FILED

Dec. 30, 1996

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate Court Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

WESTERN SECTION AT JACKSON

 ________________________________________________

MILTON SCHACTER, 

Complainant-Appellant,

Vs. C.A. No. 02A01-9603-CH-00060

Shelby Chancery No. 103900-3

FRIENDLY CHEVROLET

CADILLAC TOYOTA, INC., et al, 

Defendant-Appellee.

___________________________________________________________________________

FROM THE SHELBY COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

THE HONORABLE D. J. ALISSANDRATOS, CHANCELLOR

Ira M. Thomas of Memphis

For Appellant

Fred M. Ridolphi, Jr., of Memphis

For Appellee

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Opinion filed:

W. FRANK CRAWFORD,

PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.

CONCUR:

DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE

HEWITT P. TOMLIN, JR., SENIOR JUDGE

This is a breach of contract case. The plaintiff, Milton Schachter, appeals from the order

of the Shelby County Chancery Court dismissing his complaint against the defendants, Hugh
1

 The Chalmers are the owners of the car dealership in question. The dealership does

business as Friendly Chevrolet. In this opinion, the defendants will be referred to as

Friendly. 

2

 Friendly used a standard contract form for most customers. However, these

customers generally purchased cars and trucks that were part of Friendly’s inventory.

2

Chalmers, Sr., Hugh Chalmers, Jr., and Hugh Chalmers Chevrolet-Cadillac-Toyota, Inc.1

In September 1993, Schachter began shopping for a new car and decided to purchase a

Chevrolet Suburban. He couldn’t find exactly what he wanted so he decided to custom order a

Suburban from the GM factory. Schachter contacted the Gwatney Chevrolet dealership in

Memphis and configured an ideal vehicle. Gwatney printed a four-page computer printout

listing the features and the options and quoting a price of $27,651.00. Schachter wanted a better

price and left with the Gwatney computer printout of his ideal Suburban. 

On October 28, 1993, Schachter approached Friendly, with whom he had met before, and

discussed the computer printout with Arthur Dolittle, a Friendly salesman, and Rick Helper, the

sales manager. Friendly is located in West Memphis, Arkansas. Friendly initially proposed to

beat the Gwatney price by $100.00. Schachter eliminated some of the options from his ideal car

and agreed upon a trade-in credit for his minivan. After subtracting the options and the trade-in

credit, Schachter and Friendly agreed upon a custom-order price of $22,934.00. Schachter also

agreed to pay any increase in the GM factory price to Friendly. The costs of options to be

subtracted, the amount of the trade-in, and the resulting price were written in red ink on the

Gwatney computer printout. Schachter, Helper, and Dolittle all signed the agreement by signing

the Gwatney computer printout. Schachter testified that he asked for a contractual piece of paper

but was told that the signed printout would suffice.2

 Helper was authorized to bind Friendly to

a contract but Dolittle did not have that authority. Dolittle testified that he signed the computer

printout as a witness to the deal between Helper and Schachter.

Friendly required a deposit for the custom-order Suburban and requested $1,000.00. The

parties agreed upon a $400.00 deposit which Schachter paid by check with “deposit on fourwheel drive Suburban total price of $22,934 net of trade” in the memo space at the bottom of the

check. Friendly ordered the Suburban for Schachter.

While waiting for the order, Schachter called Dolittle at Friendly and was able to change

the color of the interior of the Suburban. In addition, Schachter called Dolittle multiple times
3

 Schachter received a $5,995.00 trade-in allowance for his minivan for the second

Suburban that had a list price of $31,602.54. The resulting purchase price was $25,607.54.

3

to check on the progress of production. On January 27 or 28, 1994, after waiting three months,

Schachter received a call from Dolittle notifying him that the car had arrived. Shortly thereafter,

on January 28, 1994, Schachter received another call from Friendly stating that they couldn’t sell

him the Suburban at that price. Dolittle testified that Hugh Chalmers, Jr. told him he couldn’t

sell the Suburban at the agreed upon price because Friendly would make more money selling the

Suburban wholesale to another dealer. Friendly claimed that they could not find any records of

the computer printout or the deposit. However, Dolittle had a copy of the agreement, which

Friendly confiscated from him. Later in the day, Dolittle called Schachter from a pay phone

away from the Friendly premises and stated that he knew they had a deal and that Friendly

wasn’t going along with it. When Schachter called Friendly to ask for Helper, he was told that

Helper was no longer employed by Friendly. On January 31, 1994, Schachter faxed Friendly a

copy of the canceled deposit check. 

On the same day that he learned Friendly wouldn’t honor the agreement, January 28,

1994, Schachter contacted an attorney. On February 1, 1994, Schachter’s attorney faxed

Friendly a letter asking if they were going to honor the agreement. When Friendly did not

respond, Schachter’s attorney faxed them a letter dated February 4, 1994 demanding a return of

Schachter’s deposit and informing them that a lawsuit would be filed. 

Hugh Chalmers, Jr. testified that he had no knowledge of the deal made by Helper with

Schachter. He called Helper, who no longer was employed by Friendly, to help him understand

the terms written in red ink on the computer printout. Helper remembered agreeing to the initial

price, but did not remember the subtracted options or the trade-in allowance. Chalmers claims

that, after he received a copy of the canceled check from the bank, he understood the bottom line

price, and then he called Schachter to work out their problems. He claims that he called on

February 7, 1994, and that Ms. Schachter, the plaintiff’s wife, told him they had already

purchased a replacement. Schachter decided to purchase another Suburban but was unable to

locate a similar new Suburban. On February 5, 1994, he purchased a used 1994 Suburban with

9,867 miles already on the odometer and paid $25,607.54 for the car.

3

 

Schachter demanded his deposit back with interest and filed suit on February 18, 1994.
4

 Schachter has not appealed the chancellor’s ruling on the allegations of fraud and

conversion.

5

 The order of dismissal does not specify the particular named defendants that are

contracting parties and no issue is presented in this regard.

4

In the Complaint, Schachter alleged that Friendly breached the agreement to sell him a customorder Suburban. He alleged that Friendly fraudulently obtained his deposit under the false

pretense of selling him the Suburban and in an effort to coerce him to purchase the Suburban at

a greater price. He also alleged that Friendly violated the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act,

T.C.A. § 47-18-101 et seq., willfully or knowingly by causing confusion or misunderstanding

as related to the authority of Dolittle and Helper. Finally, Schachter alleged that Friendly

appropriated and converted his deposit for their own use and benefit. In their Answer, Friendly

raised various defenses and denied all of the allegations.

The case was heard before the Chancery Court of Shelby County, sitting without a jury,

on July 13, 1995. At the close of Schachter’s proof, Friendly moved to dismiss the case pursuant

to T.R.C.P. 41.02 (2). The chancellor found that Schachter did not carry his burden of proof as

to the allegations of fraud and conversion.4 The chancellor also found that the Tennessee

Consumer Protection Act did not apply to the facts of the case and no relief was available under

the Act. Finally, the chancellor specifically found that Schachter made out a prima facie case

of breach of contract, but that he failed to prove that the breach of the agreement resulted in any

compensatory damages. In an order dated August 4, 1995, the chancellor dismissed the

complaint.5

Schachter appeals from the chancellor’s order dismissing the complaint and presents the

issues as follows: 1) Did the trial court err in finding that although the defendants breached the

contract with the plaintiff to sell him a vehicle, the plaintiff nonetheless suffered “no damages”

under the law, and 2) Did the trial court err in finding that the Tennessee Consumer Protection

Act did not apply to the subject transaction because it lacked sufficient “contacts” with the State

of Tennessee and therefore, under conflict of laws, the law of Arkansas applied. Friendly

presents an additional issue: Did the trial court err in finding that the Appellee breached its

contract with Appellant to sell him a vehicle. The real issue before this Court is whether the

chancellor properly granted Friendly’s motion to dismiss pursuant to T.R.C.P. 41.02(2). 

If a motion to dismiss is made at the close of the plaintiff’s proof in a non-jury case,
6

 We note that the Uniform Commercial Code, which will be applied in this case, is

the same in both Arkansas and Tennessee.

5

under T.R.C.P. 41.02(2), the trial court must impartially weigh and evaluate the evidence just

as though it were making findings of fact and conclusions of law after presentation of all the

evidence. If the plaintiff's case has not been established by a preponderance of the evidence, the

case should be dismissed if, on the facts found in the applicable law, the plaintiff has shown no

right to relief. City of Columbia v. C.F.W. Constr. Co., 557 S.W.2d 734 (Tenn. 1977); Atkins

v. Kirkpatrick, 823 S.W.2d 547, 552 (Tenn. App. 1991).

Our scope of review is pursuant to T.R.A.P. 13(d). The findings of the trial court in

granting a T.R.C.P. 41.02(2) motion are accompanied by a presumption of correctness and,

unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise, those findings must be affirmed. Atkins

v. Kirkpatrick, 823 S.W.2d 547, 552 (Tenn. App. 1991). 

In the case sub judice, the transaction for the custom-order Suburban was completed in

its entirety in Arkansas. The agreement was negotiated and signed in Arkansas, and the

Suburban was delivered to Arkansas. In their brief, Friendly argues that the law of Arkansas

controls. However, Friendly did not prove or show the laws of Arkansas that control the

outcome of this dispute. In the absence of a showing to the contrary, we presume that Arkansas

law is the same as that of Tennessee.6 Shepard & Gluck v. Thomas, 147 Tenn. 338, 347, 246

S.W. 836 (1922); John J. Heirigs Constr. Co. v. Exide, 709 S.W.2d 604, 609 (Tenn. App.

1986).

Although not argued by either party, we believe that the transaction in question is a sale

of goods that is governed by Chapter 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, T.C.A. §47-2-101

(1996) et seq. An agreement for the delivery of an automobile falls under the provisions of

Chapter 2 of the Tennessee UCC:

(1) “Goods” means all things (including specially

manufactured goods) which are moveable at the time of

identification to the contract for sale other than the money in

which the price is to be paid . . . .

(2) Goods must be both existing and identified before any

interest in them can pass. Goods which are not both existing and

identified are “future goods.” A purported present sale of future

goods or of any interest therein operates as a contract to sell.

T.C.A. § 47-2-105 (1996). Obviously, automobiles are moveable goods. In this case, we are
6

dealing with a “future” good because the Suburban had not yet been manufactured. However,

it is still treated as a contract to sell goods under the UCC, and, therefore, the Friendly

transaction will be governed by the Tennessee UCC.

Friendly originally argued that a contract was not formed, and therefore, there could be

no breach. The Tennessee UCC provides as follows:

(1) A contract for sale of goods may be made in any

manner sufficient to show agreement, including conduct by both

parties which recognizes the existence of such a contract.

(2) An agreement sufficient to constitute a contract for

sale may be found even though the moment of its making is

undetermined.

(3) Even though one (1) or more terms are left open a

contract for sale does not fail for indefiniteness if the parties have

intended to make a contract and there is a reasonably certain basis

for giving an appropriate remedy.

T.C.A. § 47-2-204 (1996). The proof shows that Schachter, Helper, and Dolittle intended to

make a contract and agreed by signing the computer printout. An enforceable contract existed

that provided for delivery of the custom-made Suburban to Schachter, and Friendly breached this

contract when they refused to deliver the Suburban to him. 

The chancery court held that Schachter suffered no damages. The Tennessee UCC

provides for the measure of damages under the heading “Buyer’s damages for nondelivery or

repudiation”:

(1) Subject to the provisions of this chapter with respect

to proof of market price (§ 47-2-723), the measure of damages for

nondelivery or repudiation by the seller is the difference between

the market price at the time when the buyer learned of the breach

and the contract price together with any incidental and

consequential damages provided in this chapter (§ 47-2-715), but

less expenses saved in consequence of the seller’s breach.

(2) Market price is to be determined as of the place for

tender or, in cases of rejection after arrival or revocation of

acceptance, as of the place of arrival. 

T.C.A. § 47-2-713 (1996). The proof showed that Friendly did not want to deliver the Suburban

to Schachter because they could receive more money by selling it wholesale to another dealer.

There was obviously a difference between the market price when Schachter learned of the breach

and the contract price for which Schachter had negotiated. Therefore, we must respectfully

disagree with the chancellor that Schachter did not sustain any damages. We must remand this

case back to the chancery court to hear Friendly’s proof.

Schachter also argues that the chancery court erred in its ruling that the Tennessee
7

Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), T.C.A. § 47-18-101 (1995) et seq., did not apply. The TCPA

was enacted to “protect consumers . . . from those who engage in unfair or deceptive acts or

practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce in part or wholly within this state.” T.C.A.

§ 47-18-102 (1995). The transaction in question took place wholly within Arkansas. In addition,

the chancellor found that there was no fraud or deception, a ruling that Schachter has not

appealed. The chancery court was correct in holding that the TCPA is not applicable to these

facts.

Accordingly, the order dismissing plaintiff’s complaint is reversed, and the case is

remanded to the trial court for defendants’ proof and such other proceedings as may be

necessary. The costs of this appeal are assessed one-half against appellant and one-half against

appellee.

_________________________________

W. FRANK CRAWFORD,

PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.

CONCUR:

_________________________________

DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE

_________________________________

HEWITT P. TOMLIN, JR.

SENIOR JUDGE