Blending of Low-Level Radioactive Waste

In 2008, hospitals, universities and reactors in 36 states began storing most of their low-level 

radioactive waste when they lost access to the only disposal facility that could receive it. Nuclear 

utilities started to look at blending as an alternative to storing their waste. Their interest prompted the 

NRC to strengthen the guidance for LLW blending. The goal was to make that guidance more consistent 

with the agency’s overall policy for regulating the nuclear industry.

Blending higher activity and lower activity waste can lower the concentration of radioactivity. 

The mixture would then be suitable for disposal at more locations and at lower cost. Today, an 

additional disposal site is available and a waste processing facility in Erwin, Tenn., owned by 

EnergySolutions and licensed by the state, offers blending.

Classification and Disposal

LLW is classified at the time of disposal according to 

its radioactivity. Most LLW (about 95 percent) has the lowest 

concentration and is Class A. (Concentration is the amount of 

radioactivity divided by the weight or volume of the waste.) 

Class B and Class C wastes have higher concentrations. As 

waste class increases, additional measures to control the 

hazard to the public are required. For example, because of its 

higher hazard, Class C waste must be buried deeper or with a 

special barrier designed to last at least 500 years. 

There are four facilities licensed to dispose of lowlevel radioactive waste:

• EnergySolutions’ site in Barnwell, S.C., accepts A, B 

and C wastes from South Carolina, New Jersey and Connecticut

• U.S. Ecology’s site in Richland, Wash., accepts A, B and C wastes from 11 states in the 

Northwest and Rocky Mountain regions

• EnergySolutions’ site in Clive, Utah, takes only Class A waste and is open to the entire country

• Waste Control Specialists’ site in Andrews, Texas, opened in 2012 and can take A, B and C from 

across the country

Blending of LLW means mixing wastes of different concentrations to create a product with more 

uniform radionuclide concentrations. It does not mean mixing LLW with non-radioactive waste, a 

practice known as “dilution.” And it does not imply release of radiation to the general environment, 

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either in municipal landfills or in consumer products. Because of the need for a relatively homogeneous 

mixture, blending would primarily involve resins used to clean contaminated water at commercial 

nuclear power plants. The NRC issued an environmental evaluation in 2013 of six different methods for 

handling resins from nuclear power plants, after taking public comments on a 2012 draft. The report 

found that any environmental impacts from disposal of blended wastes would be small.

Revised Guidance

NRC regulations do not prohibit blending to lower the waste classification. NRC guidance, 

issued in 1995, placed certain constraints on LLW blending that were not fully risk-informed, meaning 

the burden of meeting the requirements is appropriate to their importance in protecting public health and 

safety. Nor were they performance-based, because they were not tied to a measurable outcome, such as 

meeting radiation limits at the disposal facility. The NRC revised the guidance to better conform to the 

Commission’s policy of making its regulations more risk-informed and performance-based.

The revised guidance, published in February 2015, addresses concentration averaging for a 

variety of wastes, including blended waste. In March 2015, the staff published a proposed rule to 

address disposal of blended waste and other unanalyzed waste streams. Both products reflected 

extensive input from stakeholders.

The guidance will help to ensure the safe and more efficient disposal of blended waste and 

expand disposal options for wastes such as sealed sources. Among other things, it addresses when 

homogeneity must be demonstrated and how well-mixed the waste must be. It also reduces worker doses 

by eliminating unnecessary waste surveying and sampling.

June 2019