically significant between the percent

increases in the earnings of men and women.

 

 	
 
   













	
 
    
     
  
   
 
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U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

vi
Table A. Comparison of Summary Measures of Income by Selected Characteristics: 1989, 1996, and 1997

[Households and people as of March of the following year]

Characteristics

1997

Median income

(in 1997 dollars)

Percent

change in real

income 1996

to 1997

Percent change

in real income

1989 to 1997

Number

(1,000)

Median

income

(dollars) 1996 r

1989

HOUSEHOLDS

All households........................ 102,528 37,005 36,306 37,303 * 1.9 –0.8

Type of Household

Family households ........................... 70,880 45,347 44,071 44,647 *2.9 *1.6

Married-couple families ..................... 54,317 51,681 51,002 49,925 *1.3 *3.5

Female householder, no husband present ..... 12,652 23,040 22,059 22,315 *4.4 3.3

Male householder, no wife present ........... 3,911 36,634 36,476 39,108 0.4 * –6.3

Nonfamily households ........................ 31,648 21,705 21,454 22,221 1.2 * –2.3

Female householder ........................ 17,516 17,613 16,774 17,865 *5.0 –1.4

Male householder .......................... 14,133 27,592 27,892 29,036 –1.1 * –5.0

Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder

White ....................................... 86,106 38,972 38,014 39,241 *2.5 –0.7

White, not Hispanic......................... 77,936 40,577 39,677 40,166 *2.3 1.0

Black ....................................... 12,474 25,050 24,021 23,583 *4.3 *6.2

Asian and Pacific Islander ..................... 3,125 45,249 44,269 46,611 2.2 –2.9

Hispanic origin1 .............................. 8,590 26,628 25,477 28,192 *4.5 * –5.5

Age of Householder

15 to 24 years ............................... 5,435 22,583 21,930 24,027 3.0 * –6.0

25 to 34 years ............................... 19,033 38,174 36,711 38,442 * 4.0 –0.7

35 to 44 years ............................... 23,943 46,359 45,439 48,554 *2.0 * –4.5

45 to 54 years ............................... 19,547 51,875 51,630 53,738 0.5 * –3.5

55 to 64 years ............................... 13,072 41,356 40,729 39,946 1.5 *3.5

65 years and over ............................ 21,497 20,761 19,894 20,402 *4.4 1.8

Nativity of the householder

Native born .................................. 91,713 37,643 36,920 (NA) *2.0 (X)

Foreign born................................. 10,818 31,318 30,697 (NA) 2.0 (X)

Not a citizen ............................... 5,946 26,959 26,239 (NA) 2.7 (X)

Region

Northeast.................................... 19,810 38,929 38,264 42,123 1.7 * –7.6

Midwest ..................................... 24,236 38,316 37,418 37,107 *2.4 *3.3

South ....................................... 36,578 34,345 33,166 33,412 *3.6 *2.8

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,905 39,162 37,977 40,081 *3.1 –2.3

Residence

Inside metropolitan areas...................... 82,122 39,381 38,504 40,151 *2.3 * –1.9

Inside central cities ......................... 31,907 31,548 31,058 (NA) 1.6 (X)

Outside central cities ....................... 50,215 44,668 43,429 (NA) *2.9 (X)

Outside metropolitan areas .................... 20,406 30,057 28,734 28,942 *4.6 *3.9

EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND

WORKERS

Male ........................................ 54,909 33,674 32,882 35,179 *2.4 * –4.3

Female...................................... 37,683 24,973 24,254 24,237 *3.0 *3.0

PER CAPITA INCOME

All races2 ............................. 269,094 19,241 18,552 17,999 *3.7 *6.9

White ....................................... 221,650 20,425 19,621 19,088 *4.1 *7.0

White, not Hispanic ......................... 192,178 21,905 20,991 (NA) *4.4 (X)

Black ....................................... 34,598 12,351 12,172 11,231 1.5 *10.0

Asian and Pacific Islander ..................... 10,492 18,226 18,332 (NA) –0.6 (X)

Hispanic origin1 .............................. 30,773 10,773 10,279 10,605 *4.8 1.6

*Statistically significant change at the 90-percent confidence level. r Revised to reflect implementation of 1990 census adjusted population controls.

1

People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2

Data for American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts are not shown separately. Data for this population group are not tabulated from the CPS because of

its small size.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March Current Population Survey.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

vii
medicare, medicaid, public or subsidized housing, and

employer-provided fringe benefits. A separate section of

this report entitled ‘‘Valuation of Noncash Benefits’’ discusses the effect of taxes and selected noncash benefits

on household income using model-based approaches to

estimating taxes and valuing benefits. The Census Bureau

derived these modeled data from information collected in

the March 1998 CPS along with data from other sources

including the Internal Revenue Service, the Food and

Nutrition Service, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the

Health Care Financing Administration.7

Household Income

For the third consecutive year, households in the United

States experienced an increase in real annual median

income. Between 1996 and 1997, median household income

rose 1.9 percent, going from $36,306 to $37,005. (See

Tables A and 1.) These 3 years of positive growth have

brought the income level of households to a level comparable to their 1989 level. (See Figure 1.) The median

household income in 1997 was $37,005, not statistically

different from the 1989 income of $37,303 (in 1997 dollars).

In 1997, family households and households outside

metropolitan areas not only reached but surpassed their

1989 income levels by 1.6 percent and 3.9 percent, respectively.8 Household subgroups achieving, but not surpassing, their 1989 median income levels included White households, households maintained by a person 25 to 34 years

old, households maintained by a person 65 years old or

older, households in the West region, and nonfamily households maintained by a woman. (See Table A and Figure 2.)

In the 2 years before 1997, certain other subgroups had

already achieved or surpassed their 1989 median income

levels. These included family households maintained by a

married couple or a woman with no husband present,

households maintained by a Black person, households

maintained by a person 55 to 64 years old, and households

in the Midwest and South.

Type of Household

Family households experienced a 2.9 percent increase

in real median income between 1996 and 1997 going from

$44,071 to $45,347 (see Tables A and 1); the change in the

income of nonfamily households was not statistically significant. This is the fourth consecutive year that family

households experienced an increase in real median income.

Prior to 1997, nonfamily households had experienced 2

years of annual increases in median income.

7

See Current Population Reports, Series P60-186RD, ‘‘Measuring the

Effect of Benefits and Taxes on Income and Poverty: 1992,’’ and publications on the appropriate surveys for more details.

8

The difference was not statistically significant between the 1989-1997

percent increases in median incomes of family households and households outside metropolitan areas.

 

 	
 
  	
   

 	

   



  

  	 
 	 
 



 	







	
	

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U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

viii
Among family households, those maintained by a man

with no wife present were the only households that did not

experience an increase in real income between 1996 and

1997. The real median income of married-couple family

households increased by 1.3 percent to $51,681; households maintained by a woman with no husband present

experienced a 4.4 percent increase to $23,040.9 This is the

fourth consecutive year that married-couple family households have experienced increases in real median household income. Although households maintained by a woman

with no husband present did not experience an increase in

median income between 1995 and 1996, they had experienced increases in median household income for the 2

prior consecutive years (1993-1994 and 1994-1995). Family households maintained by a man with no wife present

have not experienced an annual increase in median income

in real terms since 1995.

Although households maintained by a woman with no

husband present experienced a significant increase in real

median income between 1996 and 1997, their incomes

remained significantly lower than those of married-couple

households and households maintained by a man with no

wife present. In 1997, the median income of family households maintained by a woman with no husband present

was 45 percent of the income of married-couple households and 63 percent of the income of family households

maintained by a man with no wife present. Ten years ago

the comparable ratios were 44 percent and 58 percent,

respectively.10 The relative gain of households maintained

by a woman with no husband present compared to households maintained by a man with no wife present results

from an increase in the median income of households

maintained by a woman over the 10-year period and to a

stagnant median income for households maintained by a

man. Between 1987 and 1997, the real median income of

households maintained by a woman with no husband

present increased 5.3 percent; for households maintained

by a man with no wife present, there was no statistically

significant change. The increase in the real median income

of married-couple family households between 1987 and

1997 was similar to the increase experienced by the family

households maintained by a woman (5.0 percent).

Race and Hispanic Origin

Asians and Pacific Islanders11 continued to have the

highest median household income ($45,249) among the

race groups in 1997. White households had the second

highest ($38,972) followed by Black households ($25,050).

(See Table A.) White, not Hispanic households had a

median income of $40,577 in 1997, and Hispanic-origin12

households had a median income of $26,628.

Although Asians and Pacific Islanders as a group had

the highest median household income in 1997, their incomeper-household-member estimate was lower than the incomeper-household-member estimate of White households. (The

income-per-household-member measure represents the

average amount of income available to each household

member.) The larger average size of Asian and Pacific

Islander households—3.17 people compared to 2.58 for

White households—produces an income-per-householdmember estimate of $18,569 in 1997, lower than the

$20,093 estimate for White households. This is the first

time in 6 years that the income-per-household-member

estimate of White households was higher than that for

Asian and Pacific Islander households. The income-perhousehold-member estimate for Black households in 1997

was $11,998 based on an average household size of 2.75.

Most race/Hispanic origin groups fared well between

1996 and 1997. Specifically, White households experienced an increase in real median income of 2.5 percent,

and Black households experienced a 4.3 percent increase.

Households maintained by a person of Hispanic origin

experienced a 4.5 percent increase in median income

between 1996 and 1997; households maintained by a

White, not Hispanic person experienced a 2.3 percent

increase.13

Although the apparent 2.2 percent increase in the

median household income of Asian and Pacific Islander

households between 1996 and 1997 was not statistically

significant, it also was not statistically different from the 2.5

percent change experienced by White households. This

apparent contradiction results from the relatively small

number of Asians and Pacific Islanders and consequent

large sampling variability associated with the income estimates of this population group. Therefore, we are not able

to make definitive statements about small to moderate

changes in their income.

9

The difference was not statistically significant between the 1996-1997

percent increases in median incomes of family households maintained by

married couples and those maintained by a woman with no husband

present. 10The difference was not statistically significant between the 1987 and

1997 ratios of median household income of family households maintained

by a woman with no husband present to households maintained by

married couples.

11The Asian and Pacific Islander population, like the Hispanic-origin

population, consists of many distinct groups which differ in socio-economic

characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration. Since there are

differences among the individual groups, data users should exercise

caution when interpreting aggregate data for these population groups. 12People of Hispanic origin may be of any race, therefore data users

should use caution in comparing data for Hispanics to data for race groups

(such as White, Black and Asian and Pacific Islander). 13The differences were not statistically significant between the 1996-

1997 percent increases in the median income of the White, Black,

Hispanic-origin, and White, not Hispanic households.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

ix
Nativity of the Householder

Changes in real median income between 1996 and 1997

varied by nativity of the householder. (See Table A.) The

median income of households maintained by a native-born

person14 increased by 2.0 percent between 1996 and

1997, going from $36,920 to $37,643. The median income

of households maintained by a foreign-born person did not

change significantly between 1996 and 1997. The median

income of these households in 1997 was $31,318. The

median income of households maintained by a foreignborn person who was not a citizen of the United States

($26,959) also did not change statistically between 1996

and 1997.

Region

Except for the Northeast, all regions experienced a

significant increase in real median household income between

1996 and 1997. The median household income for the

Midwest increased by 2.4 percent to $38,316; for the

South, it increased by 3.6 percent to $34,345; and for the

West, it increased by 3.1 percent to $39,162.15 (See Tables

A and 1.) The 1997 median household income for the

Northeast was $38,929, statistically unchanged from 1996.

Even though the South has experienced year-to-year increases

in real median household income, it still had the lowest

income among the regions.16

Both the Midwest and the South not only achieved their

1989 income peaks, but surpassed them. Between 1989

and 1997, the median household income in the Midwest

increased by 3.3 percent and the median income in the

South increased by 2.8 percent.17 The West achieved, but

did not surpass, its 1989 income level of $40,081. The

Northeast has not yet achieved its 1989 income level of

$42,123. In fact, median household income in the Northeast remains 7.6 percent below the 1989 level.

Residence

Households located inside metropolitan areas and households outside metropolitan areas experienced increases in

real median income between 1996 and 1997. The median

income of households located inside metropolitan areas

increased by 2.3 percent, going from $38,504 to $39,381;

for households outside metropolitan areas, the increase

was 4.6 percent, going from $28,734 to $30,057.18 Households located in the suburbs of metropolitan areas also

experienced an increase in real median income between

1996 and 1997 of 2.9 percent, going from $43,429 to

$44,668.19 The median income of households located

inside central cities remained statistically unchanged at

$31,548. (See Tables A and 1.)

In 1997, households located outside metropolitan areas

not only achieved their 1989 income level, but surpassed it

by 3.9 percent. Although this is the third consecutive year

that households inside metropolitan areas experienced an

annual increase in real median household income, their

1997 income remained 1.9 percent lower than their 1989

level.

Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers

The percentage of both men and women who worked

full time, year round increased between 1996 and 1997. Of

the 76.7 million men 15 years old and over who reported

working in 1997, 71.6 percent worked full time, year round,

up from 70.6 percent in 1996. Of the 67.9 million women 15

years old and over who reported working in 1997, 55.6

percent worked full time, year round, up from 54.6 percent

in 1996. (See Tables A and 7.)

The real median earnings of both men and women

working full time, year round increased between 1996 and

1997. The median earnings of men increased by 2.4

percent, going from $32,882 to $33,674; the median earnings of women increased by 3.0 percent, going from

$24,254 to $24,973.20 The last time men experienced an

annual increase in median earnings was in 1991. For

women, this is the second consecutive year of a significant

annual increase in median earnings. The female-to-male

earnings ratio in 1997 was .74, not statistically different

from the all-time high ratio reached in 1996 (.74).

Per Capita Income

Per capita income increased significantly between 1996

and 1997, in real terms, by 3.7 percent, going from $18,552

to $19,241. The White population was the only racial group

to experience an increase in per capita income between

1996 and 1997. The per capita income of the White

population increased by 4.1 percent, going from $19,621 to

14‘‘Native born’’ includes people born in the United States, people born

in Puerto Rico or an outlying area of the United States, and people born

in a foreign country who had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

All other people are considered foreign-born regardless of the date of

entry into the United States or citizenship status. The CPS does not

interview people currently living in Puerto Rico. 15The differences were not statistically significant among the 1996-

1997 percent increases in median household income for the Midwest,

South, and West. 16The differences among the median household incomes of the

Northeast, Midwest, and West were not statistically significant. 17The difference between the 1989-1997 percent increases in the

median income of households in the Midwest and South was not

statistically significant.

18The difference was not statistically significant between the 1996-

1997 percent increases in median household income of households

inside metropolitan areas and that of those outside metropolitan areas. 19The difference was not statistically significant among the 1996-1997

percent increases in real median household income of households inside

metropolitan areas, outside metropolitan areas, and those in the suburbs

of metropolitan areas. 20The difference was not statistically significant between the percent

increases in the earnings of men and women.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

x
$20,425. The Hispanic-origin population also experienced

an increase in per capita income between 1996 and 1997

of 4.8 percent, going from $10,279 to $10,773.21 (See

Table A.)

Among race groups, the White population had the

highest per capita income in 1997 ($20,425), followed by

the Asian and Pacific Islander population with a per capita

income of $18,226. The per capita income for the Black

population was $12,351.

Income Inequality

The U.S. Census Bureau has traditionally used two

methods to measure income inequality: the shares of

aggregate income received by households (or families)

and the Gini coefficient (or index of income concentration).

In the shares approach, households are ranked from

lowest to highest on the basis of income and then divided

into groups of equal population size, typically quintiles. The

aggregate income of each group is then divided by the

overall aggregate income to derive shares. The Gini coefficient incorporates detailed shares data into a single

statistic, which summarizes the dispersion of income across

the entire income distribution. The Gini coefficient ranges

21The differences were not statistically significant between the 1996-

1997 percent increases in the per capita incomes of the total, White, and

Hispanic-origin populations.

Table B. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 1997

[Income in 1997 dollars]

Measures of income dispersion 1997 1996 19951 1990 1985 19802 19753 1970 1968 1967

HOUSEHOLD INCOME AT

SELECTED PERCENTILES

20th percentile upper limit ($) .... 15,400 15,107 15,165 15,350 14,916 14,736 14,351 14,328 14,147 13,264

50th (median) ($)............... 37,005 36,306 35,887 36,770 35,229 34,538 33,699 33,942 32,964 31,583

80th percentile upper limit ($) .... 71,500 69,576 68,585 67,792 65,347 61,821 58,534 56,976 54,017 52,355

95th percentile lower limit ($) .... 126,550 122,283 119,006 116,351 109,282 100,434 93,333 90,074 84,507 84,008

HOUSEHOLD INCOME RATIOS

OF SELECTED PERCENTILES

95th/20th ...................... 8.22 8.09 7.85 7.58 7.33 6.82 6.50 6.29 5.97 6.33

95th/50th ...................... 3.42 3.37 3.32 3.16 3.10 2.91 2.77 2.65 2.56 2.66

80th/50th ...................... 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.84 1.85 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.64 1.66

80th/20th ...................... 4.64 4.61 4.52 4.42 4.38 4.20 4.08 3.98 3.82 3.95

20th/50th ...................... 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.42

MEAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME

OF QUINTILES

Lowest quintile ($) .............. 8,872 8,793 8,794 8,835 8,647 8,743 8,665 7,885 7,799 7,189

Second quintile ($) ............. 22,098 21,581 21,481 22,141 21,375 21,099 20,574 20,966 20,614 19,600

Third quintile ($)................ 37,177 36,300 35,919 36,571 35,404 34,727 33,662 33,763 32,692 31,295

Fourth quintile ($) .............. 57,582 56,182 55,216 55,139 53,242 51,132 48,884 47,594 45,608 43,786

Highest quintile ($) ............. 122,764 118,164 115,226 107,004 98,211 89,812 85,131 84,268 79,875 79,348

SHARES OF HOUSEHOLD

INCOME OF QUINTILES

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.0

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.6 9.7 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.1 10.8

Third quintile ................... 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.9 16.3 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.5 17.3

Fourth quintile.................. 23.2 23.3 23.3 24.0 24.6 24.9 24.8 24.5 24.4 24.2

Highest quintile................. 49.4 49.0 48.7 46.6 45.3 43.7 43.2 43.3 42.8 43.8

Gini coefficient of income

inequality ..................... 0.459 0.455 0.450 0.428 0.419 0.403 0.397 0.394 0.388 0.399

1

Reflects 1990 census population controls first implemented in 1993, 1990 census sample redesign, a change in data collection method from

paper-pencil to computer-assisted interviewing (CAI), and changes in income reporting limits. For detailed information concerning the impact of these

changes, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-191, ‘‘A Brief Look at Postwar U.S. Income Inequality.’’ 2

Reflects 1980 census population controls first implemented in March 1980.

3

Reflects 1970 census population controls first implemented in March 1972.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March Current Population Survey. Data not available prior to 1967.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

xi
from 0, indicating perfect equality (where everyone receives

an equal share), to 1, perfect inequality (where all the

income is received by only one recipient or group of

recipients).

Analysis of the share of aggregate income received by

each quintile between 1996 and 1997 indicates that there

was no change in income inequality. Despite an apparent

modest shift of income from the three lowest quintiles to the

highest quintile, the change in the income distribution is not

statistically significant. The share of aggregate income

received by the lowest quintile was 3.6 percent; the share

received by the second quintile was 8.9 percent; for the

third, it was 15.0 percent; the fourth, 23.2 percent; and the

highest quintile, 49.4 percent. (See Table B.)

Examination of the Gini coefficient also yields no evidence of increasing income inequality. The Gini in 1997

was 0.459, not statistically different from 1996. The Gini

has not experienced a year-to-year increase since 1993,

when it increased 4.6 percent, to a level of 0.454.22 (See

Table B-3.

Even though there was no significant increase in income

inequality between 1996 and 1997, the long term trend for

these two measures indicates increasing income inequality

(see Figures 3 and 4). Increasing income inequality is

believed to be related to changes taking place in the labor

market and in the composition of the households in the

United States.23

In addition to the inequality measures just discussed, a

third measure is the comparison of incomes at selected

22The difference between the Gini coefficients for 1993 and 1996 was

not statistically significant. 23Long-run changes in living arrangements have taken place that tend

to exacerbate differences in household income. Among those changes is

the shift away from married-couple households and toward single-parent

and nonfamily households which typically have lower incomes. See

Daniel H. Weinberg, ‘‘A Brief Look at Postwar U.S. Income Inequality,’’

Current Population Reports, Series P60-191, June 1996.

 

  			
 
   
     

 	



 
        


  

  
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U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

xii
positions in the income distribution. As Table B shows, the

household at the 95th percentile in 1997 had $126,550 in

income, 8.2 times that of the household at the 20th

percentile ($15,400); while in 1967, the household at the

95th percentile had just 6.3 times the income of the

household at the 20th percentile, also indicating growing

inequality over the past three decades.

State Income Data

We are providing data on median household income by

state in response to the numerous requests from data

users. The CPS is designed to collect reliable data primarily at the national level and secondarily at the regional

level—state estimates of income are, therefore, considerably less reliable. Specifically, the sampling variability

associated with the state estimates are higher than for

estimates based on the nation as a whole or on a regional

level. Because of this increased sampling variability, yearto-year estimates may fluctuate more widely than national

estimates. To reduce the chances of misinterpreting changes

in, or rankings of, state income estimates, the Census

Bureau recommends using 2-year averages for evaluating

changes in state estimates over time, and 3-year averages

when comparing the relative ranking of states. (See Table

C.)

Based on comparisons of 2-year moving averages

(1995-1996 and 1996-1997), real median household income

increased significantly for 12 states. Seven of these states

( Alabama, Delaware, Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Virginia) were in the South, two

(Indiana and Kansas) were in the Midwest, and three (New

Mexico, Utah, and Washington) were in the West. The two

2-year moving averages also show that median household

income declined for four states—Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, and

Wisconsin. Median household income did not change

significantly for any of the remaining states or the District of

Columbia. (See Table C.)

Comparing the relative ranking of states using the

1995-1997 3-year average shows that the median household income for Alaska was higher than that of the remaining 49 states and the District of Columbia. Conversely, the

median household income for West Virginia, although not

statistically different from the median for Arkansas, New

Mexico, and Mississippi, was lower than that of the remaining 46 states and the District of Columbia. The relative

standing of the remaining states and the District of Columbia is less clear because of sampling variability surrounding the estimates. (See Figure 5.)

The Census Bureau also computes biennial estimates

of median household income for states and counties based

on models using data from the CPS, the 1990 decennial

 

 	
 

  


 
 

	


 	 
	

   
	 
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U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

xiii
Table C. Median Income of Households by State

[In 1997 dollars]

States

Three-year average

1995-1997

Two-year moving averages Differences in 2-year moving

averages

1996-1997 1995-1996 1996-97 less 1995-96

Median

income

Standard

error

Median

income

Standard

error

Median

income

Standard

error Difference

Percent

change

United States .................. 36,399 131 36,656 145 36,097 160 *559 *1.5

Alabama ........................... 30,103 981 31,468 1,192 29,185 1,076 *2,284 *7.8

Alaska ............................. 50,829 1,268 50,992 1,333 52,247 1,671 –1,255 –2.4

Arizona ............................ 32,535 938 32,552 1,068 32,433 1,124 119 0.4

Arkansas ........................... 27,031 744 26,954 886 27,466 843 –512 –1.9

California........................... 39,458 575 39,699 699 39,340 657 359 0.9

Colorado ........................... 42,664 1,140 42,562 1,367 42,380 1,232 182 0.4

Connecticut......................... 43,151 1,805 43,535 2,140 42,734 2,290 802 1.9

Delaware........................... 40,009 1,252 41,622 1,447 38,498 1,396 *3,125 *8.1

District of Columbia.................. 32,314 921 32,280 1,082 32,541 1,179 –261 –0.8

Florida ............................. 31,708 406 31,900 455 31,335 482 565 1.8

Georgia ............................ 35,272 873 34,953 1,099 34,577 1,109 376 1.1

Hawaii ............................. 42,931 1,120 41,832 1,378 43,930 1,364 * –2,098 * –4.8

Idaho .............................. 34,441 911 34,455 1,114 34,959 1,048 –505 –1.4

Illinois.............................. 40,613 674 40,873 793 40,278 846 595 1.5

Indiana............................. 36,667 942 37,421 1,032 35,556 1,172 *1,865 *5.2

Iowa ............................... 35,054 916 33,877 1,171 35,689 1,062 * –1,812 * –5.1

Kansas............................. 33,919 970 34,902 1,277 32,644 1,023 *2,259 *6.9

Kentucky ........................... 32,668 1,019 33,305 1,288 32,276 1,104 1,029 3.2

Louisiana........................... 31,217 940 32,108 1,181 30,195 1,015 *1,913 *6.3

Maine.............................. 34,641 860 34,132 1,044 35,575 980 * –1,443 * –4.1

Maryland ........................... 44,970 1,409 45,844 1,716 44,112 1,800 1,732 3.9

Massachusetts ...................... 41,016 1,169 41,212 1,390 40,512 1,455 700 1.7

Michigan ........................... 39,076 778 39,434 936 39,244 911 190 0.5

Minnesota .......................... 41,482 1,089 42,248 1,137 40,941 1,329 1,308 3.2

Mississippi.......................... 27,912 896 27,894 1,122 27,619 1,001 276 1.0

Missouri............................ 36,093 1,180 35,802 1,489 35,864 1,230 –62 –0.2

Montana ........................... 29,262 932 29,277 1,136 29,287 1,143 –10 –

Nebraska........................... 34,722 1,006 34,743 1,258 34,737 1,133 7 –

Nevada ............................ 38,760 1,083 39,139 1,326 38,713 1,250 426 1.1

New Hampshire ..................... 40,854 1,176 40,655 1,389 40,782 1,403 –128 –0.3

New Jersey......................... 47,612 959 48,289 1,098 47,408 1,119 881 1.9

New Mexico ........................ 27,707 798 27,874 933 26,517 934 *1,357 5.1

New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,601 505 36,010 575 35,503 623 508 1.4

North Carolina ...................... 35,312 676 36,129 801 35,049 808 *1,081 3.1

North Dakota ....................... 31,496 895 31,927 1,058 31,414 1,024 513 1.6

Ohio ............................... 35,928 710 35,493 816 35,825 874 –332 –0.9

Oklahoma .......................... 29,042 721 29,709 879 27,888 840 *1,821 *6.5

Oregon............................. 37,287 972 36,777 1,277 37,307 958 –530 –1.4

Pennsylvania ....................... 36,525 633 36,609 805 36,030 709 579 1.6

Rhode Island ....................... 36,623 1,102 36,316 1,394 37,537 1,035 –1,221 –3.3

South Carolina ...................... 33,446 1,050 34,861 1,252 33,038 1,196 *1,823 *5.5

South Dakota ....................... 30,349 899 29,949 892 30,677 1,134 –728 –2.4

Tennessee.......................... 30,896 879 31,066 1,017 31,027 1,007 40 0.1

Texas .............................. 34,216 545 34,453 683 33,787 596 667 2.0

Utah ............................... 39,694 977 40,332 1,298 38,154 963 *2,178 *5.7

Vermont............................ 34,592 1,002 34,077 1,241 34,361 1,063 –285 –0.8

Virginia............................. 40,405 1,130 41,534 1,397 39,129 1,215 *2,405 *6.1

Washington......................... 39,846 1,100 41,040 1,380 37,488 1,221 *3,552 *9.5

West Virginia ....................... 26,505 844 26,657 1,087 26,014 931 643 2.5

Wisconsin .......................... 41,215 1,044 40,257 1,235 42,026 1,324 * –1,769 –4.2

Wyoming ........................... 32,764 810 32,543 966 32,434 857 109 0.3

New York, NY CMSA ................ 40,463 519 41,324 627 40,132 604 *1,192 *3.0

Los Angeles, CA CMSA .............. 38,000 612 38,089 727 37,765 650 325 0.9

*Statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence level.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March Current Population Survey.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 8, 1998

xiv
census, and administrative records. They are available

on the Internet for income year 1993 at

http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe.html.

Estimates for 1995 will be released in the fall of 1998.

VALUATION OF NONCASH BENEFITS

Traditionally, the official definition of income is based on

the amount of money received during a calendar year

before taxes and excluding capital gains, but this restricted

definition of income does not provide a completely satisfactory measure of the distribution of income. Over time,

changes in tax laws and increased participation in various

noncash benefit programs have had an impact on the

economic well-being of the population. In the early 1980s,

the U.S. Census Bureau embarked on a research program

to examine the effects of taxes and noncash transfer

benefits on income distributional measures.



 

 	
 
 

  

 	
 
 	






 




	













	



 





















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U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 9, 1998

xv
Table D. Median Household Income by Definition: 1996 and 1997

[Medians are in 1997 dollars]

Definition of income

Median income

Percent change

1997 1996 1996-1997

INCOME BEFORE TAXES:

1. Money income excluding capital gains (official measure)...................... 37,005 36,306 *1.9

2. Definition 1 less government cash transfers ................................. 33,966 32,829 *3.5

3. Definition 2 plus capital gains.............................................. 34,233 33,037 *3.6

4. Definition 3 plus health insurance supplements to wage or salary income....... 35,976 35,164 *2.3

INCOME AFTER TAXES:

5. Definition 4 less social security payroll taxes ................................ 33,709 32,893 *2.5

6. Definition 5 less federal income taxes (excluding the EIC) .................... 30,980 30,353 *2.1

7. Definition 6 plus the earned income credit (EIC) ............................. 31,126 30,497 *2.1

8. Definition 7 less state income taxes ........................................ 30,250 29,647 *2.0

9. Definition 8 plus nonmeans-tested government cash transfers................. 33,429 32,751 *2.1

10. Definition 9 plus the value of medicare .................................... 35,283 34,544 *2.1

11. Definition 10 plus the value of regular-price school lunches .................. 35,295 34,556 *2.1

12. Definition 11 plus means-tested government cash transfers .................. 35,450 34,763 *2.0

13. Definition 12 plus the value of medicaid ................................... 35,743 35,165 *1.6

14. Definition 13 plus the value of other means-tested government noncash

transfers .............................................................. 35,860 35,311 *1.6

15. Definition 14 plus net imputed return on equity in own home ................. 37,623 37,194 *1.2

*Significant at the 90-percent confidence level.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, March Current Population Survey.

Table E. Percentage of Aggregate Income Received by Income Quintiles and Gini Coefficient by Definition of

Income: 1997

Definition of income

Quintiles

Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest Gini coefficient

Definition 1 (official measure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 8.9 15.1 23.0 49.3 .448

Definition 4 (definition 1 less government cash

transfers plus capital gains and employee

health benefits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 7.1 14.4 23.6 54.0 .513

Definition 8 (definition 4 less taxes, includes

EIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 8.3 15.5 24.4 50.6 .487

Definition 11 (definition 8 plus nonmeans-tested

government cash transfers). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 10.4 16.0 23.3 46.4 .418

Definition 14 (definition 11 plus means-tested

government cash transfers). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 10.6 16.0 23.0 45.6 .403

Definition 15 (definition 14 plus return on home

equity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 10.7 16.1 23.1 45.2 .397

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, March 1998 Current Population Survey.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 9, 1998

xvi
Estimates of tax data in this report are based on four

types of modeled data: 1) federal individual income taxes,

2) state individual income taxes, 3) property taxes on

owner-occupied housing, and 4) payroll taxes. Also, this

report presents income measures that include the valuation of various noncash benefits such as food stamps,

school lunches, housing subsidies, medicare, medicaid,

employer contributions to health insurance, and net imputed

return on home equity.24

Distributional Effects

Taxes, government transfers, and other benefits have

substantial effects on the level of income as well as the

distribution of income. These effects can be seen by

examining distributional changes under the different definitions of income used in this section. Tables D, E, and F,

and Table 12 show data on the distribution of income under

those alternative definitions. Statistically significant increases

in real median household income occurred between 1996

and 1997 under each of the 15 definitions of income shown

in Table D.

Definition 1 is the official definition of income. It is based

on money income before taxes and includes government

cash transfers. Under definition 1, households in the lowest

quintile received 3.6 percent of aggregate household income;

the second quintile received 8.9 percent; the third quintile,

15.1 percent; the fourth quintile, 23.0 percent; and the

highest quintile, 49.3 percent (see Table E). In 1997, the

Gini coefficient for all households under definition 1 was

0.448.25

The exclusion of cash transfers, the addition of net

capital gains, and the addition of employer contributions to

health insurance (definition 4) reveals a distribution of

income generated by the private sector which was more

unequal than the distribution under the official definition of

income (see Table E). Under definition 4, shares of income

received by the lowest two quintiles of households declined

from that of definition 1 (from 3.6 percent to 0.9 percent,

24For more information on the methodology and procedures used to

estimate taxes and to value noncash benefits see P60-186RD, Measuring

the Effect of Benefits and Taxes on Income and Poverty: 1992.

25This report uses two methods to estimate shares of aggregate

income received by each quintile and the Gini coefficient. The first method

incorporates the use of actual sorted household data resulting in a Gini

coefficient of .459 and quintile shares of 3.6, 8.9, 15.0, 23.2, and 49.4. The

second method uses grouped data and employs several interpolation

routines resulting in a Gini coefficient of .448 and quintile shares of 3.6,

8.9, 15.1, 23.0, and 49.3. The grouped data method was used throughout

this report for calculating Gini coefficients as they appear with other

income summary measures in the detailed tables, as well as for share

estimates under the alternative definitions of income.

Table F. Median Income Using Different Definitions for Households With Selected Characteristics: 1997

[Dollars]

Characteristics

Definition 1

(Official

measure)

Definition 4

(Definition 1

less

government

cash transfers

plus capital

gains and

employee

health

benefits)

Definition 8

(Definition 4

less taxes,

includes EIC)

Definition 11

(Definition 8

plus

nonmeanstested

government

cash transfers)

Definition 14

(Definition 11

plus

means-tested

government

cash transfers)

Definition 15

(Definition 14

plus return on

home equity)

All households.......................... 37,005 35,976 30,250 35,295 35,860 37,623

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF

HOUSEHOLDER

White ....................................... 38,972 37,863 31,692 36,806 37,261 39,170

Black ....................................... 25,050 23,599 21,014 24,357 25,806 26,740

Asian and Pacific Islander ..................... 45,249 46,752 38,169 40,720 41,626 43,672

Hispanic origin1 .............................. 26,628 26,162 23,706 26,030 27,484 28,362

TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD

Married-couple households with related children

under 18 ................................... 54,518 57,305 47,409 48,602 49,065 50,705

Female householder, no husband present with

related children under 18..................... 19,752 18,197 18,429 20,036 22,814 23,336

AGE OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

With members 65 years old and over ........... 22,369 9,552 9,161 28,370 28,845 32,022

With related children under 18 ................. 44,791 46,526 39,273 40,764 41,588 42,881

1

People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, March 1998 Current Population Survey.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 10, 1998

xvii
and from 8.9 percent to 7.1 percent, respectively), while

shares of income received by the two highest quintiles

increased (from 23.0 percent to 23.6 percent, and from

49.3 percent to 54.0 percent, respectively). The Gini coefficient under this definition of income, 0.513, was 14.5

percent higher than the coefficient under the official income

definition (0.448).

The net effect of deducting social security payroll taxes,

federal individual income taxes, state individual income

taxes, and adding the earned income tax credit reduced

income inequality. This result is shown by definition 8. The

share of income going to the lowest quintile increased

(from 0.9 percent to 1.2 percent) and declined in the

highest quintile (from 54.0 percent to 50.6 percent). This

reduced the Gini coefficient for 1997 from that of definition

4 by 5.1 percent, from 0.513 to 0.487.

Nonmeans-tested government transfers had a significantly greater effect on reducing income inequality. Those

transfers lowered the Gini coefficient by 14.2 percent, from

0.487 to 0.418. This is evident by comparing definition 11

estimates with definition 8 estimates. Including those benefits increased the share of income going to the lowest

quintile (from 1.2 percent to 3.9 percent), and lowered the

share of income going to the highest quintile (from 50.6

percent to 46.4 percent).

Definition 14 shows that the net effect of adding meanstested government transfers also reduced income inequality. The share of income in the lowest quintile increased

from 3.9 percent to 4.8 percent, but the change in the share

of income going to the highest quintile was not significantly

different at 45.6 percent. The Gini coefficient declined 3.6

percent from 0.418 to 0.403.

An important finding of the Census Bureau’s tax and

benefit research is that government transfers have a

significantly greater impact on lowering income inequality

than the tax system. In 1997, subtracting taxes lowered the

Gini coefficient by 5.1 percent (from 0.513 to 0.487), while

including transfers lowered the Gini coefficient by 17.2

percent (from 0.487 to 0.403). The inclusion of net imputed

return on home equity had a minimal effect on the Gini

coefficient, as shown by definition 15.

Effects on Selected Population Groups

Different income definitions result in quite different income

distributions and summary measures of income inequality

for households with selected characteristics. As shown by

the data presented in Table F, taxes and transfers affect

income comparisons between population subgroups to

varying degrees.

Under the official income definition, the median income

of Black households ($25,050) was 64 percent of the

median income for White households ($38,972). Subtracting government cash transfers and adding capital gains

and health insurance supplements (definition 4) reduced

the percentage to 62. The subtraction of federal and state

income taxes and payroll taxes (definition 8) results in an

increase to 66 percent, and the addition of government

cash (definition 11) and noncash transfers (definition 14)

results in a further increase in the Black-to-White income

percentage to 69.

Differences in income percentages by income definition

can be also observed across different types of households.

Under the official income definition, the median income of

households with a female householder, no husband present,

with children was 36 percent that of married-couple households with children. Based on a definition of income that

includes the effect of taxes and transfers (definition 14), the

percentage increased to 46.

The manner which income is defined can have varying

importance on the estimates for certain population subgroups. This is particularly evident for households with

children under 18 years of age and for households with

members 65 years old and over. Under definition 1, the

median money income of households with elderly members was $22,369, about 50 percent of the median income

of households with children, $44,791. Subtracting cash

transfers and adding capital gains and employer-provided

health insurance (definition 4) resulted in a decline from 50

percent to 21 percent; subtraction of taxes (definition 8)

raised it from 21 percent to 23 percent. Adding cash

(definition 11) and noncash transfers (definition 14) tripled

it from 23 percent to 69 percent; and adding the return on

home equity (definition 15) resulted in a further increase to

75 percent.

ROUNDING

The Census Bureau rounds percentages to the nearest

tenth of a percent; therefore, the percentages in a distribution do not always add to exactly 100.0 percent.

SYMBOLS USED IN TABLES

– Represents zero or rounds to zero.

B Base less than 75,000.

NA Not available.

r Revised.

X Not applicable.

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Sep. 9, 1998

xviii
Table 1. Median Income of Households by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin

of Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995

[Households as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income (1996~1997)

ALL RACES

All households 102 528 .................... 37 005 171 101 018 35 492 179 99 627 34 076 197 * 1.9

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 82 122 ................ 39 381 268 80 950 37 640 245 79 875 36 079 198 * 2.3 1 million or more 54 667 ..................... 41 502 254 53 760 39 815 327 53 007 37 903 294 * 1.9 Inside central cities 20 310 ................. 31 789 356 19 934 30 150 385 19 792 28 633 383 * 3.1 Outside central cities 34 357 ............... 47 981 476 33 825 45 526 365 33 215 44 073 432 * 3.0 Under 1 million 27 455 ...................... 35 409 335 27 190 34 430 402 26 868 32 643 336 .5 Inside central cities 11 597 ................. 31 168 425 11 413 30 659 405 11 193 29 478 503 –.6 Outside central cities 15 858 ............... 38 581 518 15 778 37 399 456 15 674 35 422 399 .8 Outside metropolitan areas 20 406 .............. 30 057 413 20 068 28 089 395 19 753 27 776 402 * 4.6

Region

Northeast 19 810 .............................. 38 929 525 19 724 37 406 456 19 695 36 111 359 1.7

Midwest 24 236 ............................... 38 316 447 23 972 36 579 365 23 707 35 839 356 * 2.4

South 36 578 ................................. 34 345 347 35 693 32 422 288 35 143 30 942 256 * 3.6

West 21 905 .................................. 39 162 545 21 629 37 125 387 21 082 35 979 407 * 3.1

Type of Household

Family households 70 880 ...................... 45 347 236 70 241 43 082 251 69 594 41 224 208 * 2.9

Married~couple families 54 317 ............... 51 681 232 53 604 49 858 290 53 567 47 129 228 * 1.3

Male householder, no wife

present 3 911 ............................ 36 634 719 3 847 35 658 909 3 513 33 534 964 .4

Female householder, no husband

present 12 652 ............................ 23 040 393 12 790 21 564 326 12 514 21 348 328 * 4.4

Nonfamily households 31 648 ................... 21 705 208 30 777 20 973 205 30 033 19 929 216 1.2

Male householder 14 133 .................... 27 592 461 13 707 27 266 315 13 348 26 023 316 –1.1

Living alone 11 010 ....................... 23 871 425 10 442 24 050 401 10 288 22 586 382 –3.0

Female householder 17 516 ................. 17 613 256 17 070 16 398 219 16 685 15 892 208 * 5.0

Living alone 15 317 ....................... 15 530 245 14 961 14 626 183 14 612 14 331 177 * 3.8

Age of Householder

Under 65 years 81 031 ......................... 42 365 201 79 610 40 941 188 78 141 39 148 217 * 1.2 15 to 24 years 5 435 ....................... 22 583 492 5 160 21 438 417 5 282 20 979 462 3.0 25 to 34 years 19 033 ....................... 38 174 452 19 314 35 888 355 19 225 34 701 378 * 4.0 35 to 44 years 23 943 ....................... 46 359 381 23 823 44 420 446 23 226 43 465 406 * 2.0 45 to 54 years 19 547 ....................... 51 875 435 18 843 50 472 484 18 008 48 058 525 .5

55 to 64 years 13 072 ....................... 41 356 457 12 469 39 815 615 12 401 38 077 545 1.5

65 years and over 21 497 ...................... 20 761 243 21 408 19 449 208 21 486 19 096 203 * 4.4

65 to 74 years 11 272 ....................... 25 292 391 11 679 23 411 339 11 908 23 031 384 * 5.6

75 years and over 10 226 ................... 17 079 245 9 729 15 995 246 9 578 15 342 237 * 4.4

Size of Household

One person 26 327 ............................ 18 762 209 25 402 17 897 225 24 900 17 063 171 * 2.5 Two people 32 965 ............................ 39 343 352 32 736 37 283 303 32 526 35 700 266 * 3.2 Three people 17 331 ........................... 47 115 455 17 065 44 814 422 16 724 42 244 428 * 2.8 Four people 15 358 ............................ 53 165 585 15 396 51 405 392 15 118 49 531 523 1.1 Five people 7 048 ............................ 50 407 701 6 774 47 841 841 6 631 45 710 794 3.0 Six people 2 232 ............................. 46 465 1 326 2 311 42 438 1 277 2 357 44 263 1 593 * 7.0 Seven people or more 1 267 ................... 42 343 1 688 1 334 40 337 1 458 1 372 39 013 1 631 2.6

Number of Earners

No earners 21 280 ............................. 14 142 152 21 228 13 320 143 21 281 13 102 139 * 3.8

One earner 35 150 ............................ 29 780 259 34 026 27 895 237 33 538 27 567 209 * 4.4

Two earners or more 46 098 .................... 57 525 310 45 764 55 547 262 44 809 52 813 292 * 1.2

Two earners 36 188 ........................ 54 192 340 35 753 52 416 276 35 320 50 000 274 1.1

Three earners 7 429 ....................... 67 182 734 7 455 62 428 655 6 982 63 191 685 * 5.2

Four earners or more 2 480 ................. 84 816 1 324 2 556 78 504 1 349 2 507 74 243 1 463 * 5.6

Work Experience of Householder

Total 102 528 ............................ 37 005 171 101 018 35 492 179 99 627 34 076 197 * 1.9

Worked 73 415 ................................ 45 877 218 72 377 43 975 237 71 070 42 141 193 * 2.0

Worked full–time, year~round 53 665 .......... 51 336 212 52 699 49 530 307 51 972 47 069 224 * 1.3

Did not work 29 113 ........................... 18 143 194 28 641 16 730 171 28 557 16 377 163 * 6.0

Tenure

Owner occupied 67 873 ........................ 45 821 249 66 356 43 793 266 65 143 41 832 220 * 2.3

Renter occupied 32 954 ........................ 24 514 256 32 968 23 436 228 32 768 22 563 235 * 2.3

Occupier paid no cash rent 1 701 ............... 20 376 1 009 1 693 21 479 790 1 716 19 910 859 –7.3

INCOME 1

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 1. Median Income of Households by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin

of Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[Households as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income (1996~1997)

WHITE

All households 86 106 .................... 38 972 247 85 059 37 161 191 84 511 35 766 186 * 2.5

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 67 800 ................ 41 576 232 67 006 40 113 238 66 648 38 103 246 * 1.3 1 million or more 44 096 ..................... 44 581 409 43 436 42 207 286 43 307 40 508 288 * 3.3 Inside central cities 13 918 ................. 35 451 529 13 622 33 213 655 13 830 31 631 424 * 4.3 Outside central cities 30 179 ............... 49 290 502 29 813 46 460 389 29 477 45 146 408 * 3.7 Under 1 million 23 703 ...................... 36 906 363 23 570 36 222 381 23 341 34 439 369 –.4 Inside central cities 9 258 ................. 33 113 646 9 095 32 943 653 8 986 32 005 446 –1.7 Outside central cities 14 446 ............... 39 352 516 14 475 38 051 492 14 355 35 894 410 1.1 Outside metropolitan areas 18 307 .............. 31 110 428 18 053 29 536 405 17 863 28 891 425 * 3.0

Region

Northeast 16 926 .............................. 41 214 431 16 848 40 120 518 16 959 37 772 476 .4

Midwest 21 465 ............................... 40 040 414 21 254 38 057 473 21 095 37 220 381 * 2.9

South 28 948 ................................. 36 681 340 28 382 35 214 365 28 297 32 917 369 1.8

West 18 767 .................................. 39 479 579 18 575 37 281 439 18 160 36 390 448 * 3.5

Type of Household

Family households 59 511 ...................... 47 454 277 58 934 45 382 244 58 869 43 265 256 * 2.2

Married~couple families 48 066 ............... 52 199 248 47 650 50 302 250 47 873 47 608 295 * 1.4

Male householder, no wife

present 3 137 ............................ 38 511 1 141 2 944 36 938 887 2 712 35 129 947 1.9

Female householder, no husband

present 8 308 ............................ 25 670 422 8 339 24 375 407 8 284 24 431 463 3.0

Nonfamily households 26 596 ................... 22 380 247 26 125 21 536 222 25 642 20 585 231 1.6

Male householder 11 725 .................... 30 009 459 11 481 28 520 486 11 367 26 898 336 2.9

Living alone 9 018 ....................... 25 415 405 8 730 25 098 378 8 728 23 552 465 –1.0

Female householder 14 871 ................. 17 997 273 14 644 16 765 227 14 275 16 325 221 * 4.9

Living alone 12 980 ....................... 15 818 272 12 783 14 890 194 12 465 14 667 179 * 3.8

Age of Householder

Under 65 years 66 910 ......................... 45 210 241 65 877 43 353 253 65 186 41 481 213 * 1.9 15 to 24 years 4 242 ....................... 24 423 620 4 040 22 606 523 4 254 22 203 465 * 5.6 25 to 34 years 15 344 ....................... 40 477 347 15 661 38 283 435 15 730 36 912 377 * 3.4 35 to 44 years 19 761 ....................... 49 695 520 19 642 47 046 389 19 373 45 924 386 * 3.3 45 to 54 years 16 400 ....................... 54 879 622 15 936 52 750 575 15 214 50 607 556 1.7

55 to 64 years 11 163 ....................... 43 052 788 10 598 42 027 583 10 614 40 150 571 .1

65 years and over 19 196 ...................... 21 374 255 19 182 19 977 230 19 326 19 590 205 * 4.6

65 to 74 years 9 917 ....................... 26 363 415 10 366 24 169 355 10 583 23 816 403 * 6.6

75 years and over 9 279 ................... 17 410 257 8 816 16 402 246 8 743 15 807 240 * 3.8

Size of Household

One person 21 998 ............................ 19 288 219 21 513 18 426 235 21 194 17 512 211 * 2.3 Two people 28 817 ............................ 40 954 296 28 534 39 039 393 28 615 36 939 282 * 2.6 Three people 14 215 ........................... 50 269 483 14 042 47 529 541 13 873 44 997 480 * 3.4 Four people 12 654 ............................ 55 819 556 12 739 53 704 649 12 659 51 611 409 1.6 Five people 5 801 ............................ 52 493 916 5 459 51 102 842 5 350 49 073 969 .4 Six people 1 738 ............................. 48 974 1 668 1 831 44 782 1 906 1 856 47 249 1 820 6.9 Seven people or more 883 ................... 46 044 2 306 941 45 241 1 865 965 41 109 1 315 –.5

Number of Earners

No earners 18 104 ............................. 15 324 187 17 815 14 579 151 17 964 14 267 144 * 2.7

One earner 28 332 ............................ 31 412 197 27 854 29 592 254 27 639 29 175 248 * 3.8

Two earners or more 39 670 .................... 58 947 380 39 391 56 521 288 38 907 53 990 306 * 2.0

Two earners 31 256 ........................ 55 474 316 30 828 53 362 332 30 701 50 910 263 * 1.6

Three earners 6 306 ....................... 68 363 799 6 356 63 919 827 6 058 64 311 686 * 4.6

Four earners or more 2 108 ................. 86 319 1 586 2 207 78 898 1 512 2 149 75 092 1 690 * 7.0

Work Experience of Householder

Total 86 106 ............................ 38 972 247 85 059 37 161 191 84 511 35 766 186 * 2.5

Worked 61 469 ................................ 47 973 297 61 132 45 813 231 60 560 43 946 252 * 2.4

Worked full–time, year~round 45 226 .......... 53 045 325 44 833 51 055 235 44 439 48 671 294 * 1.6

Did not work 24 637 ........................... 19 342 201 23 927 18 003 206 23 952 17 552 188 * 5.0

Tenure

Owner occupied 60 050 ........................ 46 578 266 58 826 44 540 279 58 282 42 383 251 * 2.2

Renter occupied 24 635 ........................ 25 954 247 24 802 24 967 254 24 798 24 396 301 1.6

Occupier paid no cash rent 1 421 ............... 22 095 1 067 1 432 22 110 881 1 430 20 459 792 –2.3

2 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 1. Median Income of Households by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin

of Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[Households as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income (1996~1997)

BLACK

All households 12 474 .................... 25 050 431 12 109 23 482 462 11 577 22 393 382 * 4.3

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 10 761 ................ 25 720 463 10 492 25 019 485 10 080 23 246 459 .5 1 million or more 7 884 ..................... 26 967 529 7 739 25 693 537 7 310 24 687 576 2.6 Inside central cities 5 157 ................. 23 156 703 4 999 21 573 605 4 825 20 721 569 4.9 Outside central cities 2 727 ............... 34 949 1 261 2 740 34 448 1 073 2 484 34 461 1 458 –.8 Under 1 million 2 877 ...................... 21 683 792 2 753 22 957 967 2 771 20 684 568 * –7.7 Inside central cities 1 876 ................. 19 901 913 1 825 19 941 1 118 1 782 17 706 940 –2.4 Outside central cities 1 002 ............... 24 597 1 286 928 27 913 1 572 989 24 894 1 392 * –13.9 Outside metropolitan areas 1 713 .............. 20 184 1 735 1 617 16 903 1 013 1 496 16 497 824 * 16.7

Region

Northeast 2 286 .............................. 23 312 1 033 2 278 22 177 836 2 165 21 947 809 2.8

Midwest 2 288 ............................... 23 861 1 032 2 251 23 314 1 150 2 153 22 027 712 .1

South 6 814 ................................. 25 074 555 6 519 23 277 647 6 163 22 567 602 * 5.3

West 1 086 .................................. 29 989 1 405 1 061 30 176 1 939 1 096 23 416 1 441 –2.8

Type of Household

Family households 8 408 ...................... 29 915 570 8 455 27 496 631 8 055 26 838 616 * 6.4

Married~couple families 3 921 ............... 45 372 755 3 851 42 069 1 000 3 713 41 362 710 * 5.4

Male householder, no wife

present 562 ............................ 28 593 1 190 657 30 995 990 573 27 071 1 484 * –9.8

Female householder, no husband

present 3 926 ............................ 17 962 627 3 947 16 256 512 3 769 15 589 466 * 8.0

Nonfamily households 4 066 ................... 17 073 559 3 654 15 454 661 3 521 15 007 562 * 8.0

Male householder 1 876 .................... 19 459 864 1 669 20 525 960 1 532 19 172 847 –7.3

Living alone 1 594 ....................... 17 139 921 1 303 16 447 1 058 1 235 17 017 958 1.9

Female householder 2 190 ................. 15 341 722 1 985 12 434 654 1 989 11 872 520 * 20.6

Living alone 1 982 ....................... 13 738 837 1 823 11 529 559 1 819 10 958 539 * 16.5

Age of Householder

Under 65 years 10 595 ......................... 27 238 455 10 291 25 699 410 9 799 24 545 474 * 3.6 15 to 24 years 935 ....................... 15 056 1 284 871 13 246 918 774 12 825 1 056 11.1 25 to 34 years 2 752 ....................... 26 148 857 2 687 23 275 871 2 633 21 871 691 * 9.8 35 to 44 years 3 096 ....................... 27 711 769 3 095 29 859 939 2 889 28 097 944 * –9.3 45 to 54 years 2 371 ....................... 33 761 1 766 2 210 33 878 1 738 2 118 30 210 1 049 –2.6

55 to 64 years 1 441 ....................... 27 350 1 936 1 428 23 449 1 227 1 385 21 842 722 * 14.0

65 years and over 1 878 ...................... 14 241 583 1 818 14 019 450 1 777 13 246 550 –.7

65 to 74 years 1 123 ....................... 16 287 965 1 085 15 944 837 1 064 15 925 790 –.1

75 years and over 755 ................... 12 101 715 733 12 102 753 713 9 866 583 –2.3

Size of Household

One person 3 576 ............................ 15 258 563 3 126 13 772 478 3 055 13 229 629 * 8.3 Two people 3 120 ............................ 26 870 775 3 196 24 844 944 3 034 24 133 748 5.7 Three people 2 338 ........................... 28 047 1 287 2 298 26 321 810 2 197 26 578 1 206 4.2 Four people 1 930 ............................ 35 529 1 283 1 891 32 943 1 318 1 715 32 086 1 763 5.4 Five people 916 ............................ 36 525 2 596 988 31 806 1 209 919 27 630 2 099 12.3 Six people 340 ............................. 32 050 2 870 333 30 931 1 875 366 28 028 2 929 1.3 Seven people or more 253 ................... 30 799 3 558 277 27 317 2 842 291 28 908 1 642 10.2

Number of Earners

No earners 2 660 ............................. 8 172 249 2 800 7 612 220 2 764 7 651 223 4.9

One earner 5 428 ............................ 21 319 386 4 867 20 658 385 4 678 20 268 423 .9

Two earners or more 4 386 .................... 47 602 776 4 442 45 129 841 4 135 42 341 635 3.1

Two earners 3 459 ........................ 44 728 730 3 512 42 539 900 3 310 40 357 710 2.8

Three earners 755 ....................... 57 599 1 698 745 51 894 1 837 624 48 737 2 128 * 8.5

Four earners or more 172 ................. 77 190 4 350 185 71 429 6 961 201 67 415 4 171 5.6

Work Experience of Householder

Total 12 474 ............................ 25 050 431 12 109 23 482 462 11 577 22 393 382 * 4.3

Worked 8 855 ................................ 31 461 417 8 301 31 259 461 7 808 30 137 464 –1.6

Worked full–time, year~round 6 141 .......... 36 928 541 5 742 36 939 593 5 547 35 419 549 –2.3

Did not work 3 619 ........................... 10 523 375 3 808 9 840 272 3 769 9 784 252 4.5

Tenure

Owner occupied 5 735 ........................ 35 679 719 5 510 33 126 901 5 085 33 853 998 * 5.3

Renter occupied 6 529 ........................ 18 533 489 6 400 17 130 411 6 290 16 558 379 * 5.8

Occupier paid no cash rent 210 ............... 9 938 1 900 200 18 933 2 174 201 15 475 1 389 * –48.7

INCOME 3

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 1. Median Income of Households by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin

of Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[Households as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income (1996~1997)

HISPANIC ORIGIN1

All households 8 590 .................... 26 628 474 8 225 24 906 482 7 939 22 860 498 * 4.5

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 7 808 ................ 27 078 517 7 475 25 362 506 7 228 23 081 545 * 4.4 1 million or more 5 805 ..................... 28 433 740 5 587 26 318 595 5 469 23 884 655 * 5.6 Inside central cities 3 099 ................. 23 398 789 2 995 21 903 591 2 971 19 976 573 4.4 Outside central cities 2 706 ............... 35 506 1 081 2 592 32 013 815 2 498 30 556 865 * 8.4 Under 1 million 2 002 ...................... 23 883 1 079 1 888 22 367 935 1 759 21 042 933 4.4 Inside central cities 1 180 ................. 23 262 1 551 1 126 21 823 1 107 1 024 21 124 1 281 4.2 Outside central cities 822 ............... 24 408 1 273 762 23 334 1 447 735 20 941 1 322 2.3 Outside metropolitan areas 783 .............. 22 383 1 800 750 20 244 1 606 711 21 373 1 329 8.1

Region

Northeast 1 468 .............................. 24 023 1 435 1 424 20 859 1 041 1 368 19 936 1 129 * 12.6

Midwest 644 ............................... 31 009 1 676 592 30 177 1 745 535 27 777 2 056 .5

South 2 939 ................................. 26 207 754 2 797 24 814 802 2 725 21 907 634 3.2

West 3 539 .................................. 27 276 929 3 412 25 619 759 3 311 24 368 783 4.1

Type of Household

Family households 6 961 ...................... 29 253 638 6 631 27 152 541 6 287 25 491 541 * 5.3

Married~couple families 4 804 ............... 34 317 890 4 520 32 379 756 4 247 30 195 631 3.6

Male householder, no wife

present 545 ............................ 28 249 1 839 494 28 322 1 522 436 25 053 2 665 –2.5

Female householder, no husband

present 1 612 ............................ 16 393 641 1 617 14 535 695 1 604 14 755 661 * 10.3

Nonfamily households 1 630 ................... 16 807 902 1 593 15 705 757 1 652 13 780 719 4.6

Male householder 875 .................... 21 059 857 854 19 323 1 394 865 17 339 1 214 6.5

Living alone 623 ....................... 16 524 930 575 14 506 1 240 602 14 181 1 117 11.4

Female householder 754 ................. 11 485 667 740 11 770 958 787 10 196 725 –4.6

Living alone 617 ....................... 9 666 605 621 9 746 619 658 8 908 522 –3.0

Age of Householder

Under 65 years 7 674 ......................... 28 315 644 7 329 26 368 489 7 041 24 399 551 * 5.0 15 to 24 years 780 ....................... 19 341 1 021 687 17 200 858 749 16 854 917 * 9.9 25 to 34 years 2 303 ....................... 27 519 879 2 263 26 444 705 2 195 23 187 987 1.7 35 to 44 years 2 316 ....................... 31 148 900 2 229 27 781 974 2 109 26 492 882 * 9.6 45 to 54 years 1 386 ....................... 32 074 1 290 1 296 30 709 1 641 1 181 29 441 1 579 2.1

55 to 64 years 889 ....................... 27 648 2 325 854 26 294 1 956 808 22 859 1 839 2.8

65 years and over 916 ...................... 14 168 868 895 14 006 1 045 898 13 513 743 –1.1

65 to 74 years 566 ....................... 15 885 1 271 611 16 104 1 035 609 14 561 1 249 –3.6

75 years and over 350 ................... 11 015 1 261 284 11 337 934 289 12 277 1 212 –5.0

Size of Household

One person 1 240 ............................ 12 222 777 1 195 11 894 632 1 260 11 074 578 .5 Two people 1 838 ............................ 26 390 961 1 815 22 258 803 1 788 22 127 828 * 15.9 Three people 1 728 ........................... 26 396 1 050 1 650 27 078 1 143 1 528 22 977 1 114 –4.7 Four people 1 763 ............................ 33 053 1 577 1 632 30 048 1 054 1 508 27 903 1 294 * 7.5 Five people 1 199 ............................ 31 586 1 247 995 30 356 1 152 964 26 701 1 170 1.7 Six people 463 ............................. 30 185 2 045 538 27 510 1 953 523 29 114 1 425 7.3 Seven people or more 358 ................... 36 088 3 060 399 34 864 2 754 368 30 180 1 597 1.2

Number of Earners

No earners 1 312 ............................. 7 842 351 1 281 7 912 320 1 363 7 486 249 –3.1

One earner 3 081 ............................ 20 464 401 2 959 18 883 540 2 923 18 062 509 * 5.9

Two earners or more 4 197 .................... 41 081 590 3 984 39 231 864 3 654 36 963 729 2.4

Two earners 3 096 ........................ 37 106 799 2 863 34 835 969 2 712 34 170 717 * 4.1

Three earners 759 ....................... 47 569 1 603 787 47 044 1 735 651 43 709 2 048 –1.2

Four earners or more 342 ................. 58 360 2 270 334 58 055 2 792 290 56 612 2 744 –1.7

Work Experience of Householder

Total 8 590 ............................ 26 628 474 8 225 24 906 482 7 939 22 860 498 * 4.5

Worked 6 401 ................................ 32 019 462 6 058 30 226 534 5 780 28 353 648 * 3.6

Worked full–time, year~round 4 592 .......... 36 701 629 4 228 35 038 765 4 044 32 607 664 2.4

Did not work 2 189 ........................... 11 893 442 2 167 11 737 438 2 159 10 848 476 –.9

Tenure

Owner occupied 3 857 ........................ 37 889 1 054 3 543 36 481 907 3 274 34 818 848 1.5

Renter occupied 4 571 ........................ 20 439 448 4 542 18 875 555 4 529 17 388 395 * 5.9

Occupier paid no cash rent 162 ............... 16 840 2 489 139 19 154 2 231 136 16 779 1 953 –14.1

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

4 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 2. Selected CharacteristicsmHouseholds by Total Money Income in 1997

[Numbers in thousands. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

Median income Mean income

Total

Less

than

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

All households 102 528 ........ 3 531 7 765 8 326 15 244 13 586 16 698 18 531 9 186 9 661 37 005 171 49 692 278

TYPE OF RESIDENCE

Inside metropolitan areas 82 122 ....... 2 701 5 850 6 085 11 655 10 525 13 115 15 302 8 068 8 820 39 381 268 52 423 324

Inside central cities 31 907 .......... 1 547 3 255 2 925 5 177 4 361 4 901 4 910 2 318 2 512 31 548 273 44 320 453

1 million or more 20 310 .......... 1 008 2 120 1 817 3 230 2 708 3 089 3 092 1 514 1 732 31 789 356 45 314 594

Under 1 million 11 597 ............ 540 1 135 1 108 1 946 1 653 1 812 1 818 804 781 31 168 426 42 580 688

Outside central cities 50 215 ......... 1 154 2 595 3 159 6 479 6 164 8 214 10 391 5 751 6 308 44 668 340 57 571 440

1 million or more 34 357 .......... 759 1 603 1 958 4 117 3 921 5 408 7 318 4 242 5 031 47 981 477 61 507 566

Under 1 million 15 858 ............ 395 992 1 201 2 362 2 243 2 805 3 073 1 509 1 277 38 581 518 49 042 652

Outside metropolitan areas 20 406 ..... 830 1 915 2 241 3 589 3 062 3 583 3 229 1 118 841 30 057 414 38 702 604

REGION

Northeast 19 810 .................... 740 1 653 1 546 2 648 2 374 3 033 3 532 1 904 2 379 38 929 525 53 815 662

Midwest 24 236 ...................... 732 1 686 1 836 3 560 3 278 4 138 4 723 2 288 1 995 38 316 447 49 247 560

South 36 578 ........................ 1 424 3 021 3 143 5 840 5 143 5 981 6 279 2 864 2 884 34 345 347 46 398 468

West 21 905 ......................... 635 1 404 1 800 3 196 2 792 3 546 3 997 2 130 2 403 39 162 546 51 956 602

RACE AND HISPANIC

ORIGIN OF

HOUSEHOLDER

White 86 106 ........................ 2 415 5 773 6 716 12 549 11 350 14 170 16 190 8 183 8 762 38 972 247 51 902 316

Black 12 474 ........................ 925 1 747 1 316 2 238 1 766 1 859 1 637 570 415 25 050 431 32 963 473

Hispanic origin1 ............... 8 590 473 968 916 1 691 1 290 1 429 1 047 427 351 26 628 475 35 883 724

TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD

Family households 70 880 ............. 1 697 2 649 3 911 9 068 9 157 12 500 15 380 8 000 8 516 45 347 237 57 659 358 Married~couple families 54 317 ....... 593 878 2 085 5 886 6 473 9 981 13 205 7 240 7 976 51 681 232 64 835 438 Male householder, no wife

present 3 911 ................... 119 152 262 605 711 709 805 328 220 36 634 719 46 337 1 186 Female householder, no

husband present 12 652 ........... 985 1 619 1 564 2 578 1 974 1 810 1 370 433 321 23 040 393 30 353 419 Nonfamily households 31 648 .......... 1 834 5 115 4 415 6 176 4 429 4 197 3 151 1 186 1 145 21 705 209 31 849 369 Male householder 14 133 ........... 723 1 444 1 508 2 715 2 193 2 303 1 844 682 720 27 592 461 38 302 672 Living alone 11 010 ............... 672 1 367 1 366 2 309 1 772 1 626 1 138 381 380 23 871 425 32 838 639 Female householder 17 516 ......... 1 111 3 671 2 907 3 461 2 236 1 895 1 306 504 424 17 613 256 26 642 379 Living alone 15 317 ............... 1 055 3 598 2 805 3 145 1 916 1 432 886 238 241 15 530 245 23 000 341

AGE OF HOUSEHOLDER

Under 65 years 81 031 ............... 2 865 4 356 4 825 10 265 10 535 14 202 16 807 8 428 8 748 42 365 201 54 402 326

15 to 24 years 5 435 .............. 444 697 595 1 223 952 810 460 129 125 22 583 492 29 026 726

25 to 34 years 19 033 .............. 720 915 1 302 2 683 2 947 3 820 4 062 1 530 1 054 38 174 452 45 099 435

35 to 44 years 23 943 .............. 679 1 007 1 181 2 702 3 000 4 319 5 580 2 846 2 629 46 359 381 57 036 579

45 to 54 years 19 547 .............. 538 780 876 1 947 2 097 3 084 4 406 2 625 3 193 51 875 435 65 286 760

55 to 64 years 13 072 .............. 484 956 871 1 710 1 540 2 168 2 300 1 297 1 747 41 356 457 57 396 1 034

65 years and over 21 497 ............. 666 3 409 3 500 4 979 3 052 2 496 1 723 758 913 20 761 243 31 940 460

65 to 74 years 11 272 .............. 305 1 420 1 381 2 471 1 797 1 588 1 145 515 650 25 292 391 37 239 677

75 years and over 10 226 ........... 361 1 989 2 120 2 508 1 255 908 578 243 263 17 079 245 26 099 603

Mean age of householder 48.6 ...... 46.2 56.5 55.5 51.5 47.6 45.7 44.9 46.0 48.2 (X) (X) (X) (X)

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD

One person 26 327 ................... 1 727 4 965 4 171 5 453 3 688 3 058 2 024 620 621 18 762 209 27 115 336

Two people 32 965 ................... 769 1 258 2 177 5 255 5 099 5 894 6 214 3 131 3 168 39 343 353 52 221 507

Three people 17 331 ................. 472 705 891 2 084 1 963 3 052 4 028 2 020 2 116 47 115 455 57 466 659

Four people 15 358 ................... 319 419 586 1 350 1 623 2 756 3 873 2 107 2 325 53 165 586 66 457 893

Five people 7 048 ................... 163 273 290 692 756 1 310 1 658 878 1 028 50 407 701 63 043 1 129

Six people 2 232 .................... 47 92 114 239 296 411 503 267 263 46 465 1 326 57 483 1 906

Seven people or more 1 267 ......... 33 55 96 170 160 216 231 164 141 42 343 1 689 55 455 2 544

Mean size of household 2.62 ........ 2.08 1.77 2.00 2.26 2.49 2.79 3.03 3.18 3.22 (X) (X) (X) (X)

NUMBER OF EARNERS

No earners 21 280 ................... 2 185 5 084 3 987 4 785 2 244 1 498 842 328 327 14 142 152 20 491 233 One earner 35 150 ................... 1 205 2 364 3 501 7 322 6 449 6 164 4 692 1 613 1 840 29 780 259 40 303 435 Two earners or more 46 098 ........... 141 317 837 3 136 4 894 9 036 12 997 7 245 7 494 57 525 310 70 331 467 Two earners 36 188 ................ 134 301 794 2 849 4 348 7 503 10 158 5 015 5 085 54 192 341 66 521 508 Three earners 7 429 ............... 5 16 42 256 483 1 293 2 212 1 573 1 549 67 182 734 79 019 1 144 Four earners or more 2 480 ........ 2 – 2 31 62 241 627 656 859 84 816 1 324 99 882 2 749

Mean number of earners 1.41 ....... .43 .40 .64 .94 1.28 1.61 1.90 2.14 2.17 (X) (X) (X) (X)

WORK EXPERIENCE OF

HOUSEHOLDER

Total 102 528 ................. 3 531 7 765 8 326 15 244 13 586 16 698 18 531 9 186 9 661 37 005 171 49 692 278

Worked 73 415 ...................... 1 218 2 333 3 779 9 103 9 963 13 673 16 342 8 300 8 703 45 877 218 58 169 351

Worked at full~time jobs 63 318 ...... 640 1 277 2 697 7 263 8 681 12 100 15 053 7 689 7 919 48 488 285 60 557 376

50 weeks or more 53 665 ......... 250 505 1 649 5 566 7 299 10 470 13 564 7 087 7 276 51 336 212 63 899 420

27 to 49 weeks 6 311 ............ 99 355 618 1 062 914 1 189 1 122 463 488 36 263 702 46 422 907

26 weeks or less 3 341 .......... 290 417 430 635 467 441 367 138 155 23 254 740 33 591 1 193

Worked at part~time jobs 10 098 ..... 578 1 055 1 082 1 841 1 283 1 574 1 289 612 784 28 437 589 43 194 954

50 weeks or more 5 090 ......... 124 430 537 953 693 828 682 343 500 31 640 821 49 003 1 594

27 to 49 weeks 2 224 ............ 95 231 206 417 282 378 327 138 149 30 652 1 176 42 672 1 730

26 weeks or less .......... 2 784 359 395 339 471 308 367 280 131 135 21 023 844 32 993 1 201

Did not work 29 113 .................. 2 313 5 432 4 546 6 141 3 623 3 024 2 188 886 958 18 143 194 28 314 355

See footnotes at end of table.

INCOME 5

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 2. Selected CharacteristicsmHouseholds by Total Money Income in 1997mCon.

[Numbers in thousands. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

Median income Mean income

Total

Less

than

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

EDUCATIONAL

ATTAINMENT2

Total 97 093 ................. 3 087 7 068 7 731 14 021 12 635 15 888 18 070 9 057 9 537 38 190 236 50 849 290

Less than 9th grade 7 369 ........... 478 1 745 1 344 1 664 843 690 375 114 117 15 541 295 22 810 513

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 9 686 .. 701 1 620 1 402 2 079 1 303 1 240 898 267 176 19 851 357 27 942 586

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 30 739 ................. 1 076 2 178 2 657 5 245 4 729 5 691 5 755 2 064 1 345 33 779 311 41 173 367

Some college, no degree 17 225 ....... 410 817 1 287 2 429 2 591 3 121 3 533 1 738 1 300 40 015 481 49 395 618

Associate degree 7 263 .............. 163 254 389 900 940 1 357 1 742 828 690 45 258 760 55 521 1 156

Bachelor’s degree or more 24 811 ...... 259 453 652 1 704 2 229 3 789 5 768 4 047 5 909 63 292 575 79 749 762

Bachelor’s degree 16 098 ........... 178 351 456 1 276 1 604 2 581 4 020 2 612 3 021 59 048 719 71 521 794

Master’s degree 5 735 ............. 55 81 140 323 462 873 1 257 979 1 565 68 115 1 112 82 955 1 581

Professional degree 1 693 ......... 12 17 27 58 88 213 261 239 778 92 228 4 135 126 778 5 054

Doctorate degree 1 285 ............ 14 5 29 47 76 122 231 217 545 87 232 2 882 106 549 3 932

TENURE

Owner occupied 67 873 ............... 1 357 3 019 4 198 8 567 8 240 11 474 14 517 7 846 8 655 45 821 249 58 829 388 Renter occupied 32 954 ............... 2 007 4 498 3 882 6 347 5 135 4 975 3 829 1 309 972 24 514 256 32 018 273 Occupier paid no cash rent 1 701 ..... 167 247 246 331 212 249 185 31 35 20 376 1 010 27 503 959

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2Restricted to people 25 years and over.

6 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 3. People in Households, by Total Household Income in 1997, Relationship to

Householder, Age, Gender, Race, and Hispanic Origin

[Numbers in thousands. People in households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

Male Female

Total

House~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative TotalHouse~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative

ALL RACES

All Ages

Total 131 649 ......................... 59 903 12 457 45 770 7 037 6 483 137 335 42 625 41 859 40 257 7 100 5 493

Less than $5,000 3 035 ................... 1 294 141 1 346 141 112 4 317 2 237 452 1 309 192 126

$5,000 to $9,999 5 150 ................... 2 239 236 2 129 343 203 8 567 5 526 642 1 799 401 199

$10,000 to $14,999 7 003 ................. 3 335 520 2 465 393 290 9 667 4 991 1 565 2 304 511 297

$15,000 to $19,999 7 839 ................. 3 786 703 2 453 477 419 9 205 4 051 2 080 2 221 501 351

$20,000 to $24,999 8 377 ................. 3 981 735 2 728 470 463 9 013 3 426 2 367 2 323 491 406

$25,000 to $29,999 8 223 ................. 3 913 715 2 667 449 480 8 826 3 000 2 442 2 432 464 487

$30,000 to $34,999 8 190 ................. 4 027 722 2 507 467 466 8 528 2 646 2 594 2 428 487 373

$35,000 to $39,999 8 217 ................. 3 831 766 2 711 492 416 8 095 2 279 2 611 2 319 496 390

$40,000 to $44,999 8 051 ................. 3 633 817 2 723 465 413 7 842 2 034 2 642 2 360 398 409

$45,000 to $49,999 7 361 ................. 3 268 677 2 613 369 433 6 993 1 652 2 468 2 147 392 334

$50,000 to $54,999 7 238 ................. 3 332 726 2 457 409 315 6 893 1 532 2 569 2 107 358 326

$55,000 to $59,999 5 987 ................. 2 579 687 2 073 315 333 5 738 1 285 2 010 1 936 306 201

$60,000 to $64,999 6 045 ................. 2 605 621 2 197 263 359 5 638 1 145 2 090 1 903 280 220

$65,000 to $69,999 5 199 ................. 2 329 505 1 872 240 252 4 926 969 1 875 1 682 217 183

$70,000 to $74,999 4 351 ................. 1 959 511 1 497 206 178 4 154 795 1 610 1 450 191 109

$75,000 to $79,999 3 888 ................. 1 698 419 1 370 193 208 3 638 701 1 398 1 220 165 153

$80,000 to $84,999 3 742 ................. 1 627 425 1 313 197 179 3 389 624 1 328 1 103 178 156

$85,000 to $89,999 2 773 ................. 1 232 313 1 006 132 90 2 599 470 1 081 822 134 93

$90,000 to $94,999 2 569 ................. 1 118 239 1 022 94 96 2 315 391 997 756 95 76

$95,000 to $99,999 2 224 ................. 922 256 804 150 92 2 089 403 785 655 139 106

$100,000 and over 16 189 .................. 7 193 1 723 5 816 773 685 14 904 2 468 6 253 4 981 705 497

Under 3 Years Old

Total 5 979 ......................... – – 5 248 644 87 5 676 – – 4 878 697 101

Less than $5,000 253 ................... – – 214 28 10 212 – – 169 35 8

$5,000 to $9,999 360 ................... – – 319 37 5 384 – – 311 60 13

$10,000 to $14,999 392 ................. – – 344 39 8 354 – – 297 48 8

$15,000 to $19,999 349 ................. – – 294 42 13 387 – – 338 47 2 $20,000 to $24,999 382 ................. – – 337 41 5 441 – – 365 60 16 $25,000 to $29,999 377 ................. – – 314 50 13 424 – – 375 34 14 $30,000 to $34,999 354 ................. – – 295 54 5 398 – – 345 49 4 $35,000 to $39,999 411 ................. – – 366 38 7 325 – – 272 50 4 $40,000 to $44,999 357 ................. – – 327 27 3 372 – – 317 49 6 $45,000 to $49,999 397 ................. – – 364 31 2 265 – – 226 32 8

$50,000 to $54,999 271 ................. – – 243 25 3 250 – – 228 21 – $55,000 to $59,999 222 ................. – – 205 15 2 271 – – 246 21 4 $60,000 to $64,999 255 ................. – – 227 26 3 271 – – 241 20 10 $65,000 to $69,999 238 ................. – – 219 17 2 229 – – 210 18 – $70,000 to $74,999 165 ................. – – 132 33 1 169 – – 151 16 1 $75,000 to $79,999 153 ................. – – 126 27 – 140 – – 125 13 2 $80,000 to $84,999 173 ................. – – 152 21 – 99 – – 81 18 – $85,000 to $89,999 123 ................. – – 100 22 – 79 – – 68 11 – $90,000 to $94,999 87 ................. – – 80 7 – 42 – – 34 8 – $95,000 to $99,999 82 ................. – – 73 9 – 83 – – 57 26 – $100,000 and over 578 .................. – – 519 54 5 483 – – 423 60 –

3 to 5 Years Old

Total 6 233 ......................... – – 5 578 475 180 5 960 – – 5 334 509 117

Less than $5,000 272 ................... – – 259 9 4 264 – – 236 19 9

$5,000 to $9,999 441 ................... – – 390 38 14 341 – – 289 48 4

$10,000 to $14,999 428 ................. – – 357 51 20 454 – – 399 50 5

$15,000 to $19,999 416 ................. – – 359 44 13 418 – – 370 37 11

$20,000 to $24,999 432 ................. – – 381 32 18 397 – – 342 44 12 $25,000 to $29,999 406 ................. – – 370 22 15 365 – – 330 26 9 $30,000 to $34,999 376 ................. – – 315 43 19 453 – – 399 42 11 $35,000 to $39,999 359 ................. – – 322 34 3 382 – – 341 32 9 $40,000 to $44,999 391 ................. – – 356 26 9 353 – – 313 25 15 $45,000 to $49,999 354 ................. – – 318 17 18 303 – – 283 14 5

$50,000 to $54,999 310 ................. – – 279 16 16 263 – – 240 19 4 $55,000 to $59,999 284 ................. – – 252 25 7 239 – – 214 25 – $60,000 to $64,999 261 ................. – – 242 14 6 254 – – 226 21 7 $65,000 to $69,999 207 ................. – – 194 7 6 210 – – 193 13 3 $70,000 to $74,999 217 ................. – – 198 19 – 216 – – 198 17 1 $75,000 to $79,999 139 ................. – – 116 17 6 146 – – 143 – 2 $80,000 to $84,999 145 ................. – – 135 8 3 146 – – 127 16 2 $85,000 to $89,999 79 ................. – – 72 7 1 83 – – 75 8 – $90,000 to $94,999 94 ................. – – 91 3 – 82 – – 69 9 4 $95,000 to $99,999 61 ................. – – 53 8 – 77 – – 69 8 –

$100,000 and over 561 .................. – – 520 38 3 516 – – 476 36 4

See footnote at end of table.

INCOME 7

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 3. People in Households, by Total Household Income in 1997, Relationship to

Householder, Age, Gender, Race, and Hispanic OriginmCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People in households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

Male Female

Total

House~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative TotalHouse~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative

ALL RACESmCon.

6 to 11 Years Old

Total 12 372 ......................... – – 11 239 823 311 11 845 – – 10 849 751 245

Less than $5,000 453 ................... – – 433 14 6 471 – – 450 14 7

$5,000 to $9,999 670 ................... – – 584 78 8 652 – – 574 65 13

$10,000 to $14,999 747 ................. – – 673 63 11 773 – – 659 96 18

$15,000 to $19,999 720 ................. – – 630 70 20 696 – – 624 54 18

$20,000 to $24,999 746 ................. – – 654 68 25 716 – – 630 66 20

$25,000 to $29,999 797 ................. – – 715 52 30 764 – – 686 59 18

$30,000 to $34,999 733 ................. – – 644 58 31 751 – – 683 43 25

$35,000 to $39,999 779 ................. – – 706 55 18 728 – – 652 49 27

$40,000 to $44,999 789 ................. – – 720 47 22 647 – – 592 38 18

$45,000 to $49,999 654 ................. – – 564 53 37 610 – – 564 33 13

$50,000 to $54,999 734 ................. – – 663 52 19 643 – – 596 32 15

$55,000 to $59,999 541 ................. – – 504 27 10 579 – – 543 27 9

$60,000 to $64,999 593 ................. – – 552 13 27 554 – – 525 20 9

$65,000 to $69,999 503 ................. – – 473 23 8 414 – – 389 21 3

$70,000 to $74,999 398 ................. – – 377 17 4 393 – – 376 16 1

$75,000 to $79,999 342 ................. – – 331 8 3 327 – – 313 12 3

$80,000 to $84,999 331 ................. – – 313 18 – 298 – – 286 9 3

$85,000 to $89,999 209 ................. – – 197 5 7 242 – – 213 19 10

$90,000 to $94,999 227 ................. – – 218 10 – 185 – – 182 – 3

$95,000 to $99,999 166 ................. – – 137 15 15 157 – – 141 15 1

$100,000 and over 1 241 .................. – – 1 151 78 12 1 247 – – 1 173 63 11

12 to 17 Years Old

Total 12 101 ......................... 76 5 10 996 766 257 11 503 69 30 10 279 779 347

Less than $5,000 355 ................... 18 – 297 37 2 397 16 – 340 32 9

$5,000 to $9,999 583 ................... 5 – 500 68 10 470 12 3 379 65 11

$10,000 to $14,999 686 ................. 11 – 609 49 17 628 10 7 530 58 23 $15,000 to $19,999 656 ................. 5 2 562 73 12 586 6 – 487 67 26 $20,000 to $24,999 706 ................. 3 – 611 70 22 674 7 – 565 75 27 $25,000 to $29,999 699 ................. 6 – 632 45 15 716 1 10 636 39 29 $30,000 to $34,999 674 ................. 7 – 603 45 19 663 1 – 577 68 17 $35,000 to $39,999 710 ................. 3 – 627 64 15 659 2 2 566 67 21 $40,000 to $44,999 740 ................. 4 – 648 75 12 687 9 – 614 27 36 $45,000 to $49,999 729 ................. 8 – 666 36 18 670 4 5 609 42 9

$50,000 to $54,999 652 ................. – – 598 42 12 638 – – 578 44 16 $55,000 to $59,999 524 ................. 3 – 497 14 10 553 – – 530 20 3 $60,000 to $64,999 602 ................. – 3 549 20 30 558 – – 486 30 42 $65,000 to $69,999 484 ................. – – 455 17 12 500 – – 458 29 14 $70,000 to $74,999 384 ................. – – 365 8 12 372 – – 358 6 7 $75,000 to $79,999 409 ................. – – 378 22 9 349 – – 323 17 9 $80,000 to $84,999 299 ................. – – 288 7 3 352 – – 320 23 8 $85,000 to $89,999 277 ................. – – 271 5 1 250 – – 238 10 1 $90,000 to $94,999 243 ................. – – 229 6 8 223 – – 203 14 6 $95,000 to $99,999 226 ................. – – 213 11 2 204 1 2 184 9 7 $100,000 and over 1 464 .................. 3 – 1 396 51 14 1 356 – – 1 295 36 25

18 to 21 Years Old

Total 7 443 ......................... 854 72 5 360 553 605 7 353 999 496 4 491 500 867

Less than $5,000 153 ................... 63 4 57 19 10 251 114 17 68 23 28

$5,000 to $9,999 316 ................... 97 2 142 17 57 444 213 25 129 26 50

$10,000 to $14,999 364 ................. 118 7 168 39 32 385 94 70 161 21 39

$15,000 to $19,999 479 ................. 112 7 232 49 79 492 144 54 175 57 62 $20,000 to $24,999 460 ................. 95 16 248 48 53 508 91 75 206 45 91 $25,000 to $29,999 433 ................. 105 11 243 32 42 488 79 61 197 44 107 $30,000 to $34,999 368 ................. 55 13 216 40 43 398 56 48 185 35 73 $35,000 to $39,999 411 ................. 56 4 242 64 45 427 40 42 221 46 77 $40,000 to $44,999 382 ................. 27 – 283 43 29 385 41 33 212 32 67 $45,000 to $49,999 395 ................. 30 – 306 21 39 394 37 26 233 29 69

$50,000 to $54,999 422 ................. 31 6 310 25 49 332 20 14 239 26 33 $55,000 to $59,999 381 ................. 21 – 302 34 25 308 13 14 237 18 26 $60,000 to $64,999 339 ................. 6 – 312 16 5 241 3 4 209 17 9 $65,000 to $69,999 299 ................. 7 – 263 8 22 265 9 1 224 12 19 $70,000 to $74,999 225 ................. – – 207 9 9 242 4 4 222 11 2 $75,000 to $79,999 171 ................. 1 – 158 6 6 240 12 – 178 19 31 $80,000 to $84,999 229 ................. 7 – 193 17 12 182 6 – 145 9 22 $85,000 to $89,999 195 ................. 6 – 167 15 7 128 2 3 117 – 6 $90,000 to $94,999 215 ................. 1 – 207 3 4 153 – – 147 4 3

$95,000 to $99,999 169 ................. 3 1 150 13 2 157 2 2 138 3 12

$100,000 and over 1 038 .................. 14 – 954 35 35 934 18 4 848 25 39

See footnote at end of table.

8 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 3. People in Households, by Total Household Income in 1997, Relationship to

Householder, Age, Gender, Race, and Hispanic OriginmCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People in households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

Male Female

Total

House~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative TotalHouse~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative

ALL RACESmCon.

22 to 24 Years Old

Total 5 170 ......................... 1 758 239 2 039 430 704 5 193 1 679 1 068 1 482 261 703

Less than $5,000 122 ................... 83 9 13 5 11 199 150 12 25 6 7

$5,000 to $9,999 191 ................... 119 19 35 12 6 353 251 32 22 10 37

$10,000 to $14,999 268 ................. 158 30 50 15 15 382 204 55 74 12 37

$15,000 to $19,999 351 ................. 192 24 58 27 51 349 177 84 46 10 32

$20,000 to $24,999 378 ................. 193 33 84 24 43 454 197 130 63 14 50

$25,000 to $29,999 403 ................. 169 25 85 47 77 418 146 98 62 28 85

$30,000 to $34,999 436 ................. 215 21 108 49 42 368 113 101 61 18 75

$35,000 to $39,999 303 ................. 113 21 83 26 59 345 99 85 80 27 54

$40,000 to $44,999 311 ................. 116 17 85 36 57 417 106 131 92 23 65

$45,000 to $49,999 277 ................. 78 18 114 19 49 219 36 70 58 10 44

$50,000 to $54,999 224 ................. 83 5 71 31 34 239 41 72 76 16 34

$55,000 to $59,999 239 ................. 51 8 106 26 48 188 47 34 52 21 34

$60,000 to $64,999 168 ................. 26 2 106 7 26 163 24 41 71 6 21

$65,000 to $69,999 167 ................. 32 4 102 24 6 124 7 27 66 6 18

$70,000 to $74,999 135 ................. 24 – 86 7 18 101 9 21 57 3 11

$75,000 to $79,999 177 ................. 23 – 96 23 35 125 12 28 58 8 19

$80,000 to $84,999 129 ................. 24 – 86 5 14 91 11 15 44 5 17

$85,000 to $89,999 89 ................. 6 – 64 8 10 78 1 9 59 6 3

$90,000 to $94,999 96 ................. 3 1 82 2 8 64 – – 59 – 5

$95,000 to $99,999 77 ................. – – 62 5 10 50 7 – 30 2 11

$100,000 and over 630 .................. 49 – 463 32 85 466 41 24 328 31 42

25 to 29 Years Old

Total 9 442 ......................... 4 838 1 008 1 847 624 1 123 9 539 3 625 3 521 1 166 353 875

Less than $5,000 146 ................... 101 19 8 7 10 312 259 38 3 – 13

$5,000 to $9,999 229 ................... 142 18 20 23 26 406 315 43 17 13 18

$10,000 to $14,999 437 ................. 282 59 52 16 29 589 331 158 46 14 39 $15,000 to $19,999 529 ................. 318 65 74 26 46 601 313 175 40 23 50 $20,000 to $24,999 664 ................. 351 94 92 46 80 565 298 172 31 14 49 $25,000 to $29,999 611 ................. 388 66 58 29 70 657 324 241 40 9 43 $30,000 to $34,999 736 ................. 439 66 115 36 80 729 262 315 65 29 59 $35,000 to $39,999 706 ................. 407 86 109 34 70 723 270 306 64 21 61 $40,000 to $44,999 709 ................. 395 91 88 54 82 640 222 268 84 18 48 $45,000 to $49,999 617 ................. 360 70 88 23 76 604 173 272 67 21 70

$50,000 to $54,999 577 ................. 299 64 119 45 49 558 154 251 46 25 82 $55,000 to $59,999 474 ................. 234 55 83 41 61 455 108 222 53 29 42 $60,000 to $64,999 470 ................. 212 47 105 27 79 420 127 171 74 25 23 $65,000 to $69,999 392 ................. 181 50 58 37 66 388 102 155 68 13 49 $70,000 to $74,999 279 ................. 134 28 59 31 28 265 52 137 35 13 28 $75,000 to $79,999 264 ................. 118 36 75 12 23 229 50 94 49 7 30 $80,000 to $84,999 241 ................. 101 15 65 9 50 268 66 113 42 9 38 $85,000 to $89,999 176 ................. 64 13 72 9 17 154 35 73 24 7 15 $90,000 to $94,999 156 ................. 60 16 54 6 20 136 36 43 37 5 14 $95,000 to $99,999 146 ................. 43 16 51 14 21 127 22 58 22 11 15 $100,000 and over 883 .................. 209 34 401 100 139 714 104 216 259 46 89

30 to 34 Years Old

Total 10 074 ......................... 6 376 1 507 998 395 798 10 280 4 194 4 795 514 202 574

Less than $5,000 136 ................... 92 14 17 – 13 338 268 54 5 1 11

$5,000 to $9,999 234 ................... 149 19 36 10 20 417 309 67 17 11 12

$10,000 to $14,999 461 ................. 316 65 27 21 33 588 372 116 40 15 46

$15,000 to $19,999 485 ................. 276 102 42 18 48 578 358 145 29 7 39 $20,000 to $24,999 591 ................. 398 78 41 16 57 639 371 193 27 14 34 $25,000 to $29,999 636 ................. 415 90 56 32 42 593 270 229 24 14 56 $30,000 to $34,999 764 ................. 534 92 69 28 41 677 314 306 24 14 19 $35,000 to $39,999 676 ................. 453 98 52 32 42 619 237 320 28 5 29 $40,000 to $44,999 698 ................. 444 120 57 28 49 668 240 354 21 9 44 $45,000 to $49,999 637 ................. 441 67 78 18 33 637 178 363 52 14 30

$50,000 to $54,999 693 ................. 460 123 43 23 44 629 202 345 28 4 50 $55,000 to $59,999 516 ................. 329 93 31 11 52 492 147 287 22 5 30 $60,000 to $64,999 537 ................. 357 88 39 14 38 545 129 369 14 2 30 $65,000 to $69,999 478 ................. 324 64 48 14 27 456 148 259 23 10 15 $70,000 to $74,999 384 ................. 268 53 34 4 25 397 94 240 31 16 15 $75,000 to $79,999 324 ................. 186 58 33 15 31 259 81 154 11 2 12 $80,000 to $84,999 329 ................. 179 59 30 32 30 289 92 162 14 9 12 $85,000 to $89,999 174 ................. 100 33 20 2 19 161 53 77 11 11 9 $90,000 to $94,999 170 ................. 81 19 33 10 26 155 40 101 6 – 8

$95,000 to $99,999 158 ................. 79 27 22 21 9 155 42 82 5 11 16

$100,000 and over 992 .................. 492 145 189 45 119 988 249 570 81 28 59

See footnote at end of table.

INCOME 9

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 3. People in Households, by Total Household Income in 1997, Relationship to

Householder, Age, Gender, Race, and Hispanic OriginmCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People in households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

Male Female

Total

House~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative TotalHouse~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative

ALL RACESmCon.

35 to 44 Years Old

Total 22 045 ......................... 14 935 3 405 1 760 749 1 196 22 407 9 009 11 276 762 479 881

Less than $5,000 339 ................... 252 30 40 7 10 558 428 85 10 15 21

$5,000 to $9,999 518 ................... 360 36 54 32 35 837 647 110 36 29 15

$10,000 to $14,999 827 ................. 535 70 126 37 58 996 645 215 52 34 48

$15,000 to $19,999 991 ................. 630 124 138 50 49 1 061 647 293 52 25 44

$20,000 to $24,999 1 229 ................. 766 146 190 45 82 1 159 658 382 40 24 54

$25,000 to $29,999 1 284 ................. 857 153 123 67 83 1 294 682 436 51 47 78

$30,000 to $34,999 1 270 ................. 874 162 98 46 90 1 233 587 502 58 31 56

$35,000 to $39,999 1 464 ................. 999 190 145 52 78 1 331 562 615 54 41 59

$40,000 to $44,999 1 411 ................. 955 228 112 41 75 1 328 474 691 65 29 68

$45,000 to $49,999 1 309 ................. 874 227 90 40 78 1 256 456 687 28 40 46

$50,000 to $54,999 1 347 ................. 937 221 106 44 40 1 319 392 809 55 14 49

$55,000 to $59,999 1 140 ................. 807 221 55 9 48 1 124 386 647 29 30 33

$60,000 to $64,999 1 219 ................. 830 218 49 29 92 1 177 381 700 31 26 39

$65,000 to $69,999 975 ................. 661 186 44 22 62 962 268 607 44 12 32

$70,000 to $74,999 960 ................. 641 190 34 42 54 906 276 594 17 4 15

$75,000 to $79,999 780 ................. 530 136 50 25 39 795 247 504 8 11 26

$80,000 to $84,999 723 ................. 483 146 33 20 40 687 181 437 28 11 30

$85,000 to $89,999 507 ................. 368 82 35 10 12 568 151 380 12 10 15

$90,000 to $94,999 482 ................. 361 70 24 19 7 499 105 369 11 – 13

$95,000 to $99,999 435 ................. 294 80 33 16 13 451 126 280 8 14 22

$100,000 and over 2 837 .................. 1 920 490 180 96 151 2 865 709 1 935 70 34 118

45 to 54 Years Old

Total 16 597 ......................... 12 405 2 599 483 500 611 17 450 7 142 8 922 367 578 441

Less than $5,000 322 ................... 278 12 9 4 19 341 260 65 2 8 6

$5,000 to $9,999 417 ................... 337 30 29 12 9 586 443 87 14 31 11

$10,000 to $14,999 463 ................. 360 56 16 9 23 779 516 183 28 37 15 $15,000 to $19,999 624 ................. 464 76 41 25 17 824 491 228 35 38 32 $20,000 to $24,999 725 ................. 532 79 54 19 40 830 461 278 38 24 30 $25,000 to $29,999 698 ................. 510 79 47 19 44 893 487 329 24 28 25 $30,000 to $34,999 795 ................. 585 120 32 25 34 967 515 378 23 32 19 $35,000 to $39,999 881 ................. 634 133 39 31 43 974 448 422 35 42 27 $40,000 to $44,999 889 ................. 642 139 34 31 43 990 428 456 37 50 19 $45,000 to $49,999 820 ................. 597 117 22 36 49 825 335 423 14 29 24

$50,000 to $54,999 963 ................. 720 135 16 58 35 993 325 569 17 53 30 $55,000 to $59,999 793 ................. 533 149 27 48 37 735 294 403 9 14 15 $60,000 to $64,999 891 ................. 660 144 16 40 31 810 278 467 25 15 26 $65,000 to $69,999 799 ................. 610 130 14 21 24 793 266 490 6 15 15 $70,000 to $74,999 707 ................. 526 140 4 25 12 601 195 362 4 22 18 $75,000 to $79,999 611 ................. 455 113 7 5 31 584 177 368 7 20 12 $80,000 to $84,999 610 ................. 450 112 19 16 13 536 133 352 15 23 13 $85,000 to $89,999 526 ................. 377 114 6 22 7 484 122 327 4 16 16 $90,000 to $94,999 458 ................. 362 82 – 3 11 486 130 326 3 10 17 $95,000 to $99,999 404 ................. 306 77 9 – 11 372 114 242 2 6 10 $100,000 and over 3 202 .................. 2 468 563 40 53 78 3 047 725 2 167 25 67 63

55 to 64 Years Old

Total 10 669 ......................... 8 039 1 689 199 406 337 11 571 5 033 5 750 110 474 204

Less than $5,000 259 ................... 212 30 – 11 6 399 271 113 – 8 7

$5,000 to $9,999 408 ................... 340 42 16 9 1 793 616 145 9 11 12

$10,000 to $14,999 521 ................. 378 53 43 29 18 795 493 238 15 33 16

$15,000 to $19,999 558 ................. 430 64 22 12 30 804 444 302 18 21 19 $20,000 to $24,999 550 ................. 415 58 31 21 26 806 422 335 14 24 11 $25,000 to $29,999 547 ................. 422 77 20 16 12 725 335 348 6 26 10 $30,000 to $34,999 590 ................. 435 99 12 11 33 793 348 394 7 40 5 $35,000 to $39,999 612 ................. 464 96 19 21 13 665 258 359 6 30 12 $40,000 to $44,999 684 ................. 513 118 15 23 15 677 256 376 9 24 12 $45,000 to $49,999 611 ................. 471 91 3 26 19 630 207 377 12 25 8

$50,000 to $54,999 626 ................. 482 94 5 35 10 561 221 311 5 13 11 $55,000 to $59,999 468 ................. 325 81 6 33 22 410 146 239 – 25 – $60,000 to $64,999 425 ................. 310 79 – 20 16 341 96 217 3 21 5 $65,000 to $69,999 383 ................. 296 52 1 17 16 330 92 219 – 13 5 $70,000 to $74,999 307 ................. 217 71 – 3 17 297 115 158 – 17 7 $75,000 to $79,999 332 ................. 245 44 – 21 22 265 65 179 2 18 2 $80,000 to $84,999 306 ................. 196 68 – 27 15 280 99 157 – 20 5 $85,000 to $89,999 251 ................. 190 51 – 9 1 216 75 122 – 10 8 $90,000 to $94,999 254 ................. 192 39 3 11 10 199 52 125 – 19 4

$95,000 to $99,999 188 ................. 140 36 – 3 9 138 42 75 – 10 10

$100,000 and over 1 791 .................. 1 366 347 2 50 26 1 446 381 961 4 65 34

See footnote at end of table.

10 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 3. People in Households, by Total Household Income in 1997, Relationship to

Householder, Age, Gender, Race, and Hispanic OriginmCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People in households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

Male Female

Total

House~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative TotalHouse~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative

ALL RACESmCon.

65 to 74 Years Old

Total 7 992 ......................... 6 292 1 200 22 301 177 9 882 4 980 4 161 21 635 84

Less than $5,000 135 ................... 108 21 – – 6 258 198 42 – 18 –

$5,000 to $9,999 405 ................... 356 37 3 4 5 1 172 1 063 86 – 19 3

$10,000 to $14,999 649 ................. 543 84 1 3 18 1 205 838 330 3 35 –

$15,000 to $19,999 844 ................. 675 125 – 21 24 1 235 694 483 6 42 10

$20,000 to $24,999 810 ................. 652 121 2 25 10 1 003 450 522 2 29 –

$25,000 to $29,999 750 ................. 591 121 3 21 13 872 370 452 – 35 14

$30,000 to $34,999 691 ................. 552 100 – 19 20 709 283 381 2 39 4

$35,000 to $39,999 596 ................. 470 88 – 20 18 587 201 345 – 35 7

$40,000 to $44,999 444 ................. 338 84 – 8 14 438 162 241 4 24 8

$45,000 to $49,999 373 ................. 278 65 – 20 11 379 138 196 – 38 6

$50,000 to $54,999 289 ................. 244 41 4 – – 278 83 159 – 35 1

$55,000 to $59,999 288 ................. 199 58 7 13 11 251 79 135 – 37 –

$60,000 to $64,999 184 ................. 128 24 – 26 6 183 58 90 – 35 –

$65,000 to $69,999 193 ................. 159 16 1 17 – 183 59 89 – 31 4

$70,000 to $74,999 136 ................. 108 24 – 4 – 130 26 80 – 21 2

$75,000 to $79,999 137 ................. 110 21 – 3 3 127 40 61 – 21 6

$80,000 to $84,999 162 ................. 124 19 – 19 – 101 24 63 – 12 3

$85,000 to $89,999 119 ................. 91 18 – 7 3 106 18 68 – 14 6

$90,000 to $94,999 44 ................. 34 9 – – 2 45 11 24 5 5 –

$95,000 to $99,999 68 ................. 42 16 – 9 – 69 22 35 – 10 2

$100,000 and over 674 .................. 488 110 – 64 12 550 162 280 – 100 8

75 Years Old and Over

Total 5 532 ......................... 4 330 733 – 371 98 8 677 5 895 1 840 3 882 55

Less than $5,000 91 ................... 87 1 – – 4 315 274 27 – 13 1

$5,000 to $9,999 380 ................... 334 32 – 5 9 1 714 1 656 44 – 14 –

$10,000 to $14,999 761 ................. 632 97 – 22 9 1 740 1 487 193 – 58 1 $15,000 to $19,999 837 ................. 684 115 – 21 17 1 173 776 316 – 75 6 $20,000 to $24,999 704 ................. 577 111 – 15 2 821 472 279 – 58 12 $25,000 to $29,999 583 ................. 449 92 – 18 24 619 307 238 – 74 – $30,000 to $34,999 404 ................. 331 50 – 14 8 389 168 168 – 47 6 $35,000 to $39,999 310 ................. 233 51 – 22 4 331 161 114 – 52 4 $40,000 to $44,999 246 ................. 198 19 – 25 3 242 97 92 – 51 3 $45,000 to $49,999 187 ................. 132 23 – 28 4 202 87 50 – 63 2

$50,000 to $54,999 129 ................. 76 38 – 13 3 190 94 40 – 55 1 $55,000 to $59,999 117 ................. 77 21 – 18 – 132 64 31 – 34 3 $60,000 to $64,999 102 ................. 75 16 – 10 – 122 47 31 – 44 – $65,000 to $69,999 80 ................. 59 4 – 16 1 74 18 27 – 24 5 $70,000 to $74,999 54 ................. 43 6 – 6 – 66 24 14 – 28 – $75,000 to $79,999 48 ................. 30 11 – 7 – 51 18 11 3 18 – $80,000 to $84,999 66 ................. 61 4 – 1 – 60 11 31 – 14 4 $85,000 to $89,999 48 ................. 31 3 – 11 3 51 12 22 – 13 4 $90,000 to $94,999 41 ................. 24 2 – 15 – 44 17 8 – 19 – $95,000 to $99,999 42 ................. 14 3 – 26 – 48 25 8 – 15 – $100,000 and over 301 .................. 183 34 – 77 6 293 80 95 – 114 3

WHITE

Total 109 631 ......................... 52 220 10 707 36 637 4 702 5 365 112 790 33 886 37 358 32 281 4 654 4 610

Less than $5,000 2 032 ................... 941 113 808 78 92 2 752 1 474 368 732 87 92

$5,000 to $9,999 3 439 ................... 1 671 189 1 256 178 145 6 083 4 102 519 1 102 207 154

$10,000 to $14,999 5 342 ................. 2 779 430 1 696 240 197 7 344 3 937 1 367 1 536 284 220

$15,000 to $19,999 6 219 ................. 3 267 589 1 725 282 356 7 303 3 168 1 854 1 654 336 290

$20,000 to $24,999 6 783 ................. 3 424 620 2 048 299 392 7 133 2 689 2 123 1 727 290 303

$25,000 to $29,999 6 673 ................. 3 346 611 2 020 312 383 7 163 2 392 2 173 1 917 303 378 $30,000 to $34,999 6 792 ................. 3 507 638 1 983 287 377 6 881 2 104 2 283 1 900 287 307 $35,000 to $39,999 6 829 ................. 3 334 656 2 217 298 324 6 710 1 832 2 320 1 905 322 331 $40,000 to $44,999 6 744 ................. 3 160 688 2 244 302 351 6 496 1 643 2 309 1 931 259 354 $45,000 to $49,999 6 134 ................. 2 849 567 2 095 276 347 5 864 1 352 2 165 1 758 287 302

$50,000 to $54,999 6 257 ................. 3 004 616 2 093 282 262 5 981 1 274 2 334 1 805 271 297 $55,000 to $59,999 5 050 ................. 2 300 545 1 714 238 253 4 821 1 012 1 804 1 610 205 191 $60,000 to $64,999 5 217 ................. 2 318 532 1 846 198 324 4 825 960 1 851 1 604 220 191 $65,000 to $69,999 4 466 ................. 2 050 449 1 588 164 215 4 231 811 1 659 1 454 150 157 $70,000 to $74,999 3 830 ................. 1 780 444 1 275 167 164 3 600 681 1 462 1 224 139 95 $75,000 to $79,999 3 453 ................. 1 518 385 1 225 142 183 3 204 632 1 257 1 059 118 138 $80,000 to $84,999 3 231 ................. 1 468 368 1 119 122 153 2 943 530 1 206 944 130 134 $85,000 to $89,999 2 406 ................. 1 110 284 862 90 60 2 241 399 977 714 78 73 $90,000 to $94,999 2 303 ................. 1 031 202 916 66 88 2 083 332 929 684 69 69 $95,000 to $99,999 1 903 ................. 819 223 676 100 85 1 780 344 699 554 89 93 $100,000 and over 14 528 .................. 6 545 1 559 5 231 580 613 13 353 2 217 5 702 4 468 523 441

See footnote at end of table.

INCOME 11

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 3. People in Households, by Total Household Income in 1997, Relationship to

Householder, Age, Gender, Race, and Hispanic OriginmCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People in households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

Male Female

Total

House~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative TotalHouse~ holder

Spouse

of house~ holder

Child of

house~ holder

Other

relative

of house~ holderNon~ relative

BLACK

Total 15 830 ......................... 5 178 1 180 6 875 1 755 841 18 442 7 295 2 740 5 965 1 810 630 Less than $5,000 812 ................... 253 19 468 56 16 1 343 673 45 498 102 25 $5,000 to $9,999 1 476 ................... 463 40 788 143 41 2 187 1 284 81 614 170 37 $10,000 to $14,999 1 281 ................. 410 61 591 147 72 1 883 906 115 621 196 46 $15,000 to $19,999 1 347 ................. 397 89 630 170 61 1 584 778 157 458 137 53 $20,000 to $24,999 1 253 ................. 409 82 553 155 53 1 585 653 161 489 194 88 $25,000 to $29,999 1 175 ................. 414 72 500 112 77 1 327 520 182 384 146 95 $30,000 to $34,999 1 076 ................. 373 53 407 169 73 1 302 459 212 426 169 37 $35,000 to $39,999 992 ................. 323 78 363 155 73 978 366 170 275 124 43 $40,000 to $44,999 961 ................. 325 102 351 132 51 1 010 317 215 336 96 46 $45,000 to $49,999 889 ................. 269 85 411 62 62 838 259 195 305 55 24

$50,000 to $54,999 737 ................. 232 82 296 106 21 698 211 160 239 65 23 $55,000 to $59,999 651 ................. 182 107 245 46 71 640 216 130 226 58 10 $60,000 to $64,999 495 ................. 168 62 208 33 24 503 125 146 187 29 16 $65,000 to $69,999 476 ................. 185 34 186 47 24 478 119 148 147 45 20 $70,000 to $74,999 373 ................. 130 33 174 22 14 383 67 110 160 38 8 $75,000 to $79,999 228 ................. 108 12 69 23 17 227 32 78 92 19 5 $80,000 to $84,999 328 ................. 97 39 123 53 17 298 65 79 109 36 10 $85,000 to $89,999 221 ................. 67 13 87 27 26 206 44 53 59 38 13 $90,000 to $94,999 153 ................. 42 22 66 23 – 122 36 35 33 17 2 $95,000 to $99,999 169 ................. 47 17 72 30 4 187 33 38 78 32 6 $100,000 and over 737 .................. 285 79 285 44 44 662 130 232 230 48 23

HISPANIC ORIGIN1

Total 15 520 ......................... 5 063 1 161 6 589 1 812 895 14 889 3 527 3 642 5 770 1 361 589

Less than $5,000 593 ................... 179 40 296 34 44 721 294 81 287 34 26

$5,000 to $9,999 1 119 ................... 347 48 587 104 34 1 471 621 154 532 119 45

$10,000 to $14,999 1 436 ................. 464 112 701 116 42 1 500 452 317 574 111 46

$15,000 to $19,999 1 376 ................. 453 111 607 135 70 1 454 387 306 570 134 56

$20,000 to $24,999 1 549 ................. 542 118 653 146 90 1 486 308 381 617 125 55

$25,000 to $29,999 1 244 ................. 409 106 512 149 68 1 200 263 297 480 92 68

$30,000 to $34,999 1 139 ................. 404 79 444 136 77 1 055 214 293 420 89 40

$35,000 to $39,999 1 071 ................. 354 89 438 146 44 955 181 267 365 108 33

$40,000 to $44,999 1 044 ................. 330 75 415 141 84 875 160 258 325 90 41

$45,000 to $49,999 854 ................. 274 60 336 127 58 757 131 208 293 84 40

$50,000 to $54,999 667 ................. 222 49 257 111 28 593 88 176 241 64 23

$55,000 to $59,999 563 ................. 148 53 209 90 63 416 79 115 163 42 16

$60,000 to $64,999 471 ................. 157 36 206 25 47 409 59 131 179 28 12

$65,000 to $69,999 332 ................. 115 17 133 36 31 305 36 92 115 35 27

$70,000 to $74,999 269 ................. 94 28 103 29 15 228 49 70 82 16 11

$75,000 to $79,999 315 ................. 93 18 116 62 26 220 37 76 69 31 8

$80,000 to $84,999 226 ................. 76 21 79 23 27 180 30 61 69 18 2

$85,000 to $89,999 164 ................. 52 13 60 36 3 148 18 45 46 33 6

$90,000 to $94,999 151 ................. 61 9 65 13 4 139 9 54 61 11 3

$95,000 to $99,999 124 ................. 39 10 55 14 6 112 14 37 44 14 4

$100,000 and over 812 .................. 253 70 319 137 34 665 98 223 237 82 25

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

12 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 4. Median Income of Families by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin of

Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995

[Families as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income (1996~1997)

ALL RACES

All families 70 884 ....................... 44 568 267 70 241 42 300 209 69 597 40 611 212 * 3.0

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 56 350 ................ 47 315 280 55 930 45 117 277 55 307 43 113 287 * 2.5 1 million or more 37 417 ..................... 50 311 330 36 858 47 442 384 36 465 45 703 337 * 3.7 Inside central cities 12 386 ................. 38 049 673 12 248 35 792 531 12 261 33 773 681 * 3.9 Outside central cities 25 030 ............... 55 809 443 24 610 52 577 417 24 204 51 361 336 * 3.8 Under 1 million 18 934 ...................... 42 917 459 19 071 41 395 371 18 842 39 177 414 1.4 Inside central cities 7 206 ................. 39 276 758 7 287 37 633 736 7 131 36 052 630 2.0 Outside central cities 11 728 ............... 44 993 518 11 784 43 260 485 11 711 40 991 449 1.7 Outside metropolitan areas 14 534 .............. 36 149 447 14 311 33 874 554 14 291 32 896 462 * 4.3

Region

Northeast 13 338 .............................. 48 328 791 13 404 46 553 459 13 508 43 909 542 1.5

Midwest 16 594 ............................... 46 734 501 16 457 44 957 485 16 353 43 470 446 1.6

South 25 682 ................................. 41 001 372 25 438 38 710 408 25 101 36 628 326 * 3.5

West 15 270 .................................. 45 590 537 14 943 42 569 519 14 636 41 967 534 * 4.7

Type of Family

Married~couple families 54 321 .................. 51 591 231 53 604 49 707 305 53 570 47 062 229 * 1.5

Wife in paid labor force 33 535 ............... 60 669 291 33 242 58 381 322 32 677 55 823 314 * 1.6

Wife not in paid labor force 20 786 ............ 36 027 305 20 362 33 748 393 20 893 32 375 312 * 4.4

Male householder, no wife present 3 911 ........ 32 960 839 3 847 31 600 549 3 513 30 358 681 2.0

Female householder, no husband present 12 652 .. 21 023 308 12 790 19 911 306 12 514 19 691 333 * 3.2

Age of Householder

Under 65 years 59 614 ......................... 47 825 315 59 107 45 517 248 58 292 43 635 271 * 2.7 15 to 24 years 3 018 ....................... 20 820 521 2 964 19 937 704 3 019 18 756 863 2.1 25 to 34 years 13 639 ....................... 39 979 483 13 737 37 177 482 13 727 36 020 429 * 5.1 35 to 44 years 18 872 ....................... 50 424 369 19 026 47 725 506 18 504 46 527 388 * 3.3 45 to 54 years 14 695 ....................... 59 959 570 14 384 57 161 607 13 908 55 029 577 * 2.5 55 to 64 years 9 391 ....................... 50 241 614 8 997 48 198 854 9 134 45 264 691 1.9 65 years and over 11 270 ...................... 30 660 386 11 133 28 983 356 11 306 28 301 308 * 3.4 65 to 74 years 6 989 ....................... 33 372 495 7 120 31 366 496 7 340 30 536 490 * 4.0 75 years and over 4 282 ................... 26 611 463 4 013 25 510 463 3 966 24 568 410 2.0

Size of Family

Two people 30 287 ............................ 37 562 344 29 780 36 072 307 29 765 34 548 321 * 1.8 Three people 16 231 ........................... 46 783 463 16 239 44 108 450 15 771 42 081 449 * 3.7 Four people 14 633 ............................ 53 350 612 14 602 51 518 392 14 424 49 687 532 1.2 Five people 6 555 ............................ 51 101 640 6 326 48 058 925 6 234 46 319 805 * 3.9 Six people 2 047 ............................. 45 473 1 406 2 108 41 774 1 290 2 182 42 938 1 485 * 6.4 Seven people or more 1 130 ................... 42 001 1 838 1 186 40 339 1 665 1 221 38 496 1 776 1.8

Number of Earners

No earners 9 835 ............................. 19 731 274 9 947 18 088 274 10 180 17 713 260 * 6.6

One earner 20 494 ............................ 30 204 287 20 052 28 383 321 19 894 28 423 297 * 4.0

Two earners or more 40 555 .................... 58 972 375 40 242 56 442 278 39 524 54 008 304 * 2.1

Two earners 31 752 ........................ 55 443 309 31 309 53 361 332 31 041 50 989 258 * 1.6

Three earners 6 638 ....................... 68 028 781 6 697 63 281 745 6 249 63 924 724 * 5.1

Four earners or more 2 165 ................. 85 978 1 503 2 236 79 371 1 370 2 234 75 386 1 480 * 5.9

INCOME 13

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 4. Median Income of Families by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin of

Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[Families as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income (1996~1997)

WHITE

All families 59 515 ....................... 46 754 259 58 934 44 756 266 58 872 42 646 256 * 2.1

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 46 429 ................ 50 410 274 46 079 47 769 345 46 009 45 848 279 * 3.2 1 million or more 30 060 ..................... 53 572 462 29 624 50 977 343 29 711 49 000 439 * 2.7 Inside central cities 8 147 ................. 43 444 990 8 024 40 743 643 8 330 38 133 678 * 4.2 Outside central cities 21 913 ............... 57 063 496 21 600 54 027 480 21 381 52 466 446 * 3.2 Under 1 million 16 369 ...................... 44 819 491 16 455 43 316 442 16 298 41 217 442 1.1 Inside central cities 5 717 ................. 42 206 872 5 699 41 713 708 5 617 40 068 810 –1.1 Outside central cities 10 651 ............... 45 728 508 10 756 44 085 512 10 681 41 657 494 1.4 Outside metropolitan areas 13 086 .............. 37 305 483 12 856 35 681 456 12 864 34 192 480 2.2

Region

Northeast 11 390 .............................. 51 354 584 11 403 49 235 596 11 631 46 148 509 2.0

Midwest 14 771 ............................... 48 614 549 14 628 46 579 477 14 595 45 020 463 2.0

South 20 358 ................................. 43 915 494 20 184 41 955 362 20 114 39 303 385 * 2.3

West 12 996 .................................. 46 006 607 12 719 42 906 612 12 532 42 466 631 * 4.8

Type of Family

Married~couple families 48 070 .................. 52 098 247 47 650 50 190 257 47 877 47 539 286 * 1.5

Wife in paid labor force 29 344 ............... 61 441 309 29 308 58 995 333 29 003 56 409 334 * 1.8

Wife not in paid labor force 18 726 ............ 36 343 319 18 342 34 213 406 18 873 33 060 377 * 3.8

Male householder, no wife present 3 137 ........ 34 802 950 2 944 32 439 962 2 712 31 461 706 4.9

Female householder, no husband present 8 308 .. 22 999 465 8 339 22 373 408 8 284 22 068 374 .5

Age of Householder

Under 65 years 49 443 ......................... 50 701 237 48 963 48 352 324 48 698 46 269 245 * 2.5 15 to 24 years 2 270 ....................... 22 431 809 2 204 22 419 825 2 336 21 135 720 –2.2 25 to 34 years 10 965 ....................... 41 890 410 11 128 39 967 477 11 209 38 586 459 * 2.5 35 to 44 years 15 603 ....................... 52 753 549 15 686 50 741 398 15 408 49 296 522 1.6 45 to 54 years 12 455 ....................... 61 852 467 12 227 60 001 691 11 831 57 571 684 .8 55 to 64 years 8 149 ....................... 51 598 550 7 718 50 419 672 7 913 47 272 746 – 65 years and over 10 072 ...................... 31 167 408 9 971 29 470 360 10 174 28 756 323 * 3.4 65 to 74 years 6 222 ....................... 34 179 523 6 376 31 934 536 6 574 31 226 509 * 4.6 75 years and over 3 850 ................... 26 758 483 3 595 26 004 464 3 601 24 984 457 .6

Size of Family

Two people 26 380 ............................ 39 492 385 25 903 37 593 379 26 143 35 969 308 * 2.7 Three people 13 312 ........................... 50 149 523 13 316 47 239 536 13 044 45 030 493 * 3.8 Four people 12 078 ............................ 56 022 583 12 100 53 816 647 12 075 51 820 422 1.8 Five people 5 366 ............................ 53 696 1 166 5 123 51 434 858 5 041 49 360 905 2.1 Six people 1 598 ............................. 48 079 1 679 1 663 43 377 1 774 1 704 46 970 1 957 * 8.4 Seven people or more 782 ................... 45 816 2 539 828 45 416 2 149 865 40 433 1 570 –1.4

Number of Earners

No earners 8 367 ............................. 21 516 293 8 198 20 311 323 8 438 19 663 258 * 3.6

One earner 16 239 ............................ 32 811 424 16 025 30 831 317 16 091 30 600 286 * 4.0

Two earners or more 34 910 .................... 60 291 281 34 712 57 461 306 34 343 55 189 305 * 2.6

Two earners 27 467 ........................ 56 624 335 27 068 54 292 347 26 991 51 938 274 * 2.0

Three earners 5 618 ....................... 69 239 850 5 713 65 008 821 5 438 64 742 679 * 4.1

Four earners or more 1 824 ................. 87 747 1 532 1 931 80 110 1 485 1 914 76 313 1 669 * 7.1

14 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 4. Median Income of Families by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin of

Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[Families as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income (1996~1997)

BLACK

All families 8 408 ....................... 28 602 629 8 455 26 522 470 8 055 25 970 618 * 5.4

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 7 242 ................ 29 737 667 7 279 28 468 846 6 918 27 147 669 2.1 1 million or more 5 298 ..................... 30 485 641 5 296 29 520 918 4 952 28 859 652 1.0 Inside central cities 3 350 ................. 26 210 994 3 343 24 882 883 3 124 24 479 851 3.0 Outside central cities 1 949 ............... 38 703 1 639 1 953 37 572 1 225 1 828 37 298 1 151 .7 Under 1 million 1 944 ...................... 27 150 1 091 1 984 26 275 1 128 1 966 22 464 766 1.0 Inside central cities 1 208 ................. 25 503 2 185 1 266 23 450 1 272 1 207 20 364 1 088 6.3 Outside central cities 736 ............... 30 982 2 082 718 31 135 1 322 759 27 418 2 087 –2.7 Outside metropolitan areas 1 166 .............. 24 619 1 448 1 176 18 990 1 152 1 137 19 954 1 781 * 26.7

Region

Northeast 1 501 .............................. 29 217 1 562 1 558 25 458 1 175 1 438 26 584 1 488 * 12.2

Midwest 1 468 ............................... 28 129 1 355 1 505 27 448 1 416 1 438 25 989 1 279 .2

South 4 721 ................................. 27 734 814 4 707 25 552 605 4 496 25 476 913 * 6.1

West 717 .................................. 33 604 1 898 686 36 571 2 411 684 27 091 2 512 –10.2

Type of Family

Married~couple families 3 921 .................. 45 372 755 3 851 41 963 965 3 713 41 307 710 * 5.7

Wife in paid labor force 2 716 ............... 51 702 748 2 636 50 805 1 002 2 479 48 533 1 190 –.5

Wife not in paid labor force 1 205 ............ 28 757 1 499 1 216 27 594 1 173 1 234 25 507 1 288 1.9

Male householder, no wife present 562 ........ 25 654 1 212 657 26 338 2 006 573 25 172 1 474 –4.8

Female householder, no husband present 3 926 .. 16 879 438 3 947 15 530 503 3 769 15 004 441 * 6.3

Age of Householder

Under 65 years 7 492 ......................... 29 343 669 7 536 27 113 526 7 165 26 611 671 * 5.8 15 to 24 years 630 ....................... 13 556 1 468 636 11 239 773 544 10 365 959 17.9 25 to 34 years 2 054 ....................... 24 620 1 073 1 982 20 470 1 134 1 950 20 292 1 031 * 17.6 35 to 44 years 2 352 ....................... 28 148 897 2 437 30 735 1 022 2 286 29 868 1 081 * –10.5 45 to 54 years 1 594 ....................... 41 903 1 817 1 584 40 009 1 749 1 481 36 320 1 725 2.4 55 to 64 years 862 ....................... 36 415 2 133 897 33 703 2 088 904 30 219 1 304 5.6 65 years and over 916 ...................... 23 420 1 490 919 21 328 1 297 890 22 704 1 119 7.3 65 to 74 years 607 ....................... 23 767 2 039 604 23 885 1 735 599 24 758 1 450 –2.7 75 years and over 309 ................... 22 919 2 872 316 18 647 1 415 291 17 756 2 845 20.2

Size of Family

Two people 3 022 ............................ 25 061 931 2 987 23 500 1 018 2 881 23 168 819 4.3 Three people 2 184 ........................... 26 060 1 230 2 242 24 503 1 026 2 080 25 327 1 144 4.0 Four people 1 789 ............................ 34 644 1 531 1 762 32 747 1 501 1 643 30 819 1 586 3.4 Five people 866 ............................ 36 984 2 717 905 31 120 1 595 857 28 453 1 916 * 16.2 Six people 317 ............................. 31 197 1 128 313 30 871 2 031 346 26 256 3 299 –1.2 Seven people or more 230 ................... 32 544 3 490 247 27 230 3 399 247 29 151 2 478 16.8

Number of Earners

No earners 1 202 ............................. 9 012 468 1 402 7 775 447 1 414 8 367 373 * 13.3

One earner 3 396 ............................ 19 597 486 3 222 19 066 462 3 014 18 774 629 .5

Two earners or more 3 809 .................... 48 750 945 3 832 45 280 890 3 628 42 788 805 * 5.2

Two earners 2 973 ........................ 45 780 715 3 007 42 637 999 2 911 40 864 724 * 5.0

Three earners 676 ....................... 57 701 1 835 676 51 457 1 844 540 49 458 2 345 * 9.6

Four earners or more 160 ................. 75 640 5 576 149 70 326 9 334 176 62 363 7 129 5.1

INCOME 15

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 4. Median Income of Families by Selected Characteristics, Race, and Hispanic Origin of

Householder: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[Families as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Number

(1,000)

Value (dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income (1996~1997)

HISPANIC ORIGIN1

All families 6 961 ....................... 28 142 655 6 631 26 179 495 6 287 24 570 555 * 5.1

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 6 307 ................ 28 708 694 6 036 26 528 533 5 704 24 840 578 * 5.8 1 million or more 4 686 ..................... 30 115 679 4 480 27 394 696 4 305 25 622 613 * 7.5 Inside central cities 2 394 ................. 24 567 853 2 309 22 951 742 2 231 20 970 580 4.6 Outside central cities 2 292 ............... 36 718 1 051 2 171 33 092 1 158 2 074 31 695 768 * 8.5 Under 1 million 1 621 ...................... 25 244 1 085 1 556 23 547 1 247 1 400 22 540 1 025 4.8 Inside central cities 943 ................. 25 490 1 672 911 23 658 1 790 805 22 734 1 571 5.3 Outside central cities 679 ............... 25 008 1 401 645 23 440 1 590 595 22 359 1 356 4.3 Outside metropolitan areas 654 .............. 24 130 2 144 595 22 423 2 230 583 22 324 1 673 5.2

Region

Northeast 1 128 .............................. 25 784 1 376 1 088 23 240 1 354 1 023 21 776 1 148 8.5

Midwest 542 ............................... 31 581 2 918 494 30 700 2 130 403 28 749 2 271 .6

South 2 341 ................................. 28 617 1 034 2 255 26 362 818 2 173 24 049 981 * 6.1

West 2 950 .................................. 28 014 1 046 2 794 26 252 790 2 688 25 359 797 4.3

Type of Family

Married~couple families 4 804 .................. 33 914 902 4 520 31 930 611 4 247 29 861 659 3.8

Wife in paid labor force 2 650 ............... 42 280 893 2 536 40 956 778 2 237 39 370 1 159 .9

Wife not in paid labor force 2 153 ............ 23 749 724 1 984 22 769 675 2 010 21 219 662 2.0

Male householder, no wife present 545 ........ 25 543 1 780 494 25 875 1 249 436 22 257 1 852 –3.5

Female householder, no husband present 1 612 .. 14 994 703 1 617 12 952 677 1 604 13 474 669 * 13.2

Age of Householder

Under 65 years 6 414 ......................... 28 770 698 6 112 26 713 517 5 768 25 019 572 * 5.3 15 to 24 years 626 ....................... 17 899 1 079 545 15 695 973 582 15 184 1 014 * 11.5 25 to 34 years 1 944 ....................... 26 291 756 1 905 25 645 727 1 847 22 358 904 .2 35 to 44 years 2 002 ....................... 31 431 959 1 925 27 877 1 052 1 789 26 671 885 * 10.2 45 to 54 years 1 166 ....................... 34 592 1 983 1 074 33 390 2 083 955 33 611 1 853 1.3 55 to 64 years 676 ....................... 33 628 2 200 662 31 881 2 260 596 28 145 2 162 3.1 65 years and over 547 ...................... 22 677 1 482 519 21 068 1 257 519 21 181 1 310 5.2 65 to 74 years 372 ....................... 23 988 1 916 383 22 714 1 716 382 22 403 1 444 3.2 75 years and over 174 ................... 20 419 2 109 136 18 228 2 083 137 17 089 2 132 9.5

Size of Family

Two people 1 748 ............................ 23 593 1 228 1 731 21 466 730 1 723 20 645 711 7.4 Three people 1 669 ........................... 26 210 1 110 1 571 25 275 1 106 1 415 21 983 913 1.4 Four people 1 678 ............................ 31 462 1 175 1 555 29 962 1 126 1 438 27 186 1 104 2.7 Five people 1 108 ............................ 31 175 1 142 931 29 926 1 256 908 26 924 1 156 1.8 Six people 445 ............................. 30 233 2 199 488 26 460 1 534 456 28 464 1 383 * 11.7 Seven people or more 313 ................... 35 508 3 190 355 33 540 3 769 347 29 055 1 718 3.5

Number of Earners

No earners 815 ............................. 8 870 554 809 8 601 508 832 8 430 420 .8

One earner 2 434 ............................ 19 662 637 2 320 18 388 593 2 294 17 972 501 4.5

Two earners or more 3 712 .................... 41 153 629 3 502 39 354 880 3 161 37 267 783 2.2

Two earners 2 761 ........................ 37 425 900 2 548 35 114 966 2 353 34 540 799 4.2

Three earners 669 ....................... 47 549 1 635 694 48 292 2 232 554 43 841 2 411 –3.7

Four earners or more 282 ................. 59 456 2 564 260 58 446 3 073 255 56 757 2 583 –.6

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

16 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 5. Selected Characteristics of FamiliesmTotal Money Income of Families in 1997

[Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

Median income Mean income

Total

Less

than

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

All families 70 884 ............ 1 929 2 887 4 054 9 250 9 079 12 357 15 112 7 826 8 391 44 568 267 56 902 357

TYPE OF RESIDENCE

Inside metropolitan areas 56 350 ....... 1 469 2 161 2 830 6 919 6 836 9 374 12 275 6 843 7 643 47 315 280 60 200 419 Inside central cities 19 592 .......... 794 1 200 1 474 2 945 2 568 3 162 3 627 1 847 1 974 38 550 511 51 590 656 1 million or more 12 386 .......... 546 778 939 1 871 1 621 1 922 2 202 1 166 1 342 38 049 673 52 167 863 Under 1 million 7 206 ............ 248 422 536 1 074 947 1 240 1 425 681 633 39 276 759 50 599 991 Outside central cities 36 758 ......... 675 961 1 356 3 974 4 268 6 211 8 648 4 997 5 668 51 920 295 64 790 536 1 million or more 25 030 .......... 439 603 797 2 489 2 631 3 936 5 982 3 638 4 516 55 809 443 69 431 703 Under 1 million 11 728 ............ 236 358 559 1 485 1 637 2 276 2 666 1 359 1 152 44 993 519 54 884 737 Outside metropolitan areas 14 534 ..... 460 727 1 224 2 330 2 242 2 983 2 837 983 748 36 149 447 44 115 740

REGION

Northeast 13 338 .................... 381 523 608 1 570 1 596 2 158 2 853 1 605 2 043 48 328 791 62 665 858

Midwest 16 594 ...................... 352 546 797 1 993 2 122 3 093 3 862 2 052 1 777 46 734 501 57 607 736

South 25 682 ........................ 845 1 163 1 689 3 718 3 492 4 565 5 230 2 444 2 537 41 001 373 52 932 602

West 15 270 ......................... 351 655 959 1 968 1 869 2 542 3 167 1 726 2 034 45 590 537 57 780 748

RACE AND HISPANIC

ORIGIN OF

HOUSEHOLDER

White 59 515 ........................ 1 262 1 923 3 047 7 454 7 552 10 527 13 172 6 973 7 605 46 754 259 59 587 406 Black 8 408 ........................ 577 851 824 1 486 1 193 1 302 1 344 480 352 28 602 630 36 504 546 Hispanic origin1 ............... 6 961 352 604 759 1 397 1 066 1 199 887 379 318 28 142 655 37 783 853

TYPE OF FAMILY

All primary families 70 884 ............ 1 929 2 887 4 054 9 250 9 079 12 357 15 112 7 826 8 391 44 568 267 56 902 357

Married~couple families 54 321 ....... 595 893 2 100 5 899 6 497 9 978 13 200 7 222 7 937 51 591 231 64 678 437

Male householder, no wife

present 3 911 ................... 172 186 292 703 707 694 716 244 196 32 960 839 42 546 1 154

Female householder, no

husband present 12 652 ........... 1 162 1 809 1 661 2 647 1 875 1 685 1 195 360 258 21 023 308 27 954 397

Unrelated subfamilies 575 .......... 123 96 86 133 69 51 14 – 3 13 692 1 368 17 768 1 295

AGE OF HOUSEHOLDER

Under 65 years 59 614 ............... 1 771 2 479 3 017 6 511 6 923 10 367 13 714 7 192 7 640 47 825 315 59 555 398

15 to 24 years 3 018 .............. 303 417 361 659 456 443 264 61 53 20 820 522 26 778 678

25 to 34 years 13 639 .............. 586 777 922 1 814 1 846 2 637 3 080 1 148 829 39 979 483 46 065 525

35 to 44 years 18 872 .............. 462 689 826 1 934 2 120 3 285 4 734 2 479 2 341 50 424 369 60 435 663

45 to 54 years 14 695 .............. 227 303 500 1 112 1 420 2 303 3 640 2 349 2 840 59 959 570 72 967 924

55 to 64 years 9 391 .............. 192 292 407 991 1 081 1 700 1 997 1 155 1 576 50 241 615 66 925 1 286

65 years and over 11 270 ............. 159 408 1 037 2 739 2 156 1 989 1 398 634 751 30 660 386 42 870 764

65 to 74 years 6 989 .............. 105 240 547 1 479 1 329 1 323 960 443 563 33 372 495 46 264 972

75 years and over 4 282 ........... 54 168 489 1 260 827 667 438 191 188 26 611 463 37 332 1 224

Mean age of householder 46.9 ...... 39.3 41.9 47.9 50.0 48.6 46.7 45.3 46.5 48.4 (X) (X) (X) (X)

PRESENCE OF RELATED

CHILDREN UNDER 18

YEARS OLD

No related children 33 457 ............ 452 809 1 804 4 613 4 625 5 932 7 027 3 888 4 309 45 624 353 59 303 542

One or more related children 37 427 .... 1 477 2 078 2 250 4 637 4 454 6 425 8 085 3 938 4 082 43 545 374 54 756 472

All under 6 years 9 284 .......... 454 600 591 1 346 1 086 1 587 1 922 825 873 40 245 616 49 777 777

Some under 6, some 6 to 17

years 7 881 ................... 401 561 559 989 1 009 1 379 1 570 723 689 39 172 818 50 711 1 070

All 6 to 17 years 20 262 ........... 621 917 1 100 2 302 2 360 3 459 4 593 2 391 2 520 46 851 410 58 611 676

One child 15 593 ................... 591 876 926 2 033 1 915 2 608 3 292 1 655 1 699 43 013 563 54 199 730

Under 6 years 5 929 ............. 303 392 382 910 714 959 1 200 530 540 38 911 1 119 48 412 886

6 to 17 years 9 664 .............. 288 483 544 1 123 1 201 1 649 2 092 1 125 1 159 45 565 545 57 750 1 041

Two children or more 21 834 ........ 886 1 202 1 324 2 604 2 540 3 817 4 794 2 283 2 383 43 937 496 55 154 619

All under 6 years 3 354 .......... 152 208 209 436 372 628 722 295 333 41 521 741 52 190 1 469

Some under 6, some 6 to 17

years 7 881 ................... 401 561 559 989 1 009 1 379 1 570 723 689 39 172 818 50 711 1 070

All 6 to 17 years 10 598 ........... 334 433 556 1 179 1 159 1 810 2 502 1 266 1 361 48 380 731 59 396 878

Mean number of related

children .99 ..................... 1.55 1.44 1.11 .94 .93 .97 .97 .91 .86 (X) (X) (X) (X)

SIZE OF FAMILY

Two people 30 287 ................... 830 1 348 2 156 5 002 4 763 5 195 5 443 2 729 2 821 37 562 344 50 680 515

Three people 16 231 ................. 523 722 861 1 958 1 747 2 824 3 744 1 853 1 999 46 783 464 57 158 687

Four people 14 633 ................... 326 434 564 1 301 1 494 2 561 3 687 2 030 2 237 53 350 612 66 783 930

Five people 6 555 ................... 165 249 271 613 663 1 212 1 577 833 972 51 101 641 63 364 1 141

Six people 2 047 .................... 51 87 115 230 272 367 464 235 227 45 473 1 406 55 911 1 985

Seven people or more 1 130 ......... 34 47 87 145 141 197 197 148 134 42 001 1 839 56 364 2 808

Mean size of family 3.18 ............ 3.08 3.06 2.98 2.93 3.01 3.20 3.30 3.37 3.38 (X) (X) (X) (X)

NUMBER OF EARNERS

No earners 9 835 ................... 1 027 1 141 1 378 2 624 1 508 1 095 609 251 203 19 731 274 25 865 383

One earner 20 494 ................... 785 1 502 1 960 4 055 3 483 3 455 2 876 1 049 1 330 30 204 288 42 848 636

Two earners or more 40 555 ........... 117 244 716 2 570 4 088 7 807 11 628 6 526 6 857 58 972 376 71 531 498

Two earners 31 752 ................ 110 230 674 2 348 3 645 6 486 9 067 4 497 4 695 55 443 310 67 861 544

Three earners 6 638 ............... 5 15 41 201 390 1 128 2 018 1 432 1 408 68 028 782 79 757 1 219

Four earners or more 2 165 ........ 2 – 2 21 53 193 543 598 754 85 978 1 503 100 135 2 888

Mean number of earners 1.64 ....... .54 .71 .87 1.06 1.38 1.72 1.99 2.21 2.22 (X) (X) (X) (X)

See footnotes at end of table.

INCOME 17

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 5. Selected Characteristics of FamiliesmTotal Money Income of Families in 1997mCon.

[Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

Median income Mean income

Total

Less

than

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

WORK EXPERIENCE OF

HOUSEHOLDER

Total 70 884 ................. 1 929 2 887 4 054 9 250 9 079 12 357 15 112 7 826 8 391 44 568 267 56 902 357

Worked 53 783 ...................... 778 1 410 2 180 5 401 6 287 9 860 13 230 7 067 7 570 51 268 226 63 462 428

Worked at full~time jobs 46 789 ...... 419 839 1 592 4 376 5 405 8 631 12 111 6 536 6 880 53 302 333 65 602 459

50 weeks or more 40 012 ......... 167 321 955 3 298 4 526 7 424 10 937 6 037 6 347 56 309 297 69 048 510

27 to 49 weeks 4 370 ............ 70 202 365 656 565 858 871 387 397 40 651 748 49 801 1 071

26 weeks or less 2 407 .......... 182 316 271 422 314 350 303 112 137 25 347 1 102 37 006 1 588

Worked at part~time jobs 6 994 ..... 359 571 588 1 025 882 1 228 1 120 531 690 35 725 630 49 144 1 155

50 weeks or more 3 537 ......... 87 225 273 517 464 633 599 296 442 39 213 1 024 55 059 1 842

27 to 49 weeks 1 560 ............ 57 130 120 218 178 325 285 115 132 38 010 1 029 49 508 2 344

26 weeks or less 1 897 .......... 215 217 194 290 240 270 236 120 115 26 362 1 348 37 813 1 547

Did not work 17 101 .................. 1 151 1 477 1 874 3 849 2 792 2 497 1 881 759 821 25 592 290 36 272 555

EDUCATIONAL

ATTAINMENT2

Total 67 866 ................. 1 626 2 470 3 693 8 590 8 622 11 913 14 848 7 765 8 338 45 874 240 58 242 370

Less than 9th grade 4 667 ........... 227 463 799 1 267 728 624 341 105 114 21 208 445 28 818 758

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 6 604 .. 425 602 753 1 465 1 085 1 101 778 239 156 25 465 492 32 948 776

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 21 991 ................. 589 850 1 152 3 261 3 517 4 610 4 991 1 850 1 171 40 040 330 46 523 444

Some college, no degree 12 107 ....... 221 338 562 1 358 1 666 2 338 2 964 1 535 1 126 46 936 504 55 596 730

Associate degree 5 226 .............. 74 88 174 506 556 1 005 1 468 728 627 52 393 858 63 063 1 474

Bachelor’s degree or more 17 272 ...... 91 130 253 733 1 071 2 235 4 306 3 309 5 145 73 578 768 91 180 990

Bachelor’s degree 11 201 ........... 57 99 185 581 797 1 616 3 079 2 155 2 633 67 230 614 81 026 1 013

Master’s degree 3 903 ............. 22 24 46 109 194 451 868 822 1 366 81 734 1 482 96 519 2 117

Professional degree 1 249 ......... 3 7 12 25 50 111 203 168 671 106 942 3 942 144 709 6 475

Doctorate degree 919 ............ 8 – 10 18 30 58 156 163 475 103 203 5 542 119 550 4 548

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2Restricted to people 25 years and over.

18 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 6. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years OldmTotal Money Income in 1997 of

Married~Couple Families, by Work Experience in 1997 of Husband and Wife

[Numbers in thousands. Married~couple families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

One or more related children under 18 years old

One child Two children or more

Total

No

related

children Total

All

under

6 years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years Total

Under

6 years

6 to 17

years Total

All

under 6

years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years

Mean

number

of related

children

ALL MARRIED~COUPLE FAMILIES

Total ....................................... 54 321 27 892 26 430 6 790 5 810 13 830 10 057 4 068 5 990 16 372 2 722 5 810 7 840 .93

Less than $5,000 ................................. 595 320 275 77 76 122 109 49 61 166 29 76 61 .97

$5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 893 533 360 114 91 155 149 74 74 211 39 91 81 .82

$10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 2 100 1 284 816 258 232 326 273 145 127 543 113 232 199 .86

$15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 2 787 1 774 1 013 357 286 371 379 223 156 634 134 286 214 .74

$20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 3 112 1 838 1 274 441 323 510 467 264 203 807 177 323 307 .81

$25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 3 172 1 852 1 320 369 362 588 433 205 229 886 164 362 360 .88

$30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 3 325 1 816 1 509 397 432 681 517 234 283 992 163 432 398 .91

$35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 3 374 1 758 1 616 431 409 776 568 237 331 1 048 194 409 445 .95

$40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 3 456 1 702 1 753 522 400 831 621 308 312 1 133 214 400 518 .99

$45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 3 149 1 434 1 715 424 404 886 649 245 404 1 066 179 404 483 1.02

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 3 291 1 561 1 730 412 303 1 015 686 241 445 1 044 171 303 570 .96

$55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 2 705 1 210 1 495 390 298 808 591 243 348 904 146 298 460 1.04

$60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 2 703 1 193 1 510 379 321 811 585 239 346 925 140 321 465 1.03

$65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 2 387 1 056 1 331 316 267 747 516 185 332 815 131 267 416 1.02

$70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 2 114 955 1 158 281 254 623 436 173 262 722 108 254 361 .99

$75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 1 827 826 1 001 231 184 585 424 151 273 577 81 184 312 .98

$80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 1 735 845 890 198 166 526 356 118 238 534 80 166 288 .95

$85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 1 386 699 686 139 114 433 294 87 206 393 51 114 227 .88

$90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 1 245 642 603 111 113 378 222 73 149 381 37 113 230 .89

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 1 030 534 496 104 98 295 202 62 140 294 42 98 154 .91

$100,000 and over ................................ 7 937 4 058 3 879 840 678 2 361 1 582 512 1 070 2 297 328 678 1 291 .87

Median income dollars ........................... .. 51 591 48 588 54 395 50 059 48 580 58 871 56 324 50 857 60 252 52 857 48 968 48 580 57 591 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 231 482 446 672 744 641 555 809 749 551 903 744 767 (X)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 64 678 62 807 66 653 60 101 61 605 71 989 68 502 59 963 74 300 65 517 60 308 61 605 70 224 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 437 623 611 967 1 369 893 1 033 1 146 1 540 755 1 699 1 369 1 047 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 19 988 26 955 15 900 16 529 12 286 17 476 20 154 18 700 21 051 14 002 14 097 12 286 15 367 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 153 318 173 338 318 262 369 478 522 194 486 318 288 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .382 .398 .365 .369 .384 .349 .359 .363 .350 .367 .376 .384 .349 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0051 .0072 .0073 .0143 .0161 .0101 .0118 .0182 .0154 .0094 .0232 .0161 .0133 (B)

HUSBAND WORKED

Total ....................................... 43 384 18 404 24 980 6 515 5 559 12 906 9 365 3 900 5 465 15 615 2 614 5 559 7 442 1.10

Less than $5,000 ................................. 250 105 145 51 40 54 66 39 28 79 12 40 27 1.13

$5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 378 137 241 91 60 90 93 62 31 148 29 60 59 1.33

$10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 994 348 647 217 204 226 205 120 85 442 96 204 141 1.48

$15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 1 312 500 812 329 238 245 315 211 105 496 118 238 140 1.22

$20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 1 737 618 1 119 416 304 398 390 249 140 729 167 304 258 1.30

$25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 2 035 824 1 211 351 338 522 381 195 187 830 156 338 336 1.26

$30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 2 381 965 1 416 386 419 611 463 225 238 953 161 419 373 1.21

$35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 2 647 1 093 1 554 424 400 731 531 234 297 1 023 189 400 434 1.17

$40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 2 880 1 203 1 677 498 392 788 573 290 283 1 103 208 392 504 1.15

$45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 2 690 1 029 1 660 418 392 851 618 242 376 1 042 175 392 475 1.16

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 2 890 1 200 1 689 407 300 982 662 238 424 1 027 169 300 558 1.07

$55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 2 373 907 1 465 382 298 785 568 236 332 898 146 298 453 1.17

$60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 2 499 1 018 1 481 369 316 796 570 233 337 910 136 316 459 1.10

$65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 2 164 869 1 295 312 261 721 502 181 321 793 131 261 400 1.10

$70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 1 959 824 1 135 273 252 610 422 167 255 714 106 252 355 1.05

$75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 1 705 717 988 230 184 574 414 149 265 574 81 184 309 1.04

$80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 1 581 715 866 192 164 511 341 112 229 525 80 164 281 1.01

$85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 1 288 613 675 137 114 424 282 86 196 393 51 114 227 .94

$90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 1 197 601 596 110 113 372 219 73 146 376 37 113 226 .92

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 971 479 491 102 96 294 200 59 140 291 42 96 153 .96

$100,000 and over ................................ 7 457 3 639 3 818 822 674 2 322 1 548 499 1 049 2 270 322 674 1 273 .91

Median income dollars ........................... .. 57 794 61 190 55 905 50 782 49 900 60 850 58 075 51 406 62 423 54 588 49 896 49 900 59 489 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 380 443 335 602 759 425 732 792 854 570 905 759 823 (X)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 71 650 75 849 68 555 61 145 63 249 74 582 70 724 60 766 77 831 67 255 61 709 63 249 72 196 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 517 857 636 995 1 416 937 1 090 1 177 1 653 780 1 751 1 416 1 080 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 20 962 31 791 16 407 16 904 12 704 18 115 20 909 19 109 22 068 14 445 14 454 12 704 15 866 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 176 443 181 351 333 278 393 497 564 202 504 333 302 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .352 .349 .353 .363 .374 .335 .348 .359 .330 .357 .368 .374 .336 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0057 .0087 .0075 .0146 .0165 .0104 .0122 .0186 .0161 .0096 .0237 .0165 .0137 (B)

INCOME 19

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 6. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years OldmTotal Money Income in 1997 of

Married~Couple Families, by Work Experience in 1997 of Husband and WifemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. Married~couple families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

One or more related children under 18 years old

One child Two children or more

Total

No

related

children Total

All

under

6 years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years Total

Under

6 years

6 to 17

years Total

All

under 6

years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years

Mean

number

of related

children

HUSBAND WORKEDmCon.

Wife Worked

Total ....................................... 32 834 14 020 18 814 4 822 3 708 10 284 7 482 3 088 4 395 11 331 1 734 3 708 5 890 1.05 Less than $5,000 ................................. 85 34 50 17 16 17 21 11 11 29 7 16 7 1.18 $5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 122 59 63 30 4 30 30 19 11 33 12 4 18 .88 $10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 386 142 245 84 50 111 98 60 39 146 24 50 73 1.31 $15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 669 249 419 194 105 120 188 136 52 231 58 105 68 1.12 $20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 976 342 634 230 139 264 243 154 89 391 76 139 175 1.24 $25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 1 292 515 777 242 209 326 269 145 123 508 97 209 203 1.23 $30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 1 644 651 993 290 273 430 352 189 163 641 101 273 267 1.17 $35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 1 850 750 1 100 292 256 552 403 170 233 697 121 256 319 1.15 $40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 2 165 885 1 280 372 287 621 442 231 211 838 142 287 410 1.14 $45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 2 103 782 1 320 324 317 679 483 200 283 837 124 317 396 1.17

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 2 268 916 1 352 326 226 800 537 204 333 815 122 226 467 1.07 $55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 1 981 755 1 226 313 233 680 491 199 292 735 114 233 388 1.15 $60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 2 026 832 1 193 284 247 663 480 198 282 714 86 247 381 1.08 $65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 1 770 706 1 063 258 186 619 448 155 294 615 103 186 326 1.07 $70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 1 637 685 951 225 198 528 361 147 214 590 78 198 314 1.03 $75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 1 440 608 832 208 124 500 382 143 239 450 65 124 261 1.00 $80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 1 356 616 740 168 128 443 305 102 203 435 66 128 240 .98 $85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 1 077 528 550 108 80 362 235 68 167 314 39 80 195 .88 $90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 1 052 530 522 97 93 332 203 71 132 320 27 93 200 .89 $95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 846 422 424 80 80 264 171 48 123 253 33 80 141 .95 $100,000 and over ................................ 6 090 3 012 3 078 676 457 1 944 1 339 437 902 1 739 239 457 1 043 .86

Median income dollars ........................... .. 61 837 65 624 59 733 55 109 54 257 63 501 61 486 55 503 66 121 57 974 54 197 54 257 61 704 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 284 570 475 814 1 164 754 526 924 737 648 1 437 1 164 633 (X) Mean income dollars ............................. .. 74 762 79 546 71 198 65 137 64 784 76 351 74 059 65 157 80 314 69 308 65 102 64 784 73 395 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 558 953 664 1 075 1 361 984 1 192 1 363 1 775 772 1 746 1 361 1 092 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 22 188 33 227 17 380 18 358 13 338 18 716 22 054 20 581 22 992 15 119 15 393 13 338 16 249 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 201 509 204 412 359 305 445 590 627 220 565 359 324 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .324 .323 .321 .336 .322 .309 .324 .337 .308 .318 .334 .322 .308 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0065 .0098 .0085 .0168 .0194 .0115 .0136 .0209 .0178 .0110 .0282 .0194 .0151 (B)

Wife Full~Time, Year~Round Worker

Total ....................................... 18 962 8 907 10 055 2 354 1 804 5 898 4 455 1 685 2 770 5 600 669 1 804 3 127 .92

Less than $5,000 ................................. 23 7 16 8 3 5 5 3 3 10 5 3 2 (B)

$5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 12 10 2 – – 2 – – – 2 – – 2 (B)

$10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 75 35 40 9 6 25 15 8 7 25 1 6 18 (B)

$15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 216 95 121 35 38 47 55 30 25 66 6 38 22 .99

$20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 333 137 196 71 37 88 85 56 29 111 16 37 59 1.05

$25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 508 239 270 87 55 127 113 58 55 157 29 55 72 1.02

$30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 708 313 395 101 95 198 151 72 79 244 30 95 119 1.07

$35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 890 402 488 126 96 266 226 99 127 262 27 96 139 .96

$40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 1 166 509 656 199 135 322 245 133 112 411 65 135 210 1.04

$45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 1 155 464 692 162 152 378 293 116 177 399 46 152 201 1.05

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 1 411 620 791 181 138 472 333 123 210 458 57 138 262 .97

$55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 1 156 468 689 155 139 394 305 111 194 383 44 139 200 1.07

$60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 1 309 623 686 126 158 402 286 99 187 401 28 158 215 .94

$65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 1 130 481 649 144 98 407 277 101 176 372 43 98 231 1.00

$70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 1 075 476 598 135 121 342 247 99 148 351 36 121 194 .96

$75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 960 457 502 122 65 315 246 92 155 256 30 65 161 .86

$80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 942 440 502 108 84 311 229 75 154 273 33 84 157 .93

$85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 725 394 330 51 54 225 161 40 121 169 11 54 104 .75

$90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 709 396 313 59 45 209 133 41 92 180 18 45 117 .72

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 570 307 263 50 49 165 126 35 92 137 15 49 73 .82

$100,000 and over ................................ 3 891 2 035 1 855 423 237 1 196 922 295 627 933 128 237 569 .76

Median income dollars ........................... .. 67 053 70 445 64 859 61 329 60 191 67 429 66 726 61 343 70 160 62 848 61 268 60 191 65 819 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 408 637 663 1 158 1 086 707 748 1 224 1 565 817 3 254 1 086 840 (X)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 79 539 82 867 76 591 73 157 68 651 80 390 80 476 72 194 85 513 73 500 75 583 68 651 75 851 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 720 1 091 951 1 562 1 800 1 387 1 669 1 784 2 445 1 070 3 163 1 800 1 457 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 24 439 34 807 19 012 20 902 14 270 20 096 23 780 22 634 24 415 16 185 17 650 14 270 17 079 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 284 626 304 642 510 439 623 823 856 323 1 027 510 455 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .294 .292 .294 .312 .278 .289 .298 .308 .288 .288 .319 .278 .286 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0084 .0122 .0116 .0240 .0270 .0152 .0175 .0282 .0223 .0154 .0457 .0270 .0205 (X)

20 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 6. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years OldmTotal Money Income in 1997 of

Married~Couple Families, by Work Experience in 1997 of Husband and WifemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. Married~couple families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

One or more related children under 18 years old

One child Two children or more

Total

No

related

children Total

All

under

6 years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years Total

Under

6 years

6 to 17

years Total

All

under 6

years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years

Mean

number

of related

children

HUSBAND WORKEDmCon.

Wife Did Not Work

Total ....................................... 10 550 4 384 6 166 1 693 1 852 2 622 1 882 812 1 070 4 284 881 1 852 1 552 1.24 Less than $5,000 ................................. 165 70 95 33 25 37 45 28 17 50 5 25 20 1.10 $5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 256 79 178 60 57 61 63 43 20 114 17 57 41 1.54 $10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 608 206 402 133 155 115 107 60 46 295 72 155 68 1.58 $15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 643 251 392 135 133 124 127 74 53 265 60 133 71 1.32 $20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 761 276 485 186 165 134 147 96 51 338 91 165 83 1.37 $25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 743 309 434 109 129 196 112 49 63 322 60 129 133 1.31 $30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 737 314 423 95 146 181 111 36 75 311 59 146 106 1.30 $35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 796 342 454 132 144 178 128 64 64 326 68 144 115 1.23 $40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 715 318 397 125 105 167 131 59 72 266 66 105 95 1.18 $45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 587 247 340 93 75 172 135 42 93 205 51 75 79 1.13

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 622 284 337 81 74 182 124 34 91 213 47 74 91 1.03 $55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 392 152 240 70 65 105 77 37 40 162 33 65 65 1.28 $60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 473 186 287 85 69 133 91 35 56 197 50 69 78 1.16 $65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 394 163 231 54 75 102 54 26 27 178 28 75 74 1.21 $70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 322 138 184 48 54 82 60 19 41 123 28 54 41 1.13 $75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 265 109 156 22 60 74 32 6 26 124 15 60 48 1.27 $80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 225 99 126 23 35 67 36 9 27 90 14 35 41 1.21 $85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 210 85 125 29 34 62 47 17 29 78 12 34 32 1.26 $90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 145 72 73 12 20 41 16 3 14 57 10 20 27 1.14 $95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 124 57 67 21 16 30 29 12 18 38 10 16 13 1.02 $100,000 and over ................................ 1 367 627 740 145 217 378 209 62 147 531 83 217 230 1.12

Median income dollars ........................... .. 43 482 45 421 42 095 37 891 38 586 47 758 42 887 35 959 48 090 41 783 40 386 38 586 47 524 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 781 848 633 1 403 1 515 1 280 1 627 1 237 1 691 733 1 379 1 515 1 886 (X) Mean income dollars ............................. .. 61 962 64 028 60 493 49 774 60 175 67 640 57 465 44 078 67 630 61 824 55 028 60 175 67 647 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 1 212 1 884 1 583 2 250 3 263 2 516 2 586 2 030 4 221 1 974 3 879 3 263 3 099 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 17 361 27 132 13 660 13 052 11 522 15 860 16 516 13 630 18 450 12 758 12 655 11 522 14 460 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 382 934 399 679 682 672 848 818 1 299 453 997 682 763 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .435 .420 .432 .424 .456 .415 .429 .413 .421 .437 .428 .456 .418 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0125 .0191 .0166 .0308 .0310 .0252 .0295 .0414 .0397 .0201 .0446 .0310 .0325 (X)

HUSBAND FULL~TIME, YEAR~

ROUND WORKER

Total ....................................... 35 618 14 009 21 609 5 551 4 791 11 266 8 052 3 298 4 754 13 557 2 254 4 791 6 512 1.15 Less than $5,000 ................................. 125 51 74 31 16 28 31 23 9 43 8 16 19 1.14 $5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 128 39 89 32 25 31 29 18 11 59 15 25 20 1.49 $10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 503 142 361 137 111 113 122 74 48 239 63 111 65 1.58 $15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 759 237 522 216 164 142 199 140 59 323 76 164 83 1.38 $20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 1 183 350 833 322 237 274 285 196 90 548 126 237 184 1.43 $25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 1 429 494 934 259 267 408 283 148 136 651 112 267 273 1.37 $30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 1 795 639 1 156 319 337 501 369 173 196 787 146 337 304 1.31 $35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 2 024 705 1 319 360 352 608 445 204 241 874 156 352 366 1.31 $40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 2 351 879 1 472 433 344 696 499 247 252 974 186 344 444 1.23 $45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 2 243 766 1 477 367 343 766 559 227 332 917 140 343 434 1.24

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 2 450 952 1 498 368 273 857 597 212 385 901 156 273 472 1.11 $55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 2 048 700 1 348 354 281 713 516 211 306 832 143 281 407 1.24 $60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 2 190 836 1 354 338 298 718 529 214 315 825 124 298 403 1.14 $65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 1 917 729 1 188 295 244 649 445 168 276 744 127 244 373 1.14 $70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 1 742 683 1 059 250 230 579 393 155 239 666 95 230 341 1.10 $75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 1 525 608 917 212 178 528 377 136 241 540 75 178 287 1.09 $80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 1 433 622 812 179 152 481 317 103 214 495 76 152 267 1.05 $85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 1 152 519 634 130 106 398 254 78 176 380 51 106 222 1.00 $90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 1 084 521 563 100 109 353 207 64 143 356 36 109 210 .96 $95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 859 414 445 93 90 263 180 51 129 266 42 90 134 .99 $100,000 and over ................................ 6 678 3 124 3 553 756 635 2 162 1 415 458 957 2 139 299 635 1 205 .95

Median income dollars ........................... .. 61 495 66 268 58 688 53 746 53 154 62 946 60 667 54 638 64 950 57 220 52 480 53 154 61 852 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 274 524 517 1 022 1 174 680 496 1 150 974 465 1 230 1 174 606 (X)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 76 005 82 299 71 924 64 511 66 865 77 729 74 005 64 075 80 893 70 689 65 150 66 865 75 419 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 600 1 069 703 1 113 1 553 1 033 1 218 1 307 1 838 855 1 966 1 553 1 178 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 21 892 34 185 17 281 17 884 13 583 18 904 21 906 20 252 22 935 15 276 15 308 13 583 16 617 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 203 551 203 398 373 308 442 564 629 226 571 373 333 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .337 .328 .339 .347 .357 .321 .331 .341 .316 .343 .355 .357 .325 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0063 .0099 .0081 .0159 .0177 .0112 .0132 .0203 .0173 .0103 .0254 .0177 .0146 (B)

INCOME 21

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 6. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years OldmTotal Money Income in 1997 of

Married~Couple Families, by Work Experience in 1997 of Husband and WifemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. Married~couple families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

One or more related children under 18 years old

One child Two children or more

Total

No

related

children Total

All

under

6 years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years Total

Under

6 years

6 to 17

years Total

All

under 6

years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years

Mean

number

of related

children

HUSBAND FULL~TIME, YEAR~

ROUND WORKERmCon.

Wife Worked

Total ....................................... 27 493 11 103 16 390 4 147 3 233 9 010 6 499 2 650 3 849 9 891 1 497 3 233 5 161 1.09

Less than $5,000 ................................. 60 20 40 16 10 13 17 11 7 22 5 10 6 (B)

$5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 42 22 19 11 – 8 10 8 3 9 4 – 5 (B)

$10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 174 51 123 55 23 45 52 38 15 70 17 23 30 1.45

$15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 364 123 241 111 69 62 109 79 30 132 32 69 31 1.21

$20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 632 195 437 168 99 169 174 120 53 264 48 99 116 1.33

$25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 909 325 584 186 162 237 193 111 83 391 75 162 154 1.28

$30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 1 226 434 791 241 213 338 278 149 129 513 91 213 209 1.24

$35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 1 436 509 927 250 219 458 346 154 192 581 96 219 266 1.25

$40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 1 760 654 1 105 313 254 538 375 192 183 731 121 254 356 1.21

$45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 1 785 618 1 167 276 275 615 441 187 254 726 89 275 362 1.21

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 1 902 720 1 182 293 205 684 474 178 296 708 115 205 388 1.12

$55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 1 717 587 1 130 291 220 619 445 178 267 685 113 220 351 1.22

$60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 1 771 693 1 078 256 230 593 438 179 259 640 77 230 334 1.12

$65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 1 568 602 965 245 169 551 399 147 253 566 99 169 299 1.10

$70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 1 456 571 885 206 178 500 337 136 201 548 70 178 299 1.07

$75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 1 297 528 769 191 120 458 345 130 215 424 61 120 243 1.04

$80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 1 232 542 690 155 119 416 281 93 187 410 62 119 228 1.01

$85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 964 453 511 100 73 338 209 61 149 302 39 73 190 .93

$90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 953 460 493 88 90 316 191 62 129 302 26 90 186 .93

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 757 368 389 75 74 240 158 42 116 231 33 74 125 .97

$100,000 and over ................................ 5 489 2 629 2 861 620 430 1 811 1 224 396 828 1 636 224 430 983 .89

Median income dollars ........................... .. 64 902 69 982 61 713 57 215 56 546 66 001 63 369 57 186 67 701 60 761 57 268 56 546 64 500 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 388 666 366 793 760 564 925 1 054 966 495 1 268 760 933 (X)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 78 306 84 689 73 981 67 895 67 574 79 082 76 621 67 624 82 816 72 247 68 373 67 574 76 297 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 638 1 150 730 1 183 1 512 1 076 1 317 1 501 1 956 843 1 920 1 512 1 179 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 22 985 35 200 18 111 19 200 14 041 19 401 22 837 21 447 23 701 15 829 16 224 14 041 16 917 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 230 612 226 460 403 336 494 659 692 244 632 403 355 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .312 .308 .310 .324 .313 .297 .312 .326 .295 .308 .321 .313 .298 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0071 .0111 .0091 .0181 .0208 .0123 .0146 .0226 .0190 .0117 .0302 .0208 .0161 (B)

Wife Full~Time, Year~Round Worker

Total ....................................... 16 244 7 392 8 852 2 047 1 594 5 211 3 921 1 467 2 454 4 931 581 1 594 2 757 .94 Less than $5,000 ................................. 22 7 15 8 3 4 5 3 2 10 5 3 2 (B)

$5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 10 8 2 – – 2 – – – 2 – – 2 (B)

$10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 48 18 29 8 4 18 13 8 6 16 – 4 12 (B)

$15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 116 44 72 17 23 32 33 13 20 39 4 23 12 1.09 $20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 216 97 119 54 24 41 58 46 13 60 9 24 28 .93 $25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 356 166 190 61 39 91 73 37 37 117 24 39 55 1.02 $30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 507 214 293 72 67 154 107 45 61 186 27 67 92 1.12 $35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 678 295 383 103 77 203 181 85 96 202 19 77 107 1.00 $40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 949 376 573 161 123 288 217 113 104 355 48 123 184 1.11 $45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 985 366 619 142 136 341 269 108 161 350 34 136 180 1.10

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 1 176 486 690 160 124 406 293 108 185 397 53 124 221 1.02 $55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 1 017 382 635 145 129 361 279 102 177 356 44 129 184 1.12 $60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 1 124 519 605 110 144 351 259 89 170 346 20 144 181 .96 $65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 1 003 412 591 137 94 360 242 95 148 349 43 94 212 1.04 $70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 976 415 561 124 113 324 235 93 142 326 31 113 182 .99 $75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 875 412 463 113 64 285 218 86 132 245 28 64 153 .89 $80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 854 392 462 98 74 290 211 69 142 251 29 74 148 .94 $85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 645 339 306 49 47 211 147 37 110 159 11 47 101 .78 $90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 649 355 294 54 43 197 128 36 91 167 18 43 106 .74

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 517 275 242 44 46 151 118 29 88 124 15 46 63 .83

$100,000 and over ................................ 3 521 1 814 1 707 386 221 1 101 834 267 567 874 119 221 534 .78

Median income dollars ........................... .. 69 507 73 280 66 477 63 918 61 358 69 239 68 173 63 366 72 115 65 354 65 442 61 358 67 521 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 544 969 521 1 693 827 872 1 129 1 785 1 444 766 3 172 827 940 (X)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 82 141 86 321 78 651 75 461 70 733 82 326 82 388 74 247 87 254 75 679 78 528 70 733 77 939 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 806 1 259 1 038 1 705 1 971 1 510 1 840 1 933 2 693 1 148 3 498 1 971 1 537 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 25 078 36 242 19 556 21 590 14 775 20 610 24 376 23 329 24 946 16 699 18 326 14 775 17 568 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 317 722 334 707 561 480 686 903 940 351 1 140 561 489 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .287 .283 .287 .305 .270 .282 .290 .300 .279 .282 .314 .270 .281 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0091 .0134 .0124 .0258 .0288 .0162 .0187 .0303 .0238 .0164 .0489 .0288 .0219 (X)

22 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 6. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years OldmTotal Money Income in 1997 of

Married~Couple Families, by Work Experience in 1997 of Husband and WifemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. Married~couple families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

One or more related children under 18 years old

One child Two children or more

Total

No

related

children Total

All

under

6 years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years Total

Under

6 years

6 to 17

years Total

All

under 6

years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years

Mean

number

of related

children

HUSBAND FULL~TIME, YEAR~

ROUND WORKERmCon.

Wife Did Not Work

Total ....................................... 8 125 2 906 5 219 1 404 1 558 2 256 1 553 648 905 3 666 757 1 558 1 351 1.36

Less than $5,000 ................................. 65 31 35 15 5 15 14 12 2 21 3 5 13 (B)

$5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 86 17 69 21 25 23 19 10 9 51 11 25 15 1.84

$10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 329 91 238 83 87 68 70 36 33 169 47 87 35 1.65

$15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 395 115 281 105 95 80 90 61 29 191 44 95 52 1.53

$20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 551 155 396 153 138 105 112 75 37 284 78 138 68 1.55

$25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 519 170 350 74 105 171 90 37 53 260 37 105 119 1.52

$30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 570 205 365 78 124 163 91 24 67 274 54 124 95 1.46

$35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 588 196 392 110 133 150 99 50 49 293 60 133 100 1.47

$40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 592 225 367 120 90 157 124 55 69 243 65 90 88 1.30

$45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 458 148 310 91 68 151 118 40 79 192 51 68 72 1.33

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 547 232 316 75 68 173 122 34 88 194 41 68 85 1.08

$55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 332 113 218 63 61 94 71 33 38 147 30 61 56 1.36

$60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 419 143 276 83 68 125 91 35 56 185 48 68 69 1.24

$65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 350 127 223 50 75 98 45 22 24 178 28 75 74 1.35

$70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 286 112 174 44 51 79 56 19 38 118 25 51 41 1.22

$75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 228 80 148 21 57 70 32 6 26 116 15 57 44 1.38

$80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 201 80 121 23 33 65 36 9 27 85 14 33 38 1.28

$85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 188 66 122 29 33 59 44 17 27 78 12 33 32 1.38

$90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 130 60 70 12 20 38 16 3 14 54 10 20 24 1.22

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 102 46 56 18 16 22 22 8 13 34 10 16 9 1.10

$100,000 and over ................................ 1 188 496 693 137 206 350 190 62 129 502 75 206 222 1.22

Median income dollars ........................... .. 48 510 51 866 46 454 41 822 43 211 50 860 46 864 41 159 51 016 46 109 42 380 43 211 50 705 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 1 081 762 672 909 1 896 679 1 009 1 244 862 1 038 1 883 1 896 1 207 (X)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 68 221 73 170 65 465 54 522 65 394 72 326 63 057 49 550 72 719 66 485 58 776 65 394 72 062 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 1 497 2 677 1 789 2 637 3 601 2 850 3 046 2 382 4 883 2 195 4 435 3 601 3 456 (X)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 18 477 30 322 14 864 14 285 12 695 17 001 18 145 15 447 19 834 13 857 13 549 12 695 15 504 (X)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 457 1 293 457 800 773 766 1 007 998 1 506 514 1 144 773 862 (X)

Gini ratio......................................... .416 .399 .409 .403 .426 .394 .404 .384 .401 .415 .416 .426 .397 (X)

Standard error.................................. .0142 .0233 .0180 .0338 .0332 .0271 .0326 .0460 .0438 .0215 .0484 .0332 .0346 (X)

HUSBAND DID NOT WORK

Total ....................................... 10 937 9 488 1 449 276 250 923 693 168 525 757 108 250 398 .25 Less than $5,000 ................................. 345 216 130 26 36 68 43 10 33 87 17 36 35 .86 $5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 515 396 119 23 31 65 55 12 43 63 11 31 22 .44 $10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 1 105 936 169 41 28 101 68 25 43 102 16 28 58 .30 $15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 1 476 1 274 202 28 48 126 64 12 51 138 16 48 75 .31 $20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 1 375 1 220 155 24 19 112 77 15 63 78 10 19 49 .20 $25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 1 137 1 028 108 18 25 66 52 10 42 56 8 25 24 .20 $30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 944 851 93 11 13 70 54 9 45 40 2 13 25 .15 $35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 727 665 62 7 9 45 37 3 34 25 5 9 12 .15 $40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 576 500 76 25 8 43 47 18 29 29 7 8 14 .21 $45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 459 405 54 7 12 36 31 3 28 24 4 12 8 .19

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 402 361 41 5 3 33 24 3 21 17 2 3 12 .16 $55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 332 303 30 7 – 23 23 7 16 6 – – 6 .13 $60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 204 175 30 10 5 15 15 6 9 14 3 5 6 .23 $65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 224 187 36 4 6 26 14 4 11 22 – 6 16 .27 $70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 155 132 23 8 1 13 14 7 8 9 2 1 6 .20 $75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 122 110 13 1 – 11 9 1 8 3 – – 3 .15 $80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 154 130 24 7 3 15 15 7 8 9 – 3 7 .27 $85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 98 86 12 2 – 10 12 2 10 – – – – .12 $90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 48 41 7 1 – 6 3 – 3 4 1 – 3 (B)

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 60 55 5 2 2 1 2 2 – 3 – 2 1 (B)

$100,000 and over ................................ 480 419 61 18 4 39 34 13 21 27 5 4 18 .23

Median income dollars ........................... .. 27 639 28 253 22 880 23 681 18 236 24 425 28 329 29 915 27 883 19 602 18 370 18 236 20 985 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 360 391 1 052 3 322 1 275 1 384 1 993 5 393 2 132 809 2 445 1 275 1 386 (B)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 37 024 37 508 33 857 35 437 25 120 35 756 38 455 41 266 37 558 29 650 26 394 25 120 33 380 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 562 607 1 465 3 053 2 662 1 969 2 194 4 326 2 541 1 931 3 585 2 662 3 089 (B)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 14 731 16 883 7 655 8 679 4 329 8 616 10 616 10 793 10 555 5 751 5 883 4 329 6 771 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 274 342 392 929 538 560 744 1 438 869 432 993 538 718 (B)

Gini ratio......................................... .408 .398 .473 .477 .473 .462 .451 .454 .446 .482 .482 .473 .480 (B)

Standard error.................................. .0121 .0130 .0338 .0703 .0838 .0435 .0477 .0885 .0569 .0485 .1150 .0838 .0681 (B)

INCOME 23

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 6. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years OldmTotal Money Income in 1997 of

Married~Couple Families, by Work Experience in 1997 of Husband and WifemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. Married~couple families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

One or more related children under 18 years old

One child Two children or more

Total

No

related

children Total

All

under

6 years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years Total

Under

6 years

6 to 17

years Total

All

under 6

years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years

Mean

number

of related

children

HUSBAND DID NOT WORKmCon.

Wife Worked

Total ....................................... 2 861 2 084 778 160 125 493 382 90 292 396 70 125 201 .50 Less than $5,000 ................................. 46 18 28 8 9 10 13 3 10 15 6 9 – (B)

$5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 100 57 43 8 5 30 23 2 22 20 6 5 9 .76 $10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 146 72 74 23 13 38 34 14 20 40 9 13 18 .94 $15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 229 131 98 15 29 53 23 4 19 75 11 29 34 .96 $20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 253 178 75 11 16 48 32 4 28 43 7 16 20 .57 $25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 270 200 70 16 13 42 38 8 30 33 8 13 12 .57 $30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 295 232 63 11 4 48 37 9 28 27 2 4 20 .34 $35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 204 161 43 5 5 33 26 3 23 16 2 5 10 .35 $40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 178 122 56 17 7 32 30 12 19 26 6 7 13 .55 $45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 153 120 34 5 7 22 20 3 17 14 2 7 5 .36

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 161 129 32 5 3 24 15 3 12 17 2 3 12 .35 $55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 152 131 21 2 – 19 14 2 13 6 – – 6 .22 $60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 94 73 20 8 5 8 9 4 5 11 3 5 3 .33 $65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 123 93 30 4 2 24 14 4 11 15 – 2 13 .36 $70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 70 57 14 2 – 12 6 – 6 8 2 – 6 (B)

$75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 34 30 4 – – 4 1 – 1 3 – – 3 (B)

$80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 57 42 15 4 3 9 8 4 5 7 – 3 4 (B)

$85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 36 27 9 2 – 7 9 2 7 – – – – (B)

$90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 23 17 6 – – 6 2 – 2 3 – – 3 (B)

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 29 24 5 2 2 1 2 2 – 3 – 2 1 (B)

$100,000 and over ................................ 208 170 38 13 1 24 24 10 14 14 3 1 10 .34

Median income dollars ........................... .. 37 239 39 784 30 014 29 799 21 295 31 892 32 530 37 379 32 160 25 990 (B) 21 295 31 507 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 984 1 048 1 288 2 319 2 144 1 633 2 376 5 301 2 381 2 582 (B) 2 144 2 545 (B) Mean income dollars ............................. .. 48 839 52 013 40 330 39 172 28 175 43 796 43 986 46 928 43 076 36 801 (B) 28 175 44 841 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 1 626 2 067 2 204 3 733 2 848 3 145 3 222 5 519 3 854 2 992 (B) 2 848 5 303 (B)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 17 019 22 247 9 391 10 167 4 902 10 766 12 454 13 403 12 164 7 315 (B) 4 902 9 278 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 669 1 060 622 1 292 669 926 1 142 2 193 1 332 705 (B) 669 1 290 (B)

Gini ratio......................................... .396 .381 .428 .423 .378 .428 .422 .399 .427 .425 (B) .378 .429 (B)

Standard error.................................. .0237 .0277 .0461 .0913 .1011 .0612 .0648 .1187 .0789 .0661 (B) .1011 .0970 (B)

Wife Full~Time, Year~Round Worker

Total ....................................... 1 600 1 124 476 110 69 297 247 65 182 229 46 69 115 .53

Less than $5,000 ................................. 5 – 5 2 – 3 3 – 3 2 2 – – (B)

$5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 6 4 2 – – 2 2 – 2 – – – – (B)

$10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 47 19 28 12 7 9 17 11 6 11 1 7 3 (B)

$15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 101 58 43 9 13 22 11 3 8 33 6 13 14 1.02

$20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 113 77 35 9 6 20 14 2 12 21 7 6 8 .51

$25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 151 100 52 16 4 31 27 8 20 24 8 4 12 .63

$30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 168 122 46 11 4 31 29 9 21 16 2 4 10 .44

$35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 107 68 39 4 5 30 24 3 21 15 1 5 9 .59

$40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 108 64 44 15 7 22 24 9 14 21 6 7 8 .76

$45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 107 80 27 4 7 16 15 1 14 12 2 7 2 .41

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 110 84 27 5 3 19 15 3 12 12 2 3 7 .37

$55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 106 88 17 2 – 16 11 2 9 6 – – 6 .29

$60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 64 48 16 8 5 3 8 4 3 8 3 5 – (B)

$65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 78 56 23 – 2 20 9 – 9 14 – 2 12 .45

$70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 54 40 13 2 – 12 6 – 6 8 2 – 6 (B)

$75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 27 23 4 – – 4 1 – 1 3 – – 3 (B)

$80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 39 25 14 4 3 7 7 4 3 7 – 3 4 (B)

$85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 27 18 9 2 – 7 9 2 7 – – – – (B)

$90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 18 12 6 – – 6 2 – 2 3 – – 3 (B)

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 22 17 5 2 2 1 2 2 – 3 – 2 1 (B)

$100,000 and over ................................ 143 121 22 5 1 16 12 2 10 10 3 1 6 .36

Median income dollars ........................... .. 44 548 47 962 38 347 32 247 (B) 40 147 39 041 (B) 39 775 37 405 (B) (B) 41 035 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 1 779 1 596 2 040 5 069 (B) 2 314 2 263 (B) 2 577 3 846 (B) (B) 6 282 (B)

Mean income dollars ............................. .. 57 016 60 902 47 840 40 032 (B) 53 121 48 260 (B) 50 677 47 386 (B) (B) 57 007 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 2 616 3 495 2 940 3 558 (B) 4 356 3 723 (B) 4 708 4 606 (B) (B) 8 413 (B)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 19 351 25 631 11 144 10 202 (B) 12 920 13 283 (B) 13 827 9 469 (B) (B) 11 824 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 1 039 1 732 868 1 373 (B) 1 321 1 368 (B) 1 689 1 125 (B) (B) 2 086 (B)

Gini ratio......................................... .372 .368 .365 .332 (B) .373 .353 (B) .354 .377 (B) (B) .398 (B)

Standard error.................................. .0320 .0380 .0581 .1032 (B) .0779 .0788 (B) .0952 .0863 (B) (B) .1335 (B)

24 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 6. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years OldmTotal Money Income in 1997 of

Married~Couple Families, by Work Experience in 1997 of Husband and WifemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. Married~couple families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money income

One or more related children under 18 years old

One child Two children or more

Total

No

related

children Total

All

under

6 years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years Total

Under

6 years

6 to 17

years Total

All

under 6

years

Some

under 6,

some 6

to 17

years

All

6 to 17

years

Mean

number

of related

children

HUSBAND DID NOT WORKmCon.

Wife Did Not Work

Total ....................................... 8 076 7 404 672 116 125 431 311 77 233 361 38 125 197 .16 Less than $5,000 ................................. 299 198 102 18 26 57 30 7 23 72 11 26 35 .82 $5,000 to $9,999 ................................. 414 339 75 15 25 35 32 11 21 44 4 25 14 .36 $10,000 to $14,999 ............................... 959 864 95 18 14 63 34 11 23 61 7 14 40 .20 $15,000 to $19,999 ............................... 1 247 1 143 104 13 18 73 41 9 32 63 4 18 40 .19 $20,000 to $24,999 ............................... 1 122 1 042 80 13 2 64 45 10 35 35 3 2 29 .12 $25,000 to $29,999 ............................... 867 828 38 2 12 24 15 2 12 23 – 12 12 .09 $30,000 to $34,999 ............................... 649 619 30 – 8 21 17 – 17 13 – 8 4 .07 $35,000 to $39,999 ............................... 524 504 19 3 4 12 11 – 11 9 3 4 2 .07 $40,000 to $44,999 ............................... 398 378 20 7 2 11 17 6 10 3 1 2 1 .06 $45,000 to $49,999 ............................... 305 285 20 2 5 14 11 – 11 10 2 5 3 .10

$50,000 to $54,999 ............................... 241 232 9 – – 9 9 – 9 – – – – .04 $55,000 to $59,999 ............................... 181 172 9 5 – 4 9 5 4 – – – – .05 $60,000 to $64,999 ............................... 110 101 9 2 – 7 6 2 4 3 – – 3 .15 $65,000 to $69,999 ............................... 101 94 7 – 4 3 – – – 7 – 4 3 .17 $70,000 to $74,999 ............................... 84 75 9 7 1 1 8 7 1 1 – 1 – .13 $75,000 to $79,999 ............................... 89 80 9 1 – 7 9 1 7 – – – – .10 $80,000 to $84,999 ............................... 97 87 9 3 – 6 7 3 4 3 – – 3 .15 $85,000 to $89,999 ............................... 62 59 2 – – 2 2 – 2 – – – – (B)

$90,000 to $94,999 ............................... 25 24 1 1 – – – – – 1 1 – – (B)

$95,000 to $99,999 ............................... 31 31 – – – – – – – – – – – (B)

$100,000 and over ................................ 272 249 23 5 3 15 9 2 7 13 2 3 8 .14

Median income dollars ........................... .. 24 986 25 656 17 542 16 478 13 698 19 100 21 406 21 267 21 415 15 256 (B) 13 698 16 247 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 327 361 982 3 507 2 572 1 108 991 4 025 912 969 (B) 2 572 1 255 (B) Mean income dollars ............................. .. 32 838 33 426 26 365 30 286 22 063 26 562 31 655 34 660 30 659 21 816 (B) 22 063 21 722 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 478 495 1 769 5 038 4 462 2 012 2 764 6 638 2 943 2 215 (B) 4 462 2 585 (B)

Income per family member dollars ................. .. 13 756 15 270 5 767 6 881 3 766 6 260 8 478 8 254 8 565 4 122 (B) 3 766 4 321 (B)

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 268 311 451 1 325 837 570 901 1 863 1 020 474 (B) 837 604 (B)

Gini ratio......................................... .396 .385 .507 .544 .558 .475 .472 .508 .456 .521 (B) .558 .475 (B)

Standard error.................................. .0139 .0145 .0505 .1135 .1404 .0617 .0698 .1417 .0799 .0745 (B) .1404 .0996 (B)

INCOME 25

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 7. Median Income of People by Selected Characteristics: 1997, 1996, and 1995

[People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of

symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income

(1996~1997)

TOTAL

Male

All males 94 168 ........................ 25 212 123 93 439 23 834 157 92 066 22 562 146 * 3.4

Region

Northeast 17 953 .............................. 26 378 300 18 060 25 282 264 17 943 24 610 344 2.0 Midwest 22 086 ............................... 26 285 246 21 908 25 406 243 21 839 24 298 324 1.1 South 32 950 ................................. 23 896 271 32 464 22 234 187 31 785 21 162 181 * 5.1 West 21 179 .................................. 24 832 386 21 006 23 395 366 20 498 22 314 279 * 3.8

Race and Hispanic Origin

White 80 400 ................................. 26 115 135 80 041 24 949 156 79 022 23 895 177 * 2.3

Black 9 671 .................................. 18 096 477 9 410 16 491 329 9 339 16 006 285 * 7.3

Hispanic origin1......................... 9 585 16 216 244 9 305 15 437 250 8 577 14 840 292 2.7

Relationship to Family

Householder

In families 74 887 .............................. 25 819 143 74 453 24 513 182 73 762 23 335 187 * 3.0

Householder 45 172 ........................ 31 844 167 45 760 30 853 162 46 907 29 749 247 .9

Spouse of householder 12 203 ............... 31 177 291 10 816 29 672 509 9 454 28 355 580 2.7

Other relative of householder 17 512 .......... 9 284 175 17 876 8 392 185 17 401 8 127 166 * 8.1

In unrelated subfamilies 306 ................. 17 267 2 103 341 12 650 1 254 247 13 722 1 822 * 33.4

Unrelated individuals 18 975 .................... 22 820 308 18 646 21 975 228 18 058 20 777 223 1.5

Age

Under 65 years 80 860 ......................... 26 629 129 80 265 25 548 130 78 974 24 470 183 * 1.9

15 to 24 years 13 905 ....................... 7 468 154 14 016 6 960 127 13 802 6 913 137 * 4.9

25 to 34 years 18 936 ....................... 25 996 179 19 354 25 179 194 19 617 23 609 260 .9

35 to 44 years 21 456 ....................... 32 851 444 21 181 32 167 216 20 773 31 420 216 –.2

45 to 54 years 16 203 ....................... 37 624 436 15 748 36 232 312 14 920 35 586 345 1.5

55 to 64 years 10 361 ....................... 31 157 393 9 966 29 526 583 9 863 28 980 561 3.2

65 years and over 13 308 ...................... 17 768 228 13 173 16 684 221 13 092 16 484 195 * 4.1

65 to 74 years 7 843 ....................... 19 651 311 7 947 18 605 338 8 131 18 347 278 3.3

75 years and over 5 465 ................... 15 407 324 5 227 14 494 192 4 960 14 160 242 * 3.9

Occupation Group of Longest Job2

(Earnings)

Total with earnings3 ............... 76 694 26 843 122 76 121 25 785 123 74 619 25 018 157 * 1.8

Executive, administrators, and managerial 10 448 . 45 970 440 10 396 42 681 742 10 156 42 304 470 * 5.3

Professional specialty 9 639 ................... 44 401 871 9 118 42 309 467 8 799 41 639 306 2.6

Technical and related support 2 074 ............ 34 751 962 2 056 32 608 1 065 1 835 31 619 467 4.2

Sales 8 566 .................................. 27 550 660 8 324 27 493 569 8 479 26 047 428 –2.0

Administrative support, including clerical 4 312 ... 23 126 626 4 294 22 450 542 4 366 21 960 428 .7

Precision production, craft, and repair 14 176 ..... 27 429 299 13 993 26 296 229 13 180 26 074 225 * 2.0

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors 5 249 ............................ 23 991 633 5 327 22 096 283 5 375 21 222 258 * 6.1

Transportation and material moving 5 216 ....... 23 739 572 5 234 23 692 528 5 124 22 151 343 –2.1

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,

and laborers 4 806 .......................... 12 469 423 5 055 10 908 310 4 948 11 796 335 * 11.7

Service workers 8 481 ........................ 13 145 415 8 340 12 569 308 8 147 12 345 254 2.2

Private household 37 .................... (B) (B) 34 (B) (B) 67 (B) (B) (X)

Service workers, except private

household 8 444 ......................... 13 207 414 8 305 12 612 318 8 079 12 432 291 2.4

Farming, forestry, and fishing 3 013 ............. 11 645 322 3 284 11 355 303 3 462 10 756 343 .2

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and over 80 263 ........... 28 919 215 79 423 27 248 123 78 264 26 346 128 * 3.8

Less than 9th grade 5 839 ..................... 12 157 163 6 139 12 174 176 6 277 11 723 182 –2.4

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 7 601 ............ 16 818 265 7 671 16 058 255 7 490 15 791 244 2.4

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 25 777 .......................... 25 453 171 25 510 24 814 228 24 909 23 365 246 .3

Some college, no degree 13 892 ................ 30 536 232 13 756 29 160 398 13 715 28 004 393 * 2.4

Associate degree 5 591 ....................... 32 930 646 5 210 33 065 645 5 230 31 027 362 –2.6

Bachelor’s degree or more 21 563 ............... 47 126 348 21 136 44 161 506 20 644 43 322 606 * 4.3

Bachelor’s degree 13 900 ................... 41 949 347 13 510 39 624 521 13 065 39 040 617 * 3.5 Master’s degree 4 583 ..................... 52 530 1 093 4 709 50 003 1 013 4 774 49 076 1 066 2.7 Professional degree 1 741 .................. 72 274 4 086 1 702 71 869 2 643 1 657 66 257 2 682 –1.7 Doctorate degree 1 338 .................... 68 643 2 222 1 215 62 255 1 639 1 149 57 356 2 362 * 7.8

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2Amounts shown are median earnings.

3Includes people whose longest job was in the Armed Forces .

26 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 7. Median Income of People by Selected Characteristics: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of

symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income

(1996~1997)

TOTAL

Female

All females 97 447 ....................... 13 703 108 96 558 12 815 106 96 007 12 130 75 * 4.5

Region

Northeast 19 283 .............................. 14 333 227 19 400 13 451 221 19 248 12 482 192 * 4.2 Midwest 23 417 ............................... 13 899 221 23 219 13 051 218 23 336 12 380 160 * 4.1 South 34 154 ................................. 13 036 189 33 772 12 357 128 33 621 11 589 127 * 3.1 West 20 592 .................................. 14 002 247 20 167 12 831 246 19 801 12 457 208 * 6.7

Race and Hispanic Origin

White 81 352 ................................. 13 792 116 80 741 12 961 113 80 608 12 316 82 * 4.0

Black 11 961 .................................. 13 048 354 11 817 11 772 246 11 607 10 961 228 * 8.4

Hispanic origin1......................... 8 055 10 260 209 7 744 9 484 227 7 478 8 928 227 * 5.8

Relationship to Family

Householder

In families 75 895 .............................. 12 855 132 75 416 12 081 88 75 445 11 385 88 * 4.0

Householder 23 580 ........................ 15 395 188 22 567 14 507 214 21 094 13 937 202 * 3.7

Spouse of householder 38 317 ............... 14 830 187 38 787 13 901 189 40 288 12 569 166 * 4.3

Other relative of householder 13 999 .......... 6 923 102 14 062 6 578 107 14 062 6 084 106 2.9

In unrelated subfamilies 631 ................. 11 476 663 717 10 735 713 737 12 116 750 4.5

Unrelated individuals 20 920 .................... 16 118 201 20 425 15 214 194 19 825 14 820 167 * 3.6

Age

Under 65 years 79 354 ......................... 15 408 112 78 532 14 476 130 78 017 13 484 126 * 4.1

15 to 24 years 13 626 ....................... 6 342 110 13 502 5 881 116 13 550 5 310 122 * 5.4

25 to 34 years 18 081 ....................... 17 647 235 18 481 16 384 224 18 856 15 557 174 * 5.3

35 to 44 years 20 809 ....................... 18 706 310 20 637 18 447 288 20 458 17 397 242 –.9

45 to 54 years 16 231 ....................... 20 534 236 15 693 19 046 284 15 139 17 723 299 * 5.4

55 to 64 years 10 607 ....................... 14 376 332 10 220 13 316 335 10 014 12 381 274 * 5.5

65 years and over 18 093 ...................... 10 062 112 18 026 9 626 84 17 990 9 355 83 * 2.2

65 to 74 years 9 571 ....................... 10 141 182 9 642 9 656 128 9 826 9 277 127 2.7

75 years and over 8 522 ................... 9 996 132 8 384 9 598 111 8 163 9 427 109 1.8

Occupation Group of Longest Job2

(Earnings)

Total with earnings3 ............... 67 736 16 716 107 66 661 16 028 108 65 557 15 322 102 * 2.0

Executive, administrators, and managerial 8 852 . 29 301 555 8 493 27 369 334 8 013 26 787 288 * 4.7

Professional specialty 11 176 ................... 29 257 487 10 821 27 721 408 10 487 27 234 289 * 3.2

Technical and related support 2 580 ............ 23 733 830 2 404 24 011 501 2 515 21 968 343 –3.4

Sales 9 244 .................................. 10 535 195 9 326 10 112 218 9 056 9 571 242 1.8

Administrative support, including clerical 16 188 ... 17 825 219 15 663 17 029 164 15 813 16 292 148 * 2.3

Precision production, craft, and repair 1 364 ..... 16 466 572 1 345 16 640 505 1 288 16 792 471 –3.3

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors 3 347 ............................ 14 411 393 3 499 13 243 385 3 573 12 361 267 * 6.4

Transportation and material moving 591 ....... 12 345 675 577 12 740 746 549 12 787 1 060 –5.3

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,

and laborers 1 159 .......................... 9 056 834 1 205 9 050 793 1 123 9 686 677 –2.2

Service workers 12 376 ........................ 8 603 191 12 545 7 756 184 12 294 7 483 153 * 8.4

Private household 982 .................... 4 852 396 900 4 428 620 1 007 4 062 434 7.1

Service workers, except private

household 11 395 ......................... 9 072 192 11 645 8 122 190 11 288 7 925 187 * 9.2

Farming, forestry, and fishing 742 ............. 6 235 667 707 5 332 804 789 5 015 639 14.3

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and over 83 821 ........... 15 573 107 83 056 14 682 111 82 457 13 821 109 * 3.7

Less than 9th grade 5 647 ..................... 7 505 123 5 775 7 276 92 6 020 7 096 88 .8

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 7 661 ............ 8 861 147 7 929 8 544 147 8 122 8 057 160 1.4

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 29 332 .......................... 13 407 158 29 212 12 702 152 28 785 12 046 116 * 3.2

Some college, no degree 14 677 ................ 17 153 246 14 528 16 255 232 14 619 15 552 224 * 3.2

Associate degree 6 914 ....................... 21 073 316 6 839 20 460 343 6 642 19 450 426 .7

Bachelor’s degree or more 19 590 ............... 29 781 350 18 775 27 556 303 18 269 26 843 257 * 5.7

Bachelor’s degree 13 787 ................... 26 401 324 13 247 25 192 291 12 875 24 065 372 * 2.4 Master’s degree 4 488 ..................... 35 882 607 4 285 33 302 779 4 205 33 509 721 * 5.3 Professional degree 807 .................. 45 200 2 699 715 42 059 2 408 732 38 588 1 834 5.1 Doctorate degree 508 .................... 46 545 1 975 527 42 431 1 967 457 39 821 2 096 7.2

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2Amounts shown are median earnings.

3Includes people whose longest job was in the Armed Forces .

INCOME 27

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 7. Median Income of People by Selected Characteristics: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of

symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income

(1996~1997)

FULL~TIME, YEAR~ROUND

WORKERS

Male

All males 54 914 ........................ 35 248 150 53 792 33 538 267 52 669 32 199 123 * 2.7

Region

Northeast 10 279 .............................. 37 897 531 10 127 36 296 330 10 030 35 521 330 2.1

Midwest 12 953 ............................... 36 052 305 12 967 35 053 374 12 962 33 421 545 .5

South 19 622 ................................. 31 929 193 18 849 31 259 218 18 363 30 215 234 –.1

West 12 060 .................................. 35 701 361 11 849 34 319 715 11 314 32 962 567 1.7

Race and Hispanic Origin

White 47 230 ................................. 36 118 164 46 661 34 741 281 45 663 33 515 287 * 1.6 Black 5 172 .................................. 26 897 310 4 799 27 136 372 4 828 24 798 484 * –3.1 Hispanic origin1......................... 5 976 21 799 267 5 540 21 265 312 4 960 20 553 340 .2

Relationship to Family

Householder

In families 44 027 .............................. 36 339 171 43 317 35 135 184 42 656 33 428 307 * 1.1 Householder 29 635 ........................ 40 087 223 29 988 37 830 333 30 412 36 766 193 * 3.6 Spouse of householder 8 312 ............... 38 487 690 7 283 37 076 412 6 324 35 764 454 1.5 Other relative of householder 6 080 .......... 20 442 262 6 046 19 731 332 5 920 18 482 334 1.3 In unrelated subfamilies 197 ................. 22 812 1 781 186 20 379 1 581 116 22 319 2 444 9.4 Unrelated individuals 10 690 .................... 30 886 220 10 289 29 968 387 9 897 28 917 411 .8

Age

Under 65 years 53 919 ......................... 35 126 162 52 730 33 321 268 51 623 32 118 124 * 3.1

15 to 24 years 4 107 ....................... 17 651 352 4 028 17 410 281 4 169 16 659 196 –.9

25 to 34 years 14 374 ....................... 30 145 216 14 449 28 962 356 14 434 27 415 229 1.7

35 to 44 years 16 997 ....................... 37 413 311 16 577 36 957 236 16 183 36 125 225 –1.0

45 to 54 years 12 577 ....................... 42 370 394 12 234 41 481 310 11 430 41 062 281 –.1

55 to 64 years 5 863 ....................... 41 096 426 5 441 39 563 669 5 406 38 713 897 1.5

65 years and over 995 ...................... 45 648 2 390 1 063 42 836 2 086 1 047 41 259 1 389 4.2

65 to 74 years 794 ....................... 43 937 2 516 883 43 359 2 212 903 41 169 1 457 –.9

75 years and over 201 ................... 49 672 2 754 179 40 833 6 764 143 42 048 7 333 18.9

Occupation Group of Longest Job2

(Earnings)

Total with earnings3 ............... 54 909 33 674 320 53 787 32 144 114 52 667 31 496 115 * 2.4 Executive, administrators, and managerial 9 046 . 50 149 604 9 066 46 654 485 8 718 46 534 522 * 5.1 Professional specialty 7 516 ................... 50 402 367 7 085 50 012 748 6 837 47 339 643 –1.5 Technical and related support 1 591 ............ 37 705 1 094 1 638 36 775 575 1 463 36 035 733 .2 Sales 6 108 .................................. 35 655 396 5 997 35 104 701 6 073 35 064 733 –.7 Administrative support, including clerical 3 035 ... 29 442 713 2 875 30 381 518 3 076 27 423 581 * –5.3

Precision production, craft, and repair 10 629 ..... 31 496 188 10 278 30 421 222 9 602 30 421 210 1.2

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors 4 026 ............................ 26 969 292 4 032 25 625 322 4 065 24 262 490 * 2.9 Transportation and material moving 3 641 ....... 28 227 780 3 634 27 723 589 3 630 26 607 443 –.5

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,

and laborers 2 304 .......................... 21 475 487 2 231 20 793 358 2 358 18 858 503 1.0

Service workers 4 703 ........................ 22 335 434 4 654 21 028 322 4 397 21 331 282 * 3.8

Private household 7 .................... (B) (B) 9 (B) (B) 10 (B) (B) (X)

Service workers, except private

household 4 696 ......................... 22 359 445 4 645 21 036 322 4 386 21 359 281 * 3.9

Farming, forestry, and fishing 1 651 ............. 17 394 720 1 672 18 127 791 1 790 17 349 506 –6.2

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and over 50 807 ........... 36 678 148 49 764 35 622 150 48 500 34 551 274 .7

Less than 9th grade 1 914 ..................... 19 291 629 2 041 17 962 594 1 946 18 354 544 5.0

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 3 548 ............ 24 726 465 3 441 22 717 413 3 335 22 185 342 * 6.4

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 16 225 .......................... 31 215 171 15 840 30 709 183 15 331 29 510 357 –.6

Some college, no degree 9 170 ................ 35 945 293 9 173 34 845 456 8 908 33 883 517 .8

Associate degree 4 086 ....................... 38 022 774 3 931 37 131 434 3 926 35 201 535 .1

Bachelor’s degree or more 15 864 ............... 53 450 755 15 339 51 436 303 15 054 50 481 312 1.6

Bachelor’s degree 10 349 ................... 48 616 850 9 898 45 846 458 9 597 45 266 510 * 3.7

Master’s degree 3 228 ..................... 61 690 771 3 272 60 508 945 3 395 55 216 973 –.3

Professional degree 1 321 .................. 85 011 4 253 1 277 85 963 3 317 1 208 79 668 2 582 –3.3

Doctorate degree 966 .................... 76 234 3 611 893 71 227 3 362 853 65 336 2 188 4.6

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2Amounts shown are median earnings.

3Includes people whose longest job was in the Armed Forces .

28 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 7. Median Income of People by Selected Characteristics: 1997, 1996, and 1995mCon.

[People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. An asterisk (*) preceding percent change indicates statistically significant change at the 90~percent confidence level. For meaning of

symbols, see text]

Characteristic

1997 1996 1995

Median income Median income Median income

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Number

with

income

(1,000)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Percent

change

in real

median

 income

(1996~1997)

FULL~TIME, YEAR~ROUND

WORKERS

Female

All females 37 696 ....................... 26 029 131 36 445 24 935 149 35 495 23 777 162 * 2.0

Region

Northeast 7 218 .............................. 29 158 412 6 988 27 103 271 6 817 26 325 229 * 5.2

Midwest 8 865 ............................... 25 800 258 8 752 24 599 308 8 514 23 658 330 * 2.5

South 13 931 ................................. 23 963 283 13 588 22 946 286 13 100 21 701 191 2.1

West 7 682 .................................. 27 295 384 7 117 26 132 316 7 064 25 300 382 2.1

Race and Hispanic Origin

White 30 598 ................................. 26 470 145 29 607 25 358 146 29 125 24 264 173 * 2.0 Black 5 313 .................................. 22 764 404 5 098 21 990 272 4 812 21 079 302 1.2 Hispanic origin1......................... 3 143 19 676 534 2 952 19 272 546 2 771 17 855 493 –.2

Relationship to Family

Householder

In families 29 730 .............................. 25 533 147 28 846 24 438 171 28 077 23 235 181 * 2.1 Householder 10 369 ........................ 26 208 256 9 808 25 281 252 9 095 24 190 312 1.3 Spouse of householder 15 767 ............... 26 549 200 15 640 25 442 192 15 606 24 356 238 * 2.0 Other relative of householder 3 594 .......... 19 707 393 3 399 18 663 354 3 377 17 403 338 3.2 In unrelated subfamilies 223 ................. 21 959 1 034 245 20 291 1 293 340 20 524 1 031 5.8 Unrelated individuals 7 743 .................... 28 650 533 7 353 26 686 279 7 078 25 955 292 * 5.0

Age

Under 65 years 37 078 ......................... 25 978 132 35 885 24 899 152 35 004 23 722 164 * 2.0

15 to 24 years 3 072 ....................... 16 290 232 2 895 15 699 255 2 822 15 141 261 1.4

25 to 34 years 9 681 ....................... 25 144 227 9 481 23 838 269 9 709 22 567 241 * 3.1

35 to 44 years 11 126 ....................... 27 524 289 11 094 26 787 241 10 794 26 121 251 .4

45 to 54 years 9 191 ....................... 29 364 449 8 709 27 154 279 8 246 26 143 307 * 5.7

55 to 64 years 4 008 ....................... 26 661 448 3 706 25 080 431 3 433 24 121 542 * 3.9

65 years and over 618 ...................... 30 358 1 884 559 27 070 1 393 491 26 606 937 9.6

65 to 74 years 517 ....................... 31 425 2 150 489 26 829 1 408 416 26 215 1 269 * 14.5

75 years and over 101 ................... 26 917 2 958 71 (B) (B) 75 27 411 1 802 (X)

Occupation Group of Longest Job2

(Earnings)

Total with earnings3 ............... 37 683 24 973 155 36 430 23 710 166 35 482 22 497 137 * 3.0 Executive, administrators, and managerial 6 611 . 33 037 581 6 480 31 208 252 6 022 30 635 245 * 3.5 Professional specialty 6 679 ................... 35 417 294 6 230 34 537 535 6 107 33 301 540 .2 Technical and related support 1 735 ............ 27 576 754 1 569 27 239 536 1 534 26 806 379 –1.0 Sales 4 077 .................................. 21 392 335 3 988 21 350 327 3 815 20 279 337 –2.1 Administrative support, including clerical 9 790 ... 22 474 175 9 435 21 758 141 9 452 21 141 137 1.0

Precision production, craft, and repair 865 ..... 21 649 664 851 21 165 470 806 21 343 712 –

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors 2 090 ............................ 17 683 397 2 139 17 456 373 2 105 16 473 272 –1.0 Transportation and material moving 247 ....... 21 024 914 235 17 681 2 105 245 19 063 1 554 16.2

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,

and laborers 465 .......................... 15 774 502 448 16 856 506 496 14 864 567 * –8.5

Service workers 4 807 ........................ 15 964 190 4 754 14 976 232 4 584 14 477 270 * 4.2

Private household 225 .................... 12 648 703 257 11 365 442 241 10 435 786 8.8

Service workers, except private

household 4 583 ......................... 16 120 191 4 497 15 225 226 4 343 14 718 274 * 3.5

Farming, forestry, and fishing 223 ............. 17 301 1 254 233 17 251 1 955 283 11 883 777 –2.0

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and over 34 624 ........... 26 974 134 33 549 25 808 131 32 673 24 875 160 * 2.2

Less than 9th grade 791 ..................... 14 161 491 750 14 414 559 774 13 577 490 –4.0

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 1 765 ............ 16 697 335 1 751 16 953 333 1 763 15 825 293 –3.7

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 11 475 .......................... 22 067 148 11 363 21 175 143 11 064 20 463 162 * 1.9

Some college, no degree 6 628 ................ 26 335 291 6 582 25 167 267 6 329 23 997 274 * 2.3

Associate degree 3 538 ....................... 28 812 660 3 468 28 083 526 3 336 27 311 427 .3

Bachelor’s degree or more 10 427 ............... 38 038 481 9 636 36 461 296 9 406 35 259 313 2.0

Bachelor’s degree 7 173 ................... 35 379 295 6 689 33 525 437 6 434 32 051 273 * 3.2

Master’s degree 2 448 ..................... 44 949 836 2 213 41 901 564 2 268 40 263 555 * 4.9

Professional degree 488 .................. 61 051 4 737 413 57 624 3 635 421 50 000 2 532 3.6

Doctorate degree 318 .................... 53 037 3 625 322 56 267 3 300 283 48 141 2 373 –7.9

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2Amounts shown are median earnings.

3Includes people whose longest job was in the Armed Forces .

INCOME 29

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 8. Selected Characteristics of PeoplemTotal Money Income in 1997 of People 15 Years

Old and Over by Work Experience in 1997 and Gender

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

With income

Median income Mean income

Total Total

$1 to

$4,999

or loss

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

MALE

Total

All males 101 123 ................ 94 168 8 578 9 598 10 695 17 800 14 740 14 367 10 938 7 451 25 212 123 34 794 262

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 81 515 ....... 75 841 6 671 7 343 8 432 13 869 11 501 11 778 9 503 6 745 26 077 145 36 431 301 Inside central cities 29 770 .......... 27 183 2 629 3 254 3 633 5 400 4 000 3 630 2 739 1 897 22 133 202 32 084 445 1 million or more 19 246 .......... 17 407 1 717 2 104 2 395 3 317 2 541 2 295 1 766 1 271 22 136 259 32 334 580 Under 1 million 10 523 ............ 9 776 912 1 150 1 237 2 083 1 459 1 335 973 626 22 129 322 31 639 683 Outside central cities 51 745 ......... 48 658 4 041 4 089 4 799 8 469 7 500 8 148 6 764 4 848 28 566 326 38 859 398 1 million or more 35 493 .......... 33 353 2 677 2 650 3 079 5 388 5 024 5 653 5 061 3 822 30 614 211 41 507 517 Under 1 million 16 252 ............ 15 305 1 365 1 439 1 720 3 081 2 477 2 495 1 703 1 026 25 149 324 33 089 566 Outside metropolitan areas 19 608 ..... 18 327 1 908 2 255 2 263 3 931 3 239 2 589 1 436 706 21 684 278 28 018 613

Region

Northeast 19 341 .................... 17 953 1 663 1 788 1 917 3 163 2 515 2 883 2 340 1 683 26 378 300 37 908 649 Midwest 23 265 ...................... 22 086 2 041 2 024 2 301 4 059 3 842 3 646 2 612 1 561 26 285 246 34 501 525 South 35 610 ........................ 32 950 2 898 3 547 3 880 6 752 5 434 4 748 3 402 2 289 23 896 271 33 288 458 West 22 907 ......................... 21 179 1 977 2 239 2 597 3 826 2 949 3 089 2 584 1 918 24 832 386 34 801 512

Race and Hispanic Origin

White 85 219 ........................ 80 400 6 903 7 527 8 979 14 962 12 678 12 602 9 829 6 921 26 115 135 36 282 296 Black 11 283 ........................ 9 671 1 254 1 605 1 264 2 062 1 459 1 176 635 216 18 096 477 22 781 370 Hispanic origin1 ............... 10 944 9 585 1 069 1 490 1 824 2 338 1 237 890 487 250 16 216 244 22 392 537

Age

Under 65 years 87 599 ............... 80 860 8 084 7 474 7 779 14 297 13 062 13 214 10 158 6 792 26 629 130 36 151 292

15 to 24 years 18 747 .............. 13 905 5 201 2 969 1 983 2 329 950 307 91 77 7 468 154 11 201 261

25 to 34 years 19 526 .............. 18 936 880 1 291 2 138 4 561 4 138 3 281 1 860 787 25 996 180 31 014 362

35 to 44 years 22 054 .............. 21 456 887 1 374 1 554 3 446 3 978 4 434 3 555 2 228 32 851 444 42 397 571

45 to 54 years 16 598 .............. 16 203 599 924 1 044 2 290 2 438 3 366 3 261 2 281 37 624 437 48 796 749

55 to 64 years 10 673 .............. 10 361 516 917 1 061 1 671 1 558 1 827 1 391 1 419 31 157 393 46 319 1 242

65 years and over 13 524 ............. 13 308 495 2 124 2 916 3 504 1 678 1 153 780 659 17 768 228 26 543 530

65 to 74 years 7 992 .............. 7 843 258 1 053 1 563 2 032 1 108 800 552 476 19 651 311 29 153 699

75 years and over 5 532 ........... 5 465 236 1 071 1 353 1 471 571 353 228 183 15 407 324 22 797 806

Mean age 42.1 .................... 43.3 29.5 42.8 46.6 44.4 43.0 44.3 45.5 48.0 (X) (X) (X) (X)

Relationship to Family

Householder

Householder 45 774 .................. 45 172 1 557 2 611 4 335 8 210 7 839 8 709 7 071 4 840 31 844 159 42 095 383

Spouse of householder 12 458 ......... 12 203 451 771 1 225 2 270 2 071 2 267 1 791 1 356 31 177 291 43 437 919

Child of householder 18 226 ........... 13 606 4 825 2 990 1 867 2 127 1 021 452 216 108 7 778 201 12 689 358

Other relative of householder 4 705 ... 3 906 598 766 754 857 488 231 134 78 13 729 378 18 933 539

Nonrelatives 19 959 .................. 19 281 1 147 2 460 2 514 4 336 3 321 2 707 1 726 1 069 22 708 291 31 030 520

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and over 82 376 ... 80 263 3 377 6 629 8 712 15 471 13 790 14 060 10 848 7 375 28 919 215 38 881 298

Less than 9th grade 6 159 ........... 5 839 495 1 633 1 439 1 356 492 271 83 69 12 157 163 16 592 451

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 8 018 .. 7 601 623 1 229 1 479 2 020 1 137 697 289 126 16 818 265 21 806 508

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 26 575 ................. 25 777 1 147 1 994 3 139 6 277 5 273 4 729 2 443 774 25 453 172 29 958 338

Some college, no degree 14 122 ....... 13 892 482 832 1 366 2 684 2 776 2 840 1 994 917 30 536 233 37 155 673

Associate degree 5 670 .............. 5 591 191 295 424 978 1 081 1 310 945 367 32 930 647 38 867 953

Bachelor’s degree or more 21 832 ...... 21 563 438 646 865 2 155 3 031 4 214 5 093 5 122 47 126 348 62 718 820

Bachelor’s degree 14 090 ........... 13 900 338 467 650 1 647 2 288 2 830 3 244 2 436 41 949 347 53 152 805

Master’s degree 4 640 ............. 4 583 62 115 138 359 491 936 1 241 1 242 52 530 1 093 65 842 1 677

Professional degree 1 749 ......... 1 741 18 50 45 80 156 245 292 855 72 274 4 087 110 280 5 274

Doctorate degree 1 353 ............ 1 338 20 13 33 69 96 202 316 588 68 643 2 222 89 481 4 009

Tenure

Owner occupied 71 641 ............... 67 204 5 801 5 756 6 692 11 400 10 441 11 236 9 250 6 628 28 287 254 38 956 349

Renter occupied 27 902 ............... 25 461 2 569 3 595 3 729 6 037 4 120 2 988 1 627 796 19 583 242 24 679 270

Occupier paid no cash rent 1 580 ..... 1 503 208 247 275 363 178 142 62 28 15 476 641 20 014 731

See footnote at end of table.

30 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 8. Selected Characteristics of PeoplemTotal Money Income in 1997 of People 15 Years

Old and Over by Work Experience in 1997 and GendermCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

With income

Median income Mean income

Total Total

$1 to

$4,999

or loss

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

MALEmCon.

Full~Time, Year~Round

Worker

All males 54 933 ................ 54 914 639 1 235 3 771 10 430 11 081 11 942 9 414 6 404 35 248 150 46 120 396

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 44 997 ....... 44 985 457 942 3 076 8 065 8 604 9 803 8 194 5 845 36 388 171 48 195 458

Inside central cities 15 477 .......... 15 468 191 449 1 466 3 398 3 042 2 976 2 284 1 662 31 428 224 43 373 709

1 million or more 10 020 .......... 10 020 123 329 985 2 155 1 921 1 914 1 481 1 111 31 445 270 43 593 918

Under 1 million 5 457 ............ 5 449 68 120 481 1 244 1 121 1 062 802 551 31 392 398 42 968 1 095

Outside central cities 29 521 ......... 29 517 266 493 1 610 4 666 5 562 6 826 5 910 4 182 38 853 342 50 722 590

1 million or more 20 677 .......... 20 677 173 324 1 076 2 947 3 661 4 750 4 404 3 341 40 781 224 53 798 754

Under 1 million 8 844 ............ 8 840 93 169 534 1 719 1 901 2 076 1 506 841 35 018 470 43 528 869

Outside metropolitan areas 9 936 ..... 9 929 182 292 695 2 365 2 477 2 139 1 220 559 30 475 277 36 720 820

Region

Northeast 10 279 .................... 10 279 112 177 618 1 679 1 855 2 348 2 013 1 476 37 897 531 51 465 1 009 Midwest 12 955 ...................... 12 953 143 220 683 2 193 2 926 3 094 2 347 1 348 36 052 306 46 088 794 South 19 632 ........................ 19 622 228 480 1 460 4 293 4 232 4 023 2 923 1 984 31 929 194 43 637 692 West 12 068 ......................... 12 060 155 359 1 009 2 265 2 068 2 477 2 131 1 596 35 701 362 45 641 727

Race and Hispanic Origin

White 47 241 ........................ 47 230 534 960 3 060 8 473 9 431 10 371 8 454 5 947 36 118 164 47 764 444 Black 5 172 ........................ 5 172 56 194 524 1 443 1 179 1 068 533 175 26 897 310 31 684 531 Hispanic origin1 ............... 5 976 5 976 87 345 1 155 1 847 1 063 807 447 225 21 799 267 28 679 698

Age

Under 65 years 53 938 ............... 53 919 630 1 209 3 729 10 272 10 967 11 750 9 214 6 148 35 126 162 45 703 391

15 to 24 years 4 118 .............. 4 107 116 344 939 1 617 729 249 71 42 17 651 352 20 807 438

25 to 34 years 14 379 .............. 14 374 125 313 1 178 3 593 3 651 3 047 1 730 738 30 145 216 35 594 445

35 to 44 years 17 000 .............. 16 997 145 283 840 2 633 3 555 4 112 3 354 2 076 37 413 312 47 549 614

45 to 54 years 12 577 .............. 12 577 152 163 512 1 631 2 031 3 029 2 959 2 100 42 370 394 55 402 910

55 to 64 years 5 863 .............. 5 863 91 107 261 798 1 002 1 312 1 101 1 192 41 096 426 61 771 2 046

65 years and over 995 ............. 995 9 26 41 158 113 192 200 255 45 648 2 391 68 717 5 096

65 to 74 years 794 .............. 794 4 25 35 130 105 140 150 206 43 937 2 516 66 939 5 047

75 years and over 201 ........... 201 4 1 7 28 8 53 50 49 49 672 2 754 75 748 15 436

Mean age 40.4 .................... 40.4 39.7 35.1 34.7 36.6 38.8 41.7 43.7 46.5 (X) (X) (X) (X)

Relationship to Family

Householder

Householder 29 637 .................. 29 635 336 374 1 252 4 401 5 687 7 195 6 176 4 214 40 087 212 51 185 539

Spouse of householder 8 312 ......... 8 312 90 107 400 1 360 1 627 1 951 1 557 1 220 38 487 690 53 003 1 285

Child of householder 4 218 ........... 4 204 82 303 830 1 487 850 399 187 67 20 006 384 23 911 509

Other relative of householder 1 876 ... 1 876 17 127 396 604 401 172 97 61 21 377 457 26 443 888

Nonrelatives 10 890 .................. 10 887 113 324 893 2 578 2 515 2 225 1 398 842 30 778 219 39 047 712

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and over 50 814 ... 50 807 523 890 2 832 8 813 10 352 11 693 9 343 6 361 36 678 149 48 166 423

Less than 9th grade 1 914 ........... 1 914 30 155 465 660 305 202 51 45 19 291 629 24 497 1 170

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 3 548 .. 3 548 66 154 477 1 103 838 574 237 100 24 726 466 30 238 972

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 16 225 ................. 16 225 193 245 1 109 3 770 4 154 3 998 2 138 617 31 215 171 35 531 400

Some college, no degree 9 170 ....... 9 170 107 155 437 1 536 2 108 2 366 1 699 762 35 945 293 43 487 940

Associate degree 4 089 .............. 4 086 39 63 121 641 861 1 196 837 329 38 022 774 44 035 1 097

Bachelor’s degree or more 15 868 ...... 15 864 88 118 223 1 103 2 086 3 358 4 380 4 509 53 450 755 71 723 1 044

Bachelor’s degree 10 353 ........... 10 349 63 90 178 919 1 675 2 379 2 889 2 156 48 616 851 60 212 1 005

Master’s degree 3 228 ............. 3 228 12 10 31 142 272 652 1 005 1 103 61 690 771 76 726 2 228

Professional degree 1 321 ......... 1 321 10 13 14 20 84 191 233 756 85 011 4 253 128 399 6 640

Doctorate degree 966 ............ 966 2 5 – 23 54 136 253 493 76 234 3 611 100 852 4 792

Tenure

Owner occupied 39 422 ............... 39 406 441 627 1 917 5 964 7 562 9 242 7 948 5 704 39 198 297 51 619 524

Renter occupied 14 703 ............... 14 701 186 565 1 695 4 210 3 362 2 594 1 409 679 26 463 200 32 447 402

Occupier paid no cash rent 807 ..... 807 12 43 158 255 157 106 57 20 22 368 814 26 698 1 007

See footnote at end of table.

INCOME 31

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 8. Selected Characteristics of PeoplemTotal Money Income in 1997 of People 15 Years

Old and Over by Work Experience in 1997 and GendermCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

With income

Median income Mean income

Total Total

$1 to

$4,999

or loss

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

FEMALE

Total

All females 108 168 .............. 97 447 18 456 19 077 14 123 19 472 11 813 8 207 4 351 1 947 13 703 108 19 511 127

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 86 884 ....... 78 399 14 277 14 636 10 916 15 568 9 991 7 208 3 989 1 814 14 634 128 20 592 150 Inside central cities 32 535 .......... 28 916 5 014 6 056 4 197 5 804 3 444 2 472 1 297 633 13 751 206 19 819 226 1 million or more 21 053 .......... 18 408 3 074 3 786 2 596 3 680 2 197 1 688 920 468 14 343 278 20 687 296 Under 1 million 11 482 ............ 10 508 1 940 2 269 1 601 2 124 1 247 785 377 165 12 893 304 18 299 344 Outside central cities 54 349 ......... 49 484 9 263 8 581 6 719 9 765 6 547 4 735 2 692 1 182 15 153 149 21 043 197 1 million or more 37 343 .......... 34 071 6 232 5 489 4 435 6 552 4 623 3 589 2 213 937 16 152 189 22 295 245 Under 1 million 17 006 ............ 15 413 3 032 3 091 2 284 3 212 1 924 1 146 479 245 13 087 266 18 277 320 Outside metropolitan areas 21 284 ..... 19 047 4 179 4 441 3 208 3 904 1 822 999 362 133 11 222 179 15 065 253

Region

Northeast 21 285 .................... 19 283 3 412 3 808 2 717 3 469 2 526 1 838 1 033 480 14 333 227 20 958 278 Midwest 25 167 ...................... 23 417 4 435 4 491 3 389 4 954 2 800 1 970 1 019 359 13 899 221 19 132 267 South 38 347 ........................ 34 154 6 602 7 101 4 931 7 158 3 972 2 547 1 257 585 13 036 190 18 374 197 West 23 368 ......................... 20 592 4 008 3 677 3 085 3 891 2 514 1 852 1 041 523 14 002 247 20 476 322

Race and Hispanic Origin

White 89 489 ........................ 81 352 15 500 15 597 11 890 16 060 9 898 6 950 3 727 1 730 13 792 117 19 792 146 Black 13 715 ........................ 11 961 2 046 2 779 1 661 2 697 1 407 858 414 99 13 048 354 17 310 248 Hispanic origin1 ............... 10 485 8 055 1 959 1 976 1 384 1 415 668 441 152 61 10 260 209 14 509 420

Age

Under 65 years 89 610 ............... 79 354 16 251 12 291 10 332 16 480 10 707 7 586 3 988 1 719 15 408 112 20 581 149

15 to 24 years 18 333 .............. 13 626 5 705 3 331 1 918 1 856 530 179 90 17 6 342 111 8 987 152

25 to 34 years 19 828 .............. 18 081 3 005 2 345 2 407 4 573 3 054 1 708 717 273 17 647 236 20 683 254

35 to 44 years 22 407 .............. 20 809 3 364 2 657 2 606 4 426 3 246 2 653 1 276 583 18 706 310 23 774 320

45 to 54 years 17 459 .............. 16 231 2 248 1 909 1 924 3 554 2 537 2 176 1 312 570 20 534 237 26 078 427

55 to 64 years 11 582 .............. 10 607 1 930 2 048 1 476 2 072 1 341 870 593 277 14 376 333 20 626 379

65 years and over 18 558 ............. 18 093 2 205 6 786 3 792 2 992 1 106 621 363 228 10 062 112 14 820 200

65 to 74 years 9 882 .............. 9 571 1 290 3 438 1 760 1 672 662 402 213 134 10 141 183 15 457 289

75 years and over 8 677 ........... 8 522 915 3 348 2 031 1 320 444 219 150 94 9 996 133 14 105 272

Mean age 44.0 .................... 45.3 38.8 50.8 48.4 44.7 43.6 44.3 46.0 47.8 (X) (X) (X) (X)

Relationship to Family

Householder

Householder 25 110 .................. 23 580 3 691 4 405 3 442 5 066 3 220 2 200 1 105 451 15 395 180 20 407 207

Spouse of householder 41 864 ......... 38 317 7 820 6 481 4 995 7 758 5 018 3 506 1 888 851 14 830 187 20 454 235

Child of householder 13 998 ........... 10 250 4 487 2 359 1 147 1 368 504 261 86 39 6 056 131 9 555 178

Other relative of householder 4 770 ... 3 749 776 1 184 659 568 316 173 50 24 9 510 275 13 723 558

Nonrelatives 22 426 .................. 21 551 1 682 4 648 3 881 4 713 2 756 2 068 1 222 582 15 974 198 22 599 279

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and over 89 835 ... 83 821 12 752 15 746 12 205 17 616 11 283 8 028 4 260 1 930 15 573 108 21 222 144

Less than 9th grade 6 623 ........... 5 647 1 241 2 549 1 089 555 134 42 26 12 7 505 123 9 433 169

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 8 758 .. 7 661 1 623 2 738 1 539 1 204 372 112 38 36 8 861 147 11 536 378

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 31 599 ................. 29 332 4 797 6 145 5 076 7 328 3 521 1 656 557 253 13 407 158 16 678 160

Some college, no degree 15 516 ....... 14 677 2 190 2 103 2 215 3 629 2 324 1 405 602 209 17 153 246 20 731 312

Associate degree 7 198 .............. 6 914 804 755 834 1 715 1 339 959 397 110 21 073 316 24 411 604

Bachelor’s degree or more 20 142 ...... 19 590 2 097 1 457 1 452 3 186 3 593 3 855 2 641 1 310 29 781 350 34 455 403

Bachelor’s degree 14 215 ........... 13 787 1 701 1 172 1 089 2 534 2 643 2 511 1 464 673 26 401 324 30 574 443

Master’s degree 4 592 ............. 4 488 293 229 303 526 816 1 064 918 339 35 882 607 39 804 801

Professional degree 820 ......... 807 70 28 47 95 85 154 120 209 45 199 2 700 59 394 3 331

Doctorate degree 515 ............ 508 34 27 14 31 49 127 138 90 46 545 1 976 52 862 2 917

Tenure

Owner occupied 75 560 ............... 68 982 13 233 12 259 9 423 13 660 8 675 6 470 3 618 1 643 14 718 136 20 736 165

Renter occupied 31 040 ............... 27 089 4 843 6 498 4 443 5 592 3 037 1 679 708 289 12 083 122 16 692 180

Occupier paid no cash rent 1 567 ..... 1 376 380 319 257 220 101 58 25 15 9 749 567 13 611 668

See footnote at end of table.

32 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 8. Selected Characteristics of PeoplemTotal Money Income in 1997 of People 15 Years

Old and Over by Work Experience in 1997 and GendermCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

With income

Median income Mean income

Total Total

$1 to

$4,999

or loss

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

FEMALEmCon.

Full~Time, Year~Round

Worker

All females 37 715 .............. 37 696 486 1 500 4 424 11 247 8 840 6 398 3 367 1 434 26 029 131 31 362 246

Type of Residence

Inside metropolitan areas 31 121 ....... 31 101 351 1 053 3 256 8 872 7 468 5 615 3 127 1 361 27 094 143 32 842 280

Inside central cities 11 392 .......... 11 383 133 485 1 366 3 438 2 581 1 938 966 477 25 782 242 31 515 446

1 million or more 7 537 .......... 7 529 83 325 870 2 190 1 669 1 335 690 366 26 364 313 32 520 564

Under 1 million 3 855 ............ 3 855 50 160 495 1 248 912 602 276 111 24 730 477 29 552 721

Outside central cities 19 729 ......... 19 718 218 568 1 891 5 433 4 887 3 677 2 161 884 28 025 286 33 609 359

1 million or more 13 814 .......... 13 811 135 355 1 109 3 528 3 426 2 764 1 789 703 30 101 238 35 327 419

Under 1 million 5 915 ............ 5 907 83 213 781 1 905 1 461 913 372 181 24 818 368 29 591 680

Outside metropolitan areas 6 595 ..... 6 595 135 447 1 168 2 376 1 372 783 240 74 21 340 292 24 380 564

Region

Northeast 7 223 .................... 7 218 75 205 618 1 874 1 856 1 425 819 344 29 158 413 34 229 474

Midwest 8 865 ...................... 8 865 105 341 924 2 832 2 101 1 520 784 260 25 800 258 30 972 532

South 13 931 ........................ 13 931 202 700 1 946 4 468 3 115 2 090 976 434 23 963 283 28 866 358

West 7 697 ......................... 7 682 104 253 936 2 073 1 768 1 363 788 396 27 295 384 33 643 708

Race and Hispanic Origin

White 30 606 ........................ 30 598 406 1 161 3 512 8 839 7 233 5 356 2 839 1 254 26 470 146 32 087 290

Black 5 313 ........................ 5 313 69 262 698 1 937 1 210 717 336 82 22 764 405 26 476 393

Hispanic origin1 ............... 3 143 3 143 45 257 715 1 035 541 369 130 50 19 676 534 24 173 843

Age

Under 65 years 37 097 ............... 37 078 483 1 482 4 354 11 106 8 714 6 255 3 293 1 393 25 978 132 31 257 248

15 to 24 years 3 072 .............. 3 072 71 400 823 1 195 402 116 55 10 16 290 232 18 141 305

25 to 34 years 9 689 .............. 9 681 111 331 1 039 3 309 2 576 1 468 608 239 25 144 227 28 866 383

35 to 44 years 11 130 .............. 11 126 121 407 1 177 2 981 2 703 2 174 1 083 481 27 524 289 33 086 454

45 to 54 years 9 199 .............. 9 191 114 244 820 2 462 2 135 1 848 1 099 469 29 364 449 35 169 626

55 to 64 years 4 008 .............. 4 008 66 100 495 1 160 898 648 449 193 26 661 448 33 040 760

65 years and over 618 ............. 618 4 18 70 141 126 144 74 42 30 359 1 885 37 638 2 020

65 to 74 years 517 .............. 517 4 7 62 118 101 122 65 39 31 426 2 150 38 927 2 322

75 years and over 101 ........... 101 – 11 8 23 25 21 9 2 26 917 2 959 31 027 3 193

Mean age 40.4 .................... 40.4 39.5 35.6 38.0 39.1 40.6 42.4 44.0 44.5 (X) (X) (X) (X)

Relationship to Family

Householder

Householder 10 375 .................. 10 369 123 429 1 159 3 098 2 524 1 778 894 364 26 208 245 30 799 337 Spouse of householder 15 778 ......... 15 767 197 532 1 709 4 685 3 798 2 740 1 457 649 26 549 200 32 456 440 Child of householder 2 486 ........... 2 486 76 235 503 953 414 213 60 32 19 143 477 21 227 441 Other relative of householder 1 111 ... 1 108 22 82 219 355 242 134 39 16 20 811 568 24 546 1 631 Nonrelatives 7 966 .................. 7 966 68 222 834 2 156 1 862 1 533 917 374 28 250 524 34 038 550

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and over 34 643 ... 34 624 415 1 099 3 601 10 052 8 438 6 282 3 312 1 424 26 974 134 32 535 264

Less than 9th grade 791 ........... 791 28 108 297 248 73 34 3 – 14 161 492 16 076 476

9th to 12th grade (no diploma) 1 765 .. 1 765 29 159 527 661 264 88 19 17 16 697 335 20 567 1 462

High school graduate (includes

equivalency) 11 484 ................. 11 475 181 499 1 668 4 489 2 808 1 313 377 140 22 067 148 24 963 290

Some college, no degree 6 636 ....... 6 628 63 157 577 2 224 1 803 1 179 488 136 26 335 291 30 163 554

Associate degree 3 538 .............. 3 538 46 74 244 972 1 022 799 317 64 28 812 660 32 564 1 050

Bachelor’s degree or more 10 429 ...... 10 427 67 102 288 1 458 2 468 2 868 2 109 1 067 38 038 481 45 639 537

Bachelor’s degree 7 175 ........... 7 173 56 65 228 1 255 1 898 1 933 1 210 529 35 379 295 40 932 530

Master’s degree 2 448 ............. 2 448 9 21 52 162 488 739 703 275 44 949 837 50 006 1 139

Professional degree 488 ......... 488 – 7 5 35 56 104 94 187 61 051 4 737 80 610 4 719

Doctorate degree 318 ............ 318 2 8 4 6 26 93 102 77 53 038 3 626 64 503 3 905

Tenure

Owner occupied 26 385 ............... 26 377 357 803 2 610 7 465 6 257 4 926 2 769 1 191 27 408 177 33 467 322 Renter occupied 10 895 ............... 10 883 122 670 1 715 3 641 2 499 1 423 575 239 22 404 230 26 537 326 Occupier paid no cash rent 435 ..... 435 7 27 99 140 84 49 23 5 20 897 978 24 403 1 239

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

INCOME 33

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 9. Educational AttainmentmTotal Money Earnings in 1997 of People 18 Years Old and

Over by Age, Work Experience in 1997, and Gender

[People 18 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Age

Educational attainment

High school College

Bachelor’s degree or more

Total

Less than

9th grade

9th to 12th grade

(no

diploma)

High school

graduate

(includes

equiv~ alency)

Some

college,

no degree

Associate degree TotalBachelor’s degreeMaster’s

degree

Profes~ sional

degree

Doctorate degree

MALE

Total

Number With Earnings (thousands)

Total 74 596 .............................. 3 281 7 067 24 152 14 905 5 454 19 737 13 008 4 012 1 557 1 159

Under 65 years 71 861 ......................... 2 957 6 828 23 393 14 455 5 356 18 872 12 556 3 847 1 416 1 054

18 to 24 years 10 303 ........................ 287 1 965 3 536 3 365 451 698 670 16 10 1

25 to 34 years 18 369 ........................ 727 1 525 6 176 3 470 1 520 4 950 3 813 769 238 130

25 to 29 years 8 829 ...................... 346 750 2 832 1 849 736 2 316 1 885 330 71 30

30 to 34 years 9 540 ...................... 381 775 3 345 1 621 783 2 634 1 927 440 167 100

35 to 44 years 20 343 ........................ 738 1 578 6 853 3 692 1 714 5 767 3 861 1 132 465 309

35 to 39 years 10 364 ...................... 422 851 3 602 1 769 846 2 874 1 949 568 220 137

40 to 44 years 9 979 ...................... 317 727 3 251 1 923 868 2 893 1 913 564 245 172

45 to 54 years 15 048 ........................ 687 1 055 4 163 2 737 1 289 5 117 2 969 1 313 447 388

45 to 49 years 8 361 ...................... 318 534 2 308 1 613 804 2 785 1 666 684 254 182

50 to 54 years 6 686 ...................... 369 521 1 855 1 124 485 2 332 1 304 629 193 207

55 to 64 years 7 799 ........................ 517 705 2 664 1 190 383 2 339 1 242 616 256 225

55 to 59 years 4 777 ...................... 278 432 1 621 742 231 1 474 797 402 141 133

60 to 64 years 3 022 ...................... 240 274 1 043 448 152 866 445 214 115 92

65 years and over 2 735 ....................... 324 240 759 450 98 865 453 165 141 105

65 to 74 years 2 174 ........................ 237 207 566 364 83 718 375 148 101 94

65 to 69 years 1 449 ...................... 131 139 378 240 57 504 253 109 79 63

70 to 74 years 725 ...................... 106 67 187 125 26 214 123 39 22 30

75 years and over 560 ..................... 87 33 193 86 14 147 77 18 40 12

Mean Earnings (dollars)

Total 36 556 .............................. 18 420 20 110 28 307 31 268 36 392 59 594 50 056 63 220 109 206 87 426

Under 65 years 36 855 ......................... 18 582 20 220 28 657 31 346 36 027 60 354 50 579 64 565 114 136 89 173

18 to 24 years 12 619 ........................ 9 989 9 147 13 787 11 338 17 671 20 473 20 593 (B) (B) (B)

25 to 34 years 30 732 ........................ 15 841 20 424 25 774 28 594 31 371 43 584 40 774 50 235 63 723 49 785 25 to 29 years 26 638 ...................... 16 045 17 293 23 189 25 651 28 042 35 805 34 650 40 364 (B) (B)

30 to 34 years 34 521 ...................... 15 656 23 455 27 963 31 949 34 500 50 424 46 763 57 638 70 718 55 413 35 to 44 years 42 195 ........................ 21 202 22 935 33 152 37 798 39 728 64 447 57 172 64 256 112 165 84 262 35 to 39 years 39 929 ...................... 22 473 21 498 31 086 35 615 37 183 62 489 54 935 62 606 115 210 84 682 40 to 44 years 44 549 ...................... 19 510 24 617 35 440 39 805 42 209 66 392 59 452 65 919 109 426 83 927 45 to 54 years 48 136 ........................ 19 428 29 477 35 407 43 131 41 087 70 643 58 509 72 219 113 970 108 210 45 to 49 years 48 355 ...................... 19 710 26 993 35 732 42 058 42 165 71 612 57 922 75 423 124 182 109 314 50 to 54 years 47 862 ...................... 19 185 32 020 35 004 44 670 39 298 69 486 59 259 68 736 100 559 107 239 55 to 64 years 47 600 ........................ 22 348 30 710 32 969 48 826 42 546 75 140 57 399 67 874 168 767 86 377 55 to 59 years 49 871 ...................... 20 550 31 331 34 377 52 823 48 632 76 573 62 013 68 337 167 134 92 610 60 to 64 years 44 012 ...................... 24 429 29 730 30 779 42 200 33 296 72 702 49 134 67 001 170 772 77 374 65 years and over 28 705 ....................... 16 944 16 980 17 533 28 730 56 389 43 015 35 554 31 956 59 829 69 917 65 to 74 years 28 231 ........................ 16 559 17 087 17 151 27 559 18 626 45 474 37 026 34 067 67 409 73 658 65 to 69 years 29 200 ...................... 12 887 17 972 18 774 22 932 (B) 48 594 41 026 41 150 64 711 (B)

70 to 74 years 26 295 ...................... 21 113 (B) 13 874 36 454 (B) 38 143 28 802 (B) (B) (B)

75 years and over 30 542 ..................... 17 988 (B) 18 651 33 717 (B) 31 012 28 412 (B) (B) (B)

Standard Error of Mean (dollars)

Total 307 .............................. 734 637 348 598 891 856 818 1 804 5 706 4 404 Under 65 years 309 ......................... 764 653 357 581 746 880 840 1 844 6 178 4 480 18 to 24 years 325 ........................ 610 1 320 324 435 917 1 107 1 141 (B) (B) (B)

25 to 34 years 363 ........................ 1 069 1 042 419 541 795 1 041 1 185 2 464 5 734 4 122 25 to 29 years 444 ...................... 1 958 673 400 707 1 009 1 385 1 637 2 165 (B) (B)

30 to 34 years 560 ...................... 1 000 1 929 689 813 1 189 1 501 1 685 3 905 7 635 4 678 35 to 44 years 578 ........................ 1 961 796 850 769 1 445 1 506 1 702 1 962 9 002 8 213 35 to 39 years 735 ...................... 3 298 1 126 935 885 1 263 2 053 1 958 2 812 15 281 15 354 40 to 44 years 896 ...................... 1 263 1 108 1 461 1 227 2 567 2 203 2 795 2 733 10 161 8 236 45 to 54 years 769 ........................ 1 113 2 048 759 1 656 1 342 1 796 1 770 3 718 9 287 8 671 45 to 49 years 1 125 ...................... 2 057 2 279 1 054 2 116 1 820 2 800 2 611 6 322 14 405 14 252

50 to 54 years 1 008 ...................... 1 075 3 418 1 088 2 652 1 897 2 086 2 264 3 587 9 983 10 411

55 to 64 years 1 525 ........................ 2 518 2 594 1 438 4 649 5 597 3 811 3 213 6 751 23 519 8 124

55 to 59 years 1 951 ...................... 1 410 2 581 1 909 6 239 8 774 4 593 4 626 7 178 30 674 9 835

60 to 64 years 2 443 ...................... 5 174 5 302 2 162 6 728 4 334 6 701 3 349 14 004 36 423 13 745

65 years and over 1 953 ....................... 2 558 2 591 1 093 6 646 28 080 3 516 3 100 7 817 8 735 18 233

65 to 74 years 1 965 ........................ 3 332 2 873 1 198 7 537 3 046 4 028 3 570 8 661 9 742 20 125

65 to 69 years 1 742 ...................... 2 141 3 871 1 594 2 274 (B) 4 241 4 490 11 499 9 224 (B)

70 to 74 years 4 752 ...................... 6 914 (B) 1 588 21 534 (B) 9 049 5 637 (B) (B) (B)

75 years and over 5 717 ..................... 2 897 (B) 2 473 13 796 (B) 6 163 5 207 (B) (B) (B)

34 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 9. Educational AttainmentmTotal Money Earnings in 1997 of People 18 Years Old and

Over by Age, Work Experience in 1997, and GendermCon.

[People 18 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Age

Educational attainment

High school College

Bachelor’s degree or more

Total

Less than

9th grade

9th to 12th grade

(no

diploma)

High school

graduate

(includes

equiv~ alency)

Some

college,

no degree

Associate degree TotalBachelor’s degreeMaster’s

degree

Profes~ sional

degree

Doctorate degree

MALEmCon.

Full~Time, Year~Round Workers

Number With Earnings (thousands)

Total 54 845 .............................. 2 073 4 047 18 053 10 162 4 331 16 180 10 655 3 232 1 325 968

Under 65 years 53 850 ......................... 1 966 3 965 17 797 10 017 4 289 15 815 10 454 3 183 1 261 918

18 to 24 years 4 043 ........................ 159 499 1 833 993 244 315 306 4 4 1

25 to 34 years 14 370 ........................ 521 1 036 4 881 2 699 1 213 4 020 3 125 587 200 109

25 to 29 years 6 609 ...................... 254 480 2 182 1 360 574 1 759 1 458 235 49 18

30 to 34 years 7 761 ...................... 266 556 2 698 1 340 639 2 261 1 667 352 151 91

35 to 44 years 16 996 ........................ 470 1 149 5 588 3 134 1 475 5 180 3 435 1 031 430 285

35 to 39 years 8 589 ...................... 262 609 2 927 1 492 712 2 587 1 743 522 203 118

40 to 44 years 8 407 ...................... 208 540 2 661 1 642 763 2 594 1 692 508 227 166

45 to 54 years 12 577 ........................ 470 761 3 509 2 295 1 081 4 463 2 612 1 110 407 334

45 to 49 years 7 019 ...................... 209 389 1 933 1 375 674 2 440 1 488 563 231 157

50 to 54 years 5 558 ...................... 261 372 1 576 920 407 2 023 1 124 547 175 177

55 to 64 years 5 863 ........................ 347 521 1 987 895 276 1 837 976 451 221 189

55 to 59 years 3 796 ...................... 201 340 1 274 571 185 1 225 655 321 124 126

60 to 64 years 2 067 ...................... 146 181 713 324 91 612 322 130 97 63

65 years and over 995 ....................... 106 81 256 146 42 364 201 49 64 50

65 to 74 years 794 ........................ 69 70 195 123 32 306 164 44 53 45

65 to 69 years 580 ...................... 32 50 147 90 19 243 133 37 41 32

70 to 74 years 214 ...................... 38 20 48 33 13 62 30 7 12 13

75 years and over 201 ..................... 37 11 61 23 10 58 37 6 11 5

Mean Earnings (dollars)

Total 43 709 .............................. 22 746 27 638 32 611 39 367 40 465 66 393 55 832 71 225 120 052 93 106

Under 65 years 43 572 ......................... 22 169 27 530 32 640 39 141 39 943 66 345 55 882 71 302 121 726 92 274

18 to 24 years 20 294 ........................ 13 377 15 576 19 470 21 945 23 297 28 498 28 765 (B) (B) (B)

25 to 34 years 34 807 ........................ 17 714 24 517 28 772 32 354 34 670 48 688 45 292 57 898 70 873 55 799 25 to 29 years 30 639 ...................... 18 639 20 890 26 058 30 150 30 732 41 061 39 468 47 149 (B) (B)

30 to 34 years 38 358 ...................... 16 828 27 646 30 968 34 590 38 204 54 623 50 386 65 082 74 836 58 256 35 to 44 years 45 780 ........................ 24 304 26 285 34 790 40 919 42 968 67 652 60 325 67 451 117 909 80 952 35 to 39 years 43 652 ...................... 24 669 25 061 33 093 39 173 40 523 65 345 58 121 65 750 120 636 75 082 40 to 44 years 47 955 ...................... 23 845 27 665 36 656 42 507 45 252 69 953 62 595 69 198 115 464 85 131 45 to 54 years 52 429 ........................ 23 261 35 163 38 340 45 568 44 431 74 985 62 078 77 961 116 684 115 284 45 to 49 years 52 476 ...................... 25 189 32 271 38 481 44 349 45 771 75 553 60 908 82 359 125 619 116 149 50 to 54 years 52 369 ...................... 21 719 38 187 38 167 47 391 42 213 74 299 63 628 73 428 104 898 114 516 55 to 64 years 55 702 ........................ 28 510 36 561 38 179 55 987 44 129 86 816 66 063 81 650 186 089 90 295 55 to 59 years 55 634 ...................... 24 780 35 659 38 555 59 602 44 525 83 826 68 385 76 891 176 406 90 873 60 to 64 years 55 827 ...................... 33 662 38 260 37 506 49 609 43 330 92 804 61 339 93 416 198 383 (B)

65 years and over 51 148 ....................... 33 425 32 911 30 549 54 905 (B) 68 470 53 251 (B) (B) (B)

65 to 74 years 51 296 ........................ (B) (B) 29 013 56 694 (B) 72 011 55 223 (B) (B) (B)

65 to 69 years 47 712 ...................... (B) (B) 30 840 35 888 (B) 68 499 54 042 (B) (B) (B)

70 to 74 years 60 989 ...................... (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

75 years and over 50 566 ..................... (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Standard Error of Mean (dollars)

Total 378 .............................. 1 063 835 356 805 938 990 944 2 127 6 501 4 627 Under 65 years 375 ......................... 1 055 841 360 771 747 1 003 958 2 148 6 789 4 537 18 to 24 years 384 ........................ 715 497 482 1 119 1 040 1 222 1 245 (B) (B) (B)

25 to 34 years 436 ........................ 1 360 1 449 482 591 862 1 226 1 395 2 940 6 461 4 162 25 to 29 years 550 ...................... 2 589 796 430 847 1 088 1 730 2 041 2 027 (B) (B)

30 to 34 years 651 ...................... 968 2 592 794 812 1 273 1 690 1 889 4 618 8 197 4 670 35 to 44 years 598 ........................ 2 750 864 595 843 1 618 1 583 1 843 2 050 9 580 5 628 35 to 39 years 755 ...................... 4 763 1 278 586 951 1 370 2 095 2 118 2 923 16 375 6 469 40 to 44 years 929 ...................... 1 631 1 133 1 067 1 356 2 849 2 372 3 036 2 867 10 700 8 426 45 to 54 years 881 ........................ 1 433 2 736 852 1 881 1 481 1 988 1 901 4 273 10 012 9 856 45 to 49 years 1 289 ...................... 2 893 2 984 1 196 2 422 2 010 3 088 2 740 7 491 15 590 16 119

50 to 54 years 1 152 ...................... 1 118 4 632 1 204 2 982 2 086 2 316 2 521 3 936 10 620 11 886

55 to 64 years 1 932 ........................ 3 606 3 370 1 837 5 951 2 597 4 694 3 894 8 935 26 564 8 899

55 to 59 years 2 317 ...................... 1 646 3 097 2 335 7 777 2 457 5 363 5 465 8 771 34 364 9 288

60 to 64 years 3 453 ...................... 8 234 7 766 2 965 9 050 6 069 9 116 3 969 22 108 41 528 (B)

65 years and over 4 506 ....................... 6 807 6 458 2 206 18 295 (B) 6 201 4 427 (B) (B) (B)

65 to 74 years 4 627 ........................ (B) (B) 2 315 21 639 (B) 7 196 5 133 (B) (B) (B)

65 to 69 years 2 905 ...................... (B) (B) 2 788 4 315 (B) 5 500 5 319 (B) (B) (B)

70 to 74 years 15 185 ...................... (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

75 years and over 12 790 ..................... (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

INCOME 35

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 9. Educational AttainmentmTotal Money Earnings in 1997 of People 18 Years Old and

Over by Age, Work Experience in 1997, and GendermCon.

[People 18 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Age

Educational attainment

High school College

Bachelor’s degree or more

Total

Less than

9th grade

9th to 12th grade

(no

diploma)

High school

graduate

(includes

equiv~ alency)

Some

college,

no degree

Associate degree TotalBachelor’s degreeMaster’s

degree

Profes~ sional

degree

Doctorate degree

FEMALE

Total

Number With Earnings (thousands)

Total 65 771 .............................. 1 766 4 848 21 824 14 378 6 064 16 890 12 027 3 759 663 441

Under 65 years 63 583 ......................... 1 585 4 584 20 951 14 065 5 948 16 450 11 768 3 624 636 422

18 to 24 years 9 637 ........................ 142 1 274 3 030 3 677 562 952 919 33 – –

25 to 34 years 15 859 ........................ 307 851 4 577 3 376 1 641 5 107 3 957 865 216 68

25 to 29 years 7 770 ...................... 104 396 2 124 1 800 793 2 553 2 048 393 84 29

30 to 34 years 8 089 ...................... 203 455 2 453 1 576 848 2 553 1 909 473 132 39

35 to 44 years 17 820 ........................ 429 1 022 5 998 3 425 1 983 4 963 3 548 1 071 197 147

35 to 39 years 8 953 ...................... 203 556 3 110 1 699 973 2 412 1 747 505 74 86

40 to 44 years 8 866 ...................... 226 466 2 888 1 725 1 010 2 552 1 800 567 123 62

45 to 54 years 13 670 ........................ 437 759 4 729 2 480 1 307 3 958 2 453 1 182 161 162

45 to 49 years 7 630 ...................... 235 378 2 582 1 374 810 2 250 1 405 670 96 80

50 to 54 years 6 039 ...................... 202 381 2 147 1 105 497 1 708 1 049 512 64 83

55 to 64 years 6 597 ........................ 270 678 2 617 1 108 455 1 470 890 473 63 44

55 to 59 years 4 209 ...................... 150 380 1 642 705 316 1 016 633 319 37 28

60 to 64 years 2 388 ...................... 120 298 975 402 139 454 257 155 26 17

65 years and over 2 188 ....................... 181 264 873 313 117 440 260 135 27 18

65 to 74 years 1 777 ........................ 126 228 712 245 102 365 209 113 26 17

65 to 69 years 1 210 ...................... 72 156 492 167 70 253 147 76 15 15

70 to 74 years 567 ...................... 53 72 220 78 32 112 62 37 10 3

75 years and over 411 ..................... 55 36 162 69 15 74 50 22 1 1

Mean Earnings (dollars)

Total 21 528 .............................. 10 296 10 881 16 906 18 104 24 009 33 753 30 119 38 337 62 113 51 189

Under 65 years 21 832 ......................... 10 631 10 916 17 176 18 238 24 206 34 095 30 337 39 055 63 685 51 655

18 to 24 years 9 816 ........................ 6 207 5 223 9 916 8 417 14 535 18 795 18 606 (B) (B) (B)

25 to 34 years 21 515 ........................ 9 326 11 667 16 054 18 243 20 981 31 122 29 490 32 408 51 858 (B)

25 to 29 years 19 996 ...................... 8 485 9 297 15 270 16 825 19 677 28 390 27 483 29 866 42 886 (B)

30 to 34 years 22 975 ...................... 9 754 13 732 16 732 19 862 22 201 33 854 31 642 34 520 57 538 (B)

35 to 44 years 24 818 ........................ 10 245 13 282 18 333 22 326 26 120 37 487 32 374 42 326 82 784 64 813 35 to 39 years 23 725 ...................... 10 104 11 729 17 316 21 381 25 094 37 001 31 712 42 944 (B) 68 653

40 to 44 years 25 921 ...................... 10 371 15 135 19 428 23 257 27 109 37 947 33 017 41 776 81 550 (B)

45 to 54 years 26 637 ........................ 11 875 14 276 20 266 25 008 29 844 38 210 34 000 43 042 60 944 44 168 45 to 49 years 26 783 ...................... 11 344 14 655 20 223 25 777 26 378 38 723 34 547 43 999 60 381 41 869 50 to 54 years 26 452 ...................... 12 495 13 901 20 317 24 051 35 491 37 534 33 267 41 791 (B) 46 380

55 to 64 years 22 121 ........................ 13 050 13 342 19 313 23 033 23 245 31 795 28 006 34 888 (B) (B)

55 to 59 years 23 432 ...................... 12 838 12 785 19 943 23 117 25 193 34 284 30 467 37 944 (B) (B)

60 to 64 years 19 810 ...................... 13 315 14 053 18 253 22 886 18 798 26 227 21 944 28 586 (B) (B)

65 years and over 12 695 ....................... 7 367 10 263 10 432 12 051 13 993 20 962 20 195 19 038 (B) (B)

65 to 74 years 13 629 ........................ 7 965 10 962 10 805 13 051 15 042 22 737 23 036 18 806 (B) (B)

65 to 69 years 15 042 ...................... (B) 12 788 11 838 13 288 (B) 25 717 26 017 22 109 (B) (B)

70 to 74 years 10 614 ...................... (B) (B) 8 491 12 545 (B) 16 014 (B) (B) (B) (B)

75 years and over 8 655 ..................... (B) (B) 8 788 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Standard Error of Mean (dollars)

Total 163 .............................. 309 554 179 283 648 420 460 836 3 655 3 086 Under 65 years 167 ......................... 323 568 182 287 658 428 467 855 3 763 3 173 18 to 24 years 191 ........................ 789 249 252 207 695 1 351 1 388 (B) (B) (B)

25 to 34 years 272 ........................ 843 1 939 316 376 503 604 636 1 525 4 497 (B)

25 to 29 years 318 ...................... 1 009 606 429 450 713 731 827 1 227 6 654 (B)

30 to 34 years 435 ...................... 1 161 3 582 456 615 702 955 970 2 588 5 887 (B)

35 to 44 years 343 ........................ 522 1 806 311 473 902 934 987 1 634 9 709 6 604 35 to 39 years 421 ...................... 679 641 401 569 812 1 261 1 209 2 732 (B) 9 561

40 to 44 years 543 ...................... 779 3 883 480 753 1 588 1 371 1 552 1 902 12 106 (B)

45 to 54 years 459 ........................ 596 589 357 1 228 2 503 943 1 188 1 670 5 282 4 039 45 to 49 years 544 ...................... 779 824 483 1 965 999 1 110 1 126 2 575 6 445 5 090

50 to 54 years 779 ...................... 913 840 529 1 270 6 357 1 624 2 335 1 867 (B) 6 207

55 to 64 years 457 ........................ 830 648 856 852 1 200 978 1 139 1 740 (B) (B)

55 to 59 years 643 ...................... 955 808 1 275 1 027 1 525 1 233 1 428 2 160 (B) (B)

60 to 64 years 549 ...................... 1 434 1 051 813 1 501 1 700 1 472 1 642 2 756 (B) (B)

65 years and over 632 ....................... 995 2 531 849 1 325 2 395 1 653 2 027 2 756 (B) (B)

65 to 74 years 744 ........................ 1 211 2 921 1 001 1 571 2 688 1 836 2 351 2 744 (B) (B)

65 to 69 years 997 ...................... (B) 4 195 1 362 1 906 (B) 2 218 2 884 3 375 (B) (B)

70 to 74 years 926 ...................... (B) (B) 1 061 2 776 (B) 3 046 (B) (B) (B) (B)

75 years and over 909 ..................... (B) (B) 1 250 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

36 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 9. Educational AttainmentmTotal Money Earnings in 1997 of People 18 Years Old and

Over by Age, Work Experience in 1997, and GendermCon.

[People 18 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Age

Educational attainment

High school College

Bachelor’s degree or more

Total

Less than

9th grade

9th to 12th grade

(no

diploma)

High school

graduate

(includes

equiv~ alency)

Some

college,

no degree

Associate degree TotalBachelor’s degreeMaster’s

degree

Profes~ sional

degree

Doctorate degree

FEMALEmCon.

Full~Time, Year~Round Workers

Number With Earnings (thousands)

Total 37 649 .............................. 826 1 967 12 645 7 496 3 831 10 884 7 613 2 464 488 318

Under 65 years 37 034 ......................... 799 1 899 12 424 7 398 3 803 10 710 7 513 2 407 480 309

18 to 24 years 3 038 ........................ 35 206 1 175 868 295 459 441 18 – –

25 to 34 years 9 679 ........................ 127 389 2 675 1 995 1 066 3 427 2 686 556 148 38

25 to 29 years 4 726 ...................... 42 162 1 199 1 044 501 1 777 1 443 260 59 15

30 to 34 years 4 953 ...................... 85 227 1 475 951 566 1 650 1 243 295 89 23

35 to 44 years 11 124 ........................ 218 520 3 756 2 185 1 277 3 169 2 170 727 162 110

35 to 39 years 5 410 ...................... 111 267 1 899 1 055 602 1 476 1 023 323 64 66

40 to 44 years 5 714 ...................... 107 253 1 857 1 129 675 1 693 1 147 404 98 44

45 to 54 years 9 190 ........................ 251 437 3 198 1 652 903 2 749 1 693 812 123 121

45 to 49 years 5 203 ...................... 131 229 1 747 920 576 1 601 1 005 464 68 64

50 to 54 years 3 987 ...................... 120 209 1 452 732 327 1 148 688 347 54 58

55 to 64 years 4 004 ........................ 168 347 1 621 699 262 907 524 295 48 40

55 to 59 years 2 649 ...................... 100 188 1 085 457 192 627 382 196 25 24

60 to 64 years 1 355 ...................... 68 159 536 242 70 280 142 100 23 15

65 years and over 614 ....................... 27 68 221 98 27 174 100 57 8 8

65 to 74 years 516 ........................ 22 63 174 74 27 156 92 47 8 8

65 to 69 years 415 ...................... 17 49 145 58 20 126 78 33 6 8

70 to 74 years 100 ...................... 5 14 29 16 7 30 13 14 3 –

75 years and over 98 ..................... 5 5 46 23 – 18 9 10 – –

Mean Earnings (dollars)

Total 29 261 .............................. 14 957 18 594 22 656 26 562 29 776 41 626 37 319 46 072 74 077 60 468

Under 65 years 29 289 ......................... 14 873 18 449 22 658 26 548 29 764 41 704 37 332 46 338 74 622 60 724

18 to 24 years 17 510 ........................ (B) 13 915 15 727 15 506 19 894 26 297 25 955 (B) (B) (B)

25 to 34 years 27 805 ........................ 13 526 18 814 21 289 24 127 25 431 37 321 35 348 38 625 63 185 (B)

25 to 29 years 25 779 ...................... (B) 15 409 20 517 21 922 24 055 33 326 32 116 35 692 (B) (B)

30 to 34 years 29 738 ...................... 13 528 21 256 21 917 26 550 26 648 41 621 39 100 41 207 72 053 (B)

35 to 44 years 31 273 ........................ 13 820 19 409 23 011 28 561 31 090 46 154 39 800 49 974 93 512 76 561 35 to 39 years 30 564 ...................... 13 196 17 099 22 322 27 919 30 321 46 896 39 904 52 716 (B) (B)

40 to 44 years 31 944 ...................... 14 469 21 848 23 715 29 161 31 777 45 506 39 708 47 783 94 298 (B)

45 to 54 years 32 524 ........................ 15 419 18 430 24 624 31 350 35 932 45 105 40 428 50 171 70 388 50 890 45 to 49 years 32 797 ...................... 15 021 18 007 24 701 32 406 30 800 46 135 41 871 51 029 (B) (B)

50 to 54 years 32 168 ...................... 15 851 18 893 24 531 30 023 44 980 43 669 38 320 49 024 (B) (B)

55 to 64 years 28 876 ........................ 16 826 19 317 25 243 29 535 30 773 40 203 36 857 42 043 (B) (B)

55 to 59 years 29 667 ...................... 15 287 18 763 25 078 29 343 32 581 42 520 39 578 44 059 (B) (B)

60 to 64 years 27 328 ...................... (B) 19 970 25 576 29 896 (B) 35 016 29 517 38 095 (B) (B)

65 years and over 27 567 ....................... (B) (B) 22 523 27 596 (B) 36 825 36 334 (B) (B) (B)

65 to 74 years 29 070 ........................ (B) (B) 23 837 (B) (B) 37 486 37 105 (B) (B) (B)

65 to 69 years 29 131 ...................... (B) (B) 24 143 (B) (B) 37 820 36 752 (B) (B) (B)

70 to 74 years 28 818 ...................... (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

75 years and over 19 689 ..................... (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Standard Error of Mean (dollars)

Total 231 .............................. 420 1 298 248 463 952 481 459 1 060 4 556 3 810 Under 65 years 233 ......................... 409 1 303 248 468 958 488 463 1 079 4 622 3 892 18 to 24 years 293 ........................ (B) 883 412 407 859 1 010 1 021 (B) (B) (B)

25 to 34 years 375 ........................ 969 4 149 430 481 557 755 828 1 398 5 653 (B)

25 to 29 years 433 ...................... (B) 882 595 561 749 930 1 051 1 338 (B) (B)

30 to 34 years 603 ...................... 1 208 7 086 611 782 806 1 185 1 289 2 325 7 137 (B)

35 to 44 years 434 ........................ 685 3 475 349 583 1 190 1 075 890 2 123 11 310 7 900 35 to 39 years 560 ...................... 799 970 538 671 909 1 624 1 275 3 796 (B) (B)

40 to 44 years 657 ...................... 1 114 7 064 441 938 2 099 1 429 1 242 2 309 14 485 (B)

45 to 54 years 588 ........................ 758 785 394 1 750 3 531 957 927 2 207 6 098 4 812 45 to 49 years 732 ...................... 1 036 1 109 583 2 837 1 164 1 388 1 325 3 471 (B) (B)

50 to 54 years 960 ...................... 1 108 1 107 513 1 697 9 486 1 224 1 198 2 248 (B) (B)

55 to 64 years 656 ........................ 966 877 1 302 1 033 1 568 1 192 1 386 2 119 (B) (B)

55 to 59 years 916 ...................... 1 031 1 060 1 858 1 239 1 926 1 514 1 655 2 792 (B) (B)

60 to 64 years 740 ...................... (B) 1 442 1 164 1 849 (B) 1 757 2 247 2 971 (B) (B)

65 years and over 1 708 ....................... (B) (B) 2 658 2 721 (B) 2 498 3 331 (B) (B) (B)

65 to 74 years 1 952 ........................ (B) (B) 3 267 (B) (B) 2 524 3 594 (B) (B) (B)

65 to 69 years 2 329 ...................... (B) (B) 3 811 (B) (B) 2 812 3 851 (B) (B) (B)

70 to 74 years 2 787 ...................... (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

75 years and over 2 662 ..................... (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

INCOME 37

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 10. Work Experience in 1997mTotal Money Earnings in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and

Over, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money earnings

Worked

Worked at full~time jobs Worked at part~time jobs

Total Total Total

50 weeks

or more

27 to 49

weeks

26 weeks

or less Total

50 weeks

or more

27 to 49

weeks

26 weeks

or less

Did not

work

MALE

All Races

Total ..................................... 101 123 76 731 66 160 54 933 6 643 4 585 10 571 4 288 2 303 3 980 24 392 Without earnings................................ 24 429 38 27 24 – 3 11 7 1 2 24 392 With earnings .................................. 76 694 76 694 66 133 54 909 6 643 4 582 10 560 4 281 2 301 3 978 – $1 to $2,499 or loss ........................... 5 337 5 337 1 750 519 125 1 105 3 588 458 437 2 693 – $2,500 to $4,999 ............................. 3 166 3 166 1 430 255 209 966 1 736 593 509 634 – $5,000 to $7,499 ............................. 3 342 3 342 1 786 597 486 703 1 556 787 463 307 – $7,500 to $9,999 ............................. 2 529 2 529 1 720 753 549 418 810 512 200 97 – $10,000 to $12,499 ........................... 4 202 4 202 3 368 2 236 774 359 833 535 210 88 – $12,500 to $14,999 ........................... 2 732 2 732 2 397 1 746 461 190 335 237 69 28 – $15,000 to $17,499 ........................... 3 999 3 999 3 663 2 858 601 205 335 218 97 20 – $17,500 to $19,999 ........................... 2 624 2 624 2 417 1 983 341 93 207 165 29 13 – $20,000 to $22,499 ........................... 4 511 4 511 4 260 3 679 481 100 251 173 58 20 – $22,500 to $24,999 ........................... 2 630 2 630 2 547 2 262 226 59 83 46 28 9 –

$25,000 to $29,999 ........................... 6 445 6 445 6 264 5 614 551 99 180 124 48 7 – $30,000 to $34,999 ........................... 6 358 6 358 6 206 5 712 427 67 151 93 45 13 – $35,000 to $39,999 ........................... 5 257 5 257 5 150 4 821 291 37 107 70 31 6 – $40,000 to $44,999 ........................... 4 590 4 590 4 546 4 264 233 49 44 29 11 4 – $45,000 to $49,999 ........................... 3 192 3 192 3 160 2 938 197 26 32 20 12 – – $50,000 to $54,999 ........................... 3 293 3 293 3 260 3 087 143 30 33 29 – 4 – $55,000 to $64,999 ........................... 3 877 3 877 3 813 3 601 188 25 64 36 7 20 – $65,000 to $74,999 ........................... 2 592 2 592 2 551 2 406 134 11 41 19 14 8 – $75,000 to $84,999 ........................... 1 771 1 771 1 741 1 671 59 11 30 23 7 – – $85,000 to $99,999 ........................... 1 145 1 145 1 124 1 085 35 3 21 21 – – – $100,000 and over ............................ 3 102 3 102 2 979 2 822 132 25 123 93 25 6 –

Median earnings dollars ........................ .. 26 843 26 843 30 786 33 674 18 358 5 781 4 937 8 976 6 105 1 847 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 122 122 108 321 467 189 119 250 203 46 (B)

Mean earnings dollars ......................... .. 35 630 35 630 39 621 43 678 26 131 10 558 10 642 17 370 10 506 3 481 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 300 300 331 377 774 672 522 1 198 556 301 (B)

Gini ratio....................................... .482 .482 .432 .404 .447 .585 .653 .603 .558 .594 (B)

Standard error................................ .0051 .0051 .0054 .0059 .0180 .0298 .0207 .0325 .0351 .0338 (B)

White

Total ..................................... 85 219 65 609 56 701 47 241 5 715 3 746 8 908 3 630 2 021 3 257 19 610

Without earnings................................ 19 637 27 16 13 – 3 11 7 1 2 19 610

With earnings .................................. 65 582 65 582 56 685 47 228 5 715 3 743 8 897 3 623 2 020 3 254 –

$1 to $2,499 or loss ........................... 4 401 4 401 1 450 446 108 896 2 951 411 355 2 186 –

$2,500 to $4,999 ............................. 2 678 2 678 1 178 203 179 796 1 500 509 456 535 –

$5,000 to $7,499 ............................. 2 765 2 765 1 401 475 346 580 1 364 676 416 273 –

$7,500 to $9,999 ............................. 2 076 2 076 1 375 590 465 320 701 451 182 68 –

$10,000 to $12,499 ........................... 3 511 3 511 2 805 1 820 686 300 706 447 187 73 –

$12,500 to $14,999 ........................... 2 220 2 220 1 947 1 403 383 161 274 197 58 18 –

$15,000 to $17,499 ........................... 3 277 3 277 3 005 2 307 528 170 273 177 79 17 –

$17,500 to $19,999 ........................... 2 105 2 105 1 949 1 599 278 72 157 118 29 10 –

$20,000 to $22,499 ........................... 3 713 3 713 3 513 3 009 411 92 200 135 48 18 –

$22,500 to $24,999 ........................... 2 188 2 188 2 119 1 882 185 52 69 37 25 7 –

$25,000 to $29,999 ........................... 5 401 5 401 5 255 4 680 492 83 146 93 48 5 –

$30,000 to $34,999 ........................... 5 534 5 534 5 406 4 974 381 52 128 72 43 13 –

$35,000 to $39,999 ........................... 4 561 4 561 4 468 4 180 257 31 93 60 31 2 –

$40,000 to $44,999 ........................... 4 019 4 019 3 983 3 733 217 33 37 27 7 2 –

$45,000 to $49,999 ........................... 2 837 2 837 2 807 2 613 175 19 30 18 12 – –

$50,000 to $54,999 ........................... 2 966 2 966 2 934 2 787 126 21 33 29 – 4 –

$55,000 to $64,999 ........................... 3 433 3 433 3 389 3 200 164 24 44 30 4 11 –

$65,000 to $74,999 ........................... 2 327 2 327 2 294 2 154 128 11 33 14 11 8 –

$75,000 to $84,999 ........................... 1 623 1 623 1 593 1 537 51 6 30 23 7 – –

$85,000 to $99,999 ........................... 1 039 1 039 1 022 990 29 3 17 17 – – –

$100,000 and over ............................ 2 905 2 905 2 794 2 645 127 22 111 83 22 6 –

Median earnings dollars ........................ .. 27 731 27 731 31 456 35 193 18 966 5 777 4 996 8 700 6 194 1 861 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 277 277 116 146 533 207 129 261 211 51 (B)

Mean earnings dollars ......................... .. 36 942 36 942 41 033 45 131 27 025 10 706 10 880 17 677 10 644 3 460 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 339 339 373 424 885 800 605 1 388 606 353 (B)

Gini ratio....................................... .481 .481 .431 .403 .450 .589 .659 .619 .554 .597 (B)

Standard error................................ .0055 .0055 .0059 .0064 .0196 .0348 .0232 .0359 .0377 .0377 (B)

See footnote at end of table.

38 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 10. Work Experience in 1997mTotal Money Earnings in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and

Over, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and GendermCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money earnings

Worked

Worked at full~time jobs Worked at part~time jobs

Total Total Total

50 weeks

or more

27 to 49

weeks

26 weeks

or less Total

50 weeks

or more

27 to 49

weeks

26 weeks

or less

Did not

work

MALEmCon.

Black

Total ..................................... 11 283 7 565 6 415 5 172 649 594 1 150 395 196 559 3 719 Without earnings................................ 3 719 – – – – – – – – – 3 719 With earnings .................................. 7 565 7 565 6 415 5 172 649 594 1 150 395 196 559 – $1 to $2,499 or loss ........................... 707 707 217 42 7 168 490 18 71 401 – $2,500 to $4,999 ............................. 351 351 183 30 19 134 169 55 41 73 – $5,000 to $7,499 ............................. 401 401 287 84 114 89 114 65 21 28 – $7,500 to $9,999 ............................. 307 307 235 111 60 64 72 37 9 26 – $10,000 to $12,499 ........................... 476 476 401 290 72 39 75 51 18 6 – $12,500 to $14,999 ........................... 382 382 340 274 50 16 42 29 7 7 – $15,000 to $17,499 ........................... 542 542 505 440 45 19 37 24 14 – – $17,500 to $19,999 ........................... 361 361 326 269 46 11 35 32 – 3 – $20,000 to $22,499 ........................... 561 561 533 481 50 2 28 23 6 – – $22,500 to $24,999 ........................... 318 318 308 272 35 – 10 8 – 2 –

$25,000 to $29,999 ........................... 758 758 734 682 37 15 24 23 – – – $30,000 to $34,999 ........................... 564 564 548 511 29 8 16 16 – – – $35,000 to $39,999 ........................... 495 495 490 466 22 2 5 – – 5 – $40,000 to $44,999 ........................... 372 372 370 346 11 12 2 2 – – – $45,000 to $49,999 ........................... 215 215 215 202 11 2 – – – – – $50,000 to $54,999 ........................... 187 187 187 166 12 10 – – – – – $55,000 to $64,999 ........................... 272 272 253 232 22 – 19 6 3 10 – $65,000 to $74,999 ........................... 130 130 127 127 – – 3 – 3 – – $75,000 to $84,999 ........................... 53 53 53 51 2 – – – – – – $85,000 to $99,999 ........................... 51 51 48 46 2 – 3 3 – – – $100,000 and over ............................ 63 63 57 51 3 3 5 3 3 – –

Median earnings dollars ........................ .. 21 141 21 141 23 980 26 432 15 193 4 901 3 762 11 092 4 142 1 744 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 325 325 545 296 1 133 453 421 820 716 124 (B)

Mean earnings dollars ......................... .. 24 510 24 510 27 437 30 560 19 440 8 977 8 178 14 333 9 105 3 508 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 422 422 458 506 1 094 1 125 657 1 246 1 894 606 (B)

Gini ratio....................................... .417 .417 .363 .312 .397 .582 .612 .425 .638 .616 (B)

Standard error................................ .0140 .0140 .0152 .0168 .0510 .0742 .0456 .0718 .1326 .1193 (B)

Hispanic Origin1

Total ..................................... 10 944 8 465 7 452 5 976 817 658 1 013 391 201 421 2 480

Without earnings................................ 2 480 – – – – – – – – – 2 480

With earnings .................................. 8 465 8 465 7 452 5 976 817 658 1 013 391 201 421 –

$1 to $2,499 or loss ........................... 582 582 229 47 11 171 352 34 29 290 –

$2,500 to $4,999 ............................. 368 368 209 48 21 140 159 52 40 66 –

$5,000 to $7,499 ............................. 549 549 374 144 94 136 176 105 42 29 –

$7,500 to $9,999 ............................. 500 500 401 213 108 80 99 54 38 6 –

$10,000 to $12,499 ........................... 1 002 1 002 915 702 168 45 86 53 17 16 –

$12,500 to $14,999 ........................... 592 592 557 469 67 21 36 27 8 – –

$15,000 to $17,499 ........................... 783 783 743 601 108 34 39 26 6 7 –

$17,500 to $19,999 ........................... 419 419 409 369 36 5 10 10 – – –

$20,000 to $22,499 ........................... 680 680 669 612 53 4 11 11 – – –

$22,500 to $24,999 ........................... 294 294 287 270 15 1 7 4 3 – –

$25,000 to $29,999 ........................... 652 652 639 589 45 5 12 12 – – –

$30,000 to $34,999 ........................... 522 522 514 470 34 9 8 – 4 4 –

$35,000 to $39,999 ........................... 385 385 384 361 18 5 – – – – –

$40,000 to $44,999 ........................... 299 299 295 291 4 1 4 – 4 – –

$45,000 to $49,999 ........................... 160 160 160 153 7 – – – – – –

$50,000 to $54,999 ........................... 166 166 163 156 7 – 2 2 – – –

$55,000 to $64,999 ........................... 178 178 176 166 10 – 2 – – 2 –

$65,000 to $74,999 ........................... 115 115 115 113 2 – – – – – –

$75,000 to $84,999 ........................... 85 85 85 84 1 – – – – – –

$85,000 to $99,999 ........................... 28 28 28 27 1 – – – – – –

$100,000 and over ............................ 107 107 97 91 5 1 10 – 10 – –

Median earnings dollars ........................ .. 17 045 17 045 19 315 21 615 12 752 5 318 4 928 7 687 6 892 1 816 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 246 246 442 265 702 393 404 627 717 148 (B)

Mean earnings dollars ......................... .. 23 038 23 038 25 106 27 985 18 592 7 056 7 815 9 262 14 929 3 078 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 583 583 642 680 2 811 789 833 562 3 751 469 (B)

Gini ratio....................................... .447 .447 .414 .374 .421 .481 .576 .349 .659 .559 (B)

Standard error................................ .0164 .0164 .0174 .0188 .0845 .0691 .0671 .0646 .1549 .1152 (B)

See footnote at end of table.

INCOME 39

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 10. Work Experience in 1997mTotal Money Earnings in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and

Over, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and GendermCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money earnings

Worked

Worked at full~time jobs Worked at part~time jobs

Total Total Total

50 weeks

or more

27 to 49

weeks

26 weeks

or less Total

50 weeks

or more

27 to 49

weeks

26 weeks

or less

Did not

work

FEMALE

All Races

Total ..................................... 108 168 67 851 47 817 37 715 5 870 4 231 20 034 9 592 4 322 6 121 40 317 Without earnings................................ 40 432 115 39 32 6 1 76 31 17 28 40 317 With earnings .................................. 67 736 67 736 47 777 37 683 5 865 4 230 19 958 9 561 4 305 6 093 – $1 to $2,499 or loss ........................... 7 559 7 559 1 723 325 140 1 258 5 836 911 727 4 198 – $2,500 to $4,999 ............................. 4 724 4 724 1 556 288 283 985 3 168 1 098 1 060 1 010 – $5,000 to $7,499 ............................. 5 250 5 250 1 996 682 567 747 3 254 1 816 983 455 – $7,500 to $9,999 ............................. 3 940 3 940 2 099 1 051 707 341 1 841 1 241 468 131 – $10,000 to $12,499 ........................... 5 771 5 771 3 882 2 795 807 279 1 889 1 354 397 138 – $12,500 to $14,999 ........................... 3 371 3 371 2 654 2 028 492 133 718 518 158 42 – $15,000 to $17,499 ........................... 4 736 4 736 3 916 3 296 512 108 820 636 148 36 – $17,500 to $19,999 ........................... 3 212 3 212 2 808 2 442 324 41 404 325 64 14 – $20,000 to $22,499 ........................... 4 866 4 866 4 322 3 827 401 95 543 430 93 21 – $22,500 to $24,999 ........................... 2 539 2 539 2 347 2 130 184 34 192 159 27 5 –

$25,000 to $29,999 ........................... 5 406 5 406 5 030 4 625 341 65 376 290 65 21 – $30,000 to $34,999 ........................... 4 759 4 759 4 422 4 054 323 45 337 306 29 1 – $35,000 to $39,999 ........................... 3 131 3 131 2 958 2 732 181 44 174 147 23 3 – $40,000 to $44,999 ........................... 2 293 2 293 2 175 1 991 169 15 118 93 16 9 – $45,000 to $49,999 ........................... 1 638 1 638 1 564 1 425 129 11 73 67 3 4 – $50,000 to $54,999 ........................... 1 335 1 335 1 264 1 152 107 5 72 54 15 3 – $55,000 to $64,999 ........................... 1 396 1 396 1 349 1 241 99 8 47 35 12 – – $65,000 to $74,999 ........................... 588 588 566 534 32 – 22 13 9 – – $75,000 to $84,999 ........................... 401 401 372 355 15 3 28 28 – – – $85,000 to $99,999 ........................... 261 261 240 230 8 2 21 18 3 – – $100,000 and over ............................ 559 559 534 480 43 11 25 20 4 – –

Median earnings dollars ........................ .. 16 716 16 716 21 883 24 973 14 670 4 675 5 749 9 425 5 930 1 814 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 108 108 99 155 305 129 85 154 131 36 (B)

Mean earnings dollars ......................... .. 20 968 20 968 26 187 29 244 20 242 7 194 8 477 12 448 7 965 2 607 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 159 159 208 231 708 234 128 220 228 82 (B)

Gini ratio....................................... .459 .459 .384 .334 .426 .527 .523 .436 .452 .491 (B)

Standard error................................ .0048 .0048 .0057 .0064 .0199 .0214 .0099 .0130 .0216 .0262 (B)

White

Total ..................................... 89 489 56 028 38 745 30 606 4 853 3 287 17 282 8 366 3 811 5 106 33 461

Without earnings................................ 33 555 94 27 20 6 1 67 27 17 22 33 461

With earnings .................................. 55 934 55 934 38 718 30 586 4 847 3 286 17 215 8 338 3 794 5 083 –

$1 to $2,499 or loss ........................... 6 379 6 379 1 359 284 110 965 5 019 802 672 3 545 –

$2,500 to $4,999 ............................. 3 834 3 834 1 222 230 215 778 2 612 906 885 821 –

$5,000 to $7,499 ............................. 4 349 4 349 1 525 537 449 540 2 823 1 585 863 375 –

$7,500 to $9,999 ............................. 3 277 3 277 1 686 822 575 289 1 591 1 055 419 117 –

$10,000 to $12,499 ........................... 4 686 4 686 3 043 2 181 644 218 1 644 1 204 338 101 –

$12,500 to $14,999 ........................... 2 812 2 812 2 181 1 669 392 120 631 455 139 37 –

$15,000 to $17,499 ........................... 3 761 3 761 3 039 2 529 437 73 722 554 143 25 –

$17,500 to $19,999 ........................... 2 568 2 568 2 208 1 931 248 29 361 292 54 14 –

$20,000 to $22,499 ........................... 4 010 4 010 3 529 3 087 365 77 480 383 83 14 –

$22,500 to $24,999 ........................... 2 044 2 044 1 870 1 687 159 25 174 143 26 5 –

$25,000 to $29,999 ........................... 4 500 4 500 4 164 3 812 300 51 336 260 61 15 –

$30,000 to $34,999 ........................... 3 912 3 912 3 619 3 294 289 36 292 265 26 1 –

$35,000 to $39,999 ........................... 2 622 2 622 2 454 2 269 144 41 168 142 23 3 –

$40,000 to $44,999 ........................... 1 949 1 949 1 853 1 691 151 11 97 74 16 7 –

$45,000 to $49,999 ........................... 1 365 1 365 1 295 1 183 104 9 69 63 3 4 –

$50,000 to $54,999 ........................... 1 112 1 112 1 043 952 87 4 68 54 15 – –

$55,000 to $64,999 ........................... 1 185 1 185 1 139 1 035 96 8 46 33 12 – –

$65,000 to $74,999 ........................... 502 502 482 461 21 – 19 11 9 – –

$75,000 to $84,999 ........................... 356 356 333 316 15 3 23 23 – – –

$85,000 to $99,999 ........................... 219 219 204 195 8 2 15 12 3 – –

$100,000 and over ............................ 493 493 468 422 38 9 25 20 4 – –

Median earnings dollars ........................ .. 16 748 16 748 22 193 25 331 15 221 4 678 5 865 9 575 5 985 1 792 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 123 123 109 135 317 144 91 170 140 39 (B)

Mean earnings dollars ......................... .. 21 208 21 208 26 797 29 817 20 914 7 363 8 638 12 601 8 122 2 522 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 185 185 247 273 841 276 141 240 254 85 (B)

Gini ratio....................................... .464 .464 .386 .338 .427 .532 .524 .436 .461 .482 (B)

Standard error................................ .0054 .0054 .0065 .0072 .0226 .0245 .0103 .0138 .0230 .0283 (B)

See footnote at end of table.

40 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 10. Work Experience in 1997mTotal Money Earnings in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and

Over, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and GendermCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Total money earnings

Worked

Worked at full~time jobs Worked at part~time jobs

Total Total Total

50 weeks

or more

27 to 49

weeks

26 weeks

or less Total

50 weeks

or more

27 to 49

weeks

26 weeks

or less

Did not

work

FEMALEmCon.

Black

Total ..................................... 13 715 8 702 6 803 5 313 772 718 1 899 853 342 705 5 013 Without earnings................................ 5 013 – – – – – – – – – 5 013 With earnings .................................. 8 702 8 702 6 803 5 313 772 718 1 899 853 342 705 – $1 to $2,499 or loss ........................... 835 835 275 33 22 221 560 66 32 462 – $2,500 to $4,999 ............................. 689 689 279 54 55 170 410 138 132 140 – $5,000 to $7,499 ............................. 684 684 366 103 92 171 318 183 90 45 – $7,500 to $9,999 ............................. 529 529 333 188 106 39 196 161 25 10 – $10,000 to $12,499 ........................... 797 797 637 476 128 33 160 94 43 23 – $12,500 to $14,999 ........................... 404 404 366 282 73 11 38 26 12 – – $15,000 to $17,499 ........................... 770 770 706 625 56 24 64 54 1 10 – $17,500 to $19,999 ........................... 522 522 491 421 65 5 31 28 3 – – $20,000 to $22,499 ........................... 657 657 625 584 26 15 32 23 5 3 – $22,500 to $24,999 ........................... 359 359 352 329 17 7 6 6 – – –

$25,000 to $29,999 ........................... 693 693 668 630 28 11 24 19 – 5 – $30,000 to $34,999 ........................... 609 609 582 555 25 3 26 26 – – – $35,000 to $39,999 ........................... 361 361 357 333 24 – 4 4 – – – $40,000 to $44,999 ........................... 212 212 199 189 7 4 13 10 – 3 – $45,000 to $49,999 ........................... 184 184 182 160 19 2 2 2 – – – $50,000 to $54,999 ........................... 158 158 155 134 19 1 3 – – 3 – $55,000 to $64,999 ........................... 134 134 132 129 3 – 1 1 – – – $65,000 to $74,999 ........................... 44 44 41 39 3 – 2 2 – – – $75,000 to $84,999 ........................... 28 28 25 25 – – 3 3 – – – $85,000 to $99,999 ........................... 10 10 7 7 – – 3 3 – – – $100,000 and over ............................ 24 24 24 18 3 2 – – – – –

Median earnings dollars ........................ .. 16 338 16 338 19 741 22 035 12 166 4 535 4 875 8 105 5 196 1 908 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 254 254 342 262 499 330 237 379 394 120 (B)

Mean earnings dollars ......................... .. 18 785 18 785 22 057 25 026 16 293 6 289 7 064 10 793 6 119 3 013 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 283 283 320 348 877 525 340 614 355 351 (B)

Gini ratio....................................... .417 .417 .350 .289 .396 .504 .507 .420 .325 .534 (B)

Standard error................................ .0126 .0126 .0141 .0159 .0478 .0551 .0372 .0520 .0650 .0891 (B)

Hispanic Origin1

Total ..................................... 10 485 5 856 4 273 3 143 583 547 1 583 746 298 540 4 629

Without earnings................................ 4 644 15 7 5 1 1 8 4 4 – 4 629

With earnings .................................. 5 841 5 841 4 266 3 139 582 546 1 575 741 294 540 –

$1 to $2,499 or loss ........................... 702 702 223 23 15 186 478 51 32 395 –

$2,500 to $4,999 ............................. 457 457 212 41 33 138 245 93 59 93 –

$5,000 to $7,499 ............................. 612 612 319 108 104 107 294 180 88 26 –

$7,500 to $9,999 ............................. 500 500 305 163 102 40 194 139 43 12 –

$10,000 to $12,499 ........................... 761 761 585 465 94 26 176 135 37 3 –

$12,500 to $14,999 ........................... 359 359 319 274 37 8 39 30 5 5 –

$15,000 to $17,499 ........................... 484 484 436 379 48 9 48 32 14 1 –

$17,500 to $19,999 ........................... 239 239 222 196 18 9 17 14 2 – –

$20,000 to $22,499 ........................... 352 352 338 298 33 8 14 8 2 3 –

$22,500 to $24,999 ........................... 197 197 185 161 19 5 12 12 – – –

$25,000 to $29,999 ........................... 330 330 314 286 26 2 16 9 6 1 –

$30,000 to $34,999 ........................... 261 261 249 222 25 3 11 11 – – –

$35,000 to $39,999 ........................... 208 208 196 182 11 3 12 12 – – –

$40,000 to $44,999 ........................... 124 124 118 112 7 – 6 4 2 – –

$45,000 to $49,999 ........................... 76 76 74 70 2 2 2 2 – – –

$50,000 to $54,999 ........................... 57 57 52 48 4 – 5 5 – – –

$55,000 to $64,999 ........................... 60 60 58 56 2 – 2 2 – – –

$65,000 to $74,999 ........................... 17 17 16 14 1 – 1 – 1 – –

$75,000 to $84,999 ........................... 17 17 17 17 – – – – – – –

$85,000 to $99,999 ........................... 9 977––22–– –

$100,000 and over ............................ 20 20 19 17 1 1 1 – 1 – –

Median earnings dollars ........................ .. 12 135 12 135 15 967 18 973 10 990 4 077 5 545 8 351 6 574 1 708 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 210 210 314 599 538 354 283 411 408 123 (B)

Mean earnings dollars ......................... .. 16 459 16 459 19 929 23 193 15 641 5 741 7 058 10 259 7 983 2 157 (B)

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 544 544 712 820 2 468 564 364 583 905 213 (B)

Gini ratio....................................... .460 .460 .404 .342 .422 .506 .485 .380 .384 .444 (B)

Standard error................................ .0191 .0191 .0229 .0256 .1102 .0661 .0496 .0556 .0860 .0891 (B)

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

INCOME 41

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 11. Source of Income in 1997mNumber with Income and Mean Income of Specified Type

in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and Over, by Age

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Source of income

All races White Black Hispanic origin1

Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)

TOTAL, 15 YEARS AND OVER

Total 191 615 ............................. 27 022 161 752 27 989 21 631 19 756 17 641 18 793

Earnings 144 429 ................................ 28 754 121 516 29 700 16 266 21 447 14 306 20 352

Wages and salary 136 132 ...................... 28 415 114 023 29 348 15 841 21 465 13 810 20 261

Nonfarm self~employment 11 477 ............... 23 180 10 297 23 768 667 13 067 669 16 447

Farm self~employment 2 104 .................. 8 909 1 949 9 196 88 1 389 79 4 370

Unemployment compensation 6 042 ............. 2 626 4 962 2 613 818 2 692 673 3 175

State or local only 5 657 ...................... 2 584 4 657 2 558 747 2 729 629 3 277

Combinations 386 .......................... 3 242 304 3 453 71 (B) 44 (B)

Workers’ compensation 2 043 ................... 5 838 1 740 5 791 220 6 370 201 4 344

State payments 864 ........................ 4 762 700 4 594 116 5 372 110 3 773

Employment insurance 1 084 .................. 6 592 951 6 685 103 6 858 84 4 996

Own insurance 33 ......................... (B) 29 (B) – (B) 3 (B)

Other 68 ................................. (B) 60 (B) 6 (B) 4 (B)

Social Security 37 743 ........................... 8 359 33 217 8 480 3 784 7 431 2 021 6 774

SSI (Supplemental Security Income) 5 111 ........ 4 444 3 488 4 370 1 341 4 509 733 4 235

Public assistance, total 3 758 .................... 3 240 2 288 3 108 1 264 3 249 809 3 830

AFDC only 2 802 ............................ 3 510 1 635 3 444 1 002 3 381 647 3 968

Other assistance only 845 ................... 2 376 571 2 199 242 2 669 144 3 005

Both 112 .................................. 3 000 82 2 754 21 (B) 18 (B)

Veterans’ benefits 2 353 ........................ 7 047 2 007 7 157 291 6 601 88 7 394

Disability only 1 257 .......................... 5 888 1 091 5 978 136 5 341 49 (B)

Survivors only 293 ......................... 6 178 242 6 541 43 (B) 9 (B)

Pension only 482 .......................... 10 469 403 10 274 70 (B) 18 (B)

Education only 95 ......................... 3 499 74 (B) 17 (B) 6 (B)

Other only 121 ............................. 5 943 105 6 456 11 (B) 4 (B)

Combinations 105 .......................... 12 098 91 12 710 13 (B) 2 (B)

Means~tested 427 .......................... 6 402 356 6 212 61 (B) 18 (B)

Nonmeans~tested 1 926 ...................... 7 190 1 650 7 361 230 6 561 70 (B)

Survivors benefits 2 405 ........................ 10 004 2 172 9 847 196 12 249 71 (B)

Company or union 986 ...................... 5 193 917 5 187 57 (B) 32 (B)

Federal government 281 .................... 11 076 239 11 142 33 (B) 10 (B)

Military retirement 146 ...................... 8 685 121 8 187 23 (B) 2 (B)

State or local government 259 ............... 11 143 231 10 750 28 (B) 7 (B)

Railroad retirement 74 ..................... (B) 64 (B) 10 (B) 2 (B)

Workers’ compensation 27 ................. (B) 23 (B) 4 (B) – (B)

Black Lung 28 ............................ (B) 28 (B) – (B) – (B)

Estates or trusts 268 ....................... 17 604 253 18 277 11 (B) 6 (B)

Annuities 203 .............................. 15 931 183 15 587 16 (B) 4 (B)

Other or Don’t Know 213 .................... 14 134 194 12 336 14 (B) 10 (B)

Disability benefits 1 508 ........................ 10 213 1 212 10 771 249 8 336 100 8 510

Workers’ compensation 68 ................. (B) 44 (B) 16 (B) 6 (B)

Company or union 506 ...................... 10 223 416 10 527 81 8 918 25 (B)

Federal government 144 .................... 16 614 127 17 064 17 (B) 9 (B)

Military retirement 37 ...................... (B) 35 (B) 2 (B) 1 (B)

State or local government 223 ............... 8 070 186 8 289 27 (B) 22 (B)

Railroad retirement 26 ..................... (B) 20 (B) 6 (B) – (B)

Accident insurance 161 ..................... 9 792 146 10 319 15 (B) 5 (B)

Black Lung 17 ............................ (B) 14 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Temporary insurance 18 ................... (B) 14 (B) – (B) 1 (B)

Other or Don’t Know 348 .................... 7 700 242 8 109 87 7 392 33 (B)

Pensions 14 611 ................................ 12 220 13 209 12 274 1 088 11 061 396 9 149

Company or union 8 902 ...................... 8 964 8 121 8 988 604 8 068 246 7 075

Federal government 1 353 .................... 19 991 1 192 20 471 125 15 974 43 (B)

Military retirement 1 032 ...................... 18 979 898 19 853 109 12 173 38 (B)

State or local government 2 785 ............... 14 222 2 504 14 071 216 15 076 53 (B)

Railroad retirement 256 ..................... 12 628 239 12 390 16 (B) 6 (B)

Annuities 225 .............................. 9 207 212 8 709 6 (B) 3 (B)

IRA, KEOGH, or 401(k) 308 ................. 9 756 285 9 782 15 (B) 2 (B)

Other or Don’t Know 364 .................... 11 092 352 11 096 9 (B) 11 (B)

Interest 102 933 ................................. 1 869 92 812 1 959 6 239 923 4 750 780

Dividends 32 885 ............................... 2 883 30 596 2 910 1 191 2 208 793 2 721

Rents, royalties, estates or trusts 12 592 ........... 4 316 11 519 4 487 595 2 478 537 2 709

Education 7 817 ............................... 3 732 6 245 3 628 1 139 3 732 538 3 345

Pell grant only 1 444 ......................... 2 027 1 014 2 033 351 1 665 175 1 954

Other government only 1 310 ................. 3 485 1 023 3 538 223 3 010 103 3 201

Scholarships only 2 059 ...................... 4 519 1 690 4 362 235 5 392 87 4 924

Other only 1 637 ............................. 2 681 1 403 2 434 151 2 269 66 (B)

Combinations 1 368 .......................... 5 841 1 116 5 550 180 7 711 106 5 077

Child support 5 034 ............................ 3 643 4 139 3 826 800 2 721 448 3 152

Alimony 409 ................................. 9 923 383 10 401 16 (B) 22 (B)

Financial assistance 1 856 ...................... 5 121 1 461 5 000 236 3 061 157 4 906

Other income 2 013 ............................ 4 698 1 736 4 552 166 6 822 111 3 540

Combinations of income types:

Government transfer payments 55 984 .......... 8 893 46 956 9 214 7 389 7 153 4 237 6 140

Public assistance or SSI 8 442 ................ 4 133 5 497 4 067 2 488 4 080 1 465 4 235

Social Security or Railroad retirement 37 964 ..... 8 424 33 414 8 547 3 808 7 491 2 025 6 806

Company or union pension2 ............. 10 202 8 830 9 287 8 843 717 8 226 300 7 218

Military retirement2 ..................... 1 216 17 627 1 055 18 373 134 12 039 41 (B)

Federal government retirement2.......... 1 763 18 461 1 546 18 908 172 14 991 62 (B)

State or local retirement2 ................ 3 232 13 706 2 885 13 604 271 14 246 80 8 622

Property income3 ...................... 107 213 3 229 96 515 3 389 6 604 1 498 5 022 1 470

Child support or alimony 5 296 ................ 4 229 4 386 4 519 810 2 723 458 3 372

Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts3 ....... 12 787 4 619 11 698 4 813 606 2 486 541 2 815

UNDER 65

Total 160 214 ............................. 28 439 133 668 29 577 19 044 20 610 16 128 19 437

Earnings 139 506 ................................ 29 007 117 098 29 984 15 905 21 637 14 089 20 342

Wages and salary 131 957 ...................... 28 648 110 311 29 609 15 508 21 650 13 616 20 246

Nonfarm self~employment 10 743 ............... 23 281 9 609 23 868 636 13 122 647 16 495

Farm self~employment 1 891 .................. 8 586 1 740 8 902 85 537 77 3 507

Unemployment compensation 5 921 ............. 2 626 4 859 2 614 812 2 699 663 3 197

State or local only 5 542 ...................... 2 584 4 557 2 557 741 2 738 621 3 297

Combinations 379 .......................... 3 235 302 3 475 71 (B) 42 (B)

Workers’ compensation 1 938 ................... 5 707 1 644 5 680 213 6 402 200 4 376

State payments 826 ........................ 4 672 664 4 473 114 5 379 109 3 822

Employment insurance 1 027 .................. 6 472 900 6 548 97 6 925 84 4 996

Own insurance 33 ......................... (B) 29 (B) – (B) 3 (B)

Other 57 ................................. (B) 51 (B) 6 (B) 4 (B)

Social Security 8 902 ........................... 7 287 7 222 7 385 1 452 6 850 749 6 546

See footnotes at end of table.

42 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 11. Source of Income in 1997mNumber with Income and Mean Income of Specified Type

in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and Over, by AgemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Source of income

All races White Black Hispanic origin1

Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)

UNDER 65mCon.

SSI (Supplemental Security Income) 3 749 ........ 4 859 2 587 4 813 1 002 4 949 436 5 011

Public assistance, total 3 652 .................... 3 283 2 205 3 175 1 247 3 253 800 3 853

AFDC only 2 788 ............................ 3 498 1 628 3 434 998 3 361 645 3 970

Other assistance only 754 ................... 2 526 497 2 389 228 2 744 136 3 083

Both 110 .................................. 3 037 81 2 798 21 (B) 18 (B)

Veterans’ benefits 1 240 ........................ 7 688 986 7 881 218 7 130 46 (B)

Disability only 697 .......................... 6 386 567 6 523 108 5 907 27 (B)

Survivors only 117 ......................... 6 096 87 7 003 28 (B) 8 (B)

Pension only 214 .......................... 13 688 162 13 267 46 (B) 3 (B)

Education only 95 ......................... 3 499 74 (B) 17 (B) 6 (B)

Other only 49 ............................. (B) 37 (B) 7 (B) – (B)

Combinations 68 .......................... (B) 57 (B) 11 (B) 2 (B)

Means~tested 241 .......................... 7 551 183 7 321 53 (B) 14 (B)

Nonmeans~tested 1 000 ...................... 7 722 803 8 009 165 7 110 32 (B)

Survivors benefits 871 ........................ 13 063 771 13 230 86 12 049 30 (B)

Company or union 259 ...................... 6 433 229 6 709 29 (B) 16 (B)

Federal government 77 .................... 11 427 65 (B) 8 (B) 1 (B)

Military retirement 33 ...................... (B) 16 (B) 15 (B) – (B)

State or local government 52 ............... (B) 38 (B) 14 (B) 1 (B)

Railroad retirement 10 ..................... (B) 10 (B) – (B) – (B)

Workers’ compensation 16 ................. (B) 14 (B) 2 (B) – (B)

Black Lung 7 ............................ (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B)

Estates or trusts 186 ....................... 16 965 176 17 402 5 (B) 6 (B)

Annuities 90 .............................. 22 803 86 23 529 3 (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 147 .................... 17 177 135 14 168 10 (B) 6 (B)

Disability benefits 1 289 ........................ 10 151 1 012 10 795 230 8 220 95 8 725

Workers’ compensation 61 ................. (B) 42 (B) 11 (B) 6 (B)

Company or union 428 ...................... 10 093 344 10 371 75 (B) 24 (B)

Federal government 103 .................... 17 277 86 18 078 17 (B) 9 (B)

Military retirement 21 ...................... (B) 19 (B) 2 (B) 1 (B)

State or local government 194 ............... 8 210 157 8 502 27 (B) 20 (B)

Railroad retirement 20 ..................... (B) 18 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Accident insurance 146 ..................... 10 015 131 10 628 15 (B) 5 (B)

Black Lung – ............................ (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Temporary insurance 18 ................... (B) 14 (B) – (B) 1 (B)

Other or Don’t Know 328 .................... 7 874 225 8 367 83 7 453 31 (B)

Pensions 4 399 ................................ 15 445 3 846 15 555 425 13 516 137 13 329

Company or union 2 333 ...................... 12 377 2 070 12 358 194 10 855 67 (B)

Federal government 353 .................... 22 334 316 22 938 32 (B) 15 (B)

Military retirement 636 ...................... 17 427 514 18 361 100 12 365 24 (B)

State or local government 825 ............... 18 795 720 18 778 79 18 517 19 (B)

Railroad retirement 44 ..................... (B) 38 (B) 6 (B) 4 (B)

Annuities 63 .............................. (B) 54 (B) 5 (B) – (B)

IRA, KEOGH, or 401(k) 135 ................. 11 559 121 11 458 13 (B) 2 (B)

Other or Don’t Know 136 .................... 9 631 128 9 275 4 (B) 6 (B)

Interest 83 604 ................................. 1 383 74 549 1 443 5 483 803 4 300 650

Dividends 26 535 ............................... 2 428 24 439 2 439 1 106 1 958 737 2 758

Rents, royalties, estates or trusts 9 560 ........... 3 968 8 682 4 173 474 1 798 464 2 798

Education 7 789 ............................... 3 733 6 221 3 628 1 139 3 732 538 3 345

Pell grant only 1 439 ......................... 2 029 1 010 2 036 351 1 665 175 1 954

Other government only 1 304 ................. 3 491 1 018 3 545 223 3 010 103 3 201

Scholarships only 2 053 ...................... 4 523 1 688 4 362 235 5 392 87 4 924

Other only 1 629 ............................. 2 692 1 396 2 446 151 2 269 66 (B)

Combinations 1 363 .......................... 5 818 1 111 5 521 180 7 711 106 5 077

Child support 5 031 ............................ 3 645 4 137 3 828 800 2 722 448 3 152

Alimony 366 ................................. 10 158 343 10 635 13 (B) 20 (B)

Financial assistance 1 733 ...................... 5 279 1 350 5 152 226 3 150 140 5 039

Other income 1 666 ............................ 4 730 1 407 4 568 155 6 790 104 3 548

Combinations of income types:

Government transfer payments 25 972 .......... 6 676 20 046 6 908 4 917 5 843 2 841 5 284

Public assistance or SSI 7 020 ................ 4 303 4 546 4 279 2 140 4 211 1 162 4 532

Social Security or Railroad retirement 8 966 ..... 7 379 7 278 7 493 1 462 6 874 751 6 609

Company or union pension2 ............. 2 962 11 769 2 597 11 821 287 10 149 104 10 398

Military retirement2 ..................... 690 17 081 550 18 101 116 12 216 25 (B)

Federal government retirement2.......... 531 19 863 467 20 563 55 (B) 25 (B)

State or local retirement2 ................ 1 060 16 758 904 17 097 121 14 423 41 (B)

Property income3 ...................... 87 027 2 541 77 491 2 665 5 786 1 287 4 544 1 364

Child support or alimony 5 250 ................ 4 201 4 343 4 486 806 2 727 457 3 346

Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts3 ....... 9 709 4 231 8 820 4 454 479 1 827 469 2 919

15 to 24 Years

Total 27 531 ............................. 10 105 22 736 10 202 3 618 9 466 3 450 9 257

Earnings 24 003 ................................ 9 779 20 167 9 837 2 871 9 396 3 023 9 317

Wages and salary 23 800 ...................... 9 699 19 990 9 743 2 859 9 348 2 996 9 274

Nonfarm self~employment 482 ............... 7 304 431 7 528 31 (B) 39 (B)

Farm self~employment 150 .................. 2 264 131 2 724 13 (B) 5 (B)

Unemployment compensation 528 ............. 1 737 439 1 758 68 (B) 73 (B)

State or local only 495 ...................... 1 728 421 1 744 55 (B) 70 (B)

Combinations 33 .......................... (B) 18 (B) 13 (B) 3 (B)

Workers’ compensation 193 ................... 2 341 171 2 479 13 (B) 31 (B)

State payments 110 ........................ 1 641 98 1 716 7 (B) 19 (B)

Employment insurance 77 .................. 3 398 67 (B) 6 (B) 12 (B)

Own insurance 3 ......................... (B) 3 (B) – (B) – (B)

Other 3 ................................. (B) 3 (B) – (B) – (B)

Social Security 1 046 ........................... 5 035 770 5 213 244 4 488 113 4 858

SSI (Supplemental Security Income) 510 ........ 5 147 326 5 097 161 5 320 64 (B)

Public assistance, total 931 .................... 2 809 538 2 827 337 2 821 205 3 263

AFDC only 782 ............................ 2 942 443 2 982 289 2 903 176 3 370

Other assistance only 115 ................... 2 195 72 (B) 38 (B) 26 (B)

Both 34 .................................. (B) 22 (B) 10 (B) 4 (B)

Veterans’ benefits 42 ........................ (B) 37 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Disability only 9 .......................... (B) 6 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Survivors only 2 ......................... (B) 2 (B) – (B) – (B)

Pension only – .......................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Education only 27 ......................... (B) 25 (B) – (B) – (B)

Other only – ............................. (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Combinations 4 .......................... (B) 4 (B) – (B) – (B)

Means~tested 14 .......................... (B) 14 (B) – (B) – (B)

Nonmeans~tested 28 ...................... (B) 24 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

See footnotes at end of table.

INCOME 43

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 11. Source of Income in 1997mNumber with Income and Mean Income of Specified Type

in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and Over, by AgemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Source of income

All races White Black Hispanic origin1

Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)

UNDER 65mCon.

15 to 24 YearsmCon.

Survivors benefits 64 ........................ (B) 51 (B) 13 (B) 5 (B)

Company or union 15 ...................... (B) 10 (B) 5 (B) 5 (B)

Federal government 5 .................... (B) 5 (B) – (B) – (B)

Military retirement 3 ...................... (B) 3 (B) – (B) – (B)

State or local government 11 ............... (B) 3 (B) 8 (B) – (B) Railroad retirement – ..................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Workers’ compensation 3 ................. (B) 3 (B) – (B) – (B)

Black Lung – ............................ (B) – (B) – (B) – (B) Estates or trusts 13 ....................... (B) 13 (B) – (B) – (B) Annuities 7 .............................. (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 7 .................... (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B)

Disability benefits 62 ........................ (B) 46 (B) 14 (B) 10 (B)

Workers’ compensation 2 ................. (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Company or union 6 ...................... (B) 5 (B) 1 (B) 4 (B)

Federal government 1 .................... (B) 1 (B) – (B) – (B)

Military retirement – ...................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

State or local government 12 ............... (B) 10 (B) 2 (B) 2 (B) Railroad retirement – ..................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B) Accident insurance 15 ..................... (B) 12 (B) 3 (B) 2 (B)

Black Lung – ............................ (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Temporary insurance – ................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 28 .................... (B) 22 (B) 7 (B) 5 (B) Pensions 18 ................................ (B) 15 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Company or union 7 ...................... (B) 4 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Federal government – .................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Military retirement – ...................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

State or local government 4 ............... (B) 4 (B) – (B) – (B) Railroad retirement – ..................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B) Annuities 7 .............................. (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B)

IRA, KEOGH, or 401(k) – ................. (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know – .................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B) Interest 8 727 ................................. 516 7 838 544 533 277 507 270 Dividends 1 433 ............................... 1 379 1 306 1 397 85 1 485 44 (B)

Rents, royalties, estates or trusts 169 ........... 5 914 153 5 864 10 (B) 9 (B) Education 4 161 ............................... 4 092 3 247 3 943 686 4 332 343 3 626 Pell grant only 812 ......................... 2 073 543 1 965 235 1 827 122 1 928 Other government only 646 ................. 3 434 483 3 408 131 3 138 65 (B)

Scholarships only 1 461 ...................... 4 514 1 234 4 303 153 5 920 60 (B)

Other only 362 ............................. 3 498 307 3 447 30 (B) 11 (B)

Combinations 880 .......................... 5 980 680 5 475 137 8 599 85 5 143 Child support 618 ............................ 2 155 468 2 113 144 2 283 86 1 738 Alimony 4 ................................. (B) 4 (B) – (B) – (B)

Financial assistance 798 ...................... 5 308 599 5 227 116 3 272 51 (B)

Other income 171 ............................ 3 164 135 3 104 17 (B) 14 (B)

Combinations of income types:

Government transfer payments 4 318 .......... 3 651 3 036 3 638 1 088 3 595 616 3 570

Public assistance or SSI 1 405 ................ 3 729 844 3 766 484 3 735 265 3 747

Social Security or Railroad retirement 1 046 ..... 5 035 770 5 213 244 4 488 113 4 858

Company or union pension2 ............. 28 (B) 19 (B) 9 (B) 9 (B)

Military retirement2 ..................... 3 (B) 3 (B) – (B) – (B)

Federal government retirement2.......... 6 (B) 6 (B) – (B) – (B)

State or local retirement2 ................ 27 (B) 16 (B) 11 (B) 2 (B)

Property income3 ...................... 9 006 837 8 091 870 552 657 523 418

Child support or alimony 618 ................ 2 161 468 2 120 144 2 283 86 1 738

Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts3 ....... 182 5 796 166 5 738 10 (B) 9 (B)

25 to 44 Years

Total 79 282 ............................. 29 838 65 161 30 964 9 997 22 130 8 858 22 102

Earnings 72 390 ................................ 30 478 59 759 31 518 8 902 22 921 8 019 22 974

Wages and salary 68 682 ...................... 30 317 56 427 31 373 8 698 23 036 7 743 22 947

Nonfarm self~employment 5 419 ............... 21 685 4 817 22 159 340 10 841 382 16 430

Farm self~employment 817 .................. 8 115 750 8 602 44 (B) 53 (B)

Unemployment compensation 3 437 ............. 2 670 2 773 2 645 505 2 816 392 3 774

State or local only 3 212 ...................... 2 621 2 587 2 579 470 2 844 358 3 955

Combinations 225 .......................... 3 370 186 3 557 35 (B) 33 (B)

Workers’ compensation 1 004 ................... 4 388 847 4 359 108 4 807 106 4 064

State payments 415 ........................ 4 152 327 3 892 66 (B) 60 (B)

Employment insurance 542 .................. 4 546 480 4 677 39 (B) 42 (B)

Own insurance 23 ......................... (B) 19 (B) – (B) 3 (B)

Other 24 ................................. (B) 21 (B) 3 (B) 1 (B)

Social Security 1 998 ........................... 7 048 1 514 7 265 440 6 434 202 6 494

SSI (Supplemental Security Income) 1 593 ........ 4 781 1 121 4 696 424 4 924 170 5 206

Public assistance, total 2 186 .................... 3 509 1 330 3 362 754 3 564 483 4 106

AFDC only 1 725 ............................ 3 732 1 021 3 624 628 3 669 400 4 224

Other assistance only 398 ................... 2 544 260 2 405 120 2 869 74 (B)

Both 63 .................................. (B) 50 (B) 7 (B) 9 (B)

Veterans’ benefits 358 ........................ 6 446 245 7 428 102 4 592 20 (B)

Disability only 232 .......................... 6 663 163 7 727 62 (B) 9 (B)

Survivors only 16 ......................... (B) 6 (B) 9 (B) 2 (B)

Pension only 21 .......................... (B) 14 (B) 7 (B) 3 (B)

Education only 60 ......................... (B) 42 (B) 17 (B) 6 (B)

Other only 14 ............................. (B) 8 (B) 4 (B) – (B)

Combinations 16 .......................... (B) 13 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Means~tested 70 .......................... (B) 46 (B) 24 (B) 6 (B)

Nonmeans~tested 288 ...................... 6 760 199 7 783 78 4 830 14 (B)

Survivors benefits 213 ........................ 18 487 196 19 307 13 (B) 3 (B)

Company or union 20 ...................... (B) 20 (B) – (B) 2 (B)

Federal government 7 .................... (B) 5 (B) 2 (B) – (B)

Military retirement 2 ...................... (B) – (B) 2 (B) – (B)

State or local government 8 ............... (B) 5 (B) 2 (B) – (B)

Railroad retirement – ..................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Workers’ compensation 4 ................. (B) 4 (B) – (B) – (B)

Black Lung – ............................ (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Estates or trusts 79 ....................... 16 929 69 (B) 5 (B) – (B)

Annuities 40 .............................. (B) 40 (B) – (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 53 .................... (B) 53 (B) – (B) 2 (B)

Disability benefits 394 ........................ 8 512 293 9 406 93 5 972 22 (B)

See footnotes at end of table.

44 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 11. Source of Income in 1997mNumber with Income and Mean Income of Specified Type

in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and Over, by AgemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Source of income

All races White Black Hispanic origin1

Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)

UNDER 65mCon.

25 to 44 YearsmCon.

Workers’ compensation 19 ................. (B) 11 (B) 8 (B) – (B)

Company or union 115 ...................... 8 050 90 8 386 23 (B) 3 (B)

Federal government 35 .................... (B) 28 (B) 6 (B) 5 (B)

Military retirement 4 ...................... (B) 4 (B) – (B) – (B)

State or local government 55 ............... (B) 47 (B) 8 (B) 3 (B) Railroad retirement 5 ..................... (B) 2 (B) 3 (B) – (B) Accident insurance 50 ..................... (B) 40 (B) 9 (B) 2 (B)

Black Lung – ............................ (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Temporary insurance 14 ................... (B) 14 (B) – (B) 1 (B)

Other or Don’t Know 112 .................... 7 519 69 (B) 37 (B) 10 (B) Pensions 517 ................................ 8 303 421 7 836 69 (B) 30 (B)

Company or union 180 ...................... 6 047 152 5 884 16 (B) 15 (B)

Federal government 11 .................... (B) 3 (B) 8 (B) – (B)

Military retirement 133 ...................... 11 779 96 12 300 33 (B) 10 (B)

State or local government 51 ............... (B) 40 (B) 8 (B) – (B) Railroad retirement 7 ..................... (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B) Annuities 12 .............................. (B) 10 (B) – (B) – (B)

IRA, KEOGH, or 401(k) 72 ................. (B) 67 (B) 4 (B) 2 (B)

Other or Don’t Know 55 .................... (B) 52 (B) – (B) 3 (B) Interest 41 504 ................................. 789 36 472 807 3 033 517 2 500 437 Dividends 12 581 ............................... 1 918 11 441 1 905 574 1 466 434 2 596 Rents, royalties, estates or trusts 3 970 ........... 3 459 3 571 3 631 188 1 190 205 2 240 Education 3 133 ............................... 3 465 2 552 3 427 399 2 893 179 3 016 Pell grant only 575 ......................... 2 015 429 2 201 104 1 242 49 (B)

Other government only 568 ................. 3 612 462 3 764 82 2 726 32 (B)

Scholarships only 508 ...................... 4 817 385 4 740 73 (B) 26 (B)

Other only 1 027 ............................. 2 627 867 2 274 102 2 497 51 (B)

Combinations 456 .......................... 5 492 409 5 540 38 (B) 21 (B)

Child support 3 708 ............................ 3 592 3 062 3 741 576 2 785 318 3 441 Alimony 136 ................................. 6 049 130 6 281 6 (B) 11 (B) Financial assistance 689 ...................... 5 400 550 5 344 82 2 655 61 (B)

Other income 847 ............................ 3 638 718 3 629 67 (B) 58 (B)

Combinations of income types:

Government transfer payments 10 048 .......... 4 903 7 476 4 886 2 157 5 024 1 265 5 039 Public assistance or SSI 3 558 ................ 4 296 2 299 4 235 1 121 4 260 603 4 759 Social Security or Railroad retirement 2 003 ..... 7 107 1 516 7 352 443 6 404 202 6 494 Company or union pension2 ............. 315 7 230 261 7 302 39 (B) 19 (B)

Military retirement2 ..................... 140 11 913 100 12 222 35 (B) 10 (B)

Federal government retirement2.......... 51 (B) 36 (B) 15 (B) 5 (B)

State or local retirement2 ................ 108 6 748 86 6 676 18 (B) 3 (B)

Property income3 ...................... 43 235 1 664 37 945 1 724 3 189 833 2 621 1 022 Child support or alimony 3 756 ................ 3 767 3 109 3 947 576 2 800 319 3 594

Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts3 ....... 4 029 3 740 3 620 3 925 193 1 279 205 2 240

45 to 64 Years

Total 53 401 ............................. 35 815 45 771 37 227 5 429 25 236 3 820 22 449

Earnings 43 113 ................................ 37 242 37 173 38 449 4 131 27 377 3 047 24 351

Wages and salary 39 475 ...................... 37 168 33 894 38 390 3 950 27 499 2 877 24 399

Nonfarm self~employment 4 842 ............... 26 658 4 361 27 371 265 16 647 225 17 786

Farm self~employment 924 .................. 10 030 859 10 109 29 (B) 19 (B)

Unemployment compensation 1 956 ............. 2 789 1 647 2 789 239 2 758 198 2 509

State or local only 1 835 ...................... 2 752 1 549 2 740 216 2 788 192 2 523

Combinations 121 .......................... 3 361 98 3 569 23 (B) 5 (B)

Workers’ compensation 740 ................... 8 373 627 8 336 91 9 055 62 (B)

State payments 300 ........................ 6 500 239 6 398 41 (B) 29 (B)

Employment insurance 407 .................. 9 618 354 9 630 52 (B) 29 (B)

Own insurance 7 ......................... (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B)

Other 30 ................................. (B) 27 (B) 3 (B) 3 (B)

Social Security 5 858 ........................... 7 771 4 939 7 760 769 7 837 434 7 010

SSI (Supplemental Security Income) 1 646 ........ 4 846 1 141 4 848 417 4 832 201 4 844

Public assistance, total 535 .................... 3 186 337 2 990 156 2 678 112 3 842

AFDC only 281 ............................ 3 607 164 3 473 81 2 613 69 (B)

Other assistance only 241 ................... 2 655 164 2 466 71 (B) 37 (B)

Both 13 .................................. (B) 9 (B) 4 (B) 6 (B)

Veterans’ benefits 840 ........................ 8 476 703 8 320 113 9 546 26 (B)

Disability only 456 .......................... 6 312 398 6 075 44 (B) 18 (B)

Survivors only 100 ......................... 6 407 80 6 838 19 (B) 6 (B)

Pension only 193 .......................... 13 887 148 13 580 40 (B) – (B)

Education only 7 ......................... (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B)

Other only 35 ............................. (B) 29 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Combinations 48 .......................... (B) 41 (B) 7 (B) 2 (B)

Means~tested 156 .......................... 9 082 124 8 402 28 (B) 8 (B)

Nonmeans~tested 684 ...................... 8 338 580 8 302 85 9 367 18 (B)

Survivors benefits 593 ........................ 11 630 524 11 350 60 (B) 22 (B)

Company or union 224 ...................... 6 139 199 6 351 24 (B) 9 (B)

Federal government 65 .................... (B) 55 (B) 6 (B) 1 (B)

Military retirement 28 ...................... (B) 13 (B) 12 (B) – (B)

State or local government 33 ............... (B) 30 (B) 3 (B) 1 (B)

Railroad retirement 10 ..................... (B) 10 (B) – (B) – (B)

Workers’ compensation 9 ................. (B) 7 (B) 2 (B) – (B)

Black Lung 7 ............................ (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B)

Estates or trusts 94 ....................... 18 793 94 18 793 – (B) 6 (B)

Annuities 42 .............................. (B) 39 (B) 2 (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 87 .................... 15 032 75 9 275 10 (B) 4 (B)

Disability benefits 832 ........................ 11 344 673 11 811 123 10 350 63 (B)

Workers’ compensation 40 ................. (B) 31 (B) 3 (B) 6 (B)

Company or union 307 ...................... 10 941 249 11 162 50 (B) 18 (B)

Federal government 67 .................... (B) 57 (B) 10 (B) 4 (B)

Military retirement 17 ...................... (B) 15 (B) 2 (B) 1 (B)

State or local government 127 ............... 10 739 100 11 272 17 (B) 16 (B)

Railroad retirement 15 ..................... (B) 15 (B) – (B) – (B)

Accident insurance 81 ..................... 9 846 79 9 729 2 (B) 2 (B)

Black Lung – ............................ (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Temporary insurance 3 ................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 187 .................... 8 679 134 9 314 39 (B) 16 (B)

Pensions 3 864 ................................ 16 452 3 410 16 554 353 14 304 107 14 887

Company or union 2 145 ...................... 12 924 1 915 12 869 175 11 040 52 (B)

See footnotes at end of table.

INCOME 45

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 11. Source of Income in 1997mNumber with Income and Mean Income of Specified Type

in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and Over, by AgemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Source of income

All races White Black Hispanic origin1

Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)

UNDER 65mCon.

45 to 64 YearsmCon.

Federal government 342 .................... 22 665 313 23 054 24 (B) 15 (B)

Military retirement 502 ...................... 18 927 418 19 752 67 (B) 13 (B)

State or local government 770 ............... 19 542 677 19 486 72 (B) 19 (B) Railroad retirement 37 ..................... (B) 31 (B) 6 (B) 4 (B) Annuities 43 .............................. (B) 37 (B) 5 (B) – (B)

IRA, KEOGH, or 401(k) 63 ................. (B) 54 (B) 9 (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 80 .................... 11 009 77 11 372 4 (B) 3 (B) Interest 33 373 ................................. 2 348 30 238 2 444 1 917 1 401 1 293 1 210 Dividends 12 521 ............................... 3 060 11 692 3 078 447 2 681 259 3 295 Rents, royalties, estates or trusts 5 422 ........... 4 279 4 959 4 512 276 1 952 250 3 236 Education 495 ............................... 2 403 422 2 410 55 (B) 16 (B)

Pell grant only 53 ......................... (B) 37 (B) 11 (B) 4 (B)

Other government only 90 ................. 3 129 73 (B) 9 (B) 5 (B)

Scholarships only 84 ...................... 2 890 69 (B) 9 (B) 2 (B)

Other only 241 ............................. 1 752 222 1 730 19 (B) 4 (B)

Combinations 27 .......................... (B) 21 (B) 5 (B) – (B)

Child support 705 ............................ 5 230 607 5 586 79 3 069 45 (B)

Alimony 226 ................................. 12 796 209 13 516 7 (B) 9 (B) Financial assistance 246 ...................... 4 848 201 4 404 28 (B) 28 (B)

Other income 648 ............................ 6 572 555 6 138 70 (B) 32 (B)

Combinations of income types:

Government transfer payments 11 606 .......... 9 337 9 534 9 534 1 673 8 362 960 6 707 Public assistance or SSI 2 056 ................ 4 708 1 402 4 660 535 4 541 295 4 770 Social Security or Railroad retirement 5 917 ..... 7 886 4 992 7 887 775 7 893 436 7 117 Company or union pension2 ............. 2 619 12 393 2 317 12 382 238 10 695 77 12 780 Military retirement2 ..................... 547 18 440 447 19 468 81 13 305 15 (B)

Federal government retirement2.......... 474 20 608 424 21 138 40 (B) 20 (B)

State or local retirement2 ................ 926 18 305 802 18 501 92 17 281 36 (B)

Property income3 ...................... 34 786 4 072 31 455 4 261 2 044 2 164 1 400 2 357 Child support or alimony 877 ................ 7 500 766 8 114 86 2 987 51 (B)

Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts3 ....... 5 498 4 540 5 034 4 793 276 1 952 255 3 451

65 YEARS AND OVER

Total 31 401 ............................. 19 788 28 085 20 428 2 587 13 467 1 513 11 927

Earnings 4 923 ................................ 21 588 4 418 22 168 362 13 110 216 20 966

Wages and salary 4 174 ...................... 21 044 3 712 21 574 333 12 890 193 21 336

Nonfarm self~employment 734 ............... 21 709 689 22 383 31 (B) 22 (B)

Farm self~employment 213 .................. 11 776 209 11 645 4 (B) 2 (B)

Unemployment compensation 122 ............. 2 617 102 2 569 6 (B) 10 (B)

State or local only 115 ...................... 2 558 100 2 611 6 (B) 8 (B)

Combinations 7 .......................... (B) 3 (B) – (B) 2 (B)

Workers’ compensation 106 ................... 8 239 96 7 699 8 (B) 2 (B)

State payments 38 ........................ (B) 36 (B) 2 (B) 2 (B)

Employment insurance 57 .................. (B) 51 (B) 6 (B) – (B)

Own insurance – ......................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Other 11 ................................. (B) 9 (B) – (B) – (B)

Social Security 28 841 ........................... 8 690 25 995 8 785 2 331 7 794 1 272 6 908

SSI (Supplemental Security Income) 1 362 ........ 3 304 901 3 097 339 3 207 297 3 099

Public assistance, total 107 .................... 1 748 84 1 339 17 (B) 10 (B)

AFDC only 14 ............................ (B) 7 (B) 4 (B) 2 (B)

Other assistance only 91 ................... 1 131 74 (B) 13 (B) 8 (B)

Both 2 .................................. (B) 2 (B) – (B) – (B)

Veterans’ benefits 1 113 ........................ 6 332 1 021 6 458 73 (B) 42 (B)

Disability only 560 .......................... 5 268 524 5 388 28 (B) 21 (B)

Survivors only 176 ......................... 6 232 155 6 282 15 (B) 1 (B)

Pension only 268 .......................... 7 904 241 8 259 24 (B) 15 (B)

Education only – ......................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Other only 71 ............................. (B) 68 (B) 3 (B) 4 (B)

Combinations 37 .......................... (B) 34 (B) 3 (B) 1 (B)

Means~tested 186 .......................... 4 917 174 5 045 8 (B) 4 (B)

Nonmeans~tested 927 ...................... 6 616 847 6 747 65 (B) 37 (B)

Survivors benefits 1 534 ........................ 8 268 1 401 7 985 110 12 407 41 (B)

Company or union 726 ...................... 4 751 688 4 680 28 (B) 16 (B)

Federal government 203 .................... 10 943 174 10 735 24 (B) 8 (B)

Military retirement 113 ...................... 8 708 105 8 457 9 (B) 2 (B)

State or local government 207 ............... 10 693 193 9 714 14 (B) 5 (B)

Railroad retirement 65 ..................... (B) 55 (B) 10 (B) 2 (B)

Workers’ compensation 11 ................. (B) 9 (B) 2 (B) – (B)

Black Lung 20 ............................ (B) 20 (B) – (B) – (B)

Estates or trusts 83 ....................... 19 041 77 20 269 5 (B) – (B)

Annuities 113 .............................. 10 491 96 8 470 13 (B) 4 (B)

Other or Don’t Know 66 .................... (B) 58 (B) 4 (B) 4 (B)

Disability benefits 219 ........................ 10 577 200 10 650 18 (B) 5 (B)

Workers’ compensation 7 ................. (B) 2 (B) 5 (B) – (B)

Company or union 78 ...................... 10 937 72 (B) 6 (B) 1 (B)

Federal government 41 .................... (B) 41 (B) – (B) – (B)

Military retirement 16 ...................... (B) 16 (B) – (B) – (B)

State or local government 29 ............... (B) 29 (B) – (B) 1 (B)

Railroad retirement 6 ..................... (B) 3 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Accident insurance 15 ..................... (B) 15 (B) – (B) – (B)

Black Lung 17 ............................ (B) 14 (B) 3 (B) – (B)

Temporary insurance – ................... (B) – (B) – (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 20 .................... (B) 17 (B) 3 (B) 2 (B)

Pensions 10 212 ................................ 10 831 9 363 10 926 663 9 487 259 6 946

Company or union 6 569 ...................... 7 752 6 051 7 834 410 6 747 179 5 470

Federal government 1 000 .................... 19 163 876 19 580 93 15 658 28 (B)

Military retirement 396 ...................... 21 470 384 21 853 9 (B) 15 (B)

State or local government 1 960 ............... 12 298 1 784 12 171 136 13 072 33 (B)

Railroad retirement 212 ..................... 11 896 201 11 637 10 (B) 2 (B)

Annuities 162 .............................. 7 006 158 7 039 – (B) 3 (B)

IRA, KEOGH, or 401(k) 172 ................. 8 344 164 8 539 3 (B) – (B)

Other or Don’t Know 229 .................... 11 960 224 12 142 5 (B) 5 (B)

Interest 19 329 ................................. 3 971 18 264 4 063 756 1 794 450 2 017

Dividends 6 350 ............................... 4 786 6 156 4 778 84 5 480 55 (B)

Rents, royalties, estates or trusts 3 032 ........... 5 414 2 837 5 447 122 5 123 73 (B)

Education 28 ............................... (B) 24 (B) – (B) – (B)

Pell grant only 4 ......................... (B) 4 (B) – (B) – (B)

See footnotes at end of table.

46 INCOME

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 11. Source of Income in 1997mNumber with Income and Mean Income of Specified Type

in 1997 of People 15 Years Old and Over, by AgemCon.

[Numbers in thousands. People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Source of income

All races White Black Hispanic origin1

Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)Number with incomeMean income (dollars)

65 YEARS AND OVERmCon.

Other government only 5 ................. (B) 5 (B) – (B) – (B)

Scholarships only 6 ...................... (B) 2 (B) – (B) – (B)

Other only 7 ............................. (B) 7 (B) – (B) – (B)

Combinations 5 .......................... (B) 5 (B) – (B) – (B)

Child support 3 ............................ (B) 2 (B) 1 (B) – (B)

Alimony 43 ................................. (B) 40 (B) 3 (B) 1 (B) Financial assistance 123 ...................... 2 896 111 3 138 9 (B) 16 (B)

Other income 347 ............................ 4 542 328 4 484 12 (B) 6 (B)

Combinations of income types:

Government transfer payments 30 012 .......... 10 811 26 911 10 933 2 472 9 760 1 396 7 883 Public assistance or SSI 1 422 ................ 3 297 950 3 054 348 3 270 303 3 100 Social Security or Railroad retirement 28 998 ..... 8 747 26 136 8 841 2 346 7 875 1 274 6 923 Company or union pension2 ............. 7 240 7 628 6 690 7 688 431 6 945 196 5 533 Military retirement2 ..................... 526 18 343 505 18 669 18 (B) 16 (B)

Federal government retirement2.......... 1 232 17 857 1 079 18 193 117 15 028 37 (B)

State or local retirement2 ................ 2 172 12 216 1 981 12 010 151 14 104 39 (B)

Property income3 ...................... 20 186 6 199 19 025 6 341 818 2 996 478 2 481 Child support or alimony 46 ................ (B) 42 (B) 4 (B) 1 (B)

Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts3 ....... 3 079 5 843 2 878 5 913 127 4 968 73 (B)

1People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

2Includes payments reported as survivor, disability, or retirement benefits.

3Includes estates and trusts reported as survivor benefits.

INCOME 47

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 12. Income Distribution Measures by Definition of Income: 1997

(Numbers in thousands. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text)

Characteristic

Money incomem Before taxes After taxes

plus capital gains (losses)

Definition 1 less taxes Money incomem

Excluding

capital

gains

(current

official

measure)

Without

EIC With EIC

Definition 1

less

government

transfers

Definition 2

plus

capital

gains

(losses)

Definition 3

plus

health

insurance

 supplements

to wage or

salary

income

Definition 4

less

social

security

payroll

 taxes

Definition 5

less

federal

income

taxes

Definition 6

plus

earned

income

credit

1 1a 1b 2 3 4 5 6 7

ALL HOUSEHOLDS

Total .......................................... 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528

Recipiency Status

With income as defined ............................ 101 811 101 811 101 811 95 506 95 506 95 506 95 506 95 511 95 511

With addition or deduction.......................... (X) (X) (X) 41 097 18 248 56 780 77 999 76 361 14 985

Mean addition or deduction dollars ............... .. (X) (X) (X) 9 659 13 090 3 577 3 508 9 176 1 446

Standard error dollars ........................ .. (X) (X) (X) 56 415 13 15 120 14

Mean total income dollars ...................... .. (X) (X) (X) 26 030 97 878 71 345 57 699 52 792 22 576

Standard error dollars ........................ .. (X) (X) (X) 342 1 420 500 404 292 263

Income Levels

Percent ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $5,000..................................... 3.4 3.6 3.4 15.9 15.8 15.7 16.1 16.1 15.7

$5,000 to $9,999 .................................. 7.6 8.2 7.8 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.8 6.1 5.7

$10,000 to $14,999................................ 8.1 9.3 8.8 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.1 6.5 6.2

$15,000 to $19,999................................ 7.6 9.1 9.3 5.9 5.9 5.5 5.9 6.7 6.9

$20,000 to $24,999................................ 7.2 8.9 9.3 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.9 6.7 7.0

$25,000 to $29,999................................ 6.7 8.3 8.5 5.7 5.8 5.5 6.0 6.7 6.9

$30,000 to $34,999................................ 6.5 7.6 7.7 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.6 6.3 6.4

$35,000 to $39,999................................ 6.0 6.9 6.9 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.7 5.7

$40,000 to $44,999................................ 5.5 6.2 6.3 5.0 5.1 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.4

$45,000 to $49,999................................ 4.8 5.2 5.2 4.4 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.7

$50,000 to $59,999................................ 8.5 8.7 8.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.2

$60,000 to $74,999................................ 9.6 7.7 7.8 9.1 9.0 9.2 8.7 8.7 8.7

$75,000 to $99,999................................ 9.0 5.6 5.6 8.4 8.6 9.3 8.4 6.5 6.5

$100,000 and over ................................ 9.4 4.6 4.6 9.0 9.5 10.5 9.0 5.8 5.8

Summary Measures

Median dollars .................................. .. 37 005 31 669 31 819 33 966 34 233 35 976 33 709 30 980 31 126

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 171 153 151 244 229 214 215 182 177

Mean dollars .................................... .. 49 692 40 767 40 978 45 820 48 150 50 131 47 462 40 628 40 839

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 278 213 212 283 330 335 326 239 238

Gini ratio ......................................... .448 .429 .425 .504 .516 .513 .517 .496 .492

Standard error .................................. .0038 .0039 .0040 .0038 .0039 .0038 .0039 .0039 .0039

Quintile Measures

Lowest quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 15 549 14 375 14 998 8 608 8 675 8 886 8 386 8 275 8 766

Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 17 215 793 551 5 167 713 2 902

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 10 412 277 1 542 342 282 689

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 75 90 63 6 45 20

Second quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 29 374 25 510 25 744 25 435 25 639 26 783 25 130 23 440 23 844

Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 9 735 1 733 7 127 16 077 14 600 6 877

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 10 158 1 198 1 909 1 311 1 133 1 911

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 125 88 19 8 10 20

Third quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 46 137 38 490 38 602 43 424 43 892 46 256 43 279 39 309 39 408

Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 6 047 2 821 14 182 18 228 20 072 3 586

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 8 769 2 142 2 643 2 531 2 847 1 210

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 155 98 16 11 14 27

Fourth quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 71 699 57 380 57 437 69 949 71 071 74 554 69 962 61 476 61 555

Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 4 566 4 303 17 135 19 111 20 470 1 090

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 7 559 3 292 3 608 3 981 5 950 1 316

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 167 103 18 16 26 48

Fifth quintile:

Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

With type of deduction ......................... (X) (X) (X) 3 533 8 598 17 785 19 416 20 505 529

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 8 849 25 164 5 024 6 623 24 628 1 421

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 219 836 25 33 403 68

48 VALUATION OF NONCASH BENEFITS

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 12. Income Distribution Measures by Definition of Income: 1997mCon.

(Numbers in thousands. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text)

Characteristic

After taxesmcon.

Definition 13 plus other

means~tested governmentm

Definition 7

less

state

income

taxes

Definition 8

plus

nonmeans~

tested

 government

cash

transfers

Definition 9

plus

medicare

Definition 10

plus

regular~price

school

 lunches

Definition 11

plus

means~tested

government

 cash

transfers

Definition 12

plus

medicaid

Noncash

transfers

Noncash

transfers

less medical

programs

Definition 14

plus

net

imputed

return

 on equity

in own

home

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14a 15

ALL HOUSEHOLDS

Total .......................................... 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528 102 528

Recipiency Status

With income as defined ............................ 95 516 100 416 100 553 100 601 101 842 101 847 102 037 102 037 102 295

With addition or deduction.......................... 67 164 36 989 23 525 12 334 7 467 9 793 13 897 29 777 67 863

Mean addition or deduction dollars ............... .. 2 674 9 768 5 808 93 4 773 2 654 1 969 5 461 3 101

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 29 60 30 1 71 39 25 30 28

Mean total income dollars ...................... .. 48 216 33 837 38 840 59 777 20 400 33 308 21 807 16 176 55 602

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 280 294 371 666 387 466 200 398 303

Income Levels

Percent ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $5,000..................................... 15.8 5.5 5.4 5.4 3.4 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.1

$5,000 to $9,999 .................................. 5.8 6.6 5.7 5.7 6.6 6.3 5.7 6.8 5.0

$10,000 to $14,999................................ 6.4 8.0 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.6 7.0 9.0 6.7

$15,000 to $19,999................................ 7.2 8.5 7.9 7.9 8.0 7.8 8.3 9.1 7.8

$20,000 to $24,999................................ 7.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.3

$25,000 to $29,999................................ 7.1 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.2 8.4

$30,000 to $34,999................................ 6.5 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.9 7.5 7.8

$35,000 to $39,999................................ 6.0 6.8 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 6.9 7.4

$40,000 to $44,999................................ 5.5 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.2 6.8

$45,000 to $49,999................................ 4.8 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.8

$50,000 to $59,999................................ 8.3 9.0 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.1 10.0

$60,000 to $74,999................................ 8.2 8.8 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.3 8.8 10.0

$75,000 to $99,999................................ 6.0 6.5 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.5 7.8

$100,000 and over ................................ 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.3 6.2

Summary Measures

Median dollars .................................. .. 30 250 33 429 35 283 35 295 35 450 35 743 35 860 33 733 37 623

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 169 168 155 154 154 154 153 163 160

Mean dollars .................................... .. 39 088 42 612 43 944 43 955 44 303 44 557 44 823 43 237 46 876

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 223 219 219 219 218 218 217 217 221

Gini ratio ......................................... .487 .431 .419 .418 .412 .409 .403 .418 .397 Standard error .................................. .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0038

Quintile Measures

Lowest quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 8 694 14 941 16 639 16 643 17 100 17 450 17 912 15 896 18 996 Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 With type of addition or deduction ............... 2 751 10 533 4 742 435 4 535 2 910 6 750 8 198 7 756 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 107 7 314 2 232 81 4 211 1 186 2 391 3 039 1 743 Standard error dollars .................... .. 5 51 30 3 67 30 37 30 62

Second quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 23 296 26 877 28 776 28 784 28 986 29 350 29 535 27 292 31 035 Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 With type of addition or deduction ............... 14 040 8 959 6 209 1 418 1 326 2 667 3 902 8 751 11 044 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 462 10 738 5 269 84 5 390 2 638 1 751 5 799 2 198 Standard error dollars .................... .. 5 95 28 2 193 50 46 48 45

Third quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 38 124 40 759 42 262 42 273 42 423 42 666 42 738 40 966 44 795 Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 With type of addition or deduction ............... 16 239 7 212 5 239 2 501 723 1 905 2 149 5 795 14 176 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 1 160 10 344 7 286 93 5 834 3 628 1 319 6 767 2 491 Standard error dollars .................... .. 8 131 56 1 306 94 48 71 41

Fourth quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 58 881 60 714 61 707 61 737 61 820 61 968 62 003 60 830 64 861 Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 With type of addition or deduction ............... 16 946 5 707 3 969 3 740 518 1 361 873 3 824 16 468 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 2 288 10 135 7 535 95 5 747 3 764 1 413 6 716 2 907 Standard error dollars .................... .. 13 177 71 1 346 140 92 87 49

Fifth quintile:

Percent of households ........................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

With type of deduction ......................... 17 188 4 579 3 367 4 239 364 951 223 3 210 18 418

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 6 702 12 146 7 504 96 6 027 3 650 1 433 6 876 4 857

Standard error dollars .................... .. 98 285 81 1 498 173 174 98 76

VALUATION OF NONCASH BENEFITS 49

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 12. Income Distribution Measures by Definition of Income: 1997mCon.

(Numbers in thousands. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text)

Characteristic

Money incomem Before taxes After taxes

plus capital gains (losses)

Definition 1 less taxes Money incomem

Excluding

capital

gains

(current

official

measure)

Without

EIC With EIC

Definition 1

less

government

transfers

Definition 2

plus

capital

gains

(losses)

Definition 3

plus

health

insurance

 supplements

to wage or

salary

income

Definition 4

less

social

security

payroll

 taxes

Definition 5

less

federal

income

taxes

Definition 6

plus

earned

income

credit

1 1a 1b 2 3 4 5 6 7

HOUSEHOLDS WITH FEMALE

HOUSEHOLDER, NO HUSBAND

PRESENT, WITH RELATED

CHILDREN UNDER 18

Total .......................................... 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822

Recipiency Status

With income as defined ............................ 8 694 8 694 8 694 7 882 7 882 7 882 7 882 7 882 7 882

With addition or deduction.......................... (X) (X) (X) 3 963 773 3 808 7 124 4 563 4 976

Mean addition or deduction dollars ............... .. (X) (X) (X) 6 618 4 467 3 125 1 789 3 620 1 875

Standard error dollars ........................ .. (X) (X) (X) 155 826 37 29 232 23

Mean total income dollars ...................... .. (X) (X) (X) 15 121 57 289 41 703 27 945 36 959 21 300

Standard error dollars ........................ .. (X) (X) (X) 597 3 187 767 610 665 317

Income Levels

Percent ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $5,000..................................... 10.2 10.6 9.4 24.2 24.2 23.9 25.1 25.1 22.7

$5,000 to $9,999 .................................. 15.9 16.7 13.9 10.7 10.6 10.0 10.7 10.7 8.8

$10,000 to $14,999................................ 13.1 15.5 13.4 10.4 10.4 9.7 10.2 10.7 10.0

$15,000 to $19,999................................ 11.3 12.3 15.1 9.6 9.6 9.1 9.2 9.9 11.6

$20,000 to $24,999................................ 9.8 11.0 12.2 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.2 9.0 10.3

$25,000 to $29,999................................ 8.3 7.8 9.0 7.9 7.7 7.4 7.7 8.2 9.0

$30,000 to $34,999................................ 6.4 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.9 5.4 5.8

$35,000 to $39,999................................ 5.0 5.3 5.4 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.6 5.4 5.6

$40,000 to $44,999................................ 4.2 3.2 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.2

$45,000 to $49,999................................ 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.2 1.9 2.1

$50,000 to $59,999................................ 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.2 3.9 4.0

$60,000 to $74,999................................ 4.1 2.4 2.5 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.8 3.0 3.1

$75,000 to $99,999................................ 2.6 1.5 1.5 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.7

$100,000 and over ................................ 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.2 1.2

Summary Measures

Median dollars .................................. .. 19 752 17 853 19 419 17 034 17 031 18 197 17 062 16 590 18 664

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 395 332 260 346 343 524 411 362 345

Mean dollars .................................... .. 26 774 23 314 24 371 23 801 24 193 25 542 24 097 22 225 23 282

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 504 391 388 509 541 555 534 428 426

Gini ratio ......................................... .463 .441 .419 .524 .529 .529 .533 .513 .489

Standard error .................................. .0133 .0132 .0130 .0130 .0133 .0132 .0134 .0128 .0127

Quintile Measures

Lowest quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 15 549 14 375 14 998 8 608 8 675 8 886 8 386 8 275 8 766

Percent of households ........................... 40.7 40.7 36.7 32.3 32.4 31.9 32.2 31.8 29.4

With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 2 147 29 108 1 485 17 863

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 6 872 (B) 1 793 293 (B) 1 214

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 190 (B) 146 8 (B) 33

Second quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 29 374 25 510 25 744 25 435 25 639 26 783 25 130 23 440 23 844

Percent of households ........................... 27.2 26.4 29.0 32.6 32.4 31.8 31.4 30.8 31.4

With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 1 033 106 1 160 2 637 1 350 2 466

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 6 273 424 2 410 1 155 778 2 293

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 375 358 43 14 23 30

Third quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 46 137 38 490 38 602 43 424 43 892 46 256 43 279 39 309 39 408

Percent of households ........................... 17.6 16.9 17.8 20.3 20.0 21.1 21.0 20.9 22.2

With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 441 242 1 383 1 736 1 752 1 176

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 6 060 2 442 2 977 2 271 1 916 1 578

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 388 327 47 28 36 51

Fourth quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 71 699 57 380 57 437 69 949 71 071 74 554 69 962 61 476 61 555

Percent of households ........................... 9.4 10.2 10.4 10.0 10.2 10.3 10.2 11.1 11.4

With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 219 215 786 835 971 354

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 6 764 2 740 3 768 3 499 4 294 1 607

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 628 392 77 69 96 88

Fifth quintile:

Percent of households ........................... 5.1 5.8 6.0 4.8 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.5

With type of deduction ......................... (X) (X) (X) 121 181 372 432 473 116

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 6 819 12 294 4 936 5 556 16 725 1 719

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 811 3 304 167 189 1 985 169

50 VALUATION OF NONCASH BENEFITS

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 12. Income Distribution Measures by Definition of Income: 1997mCon.

(Numbers in thousands. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text)

Characteristic

After taxesmcon.

Definition 13 plus other

means~tested governmentm

Definition 7

less

state

income

taxes

Definition 8

plus

nonmeans~

tested

 government

cash

transfers

Definition 9

plus

medicare

Definition 10

plus

regular~price

school

 lunches

Definition 11

plus

means~tested

government

 cash

transfers

Definition 12

plus

medicaid

Noncash

transfers

Noncash

transfers

less medical

programs

Definition 14

plus

net

imputed

return

 on equity

in own

home

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14a 15

HOUSEHOLDS WITH FEMALE

HOUSEHOLDER, NO HUSBAND

PRESENT, WITH RELATED

CHILDREN UNDER 18

Total .......................................... 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822 8 822

Recipiency Status

With income as defined ............................ 7 882 8 134 8 143 8 171 8 709 8 709 8 793 8 793 8 800

With addition or deduction.......................... 4 322 2 283 546 1 884 2 421 2 187 4 741 2 459 3 337

Mean addition or deduction dollars ............... .. 1 091 6 600 4 433 84 4 609 2 716 2 788 3 401 2 178

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 42 223 167 1 118 82 54 91 111

Mean total income dollars ...................... .. 33 678 26 776 37 387 37 803 14 263 26 479 20 219 13 683 39 787

Standard error dollars ........................ .. 618 841 1 904 870 411 916 288 1 126 872

Income Levels

Percent ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $5,000..................................... 22.7 17.8 17.8 17.8 9.3 9.1 3.4 3.4 3.1

$5,000 to $9,999 .................................. 8.9 9.6 9.4 9.4 13.2 12.0 9.2 9.3 9.1

$10,000 to $14,999................................ 10.1 10.6 10.2 10.2 12.4 11.3 13.6 15.9 13.2

$15,000 to $19,999................................ 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.8 13.1 16.0 16.9 15.8

$20,000 to $24,999................................ 10.5 10.7 10.7 10.7 11.6 11.9 13.4 12.7 13.1

$25,000 to $29,999................................ 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.4 10.2 10.3 10.8 10.6 11.0

$30,000 to $34,999................................ 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.9 7.6 6.9 7.5

$35,000 to $39,999................................ 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.4

$40,000 to $44,999................................ 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.8

$45,000 to $49,999................................ 2.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.1 3.6

$50,000 to $59,999................................ 3.9 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.4 5.2

$60,000 to $74,999................................ 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.6

$75,000 to $99,999................................ 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.2

$100,000 and over ................................ 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5

Summary Measures

Median dollars .................................. .. 18 429 19 787 20 006 20 036 20 968 21 819 22 814 21 713 23 336

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 344 318 332 336 346 325 308 312 318 Mean dollars .................................... .. 22 748 24 456 24 730 24 748 26 013 26 686 28 185 27 237 29 009 Standard error dollars .......................... .. 409 413 416 416 406 408 397 391 407 Gini ratio ......................................... .484 .460 .460 .460 .423 .417 .374 .377 .375 Standard error .................................. .0126 .0126 .0126 .0126 .0128 .0127 .0128 .0130 .0128

Quintile Measures

Lowest quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 8 694 14 941 16 639 16 643 17 100 17 450 17 912 15 896 18 996 Percent of households ........................... 29.4 37.8 40.8 40.7 40.1 39.4 35.9 31.7 38.4 With type of addition or deduction ............... 127 810 122 225 1 791 877 2 510 638 588 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 132 4 333 1 830 77 4 312 1 522 3 385 1 690 1 128 Standard error dollars .................... .. 92 181 170 3 106 51 74 67 157

Second quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 23 296 26 877 28 776 28 784 28 986 29 350 29 535 27 292 31 035 Percent of households ........................... 31.4 27.4 27.1 27.1 27.5 27.0 29.7 32.2 28.7 With type of addition or deduction ............... 1 451 595 142 568 400 679 1 421 1 056 899 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 289 6 302 3 927 83 5 116 2 737 2 324 3 195 1 342 Standard error dollars .................... .. 10 334 268 2 368 97 96 108 131

Third quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 38 124 40 759 42 262 42 273 42 423 42 666 42 738 40 966 44 795 Percent of households ........................... 21.8 18.1 16.4 16.4 16.4 17.2 17.5 19.0 16.6 With type of addition or deduction ............... 1 506 413 113 506 123 358 522 417 825 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 722 7 356 5 433 87 5 961 4 335 1 777 5 131 2 057 Standard error dollars .................... .. 19 502 252 3 874 248 128 291 190

Fourth quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 58 881 60 714 61 707 61 737 61 820 61 968 62 003 60 830 64 861 Percent of households ........................... 11.7 11.0 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.5 10.9 11.3 10.8

With type of addition or deduction ............... 810 320 92 372 65 183 215 214 656

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 1 619 9 248 5 670 83 (B) 4 338 1 673 4 563 2 886

Standard error dollars .................... .. 49 698 294 3 (B) 503 228 364 259

Fifth quintile:

Percent of households ........................... 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.5

With type of deduction ......................... 427 144 78 213 42 90 73 134 369

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 4 401 12 526 6 526 93 (B) 4 455 (B) 5 910 4 900

Standard error dollars .................... .. 307 1 941 515 5 (B) 588 (B) 518 620

VALUATION OF NONCASH BENEFITS 51

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 12. Income Distribution Measures by Definition of Income: 1997mCon.

(Numbers in thousands. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text)

Characteristic

Money incomem Before taxes After taxes

plus capital gains (losses)

Definition 1 less taxes Money incomem

Excluding

capital

gains

(current

official

measure)

Without

EIC With EIC

Definition 1

less

government

transfers

Definition 2

plus

capital

gains

(losses)

Definition 3

plus

health

insurance

 supplements

to wage or

salary

income

Definition 4

less

social

security

payroll

 taxes

Definition 5

less

federal

income

taxes

Definition 6

plus

earned

income

credit

1 1a 1b 2 3 4 5 6 7

HOUSEHOLDS WITH MEMBERS 65

YEARS OLD AND OVER

Total .......................................... 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924

Recipiency Status

With income as defined ............................ 23 773 23 773 23 773 19 980 19 980 19 980 19 980 19 980 19 980

With addition or deduction.......................... (X) (X) (X) 22 440 4 096 4 128 7 694 10 874 1 084

Mean addition or deduction dollars ............... .. (X) (X) (X) 12 442 9 519 2 846 2 414 7 765 911

Standard error dollars ........................ .. (X) (X) (X) 72 691 47 45 314 45

Mean total income dollars ...................... .. (X) (X) (X) 21 123 64 736 65 578 49 246 41 804 23 261

Standard error dollars ........................ .. (X) (X) (X) 444 2 514 1 978 1 393 735 1 443

Income Levels

Percent ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $5,000..................................... 2.9 3.0 2.9 40.3 39.9 39.9 40.2 40.2 40.1

$5,000 to $9,999 .................................. 14.5 14.6 14.6 11.1 11.2 11.0 11.1 11.6 11.6

$10,000 to $14,999................................ 15.3 15.5 15.5 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.1

$15,000 to $19,999................................ 12.4 12.9 12.9 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.4 7.1 7.2

$20,000 to $24,999................................ 9.6 10.4 10.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.8 5.8

$25,000 to $29,999................................ 7.9 8.4 8.4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.6

$30,000 to $34,999................................ 6.1 6.9 6.9 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.8

$35,000 to $39,999................................ 5.1 5.6 5.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6

$40,000 to $44,999................................ 4.0 4.1 4.2 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3

$45,000 to $49,999................................ 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8

$50,000 to $59,999................................ 4.9 4.7 4.7 2.7 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.8

$60,000 to $74,999................................ 4.5 4.2 4.2 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0

$75,000 to $99,999................................ 4.2 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.4

$100,000 and over ................................ 5.3 3.1 3.1 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.2 2.8 2.8

Summary Measures

Median dollars .................................. .. 22 369 21 854 21 937 9 311 9 427 9 552 9 352 9 188 9 245

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 243 225 228 240 243 250 239 219 217

Mean dollars .................................... .. 34 683 31 135 31 176 23 013 24 643 25 134 24 358 20 828 20 869

Standard error dollars .......................... .. 452 358 358 446 529 535 523 384 384 Gini ratio ......................................... .482 .450 .449 .666 .677 .678 .677 .652 .652 Standard error .................................. .0087 .0086 .0086 .0088 .0091 .0090 .0091 .0089 .0089

Quintile Measures

Lowest quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 15 549 14 375 14 998 8 608 8 675 8 886 8 386 8 275 8 766 Percent of households ........................... 34.5 31.2 33.0 48.7 48.6 48.9 48.0 47.9 49.1 With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 11 330 612 123 1 034 173 333 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 11 667 525 1 341 316 151 452

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 89 93 107 13 20 48

Second quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 29 374 25 510 25 744 25 435 25 639 26 783 25 130 23 440 23 844 Percent of households ........................... 27.3 26.2 24.8 24.0 23.8 24.0 24.0 24.3 23.5 With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 5 461 940 910 2 273 4 126 404 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 13 221 1 499 1 608 1 007 974 1 191

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 147 101 52 21 18 84

Third quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 46 137 38 490 38 602 43 424 43 892 46 256 43 279 39 309 39 408 Percent of households ........................... 16.9 18.1 17.8 11.8 11.8 11.7 12.1 12.3 12.0 With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 2 552 778 1 039 1 699 2 892 202 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 13 158 2 800 2 189 2 035 3 348 1 037

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 241 190 55 45 43 101

Fourth quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 71 699 57 380 57 437 69 949 71 071 74 554 69 962 61 476 61 555 Percent of households ........................... 10.9 12.7 12.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.6 With type of addition or deduction ............... (X) (X) (X) 1 591 649 943 1 224 1 812 88 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 13 066 4 752 3 046 3 219 7 483 923

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 291 270 70 73 114 160

Fifth quintile:

Percent of households ........................... 10.3 11.8 11.8 7.8 8.2 7.9 8.3 7.8 7.8

With type of deduction ......................... (X) (X) (X) 1 506 1 117 1 113 1 465 1 871 57

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. (X) (X) (X) 13 573 28 651 4 468 5 847 30 545 (B)

Standard error dollars .................... .. (X) (X) (X) 356 2 315 114 141 1 589 (B)

52 VALUATION OF NONCASH BENEFITS

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Table 12. Income Distribution Measures by Definition of Income: 1997mCon.

(Numbers in thousands. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text)

Characteristic

After taxesmcon.

Definition 13 plus other

means~tested governmentm

Definition 7

less

state

income

taxes

Definition 8

plus

nonmeans~

tested

 government

cash

transfers

Definition 9

plus

medicare

Definition 10

plus

regular~price

school

 lunches

Definition 11

plus

means~tested

government

 cash

transfers

Definition 12

plus

medicaid

Noncash

transfers

Noncash

transfers

less medical

programs

Definition 14

plus

net

imputed

return

 on equity

in own

home

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14a 15

HOUSEHOLDS WITH MEMBERS 65

YEARS OLD AND OVER

Total .......................................... 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924 23 924

Recipiency Status

With income as defined ............................ 19 980 23 563 23 661 23 661 23 773 23 773 23 794 23 794 23 896 With addition or deduction.......................... 10 939 22 066 20 866 472 1 809 2 476 2 293 20 910 18 990 Mean addition or deduction dollars ............... .. 1 907 12 311 5 913 82 4 167 1 914 1 586 6 128 4 312 Standard error dollars ........................ .. 72 72 32 3 132 58 37 34 56 Mean total income dollars ...................... .. 34 113 30 869 39 300 68 547 23 435 33 495 18 572 16 338 44 849 Standard error dollars ........................ .. 612 369 402 3 594 848 882 441 496 460

Income Levels

Percent ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under $5,000..................................... 40.1 5.0 4.6 4.6 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 1.8 $5,000 to $9,999 .................................. 11.8 13.5 10.0 10.0 10.8 10.6 9.6 13.2 7.5 $10,000 to $14,999................................ 9.2 14.9 8.8 8.8 9.1 9.1 9.7 16.7 9.1 $15,000 to $19,999................................ 7.7 12.7 10.3 10.3 10.5 10.3 10.7 13.0 9.5 $20,000 to $24,999................................ 5.8 10.1 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.6 10.3 9.9 $25,000 to $29,999................................ 4.8 8.2 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.1 8.8 $30,000 to $34,999................................ 3.6 6.8 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.0 8.0 $35,000 to $39,999................................ 2.7 5.3 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.5 5.4 7.7 $40,000 to $44,999................................ 2.3 4.2 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 4.3 7.0 $45,000 to $49,999................................ 1.8 3.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 3.2 5.2 $50,000 to $59,999................................ 2.9 4.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.1 4.9 8.1 $60,000 to $74,999................................ 2.8 4.3 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 4.3 7.2 $75,000 to $99,999................................ 2.3 3.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 3.5 5.5 $100,000 and over ................................ 2.4 3.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.4 5.0

Summary Measures

Median dollars .................................. .. 9 161 21 876 28 368 28 370 28 598 28 800 28 845 22 130 32 022 Standard error dollars .......................... .. 212 235 278 278 276 278 280 229 276 Mean dollars .................................... .. 19 997 31 352 36 509 36 511 36 826 37 024 37 176 31 821 40 599 Standard error dollars .......................... .. 357 365 376 376 375 375 375 364 387

Gini ratio ......................................... .645 .461 .430 .430 .424 .422 .418 .449 .405

Standard error .................................. .0089 .0086 .0081 .0081 .0081 .0081 .0081 .0086 .0079

Quintile Measures

Lowest quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 8 694 14 941 16 639 16 643 17 100 17 450 17 912 15 896 18 996

Percent of households ........................... 49.0 33.2 26.6 26.6 26.8 27.2 27.9 35.1 25.7

With type of addition or deduction ............... 1 471 7 225 3 960 26 1 022 893 1 534 6 040 3 557

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 90 8 219 2 256 (B) 3 444 580 1 742 3 322 2 262

Standard error dollars .................... .. 4 53 31 (B) 135 23 42 33 83

Second quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 23 296 26 877 28 776 28 784 28 986 29 350 29 535 27 292 31 035

Percent of households ........................... 23.7 26.3 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.8 23.3 24.7 22.6

With type of addition or deduction ............... 4 162 6 022 5 608 42 300 496 382 5 765 4 250

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 405 13 035 5 265 (B) 4 451 1 910 1 248 6 831 3 244

Standard error dollars .................... .. 9 93 29 (B) 308 71 70 52 67

Third quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 38 124 40 759 42 262 42 273 42 423 42 666 42 738 40 966 44 795

Percent of households ........................... 12.0 17.6 20.5 20.5 20.6 20.2 20.0 17.4 20.7

With type of addition or deduction ............... 2 280 3 959 4 775 87 199 411 209 4 025 4 312

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 1 249 14 168 7 354 83 6 122 2 817 1 377 7 569 3 958

Standard error dollars .................... .. 26 147 59 6 536 130 172 75 75

Fourth quintile:

Upper limit dollars ............................. .. 58 881 60 714 61 707 61 737 61 820 61 968 62 003 60 830 64 861

Percent of households ........................... 7.6 11.9 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 11.8 16.4

With type of addition or deduction ............... 1 483 2 605 3 503 115 161 387 134 2 662 3 553

Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 2 637 15 108 7 674 78 5 448 3 226 1 286 7 585 5 082

Standard error dollars .................... .. 54 252 76 6 642 191 172 94 135

Fifth quintile: Percent of households ........................... 7.7 10.9 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 11.0 14.7 With type of deduction ......................... 1 543 2 253 3 020 202 127 289 33 2 418 3 318 Mean amount dollars ....................... .. 7 966 17 002 7 590 85 4 620 3 004 (B) 7 454 7 513

Standard error dollars .................... .. 430 407 87 4 467 220 (B) 100 218

VALUATION OF NONCASH BENEFITS 53

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 2, 1998
Appendix A.

Definitions and Explanations

FAMILY

The term ‘‘family’’ refers to a group of two or more

people related by birth, marriage, or adoption who reside

together; the Census Bureau considers all such people

as members of one family. For example, if the son of the

person who maintains the household and the son’s wife

are members of the household, the Census Bureau

treats them as members of the parent’s family. Every

family must include a reference person. Two or more

people living in the same household who are related to

one another, but are not related to the householder, form

an ‘‘unrelated subfamily.’’ Beginning with the 1980 Current Population Survey (CPS), the Census Bureau excluded

unrelated subfamilies from the count of families and

unrelated subfamily members from the count of family

members.

FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS

Family households are households maintained by a

family (as defined above). Members of family households include any unrelated people (unrelated subfamily

members and/or secondary individuals) who may be

residing there. The number of family households will not

equal the number of families since families living in

group quarters are included in the count of families. In

addition, the count of family household members differs

from the count of family members in that the family

household members include all people living in the

household; whereas, family members include only householders and their relatives. (See the definition of family.)

GINI RATIO

The Gini ratio (or index of income concentration) is a

statistical measure of income equality ranging from 0 to

1. A measure of 1 indicates perfect inequality; i.e., one

person has all the income and the rest have none. A

measure of 0 indicates perfect equality; i.e., all people

have equal shares of income. The Census Bureau used

grouped data to compute all Gini ratios appearing in this

report. For a more detailed discussion, see Current

Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 123.

HOUSEHOLDER

The householder refers to the person (or one of the

people) who owns or rents (maintains) the housing unit.

If a married couple owns the housing unit jointly, the

interviewer may list either as the householder. The

person listed first is the householder and is the ‘‘reference person’’ to whom the Census Bureau designates

the relationship of all other household members. The

number of householders is equal to the number of

households. Also, the number of family householders is

equal to the number of families.

HOUSEHOLDS

Households consist of all people who occupy a

housing unit. The Census Bureau regards a house, an

apartment or other group of rooms, or a single room as

a housing unit when it is occupied or intended for

occupancy as separate living quarters: the occupants do

not live and eat with any other people in the structure

and there is direct access from the outside or through a

common hall.

A household includes the related family members and

all the unrelated people, if any, such as lodgers, foster

children, wards, or employees who share the housing

unit. The Census Bureau also counts a person living

alone in a housing unit or a group of unrelated people

sharing a housing unit as partners as a household. The

count of households excludes group quarters.

INCOME

Official Definition of Income

For each person in the sample 15 years old and over,

the CPS asks questions on the amount of money

income received in the preceding calendar year from

each of the following sources:

1. Earnings

2. Unemployment compensation

3. Workers’ compensation

4. Social security

5. Supplemental security income

6. Public assistance

7. Veterans’ payments

8. Survivor benefits

9. Disability benefits

10. Pension or retirement income

A–1

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Jun. 15, 1998
11. Interest

12. Dividends

13. Rents, royalties, and estates and trusts

14. Educational assistance

15. Alimony

16. Child support

17. Financial assistance from outside of the household

18. Other income

Alternative measures of income (definitions 1 through

15 shown in table 12) are shown on page A–4.

It should be noted that although the income statistics

refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, the

demographic characteristics, such as age, labor force

status, and family or household composition, are as of

the survey date. The income of the family/household

does not include amounts received by people who were

members during all or part of the income year if these

people no longer resided in the family/household at the

time of interview. However, the CPS collects income

data for people who are current residents but did not

reside in the household during the income year.

Data on consumer income collected in the CPS by

the Census Bureau cover money income received (exclusive of certain money receipts such as capital gains)

before payments for personal income taxes, social

security, union dues, medicare deductions, etc. Therefore, money income does not reflect the fact that some

families receive part of their income in the form of

noncash benefits, such as food stamps, health benefits,

rent-free housing, and goods produced and consumed

on the farm. In addition, money income does not reflect

the fact that noncash benefits are also received by some

nonfarm residents which often take the form of the use

of business transportation and facilities, full or partial

payments by business for retirement programs, medical

and educational expenses, etc. Data users should consider these elements when comparing income levels.

Moreover, readers should be aware that for many different reasons there is a tendency in household surveys for

respondents to under report their income. Based on an

analysis of independently derived income estimates, the

Census Bureau determined that respondents report

income earned from wages or salaries much better than

other sources of income and that the reported wage and

salary income is nearly equal to independent estimates

of aggregate income.

The Census Bureau collects data for the following

income sources.

Earnings. The Census Bureau classifies earnings from

longest job (or self-employment) and other employment

earnings into three types:

1. Money wage or salary income is the total income

people receive for work performed as an employee

during the income year. This category includes

wages, salary, armed forces pay, commissions, tips,

piece-rate payments, and cash bonuses earned,

before deductions are made for items such as

taxes, bonds, pensions, and union dues.

2. Net income from nonfarm self-employment is the

net money income (gross receipts minus expenses)

from one’s own business, professional enterprise,

or partnership. Gross receipts include the value of

all goods sold and services rendered. Expenses

include items such as costs of goods purchased,

rent, heat, power, depreciation charges, wages and

salaries paid, and business taxes (not personal

income taxes). In general, the Census Bureau

considers inventory changes in determining net

income from nonfarm self-employment; replies based

on income tax returns or other official records do

reflect inventory changes. However, when respondents do not report values of inventory changes,

interviewers will accept net income figures exclusive of inventory changes. The Census Bureau

does not include the value of saleable merchandise

consumed by the proprietors of retail stores as part

of net income.

3. Net income from farm self-employment is the net

money income (gross receipts minus operating

expenses) from the operation of a farm by a person

on their own account as an owner, renter, or sharecropper. Gross receipts include the value of all

products sold, payments from government farm

programs, money received from the rental of farm

equipment to others, rent received from farm property if payment is made based on a percent of crops

produced, and incidental receipts from the sale of

items such as wood, sand, and gravel. Operating

expenses include items such as cost of feed, fertilizer, seed, and other farming supplies; cash wages

paid to farmhands; depreciation charges; cash rent;

interest on farm mortgages; farm building repairs;

and farm taxes (not state and federal personal

income taxes). The Census Bureau does not include

the value of fuel, food, or other farm products used

for family living as part of net income. In determining

farm self-employment income, the Census Bureau

considers inventory changes in determining net

income only when they are accounted for in replies

based on income tax returns or other official records

which reflect inventory changes; otherwise, the

Census Bureau does not take inventory changes

into account.

Unemployment compensation includes payments the

respondent received from government unemployment

agencies or private companies during periods of unemployment and any strike benefits the respondent received

from union funds.

A–2

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Jun. 15, 1998
Workers’ compensation includes payments people

receive periodically from public or private insurance

companies for injuries received at work.

Social security includes social security pensions and

survivors’ benefits and permanent disability insurance

payments made by the Social Security Administration

prior to deductions for medical insurance. The Census

Bureau does not include medicare reimbursements for

health services as social security benefits.

Supplemental security income includes federal, state,

and local welfare agency payments to low-income people

who are 65 years old or over or people of any age who

are blind or disabled.

Public assistance or welfare payments include cash

public assistance payments low-income people receive,

such as aid to families with dependent children (AFDC,

ADC), temporary assistance to needy families (TANF),

general assistance, and emergency assistance.

Veterans’ payments include payments disabled members of the armed forces or survivors of deceased

veterans receive periodically from the Department of

Veterans Affairs for education and on-the-job training,

and means-tested assistance to veterans.

Survivor benefits include payments people receive

from survivors’ or widows’ pensions, estates, trusts,

annuities, or any other types of survivor benefits. Respondents can report payments from ten different sources:

private companies or unions; federal government (Civil

Service); military; state or local governments; railroad

retirement; workers’ compensation; Black lung payments;

estates and trusts; annuities or paid-up insurance policies; and other survivor payments.

Disability benefits include payments people receive as

a result of a health problem or disability (other than

those from social security). Respondents can report

payments from ten sources: workers’ compensation;

companies or unions; federal government (Civil Service); military; state or local governments; railroad retirement; accident or disability insurance; Black lung payments; state temporary sickness; or other disability

payments.

Pension or retirement income includes payments

people receive from eight sources: companies or unions;

federal government (Civil Service); military; state or local

governments; railroad retirement; annuities or paid-up

insurance policies; individual retirement accounts (IRAs),

Keogh, or 401(k) payments; or other retirement income.

Interest income includes payments people receive (or

have credited to accounts) from bonds, treasury notes,

IRAs, certificates of deposit, interest-bearing savings

and checking accounts, and all other investments that

pay interest.

Dividends include income people receive from stock

holdings and mutual fund shares. The CPS does not

include capital gains from the sale of stock holdings as

income.

Rents, royalties, and estates and trusts include the

net income people receive from the rental of a house,

store, or other property, receipts from boarders or lodgers, net royalty income, and periodic payments from

estate or trust funds.

Educational assistance includes Pell Grants; other

government educational assistance; any scholarships or

grants; or financial assistance students receive from

employers, friends, or relatives not residing in the student’s household.

Child support includes all periodic payments a parent

receives from an absent parent for the support of

children, even if these payments are made through a

state or local government office.

Alimony includes all periodic payments people receive

from ex-spouses. Alimony excludes one-time property

settlements.

Financial assistance from outside of the household

includes periodic payments people receive from nonhousehold members. This type of assistance excludes

gifts or sporadic assistance.

Other income includes all other payments people receive

regularly that are not included elsewhere on the questionnaire. Some examples are state programs such as

foster child payments, military family allotments, and

income received from foreign government pensions.

Government transfers include payments people receive

from the following sources: (1) unemployment compensation, (2) state workers’ compensation, (3) social security, (4) supplemental security income (SSI), (5) public

assistance, (6) veterans’ benefits, (7) government survivor benefits, (8) government disability benefits, (9)

government pensions, and (10) government educational

assistance.

The Census Bureau does not count the following

receipts as income: (1) capital gains people receive (or

losses they incur) from the sale of property, including

stocks, bonds, a house, or a car (unless the person was

engaged in the business of selling such property, in

which case the CPS counts the net proceeds as income

from self-employment); (2) withdrawals of bank deposits; (3) money borrowed; (4) tax refunds; (5) gifts; and (6)

lump-sum inheritances or insurance payments.

A–3

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Jun. 4, 1998
The Census Bureau combines all sources of income

into two major types:

1. Total money earnings is the algebraic sum of money

wages and salary and net income from farm and

nonfarm self-employment.

2. Income other than earnings is the algebraic sum of

all sources of money income except wages and

salaries and income from self-employment.

Alternative Measures of Income

Table 12 shows data for the following 15 definitions of

income.

1. Money income excluding capital gains before taxes.

This is the official definition used in Census Bureau

reports.

a. Money income after taxes (without earned

income credit (EIC)). This is definition 1 minus

federal and state income taxes exclusive of

the EIC, minus payroll taxes, plus capital

gains, and minus capital losses.

b. Money income after taxes (including EIC).

This is definition 1a plus the EIC.

2. Definition 1 less government cash transfers. Government cash transfers include nonmeans-tested

transfers such as social security payments, unemployment compensation, and government educational assistance (e.g., Pell Grants), as well as

means-tested transfers such as aid to families with

dependent children (AFDC, ADC), temporary assistance to needy families (TANF), and supplemental

security income (SSI). (For a complete listing of

transfer income, see definitions 9 and 12.)

3. Definition 2 plus capital gains. Realized capital

gains and losses are simulated as part of the

Census Bureau’s federal individual income tax

estimation procedure.

4. Definition 3 plus imputed health insurance supplements to wage or salary income. Employer-paid

health insurance coverage is treated as part of

total worker compensation.

5. Definition 4 less payroll taxes. Payroll taxes are

payments for social security old age, survivors,

and disability insurance, and for hospital insurance

(medicare).

6. Definition 5 less federal income taxes. Definition 7

shows the effect of the earned income credit

(targeted to low-income workers) separately.

7. Definition 6 plus the earned income credit.

8. Definition 7 less state income taxes.

9. Definition 8 plus nonmeans-tested government

cash transfers. Nonmeans-tested government cash

transfers include social security payments, unemployment compensation, workers’ compensation,

nonmeans-tested veterans’ payments, U.S. railroad retirement, Black lung payments, Pell Grants,

and other government educational assistance. (Pell

Grants are income-tested but are included here

because they are very different from the assistance programs included in the means-tested category.)

10. Definition 9 plus the value of medicare. Medicare is

counted at its fungible value.1

11. Definition 10 plus the value of regular-price school

lunches.

12. Definition 11 plus means-tested government cash

transfers. Means-tested government cash transfers include AFDC, ADC, TANF, SSI, other public

assistance programs, and means-tested veterans’

payments.

13. Definition 12 plus the value of medicaid. This

definition counts medicaid at its fungible value.

14. Definition 13 plus the value of other means-tested

government noncash transfers, including food stamps,

rent subsidies, and free and reduced-price school

lunches.

a. Definition 14 less medical programs. This is

cash income plus all noncash income except

imputed income from own home, minus the

fungible values of medicaid and medicare.

15. Definition 14 plus net imputed return on equity in

one’s own home. This definition includes the estimated annual benefit of converting one’s home

equity into an annuity, net of property taxes.

MEAN INCOME

Mean income is the amount obtained by dividing the

total aggregate income of a group by the number of units

in that group. The means for households, families, and

unrelated individuals are based on all households, families, and unrelated individuals. The means for people

are based on people 15 years old and over with income.

MEDIAN INCOME

Median income is the amount which divides the

income distribution into two equal groups, half having

1

The fungible approach for valuing medical coverage assigns

income to the extent that having the insurance would free up resources

that would have been spent on medical care. The estimated fungible

value depends on family income, the cost of food and housing needs,

and the market value of the medical benefits. If family income is not

sufficient to cover the family’s basic food and housing requirements,

the fungible value methodology treats medicare and medicaid as

having no income value. If family income exceeds the cost of food and

housing requirements, the fungible value of medicare and medicaid is

equal to the amount which exceeds the value assigned for food and

housing requirements (up to the amount of the market value of an

equivalent insurance policy (total cost divided by the number of

participants in each risk class)).

A–4

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Jun. 15, 1998
incomes above the median, half having incomes below

the median. The medians for households, families, and

unrelated individuals are based on all households, families, and unrelated individuals. The medians for people

are based on people 15 years old and over with income.

PER CAPITA INCOME

Per capita income is the mean income computed for

every man, woman, and child in a particular group. The

Census Bureau derived per capita income by dividing

the total income of a particular group by the total

population in that group (excluding patients or inmates in

institutional quarters).

POPULATION COVERAGE

This report includes the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States and members of the armed

forces in the United States living off post or with their

families on post, but excludes all other members of the

armed forces.

The Census Bureau collected the information on the

Hispanic population shown in this report in the 50 states

and the District of Columbia. Therefore, the Hispanic

population does not include residents of outlying areas

or U.S. territories such as Guam, Puerto Rico, and the

Virgin Islands.

ROUNDING

The Census Bureau rounds percentages to the nearest tenth of a percent; therefore, the percentages in a

distribution do not always add to exactly 100.0 percent.

SYMBOLS

The Census Bureau uses the following abbreviations

and symbols in this publication:

– Represents zero or rounds to zero.

B The base for the derived figure is less than

75,000.

NA Not available.

r Revised.

X Not applicable.

UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS

The term ‘‘unrelated individuals’’ refers to people 15

years and over (other than inmates of institutions) who

are not living with any relatives. An unrelated individual

may either:

• Constitute a one-person household

• Be part of a household including one or more other

unrelated individuals or families

or

• Reside in group quarters, such as a rooming house

Thus, a widow living by herself or with one or more other

people not related to her, a lodger not related to the

householder or to anyone else in the household, and a

servant living in an employer’s household with no relatives are examples of unrelated individuals.

WORK EXPERIENCE

A person with work experience is one who, during the

preceding calendar year, did any work for pay or profit or

worked without pay on a family-operated farm or business at any time during the year, on a part-time or

full-time basis. A full-time worker is one who worked 35

hours or more per week during a majority of the weeks

worked during the preceding calendar year. A yearround worker is one who worked for 50 weeks or more

during the preceding calendar year. A full-time, yearround worker is a person who worked full time (35 or

more hours per week) and 50 or more weeks during the

previous calendar year.

A–5

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Jun. 4, 1998
Appendix B.

Time Series Estimates of Income

This appendix includes time series estimates of income

for households, families, and people by race and Hispanic

origin. We adjusted the money income estimates in this

appendix for changes in cost of living. This adjustment

allows data users to more accurately assess changes in

economic well-being over time. The Census Bureau uses

the experimental Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-X1)

(provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics) for 1967

through 1982 and the CPI-U for 1983 through 1997, to

adjust for changes in the cost of living.1 See the Current

Population Reports, P-60, No. 174, Money Income of

Households, Families, and Persons in the United States:

1990, for a discussion of the uses of the CPI-U-X1 and

CPI-U as price deflators.

To assist the data users in the interpretation of the time

series data, we have included the following table showing

the periods of recession from 1946 to present.

Recessionary Periods

Peak month Year Trough month Year

November ................. 1948 October .................. 1949

July....................... 1953 May...................... 1954

August .................... 1957 April ..................... 1958

April ...................... 1960 February ................. 1961

December ................. 1969 November ................ 1970

November ................. 1973 March .................... 1975

January ................... 1980 July ...................... 1980

July....................... 1981 November ................ 1982

July....................... 1990 March .................... 1991

Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138

1

The Census Bureau derived the experimental Consumer Price Indexes

(CPI-U-X1) included in this appendix for years prior to 1967 by applying

the CPI-U-X1-to-CPI-U ratio for 1967 to the 1947 through 1966 CPI-U

indexes.

B–1

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Jun. 25, 1998
Table B–1. Annual Average Consumer Price Index (CPI-U): 1947 to 1997

Year CPI-U1

1947............................................. 24.2

1948............................................. 26.2

1949............................................. 25.9

1950............................................. 26.2

1951............................................. 28.3

1952............................................. 28.8

1953............................................. 29.0

1954............................................. 29.2

1955............................................. 29.1

1956............................................. 29.6

1957............................................. 30.5

1958............................................. 31.4

1959............................................. 31.6

1960............................................. 32.2

1961............................................. 32.5

1962............................................. 32.8

1963............................................. 33.3

1964............................................. 33.7

1965............................................. 34.2

1966............................................. 35.2

1967............................................. 36.3

1968............................................. 37.7

1969............................................. 39.4

1970............................................. 41.3

1971............................................. 43.1

Year CPI-U1

1972............................................. 44.4

1973............................................. 47.2

1974............................................. 51.9

1975............................................. 56.2

1976............................................. 59.4

1977............................................. 63.2

1978............................................. 67.5

1979............................................. 74.0

1980............................................. 82.3

1981............................................. 90.1

1982............................................. 95.6

1983............................................. 99.6

1984............................................. 103.9

1985............................................. 107.6

1986............................................. 109.6

1987............................................. 113.6

1988............................................. 118.3

1989............................................. 124.0

1990............................................. 130.7

1991............................................. 136.2

1992............................................. 140.3

1993............................................. 144.5

1994............................................. 148.2

1995............................................. 152.4

1996............................................. 156.9

1997............................................. 160.5

1

The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ experimental Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-X1) for 1967 through 1982 and the CPI-U for

1983 through 1997. The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U indexes for years prior to 1967 by applying the 1967 CPI-U-X1-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947 to

1966 CPI-U indexes.

Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years’ data and 1997 by dividing the annual average Consumer Price

Index (CPI-U) for 1997 by the annual average for the earlier year(s).

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Jul. 13, 1998

B–2
Table B~2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:

1967 to 1997

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Race and Hispanic

origin of house~

holder and year

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.) Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

ALL RACES

1997 102 528 -------------- 100.0 3.4 7.6 8.1 14.9 13.3 16.3 18.1 9.0 9.4 37 005 171 49 692 278

1996 101 018 -------------- 100.0 3.3 8.2 8.4 15.1 13.6 16.1 18.2 8.4 8.7 36 306 183 48 204 270

1995 99 627 -------------- 100.0 3.4 8.0 8.4 15.3 14.0 16.7 17.7 8.3 8.2 35 887 207 47 326 259

19948 ------------- 98 990 100.0 3.7 8.6 8.4 15.6 13.8 16.5 17.1 8.2 8.1 34 942 159 46 713 251

19937 ------------- 97 107 100.0 3.9 8.8 8.4 15.5 14.1 16.3 17.3 7.9 7.8 34 700 162 46 015 249

19926 ------------- 96 426 100.0 3.8 8.6 8.6 15.2 14.1 16.6 17.9 7.9 7.2 35 047 166 44 432 186

1991 95 669 -------------- 100.0 3.6 8.6 8.0 15.3 13.9 17.1 17.8 8.3 7.3 35 501 171 44 688 184

1990 94 312 -------------- 100.0 3.5 8.1 7.9 14.8 13.8 17.7 18.2 8.3 7.7 36 770 188 45 931 194

1989 93 347 -------------- 100.0 3.1 8.1 7.6 14.8 13.7 17.1 18.7 8.8 8.2 37 415 206 47 270 206

1988 92 830 -------------- 100.0 3.3 8.6 7.6 14.8 13.3 17.1 18.8 8.7 7.8 36 937 180 46 152 206

19871 ------------- 91 124 100.0 3.4 8.6 7.6 14.6 13.5 17.4 18.6 8.8 7.4 36 820 175 45 791 188

1986 89 479 -------------- 100.0 3.7 8.5 7.8 14.9 13.3 17.6 18.7 8.3 7.2 36 460 189 45 044 183

1985 88 458 -------------- 100.0 3.6 8.7 8.2 15.1 14.1 17.9 17.9 8.2 6.2 35 229 191 43 356 172

1984 86 789 -------------- 100.0 3.5 8.8 8.2 15.9 14.0 17.9 18.0 7.6 6.0 34 626 158 42 425 156

19832 ------------- 85 290 100.0 3.8 9.1 8.1 16.3 14.5 18.0 17.6 7.2 5.4 33 869 153 41 268 153

1982 83 918 -------------- 100.0 3.7 9.2 8.4 16.0 14.8 18.0 17.7 7.1 5.1 33 864 153 40 812 151

1981 83 527 -------------- 100.0 3.5 9.2 8.3 16.5 14.0 18.5 18.2 7.2 4.7 33 978 178 40 592 148

1980 82 368 -------------- 100.0 3.2 9.2 8.2 15.8 14.0 19.2 18.4 7.2 4.8 34 538 177 41 077 150

19793 ------------- 80 776 100.0 3.1 8.9 7.8 15.5 14.1 18.5 19.4 7.4 5.3 35 703 169 42 411 160 1978 77 330 -------------- 100.0 2.9 8.9 8.1 15.5 13.7 19.2 19.2 7.5 5.0 35 819 145 42 158 162 1977 76 030 -------------- 100.0 3.0 9.1 8.5 15.7 14.3 19.1 19.0 6.8 4.5 34 467 130 40 887 124 1976 74 142 -------------- 100.0 3.0 9.2 8.5 15.9 14.3 19.8 18.7 6.5 4.1 34 278 127 40 320 124 1975 72 867 -------------- 100.0 3.2 9.4 8.7 15.9 15.3 19.4 18.3 6.1 3.8 33 699 137 39 351 123 19744 ------------- 71 163 100.0 3.1 9.0 7.9 15.7 15.3 19.9 18.5 6.6 4.1 34 627 133 40 493 127 1973 69 859 -------------- 100.0 3.6 8.2 8.2 14.9 14.7 19.7 19.4 6.8 4.5 35 745 136 41 339 126 1972 68 251 -------------- 100.0 4.0 8.5 8.0 14.7 14.9 20.2 18.9 6.4 4.3 35 053 134 40 797 127 1971 66 676 -------------- 100.0 4.6 8.9 7.9 15.4 15.6 21.0 17.7 5.5 3.5 33 619 130 38 665 123 1970 64 778 -------------- 100.0 4.7 8.7 7.5 15.1 16.1 21.1 17.7 5.5 3.5 33 942 124 38 866 124

1969 63 401 -------------- 100.0 4.8 8.6 7.3 15.0 16.3 21.6 17.7 5.3 3.4 34 173 126 38 878 122 1968 62 214 -------------- 100.0 5.0 8.6 7.8 15.3 17.7 21.2 16.9 4.6 2.8 32 964 119 37 294 119 1967 60 813 -------------- 100.0 5.9 9.1 7.7 16.2 17.3 21.9 14.9 4.3 2.8 31 583 115 35 323 115

WHITE

1997 86 106 -------------- 100.0 2.8 6.7 7.8 14.6 13.2 16.5 18.8 9.5 10.2 38 972 247 51 902 316

1996 85 059 -------------- 100.0 2.6 7.2 8.0 14.9 13.7 16.4 19.0 8.8 9.3 38 014 196 50 118 297

1995 84 511 -------------- 100.0 2.7 7.1 8.0 15.1 14.0 17.0 18.5 8.8 8.9 37 667 197 49 213 285

19948 ------------- 83 737 100.0 3.0 7.6 8.0 15.3 13.9 16.9 17.8 8.7 8.7 36 852 207 48 772 284 19937 ------------- 82 387 100.0 3.1 7.6 8.0 15.2 14.1 16.8 18.2 8.4 8.4 36 610 213 48 078 278 19926 ------------- 81 795 100.0 3.0 7.5 8.1 15.0 14.2 17.0 18.9 8.4 7.8 36 846 178 46 439 207 1991 81 675 -------------- 100.0 2.7 7.4 7.8 15.1 14.1 17.6 18.7 8.8 7.8 37 201 180 46 574 203 1990 80 968 -------------- 100.0 2.7 7.1 7.5 14.6 14.0 18.1 19.1 8.8 8.2 38 352 176 47 784 214

1989 80 163 -------------- 100.0 2.4 7.0 7.2 14.5 13.7 17.4 19.6 9.3 8.8 39 356 192 49 239 228 1988 79 734 -------------- 100.0 2.7 7.3 7.0 14.6 13.4 17.8 19.8 9.1 8.4 39 048 231 48 120 227 19871 ------------- 78 519 100.0 2.7 7.4 7.2 14.3 13.5 18.0 19.6 9.4 8.0 38 794 196 47 747 206

1986 77 284 -------------- 100.0 2.9 7.6 7.3 14.5 13.3 18.1 19.7 8.8 7.7 38 331 186 46 920 201

1985 76 576 -------------- 100.0 3.0 7.7 7.8 14.8 14.1 18.4 18.8 8.7 6.8 37 154 198 45 135 189

1984 75 328 -------------- 100.0 2.9 7.7 7.7 15.5 14.2 18.5 18.9 8.1 6.4 36 529 184 44 175 171

19832 ------------- 74 170 100.0 3.2 7.9 7.5 16.0 14.8 18.6 18.5 7.7 5.9 35 508 160 42 992 166

1982 73 182 -------------- 100.0 3.1 8.2 7.9 15.6 15.0 18.6 18.6 7.6 5.6 35 453 161 42 494 166

1981 72 845 -------------- 100.0 2.9 8.1 7.8 16.1 14.1 19.1 19.1 7.7 5.1 35 900 166 42 293 160

1980 71 872 -------------- 100.0 2.6 8.2 7.7 15.4 14.1 19.7 19.4 7.6 5.2 36 437 187 42 734 164

19793 ------------- 70 766 100.0 2.6 7.9 7.2 15.1 14.2 19.1 20.3 7.9 5.7 37 433 178 44 083 176

1978 68 028 -------------- 100.0 2.5 7.9 7.7 15.1 13.7 19.6 20.2 7.8 5.4 37 236 164 43 720 176

1977 66 934 -------------- 100.0 2.6 8.1 8.0 15.1 14.3 19.7 20.1 7.2 4.9 36 245 152 42 484 137

1976 65 353 -------------- 100.0 2.7 8.2 7.9 15.5 14.4 20.2 19.7 7.0 4.5 35 907 149 41 871 135

1975 64 392 -------------- 100.0 2.8 8.4 8.2 15.6 15.2 20.0 19.3 6.5 4.1 35 241 129 40 805 134

19744 ------------- 62 984 100.0 2.7 8.1 7.3 15.1 15.3 20.5 19.4 7.1 4.5 36 213 136 41 993 136

1973 61 965 -------------- 100.0 3.1 7.4 7.6 14.3 14.6 20.3 20.5 7.2 4.9 37 462 143 42 937 136

1972 60 618 -------------- 100.0 3.5 7.8 7.4 14.0 14.9 21.0 19.8 6.9 4.7 36 774 141 42 384 137

1971 59 463 -------------- 100.0 4.1 8.1 7.4 14.8 15.7 21.7 18.6 5.9 3.8 35 165 134 40 065 130

1970 57 575 -------------- 100.0 4.2 8.0 7.0 14.5 16.1 21.8 18.6 5.9 3.8 35 353 136 40 226 132

1969 56 248 -------------- 100.0 4.2 7.9 6.8 14.2 16.2 22.4 18.8 5.6 3.7 35 664 130 40 321 134

1968 55 394 -------------- 100.0 4.5 7.9 7.2 14.5 17.9 22.1 17.9 4.9 3.0 34 322 128 38 635 128

1967 54 188 -------------- 100.0 5.3 8.4 7.1 15.5 17.6 22.8 15.8 4.5 3.0 32 936 119 36 614 124

B~3
Table B~2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:

1967 to 1997mCon.

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Race and Hispanic

origin of house~

holder and year

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.) Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

BLACK

1997 12 474 -------------- 100.0 7.4 14.0 10.5 17.9 14.2 14.9 13.1 4.6 3.3 25 050 431 32 963 473

1996 12 109 -------------- 100.0 8.0 14.6 11.5 17.6 13.9 14.1 12.6 4.7 3.1 24 021 473 33 205 649

1995 11 577 -------------- 100.0 7.8 15.0 11.3 18.0 14.3 14.6 11.9 4.4 2.8 23 583 402 32 016 548

19948 ------------- 11 655 100.0 8.5 16.3 10.7 18.2 13.3 13.3 12.1 4.3 3.3 22 772 423 31 687 455

19937 ------------- 11 281 100.0 9.4 17.0 11.6 17.9 13.8 12.6 11.0 3.8 2.9 21 696 429 30 244 502

19926 ------------- 11 269 100.0 9.9 16.9 12.3 16.7 13.7 13.4 11.1 3.5 2.6 21 455 438 29 114 395

1991 11 083 -------------- 100.0 9.5 17.4 10.4 17.4 13.2 14.1 11.4 4.0 2.5 22 162 465 29 511 385

1990 10 671 -------------- 100.0 9.3 16.5 11.3 16.5 13.0 15.0 11.5 4.3 2.6 22 934 523 30 472 411

1989 10 486 -------------- 100.0 8.5 16.7 10.0 17.3 13.8 14.2 11.6 5.1 2.7 23 406 476 31 058 422

1988 10 561 -------------- 100.0 7.9 18.3 11.6 16.7 13.4 12.7 12.1 4.6 2.8 22 260 464 30 495 445

19871 ------------- 10 192 100.0 8.5 17.8 11.0 17.4 14.3 13.1 11.4 4.0 2.5 22 142 427 29 897 411

1986 9 922 -------------- 100.0 9.7 16.4 11.4 17.5 13.1 13.9 11.7 3.7 2.5 22 083 433 29 628 403

1985 9 797 -------------- 100.0 8.2 17.0 11.9 18.3 13.6 14.1 11.1 4.0 1.6 22 105 430 28 841 374

1984 9 480 -------------- 100.0 8.2 17.6 12.4 19.7 13.2 13.5 10.3 3.6 1.6 20 809 400 27 753 341

19832 ------------- 9 243 100.0 8.9 18.4 12.5 19.0 13.2 13.3 10.2 3.2 1.2 20 100 375 26 773 329

1982 8 916 -------------- 100.0 8.6 18.0 12.1 19.6 13.6 14.2 10.4 2.3 1.2 20 093 322 26 437 331

1981 8 961 -------------- 100.0 8.2 18.8 12.6 19.7 13.0 13.5 10.3 3.0 .9 20 145 338 26 464 321

1980 8 847 -------------- 100.0 7.6 17.7 12.8 19.2 13.3 14.7 10.5 3.1 1.1 20 992 396 27 244 335

19793 ------------- 8 586 100.0 7.2 16.7 12.3 19.8 13.6 14.4 11.6 3.2 1.2 21 978 401 28 200 347 1978 8 066 -------------- 100.0 6.3 17.6 12.2 18.8 13.8 15.2 11.1 3.8 1.2 22 377 473 28 598 373 1977 7 977 -------------- 100.0 5.9 17.2 13.1 20.8 14.2 14.4 10.2 3.0 1.1 21 388 287 27 404 244 1976 7 776 -------------- 100.0 5.7 17.7 13.3 19.6 13.9 15.7 10.4 2.7 .9 21 351 265 27 280 243 1975 7 489 -------------- 100.0 6.6 18.0 13.5 18.8 15.9 14.3 9.8 2.4 .8 21 156 311 26 408 234 19744 ------------- 7 263 100.0 6.5 16.9 12.6 20.9 15.2 14.5 10.4 2.2 .7 21 536 260 26 784 238 1973 7 040 -------------- 100.0 7.2 14.9 13.6 20.2 15.3 15.1 9.9 2.7 1.1 22 052 343 27 384 272 1972 6 809 -------------- 100.0 8.2 15.2 12.9 20.1 15.5 13.6 11.2 2.2 1.1 21 465 322 27 115 289 1971 6 578 -------------- 100.0 8.8 16.1 12.4 21.0 15.7 14.6 8.6 2.1 .7 20 772 309 25 740 264 1970 6 180 -------------- 100.0 9.5 14.8 12.2 20.9 15.8 14.5 9.2 2.2 .8 21 518 295 26 275 284

1969 6 053 -------------- 100.0 9.4 14.7 12.3 21.9 16.3 14.7 8.2 1.9 .6 21 558 318 25 664 273 1968 5 870 -------------- 100.0 9.7 15.0 13.4 22.2 16.3 13.4 7.7 1.8 .5 20 239 294 24 650 260 1967 5 728 -------------- 100.0 11.3 15.9 13.6 22.6 15.1 12.9 6.1 1.7 .9 19 123 318 22 978 256

HISPANIC

ORIGIN5

1997 8 590 -------------- 100.0 5.5 11.3 10.7 19.7 15.0 16.6 12.2 5.0 4.1 26 628 475 35 883 724 1996 8 225 -------------- 100.0 5.0 11.7 12.0 20.8 14.9 15.0 12.5 4.4 3.7 25 477 494 34 785 805 1995 7 939 -------------- 100.0 5.6 13.2 11.9 21.0 15.2 14.1 12.1 3.9 3.0 24 075 524 32 859 737

19948 ------------- 7 735 100.0 5.5 13.1 11.7 19.1 15.1 15.2 11.9 4.7 3.5 25 365 471 34 203 853

19937 ------------- 7 362 100.0 5.0 12.8 11.7 19.9 16.3 15.1 11.7 4.5 3.0 25 420 511 33 645 708

19926 ------------- 7 153 100.0 5.6 12.1 11.5 19.6 16.5 14.8 12.8 4.2 3.1 25 850 534 32 972 518

1991 6 379 -------------- 100.0 5.0 11.6 11.3 18.9 15.6 16.2 13.2 4.6 3.4 26 739 556 34 023 544

1990 6 220 -------------- 100.0 5.2 11.0 11.5 18.5 15.7 17.1 12.9 4.9 3.2 27 421 562 34 350 566

1989 5 933 -------------- 100.0 5.0 11.1 9.4 18.9 15.2 16.3 15.1 5.2 3.9 28 374 550 36 232 623 1988 5 910 -------------- 100.0 5.8 11.4 9.9 18.9 15.4 16.2 14.1 4.7 3.7 27 621 681 35 265 748 19871 ------------- 5 642 100.0 5.5 12.2 10.2 18.4 15.8 16.0 13.7 4.8 3.5 27 319 599 35 019 648 1986 5 418 -------------- 100.0 5.2 11.3 11.5 19.5 14.1 16.7 13.3 5.5 2.8 26 875 700 33 935 558 1985 5 213 -------------- 100.0 5.1 12.2 12.1 18.6 15.3 16.9 12.7 4.9 2.2 26 051 609 32 552 530 1984 4 883 -------------- 100.0 5.9 12.2 11.0 19.5 14.2 17.3 13.3 4.0 2.5 26 248 658 32 639 636 19832 ------------- 4 666 100.0 5.7 13.0 11.5 19.3 16.1 16.4 12.2 4.1 1.9 25 451 649 31 175 599 1982 4 085 -------------- 100.0 5.4 12.1 12.5 19.1 16.8 15.7 12.6 3.8 2.0 25 482 673 31 449 638 1981 3 980 -------------- 100.0 4.4 11.0 10.8 19.9 16.6 17.7 13.5 4.1 1.9 27 255 746 32 729 625 1980 3 906 -------------- 100.0 4.8 11.3 10.5 20.2 16.5 17.1 13.6 3.9 2.1 26 622 722 32 517 647

19793 ------------- 3 684 100.0 3.8 10.8 9.5 20.7 16.1 18.5 13.8 4.4 2.4 28 287 816 34 226 688

1978 3 291 -------------- 100.0 3.7 10.7 10.1 20.2 16.5 18.7 14.4 3.9 1.9 28 065 680 33 151 671

1977 3 304 -------------- 100.0 3.4 10.7 11.3 20.5 18.2 18.1 12.6 3.5 1.7 27 039 475 31 910 493

1976 3 081 -------------- 100.0 4.0 12.4 11.4 20.7 16.9 18.0 12.7 2.5 1.4 25 856 551 30 554 497

1975 2 948 -------------- 100.0 4.3 12.2 11.2 21.8 17.2 18.7 10.8 2.5 1.3 25 317 560 30 055 534

19744 ------------- 2 897 100.0 3.3 10.1 11.1 21.5 17.4 19.6 12.2 3.1 1.5 27 542 603 31 905 520

1973 2 722 -------------- 100.0 3.5 9.0 10.4 21.5 18.6 18.1 14.3 3.2 1.3 27 693 629 32 175 524

1972 2 655 -------------- 100.0 3.7 8.5 11.7 20.8 20.3 19.2 11.4 2.7 1.5 27 751 542 31 898 542

B~4
Table B~2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:

1967 to 1997mCon.

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Race and Hispanic

origin of house~

holder and year

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.) Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

WHITE, NOT

HISPANIC

ORIGIN

1997 77 936 -------------- 100.0 2.5 6.2 7.5 14.0 13.0 16.4 19.5 10.0 10.8 40 577 212 53 565 340

1996 77 240 -------------- 100.0 2.4 6.8 7.6 14.3 13.5 16.6 19.7 9.3 9.9 39 677 272 51 634 313

1995 76 932 -------------- 100.0 2.4 6.5 7.6 14.5 13.9 17.3 19.1 9.2 9.4 39 154 204 50 818 304

19948 ------------- 77 004 100.0 2.8 7.1 7.7 15.0 13.8 17.1 18.3 9.1 9.2 38 041 201 50 014 297

19937 ------------- 75 697 100.0 2.9 7.2 7.6 14.8 13.9 17.0 18.8 8.8 8.9 37 957 222 49 345 294

19926 ------------- 75 107 100.0 2.8 7.1 7.8 14.6 14.0 17.2 19.4 8.8 8.2 38 083 236 47 618 220

1991 75 625 -------------- 100.0 2.5 7.1 7.5 14.7 14.0 17.7 19.1 9.2 8.2 38 090 187 47 574 213

1990 75 035 -------------- 100.0 2.5 6.8 7.1 14.3 13.8 18.2 19.6 9.1 8.6 39 229 183 48 843 226

1989 74 495 -------------- 100.0 2.2 6.7 7.1 14.2 13.6 17.5 20.0 9.6 9.2 40 203 197 50 225 239 1988 74 067 -------------- 100.0 2.4 7.0 6.8 14.2 13.2 17.9 20.2 9.5 8.8 40 124 225 49 102 225 19871 ------------- 73 120 100.0 2.5 7.1 7.0 14.0 13.3 18.1 20.0 9.7 8.3 39 861 232 48 681 223 1986 72 067 -------------- 100.0 2.8 7.3 7.0 14.2 13.2 18.2 20.1 9.1 8.1 39 202 202 47 851 220 1985 71 540 -------------- 100.0 2.9 7.4 7.5 14.5 14.0 18.5 19.2 9.0 7.1 37 989 194 46 014 207 1984 70 586 -------------- 100.0 2.7 7.5 7.5 15.2 14.2 18.5 19.3 8.4 6.7 37 287 207 44 943 195 19832 ------------- 69 648 100.0 3.0 7.6 7.3 15.8 14.7 18.7 18.9 7.9 6.1 36 201 193 43 752 190 1982 69 214 -------------- 100.0 2.9 8.0 7.6 15.4 14.9 18.7 18.9 7.8 5.8 36 047 181 43 118 188 1981 68 996 -------------- 100.0 2.8 7.9 7.6 15.9 13.9 19.2 19.4 7.9 5.3 36 418 185 42 826 182 1980 68 106 -------------- 100.0 2.5 8.0 7.5 15.2 14.0 19.9 19.7 7.8 5.4 37 083 211 43 296 187

19793 ------------- 67 203 100.0 2.6 7.8 7.1 14.8 14.1 19.1 20.6 8.1 5.9 37 960 210 44 593 197

1978 64 836 -------------- 100.0 2.5 7.7 7.6 14.8 13.6 19.7 20.5 8.0 5.6 37 937 200 44 236 197

1977 63 721 -------------- 100.0 2.6 8.0 7.8 14.8 14.1 19.7 20.5 7.4 5.1 36 963 208 43 010 198

1976 62 365 -------------- 100.0 2.6 8.0 7.7 15.2 14.2 20.3 20.0 7.2 4.6 36 639 213 42 408 195

1975 61 533 -------------- 100.0 2.7 8.3 8.1 15.3 15.1 20.0 19.6 6.7 4.2 35 507 188 41 304 191

19744 ------------- 60 164 100.0 2.6 8.0 7.2 14.8 15.2 20.6 19.8 7.2 4.6 36 522 179 42 466 195

1973 59 236 -------------- 100.0 3.1 7.4 7.5 14.0 14.4 20.4 20.7 7.4 5.1 37 792 177 43 417 184

1972 58 005 -------------- 100.0 3.5 7.8 7.2 13.7 14.6 21.1 20.2 7.0 4.9 37 298 177 42 876 192

1Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

2Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls.

3Implementation of 1980 census population controls.

4Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

5Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Income data for Hispanic origin households are not available prior to 1972.

6Based on 1990 census adjusted population controls.

7Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer~assisted interviewing; earnings limits increased to $999,999; Social Security limits increased to $49,999; SSI and public

assistance limits increased to $24,999; Veterans’ Benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 8Introduction of new, 1990 census sample design.

B~5
Table B~3. Share of Aggregate Income Received by Each Fifth and Top 5 Percent of

Households by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 1997

[Households as of March of the following year. Income in 1997 CPI~U adjusted dollars]

Year and race

Upper limit of each fifth

(dollars) Share of aggregate income

Number

(1,000) Lowest Second Third Fourth

Lower

limit of

top 5

percent

(dollars) Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest

Top 5

percent

Mean

income

(dollars) Gini ratio

ALL RACES

1997 102,528 ....................................... 15,400 29,200 46,000 71,500 126,550 3.6 8.9 15.0 23.2 49.4 21.7 49,692 0.459

1996 101,018 ....................................... 15,107 28,397 45,016 69,576 122,283 3.7 9.0 15.1 23.3 49.0 21.4 48,204 0.455

19951 ...................................... 99,627 15,165 28,344 44,234 68,585 119,006 3.7 9.1 15.2 23.3 48.7 21.0 47,326 0.450

19942 ...................................... 98,990 14,540 27,291 43,428 68,057 118,936 3.6 8.9 15.0 23.4 49.1 21.2 46,713 0.456

19933 ...................................... 97,107 14,403 27,412 43,088 66,977 116,225 3.6 9.0 15.1 23.5 48.9 21.0 46,015 0.454

19924 ...................................... 96,426 14,414 27,616 43,357 66,359 113,277 3.8 9.4 15.8 24.2 46.9 18.6 44,432 0.434

1991 95,699 ....................................... 14,834 28,282 43,684 66,887 113,599 3.8 9.6 15.9 24.2 46.5 18.1 44,688 0.428

1990 94,312 ....................................... 15,350 29,057 44,454 67,792 116,351 3.9 9.6 15.9 24.0 46.6 18.6 45,931 0.428

1989 93,347 ....................................... 15,657 29,770 45,755 69,520 118,757 3.8 9.5 15.8 24.0 46.8 18.9 47,270 0.431

1988 92,830 ....................................... 15,442 29,169 45,458 68,641 116,190 3.8 9.6 16.0 24.3 46.3 18.3 46,152 0.427

19875 ...................................... 91,124 15,259 28,963 45,211 68,330 114,339 3.8 9.6 16.1 24.3 46.2 18.2 45,791 0.426

1986 89,479 ....................................... 15,168 28,971 44,745 67,539 114,555 3.9 9.7 16.2 24.5 45.7 17.5 45,044 0.425

19856 ...................................... 88,458 14,916 28,120 43,290 65,347 109,282 4.0 9.7 16.3 24.6 45.3 17.0 43,356 0.419

1984 86,789 ....................................... 14,830 27,657 42,490 64,262 107,500 4.1 9.9 16.4 24.7 44.9 16.5 42,425 0.415

19837 ...................................... 85,290 14,503 27,029 41,443 62,682 104,099 4.1 10.0 16.5 24.7 44.7 16.4 40,932 0.414

1982 83,918 ....................................... 14,304 26,879 41,233 61,564 102,591 4.1 10.1 16.6 24.7 44.5 16.2 40,812 0.412

1981 83,527 ....................................... 14,536 26,781 41,677 61,635 100,290 4.2 10.2 16.8 25.0 43.8 15.6 40,592 0.406

1980 82,368 ....................................... 14,736 27,498 42,143 61,821 100,434 4.3 10.3 16.9 24.9 43.7 15.8 41,077 0.403

19798 ...................................... 80,776 15,202 28,272 43,433 63,109 102,948 4.2 10.3 16.9 24.7 44.0 16.4 42,411 0.404

1978 77,330 ....................................... 15,180 28,533 43,147 62,833 101,227 4.3 10.3 16.9 24.8 43.7 16.2 42,158 0.402

1977 76,030 ....................................... 14,762 27,681 41,981 61,203 98,944 4.4 10.3 17.0 24.8 43.6 16.1 40,887 0.402

19769 ...................................... 74,142 14,804 27,380 41,673 59,963 95,603 4.4 10.4 17.1 24.8 43.3 16.0 40,320 0.398

197510 ..................................... 72,867 14,351 26,988 40,685 58,534 93,333 4.4 10.5 17.1 24.8 43.2 15.9 39,351 0.397

197410 11 ................................... 71,163 15,224 28,123 41,439 60,158 96,130 4.4 10.6 17.1 24.7 43.1 15.9 40,493 0.395

1973 69,859 ....................................... 15,023 28,540 42,335 61,157 96,943 4.2 10.5 17.1 24.6 43.6 16.6 41,339 0.397

197212 ..................................... 68,251 14,640 28,196 41,679 59,645 96,011 4.1 10.5 17.1 24.5 43.9 17.0 40,797 0.401

197113 ..................................... 66,676 14,151 26,976 39,697 56,603 89,887 4.1 10.6 17.3 24.5 43.5 16.7 38,665 0.396

1970 64,778 ....................................... 14,328 27,452 39,935 56,976 90,074 4.1 10.8 17.4 24.5 43.3 16.6 38,866 0.394

1969 63,401 ....................................... 14,559 27,945 40,410 56,623 88,805 4.1 10.9 17.5 24.5 43.0 16.6 38,878 0.391

1968 62,214 ....................................... 14,147 26,821 38,443 54,017 84,507 4.2 11.1 17.5 24.4 42.8 16.6 37,294 0.388

196714 ..................................... 60,813 13,264 25,866 36,725 52,355 84,008 4.0 10.8 17.3 24.2 43.8 17.5 35,323 0.399

WHITE

1997 86,106 ....................................... 16,722 30,760 48,120 74,208 130,376 3.8 9.1 15.0 23.0 49.1 21.7 51,902 0.453

1996 85,059 ....................................... 16,367 30,116 47,055 71,811 125,461 3.9 9.2 15.2 23.2 48.4 21.1 50,118 0.446

19951 ...................................... 84,511 16,303 29,968 46,233 70,703 123,107 4.0 9.3 15.3 23.3 48.1 20.7 49,213 0.442 19942 ...................................... 83,737 15,901 29,241 45,375 70,391 122,466 3.8 9.2 15.1 23.2 48.6 21.1 48,772 0.448 19933 ...................................... 82,387 15,866 29,044 44,984 69,145 119,292 3.9 9.3 15.3 23.3 48.2 20.7 48,078 0.444 19924 ...................................... 81,795 16,016 29,399 45,404 68,639 115,909 4.1 9.7 15.9 24.1 46.2 18.4 46,439 0.423

1991 81,675 ....................................... 16,375 29,736 45,727 68,986 116,555 4.1 9.9 16.0 24.1 45.8 17.9 46,574 0.418

1990 80,968 ....................................... 16,942 30,700 46,342 69,965 119,485 4.2 10.0 16.0 23.9 46.0 18.3 47,784 0.419

1989 80,163 ....................................... 17,115 31,574 47,891 71,457 121,722 4.1 9.8 16.0 23.8 46.3 18.7 49,239 0.422

1988 79,734 ....................................... 17,039 31,228 47,515 70,646 118,984 4.1 10.0 16.2 24.1 45.6 18.0 48,120 0.416 19875 ...................................... 78,519 16,954 31,083 47,189 70,636 116,877 4.1 10.0 16.3 24.2 45.5 17.9 47,747 0.415

1986 77,284 ....................................... 16,741 30,710 46,809 69,810 117,519 4.1 10.1 16.4 24.3 45.1 17.2 46,920 0.415 19856 ...................................... 76,576 16,317 29,833 45,049 67,380 112,204 4.2 10.2 16.5 24.4 44.7 16.8 45,135 0.411

1984 75,328 ....................................... 16,157 29,367 44,365 66,137 110,224 4.3 10.3 16.6 24.6 44.2 16.2 44,175 0.405 19837 ...................................... 74,170 16,114 28,838 43,203 64,480 107,886 4.4 10.4 16.6 24.6 44.1 16.1 42,631 0.404

1982 73,182 ....................................... 15,781 28,583 42,838 63,777 105,436 4.4 10.4 16.8 24.6 43.9 15.9 42,494 0.403

1981 72,845 ....................................... 16,038 28,646 43,465 63,416 103,319 4.5 10.5 17.0 24.8 43.2 15.3 42,293 0.397

1980 71,872 ....................................... 16,187 29,282 43,891 63,498 102,892 4.5 10.6 17.1 24.7 43.1 15.5 42,734 0.394

19798 ...................................... 70,766 16,612 30,252 45,114 64,959 106,110 4.4 10.6 17.0 24.6 43.4 16.2 44,083 0.396

1978 68,028 ....................................... 16,587 29,960 45,154 64,319 104,384 4.5 10.6 17.1 24.6 43.2 16.1 43,720 0.394

1977 66,934 ....................................... 15,999 29,459 43,609 63,108 101,582 4.5 10.6 17.2 24.7 43.0 15.8 42,484 0.394 19769 ...................................... 65,353 16,082 29,085 43,232 61,638 98,083 4.6 10.7 17.3 24.7 42.8 15.9 41,871 0.391 197510 ..................................... 64,392 15,547 28,559 42,267 60,199 95,857 4.6 10.8 17.2 24.7 42.7 15.7 40,805 0.390 197410 11 ................................... 62,984 16,291 29,870 43,202 61,850 98,799 4.6 11.0 17.2 24.6 42.6 15.7 41,993 0.387

1973 61,965 ....................................... 16,271 30,288 44,195 62,541 99,190 4.4 10.8 17.3 24.5 43.1 16.4 42,937 0.389 197212 ..................................... 60,618 15,949 29,693 43,378 61,453 98,324 4.3 10.8 17.2 24.3 43.4 16.8 42,384 0.393 197113 ..................................... 59,463 15,328 28,659 41,008 58,018 92,368 4.3 11.0 17.4 24.4 43.0 16.5 40,065 0.389

1970 57,575 ....................................... 15,537 29,146 41,221 58,293 92,126 4.2 11.1 17.5 24.3 42.9 16.5 40,226 0.387

1969 56,248 ....................................... 15,736 29,517 41,522 58,024 90,984 4.3 11.3 17.6 24.3 42.5 16.4 40,321 0.383

1968 55,394 ....................................... 15,326 28,417 40,006 55,345 85,997 4.4 11.4 17.6 24.3 42.3 16.5 38,635 0.381 196714 ..................................... 54,188 14,255 26,971 38,109 53,146 85,777 4.1 11.2 17.4 24.0 43.3 17.3 36,614 0.391

B~6

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 4, 1998
Table B~3. Share of Aggregate Income Received by Each Fifth and Top 5 Percent of

Households by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 1997mCon.

[Households as of March of the following year. Income in 1997 CPI~U adjusted dollars]

Year and race

Upper limit of each fifth

(dollars) Share of aggregate income

Number

(1,000) Lowest Second Third Fourth

Lower

limit of

top 5

percent

(dollars) Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest

Top 5

percent

Mean

income

(dollars) Gini ratio

BLACK

1997 12,474 ....................................... 9,260 19,000 31,300 51,117 87,200 3.2 8.5 15.1 24.5 48.7 19.1 32,963 0.458

1996 12,109 ....................................... 8,992 18,127 30,688 50,638 86,950 3.1 8.0 14.5 23.7 50.7 21.7 33,205 0.479

19951 ...................................... 11,577 8,846 17,798 30,214 48,757 84,074 3.2 8.2 14.8 24.2 49.6 20.2 32,016 0.468

19942 ...................................... 11,655 8,180 17,107 29,047 49,541 87,469 3.0 7.9 14.3 24.3 50.5 20.1 31,687 0.477

19933 ...................................... 11,281 7,953 16,183 27,768 46,651 83,923 3.0 7.7 14.3 23.7 51.3 21.1 30,244 0.484

19924 ...................................... 11,269 7,493 15,750 27,787 46,091 80,527 3.1 7.8 14.7 24.8 49.7 19.1 29,114 0.470

1991 11,083 ....................................... 7,719 16,455 28,823 47,239 80,893 3.1 7.8 15.0 25.2 48.9 18.3 29,511 0.464

1990 10,671 ....................................... 7,928 16,863 29,472 48,015 85,058 3.1 7.9 15.0 25.1 49.0 18.5 30,472 0.464

1989 10,486 ....................................... 8,162 17,189 29,790 49,185 84,910 3.2 8.0 15.0 24.9 48.9 18.2 31,058 0.461

1988 10,561 ....................................... 8,060 16,281 28,757 48,936 83,642 3.3 7.7 14.6 24.7 49.7 18.7 30,495 0.468

19875 ...................................... 10,192 7,932 16,389 28,257 47,287 82,653 3.3 7.9 14.8 24.4 49.7 19.3 29,897 0.468

1986 9,922 ....................................... 7,750 16,513 28,610 47,557 81,599 3.2 8.0 15.0 25.1 48.8 18.2 29,628 0.464

19856 ...................................... 9,797 8,180 16,408 27,730 45,880 77,589 3.5 8.3 15.2 25.0 48.0 17.5 28,841 0.450

1984 9,480 ....................................... 8,045 15,757 26,480 38,928 76,342 3.6 8.4 15.0 24.7 48.3 17.4 27,753 0.450

19837 ...................................... 9,243 7,735 15,165 25,783 43,329 73,371 3.6 8.3 15.2 25.2 47.8 16.9 26,639 0.448

1982 8,916 ....................................... 7,842 15,538 26,164 42,131 68,471 3.6 8.6 15.3 25.5 47.0 16.9 26,437 0.442

1981 8,961 ....................................... 8,037 15,394 25,660 43,095 71,254 3.8 8.6 15.3 25.4 46.9 16.1 26,464 0.440

1980 8,847 ....................................... 8,228 15,976 26,327 43,158 72,535 3.7 8.7 15.4 25.3 46.9 16.6 27,244 0.439

19798 ...................................... 8,586 8,697 16,839 27,545 45,547 73,743 3.9 8.8 15.5 25.4 46.3 16.1 28,200 0.433

1978 8,066 ....................................... 8,817 16,882 28,533 45,178 75,247 4.0 8.7 15.6 25.3 46.4 16.3 28,598 0.431

1977 7,977 ....................................... 8,888 16,253 26,665 43,172 71,425 4.2 9.2 15.5 24.9 46.3 16.7 27,404 0.425

19769 ...................................... 7,776 9,011 16,320 27,155 43,232 70,253 4.3 9.2 15.8 25.5 45.2 15.7 27,280 0.421

197510 ..................................... 7,489 8,650 15,993 26,931 42,113 66,956 4.2 9.1 16.0 25.5 45.3 15.9 26,408 0.419

197410 11 ................................... 7,263 9,049 16,891 26,932 41,749 67,416 4.2 9.4 16.2 25.2 45.0 15.7 26,784 0.414

1973 7,040 ....................................... 9,242 17,002 27,203 42,801 70,154 4.1 9.4 16.0 25.1 45.5 16.6 27,384 0.419

197212 ..................................... 6,809 8,878 16,672 26,660 42,655 67,959 3.9 9.2 15.8 24.9 46.2 16.9 27,115 0.427

197113 ..................................... 6,578 8,535 16,110 26,067 40,367 64,796 4.0 9.4 16.1 25.1 45.4 16.4 25,740 0.419

1970 6,180 ....................................... 8,258 16,633 26,387 40,813 66,252 3.7 9.3 16.3 25.2 45.5 16.4 26,275 0.422

1969 6,053 ....................................... 8,388 16,433 25,904 39,449 63,597 3.9 9.7 16.5 25.1 44.7 15.9 25,664 0.411

1968 5,870 ....................................... 8,429 15,833 24,756 38,316 61,305 4.0 9.8 16.3 25.1 44.9 15.9 24,650 0.412

196714 ..................................... 5,728 7,853 14,591 23,213 35,704 59,557 3.8 9.3 15.9 24.3 46.7 18.2 22,978 0.432

HISPANIC ORIGIN15

1997 8,590 ....................................... 11,226 21,000 33,000 51,396 93,114 3.6 8.9 14.9 23.1 49.5 21.5 35,883 0.458

1996 8,225 ....................................... 11,252 20,254 31,711 50,697 87,973 3.8 9.0 14.7 23.1 49.5 21.5 34,785 0.457

19951 ...................................... 7,939 10,532 19,020 30,436 48,761 84,568 3.8 8.9 14.8 23.3 49.3 20.8 32,859 0.455 19942 ...................................... 7,735 10,530 19,602 31,439 50,318 89,076 3.7 8.7 14.8 23.3 49.6 21.0 34,203 0.459 19933 ...................................... 7,362 11,063 19,993 31,189 49,214 84,971 3.9 9.1 15.1 23.1 48.7 20.4 33,645 0.447 19924 ...................................... 7,153 10,982 20,363 31,806 50,015 84,826 4.0 9.4 15.7 24.1 46.9 18.1 32,972 0.430

1991 6,379 ....................................... 11,336 21,211 33,066 51,532 88,381 4.0 9.4 15.8 24.3 46.5 17.7 34,023 0.427

1990 6,220 ....................................... 11,769 21,490 33,445 51,576 88,674 4.0 9.5 15.9 24.3 46.3 17.9 34,350 0.425

1989 5,933 ....................................... 12,131 22,654 35,310 55,196 91,899 3.8 9.5 15.7 24.4 46.6 18.1 36,232 0.430

1988 5,910 ....................................... 11,147 21,436 33,945 52,717 89,747 3.7 9.3 15.6 24.2 47.2 19.0 35,265 0.437 19875 ...................................... 5,642 11,089 21,193 33,336 52,541 89,484 3.7 9.1 15.5 24.1 47.6 19.2 35,019 0.441

1986 5,418 ....................................... 11,422 21,088 33,682 52,789 87,745 4.0 9.5 15.9 24.8 45.8 16.5 33,935 0.424 19856 ...................................... 5,213 10,889 20,137 32,434 49,970 83,162 4.1 9.5 16.1 24.8 45.6 16.5 32,552 0.418

1984 4,883 ....................................... 10,841 20,545 33,200 49,829 82,113 3.9 9.5 16.2 25.0 45.3 16.6 32,639 0.420 19837 ...................................... 4,666 10,474 20,143 31,546 48,086 79,093 4.2 9.7 16.3 24.9 44.9 16.0 31,212 0.413

1982 4,085 ....................................... 10,953 20,146 31,440 47,890 78,024 4.2 9.6 16.2 24.7 45.3 16.7 31,449 0.417

1981 3,980 ....................................... 12,249 21,554 33,379 49,878 80,138 4.5 10.3 16.7 24.8 43.6 15.3 32,729 0.398

1980 3,906 ....................................... 12,009 21,312 32,806 49,737 80,387 4.4 10.2 16.4 24.9 44.1 16.0 32,517 0.405

19798 ...................................... 3,684 13,014 22,904 34,703 51,013 83,503 4.6 10.5 16.6 24.6 43.7 15.9 34,226 0.396

1978 3,291 ....................................... 12,840 23,064 34,005 50,121 78,402 4.7 10.7 16.9 24.9 42.8 15.4 33,151 0.385

1977 3,304 ....................................... 12,698 21,916 32,143 48,125 76,164 4.9 10.8 16.9 24.7 42.8 15.4 31,910 0.383 19769 ...................................... 3,081 11,430 20,735 31,365 46,523 70,725 4.7 10.5 16.9 25.1 42.8 15.2 30,554 0.387 197510 ..................................... 2,948 11,695 20,251 30,461 44,566 70,029 4.8 10.7 16.9 24.9 42.9 15.8 30,055 0.388 197410 11 ................................... 2,897 13,106 22,114 32,802 47,006 74,529 5.2 10.9 17.2 24.7 42.0 15.1 31,905 0.376

1973 2,722 ....................................... 13,602 22,783 33,725 48,779 73,789 5.1 11.1 17.1 24.7 42.0 15.0 32,175 0.371 197212 ..................................... 2,655 13,256 22,430 32,259 44,973 71,213 5.3 11.2 17.2 24.0 42.3 16.2 31,898 0.373

1Full implementation of the 1990 census~based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised race edits. 2Introduction of 1990 census~based sample design. 3Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer~assisted interviewing. In addition, the March 1994 income supplement was revised to allow for the coding of different income

amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings increased to $999,999; social security increased to $49,999; supplemental security

income and public assistance increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony decreased to $49,999. 4Implementation of 1990 census population controls.

5Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

6Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census~based sample design. 7Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census~based sample design. 8Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from 51 possible sources of income. 9First year medians are derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Prior to this year all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 10These estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data which were derived using linear interpolation. 11Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 12Full implementation of 1970 census~based sample design. 13Introduction of 1970 census~based sample design and population controls. 14Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. 15People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

B~7

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics Sep. 4, 1998
Table B~4. Families by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to

1997

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. Families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Race and Hispanic

origin of householder

and year

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.) Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

ALL RACES

1997 70 884 -------------- 100.0 2.7 4.1 5.7 13.0 12.8 17.4 21.3 11.0 11.8 44 568 267 56 902 357

1996 70 241 -------------- 100.0 2.7 4.6 5.9 13.2 13.4 17.5 21.5 10.3 10.9 43 271 214 54 908 346

1995 69 597 -------------- 100.0 2.5 4.4 6.2 13.6 13.8 18.0 20.9 10.3 10.4 42 769 223 54 082 326

19948 ------------- 69 313 100.0 2.8 5.1 6.1 13.8 13.6 17.9 20.4 10.1 10.2 42 001 252 53 435 313

19937 ------------- 68 506 100.0 3.1 5.4 6.2 14.0 13.8 17.5 20.5 9.7 9.8 41 051 213 52 450 324

19926 ------------- 68 216 100.0 3.3 5.0 6.4 13.4 13.7 18.1 21.4 9.8 9.1 41 839 214 50 588 233

1991 67 173 -------------- 100.0 2.9 4.9 5.7 13.3 14.0 18.5 21.2 10.3 9.2 42 351 211 50 951 231

1990 66 322 -------------- 100.0 2.7 4.4 5.8 12.9 13.5 19.1 21.5 10.6 9.7 43 414 208 52 377 242

1989 66 090 -------------- 100.0 2.5 4.4 5.5 13.0 13.2 18.3 22.0 10.8 10.3 44 284 252 53 723 258

1988 65 837 -------------- 100.0 2.6 4.7 5.6 13.1 13.1 18.3 22.1 10.9 9.6 43 674 228 52 380 256

19871 ------------- 65 204 100.0 2.6 4.7 5.6 12.8 13.3 18.8 22.0 11.0 9.3 43 756 202 52 112 233

1986 64 491 -------------- 100.0 2.7 4.7 5.7 13.4 13.1 19.1 22.2 10.2 8.9 43 139 231 51 143 224

1985 63 558 -------------- 100.0 2.7 4.8 6.2 13.7 14.0 19.3 21.3 10.1 7.8 41 371 224 49 140 213

1984 62 706 -------------- 100.0 2.8 4.9 6.2 14.2 13.9 19.6 21.6 9.4 7.4 40 832 181 47 968 190

19832 ------------- 62 015 100.0 3.0 5.2 6.2 14.5 14.6 20.0 21.0 8.8 6.6 39 761 (NA) 46 442 (NA)

1982 61 393 -------------- 100.0 2.8 5.1 6.4 14.6 14.9 20.1 21.1 8.7 6.3 39 341 195 45 986 183

1981 61 019 -------------- 100.0 2.4 4.6 6.4 15.1 14.1 20.7 21.9 9.0 5.8 39 881 171 46 027 176

1980 60 309 -------------- 100.0 2.1 4.5 6.2 14.3 14.2 21.4 22.4 8.9 6.0 40 999 176 46 754 181

19793 ------------- 59 550 100.0 2.0 4.2 5.7 13.9 14.1 20.7 23.6 9.2 6.6 42 483 197 48 402 193 1978 57 804 -------------- 100.0 2.0 4.2 6.1 13.9 13.9 21.4 23.2 9.2 6.1 41 944 193 47 772 190 1977 57 215 -------------- 100.0 1.9 4.1 6.6 14.4 14.4 21.3 23.2 8.4 5.6 40 656 145 46 382 147 1976 56 710 -------------- 100.0 1.8 4.3 6.6 14.7 14.7 22.4 22.6 8.0 5.0 40 417 146 45 583 146 1975 56 245 -------------- 100.0 1.8 4.5 6.9 15.0 15.8 22.2 22.0 7.4 4.6 39 180 149 44 397 143 19744 ------------- 55 698 100.0 1.9 4.0 6.2 14.5 15.8 22.6 22.2 8.0 4.9 39 899 (NA) 45 494 (NA) 1973 55 053 -------------- 100.0 1.8 4.1 6.3 14.0 15.2 22.3 22.9 8.1 5.4 40 979 (NA) 46 321 (NA) 1972 54 373 -------------- 100.0 1.9 4.3 6.4 13.9 15.5 22.8 22.4 7.7 5.1 40 183 (NA) 45 638 (NA) 1971 53 296 -------------- 100.0 2.1 4.8 6.4 14.9 16.4 23.9 20.8 6.5 4.1 38 300 (NA) 43 134 (NA) 1970 52 227 -------------- 100.0 2.3 4.7 6.2 14.5 17.0 24.1 20.6 6.5 4.0 38 345 (NA) 43 160 (NA)

1969 51 586 -------------- 100.0 2.1 4.9 6.0 14.3 17.2 24.7 20.7 6.2 3.9 38 426 (NA) 43 087 (NA) 1968 50 823 -------------- 100.0 2.3 4.9 6.6 14.9 19.1 24.1 19.7 5.3 3.2 36 749 (NA) 41 168 (NA) 1967 50 111 -------------- 100.0 2.6 5.8 6.7 16.0 18.7 24.9 17.2 4.8 3.2 35 076 (NA) 38 914 (NA)

WHITE

1997 59 515 -------------- 100.0 2.1 3.2 5.1 12.5 12.7 17.7 22.1 11.7 12.8 46 754 259 59 587 406

1996 58 934 -------------- 100.0 1.9 3.7 5.3 12.6 13.4 17.9 22.6 10.9 11.8 45 783 272 57 486 386

1995 58 872 -------------- 100.0 1.8 3.4 5.5 13.0 13.8 18.4 21.9 10.9 11.2 44 913 270 56 445 358

19948 ------------- 58 444 100.0 2.1 4.0 5.4 13.3 13.7 18.4 21.3 10.8 11.1 44 277 229 56 001 354 19937 ------------- 57 881 100.0 2.2 4.1 5.4 13.6 13.9 18.1 21.7 10.4 10.5 43 652 269 55 055 362 19926 ------------- 57 669 100.0 2.3 3.8 5.6 12.9 13.8 18.7 22.7 10.5 9.8 44 238 248 53 118 259 1991 57 224 -------------- 100.0 2.1 3.7 5.1 12.8 14.1 19.1 22.3 11.0 9.9 44 524 247 53 352 253 1990 56 803 -------------- 100.0 1.9 3.4 5.0 12.5 13.6 19.5 22.6 11.1 10.4 45 332 219 54 685 266

1989 56 590 -------------- 100.0 1.8 3.3 4.9 12.3 13.2 18.8 23.1 11.4 11.2 46 564 234 56 179 285 1988 56 492 -------------- 100.0 1.9 3.5 4.8 12.7 13.1 19.0 23.2 11.5 10.3 46 013 282 54 692 282 19871 ------------- 56 086 100.0 1.9 3.6 4.8 12.3 13.2 19.4 23.1 11.7 10.0 45 755 218 54 436 256

1986 55 676 -------------- 100.0 2.0 3.7 5.1 12.7 13.2 19.6 23.3 10.9 9.6 45 117 209 53 328 246

1985 54 991 -------------- 100.0 2.2 3.8 5.5 13.1 14.0 19.9 22.3 10.7 8.5 43 484 234 51 275 233

1984 54 400 -------------- 100.0 2.2 3.8 5.5 13.6 13.9 20.3 22.7 10.0 8.0 42 768 222 50 084 207

19832 ------------- 53 890 100.0 2.4 4.1 5.4 14.0 14.8 20.6 22.1 9.4 7.2 41 635 (NA) 48 451 (NA)

1982 53 407 -------------- 100.0 2.3 3.9 5.7 14.0 15.1 20.7 22.2 9.3 6.9 41 305 205 48 021 200

1981 53 269 -------------- 100.0 2.0 3.5 5.6 14.5 14.1 21.3 23.0 9.6 6.3 41 892 217 47 979 192

1980 52 710 -------------- 100.0 1.7 3.6 5.4 13.6 14.2 22.0 23.6 9.5 6.5 42 717 183 48 636 197

19793 ------------- 52 243 100.0 1.6 3.2 4.9 13.1 14.1 21.3 24.7 9.8 7.1 44 331 193 50 388 208

1978 50 910 -------------- 100.0 1.6 3.2 5.4 13.2 13.9 21.9 24.4 9.7 6.7 43 675 195 49 600 207

1977 50 530 -------------- 100.0 1.6 3.2 5.8 13.7 14.4 22.0 24.4 8.9 6.0 42 512 157 48 244 160

1976 50 083 -------------- 100.0 1.5 3.3 5.8 14.1 14.7 22.9 23.8 8.5 5.5 41 981 138 47 353 157

1975 49 873 -------------- 100.0 1.5 3.7 6.1 14.4 15.6 22.8 23.1 7.9 4.9 40 748 149 46 011 154

19744 ------------- 49 440 100.0 1.6 3.1 5.4 13.8 15.8 23.3 23.2 8.5 5.3 41 464 (NA) 47 167 (NA)

1973 48 919 -------------- 100.0 1.4 3.3 5.5 13.0 15.1 23.0 24.2 8.7 5.8 42 828 (NA) 48 160 (NA)

1972 48 477 -------------- 100.0 1.6 3.5 5.6 13.1 15.5 23.6 23.4 8.2 5.5 41 748 (NA) 47 376 (NA)

1971 47 641 -------------- 100.0 1.8 4.0 5.8 14.1 16.4 24.8 21.9 6.9 4.4 39 741 (NA) 44 676 (NA)

1970 46 535 -------------- 100.0 1.9 4.0 5.5 13.7 17.0 24.9 21.7 7.0 4.3 39 779 (NA) 44 672 (NA)

1969 46 022 -------------- 100.0 1.8 4.2 5.3 13.3 17.1 25.6 21.9 6.5 4.2 39 897 (NA) 44 618 (NA)

1968 45 437 -------------- 100.0 1.9 4.2 5.8 14.0 19.2 25.0 20.8 5.6 3.5 38 047 (NA) 42 581 (NA)

1967 44 814 -------------- 100.0 2.2 5.1 6.0 15.1 18.9 26.0 18.2 5.1 3.4 36 407 (NA) 40 306 (NA)

r

Revised.

B~8
Table B~4. Families by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to

1997mCon.

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. Families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Race and Hispanic

origin of householder

and year

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.) Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

BLACK

1997 8 408 -------------- 100.0 6.9 10.1 9.8 17.7 14.2 15.5 16.0 5.7 4.2 28 602 630 36 504 546

1996 8 455 -------------- 100.0 7.5 11.0 10.5 17.6 14.1 15.4 14.6 5.7 3.7 27 131 482 35 737 672

1995 8 055 -------------- 100.0 7.2 11.0 10.5 17.8 14.6 16.0 13.7 5.7 3.5 27 350 651 35 819 735

19948 ------------- 8 093 100.0 7.6 12.0 10.3 17.6 13.8 14.7 14.4 5.4 4.2 26 748 524 35 550 573

19937 ------------- 7 993 100.0 9.4 13.9 11.2 17.4 13.5 13.4 12.5 4.8 3.9 23 927 486 33 362 661

19926 ------------- 7 982 100.0 9.8 13.3 11.7 16.7 13.6 14.4 12.9 4.4 3.2 24 141 510 32 008 501

1991 7 716 -------------- 100.0 9.0 13.8 10.0 16.9 13.9 14.9 13.6 5.1 3.0 25 392 524 32 490 480

1990 7 471 -------------- 100.0 8.3 11.9 11.7 16.2 13.3 16.3 13.7 5.5 3.2 26 308 468 33 836 515

1989 7 470 -------------- 100.0 7.6 12.2 9.9 18.6 13.3 15.4 13.5 6.3 3.3 26 158 576 34 190 514

1988 7 409 -------------- 100.0 7.2 13.6 10.8 16.4 14.2 13.9 14.6 5.8 3.6 26 224 587 34 347 564

19871 ------------- 7 202 100.0 7.8 12.7 11.0 16.8 14.9 14.6 14.1 5.0 3.2 26 005 552 33 586 510

1986 7 096 -------------- 100.0 7.6 12.5 11.0 18.0 13.0 15.7 14.3 4.8 3.0 25 780 606 33 356 505

1985 6 921 -------------- 100.0 6.8 13.1 11.5 18.7 14.2 15.6 13.2 5.0 1.9 25 039 456 31 860 468

1984 6 778 -------------- 100.0 7.5 13.5 12.2 19.2 14.1 14.9 12.3 4.3 2.0 23 837 493 30 552 422

19832 ------------- 6 681 100.0 7.6 14.4 12.5 18.3 14.0 15.9 11.7 4.0 1.5 23 464 (NA) 29 646 (NA)

1982 6 530 -------------- 100.0 6.8 14.8 12.6 19.2 13.8 16.1 12.4 2.8 1.4 22 829 556 28 976 398

1981 6 413 -------------- 100.0 6.2 13.8 12.9 19.7 14.2 15.7 12.6 3.9 1.0 23 631 543 29 741 394

1980 6 317 -------------- 100.0 5.5 12.2 13.1 19.8 14.3 16.7 13.1 4.0 1.4 24 717 530 30 825 411

19793 ------------- 6 184 100.0 5.4 12.0 12.5 20.6 14.0 16.0 14.0 4.0 1.6 25 103 458 31 467 429 1978 5 906 -------------- 100.0 4.9 12.6 11.6 19.6 14.6 17.1 13.4 4.8 1.4 25 868 518 31 884 457 1977 5 806 -------------- 100.0 4.7 12.3 13.1 21.5 15.0 15.6 12.6 3.8 1.3 24 286 328 30 378 300 1976 5 804 -------------- 100.0 3.8 12.6 13.4 20.5 14.4 18.1 12.6 3.4 1.1 24 972 373 30 468 292 1975 5 586 -------------- 100.0 4.1 12.1 13.8 20.1 17.4 16.3 12.2 3.0 .9 25 072 360 29 704 277 19744 ------------- 5 491 100.0 4.3 12.2 13.2 21.1 15.9 16.8 13.0 2.6 .9 24 758 (NA) 29 833 (NA) 1973 5 440 -------------- 100.0 4.6 11.4 13.5 21.8 15.9 16.8 11.5 3.2 1.3 24 718 (NA) 29 948 (NA) 1972 5 265 -------------- 100.0 4.9 11.6 13.2 20.9 16.3 15.3 13.6 2.9 1.3 24 812 (NA) 30 170 (NA) 1971 5 157 -------------- 100.0 4.5 12.5 12.5 22.7 17.4 16.4 10.5 2.6 .9 23 982 (NA) 28 655 (NA) 1970 4 928 -------------- 100.0 5.7 11.6 12.1 22.1 17.5 16.6 10.9 2.6 .9 24 401 (NA) 28 921 (NA)

1969 4 774 -------------- 100.0 5.1 11.3 12.7 23.1 17.8 17.0 9.8 2.4 .7 24 438 (NA) 28 397 (NA) 1968 4 646 -------------- 100.0 5.5 11.8 13.9 23.8 17.8 15.2 9.3 2.2 .6 22 819 (NA) 27 213 (NA) 1967 4 589 -------------- 100.0 6.6 13.3 14.3 24.2 17.1 14.5 7.2 1.9 .9 21 555 (NA) 26 171 (NA)

HISPANIC

ORIGIN5

1997 6 961 -------------- 100.0 5.1 8.7 10.9 20.1 15.3 17.2 12.7 5.4 4.6 28 142 655 37 783 853 1996 6 631 -------------- 100.0 4.8 9.4 11.6 21.3 15.5 15.3 13.2 4.9 4.0 26 780 507 36 409 896 1995 6 287 -------------- 100.0 5.1 10.1 11.5 22.2 15.9 14.6 13.0 4.4 3.3 25 876 584 34 390 796

19948 ------------- 6 202 100.0 5.5 10.3 12.3 19.4 15.4 15.7 12.4 5.2 3.8 26 336 511 35 034 704

19937 ------------- 5 946 100.0 5.1 10.7 11.5 20.7 16.4 15.6 12.2 4.8 3.0 26 273 559 34 554 807

19926 ------------- 5 733 100.0 5.2 10.0 11.4 20.4 16.5 15.1 13.6 4.5 3.3 26 946 637 34 292 595

1991 5 177 -------------- 100.0 5.2 9.6 11.4 18.4 16.5 16.3 13.8 5.0 3.8 28 158 593 35 350 622

1990 4 981 -------------- 100.0 4.7 8.8 11.3 19.2 15.4 17.6 14.0 5.5 3.5 28 773 695 35 994 646

1989 4 840 -------------- 100.0 4.5 8.7 9.3 19.0 15.6 16.9 16.5 5.3 4.2 30 347 812 37 791 691 1988 4 823 -------------- 100.0 5.4 8.8 9.6 19.1 15.3 17.1 15.6 5.3 3.7 29 534 758 37 074 847 19871 ------------- 4 576 100.0 4.8 10.0 10.1 19.0 15.9 16.4 15.0 5.2 3.6 28 681 605 36 522 735 1986 4 403 -------------- 100.0 4.5 8.9 11.2 19.6 14.4 17.9 14.2 6.1 3.1 29 281 729 35 789 633 1985 4 206 -------------- 100.0 4.2 9.7 12.1 18.9 15.6 17.5 14.2 5.4 2.5 28 381 731 34 534 606 1984 3 939 -------------- 100.0 5.0 9.5 10.3 19.6 14.8 18.6 14.7 4.6 2.8 29 091 1 100 34 862 726 19832 ------------- 3 788 100.0 5.2 9.7 11.1 19.7 17.1 17.6 13.1 4.3 2.1 27 282 (NA) 32 909 (NA) 1982 3 369 -------------- 100.0 4.5 9.5 12.3 19.4 17.6 16.8 13.7 4.2 2.1 27 243 695 33 136 710 1981 3 305 -------------- 100.0 3.6 8.7 10.2 20.1 17.5 18.4 14.7 4.6 2.1 29 216 752 34 505 689 1980 3 235 -------------- 100.0 3.7 8.5 10.5 20.2 17.3 18.4 15.0 4.1 2.3 28 699 766 34 352 720

19793 ------------- 3 029 100.0 3.1 8.1 9.2 20.4 16.4 19.9 15.3 4.9 2.8 30 731 894 36 379 774

1978 2 741 -------------- 100.0 2.7 8.1 10.0 20.4 17.0 20.2 15.5 4.2 2.0 29 879 756 34 851 739

1977 2 764 -------------- 100.0 2.7 7.5 11.1 20.6 18.8 19.6 13.7 4.0 1.8 29 004 637 33 758 536

1976 2 583 -------------- 100.0 3.0 8.9 11.1 21.7 17.9 19.2 13.9 2.8 1.5 27 720 611 32 586 554

1975 2 499 -------------- 100.0 3.1 9.7 11.0 22.0 18.0 20.4 11.8 2.7 1.3 27 276 654 31 689 588

19744 ------------- 2 475 100.0 2.5 7.4 10.8 21.3 18.6 21.4 13.1 3.3 1.7 29 502 (NA) 33 563 (NA)

1973 2 365 -------------- 100.0 2.5 6.5 9.6 21.7 19.9 19.9 15.0 3.5 1.4 29 635 (NA) 33 746 (NA)

1972 2 312 -------------- 100.0 2.6 6.7 10.5 21.1 21.0 21.3 12.5 2.8 1.6 29 580 (NA) 33 250 (NA)

B~9
Table B~4. Families by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to

1997mCon.

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. Families as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Race and Hispanic

origin of householder

and year

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.) Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

WHITE, NOT

HISPANIC

ORIGIN

1997 52 875 -------------- 100.0 1.8 2.6 4.4 11.6 12.4 17.7 23.3 12.5 13.8 49 636 323 62 308 442

1996 52 625 -------------- 100.0 1.6 3.1 4.5 11.5 13.1 18.2 23.7 11.6 12.7 48 102 258 59 965 415

1995 52 861 -------------- 100.0 1.5 2.7 4.8 12.0 13.5 18.8 22.9 11.6 12.1 47 411 266 58 946 384

19948 ------------- 53 029 100.0 1.7 3.4 4.7 12.7 13.5 18.7 22.2 11.3 11.8 46 080 262 58 106 380

19937 ------------- 52 470 100.0 1.9 3.5 4.8 12.9 13.6 18.4 22.7 10.9 11.3 45 662 239 57 166 388

19926 ------------- 52 302 100.0 2.0 3.1 5.0 12.2 13.5 19.0 23.6 11.1 10.5 46 141 238 55 024 276

1991 52 288 -------------- 100.0 1.8 3.1 4.5 12.3 13.8 19.3 23.1 11.6 10.5 46 241 253 55 050 269

1990 52 038 -------------- 100.0 1.7 2.9 4.4 11.8 13.4 19.7 23.4 11.7 11.0 46 958 269 56 400 282

1989 51 955 -------------- 100.0 1.6 2.8 4.5 11.8 13.0 19.0 23.7 12.0 11.8 47 971 241 57 821 302 1988 51 850 -------------- 100.0 1.6 3.0 4.4 12.1 12.9 19.2 23.9 12.1 10.9 47 643 243 56 267 282 19871 ------------- 51 702 100.0 1.7 3.1 4.4 11.8 12.9 19.6 23.7 12.3 10.5 47 343 271 55 946 278 1986 51 426 -------------- 100.0 1.8 3.3 4.6 12.2 13.1 19.7 24.0 11.3 10.1 46 377 224 54 776 269 1985 50 912 -------------- 100.0 2.0 3.3 5.0 12.7 13.9 20.0 22.9 11.1 9.0 44 834 239 52 617 257 1984 50 563 -------------- 100.0 1.9 3.4 5.1 13.1 13.9 20.4 23.3 10.4 8.4 43 951 250 51 233 238 19832 ------------- 50 208 100.0 2.2 3.7 5.0 13.6 14.7 20.8 22.7 9.8 7.6 42 716 216 49 578 229 1982 50 123 -------------- 100.0 2.1 3.5 5.2 13.7 14.9 20.9 22.7 9.7 7.2 42 264 217 48 989 227 1981 50 066 -------------- 100.0 1.9 3.2 5.3 14.2 13.9 21.5 23.5 9.9 6.6 42 845 242 48 843 217 1980 49 584 -------------- 100.0 1.5 3.3 5.0 13.2 14.0 22.2 24.2 9.8 6.7 43 559 205 49 533 222

19793 ------------- 49 309 100.0 1.5 3.0 4.7 12.7 14.0 21.4 25.3 10.1 7.4 45 107 217 51 204 236

1978 48 245 -------------- 100.0 1.5 3.0 5.2 12.8 13.7 22.0 24.9 10.0 6.9 44 555 235 50 409 233

1977 47 828 -------------- 100.0 1.5 2.9 5.5 13.3 14.1 22.2 25.0 9.2 6.3 43 294 211 49 062 231

1976 47 569 -------------- 100.0 1.4 3.0 5.5 13.7 14.5 23.1 24.3 8.8 5.7 42 757 200 48 128 224

1975 47 447 -------------- 100.0 1.4 3.4 5.8 14.0 15.5 23.0 23.7 8.1 5.1 41 447 211 46 742 223

19744 ------------- 47 026 100.0 1.6 2.9 5.1 13.4 15.6 23.4 23.7 8.8 5.5 42 206 223 47 869 223

1973 46 550 -------------- 100.0 1.4 3.1 5.3 12.6 14.8 23.2 24.7 8.9 6.0 43 046 207 48 871 207

1972 46 213 -------------- 100.0 1.5 3.4 5.3 12.7 15.2 23.7 24.0 8.4 5.7 42 272 181 48 070 213

1Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

2Implementation of Hispanic population controls.

3Implementation of 1980 census population controls.

4Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

5Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Income data for Hispanic origin families are not available prior to 1972.

6Based on 1990 census adjusted population controls.

7Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer~assisted interviewing; earnings limits increased to $999,999; Social Security limits increased to $49,999; SSI and public

assistance limits increased to $24,999; Veterans’ Benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 8Introduction of new, 1990 census sample design.

B~10
Table B~5. Total Money Income of People, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender: 1967 to 1997

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. People 15 years old and over beginning with March 1980, and people 14 years old and over as of March of the following year for previous years. For meaning

of symbols, see text]

Race, Hispanic origin, sex,

and year

With income

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.)

Number with income

(thous.) Total

$1 to

$2,499

or loss

$2,500to $4,999$5,000to $9,999$10,000to $14,999$15,000to $24,999$25,000to $49,999$50,000to $74,999$75,000 and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

ALL RACES

Male

1997 101 123 ------------------- 94 168 100.0 5.5 3.6 10.2 11.4 18.9 30.9 11.6 7.9 25 212 123 34 794 262 1996 100 159 ------------------- 93 439 100.0 5.7 3.8 10.9 11.7 19.3 30.5 10.9 7.2 24 381 161 33 553 253 1995 98 593 ------------------- 92 066 100.0 5.8 4.2 10.5 11.5 19.8 30.3 10.9 7.0 23 761 154 33 126 244 19948 ------------------ 97 704 91 254 100.0 6.3 4.0 11.1 11.6 20.0 29.7 10.3 7.1 23 523 119 32 887 232 19937 ------------------ 96 768 90 194 100.0 6.7 4.4 11.2 11.5 19.6 29.7 10.4 6.6 23 439 118 32 143 228 19926 ------------------ 95 652 90 175 100.0 6.5 4.7 11.3 11.7 19.1 30.2 10.5 6.1 23 400 122 30 670 159 1991 93 760 ------------------- 88 653 100.0 6.0 4.6 10.9 11.2 19.8 30.8 10.5 6.3 24 121 124 31 074 158 1990 92 840 ------------------- 88 220 100.0 5.9 4.3 10.9 10.6 19.7 31.3 11.0 6.4 24 920 125 31 978 168

1989 91 955 ------------------- 87 454 100.0 5.6 4.3 10.3 10.2 19.0 31.4 12.1 7.1 25 749 159 33 324 183 1988 91 034 ------------------- 86 584 100.0 5.9 4.5 10.5 10.1 18.7 31.8 12.0 6.6 25 653 178 32 635 179 19871 ------------------ 90 256 85 713 100.0 6.3 4.6 10.5 10.3 18.2 31.6 12.1 6.4 25 129 174 32 210 162

1986 89 368 ------------------- 84 471 100.0 6.7 4.6 10.1 10.6 18.3 31.1 12.2 6.3 25 062 135 31 956 158

1985 88 478 ------------------- 83 631 100.0 6.8 4.9 10.6 10.8 18.5 31.1 11.5 5.9 24 330 136 30 805 149

1984 87 304 ------------------- 82 183 100.0 7.2 4.9 11.1 9.9 19.0 31.3 10.7 5.7 24 098 139 30 027 133

19832 ------------------ 86 014 80 795 100.0 7.8 5.2 11.1 10.0 19.1 31.4 10.2 5.3 23 625 (NA) 29 299 (NA)

1982 84 955 ------------------- 79 722 100.0 7.5 4.8 11.1 10.2 19.1 31.6 10.5 5.3 23 420 153 29 180 131

1981 83 958 ------------------- 79 688 100.0 7.1 4.8 11.1 10.2 18.8 32.4 10.7 4.7 24 000 162 29 419 130

1980 82 949 ------------------- 78 661 100.0 6.8 4.5 11.1 9.5 18.9 33.7 10.6 4.9 24 436 152 29 916 133

19793 ------------------ 81 947 78 129 100.0 6.3 4.8 10.6 9.4 18.2 33.8 11.5 5.4 25 548 130 31 039 141

1978 80 969 ------------------- 75 609 100.0 7.0 4.5 10.8 9.3 17.7 33.7 11.7 5.3 26 001 150 31 180 145

1977 79 863 ------------------- 74 015 100.0 7.0 4.5 10.7 9.5 17.1 34.2 11.6 5.2 25 708 119 30 635 132

1976 78 782 ------------------- 72 775 100.0 7.1 4.6 10.7 9.8 17.8 34.5 10.9 4.7 25 469 143 30 168 130

1975 77 560 ------------------- 71 234 100.0 7.0 4.5 11.0 9.9 17.5 35.2 10.5 4.4 25 283 131 29 784 131

19744 ------------------ 76 363 70 863 100.0 7.2 4.6 10.4 8.8 18.0 35.4 10.6 5.0 26 138 (NA) 30 495 (NA)

1973 75 040 ------------------- 69 387 100.0 6.9 4.6 9.7 8.6 17.1 35.9 11.9 5.3 27 394 (NA) 31 587 (NA)

1972 73 572 ------------------- 67 474 100.0 6.9 5.0 9.7 9.0 16.3 36.8 11.1 5.1 26 931 (NA) 31 214 (NA)

1971 72 469 ------------------- 66 486 100.0 7.6 5.1 10.3 9.2 17.0 37.0 9.6 4.2 25 706 (NA) 29 389 (NA)

1970 70 592 ------------------- 65 008 100.0 7.6 5.5 10.1 8.5 17.2 37.5 9.4 4.2 25 921 (NA) 29 290 (NA)

1969 69 027 ------------------- 63 882 100.0 7.6 5.7 10.0 8.6 17.0 37.9 9.0 4.1 26 189 (NA) 29 338 (NA) 1968 67 611 ------------------- 62 501 100.0 7.5 5.9 9.9 8.8 17.5 38.5 8.3 3.6 25 459 (NA) 28 209 (NA) 1967 66 519 ------------------- 61 444 100.0 7.8 6.4 10.5 8.7 18.9 37.5 6.9 3.5 24 553 (NA) 26 768 (NA)

Female

1997 108 168 ------------------- 97 447 100.0 11.1 7.9 19.6 14.5 20.0 20.5 4.5 2.0 13 703 108 19 511 127

1996 107 076 ------------------- 96 558 100.0 11.5 8.4 20.4 14.5 19.8 19.8 4.0 1.7 13 109 108 18 790 128

1995 106 031 ------------------- 96 007 100.0 12.4 8.6 20.4 14.5 19.4 19.5 3.8 1.5 12 775 79 18 183 116

19948 ------------------ 105 028 95 147 100.0 13.1 8.9 20.8 14.3 19.1 18.9 3.5 1.5 12 418 77 17 846 117

19937 ------------------ 104 032 94 417 100.0 13.3 9.6 20.7 14.2 18.9 18.6 3.5 1.2 12 269 79 17 506 117

19926 ------------------ 102 954 93 517 100.0 13.6 9.6 20.2 14.8 18.2 19.3 3.2 1.2 12 257 80 17 070 89

1991 101 483 ------------------- 92 569 100.0 13.5 9.4 20.5 14.3 19.4 18.6 3.0 1.2 12 345 82 17 027 87

1990 100 680 ------------------- 92 245 100.0 14.0 9.9 19.6 14.3 19.2 18.7 3.3 1.1 12 366 87 17 085 90

1989 99 838 ------------------- 91 399 100.0 13.9 9.7 19.7 13.6 19.6 19.1 3.3 1.1 12 457 89 17 119 89 1988 99 019 ------------------- 90 593 100.0 14.7 9.9 20.4 13.5 18.9 18.8 3.0 1.0 12 053 103 16 703 94 19871 ------------------ 98 225 89 661 100.0 15.1 10.1 20.1 13.8 18.9 18.3 2.7 .9 11 720 95 16 301 85 1986 97 320 ------------------- 87 822 100.0 16.2 10.1 20.3 13.9 18.5 17.6 2.5 .8 11 144 81 15 729 81 1985 96 354 ------------------- 86 531 100.0 16.7 10.7 20.5 14.1 18.2 16.9 2.2 .7 10 765 81 15 174 78 1984 95 282 ------------------- 85 555 100.0 17.4 10.4 20.7 13.5 19.3 16.1 1.9 .7 10 609 70 14 805 73 19832 ------------------ 94 269 83 781 100.0 18.0 10.9 21.0 13.2 19.2 15.4 1.8 .6 10 321 (NA) 14 340 (NA) 1982 93 145 ------------------- 82 505 100.0 18.5 10.4 21.6 13.8 18.8 14.7 1.5 .5 9 884 64 13 758 69 1981 92 228 ------------------- 82 139 100.0 18.7 10.9 22.1 13.9 19.0 13.7 1.4 .3 9 723 68 13 253 64 1980 91 133 ------------------- 80 826 100.0 19.2 11.3 21.8 13.4 19.0 13.7 1.2 .4 9 595 64 13 207 66

19793 ------------------ 89 914 79 921 100.0 20.1 11.5 20.9 13.2 19.4 13.4 1.2 .4 9 439 76 13 070 67

1978 88 617 ------------------- 71 864 100.0 17.4 12.5 22.1 13.8 19.2 13.4 1.2 .4 9 673 86 13 313 69

1977 87 399 ------------------- 65 407 100.0 14.5 12.8 22.9 14.9 19.5 14.0 1.1 .4 10 008 71 13 437 63

1976 86 157 ------------------- 63 170 100.0 15.3 13.1 23.2 14.8 19.4 12.8 1.1 .3 9 662 76 13 172 65

1975 84 982 ------------------- 60 807 100.0 15.3 13.2 23.3 15.4 18.9 12.8 .9 .2 9 667 60 12 889 60

19744 ------------------ 83 599 59 642 100.0 16.4 13.1 23.2 14.0 19.8 12.4 1.0 .3 9 531 (NA) 12 868 (NA)

1973 82 244 ------------------- 57 029 100.0 16.3 14.2 21.4 14.8 19.1 12.8 1.1 .3 9 508 (NA) 12 918 (NA)

1972 80 896 ------------------- 54 487 100.0 16.9 14.4 21.1 14.4 18.5 13.3 1.0 .3 9 395 (NA) 12 930 (NA)

1971 79 565 ------------------- 52 603 100.0 17.5 15.4 20.6 14.6 18.8 11.9 .8 .3 8 967 (NA) 12 412 (NA)

1970 77 649 ------------------- 51 647 100.0 19.2 15.3 20.4 13.0 19.4 11.7 .8 .3 8 693 (NA) 12 195 (NA)

1969 76 277 ------------------- 50 224 100.0 19.5 15.9 19.3 13.7 20.0 10.6 .7 .3 8 685 (NA) 11 997 (NA)

1968 74 889 ------------------- 48 544 100.0 19.4 16.1 20.0 14.5 18.6 10.5 .7 .2 8 595 (NA) 11 631 (NA)

1967 73 584 ------------------- 46 843 100.0 21.5 16.9 19.1 13.9 18.6 8.9 .7 .4 7 963 (NA) 10 979 (NA)

B~11
Table B~5. Total Money Income of People, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender: 1967 to 1997

mCon.

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. People 15 years old and over beginning with March 1980, and people 14 years old and over as of March of the following year for previous years. For meaning

of symbols, see text]

Race, Hispanic origin, sex,

and year

With income

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.)

Number with income

(thous.) Total

$1 to

$2,499

or loss

$2,500to $4,999$5,000to $9,999$10,000to $14,999$15,000to $24,999$25,000to $49,999$50,000to $74,999$75,000 and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

WHITE

Male

1997 85 219 ------------------- 80 400 100.0 5.2 3.4 9.4 11.2 18.6 31.4 12.2 8.6 26 115 135 36 282 296 1996 84 540 ------------------- 80 041 100.0 5.3 3.5 10.1 11.4 19.3 31.1 11.5 7.8 25 521 160 34 832 278 1995 83 463 ------------------- 79 022 100.0 5.3 3.8 9.8 11.2 19.6 31.1 11.6 7.6 25 165 186 34 403 266 19948 ------------------ 82 566 78 220 100.0 5.9 3.7 10.1 11.2 19.9 30.6 10.8 7.7 24 550 188 34 313 261 19937 ------------------ 82 026 77 650 100.0 6.2 4.1 10.3 11.2 19.5 30.5 11.1 7.1 24 415 128 33 512 253 19926 ------------------ 81 179 77 467 100.0 6.1 4.1 10.4 11.4 19.0 31.2 11.2 6.6 24 488 133 31 998 176 1991 80 049 ------------------- 76 578 100.0 5.5 4.0 10.1 11.0 19.6 31.8 11.1 6.8 25 212 132 32 405 174 1990 79 555 ------------------- 76 480 100.0 5.4 3.9 9.9 10.2 19.6 32.3 11.7 6.9 25 997 133 33 330 187

1989 78 908 ------------------- 75 858 100.0 5.3 3.9 9.4 9.8 18.7 32.3 12.9 7.7 27 004 144 34 817 202 1988 78 230 ------------------- 75 247 100.0 5.5 4.1 9.6 9.7 18.5 32.8 12.9 7.0 27 079 176 33 964 197 19871 ------------------ 77 743 74 647 100.0 5.9 4.2 9.5 9.9 18.1 32.5 12.9 7.0 26 710 182 33 588 178

1986 77 212 ------------------- 73 827 100.0 6.3 4.1 9.4 10.1 18.2 31.9 13.1 6.9 26 447 187 33 310 174

1985 76 617 ------------------- 73 222 100.0 6.5 4.4 9.9 10.3 18.3 31.8 12.3 6.4 25 523 148 32 104 164

1984 75 487 ------------------- 72 162 100.0 6.8 4.5 10.2 9.7 18.7 32.5 11.4 6.2 25 437 148 31 295 145

19832 ------------------ 74 805 71 231 100.0 7.3 4.7 10.3 9.8 19.0 32.4 10.8 5.7 24 855 (NA) 30 458 (NA)

1982 74 043 ------------------- 70 477 100.0 7.2 4.4 10.3 9.8 18.8 32.5 11.3 5.8 24 760 163 30 339 143

1981 72 449 ------------------- 70 351 100.0 6.8 4.5 10.4 9.8 18.6 33.3 11.6 5.2 25 466 173 30 630 143

1980 72 449 ------------------- 69 420 100.0 6.4 4.0 10.3 9.2 18.7 34.7 11.4 5.4 25 992 179 31 139 144

19793 ------------------ 71 887 69 247 100.0 6.0 4.4 9.8 9.2 17.7 34.6 12.3 6.0 26 689 139 32 260 154

1978 71 308 ------------------- 67 273 100.0 6.7 4.2 10.1 8.9 17.4 34.5 12.4 5.7 27 233 171 32 359 159

1977 70 407 ------------------- 65 974 100.0 6.7 4.2 10.1 9.0 16.7 35.1 12.4 5.7 26 927 140 31 838 145

1976 69 555 ------------------- 64 946 100.0 6.8 4.3 10.0 9.4 17.2 35.5 11.7 5.1 26 850 154 31 354 141

1975 68 573 ------------------- 63 629 100.0 6.7 4.2 10.3 9.4 17.2 36.1 11.4 4.8 26 560 154 30 935 143

19744 ------------------ 67 667 63 388 100.0 6.9 4.3 9.6 8.5 17.4 36.4 11.3 5.4 27 381 (NA) 31 614 (NA)

1973 66 550 ------------------- 62 082 100.0 6.6 4.4 9.0 8.1 16.4 36.8 12.8 5.8 28 744 (NA) 32 821 (NA)

1972 65 385 ------------------- 60 565 100.0 6.6 4.6 9.2 8.5 15.8 37.7 12.0 5.6 28 247 (NA) 32 461 (NA)

1971 64 611 ------------------- 59 729 100.0 7.3 4.6 9.7 8.7 16.4 38.2 10.4 4.5 26 950 (NA) 30 547 (NA)

1970 63 002 ------------------- 58 447 100.0 7.2 5.0 9.7 8.0 16.4 38.7 10.2 4.6 27 246 (NA) 30 468 (NA)

1969 61 645 ------------------- 57 343 100.0 7.3 5.2 9.7 8.0 16.2 39.3 9.8 4.5 27 558 (NA) 30 585 (NA) 1968 60 498 ------------------- 56 219 100.0 7.0 5.5 9.5 8.2 16.8 40.0 9.0 3.9 26 680 (NA) 29 354 (NA) 1967 59 524 ------------------- 55 270 100.0 7.3 5.9 10.1 8.0 18.2 39.3 7.4 3.8 25 848 (NA) 27 886 (NA)

Female

1997 89 489 ------------------- 81 352 100.0 11.4 7.7 19.2 14.6 19.7 20.7 4.6 2.1 13 792 117 19 792 146

1996 88 756 ------------------- 80 741 100.0 11.8 8.0 19.9 14.7 19.6 20.0 4.1 1.8 13 258 117 18 949 129

1995 88 134 ------------------- 80 608 100.0 12.7 8.3 19.8 14.5 19.5 19.7 3.9 1.6 12 971 86 18 513 131

19948 ------------------ 87 484 80 045 100.0 13.4 8.6 20.2 14.3 19.1 19.2 3.6 1.5 12 595 83 18 116 132

19937 ------------------ 86 765 79 484 100.0 13.5 9.1 20.2 14.2 19.0 19.0 3.6 1.3 12 513 86 17 788 128

19926 ------------------ 86 098 78 885 100.0 13.7 9.2 19.6 14.9 18.5 19.7 3.2 1.3 12 541 87 17 382 98

1991 85 510 ------------------- 78 721 100.0 13.8 9.0 19.8 14.4 19.5 19.1 3.2 1.2 12 634 88 17 290 95

1990 85 012 ------------------- 78 566 100.0 14.3 9.5 18.8 14.3 19.4 19.1 3.4 1.2 12 669 95 17 362 98

1989 84 508 ------------------- 77 933 100.0 14.2 9.4 18.9 13.8 19.7 19.4 3.4 1.1 12 700 96 17 317 97 1988 84 035 ------------------- 77 493 100.0 15.0 9.4 19.6 13.4 19.2 19.1 3.1 1.0 12 350 111 16 974 103 19871 ------------------ 83 552 76 940 100.0 15.5 9.7 19.4 13.9 19.0 18.7 2.9 1.0 12 019 100 16 584 95 1986 83 003 ------------------- 75 587 100.0 16.7 9.7 19.7 13.9 18.7 18.0 2.6 .9 11 364 88 15 914 88 1985 82 345 ------------------- 74 640 100.0 17.3 10.2 19.8 14.1 18.4 17.1 2.3 .8 10 974 88 15 389 85 1984 81 603 ------------------- 73 977 100.0 18.0 10.0 20.0 13.5 19.4 16.3 2.0 .7 10 734 74 14 956 80 19832 ------------------ 80 901 72 643 100.0 18.5 10.5 20.3 13.2 19.4 15.6 1.9 .7 10 502 (NA) 14 527 (NA) 1982 80 066 ------------------- 71 624 100.0 19.2 9.9 21.0 13.9 18.9 14.9 1.7 .6 10 018 71 13 926 76 1981 79 591 ------------------- 71 566 100.0 19.4 10.5 21.4 13.8 19.3 13.9 1.4 .3 9 831 75 13 394 69 1980 78 766 ------------------- 70 573 100.0 20.0 10.9 21.1 13.4 19.1 13.8 1.3 .4 9 648 70 13 294 72

19793 ------------------ 77 882 69 839 100.0 20.8 11.0 20.3 13.2 19.4 13.6 1.2 .4 9 528 82 13 150 74

1978 77 091 ------------------- 62 695 100.0 18.2 12.1 21.4 13.8 19.3 13.5 1.3 .4 9 789 90 13 389 76

1977 76 194 ------------------- 56 813 100.0 14.8 12.6 22.3 14.9 19.7 14.3 1.1 .4 10 161 79 13 584 71

1976 75 239 ------------------- 55 026 100.0 15.8 12.9 22.5 14.7 19.5 13.1 1.1 .4 9 743 84 13 291 70

1975 74 351 ------------------- 52 936 100.0 15.7 13.0 22.7 15.3 19.1 13.0 1.0 .2 9 767 63 12 994 66

19744 ------------------ 73 312 52 038 100.0 16.7 12.9 22.6 14.0 19.8 12.6 1.0 .3 9 639 (NA) 12 998 (NA)

1973 72 248 ------------------- 49 741 100.0 16.5 13.9 21.1 14.5 19.3 13.3 1.1 .3 9 599 (NA) 13 102 (NA)

1972 71 226 ------------------- 47 519 100.0 17.3 14.0 20.8 14.1 18.6 13.7 1.1 .3 9 456 (NA) 13 046 (NA)

1971 70 293 ------------------- 45 941 100.0 17.8 15.0 20.2 14.5 19.2 12.2 .9 .3 9 116 (NA) 12 602 (NA)

1970 68 793 ------------------- 45 288 100.0 19.4 15.0 19.9 12.7 19.7 12.1 .8 .3 8 806 (NA) 12 378 (NA)

1969 67 680 ------------------- 44 025 100.0 19.5 15.6 18.9 13.4 20.5 11.1 .8 .3 8 889 (NA) 12 257 (NA)

1968 66 543 ------------------- 42 482 100.0 19.4 15.6 19.5 14.3 19.0 11.1 .7 .3 8 851 (NA) 11 925 (NA)

1967 66 240 ------------------- 41 045 100.0 21.3 16.6 18.6 13.6 19.3 9.4 .8 .4 8 202 (NA) 11 257 (NA)

B~12
Table B~5. Total Money Income of People, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender: 1967 to 1997

mCon.

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. People 15 years old and over beginning with March 1980, and people 14 years old and over as of March of the following year for previous years. For meaning

of symbols, see text]

Race, Hispanic origin, sex,

and year

With income

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.)

Number with income

(thous.) Total

$1 to

$2,499

or loss

$2,500to $4,999$5,000to $9,999$10,000to $14,999$15,000to $24,999$25,000to $49,999$50,000to $74,999$75,000 and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

BLACK

Male

1997 11 283 ------------------- 9 671 100.0 7.6 5.4 16.6 13.1 21.3 27.3 6.6 2.2 18 096 477 22 781 370 1996 11 113 ------------------- 9 410 100.0 8.3 6.4 17.6 13.5 19.8 26.7 5.5 2.3 16 869 338 23 025 643 1995 10 922 ------------------- 9 339 100.0 8.9 7.1 16.7 13.0 22.2 24.5 5.4 2.3 16 857 300 22 455 598 19948 ------------------ 10 825 9 199 100.0 8.4 6.4 18.5 14.1 21.0 23.6 5.7 2.3 16 225 339 21 891 407 19937 ------------------ 10 639 8 947 100.0 10.6 6.8 17.5 13.4 21.3 23.9 4.8 1.7 16 222 499 21 204 475 19926 ------------------ 10 453 9 104 100.0 9.9 8.8 18.1 13.8 19.8 23.7 4.3 1.6 14 945 444 19 997 342 1991 10 252 ------------------- 8 943 100.0 10.0 8.3 17.5 13.4 21.4 23.1 4.8 1.5 15 275 395 20 105 318 1990 10 074 ------------------- 8 820 100.0 9.4 7.1 18.9 13.0 20.9 23.7 5.6 1.4 15 802 464 20 858 341

1989 9 948 ------------------- 8 806 100.0 8.2 7.6 17.9 12.7 22.0 24.6 5.6 1.4 16 321 395 20 900 340 1988 9 809 ------------------- 8 610 100.0 9.3 7.6 17.7 13.2 20.2 24.7 5.3 2.0 16 340 369 21 471 399 19871 ------------------ 9 668 8 488 100.0 9.3 7.5 18.7 13.0 20.3 24.9 4.9 1.4 15 845 294 20 589 342

1986 9 472 ------------------- 8 285 100.0 9.0 8.7 17.1 14.6 20.0 24.3 4.9 1.4 15 848 313 20 298 324

1985 9 309 ------------------- 8 127 100.0 9.4 8.9 16.6 14.1 20.8 24.7 4.3 1.2 16 062 352 19 952 325

1984 9 141 ------------------- 7 851 100.0 11.0 8.2 19.0 12.9 22.6 21.2 4.1 1.0 14 595 411 18 721 281

19832 ------------------ 8 986 7 587 100.0 11.5 9.2 17.8 12.7 21.6 22.4 4.0 .8 14 535 (NA) 18 619 (NA)

1982 8 757 ------------------- 7 290 100.0 10.2 8.1 17.8 13.5 22.4 23.8 3.4 .8 14 838 389 18 552 290

1981 8 614 ------------------- 7 459 100.0 10.1 8.1 18.1 13.6 21.7 24.7 3.3 .4 15 143 346 18 759 265

1980 8 448 ------------------- 7 387 100.0 10.4 8.5 18.0 11.8 21.7 24.9 4.0 .8 15 619 353 19 196 285

19793 ------------------ 8 292 7 288 100.0 8.6 7.9 18.2 11.8 22.0 26.4 4.2 .9 16 521 334 20 095 297

1978 8 148 ------------------- 6 971 100.0 9.5 8.0 17.7 12.6 19.8 26.8 4.7 .8 16 314 342 20 309 309

1977 8 057 ------------------- 6 777 100.0 9.9 7.3 16.0 14.7 21.0 26.3 3.9 1.0 15 979 274 19 664 244

1976 7 914 ------------------- 6 651 100.0 10.1 7.5 17.4 12.8 22.2 26.0 3.3 .8 16 166 324 19 401 249

1975 7 720 ------------------- 6 485 100.0 9.1 7.4 18.7 14.2 20.5 27.0 2.7 .5 15 879 303 18 943 220

19744 ------------------ 7 507 6 409 100.0 9.6 7.3 17.6 11.2 23.7 26.4 3.7 .4 16 965 (NA) 19 538 (NA)

1973 7 415 ------------------- 6 394 100.0 9.8 7.4 15.3 12.3 23.1 27.9 3.6 .7 17 386 (NA) 19 940 (NA)

1972 7 200 ------------------- 6 043 100.0 10.3 8.4 14.1 13.4 21.0 29.1 3.2 .6 17 109 (NA) 19 690 (NA)

1971 7 041 ------------------- 6 024 100.0 10.7 9.0 15.1 13.6 22.9 26.0 2.1 .5 16 076 (NA) 18 202 (NA)

1970 6 796 ------------------- 5 844 100.0 11.1 9.5 13.7 13.2 24.3 25.6 1.9 .5 16 163 (NA) 18 199 (NA)

1969 6 637 ------------------- 5 870 100.0 11.1 10.1 13.6 13.4 24.4 25.5 1.7 .2 16 030 (NA) 17 765 (NA) 1968 6 456 ------------------- 5 715 100.0 11.6 9.8 13.9 13.8 24.6 24.5 1.4 .4 15 829 (NA) 17 106 (NA) 1967 6 318 ------------------- 5 572 100.0 12.4 10.9 14.2 15.4 25.5 19.8 1.2 .5 14 794 (NA) 16 342 (NA)

Female

1997 13 715 ------------------- 11 961 100.0 7.7 9.4 23.2 13.9 22.5 18.9 3.5 .8 13 048 354 17 310 248

1996 13 514 ------------------- 11 817 100.0 9.1 10.4 24.4 13.6 21.2 18.1 2.6 .7 12 042 252 16 910 438

1995 13 292 ------------------- 11 607 100.0 9.8 10.3 25.3 15.0 19.2 17.5 2.5 .5 11 544 240 15 699 234

19948 ------------------ 13 097 11 450 100.0 10.1 11.1 24.8 14.5 19.5 16.2 2.7 1.0 11 419 236 16 189 277

19937 ------------------ 12 872 11 267 100.0 10.8 13.1 25.2 14.3 18.2 15.4 2.5 .6 10 561 230 15 288 297

19926 ------------------ 12 677 11 076 100.0 11.5 12.8 25.8 14.3 16.1 16.8 2.4 .2 10 167 248 14 607 209

1991 12 288 ------------------- 10 727 100.0 10.3 12.6 26.6 14.0 18.4 15.7 1.6 .6 10 389 230 14 907 225

1990 12 124 ------------------- 10 687 100.0 11.0 13.7 25.4 14.3 17.6 15.5 2.2 .4 10 227 253 14 796 227

1989 11 966 ------------------- 10 577 100.0 11.2 12.4 26.1 12.5 18.2 16.7 2.5 .4 10 193 309 15 131 233 1988 11 786 ------------------- 10 380 100.0 11.3 12.7 26.6 13.7 17.0 16.5 1.8 .3 9 971 197 14 518 231 19871 ------------------ 11 663 10 164 100.0 11.1 14.0 26.3 13.9 17.7 15.2 1.5 .3 9 818 194 14 066 203 1986 11 447 ------------------- 9 819 100.0 12.2 13.4 26.4 14.6 17.2 14.2 1.5 .4 9 615 185 13 968 230 1985 11 263 ------------------- 9 611 100.0 11.4 14.8 26.9 14.5 16.2 14.8 1.2 .1 9 363 203 13 426 194 1984 11 092 ------------------- 9 460 100.0 12.5 13.1 26.8 14.6 17.9 13.7 1.2 .2 9 522 213 13 319 184 19832 ------------------ 10 911 9 107 100.0 13.3 14.7 26.7 13.6 17.7 12.9 1.0 .2 8 974 (NA) 12 747 (NA) 1982 10 687 ------------------- 8 921 100.0 12.8 14.1 27.5 14.1 18.0 12.6 .7 .1 8 836 212 12 338 173 1981 10 511 ------------------- 8 829 100.0 13.4 14.3 28.0 15.0 17.2 11.2 .8 .1 8 734 183 11 985 167 1980 10 317 ------------------- 8 596 100.0 12.3 14.5 28.5 13.8 18.3 11.8 .6 .1 8 932 215 12 339 174

19793 ------------------ 10 108 8 533 100.0 13.8 15.4 26.5 13.0 18.8 11.7 .8 .1 8 671 191 12 244 178

1978 9 902 ------------------- 7 959 100.0 11.4 15.5 28.4 14.1 18.0 11.9 .5 .1 8 814 200 12 393 181

1977 9 684 ------------------- 7 562 100.0 11.9 14.3 28.3 15.3 18.1 11.5 .5 .1 8 774 135 12 197 152

1976 9 484 ------------------- 7 188 100.0 10.5 14.8 28.4 16.1 18.7 10.7 .7 .1 9 181 141 12 281 146

1975 9 269 ------------------- 6 969 100.0 12.0 14.8 28.7 16.1 17.0 11.0 .5 – 8 873 157 11 806 140

19744 ------------------ 9 047 6 779 100.0 13.7 14.7 28.3 13.9 19.3 9.7 .5 .1 8 702 (NA) 11 625 (NA)

1973 8 839 ------------------- 6 513 100.0 14.3 17.0 23.6 17.5 17.8 9.2 .5 .1 8 664 (NA) 11 412 (NA)

1972 8 616 ------------------- 6 274 100.0 13.4 17.8 23.7 16.7 17.1 10.6 .6 .1 8 835 (NA) 11 763 (NA)

1971 8 428 ------------------- 6 151 100.0 15.9 19.0 24.2 15.6 16.2 8.7 .2 – 7 988 (NA) 10 784 (NA)

1970 8 041 ------------------- 5 844 100.0 17.0 17.8 24.3 15.4 16.8 8.3 .4 – 8 017 (NA) 10 660 (NA)

1969 7 841 ------------------- 5 728 100.0 19.5 18.8 22.4 16.1 16.2 6.7 .3 – 7 495 (NA) 9 972 (NA)

1968 7 636 ------------------- 5 629 100.0 20.0 19.6 23.5 15.6 15.2 6.0 .1 – 7 020 (NA) 9 400 (NA)

1967 7 461 ------------------- 5 397 100.0 22.6 20.0 23.0 15.7 13.0 5.0 .4 .2 6 455 (NA) 9 161 (NA)

B~13
Table B~5. Total Money Income of People, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender: 1967 to 1997

mCon.

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. People 15 years old and over beginning with March 1980, and people 14 years old and over as of March of the following year for previous years. For meaning

of symbols, see text]

Race, Hispanic origin, sex,

and year

With income

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.)

Number with income

(thous.) Total

$1 to

$2,499

or loss

$2,500to $4,999$5,000to $9,999$10,000to $14,999$15,000to $24,999$25,000to $49,999$50,000to $74,999$75,000 and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

HISPANIC ORIGIN5

Male

1997 10 944 ------------------- 9 585 100.0 6.5 4.6 15.5 19.0 24.4 22.2 5.1 2.6 16 216 244 22 392 537 1996 10 627 ------------------- 9 305 100.0 6.3 5.5 17.0 19.2 24.1 21.4 4.6 1.8 15 791 257 21 283 594 1995 9 826 ------------------- 8 577 100.0 6.8 6.5 17.7 18.1 23.7 20.9 4.5 1.8 15 629 309 20 537 512 19948 ------------------ 9 555 8 375 100.0 7.0 5.4 19.0 17.3 24.0 20.9 4.0 2.4 15 703 324 21 773 710 19937 ------------------ 9 312 8 208 100.0 7.2 6.4 19.1 17.5 22.7 20.9 4.3 1.9 15 205 365 20 732 524 19926 ------------------ 8 996 8 056 100.0 7.2 6.3 18.4 18.2 22.7 21.1 4.5 1.7 15 338 350 20 142 359 1991 7 738 ------------------- 6 939 100.0 6.4 5.3 17.2 18.2 23.4 23.3 4.3 1.8 16 283 408 21 136 374 1990 7 502 ------------------- 6 767 100.0 6.4 6.5 16.4 16.9 24.6 22.9 4.4 1.9 16 541 388 21 431 408

1989 7 254 ------------------- 6 592 100.0 6.6 5.5 15.0 15.9 26.1 23.3 5.2 2.4 17 344 428 22 482 459 1988 7 012 ------------------- 6 342 100.0 6.4 6.2 15.1 15.4 25.2 24.1 5.6 2.0 17 678 540 22 583 478 19871 ------------------ 6 768 6 102 100.0 5.8 5.9 17.0 15.5 22.5 25.5 5.7 2.1 17 279 297 22 892 473

1986 6 517 ------------------- 5 870 100.0 7.4 6.3 15.0 16.5 23.4 23.5 6.4 1.6 16 888 299 21 796 409

1985 6 232 ------------------- 5 523 100.0 7.3 6.5 15.4 16.4 21.7 25.3 5.7 1.6 17 055 357 21 614 395

1984 5 809 ------------------- 5 174 100.0 8.0 7.1 15.8 13.9 23.1 25.4 4.9 1.8 17 148 471 21 627 501

19832 ------------------ 5 633 4 236 100.0 7.7 6.3 16.2 13.6 24.9 25.6 4.3 1.4 17 470 (NA) (NA) (NA)

1982 4 592 ------------------- 4 092 100.0 7.9 5.6 15.3 14.6 24.4 25.4 5.1 1.7 17 579 428 21 466 531

1981 4 557 ------------------- 4 131 100.0 7.3 5.9 14.6 13.9 24.5 27.0 5.3 1.3 18 175 499 21 953 502

1980 4 429 ------------------- 3 996 100.0 7.7 5.3 13.9 13.5 25.2 27.9 5.1 1.5 18 837 595 22 423 542

19793 ------------------ 4 196 3 852 100.0 7.1 6.1 13.8 11.9 25.3 28.8 5.2 1.9 19 240 620 23 023 562

1978 3 880 ------------------- 3 447 100.0 7.4 5.8 12.4 11.9 25.8 29.6 5.6 1.6 19 926 554 23 248 578

1977 3 848 ------------------- 3 376 100.0 6.9 5.4 13.0 12.1 25.1 31.0 5.1 1.5 19 801 452 22 671 470

1976 3 526 ------------------- 3 099 100.0 8.3 5.8 13.6 12.5 24.7 29.2 4.7 1.2 19 049 549 22 076 505

1975 3 415 ------------------- 2 945 100.0 7.9 5.7 13.1 12.6 25.3 29.9 4.4 1.0 19 354 503 21 933 554

19744 ------------------ 3 519 3 052 100.0 8.1 6.1 12.5 11.3 26.5 30.1 4.1 1.3 19 925 (NA) 22 424 (NA)

1973 3 433 ------------------- 2 867 100.0 8.1 5.2 10.9 10.6 26.6 33.1 4.7 .7 21 083 (NA) (NA) (NA)

1972 3 204 ------------------- 2 709 100.0 7.2 6.3 10.8 13.0 23.6 33.5 4.0 1.5 20 916 (NA) (NA) (NA)

Female

1997 10 485 ------------------- 8 055 100.0 14.0 10.4 24.5 17.2 17.6 13.8 1.9 .8 10 260 209 14 509 420

1996 10 073 ------------------- 7 744 100.0 14.3 11.5 25.6 16.4 17.6 11.9 2.0 .5 9 702 233 13 851 435

1995 9 754 ------------------- 7 478 100.0 14.6 12.0 26.2 15.9 17.2 12.0 1.5 .5 9 403 240 13 690 511

19948 ------------------ 9 433 7 298 100.0 14.8 11.6 26.9 16.1 15.8 12.5 1.5 .7 9 328 242 13 548 329

19937 ------------------ 9 146 7 053 100.0 15.3 13.4 26.4 15.2 16.0 11.6 1.5 .5 8 997 258 12 924 280

19926 ------------------ 8 815 6 749 100.0 15.0 12.9 24.1 17.8 14.7 13.5 1.4 .6 9 504 253 13 357 271

1991 7 806 ------------------- 6 084 100.0 16.0 12.8 24.8 16.1 16.8 11.8 1.3 .5 9 443 258 12 967 277

1990 7 559 ------------------- 5 903 100.0 16.4 13.0 24.0 16.0 16.7 11.7 1.7 .4 9 249 266 13 001 273

1989 7 323 ------------------- 5 677 100.0 16.2 12.3 21.7 16.5 17.4 13.8 1.6 .5 9 898 303 13 641 300 1988 7 045 ------------------- 5 532 100.0 17.5 12.7 22.1 16.5 15.6 13.7 1.2 .5 9 483 301 13 281 360

19871 ------------------ 6 835 5 357 100.0 16.8 12.9 24.3 14.7 16.5 12.8 1.3 .5 9 367 239 13 137 312

1986 6 588 ------------------- 5 096 100.0 17.6 12.0 23.3 16.1 17.1 12.3 1.3 .2 9 281 262 12 692 268

1985 6 366 ------------------- 4 843 100.0 17.4 13.0 24.9 15.5 16.0 12.0 .8 .2 8 980 252 12 199 267

1984 5 967 ------------------- 4 617 100.0 18.9 11.9 23.8 14.6 19.1 10.7 .8 .2 9 006 306 12 043 307

19832 ------------------ 5 790 4 098 100.0 18.9 13.0 25.0 14.5 17.4 10.0 1.0 .2 8 655 (NA) (NA) (NA)

1982 5 119 ------------------- 3 832 100.0 19.3 11.9 24.4 15.5 18.6 9.4 .8 .2 8 629 346 11 450 317

1981 4 955 ------------------- 3 787 100.0 19.4 12.4 23.4 16.7 18.1 9.2 .6 .1 9 014 338 11 381 301

1980 4 734 ------------------- 3 617 100.0 19.2 13.5 24.2 16.8 16.8 8.7 .6 .1 8 591 365 10 946 302

19793 ------------------ 4 501 3 495 100.0 19.3 12.4 23.1 17.1 18.5 8.8 .7 .2 9 001 382 11 400 317 1978 4 178 ------------------- 2 949 100.0 16.8 13.6 25.1 17.5 17.6 8.6 .7 .1 9 007 366 11 409 335 1977 4 212 ------------------- 2 780 100.0 15.3 13.6 24.1 19.0 18.8 8.7 .3 .1 9 318 338 11 398 292 1976 3 922 ------------------- 2 568 100.0 15.4 14.1 24.8 19.2 19.4 6.8 .3 .1 9 076 324 11 049 273 1975 3 777 ------------------- 2 380 100.0 15.4 14.7 24.5 20.6 17.8 6.9 .2 – 9 145 317 10 847 271 19744 ------------------ 3 743 2 353 100.0 16.3 12.7 25.4 17.9 20.4 7.0 .3 – 9 302 (NA) 11 062 (NA) 1973 3 752 ------------------- 2 154 100.0 17.6 12.4 23.8 17.2 20.3 8.0 .4 .2 9 018 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1972 3 511 ------------------- 1 928 100.0 16.5 14.7 21.2 20.0 18.9 8.6 .3 – 9 569 (NA) (NA) (NA)

B~14
Table B~5. Total Money Income of People, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender: 1967 to 1997

mCon.

[Income in 1997 CPI~U~X1 adjusted dollars. People 15 years old and over beginning with March 1980, and people 14 years old and over as of March of the following year for previous years. For meaning

of symbols, see text]

Race, Hispanic origin, sex,

and year

With income

Percent distribution Median income Mean income

Number

(thous.)

Number with income

(thous.) Total

$1 to

$2,499

or loss

$2,500to $4,999$5,000to $9,999$10,000to $14,999$15,000to $24,999$25,000to $49,999$50,000to $74,999$75,000 and

over

Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)Value

(dollars)

Standard error (dollars)

WHITE, NOT

HISPANIC ORIGIN

Male

1997 74 703 ------------------- 71 150 100.0 5.0 3.3 8.6 10.1 17.8 32.7 13.2 9.4 27 559 204 38 080 327

1996 74 349 ------------------- 71 084 100.0 5.2 3.3 9.2 10.4 18.7 32.3 12.4 8.6 26 893 142 36 527 304

1995 74 040 ------------------- 70 754 100.0 5.2 3.5 8.9 10.4 19.1 32.3 12.4 8.2 26 835 155 36 019 291

19948 ------------------ 74 238 70 919 100.0 5.8 3.5 9.2 10.6 19.5 31.6 11.5 8.3 26 124 199 35 577 276

19937 ------------------ 73 580 70 179 100.0 6.0 3.9 9.4 10.5 19.1 31.5 11.8 7.7 25 737 192 34 869 273

19926 ------------------ 72 761 69 907 100.0 6.0 3.9 9.5 10.6 18.7 32.2 12.0 7.1 25 624 146 33 266 190

1991 72 682 ------------------- 69 976 100.0 5.4 3.9 9.4 10.3 19.3 32.6 11.8 7.3 26 130 138 33 460 187

1990 72 352 ------------------- 69 987 100.0 5.3 3.7 9.3 9.6 19.1 33.2 12.4 7.4 26 964 138 34 443 199

1989 71 972 ------------------- 69 558 100.0 5.1 3.8 8.9 9.3 18.1 33.1 13.6 8.2 28 036 150 35 927 215 1988 71 492 ------------------- 69 143 100.0 5.4 3.9 9.1 9.2 17.9 33.5 13.5 7.5 28 088 157 34 968 198 19871 ------------------ 71 224 68 762 100.0 5.9 4.1 8.8 9.5 17.7 33.1 13.5 7.4 27 825 196 34 499 195 1986 70 888 ------------------- 68 131 100.0 6.2 3.9 8.9 9.6 17.8 32.7 13.6 7.3 27 636 201 34 272 192 1985 70 624 ------------------- 67 859 100.0 6.5 4.2 9.5 9.8 18.0 32.4 12.9 6.8 26 390 201 32 934 182 1984 69 835 ------------------- 67 126 100.0 6.7 4.4 9.8 9.4 18.3 33.0 11.9 6.6 26 194 168 32 020 167 19832 ------------------ 69 303 66 350 100.0 7.2 4.6 9.9 9.5 18.5 32.9 11.3 6.1 25 578 161 31 156 164 1982 69 559 ------------------- 66 476 100.0 7.1 4.3 10.0 9.5 18.4 32.9 11.6 6.0 25 393 170 30 874 161 1981 68 849 ------------------- 66 327 100.0 6.8 4.4 10.1 9.6 18.2 33.7 12.0 5.4 26 136 194 31 163 162 1980 68 176 ------------------- 65 564 100.0 6.3 4.0 10.1 9.0 18.3 35.1 11.7 5.6 26 680 203 31 646 164

19793 ------------------ 67 823 65 506 100.0 6.0 4.3 9.6 9.0 17.3 35.0 12.7 6.2 27 250 202 32 781 174

1978 67 528 ------------------- 63 916 100.0 6.7 4.1 10.0 8.8 17.0 34.8 12.8 6.0 27 523 164 32 842 181

1977 66 665 ------------------- 62 678 100.0 6.7 4.1 10.0 8.9 16.3 35.3 12.8 5.9 27 473 170 32 318 183

1976 66 125 ------------------- 61 921 100.0 6.7 4.2 9.8 9.3 16.9 35.8 12.0 5.3 27 342 170 31 808 178

1975 65 251 ------------------- 60 755 100.0 6.7 4.1 10.1 9.3 16.8 36.4 11.7 4.9 27 171 186 31 366 180

19744 ------------------ 64 233 60 397 100.0 6.9 4.2 9.5 8.4 17.0 36.8 11.7 5.6 27 959 192 32 072 179

1973 63 207 ------------------- 59 151 100.0 6.5 4.3 8.9 8.0 15.9 37.0 13.2 6.1 29 155 177 33 328 170

1972 62 273 ------------------- 57 870 100.0 6.5 4.5 9.1 8.3 15.5 37.9 12.4 5.8 28 568 174 32 902 174

Female

1997 79 502 ------------------- 73 709 100.0 11.1 7.4 18.6 14.3 20.0 21.5 4.9 2.3 14 389 123 20 354 155

1996 79 232 ------------------- 73 445 100.0 11.5 7.7 19.4 14.5 19.8 20.9 4.3 1.9 13 824 123 19 462 134

1995 78 867 ------------------- 73 506 100.0 12.5 7.9 19.2 14.3 19.7 20.5 4.2 1.7 13 488 123 18 984 135 19948 ------------------ 79 252 73 665 100.0 13.3 8.3 19.6 14.2 19.4 19.8 3.8 1.6 12 936 88 18 507 140 19937 ------------------ 78 477 73 128 100.0 13.3 8.8 19.6 14.1 19.3 19.7 3.8 1.3 12 883 91 18 211 136 19926 ------------------ 77 820 72 559 100.0 13.6 8.8 19.2 14.6 18.9 20.2 3.4 1.3 12 872 93 17 735 105 1991 78 081 ------------------- 72 959 100.0 13.6 8.7 19.4 14.3 19.7 19.7 3.4 1.3 12 964 92 17 643 100 1990 77 796 ------------------- 72 939 100.0 14.1 9.2 18.4 14.2 19.6 19.7 3.5 1.3 12 994 99 17 704 103

1989 77 500 ------------------- 72 509 100.0 14.0 9.2 18.7 13.6 19.9 19.8 3.5 1.2 12 960 104 17 594 102

1988 77 296 ------------------- 72 216 100.0 14.8 9.2 19.4 13.2 19.5 19.5 3.3 1.1 12 639 111 17 252 103

19871 ------------------ 76 983 71 817 100.0 15.4 9.4 19.1 13.8 19.2 19.1 3.0 1.0 12 289 109 16 831 102

1986 76 641 ------------------- 70 671 100.0 16.6 9.5 19.4 13.7 18.8 18.4 2.7 .9 11 556 116 16 139 97

1985 76 199 ------------------- 69 972 100.0 17.2 10.0 19.4 14.0 18.6 17.5 2.4 .9 11 095 79 15 608 92

1984 75 804 ------------------- 69 497 100.0 17.9 9.9 19.8 13.4 19.5 16.7 2.1 .8 10 906 80 15 145 93

19832 ------------------ 75 274 68 380 100.0 18.4 10.3 20.0 13.1 19.5 16.0 1.9 .7 10 734 85 14 709 89

1982 75 083 ------------------- 67 894 100.0 19.1 9.8 20.8 13.8 18.9 15.2 1.7 .6 10 317 86 14 064 86

1981 74 787 ------------------- 67 889 100.0 19.4 10.4 21.3 13.6 19.3 14.2 1.5 .3 10 008 93 13 506 78

1980 74 193 ------------------- 67 084 100.0 20.0 10.8 21.0 13.2 19.2 14.1 1.3 .4 9 712 76 13 421 82

19793 ------------------ 73 535 66 447 100.0 20.9 10.9 20.2 13.0 19.5 13.8 1.3 .4 9 775 76 13 239 82

1978 73 030 ------------------- 59 833 100.0 18.2 12.1 21.2 13.6 19.4 13.8 1.3 .4 10 222 83 13 487 86

1977 72 104 ------------------- 54 110 100.0 14.8 12.5 22.2 14.7 19.7 14.6 1.2 .4 10 626 89 13 696 89

1976 71 425 ------------------- 52 538 100.0 15.9 12.8 22.4 14.5 19.5 13.4 1.2 .4 10 411 95 13 399 89

1975 70 686 ------------------- 50 628 100.0 15.7 12.9 22.6 15.0 19.2 13.2 1.0 .2 10 327 100 13 094 83

19744 ------------------ 69 666 49 757 100.0 16.7 12.9 22.5 13.9 19.8 12.9 1.1 .3 10 122 108 13 090 90

1973 68 605 ------------------- 47 526 100.0 16.5 14.0 21.0 14.3 19.3 13.5 1.2 .3 9 803 112 13 180 82

1972 67 815 ------------------- 45 594 100.0 17.4 14.0 20.8 13.9 18.6 13.9 1.1 .3 9 543 123 13 129 87

1Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

2Implementation of Hispanic population controls.

3Implementation of 1980 census population controls.

4Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

5Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Income data for persons of Hispanic origin are not available prior to 1972.

6Based on 1990 census adjusted populaton controls.

7Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer~assisted interviewing; earnings limits increased to $999,999; Social Security limits increased to $49,999; SSI and public

assistance limits increased to $24,999; Veterans’ Benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 8Introduction of new, 1990 census sample design.

B~15
Appendix C.

Source and Accuracy of Estimates

SOURCES OF DATA

Most estimates in this report come from data obtained

in March of years 1968 through 1998 in the Current

Population Survey (CPS). The Census Bureau conducts

the survey every month, although this report uses only

March data for its estimates. The March survey uses two

sets of questions, the basic CPS and the supplement.

The Census Bureau used data from various sources

in developing alternative measures of income and poverty for 1997. Specifically, we combined data from the

American Housing Survey (AHS), the Income Survey

Development Program (ISDP), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) with CPS data to create simulations

of taxes paid, number of tax filing units, adjusted gross

income, and other tax characteristics for the March 1998

CPS.

In addition, this report uses the State Tax Handbook

from Commerce Clearing House as an information

source for tax data. For noncash valuation estimates,

this report uses data from the U.S. Department of

Agriculture (USDA), the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), and the Department of Housing and

Urban Development (HUD).

A description of the sources of data we used to derive

these estimates follows. Except for the CPS, these

descriptions are brief. See Current Population Reports,

Series P60-186RD, Measuring the Effect of Benefits and

Taxes on Income and Poverty: 1992, and publications

on the appropriate surveys for more details.

American Housing Survey. The Census Bureau collects housing data for the Department of Housing and

Urban Development. The population covered by the

sample for the AHS (called the Annual Housing Survey

before 1984) includes all housing units in the United

States. For a more detailed description of the sample

design, see the report Current Housing Reports, Series

H150-89, The American Housing Survey for the United

States in 1989, U.S. Department of Commerce.

The AHS is no longer conducted in even-numbered

years, so we based the property tax estimates in this

report on the 1993 AHS. Also, for the noncash estimates, we used the 1985 AHS data in a model to

estimate the value of public housing. For more details on

the AHS model used to estimate public and subsidized

housing values, please see Appendix B of Current

Population Reports, Series P60-186RD, Measuring the

Effect of Benefits and Taxes on Income and Poverty:

1992.

Income Survey Development Program. The ISDP

was the research and development phase for the Survey

of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). The Census Bureau used the ISDP to examine and resolve

design, operational, and technical issues for SIPP. The

household sample for the 1979 ISDP was a nationwide

multiple frame sample. The majority of sample households in the ISDP came from addresses contacted in the

1976 Survey of Income and Education. Statisticians

selected the remainder of sample households from a

reserve file of sample cases maintained by the Census

Bureau. For a more detailed description of this sample

design, see the report Wage and Salary Data From the

Income Survey Development Program: 1979 (Preliminary Data From Interview Period One), Current Population Reports, Special Studies, Series P-23, No. 118.

Internal Revenue Service data. Much of the IRS data

in this report come from the Statistics of Income (SOI)

series, in particular the SOI Bulletin Individual Income

Tax Returns, Preliminary Data: 1996, Spring 1998. This

report, based on a sample drawn from all tax returns

filed in 1997, presents information on taxpayers’ incomes,

exemptions, deductions, credits, and taxes.

Data from other sources. The State Tax Handbook,

October 1, 1991, from the Commerce Clearing House,

includes information on state tax systems. We updated

these data to reflect changes in state income tax rates.

Much of the data on cash and noncash benefits are

from administrative records. Values of school lunches

and food stamps are from USDA unpublished data.

Medicaid and medicare data come from HCFA unpublished records. Also, USDA and HUD data are used to

compute medicaid and medicare values. For more details,

see Appendix B of Current Population Reports, Series

P60-186RD, Measuring the Effect of Benefits and Taxes

on Income and Poverty: 1992.

Basic CPS. The basic CPS collects primarily labor

force data about the civilian noninstitutional population.

Field representatives ask questions concerning labor

force participation about each member 15 years old and

over in every sample household.

C–1

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 20, 1998
The CPS sample includes coverage in all 50 states

and the District of Columbia. The Census Bureau continually updates the sample to account for new residential construction. The Census Bureau divides the United

States into 2,007 geographic areas. In most states, a

geographic area consists of a county or several contiguous counties. In some areas of New England and

Hawaii, the Census Bureau uses minor civil divisions

instead of counties. We select a total of 754 geographic

areas for sample. About 50,000 occupied households

are eligible for interview every month. Field representatives are unable to obtain interviews at about 3,200 of

these units. This occurs when the occupants are not

found at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for

some other reason.

Since the introduction of the CPS, the Census Bureau

has redesigned the CPS sample several times. These

redesigns have improved the quality and accuracy of the

data and have satisfied changing data needs. The

Census Bureau completely implemented the most recent

changes due to the 1990 census-based redesign in July

1995.

Table C–1 summarizes changes in the CPS designs

for the years for which data appear in this report.

CPS March supplement. In addition to the basic CPS

questions, field representatives asked supplementary

questions in March about money income received the

previous calendar year.

To obtain more reliable data for the Hispanic-origin

population, the Census Bureau increased the March

CPS sample by about 2,500 eligible housing units,

interviewed the previous November, that contained at

least one sample person of Hispanic origin.1 In addition,

the sample included persons in the armed forces living

off post or with their families on post.

CPS estimation procedure. This survey’s estimation

procedure inflates weighted sample results to independent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population

of the United States by state, age, gender, race, and

Hispanic/non-Hispanic categories.

The independent estimates are based on:

• The 1990 Census of Population and Housing.

• An adjustment for undercoverage in the 1990 census.

• Statistics on births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.

• Statistics on the size of the armed forces.

The independent population estimates used for 1994

(1993 for income estimates) and later are based on

updates to controls established by the 1990 decennial

census. Data previous to 1994 are based on independent population estimates from the latest available decennial census data. The estimation procedure for the

March supplement included a further adjustment so

husband and wife of a household received the same

weight.

The estimates in this report for 1983 (from March

1984 CPS) and later also employ a revised survey

weighting procedure for persons of Hispanic origin. In

previous years, we inflated weighted sample results to

independent estimates of the noninstitutional population

by age, gender, and race. There was no specific control

of the survey estimates for the Hispanic population.

Since then, the Census Bureau developed independent

population controls for the Hispanic population by gender and detailed age groups. Revised weighting procedures incorporate these new controls. The independent

population estimates include some, but not all, undocumented immigrants.

ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES

Since the CPS estimates come from a sample, they

may differ from figures from a complete census using

the same questionnaires, instructions, and enumerators.

A sample survey estimate has two possible types of

error: nonsampling and sampling. The accuracy of an

estimate depends on both types of error, but the full

extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. Consequently, one should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of

cases or on small differences between estimates. The

standard errors for CPS estimates primarily indicate the

1

This report shows information on the Hispanic population collected in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, and therefore,

does not include residents of Puerto Rico.

Table C–1. Description of the March Current

Population Survey

Time period Number of

sample

areas

Housing units eligible1

Interviewed

Not

interviewed

1996 to 1998 . . . . . 754 46,800 3,200

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 56,700 3,300

1990 to 1994 . . . . . 729 57,400 2,600

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 53,600 2,500

1986 to 1988 . . . . . 729 57,000 2,500

1985............. 2

629/729 57,000 2,500

1982 to 1984 . . . . . 629 59,000 2,500

1980 to 1981 . . . . . 629 65,500 3,000

1977 to 1979 . . . . . 614 55,000 3,000

1973 to 1976 . . . . . 461 46,500 2,500

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 45,000 2,000

1968 to 1971 . . . . . 449 48,000 2,000

1

Excludes about 2,500 Hispanic households added from the previous November sample. (See ‘‘CPS March Supplement.’’) 2

The Census Bureau redesigned the CPS following the 1980

Census of Population and Housing. During phase in of the new design,

housing units from the new and old designs were in the sample.

C–2

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 20, 1998
magnitude of sampling error. They also partially measure the effect of some nonsampling errors in responses

and enumeration, but do not measure systematic biases

in the data. (Bias is the average over all possible

samples of the differences between the sample estimates and the desired value.)

Nonsampling variability. We can attribute nonsampling errors to several sources including the following:

• Inability to obtain information about all cases in the

sample.

• Definitional difficulties.

• Differences in the interpretation of questions.

• Respondents’ inability or unwillingness to provide correct information.

• Respondents’ inability to recall information.

• Errors made in data collection, such as in recording or

coding the data.

• Errors made in processing the data.

• Errors made in estimating values for missing data.

• Failure to represent all units with the sample (undercoverage).

CPS undercoverage results from missed housing

units and missed persons within sample households.

Compared with the level of the 1990 decennial census,

overall CPS undercoverage is about 8 percent. Undercoverage varies with age, gender, and race. Generally,

undercoverage is larger for males than for females and

larger for Blacks and other races combined than for

Whites. As described previously, ratio estimation to

independent age-gender-race-Hispanic population controls partially corrects for the bias due to undercoverage.

However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that

missed people in missed households or missed people

in interviewed households have different characteristics

from those of interviewed people in the same age-genderrace-Hispanic group.

A common measure of survey coverage is the coverage ratio, the estimated population before ratio adjustment divided by the independent population control.

Table C–2 shows CPS coverage ratios for age-genderrace groups for a typical month. The CPS coverage

ratios can exhibit some variability from month to month,

but these are a typical set of coverage ratios.

Answers to questions about money income often

depend on the memory or knowledge of one person in a

household. Recall problems can cause underestimates

of income in survey data, because it is easy to forget

minor or irregular sources of income. Respondents may

also misunderstand what the Census Bureau considers

money income or may simply be unwilling to answer

these questions correctly because the questions are

considered too personal. See Appendix C, Current

Population Reports, Series P60-184, Money Income of

Households, Families, and Persons in the United States:

1992 for more details.

For additional information on nonsampling error including the possible impact on CPS data when known, refer

to Statistical Policy Working Paper 3, An Error Profile:

Employment as Measured by the Current Population

Survey, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1978 and Technical Paper 40, The Current Population Survey: Design

and Methodology, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Comparability of data. Data obtained from the CPS

and other sources are not entirely comparable. This

results from differences in field representative training

and experience and in differing survey processes. This

is an example of nonsampling variability not reflected in

the standard errors. Use caution when comparing results

from different sources.

Table C–2. March CPS Coverage Ratios

Age

Non-Black Black All races

Male Female Male Female Male Female Total

0 to 14 years .......................... 0.942 0.951 0.880 0.904 0.932 0.943 0.937

15 to 19 years ......................... 0.864 0.910 0.885 0.751 0.867 0.884 0.876

20 to 24 years ......................... 0.823 0.877 0.707 0.757 0.808 0.859 0.834

25 to 29 years ......................... 0.863 0.919 0.755 0.810 0.850 0.903 0.877

30 to 34 years ......................... 0.880 0.950 0.671 0.833 0.855 0.934 0.895

35 to 44 years ......................... 0.899 0.940 0.684 0.863 0.875 0.930 0.903

45 to 54 years ......................... 0.938 0.961 0.778 0.953 0.923 0.960 0.942

55 to 64 years ......................... 0.932 0.953 0.834 0.929 0.923 0.951 0.938

65 to 74 years ......................... 0.932 0.977 0.939 0.958 0.932 0.975 0.956

75 years and older ..................... 1.019 1.008 0.910 0.961 1.011 1.004 1.007

15 years and older ..................... 0.902 0.945 0.767 0.858 0.887 0.934 0.912

0 years and older ...................... 0.911 0.946 0.802 0.871 0.898 0.936 0.917

C–3

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 20, 1998
A number of changes were made in data collection

and estimation procedures beginning with the January

1994 CPS. The major change was the use of a new

questionnaire. The Bureau of Labor Statistics redesigned the questionnaire to measure the official labor

force concepts more precisely, to expand the amount of

data available, to implement several definitional changes,

and to adapt to a computer-assisted interviewing environment. The Census Bureau modified the March supplemental income questions for adaptation to computerassisted interviewing, but did not change definitions and

concepts. Because of these and other changes, one

should use caution when comparing estimates from data

collected in 1994 or later years with estimates from

earlier years.

Data users should also use caution when comparing

CPS estimates in this report, which reflect 1990 censusbased population controls, with estimates for 1992 (from

March 1993 CPS) and earlier years, which reflect 1980

census-based population controls. This change in population controls had relatively little impact on summary

measures such as means, medians, and percentage

distributions, but did have a significant impact on levels.

For example, 1990-based population controls caused a

1-percent increase in the civilian noninstitutional population and in the number of families and households.

Thus, estimates of levels for data collected in 1993 and

later years will differ from those published for earlier

years by more than what could be attributed to actual

changes in the population. These differences could be

disproportionately greater for certain subpopulation groups

than for the total population.

Since the Census Bureau did not use independent

population control totals for people of Hispanic origin

before 1983, compare Hispanic estimates over time

cautiously.

Based on the results of each decennial census, the

Census Bureau gradually introduces a new sample

Table C–3. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Income and Nonincome Characteristics: 1997

Characteristics

Total or White Black Hispanic

ababa b

ALL INCOME LEVELS

People

Total ...................................... -0.000012 2,454 -0.000116 2,810 -0.000135 2,810

Male ...................................... -0.000025 2,454 -0.000258 2,810 -0.000264 2,810

Female.................................... −0.000023 2,454 -0.000210 2,810 -0.000275 2,810

Age

15 to 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.000066 2,454 -0.000503 2,810 -0.000349 2,810

25 to 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.000030 2,454 -0.000262 2,810 -0.000197 2,810

45 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.000044 2,454 -0.000477 2,810 -0.000211 2,810

65 and over ............................... -0.000076 2,454 -0.001047 2,810 -0.000633 2,810

Households, Families, and Unrelated

Individuals

Total ...................................... -0.000013 2,241 -0.000119 2,447 -0.000210 2,447

Households with children under 18 ........... -0.000013 2,241 -0.000119 2,447 -0.000210 2,447

NONINCOME CHARACTERISTICS

People

Employment status ......................... -0.000018 2,985 -0.000125 3,139 -0.000151 3,139

Educational attainment...................... -0.000012 2,369 -0.000139 2,680 -0.000163 3,051

Marital Status, Household and Family Characteristics, Health Insurance

Some household members .................. -0.000019 5,211 -0.000217 7,486 -0.000244 7,486

All household members ..................... -0.000024 6,332 -0.000320 11,039 -0.000359 11,039

Households, Families, and Unrelated

Individuals

Total ...................................... -0.000012 2,068 -0.000077 1,871 -0.000155 1,871

Notes: To obtain parameters prior to 1997, multiply by the appropriate factor in Table C–4.

For nonmetropolitan residence categories multiply the a and b parameters by 1.5.

For foreign-born characteristics for Total and White, multiply the a and b parameters by 1.3. No adjustment is necessary for

foreign-born characteristics for Blacks and Hispanics.

For regional estimates, multiply the a and b parameters by 0.85, 1.03, 1.08, and 1.09 for Northeast, Midwest, South, and West,

respectively.

C–4

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 20, 1998
design for the CPS. During this phase-in period, the

Census Bureau collects CPS data from sample designs

based on different censuses. While most CPS estimates

have been unaffected by this mixed sample, geographic

estimates are subject to greater error and variability.

Users should exercise caution when comparing estimates across years for metropolitan/nonmetropolitan

categories. For more information, see Appendix C,

Current Population Reports, Series P60-193, Money

Income in the United States: 1995 (With Separate Data

on Valuation of Noncash Benefits).

Note when using small estimates. The Census Bureau

shows summary measures (such as medians, means,

and percentage distributions) only when the base is

75,000 or greater. Because of the large standard errors

involved, summary measures would probably not reveal

useful information when computed on a smaller base.

However, we display estimated numbers even though

the relative standard errors of these numbers are larger

than those for corresponding percentages. These smaller

estimates permit combinations of the categories to suit

data users’ needs. Take care in the interpretation of

small differences. For instance, even a small amount of

nonsampling error can cause a borderline difference to

appear significant or not, thus distorting a seemingly

valid hypothesis test.

Estimation of median incomes. The Census Bureau

has changed the methodology for computing median

income over the past few years. The Census Bureau

has computed medians using either Pareto interpolation

or linear interpolation. Currently, we are using linear

interpolation to estimate all medians. Pareto interpolation assumes a decreasing density of population within

an income interval; whereas, linear interpolation assumes

a constant density of population within an income interval. The Census Bureau calculates estimates of median

income for 1979 through 1987 and associated standard

errors using Pareto interpolation if the estimate is larger

than $20,000 for people or $40,000 for families and

households. This is because the width of the income

interval containing the estimate is greater than $2,500.

We calculated estimates of median income for 1976,

1977, and 1978 and associated standard errors using

Pareto interpolation if the estimate was larger than

$12,000 for people or $18,000 for families and households. This is because the width of the income interval

containing the estimate is greater than $1,000. We

calculated all other estimates of median income and

associated standard errors for 1976 through 1997 and

almost all of the estimates of median income and

associated standard errors for 1975 and earlier using

linear interpolation.

Thus, use caution when comparing median incomes

above $12,000 for people or $18,000 for families and

households for different years. Median incomes below

those levels are more comparable from year to year

since they have always been calculated using linear

interpolation. For an indication of the comparability of

medians calculated using Pareto interpolation with medians calculated using linear interpolation, see Series

P-60, No. 114, Money Income in 1976 of Families and

Persons in the United States.

Sampling variability. Sampling variability is variation

that occurred by chance because a sample was surveyed rather than the entire population. Standard errors,

as calculated by methods described in ‘‘Standard Errors

and Their Use,’’ are primarily measures of sampling

variability, although they may include some nonsampling

error.

Standard errors and their use. Data users must use a

number of approximations to derive, at a moderate cost,

standard errors applicable to all the estimates in this

report. Instead of providing an individual standard error

for each estimate, we have provided two parameters, a

and b, to calculate standard errors for each type of

characteristic.

Table C–3 has CPS standard error parameters for

various types of characteristics. Table C–4 provides

factors to approximate CPS standard error parameters

for estimates prior to 1997. Table C–5 provides CPS

Hispanic parameters for estimates prior to 1984. Table

C–6 provides CPS Asian and Pacific Islander parameters for income and nonincome characteristics. Table

C–7 has the year-to-year CPS correlation coefficients

for income characteristics.

The sample estimate and its standard error enable

one to construct a confidence interval, a range that

would include the average result of all possible samples

with a known probability. For example, if all possible

samples were surveyed under essentially the same

general conditions and using the same sample design,

and if an estimate and its standard error were calculated

from each sample, then approximately 90 percent of the

intervals from 1.645 standard errors below the estimate

to 1.645 standard errors above the estimate would

include the average result of all possible samples.

Table C–4. CPS Factors to Apply to a and b Parameters for Estimates Prior to 1997

Characteristic Factor

NON-HISPANIC

1995 and 1996................................ 1.00

1989 to 1994 ................................. 0.92

1988 ......................................... 1.02

1981 to 1987 ................................. 0.86

1967 to 1980 ................................. 0.75

HISPANIC

1995 and 1996................................ 1.00

1989 to 1994 ................................. 0.92

1988 ......................................... 1.19

1984 to 1987 ................................. 0.86

C–5

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 20, 1998
A particular confidence interval may or may not

contain the average estimate derived from all possible

samples. However, one can say with specified confidence that the interval includes the average estimate

calculated from all possible samples.

Some statements in the report may contain estimates

followed by a number in parentheses. This number can

be added to and subtracted from the estimate to calculate upper and lower bounds of the 90-percent confidence interval. For example, if a statement contains the

phrase ‘‘grew by 1.7 (±1.0) percent,’’ the 90-percent

confidence interval for the estimate, 1.7 percent, is 0.7

percent to 2.7 percent.

Data users may also use standard errors to perform

hypothesis testing, a procedure for distinguishing between

population parameters using sample estimates. The

most common type of hypothesis appearing in this

report is that the population parameters are different. An

example of this would be comparing the median annual

income of Black families with the median annual income

of White families.

One can perform tests at various levels of significance, where a significance level is the probability of

concluding that the characteristics are different when, in

fact, they are the same. All statements of comparison in

the text have passed a hypothesis test at the 0.10 level

of significance or better. This means that the absolute

value of the estimated difference between characteristics is greater than or equal to 1.645 times the standard

error of the difference.

Standard errors of estimated numbers. The approximate standard error, sx, of an estimated number shown

in this report can be obtained using the formula

sx 5 =ax2 1 bx (1)

Table C–5. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Income and Nonincome Characteristics of

Hispanics: 1972 to 1983

Characteristics

1972 - 1980 1981 - 1983

aba b

ALL INCOME LEVELS

People

Total .................................................. -0.000020 3,000 -0.000301 3,357

Male .................................................. -0.000043 3,000 -0.000615 3,357

Female ................................................ -0.000038 3,000 -0.000591 3,357

Age

15 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.000080 3,000 -0.000961 3,357

25 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.000065 3,000 -0.000668 3,357

45 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.000077 3,000 -0.001459 3,357

65 and over............................................ -0.000147 3,000 -0.004124 3,357

Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X)

Households, Families, and Unrelated Individuals

Total .................................................. -0.000014 2,420 -0.000237 2,708

Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X)

Households with children under 18 ....................... -0.000014 2,420 -0.000237 2,708

NONINCOME CHARACTERISTICS

People

Employment status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X)

Educational attainment .................................. -0.000015 2,344 -0.000152 2,623

Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X)

Total, Marital Status, Other

Some household members .............................. -0.000026 5,069 -0.000294 5,673

All household members ................................. -0.000044 10,199 -0.000592 11,414

Households, Families, and Unrelated Individuals

Total .................................................. -0.000020 1,626 -0.000022 1,820

Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X)

X Not applicable.

Note: Data users should multiply the a and b parameters by 1.5 for nonmetropolitan residence categories. The Census Bureau did not publish

income data for Hispanics before 1972.

C–6

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 20, 1998
Here x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the

parameters in Table C–3 or C–6 associated with the

particular type of characteristic. When calculating

standard errors for numbers from cross-tabulations involving different characteristics, use the set of parameters

for the characteristic which will give the largest standard

error.

Illustration. There were 70,880,000 family households in

1998. Use the appropriate parameters from Table C–3

and formula (1) to get

Estimate, x 70,880,000

a parameter -0.000012

b parameter 2,068

Standard error 294,000

90% confidence interval 70,396,000 to 71,364,000

The standard error is calculated as

sx 5 =~20.000012! ~70,880,000!

2 1 ~2,068! ~70,880,000! 5 294,000

The 90-percent confidence interval for the estimated

number of family households in 1998 is calculated as

70,880,000 ± 1.645 x 294,000.

A conclusion that the average estimate derived from

all possible samples lies within a range computed in this

way would be correct for roughly 90 percent of all

possible samples.

Standard errors of estimated percentages. The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed using

sample data for both numerator and denominator, depends

on the size of the percentage and its base. Estimated

percentages are relatively more reliable than the corresponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages, particularly if the percentages are 50 percent or

more. When the numerator and denominator of the

percentage are in different categories, use the parameter from Table C–3 or C–6 indicated by the numerator.

One can obtain the approximate standard error, sx,p,

of an estimated percentage using the formula

sx,p 5 Î b

x p~100 2 p! (2)

Here x is the total number of people, families, households, or unrelated individuals which is the base of the

percentage, p is the percentage (0 ≤ p ≤ 100), and b is

the parameter in Table C–3 or C–6 associated with the

characteristic in the numerator of the percentage.

Illustration. There were 12,652,000 or 17.8 percent of

the 70,880,000 family households maintained by female

householders with no husband present. Use the appropriate parameter from Table C–3 and formula (2) to get

Estimate, p 17.8

Base, x 70,880,000

b parameter 2,068

Standard error 0.2

90% confidence interval 17.5 to 18.1

Table C–6. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Income and Nonincome Characteristics of Asian and Pacific

Islanders: 1997

Characteristics a b

ALL INCOME LEVELS

People ...................................................................... -0.000303 2,810

Households, families, and unrelated individuals .................................. -0.000352 2,447

NONINCOME CHARACTERISTICS

People

Total, marital status, other

Some household members .................................................... -0.000587 7,486

All household members ....................................................... -0.000866 11,039

Households, families, and unrelated individuals .............................. -0.000197 1,871

Note: To obtain parameters prior to 1997, multiply by the appropriate factor in Table C–4. Income data for Asians and Pacific Islanders were not

collected prior to 1988.

Table C–7. CPS Year-to-Year Correlation

Coefficients for Income Estimates:

1960 to 1997

Characteristics

People

Families,

households,

and unrelated individuals

Total ............................. 0.30 0.35

White ............................... 0.30 0.35

Black ............................... 0.30 0.35

Other races.......................... 0.30 0.35

Hispanic1 ........................... 0.45 0.55

1

People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Note: These correlations are for comparisons of consecutive years.

For comparisons of nonconsecutive years, assume the correlations

are zero. For Asians and Pacific Islanders, use the correlation coefficient for total.

C–7

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 20, 1998
The standard error is calculated as

sx,p 5 Î 2,068

70,880,000 ~17.8! ~100.0 2 17.8! 5 0.2

The 90-percent confidence interval for the estimated

percentage of family households that were maintained

by female householders with no husband present is

calculated as 17.8 ± 1.645 x 0.2.

Standard error of a difference. The standard error of

the difference between two sample estimates is approximately equal to

sx2y 5 =sx

2 1 sy2 2 2rsxsy (3)

where sx and sy are the standard errors of the estimates,

x and y. The estimates can be numbers, percentages,

ratios, etc. Table C–7 contains the correlation coefficient,

r, for year-to-year comparisons for CPS income estimates of numbers and proportions. This will represent

the actual standard error quite accurately for the difference between estimates of the same characteristic in

two different areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area.

However, if there is a high positive (negative) correlation

between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard error.

Illustration. The median income of all male full-time,

year-round workers in 1997, x, was $35,248 and the

median income of all female full-time, year-round workers in 1997, y, was $26,029. The apparent difference

between the median income of males and females in

1997 was $9,219. The approximate standard errors, sx

and sy, are $150 and $131, respectively. Use formula (3)

with r = 0 to get

x y difference

Estimate $35,248 $26,029 $9,219

Standard error $150 $131 $199

90% confidence

interval

$35,001 to

$35,495

$25,814 to

$26,244

$8,892 to

$9,546

The standard error of the difference is calculated as

sx2y 5 =~150!

2 1 ~131!2 5 199

The 90-percent confidence interval for the estimated

difference between the median income of male and

female full-time, year-round workers in 1997 is

calculated as $9,219 ± 1.645 x $199. Because this

interval does not contain zero, we can conclude with

90-percent confidence that the median income of male

full-time, year-round workers in 1997 was larger than the

median income of female full-time, year-round workers

in 1997.

Standard error of a ratio. Certain estimates may be

calculated as the ratio of two numbers. Compute the

standard error of a ratio, x/y, using

sx/y 5 x

y Î[

sx

x ]

2

1[

sy

y ]

2

– 2r

sxsy

xy (4)

Calculate the standard error of the numerator, sx, and

that of the denominator, sy, using formulas described

earlier.

In formula (4), r represents the correlation between

the numerator and the denominator of the estimate.

For one type of ratio, the denominator is a count of

families or households and the numerator is a count of

people in those families or households with a certain

characteristic. If there is at least one person with the

characteristic in every family or household, use 0.7 as

an estimate of r. An example of this type is the mean

number of children per family with children.

For all other types of ratios, r is assumed to be zero.

If r is actually positive (negative), then this procedure will

provide an overestimate (underestimate) of the standard

error of the ratio. Examples of this type are the mean

number of children per family and the family poverty

rate.

NOTE: For estimates expressed as the ratio of x per

100 y or x per 1,000 y, multiply formula (4) by 100 or

1,000, respectively, to obtain the standard error.

Illustration. The median earnings for full-time, year-round

female workers in 1997, x, was $24,973 and the median

earnings for full-time, year-round male workers in 1997,

y, was $33,674. The ratio of the median earnings is 0.74.

The approximate standard errors, sx and sy, are $155

and $320, respectively. Using formula (4) with r = 0 to

get

x y ratio

Estimate $24,973 $33,674 .74

Standard error $155 $320 .0084

90% confidence

interval

$24,718 to

$25,228

$33,148 to

$34,200

0.73 to

0.75

The standard error is calculated as

sx/y 5 24,973

33,674 Î[ 15524,973]

2

1 [ 320

33,674]

2

5 .0084

The 90-percent confidence interval for the ratio of the

median earnings for full-time, year-round female workers to the median earnings for full-time, year-round male

workers is calculated as .74 ± 1.645 x 0.0084.

C–8

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 25, 1998
Standard errors of other estimates. This report provides standard errors for most estimates in the respective tables, or includes a formula showing how to

calculate them. For information on calculating other

standard errors, contact Genny Burns at E-mail address:

Geneva.A.Burns@ccmail.census.gov.

C–9

U.S. Census Bureau, the Official StatisticsTM Aug. 20, 1998