Notice 

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of the Department of Transportation in the interest of 

information exchange. The United States Government 

assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. 

Notice 

The United States Government does not endorse 

products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ 

names appear herein solely because they are 

considered essential to the objective of this report. 
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 

OMB No. 0704-0188 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of 

Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 

November 2006 

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 

Final Report 

January 2004–December 2004 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 2004 Annual Report 

5. FUNDING NUMBERS 

TMB8/DB241 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Mike Redington, Eve Rutyna, Nathan Grace*, and Felicity Shanahan* 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Research and Innovative Technology Administration 

John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

REPORT NUMBER 

DOT-VNTSC-FTA-06-02 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Federal Transit Administration 

Office of Safety and Security 

Washington, DC 20590 

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING 

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

FTA-MA-26-5556-07-1 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

*Chenega Advanced Solutions and Engineering (CASE) 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, VA 22161. 

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) 

This is the 10th annual report of the results of the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. 

This report summarizes the reporting requirements for calendar year 2004, the requirements of the overall drug and alcohol 

testing program (49 CFR Part 40 and 49 CFR Part 655), the results from the data reported for 2004, and the random drug and 

alcohol violation rates (the percentage of persons selected for a random test who produced a positive specimen or refused to take 

the test) for calendar years 1995 through 2004. 

This report provides a brief overview of the drug and alcohol testing requirements for both safety-sensitive employers and 

employees. The official random rates for 2004 are provided, as well as the official random rate trends over the last 10 years. The 

results of alcohol and drug tests are provided by test type, employee category, and region. The positive testing rates for drugs and 

alcohol are also provided for each test type, employee category, and region. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 

Alcohol testing, drug testing, random testing, safety-sensitive, violation rate 

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

92 

16. PRICE CODE 

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF REPORT 

Unclassified 

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

 OF THIS PAGE 

Unclassified 

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF ABSTRACT 

Unclassified 

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Unlimited 

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LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 

1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 

1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 

1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 

1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 

1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) 

AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 

1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) 

(cm2

) 

1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, 

yd2

) 

1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 

1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 

(km2

) 

1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2) 

MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 

1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 

1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 

1 short ton = 2,000 pounds = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kilograms (kg) 

(lb) = 1.1 short tons 

VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 

1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 

1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 

1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 

1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 

1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 

1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 

1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) 

TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) 

[(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F 

QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION

0 1 2 3 4 5

Inches 

Centimeters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION 

°F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° 

°C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° 

For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and 

Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98 

ii 
Table of Contents 

Section Page

1. Testing Requirements........................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Required Testing Program.............................................................................................. 1 

1.2 Regions Required to Test................................................................................................ 2 

1.3 Covered Employees and Employers............................................................................... 2 

1.4 Percent Positive for Drugs and Alcohol.......................................................................... 3 

2. Random Drug and Alcohol Rates........................................................................................ 5

2.1 Official Random Rates for 2004..................................................................................... 5 

2.2 Calculating Positive Rates and Violation Rates.............................................................. 5 

2.3 Official Positive Rate and Violation Rate Trends........................................................... 6 

3. Drug Test Results.................................................................................................................. 7

3.1 Drug Test Results by Test Type...................................................................................... 7 

3.1.1 Pre-Employment Drug Test Results ....................................................................... 7 

3.1.2 Random Drug Test Results..................................................................................... 8 

3.1.3 Post-Accident Drug Test Results............................................................................ 9 

3.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results ............................................................. 10 

3.1.5 Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results........................................................................ 11 

3.1.6 Follow-Up Drug Test Results............................................................................... 12 

3.1.7 Drug Test Results by Test Type for all Employee Categories.............................. 13 

3.2 Drug Test Results by Employee Category.................................................................... 14 

3.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation .................................................................................. 14 

3.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance .................................................... 15 

3.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch....................................................................... 16 

3.2.4 Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle............................... 17 

3.2.5 Armed Security Personnel .................................................................................... 18 

3.2.6 Drug Test Results for all Employee Categories.................................................... 19 

3.3 Drug Test Results by Region ........................................................................................ 20 

3.3.1 Drug Test Results for Region 1 ............................................................................ 20

iii 
Table of Contents (continued) 

Section Page

3.3.2 Drug Test Results for Region 2 ............................................................................ 21 

3.3.3 Drug Test Results for Region 3 ............................................................................ 22 

3.3.4 Drug Test Results for Region 4 ............................................................................ 23 

3.3.5 Drug Test Results for Region 5 ............................................................................ 24 

3.3.6 Drug Test Results for Region 6 ............................................................................ 25 

3.3.7 Drug Test Results for Region 7 ............................................................................ 26 

3.3.8 Drug Test Results for Region 8 ............................................................................ 27 

3.3.9 Drug Test Results for Region 9 ............................................................................ 28 

3.3.10 Drug Test Results for Region 10 .......................................................................... 29 

3.3.11 Drug Test Results for All Regions........................................................................ 30 

3.3.12 Drug Test Results for Transit Employers and Contractors................................... 31 

4. Alcohol Test Results............................................................................................................ 33

4.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category ....................................... 33 

4.1.1 Pre-Employment Alcohol Test Results................................................................. 33 

4.1.2 Random Alcohol Test Results .............................................................................. 34 

4.1.3 Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results..................................................................... 35 

4.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results......................................................... 36 

4.1.5 Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results................................................................... 37 

4.1.6 Follow-Up Alcohol Test Results .......................................................................... 38 

4.1.7 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type........................ 39 

4.2 Alcohol Results by Employee Category....................................................................... 40 

4.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation .................................................................................. 40 

4.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance .................................................... 41 

4.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch....................................................................... 42 

4.2.4 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle.................................................................................. 43 

4.2.5 Armed Security Personnel .................................................................................... 44 

4.2.6 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type........................ 45 

4.3 Alcohol Test Results by Region ................................................................................... 46

iv 
Table of Contents (continued) 

Section Page

4.3.1 Alcohol Test Results for Region 1........................................................................ 46 

4.3.2 Alcohol Test Results for Region 2........................................................................ 47 

4.3.3 Alcohol Test Results for Region 3........................................................................ 48 

4.3.4 Alcohol Test Results for Region 4........................................................................ 49 

4.3.5 Alcohol Test Results for Region 5........................................................................ 50 

4.3.6 Alcohol Test Results for Region 6........................................................................ 51 

4.3.7 Alcohol Test Results for Region 7........................................................................ 52 

4.3.8 Alcohol Test Results for Region 8........................................................................ 53 

4.3.9 Alcohol Test Results for Region 9........................................................................ 54 

4.3.10 Alcohol Test Results for Region 10...................................................................... 55 

4.3.11 Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types by Region............................................. 56 

4.4 Transit Employer and Contractor Alcohol Test Results............................................... 57 

4.4.1 Alcohol Test Results for Transit Employees for All Test Types by Region ........ 57 

4.4.2 Alcohol Test Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region.................... 58 

4.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Each Region.................................................... 59 

4.5.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 1.................................................. 59 

4.5.2 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 2.................................................. 60 

4.5.3 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 3.................................................. 61 

4.5.4 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 4.................................................. 62 

4.5.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 5.................................................. 63 

4.5.6 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 6.................................................. 64 

4.5.7 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 7.................................................. 65 

4.5.8 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 8.................................................. 66 

4.5.9 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 9.................................................. 67 

4.5.10 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 10................................................ 68 

Appendix A. MIS Data Collection Form ................................................................................. 69

Appendix B. Contact Information............................................................................................ 73

Appendix C. Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................... 75

v 
List of Figures 

Figure 1. The 10 FTA Regions Required to Test for Drugs and Alcohol ..................................... 2 

Figure 2. Positive Rate for Drugs (1995 to 2004).......................................................................... 5 

Figure 3. Violation Rate for Alcohol (1995 to 2004) .................................................................... 6 

Figure 4. Official Positive Rates and Violation Rates: 1995 to 2005............................................ 6 

Figure 5. Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Drug Tests by Employee Category.................... 7 

Figure 6. Percent Positive for Random Drug Tests by Employee Category ................................. 8 

Figure 7. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Drug Tests by Employee Category ........................ 9 

Figure 8. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Drug Tests by Employee Category.......... 10 

Figure 9. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Drug Tests by Employee Category .................... 11 

Figure 10. Percent Positive for Follow-Up Drug Tests by Employee Category ......................... 12 

Figure 11. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type ..................................... 13 

Figure 12. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type ................................. 14 

Figure 13. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance by Test Type ... 15 

Figure 14. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type ..................... 16 

Figure 15. Percent Positive for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

by Test Type ......................................................................................................................... 17 

Figure 16. Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type ................................... 18 

Figure 17. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Employee Category...................................... 19 

Figure 18. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 1....................................................... 20 

Figure 19. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 2....................................................... 21 

Figure 20. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 3....................................................... 22 

Figure 21. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 4....................................................... 23 

Figure 22. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 5....................................................... 24 

Figure 23. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 6....................................................... 25 

Figure 24. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 7....................................................... 26 

Figure 25. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 8....................................................... 27 

Figure 26. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 9....................................................... 28 

Figure 27. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 10..................................................... 29 

Figure 28. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region .......................................................... 30 

Figure 29. Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region .................................................... 31

vi 
List of Figures (continued) 

Figure 30. Percent Positive for Contractors by Region ............................................................... 32 

Figure 31. Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Tests by Employee Category......................... 33 

Figure 32. Percent Positive for Random Tests by Employee Category....................................... 34 

Figure 33. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Tests by Employee Category.............................. 35 

Figure 34. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Tests by Employee Category................. 36 

Figure 35. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Tests by Employee Category............................ 37 

Figure 36. Percent Positive for Follow-Up Tests by Employee Category................................... 38 

Figure 37. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type ..................................... 39 

Figure 38. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Operation Employee Category by Test 

Type ...................................................................................................................................... 40 

Figure 39. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance Employee 

Category by Test Type.......................................................................................................... 41 

Figure 40. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch Employee Category 

by Test Type ......................................................................................................................... 42 

Figure 41. Percent Positive for the CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Employee Category by Test 

Type ...................................................................................................................................... 43 

Figure 42. Percent Positive for the Armed Security Personnel Employee Category by Test 

Type ...................................................................................................................................... 44 

Figure 43. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type ..................................... 45 

Figure 44. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1 ........... 46 

Figure 45. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2 ........... 47 

Figure 46. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3 ........... 48 

Figure 47. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4 ........... 49 

Figure 48. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5 ........... 50 

Figure 49. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6 ........... 51 

Figure 50. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7 ........... 52 

Figure 51. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8 ........... 53 

Figure 52. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9 ........... 54 

Figure 53. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10 ......... 55 

Figure 54. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region ................ 56 

Figure 55. Percent Positive for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region...................... 57

vii 
List of Figures (continued) 

Figure 56. Percent Positive for Contractors for All Test Types by Region................................. 58 

Figure 57. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 1 .......... 59 

Figure 58. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 2 .......... 60 

Figure 59. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 3 .......... 61 

Figure 60. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 4 .......... 62 

Figure 61. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 5 .......... 63 

Figure 62. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 6 .......... 64 

Figure 63. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 7 .......... 65 

Figure 64. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 8 .......... 66 

Figure 65. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 9 .......... 67 

Figure 66. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 10 ........ 68 

viii 
List of Tables 

Table 1. Safety-Sensitive Employee Categories, Test Types, and Drug Types ............................ 1 

Table 2. U.S. States and Territories by Region.............................................................................. 2 

Table 3. Number of Covered Employees and Employers by Region............................................ 3 

Table 4. Pre-Employment Drug Test Results by Employee Categories........................................ 7 

Table 5. Random Drug Test Results by Employee Categories...................................................... 8 

Table 6. Post-Accident Drug Test Results by Employee Categories............................................. 9 

Table 7. Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results by Employee Categories.............................. 10 

Table 8. Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories.................................. 11 

Table 9. Follow-Up Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories......................................... 12 

Table 10. Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories ................................... 13 

Table 11. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation ..................................................... 14 

Table 12. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance ....................... 15 

Table 13. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch.......................................... 16 

Table 14. Drug Test Results for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle.. 17 

Table 15. Drug Test Results for Armed Security Personnel........................................................ 18 

Table 16. Drug Test Results for All Test Types by Employee Category .................................... 19 

Table 17. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 1 ............................ 20 

Table 18. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 2 ............................ 21 

Table 19. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 3 ............................ 22 

Table 20. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 4 ............................ 23 

Table 21. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 5 ............................ 24 

Table 22. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 6 ............................ 25 

Table 23. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 7 ............................ 26

Table 24. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 8 ............................ 27 

Table 25. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 9 ............................ 28 

Table 26. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 10 .......................... 29 

Table 27. Drug Test Results for All Regions............................................................................... 30 

Table 28. Drug Test Results for Transit Employers by Region................................................... 31 

Table 29. Drug Test Results for Contractors by Region.............................................................. 32 

Table 30. Pre-Employment Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category.................................. 33

ix 
List of Tables (continued) 

Table 31. Random Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category ............................................... 34 

Table 32. Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category ...................................... 35 

Table 33. Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category.......................... 36 

Table 34. Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category .................................... 37 

Table 35. Follow-Up Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category ........................................... 38 

Table 36. Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types ..................................................................... 39 

Table 37. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type................................... 40 

Table 38. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance by Test 

Type ...................................................................................................................................... 41 

Table 39. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type ....................... 42 

Table 40. Alcohol Results for CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type .................................. 43 

Table 41. Alcohol Results for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type..................................... 44 

Table 42. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type....................................... 45 

Table 43. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1............. 46 

Table 44. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2............. 47 

Table 45. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3............. 48 

Table 46. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4............. 49

Table 47. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5............. 50 

Table 48. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6............. 51 

Table 49. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7............. 52 

Table 50. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8............. 53 

Table 51. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9............. 54 

Table 52. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10........... 55 

Table 53. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region.................. 56 

Table 54. Alcohol Results for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region ....................... 57 

Table 55. Alcohol Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region .................................. 58 

Table 56. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 1 ......... 59 

Table 57. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 2 ......... 60 

Table 58. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 3 ......... 61 

Table 59. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 4 ......... 62

x 
List of Tables (continued) 

Table 60. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 5 ......... 63 

Table 61. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 6 ......... 64 

Table 62. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 7 ......... 65 

Table 63. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 8 ......... 66 

Table 64. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 9 ......... 67 

Table 65. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 10 ....... 68 

xi 

1. Testing Requirements 

1.1 Required Testing Program 

Safety-sensitive employees must undergo testing for five illegal substances with the use of six 

different test types. Employees who perform safety-sensitive functions must also be tested for 

alcohol use in each of those test types, except for pre-employment testing. Employers are 

required to conduct four types of tests of employees who perform safety-sensitive functions, and 

are permitted to conduct two other types of tests for drugs and alcohol (return-to-duty and 

follow-up). 

Table 1 lists the employee categories, test types, and drug types that fall under the auspices of the 

FTA Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. For more detailed descriptions of each of these 

categories, refer to the glossary in Appendix C. You may also refer to FTA and DOT drug and 

alcohol regulations on the FTA Office of Safety and Security Web site at: http://transitsafety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/datesting/regulations/default.asp. For additional guidance, another 

excellent source is the Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance (ODAPC) Web site: 

http://www.dot.gov/ost/dapc/index.html.

Table 1. Safety-Sensitive Employee Categories, Test Types, and Drug Types 

Safety-Sensitive Employee Categories 

• Revenue vehicle operation

• Revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance 

• Revenue vehicle control/Dispatch 

• CDL/Non-revenue vehicle

• Armed security personnel 

Test Types 

• Pre-Employment 

• Random 

• Post-Accident

• Reasonable Suspicion 

• Return-to-Duty 

• Follow-Up 

Drug Types 

• Marijuana 

• Cocaine 

• Phencyclidine (PCP) 

• Opiates 

• Amphetamines 

1 
1.2 Regions Required to Test 

The FTA is comprised of 10 regions, which are identified in Figure 1. The data provided by 

these regions have facilitated the comparison of drug and alcohol test results and the 

identification of regional trends. Table 2 lists the states and territories in each FTA region. 

Figure 1. The 10 FTA Regions Required to Test for Drugs and Alcohol 

Table 2. U.S. States and Territories by Region 

Region States

1 Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, 

Vermont 

2 New Jersey, New York, U.S. Virgin Islands 

3 Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West 

Virginia 

4 Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South 

Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico 

5 Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin 

6 Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas 

7 Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska 

8 Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming 

9 American Samoa, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Nevada, Northern 

Mariana Islands 

10 Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington 

1.3 Covered Employees and Employers 

A covered employee is any person, including an applicant, transferee, or volunteer who performs 

or will perform a safety-sensitive function for an entity subject to 49 Code of Federal 

Regulations (CFR) Part 655. A covered employer is a recipient or other entity that provides a 

mass transportation service or performs a safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other 

entity. This includes Section 5311 State Nonurban subrecipients, Section 5307 Urbanized Area 

Formula grantees, Section 5309 Major Capital Investment recipients, and contractors. Table 3 

provides a list of the number of covered employees and employers in each FTA region. 

2 
Table 3. Number of Covered Employees and Employers by Region 

Region Number of Covered Employees Number of Covered Employers 

1 12,794 194 

2 53,651 225 

3 29,884 181 

4 30,487 552 

5 39,163 625 

6 19,006 242 

7 9,197 339 

8 8,381 171 

9 44,221 390 

10 14,452 217 

Total 261,236 3,136 

1.4 Percent Positive for Drugs and Alcohol 

When testing for drugs, the term “percent positive” refers to the number of verified positive 

results plus the number of refusal results divided by the number of test results. For alcohol tests, 

percent positive is the number of confirmation tests with results of 0.04 or greater plus the 

number of refusal results divided by the number of screening test results. 

3 

2. Random Drug and Alcohol Rates 

2.1 Official Random Rates for 2004 

Figures 2 and 3 show the official rates for random drug and alcohol tests used by the FTA 

Administrator in determining the random rates for 2005. Figure 2 shows the positive rate for 

random drug tests over the last 10 years (1995 to 2004). Figure 3 shows the violation rate for 

random alcohol tests over the same 10-year span. 

2.2 Calculating Positive Rates and Violation Rates 

The positive rate for drugs is calculated by taking the total number of verified positive tests; 

adding to that the total number of adulterated samples plus total number of substituted 

specimens, shy bladder instances (those without medical explanation), and other refusals; and 

dividing that number by the total number of drug test results. The violation rate for alcohol is 

calculated by taking the total number of confirmative test results greater than or equal to a breath 

alcohol level of 0.04, adding the total number of shy lung instances (those without medical 

explanation) plus the total number of other refusals, and dividing that number by the total 

number of screens conducted. 

Positive Rate for Random Drug Tests

1.76% 1.59%

1.27% 1.20% 1.14% 1.05% 0.89% 1.03% 0.96% 0.89%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Figure 2. Positive Rate for Random Drug Tests (1995 to 2004) 

5 
Violation Rate for Random Alcohol Tests

0.25%

0.21% 0.19% 0.20% 0.18%

0.15%

0.19% 0.17%

0.11% 0.11%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Figure 3. Violation Rate for Random Alcohol Tests (1995 to 2004) 

2.3 Official Positive Rate and Violation Rate Trends 

As shown in Figure 4, the official positive rate dropped in 2004 to the lowest rate (0.89 percent) 

in the last three years. This drop is nearly 50 percent lower than the random positive rate 

recorded in 1995. The violation rate remained at a static level (0.11 percent) in 2004, lower than 

in all of the preceding years. 

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

1.40%

1.60%

1.80%

2.00%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Alcohol

Drugs

Figure 4. Official Positive Rates and Violation Rates: 1995 to 2005 

6 
3. Drug Test Results 

3.1 Drug Test Results by Test Type 

3.1.1 Pre-Employment Drug Test Results 

Table 4 provides results of pre-employment drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 5 

illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all pre-employment drug tests.

Table 4. Pre-Employment Drug Test Results by Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 60,377 58,888 1,404 943 396 16 37 63 8 4 11 62 123 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

6,615 6,427 161 107 36 3 2 14 4 2 0 21 10 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 2,254 2,205 44 37 4 0 2 3 0 0 0 5 15 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 1,360 1,326 33 24 6 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 5 

Armed Security

Personnel 1,204 1,189 12 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

TOTAL 71,810 70,035 1,654 1,119 446 19 42 82 12 6 11 92 153 

Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Drug Tests

2.47%

2.84%

2.17%

2.50%

1.25%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 5. Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Drug Tests by Employee Category 

7 
3.1.2 Random Drug Test Results 

Table 5 provides results of random drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 6 illustrates the 

percent positive by employee category for all random drug tests. 

Table 5. Random Drug Test Results by Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 96,734 95,858 776 387 300 2 29 79 9 6 17 68 185 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

28,638 28,370 262 140 101 6 4 17 1 4 1 10 32 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 9,806 9,759 38 25 13 1 3 1 0 0 0 9 14 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 3,415 3,374 37 24 11 0 3 0 0 1 2 1 5 

Armed Security

Personnel 2,425 2,414 9 8 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 

TOTAL 141,018 139,775 1,122 584 427 9 40 97 10 11 20 90 238 

Percent Positive for Random Drug Tests

0.91% 0.97%

0.48%

1.20%

0.45%

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

1.40%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 6. Percent Positive for Random Drug Tests by Employee Category 

8 
3.1.3 Post-Accident Drug Test Results 

Table 6 provides results of post-accident drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 7 

illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all post-accident drug tests. 

Table 6. Post-Accident Drug Test Results by Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 13,526 13,319 194 84 88 1 11 14 0 1 4 8 23 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

648 643 5 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 122 121 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 127 120 7 4 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 87 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 14,510 14,289 207 90 94 1 11 16 1 1 4 8 23 

Percent Positive for Post-Accident Drug Tests

1.53%

0.77% 0.82%

5.51%

1.15%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 7. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Drug Tests by Employee Category 

9 
3.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results 

Table 7 provides results of reasonable suspicion drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 8 

illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all reasonable suspicion drug tests. 

Table 7. Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results by Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 484 442 33 7 20 0 4 2 0 2 1 6 1 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

97 84 12 6 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 29 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 9 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 624 567 46 14 25 0 4 3 0 2 1 8 2 

Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Drug Tests

8.68%

13.40%

3.45%

11.11%

0.00%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

16.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 8. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Drug Tests by Employee Category 

10 
3.1.5 Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results 

Table 8 provides results of return-to-duty drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 9 

illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all return-to-duty drug tests. 

Table 8. Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 1,119 1,094 25 13 10 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

202 197 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 36 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 26 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 1,392 1,361 30 17 11 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 

Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Drug Tests

2.23%

2.48%

2.78%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 9. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Drug Tests by Employee Category

11 
3.1.6 Follow-Up Drug Test Results 

Table 9 provides results of follow-up drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 10 illustrates 

the percent positive by employee category for all follow-up drug tests. 

Table 9. Follow-Up Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 5,173 5,085 82 35 43 1 0 5 1 0 2 3 12 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment Maint. 2,063 2,028 29 8 17 0 0 4 0 0 3 3 6 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 221 214 6 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 253 250 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Armed Security

Personnel 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 7,712 7,579 120 48 65 1 0 9 1 0 5 7 20 

Percent Positive for Follow-Up Drug Tests

1.70% 1.70%

3.17%

1.19%

0.00%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

3.50%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 10. Percent Positive for Follow-Up Drug Tests by Employee Category 

12 
3.1.7 Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories 

Table 10 provides drug test results by test type for all employee categories. Figure 11 illustrates 

the percent positive for all employee categories by test type. 

Table 10. Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 71,810 70,035 1,654 1,119 446 19 42 82 12 6 11 92 153 

Random 141,028 139,775 1,122 584 427 9 40 97 10 11 20 90 238 

Post-Accident 14,510 14,289 207 90 94 1 11 16 1 1 4 8 23 

Reas. Suspicion 624 567 46 14 25 0 4 3 0 2 1 8 2 

Return-to-Duty 1,392 1,361 30 17 11 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 

Follow-up 7,712 7,579 120 48 65 1 0 9 1 0 5 7 20 

TOTAL 237,076 233,606 3,179 1,872 1,068 30 98 209 24 20 41 206 437 

Percent Positive for All Test Types

2.47%

0.89%

1.52%

9.13%

2.23% 1.72%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

PreemploymentRandom PostaccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-up

Figure 11. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

13 
3.2 Drug Test Results by Employee Category 

3.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation 

Table 11 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle operation employee category. Figure 

12 illustrates the percent positive for each test type under the revenue vehicle operation

employee category. 

Table 11. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 60,377 58,888 1,404 943 396 16 37 63 8 4 11 62 246 

Random 96,734 95,858 776 387 300 2 29 79 9 6 17 68 370 

Post-Accident 13,526 13,319 194 84 88 1 11 14 0 1 4 8 46 

Reas. Suspicion 484 442 33 7 20 0 4 2 0 2 1 6 2 

Return-to-Duty 1,119 1,094 25 13 10 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 

Follow-up 5,173 5,085 82 35 43 1 0 5 1 0 2 3 24 

TOTAL 177,413 174,686 2,514 1,469 857 20 82 165 18 13 35 147 690 

Percent Positive for RVO

2.47%

0.91%

1.53%

8.68%

2.23%

1.70%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow -Up

Figure 12. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type 

14 
3.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Table 12 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance employee 

category by test type. Figure 13 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle and 

equipment maintenance employee category by test type. 

Table 12. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 6,615 6,427 161 107 36 3 2 14 4 2 0 21 20 

Random 28,648 28,370 262 140 101 6 4 17 1 4 1 10 64 

Post-Accident 648 643 5 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 97 84 12 6 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 

Return-to-Duty 202 197 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 2,063 2,028 29 8 17 0 0 4 0 0 3 3 12 

TOTAL 38,273 37,749 474 267 162 9 6 37 5 6 4 35 96 

Percent Positive for RVEM

2.84%

0.97% 0.77%

13.40%

2.48%

1.70%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

16.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow -Up

Figure 13. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

by Test Type 

15 
3.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch

Table 13 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch employee category 

by test type. Figure 14 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch 

employee category by test type. 

Table 13. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 2,254 2,205 44 37 4 0 2 3 0 0 0 5 30 

Random 9,806 9,759 38 25 13 1 3 1 0 0 0 9 28 

Post-Accident 122 121 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 29 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 

Return-to-Duty 36 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Follow-up 221 214 6 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

TOTAL 12,468 12,362 89 66 21 1 5 4 0 0 0 17 60 

Percent Positive for RVC/D

2.17%

0.48%

0.82%

3.45%

2.78%

3.17%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow -Up

Figure 14. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type 

16 
3.2.4 Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Table 14 provides drug test results for the commercial driver’s license (CDL)/non-revenue 

vehicle employee category by test type. Figure 15 illustrates the percent positive for the 

CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee category by test type. 

Table 14. Drug Test Results for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 1,360 1,326 33 24 6 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 10 

Random 3,415 3,375 37 24 11 0 3 0 0 1 2 1 10 

Post-Accident 127 120 7 4 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 9 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 26 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 253 250 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

TOTAL 5,190 5,105 81 54 22 0 4 3 0 1 2 2 24 

Percent Positive for CDL/Non-Revenue

2.50%

1.20%

5.51%

11.11%

0.00%

1.19%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow -Up

Figure 15. Percent Positive for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

by Test Type 

17 
3.2.5 Armed Security Personnel 

Table 15 provides drug test results for the armed security personnel employee category by test 

type. Figure 16 illustrates the percent positive for the armed security personnel employee 

category by test type. 

Table 15. Drug Test Results for Armed Security Personnel 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 1,204 1,189 12 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Random 2,425 2,414 9 8 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 

Post-Accident 87 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,732 3,705 21 16 6 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 4 

Percent Positive for ASP

1.25%

0.45%

1.15%

0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 16. Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type 

18 
3.2.6 Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories 

Table 16 provides drug test results for all test types by employee category. Figure 17 illustrates 

the percent positive for all test types by employee category. 

Table 16. Drug Test Results for All Test Types by Employee Category 

Employee 

Category

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 177,413 174,686 2,514 1,469 857 20 82 165 18 13 35 147 345 

Revenue Vehicle 

and Equipment 

Maintenance 

38,273 37,749 474 267 162 9 6 37 5 6 4 35 48 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 12,468 12,362 89 66 21 1 5 4 0 0 0 17 30 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 5,190 5,104 81 54 22 0 4 3 0 1 2 2 12 

Armed Security

Personnel 3,732 3,705 21 16 6 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 2 

TOTAL 237,076 233,606 3,179 1,872 1,068 30 98 209 24 20 41 206 437 

Percent Positive for All Employee Categories

1.54%

1.37%

0.85%

1.66%

0.72%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 17. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Employee Category

19 
3.3 Drug Test Results by Region 

3.3.1 Drug Test Results for Region 1 

Table 17 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 1. Figure 18 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 1. 

Table 17. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 1 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for Opiates 

Positive for

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 2,813 2,761 51 40 13 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 

Random 6,626 6,586 38 19 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 

Post-Accident 475 470 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Reas. Suspicion 14 12 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 40 38 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 209 205 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Percent Positive for Region 1 

1.85% 

0.60% 1.05% 

14.29% 

5.00% 

1.91% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

12.00% 

14.00% 

16.00% 

PreEmployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-Up 

Figure 18. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 1 

20 
3.3.2 Drug Test Results for Region 2 

Table 18 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 2. Figure 19 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 2. 

Table 18. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 2 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 10,536 10,271 258 162 83 6 5 2 2 1 0 4 20 

Random 28,414 28,207 191 84 92 8 5 6 1 4 2 9 34 

Post-Accident 2,222 2,186 34 12 19 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 3 

Reas. Suspicion 106 100 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 194 191 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Follow-up 1,874 1,858 12 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 7 

Percent Positive for Region 2

2.52%

0.73%

1.62%

5.66%

1.55%

0.85%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 19. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 2 

21 
3.3.3 Drug Test Results for Region 3 

Table 19 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 3. Figure 20 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 3. 

Table 19. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 3 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 8,948 8,620 298 195 95 7 8 1 0 0 0 30 10 

Random 16,090 16,740 150 72 67 1 13 1 0 0 3 16 31 

Post-Accident 1,280 1,249 28 19 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 4 

Reas. Suspicion 79 67 8 3 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 

Return-to-Duty 215 211 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Follow-up 1,266 1,246 19 6 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 

Percent Positive for Region 3

3.67%

1.00%

2.42%

15.19%

1.86% 1.58%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

16.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 20. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 3 

22 
Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 9,814 9,568 224 146 70 1 1 10 3 2 0 17 14 

Random 16,534 16,377 141 72 65 0 6 4 2 2 2 10 28 

Post-Accident 2,782 2,746 32 13 17 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 4 

Reas. Suspicion 86 77 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Return-to-Duty 253 252 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 592 578 14 5 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 

Percent Positive for Region 4

2.51%

0.95% 1.29%

10.47%

0.40%

2.36%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 21. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 4 

3.3.4 Drug Test Results for Region 4 

Table 20 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 4. Figure 21 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 4. 

Table 20. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 4 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Positive for 

Marijuana 

23 
3.3.5 Drug Test Results for Region 5 

Table 21 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 5. Figure 22 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 5. 

Table 21. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 5 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 10,017 9,767 231 158 71 2 9 3 3 1 8 7 9 

Random 21,423 21,230 172 97 76 0 3 4 1 1 3 16 27 

Post-Accident 2,493 2,445 46 12 30 0 3 2 0 0 2 0 4 

Reas. Suspicion 121 112 7 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Return-to-Duty 232 223 9 4 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,325 1,294 27 12 13 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 6 

Percent Positive for Region 5

2.50%

0.90%

1.93%

7.44%

3.88%

2.34%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

8.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 22. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 5 

24 
3.3.6 Drug Test Results for Region 6 

Table 22 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 6. Figure 23 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 6. 

Table 22. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 6 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 5,210 5,088 113 84 28 1 1 2 1 1 0 7 13 

Random 10,784 10,674 105 59 41 0 3 4 0 2 1 2 18 

Post-Accident 1,247 1,233 14 7 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 38 34 4 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 94 92 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 205 197 8 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Percent Positive for Region 6

2.34%

1.02% 1.12%

10.53%

2.13%

3.90%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 23. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 6 

25 
3.3.7 Drug Test Results for Region 7 

Table 23 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 7. Figure 24 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 7. 

Table 23. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 7 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 3,005 2,950 50 36 10 0 1 5 1 0 0 4 8 

Random 4,717 4,675 38 23 10 0 1 6 1 0 2 1 14 

Post-Accident 460 454 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 32 30 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 34 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 152 148 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Percent Positive for Region 7

1.83%

0.89% 1.30%

6.25%

0.00%

2.63%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 24. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 7 

26 
3.3.8 Drug Test Results for Region 8 

Table 24 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 8. Figure 25 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 8. 

Table 24. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 8 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 2,949 2,890 56 37 11 0 3 6 0 0 1 2 9 

Random 4,470 4,422 38 28 7 0 0 4 1 1 4 4 7 

Post-Accident 297 287 10 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 

Reas. Suspicion 33 31 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 28 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 171 168 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Percent Positive for Region 8

2.00%

1.07%

3.37%

6.06%

0.00%

1.75%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 25. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 8 

27 
3.3.9 Drug Test Results for Region 9 

Table 25 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 9. Figure 26 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 9. 

Table 25. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 9 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 15,262 14,923 321 218 63 1 12 45 2 1 2 13 55 

Random 23,544 23,321 193 93 43 0 9 55 4 1 2 23 58 

Post-Accident 2,736 2,704 30 14 9 0 1 8 0 0 1 1 2 

Reas. Suspicion 87 77 9 2 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 

Return-to-Duty 250 242 8 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,508 1,482 22 6 10 1 0 5 1 0 1 2 2 

Percent Positive for Region 9

2.22%

0.95% 1.17%

11.49%

3.20%

1.72%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 26. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 9 

28 
3.3.10 Drug Test Results for Region 10 

Table 26 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 10. Figure 27 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 10.

Table 26. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 10 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for 

Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-Employment 3,249 3,190 52 43 2 0 2 7 0 0 0 7 11 

Random 7,596 7,533 55 37 7 0 0 12 0 0 1 7 14 

Post-Accident 518 515 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Reas. Suspicion 28 27 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 52 50 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 410 403 7 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Percent Positive for Region 10

1.82%

0.83% 0.58%

3.57% 3.85%

1.71%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

3.50%

4.00%

4.50%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 27. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 10 

29 
3.3.11 Drug Test Results for All Regions 

Table 27 provides drug test results for all test types and drugs detected for each region. Figure 

28 illustrates the percent positive for all test types by region. 

Table 27. Drug Test Results for All Regions 

Region

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

1 10,177 10,072 102 65 38 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 13 

2 43,346 42,813 502 267 205 15 11 9 3 8 4 16 65 

3 28,697 28,133 506 298 187 8 25 2 0 0 4 54 48 

4 30,061 29,598 419 237 167 1 7 17 6 4 2 32 49 

5 35,611 35,071 492 285 198 2 17 13 4 2 15 27 46 

6 17,578 17,318 246 156 81 1 5 8 1 3 1 9 31 

7 8,400 8,291 99 66 24 0 2 11 2 0 3 5 22 

8 7,948 7,826 109 76 20 0 3 12 1 1 5 6 17 

9 43,387 42,749 583 336 133 2 23 116 7 2 6 40 118 

10 11,853 11,718 120 86 15 0 4 19 0 0 1 14 28 

Total 237,058 233,589 3,178 1,872 1,068 30 98 208 24 20 41 206 437 

Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region 

1.03%

1.23%

1.97%

1.52% 1.48%

1.30%

1.53% 1.47%

1.14%

1.54%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 28. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region 

30 
3.3.12 Drug Test Results for Transit Employers and Contractors 

Table 28 provides drug test results for transit employers by region. Figure 29 illustrates the 

percent positive for transit employers by region. Table 29 provides drug test results for 

contractors by region. Figure 30 illustrates the percent positive for contractors by region. 

Table 28. Drug Test Results for Transit Employers by Region 

Region

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

1 7,921 7,846 74 45 29 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 

2 32,226 31,946 261 119 122 9 6 7 0 5 4 10 39 

3 20,797 20,544 234 138 83 2 14 1 0 0 0 19 37 

4 22,703 22,425 257 137 115 1 5 7 4 1 2 14 39 

5 26,698 26,418 246 139 99 0 7 10 3 2 14 15 34 

6 13,640 13,478 155 93 55 0 4 6 0 1 1 5 21 

7 7,552 7,475 71 48 16 0 2 6 1 0 3 2 17 

8 5,083 5,023 56 44 6 0 1 5 0 1 1 2 9 

9 25,051 24,791 238 128 78 2 5 40 2 1 3 16 67 

10 8,637 8,563 66 46 11 0 2 10 0 0 1 7 14 

Total 170,308 168,509 1,658 937 614 15 47 93 10 11 29 91 287 

Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region

0.95% 0.87%

1.22% 1.22%

1.05%

1.19%

1.02%

1.18%

1.04%

0.86%

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

1.40%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 29. Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region 

31 
Table 29. Drug Test Results for Contractors by Region 

Region

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs 

Positive for 

Marijuana 

Positive for 

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for Opiates 

Positive for 

Ampheta

mines

Refusals 

Cancelled Tests

Adulterated 

Substituted 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

1 2,256 2,226 28 20 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 

2 11,120 10,867 241 148 83 6 5 2 3 3 0 6 26 

3 7,900 7,589 272 160 104 6 11 1 0 0 4 35 11 

4 7,358 7,173 162 100 52 0 2 10 2 3 0 18 10 

5 8,913 8,653 246 146 99 2 10 3 1 0 1 12 12 

6 3,938 3,840 91 63 26 1 1 2 1 2 0 4 10 

7 848 816 28 18 8 0 0 5 1 0 0 3 5 

8 2,865 2,803 53 32 14 0 2 7 1 0 4 4 8 

9 18,336 17,958 345 208 55 0 18 76 5 1 3 24 51 

10 3,216 3,155 54 40 4 0 2 9 0 0 0 7 14 

Total 66,750 65,080 1,520 935 454 15 51 115 14 9 12 115 150 

Percent Positive for Contractors by Region

1.33%

2.28%

3.94%

2.51%

2.92%

2.49%

3.77%

2.16% 2.06% 1.90%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

3.50%

4.00%

4.50%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 30. Percent Positive for Contractors by Region 

32 
4. Alcohol Test Results 

4.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category 

The following section provides alcohol test results by test type conducted and for each employee 

category. 

4.1.1 Pre-Employment Alcohol Test Results 

Table 30 provides alcohol results for pre-employment tests for each employee category. Figure 

31 illustrates the percent positive for pre-employment tests by employee category. 

Table 30. Pre-Employment Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 8,640 8,623 16 16 3 10 0 1 1 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment Maint. 1,022 1,021 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 327 327 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 169 169 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 237 234 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

TOTAL 10,395 10,374 16 16 3 10 1 4 1 

Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Tests by Employee Category

0.13% 0.10% 0.00% 0.00%

1.27%

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

1.40%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 31. Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Tests by Employee Category 

33 
4.1.2 Random Alcohol Test Results 

Table 31 provides alcohol results for random tests for each employee category. Figure 32 

illustrates the percent positive for random alcohol tests by employee category. 

Table 31. Random Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 29,265 29,197 61 44 21 18 2 5 27 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment Maint. 9,075 9,032 40 33 14 16 1 1 3 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 3,079 3,067 8 3 1 1 1 3 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 1,204 1,203 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 844 842 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 

TOTAL 43,467 43,341 111 81 36 35 4 10 31 

Percent Positive for Random Tests by Employee Category

0.09%

0.20%

0.16%

0.00%

0.12%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 32. Percent Positive for Random Tests by Employee Category

34 
4.1.3 Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results 

Table 32 provides alcohol results for post-accident tests for each employee category. Figure 33 

illustrates the percent positive for post-accident tests by employee category. 

Table 32. Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 12,398 12,378 15 11 2 8 1 4 14 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment Maint. 529 527 2 2 1 1 0 0 2 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 135 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 114 113 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 89 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 13,265 13,242 18 14 4 9 1 4 17 

Percent Positive for Post-Accident Tests by Employee Category

0.10%

0.19%

0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 33. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Tests by Employee Category 

35 
4.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results 

Table 33 provides alcohol results for reasonable suspicion tests for each employee category. 

Figure 34 illustrates the percent positive for reasonable suspicion tests by employee category. 

Table 33. Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 471 373 90 74 26 43 2 6 0 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment Maint. 94 76 14 12 1 11 0 4 1 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 28 20 7 6 3 2 0 1 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 11 7 4 4 0 4 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 2 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 

TOTAL 606 476 117 98 31 61 2 11 2 

Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Tests by Employee Category

10.83%

15.96%

10.71%

36.36%

50.00%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 34. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Tests by Employee Category 

36 
4.1.5 Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results 

Table 34 provides alcohol results for return-to-duty tests for each employee category. Figure 35 

illustrates the percent positive for return-to-duty tests by employee category. 

Table 34. Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 551 546 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment Maint. 139 137 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 21 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 724 716 7 6 2 1 0 1 0 

Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Tests by Employee Category

0.18%

1.44%

4.76%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 35. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Tests by Employee Category 

37 
4.1.6 Follow-Up Alcohol Test Results 

Table 35 provides alcohol results for follow-up tests for each employee category. Figure 36 

illustrates the percent positive for follow-up tests by employee category. 

Table 35. Follow-Up Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 3,704 3,650 54 8 2 5 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment Maint. 1,725 1,716 9 8 3 4 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 178 177 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 130 128 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security

Personnel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 5,737 5,671 65 18 6 9 0 1 0 

Percent Positive for Follow-Up Tests by Employee Category

0.13%

0.23%

0.56%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.10%

0.20%

0.30%

0.40%

0.50%

0.60%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 36. Percent Positive for Follow-Up Tests by Employee Category 

38 
4.1.7 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

Table 36 provides alcohol results for all employee categories by test type. Figure 37 illustrates 

the percent positive for all employee categories by test type.

Table 36. Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 10,395 10,374 16 16 3 10 1 4 1 

Random 43,466 43,341 111 81 36 35 4 10 31 

Post-Accident 13,265 13,242 18 14 4 9 1 4 17 

Reas. Suspicion 606 476 117 98 31 61 2 11 2 

Return-to-Duty 724 716 7 6 2 3 0 1 0 

Follow-up 5,737 5,671 65 18 6 9 0 1 0 

TOTAL 74,193 73,820 334 233 82 127 8 31 51 

Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type

0.14% 0.11% 0.11%

12.21%

0.55% 0.17%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 37. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

39 
4.2 Alcohol Results by Employee Category 

The following section provides alcohol test results for each employee category by type of test 

conducted. 

4.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation 

Table 37 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle operation employee category by test 

type. Figure 38 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle operation employee 

category by test type. 

Table 37. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 17,280 17,246 32 32 6 20 0 2 2 

Random 58,530 58,394 122 88 42 36 4 10 54 

Post-Accident 24,796 24,756 30 22 4 16 2 8 28 

Reas. Suspicion 942 746 180 148 52 86 4 12 0 

Return-to-Duty 1,102 1,092 10 8 4 2 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 7,408 7,300 108 16 4 10 0 0 0 

TOTAL 110,058 109,534 482 314 112 170 10 32 84 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type

0.13% 0.09% 0.10%

10.83%

0.18% 0.13%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 38. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Operation Employee Category 

by Test Type 

40 
4.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Table 38 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance employee 

category by test type. Figure 39 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle and 

equipment maintenance employee category by test type. 

Table 38. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 2,044 2,042 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Random 18,148 18,064 80 66 28 32 2 2 6 

Post-Accident 1,058 1,054 4 4 2 2 0 0 4 

Reas. Suspicion 188 152 28 24 2 22 0 8 2 

Return-to-Duty 278 274 4 4 0 4 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 3,450 3,432 18 16 6 8 0 0 0 

TOTAL 25,166 25,018 134 114 38 68 4 10 12 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintanence by Test Type

0.10% 0.20% 0.19%

15.96%

1.44% 0.23%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

16.00%

18.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 39. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Employee Category by Test Type 

41 
4.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch

Table 39 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch employee category by 

test type. Figure 40 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch 

employee category by test type. 

Table 39. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 654 654 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 6,158 6,134 16 6 2 2 2 6 2 

Post-Accident 270 270 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Reas. Suspicion 56 40 14 12 6 4 0 2 2 

Return-to-Duty 42 40 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Follow-Up 356 354 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

TOTAL 7,536 7,492 30 18 8 6 2 12 6 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type

0.00% 0.16% 0.00%

10.71%

4.76%

0.56%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 40. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch Employee Category 

by Test Type 

42 
4.2.4 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Table 40 provides alcohol results for the CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee category by test 

type. Figure 41 illustrates the percent positive for the CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee 

category by test type. 

Table 40. Alcohol Results for CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 338 338 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 2,408 2,406 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Post-Accident 228 226 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 22 14 8 8 0 8 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 26 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 260 256 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,282 3,266 16 14 4 8 0 0 0 

Percent Positive for CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type

0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

36.36%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-to-Duty Follow-Up

Figure 41. Percent Positive for the CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Employee Category 

by Test Type 

43 
Reas. Suspicion 4 0 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 2,344 2,330 6 6 2 2 0 8 0 

Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type

1.27% 0.12% 0.00%

50.00%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

PreEmploymentRandom PostAccidentReasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 42. Percent Positive for the Armed Security Personnel Employee Category 

by Test Type 

4.2.5 Armed Security Personnel 

Table 41 provides alcohol results for the armed security personnel employee category by test 

type. Figure 42 illustrates the percent positive for the armed security personnel employee 

category by test type. 

Table 41. Alcohol Results for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 474 468 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

Random 1,688 1,684 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 

Post-Accident 178 178 0 

44 
4.2.6 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

Table 42 provides alcohol results for all employee categories by test type. Figure 43 illustrates 

the percent positive for all employee categories by test type.

Table 42. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 20,790 20,748 32 32 6 20 2 8 2 

Random 86,932 86,682 222 162 72 70 8 20 62 

Post-Accident 26,530 26,484 36 28 6 18 6 8 34 

Reas. Suspicion 1,212 952 234 196 62 122 4 22 4 

Return-to-Duty 1,448 1,432 14 12 4 6 0 2 0 

Follow-Up 11,474 11,342 130 36 12 18 0 2 0 

TOTAL 148,386 147,640 668 466 162 254 20 62 102 

Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type

0.15% 0.18% 0.25%

12.54%

0.55% 0.17%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-to-Duty Follow-Up

Figure 43. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

45 
4.3 Alcohol Test Results by Region 

The following section provides alcohol test results for all test types, by each employee category, 

and for every region. 

4.3.1 Alcohol Test Results for Region 1 

Table 43 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 1. 

Figure 44 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 1. 

Table 43. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 3,434 3,418 14 10 2 8 0 2 2 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint. 680 676 4 4 0 4 0 0 2 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 242 240 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 130 128 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 28 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 4,514 4,490 22 18 2 14 0 2 6 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 1

0.29%

0.59%

0.00%

1.54%

0.00%

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

1.40%

1.60%

1.80%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 44. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1 

46 
4.3.2 Alcohol Test Results for Region 2 

Table 44 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 2. 

Figure 45 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 2. 

Table 44. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 20,832 20,752 76 58 26 18 2 2 8 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment 

Maint. 6,770 6,720 44 42 14 20 2 4 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 1,806 1,804 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 462 458 4 4 0 4 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 582 580 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 30,452 30,314 128 108 40 44 4 6 8 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 2

0.11%

0.38%

0.11%

0.87%

0.00%

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 45. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2 

47 
4.3.3 Alcohol Test Results for Region 3 

Table 45 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 3. 

Figure 46 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 3. 

Table 45. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 18,150 18,104 42 42 12 26 0 4 16 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment 

Maint. 3,894 3,880 14 14 6 8 0 0 4 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 994 986 2 2 2 0 0 6 4 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 890 888 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 424 422 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

TOTAL 24,352 24,280 62 62 20 36 0 10 24 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 3

0.17% 0.21%

0.60%

0.00%

0.47%

0.00%

0.10%

0.20%

0.30%

0.40%

0.50%

0.60%

0.70%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 46. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3 

48 
4.3.4 Alcohol Test Results for Region 4 

Table 46 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 4. 

Figure 47 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 4. 

Table 46. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 14,754 14,686 52 42 18 22 6 10 14 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment 

Maint. 3,018 2,998 18 16 6 10 0 2 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 904 900 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 384 384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 388 386 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 19,448 19,354 74 60 26 32 8 12 14 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 4

0.26%

0.40%

0.22%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 47. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4 

49 
4.3.5 Alcohol Test Results for Region 5 

Table 47 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 5. 

Figure 48 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 5. 

Table 47. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 15,110 15,054 50 30 4 26 2 4 26 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment 

Maint. 3,092 3,072 16 16 4 12 0 4 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 1,030 1,024 4 4 0 2 0 2 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 268 266 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 124 118 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

TOTAL 19,624 19,534 72 52 10 40 2 16 26 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 5

0.21% 0.52% 0.39% 0.00%

4.84%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 48. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5 

50 
4.3.6 Alcohol Test Results for Region 6 

Table 48 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 6. 

Figure 49 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 6. 

Table 48. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 9,570 9,536 32 28 8 16 0 2 4 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment 

Maint. 2,500 2,488 10 8 2 6 2 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 690 690 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 582 580 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 488 486 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

TOTAL 13,830 13,780 44 38 10 24 2 4 4 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 6

0.19%

0.32%

0.00%

0.34%

0.41%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 49. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6 

51 
4.3.7 Alcohol Test Results for Region 7 

Table 49 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 7. 

Figure 50 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 7. 

Table 49. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 2,888 2,872 16 16 8 6 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint. 300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 168 168 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 40 38 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 22 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,418 3,400 18 18 10 6 0 0 0 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 7

0.21%

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 50. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7 

52 
4.3.8 Alcohol Test Results for Region 8 

Table 50 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 8. 

Figure 51 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 8. 

Table 50. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 2,416 2,414 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint. 562 562 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 166 166 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 96 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 22 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,262 3,260 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 8

0.08%

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.01%

0.02%

0.03%

0.04%

0.05%

0.06%

0.07%

0.08%

0.09%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 51. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8 

53 
4.3.9 Alcohol Test Results for Region 9 

Table 51 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 9. 

Figure 52 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 9. 

Table 51. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 17,994 17,918 70 56 22 34 0 6 8 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment 

Maint. 3,234 3,210 24 12 4 8 0 0 6 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 1,132 1,116 14 4 4 0 0 2 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 304 302 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 266 266 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 22,930 22,812 110 72 30 42 0 8 14 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 9

0.22%

0.25%

0.18%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 52. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9 

54 
4.3.10 Alcohol Test Results for Region 10 

Table 52 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 10. 

Figure 53 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 

10. 

Table 52. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10 

Employee Category

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Revenue Vehicle Operation 4,908 4,778 128 30 12 12 0 2 4 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint. 1,116 1,112 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 404 398 4 4 2 2 0 2 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 126 126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 6,554 6,414 136 36 16 14 0 4 4 

Percent Positive by Employee Category for Region 10

0.29%

0.00%

0.99%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle

& Equipment

Maint.

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/NonRevenue VehicleArmed Security

Personnel

Figure 53. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10 

55 
4.3.11 Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types by Region 

Table 53 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories and test types for all of the 

regions. Figure 54 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories and test types for 

each region.

Table 53. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region 

Region

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

1 4,514 4,490 22 18 2 14 0 2 6 

2 30,453 30,314 128 108 40 44 4 6 8 

3 24,352 24,280 62 62 20 36 0 10 24 

4 19,448 19,354 74 60 26 32 8 12 14 

5 19,624 19,534 72 52 10 40 2 16 26 

6 13,830 13,780 44 38 10 24 2 4 4 

7 3,418 3,400 18 18 10 6 0 0 0 

8 3,262 3,260 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 

9 22,930 22,812 110 72 30 42 0 8 14 

10 4,514 4,490 22 18 2 14 0 2 6 

TOTAL 146,345 145,714 554 448 150 254 16 60 104 

Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region

0.35%

0.18% 0.19%

0.27%

0.30%

0.22%

0.18%

0.06%

0.22%

0.35%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 54. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region 

56 
4.4 Transit Employer and Contractor Alcohol Test Results 

4.4.1 Alcohol Test Results for Transit Employees for All Test Types by Region 

Table 54 provides alcohol test results for transit employers for all test types by region. Figure 55 

illustrates the percent positive for transit employers for all test types by region. 

Table 54. Alcohol Results for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region 

Region

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

1 3,534 3,514 18 14 2 12 0 2 6 

2 23,454 23,342 106 102 40 38 4 2 8 

3 18,902 18,856 42 42 12 26 0 4 24 

4 16,500 16,426 62 50 18 30 4 8 6 

5 15,214 15,160 42 38 8 30 2 10 26 

6 12,216 12,170 42 38 10 24 2 2 4 

7 3,070 3,052 18 18 10 6 0 0 0 

8 2,180 2,178 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 

9 16,836 16,762 68 54 26 28 0 6 4 

10 5,548 5,424 124 26 12 8 0 0 4 

TOTAL 117,454 116,884 524 384 138 204 12 34 84 

Percent Positive for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region

0.40%

0.19%

0.16%

0.25% 0.28%

0.23%

0.20%

0.09%

0.20%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Figure 55. Percent Positive for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region 

57 
4.4.2 Alcohol Test Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region 

Table 55 provides alcohol test results for contractors for all test types by region. Figure 56 

illustrates the percent positive for contractors for all test types by region.

Table 55. Alcohol Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region 

Region

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02 

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

1 980 976 4 4 0 2 0 0 0 

2 6,998 6,972 22 6 0 6 0 4 0 

3 5,450 5,424 20 20 8 10 0 6 0 

4 2,948 2,928 12 10 8 2 4 4 8 

5 4,410 4,374 30 14 2 10 0 6 0 

6 1,614 1,610 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 

7 348 348 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 1,082 1,082 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

9 6,094 6,050 42 18 4 14 0 2 10 

10 1,006 990 12 10 4 6 0 4 0 

TOTAL 30,930 30,754 144 82 26 50 4 28 18 

Percent Positive for Contractors for All Test Types by Region 

0.20% 0.14%

0.29% 0.34% 0.36%

0.12%

0.00% 0.00%

0.26%

0.99%

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 56. Percent Positive for Contractors for All Test Types by Region 

58 
4.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Each Region 

The following section provides alcohol test results by test type for all employee categories within 

each region.

4.5.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 1 

Table 56 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 1. 

Figure 57 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 1. 

Table 56. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 1 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 204 204 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 2,974 2,966 8 6 0 6 0 0 4 

Post-Accident 910 908 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 28 14 12 10 0 8 0 2 2 

Return-to-Duty 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 348 348 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 4,514 4,490 22 18 2 14 0 2 6 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 1

0.00% 0.20% 0.00%

35.71%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 57. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 1 

59 
4.5.2 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 2 

Table 57 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 2. 

Figure 58 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 2. 

Table 57. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 2 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 3,920 3,916 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 

Random 18,518 18,438 78 70 36 20 2 0 6 

Post-Accident 4,288 4,280 6 4 0 2 0 2 0 

Reas. Suspicion 156 130 22 14 2 12 0 4 0 

Return-to-Duty 154 148 6 6 0 4 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 3,416 3,402 14 12 2 6 0 0 0 

TOTAL 30,452 30,314 128 108 40 44 4 6 8 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 2

0.05% 0.12% 0.09%

10.26%

2.60%

0.18%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 58. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 2 

60 
4.5.3 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 3 

Table 58 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 3. 

Figure 59 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 3. 

Table 58. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 3 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 5,550 5,530 20 20 6 12 0 0 0 

Random 13,614 13,598 12 12 6 6 0 4 8 

Post-Accident 2,324 2,322 0 0 0 0 0 2 14 

Reas. Suspicion 158 134 22 22 4 16 0 2 2 

Return-to-Duty 366 362 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 

Follow-Up 2,340 2,334 6 6 2 2 0 0 0 

TOTAL 24,352 24,280 62 62 20 36 0 10 24 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 3

0.22% 0.07% 0.09%

11.39%

0.55% 0.09%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 59. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 3 

61 
4.5.4 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 4 

Table 59 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 4. 

Figure 60 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 4. 

Table 59. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 4 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 2,860 2,856 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 

Random 10,884 10,848 28 22 16 6 4 4 14 

Post-Accident 4,806 4,792 10 10 2 8 0 4 0 

Reas. Suspicion 164 126 32 24 8 14 4 2 0 

Return-to-Duty 212 212 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 522 520 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

TOTAL 19,448 19,354 74 60 26 32 8 12 14 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 4

0.14% 0.13% 0.25%

12.20%

0.00% 0.38%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 60. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 4 

62 
4.5.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 5 

Table 60 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 5. 

Figure 61 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 5. 

Table 60. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 5 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 2,318 2,312 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

Random 11,158 11,138 18 14 2 10 0 2 6 

Post-Accident 4,660 4,654 4 4 2 2 2 0 20 

Reas. Suspicion 262 216 40 26 2 24 0 6 0 

Return-to-Duty 228 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 998 986 10 8 4 4 0 2 0 

TOTAL 19,624 19,534 72 52 10 40 2 16 26 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 5

0.26% 0.11% 0.09%

11.45%

0.00% 0.60%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 61. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 5 

63 
4.5.6 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 6 

Table 61 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 6. 

Figure 62 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 6. 

Table 61. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 6 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 1,760 1,756 4 4 0 2 0 0 0 

Random 9,356 9,340 12 12 4 8 2 2 4 

Post-Accident 2,264 2,262 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 66 42 22 20 6 12 0 2 0 

Return-to-Duty 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 324 320 4 2 0 2 0 0 0 

TOTAL 13,830 13,780 44 38 10 24 2 4 4 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 6

0.11% 0.13% 0.00%

21.21%

0.00% 0.62%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 62. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 6 

64 
4.5.7 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 7 

Table 62 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 7. 

Figure 63 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 7. 

Table 62. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 7 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 128 126 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

Random 2,080 2,076 4 4 0 2 0 0 0 

Post-Accident 860 860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 62 56 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 44 40 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 244 242 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,418 3,400 18 18 10 6 0 0 0 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 7

1.56%

0.10% 0.00% 0.00%

4.55%

0.00%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 63. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 7 

65 
4.5.8 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 8 

Table 63 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 8. 

Figure 64 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 8. 

Table 63. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 8 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 120 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 2,400 2,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Post-Accident 482 482 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 52 50 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 34 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 174 174 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,262 3,260 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 8

0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

3.85%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

3.50%

4.00%

4.50%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 64. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 8 

66 
4.5.9 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 9 

Table 64 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 9. 

Figure 65 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 9. 

Table 64. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 9 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 3,698 3,696 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

Random 11,282 11,238 40 10 4 6 0 4 14 

Post-Accident 4,968 4,956 12 8 2 6 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 204 150 50 48 22 26 0 4 0 

Return-to-Duty 268 266 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 2,510 2,506 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 

TOTAL 22,930 22,812 110 72 30 42 0 8 14 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 9

0.05% 0.09% 0.12%

14.71%

0.00% 0.08%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

16.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 65. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 9 

67 
4.5.10 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 10 

Table 65 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 10. 

Figure 66 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 

10. 

Table 65. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 10 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater 

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater 

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests

Pre-Employment 232 232 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 4,664 4,638 22 12 4 6 0 4 4 

Post-Accident 968 968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reas. Suspicion 60 34 26 24 12 8 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 32 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-Up 598 510 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 6,554 6,414 136 36 16 14 0 4 4 

Percent Positive by Test Type for Region 10

0.00% 0.21% 0.00%

13.33%

0.00% 0.00%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

PreEmploymentRandom Post-Accident Reasonable

Suspicion

Return-toDutyFollow-Up

Figure 66. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 10 

68 
Appendix A. MIS Data Collection Form 

69 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING MIS DATA COLLECTION FORM 

Calendar Year Covered by this Report: _________________ 

I. Employer: 

Company Name:

 Doing Business As (DBA) Name (if applicable): 

 Address:_______________________________________________________________________________ E-mail: ________________________ 

 Name of Certifying Official: Signature: _________________________________________________ 

 Telephone: (_____)______________________________________ Date Certified: ___________________________________________________ 

 Prepared by (if different): ________________________________________________________ Telephone: (_____)________________________ 

 C/TPA Name and Telephone (if applicable): __________________________________________________ (_____)________________________ 

Check the DOT agency for which you are reporting MIS data; and complete the information on that same line as appropriate: 

___ FMCSA – Motor Carrier: DOT #: ______________________ Owner-operator: (circle one) YES or NO Exempt (Circle One) YES or NO 

___ FAA – Aviation: Certificate # (if applicable): _______________________ Plan / Registration # (if applicable):___________________________ 

___ RSPA – Pipeline: (Check) Gas Gathering__ Gas Transmission__ Gas Distribution__ Transport Hazardous Liquids__ Transport Carbon Dioxide__ 

___ FRA – Railroad: Total Number of observed/documented Part 219 “Rule G” Observations for covered employees: __________________________ 

___ USCG – Maritime: Vessel ID # (USCG- or State-Issued): ______________________________________ (If more than one vessel, list separately.) 

___ FTA – Transit 

II. Covered Employees: (A) Enter Total Number Safety-Sensitive Employees In All Employee Categories: 

(B) Enter Total Number of Employee Categories: 

(C) 

 Employee Category Total Number of Employees

 in this Category 

If you have multiple employee categories, complete Sections I 

and II (A) & (B). Take that filled-in form and make one copy 

for each employee category and complete Sections II (C), III, 

and IV for each separate employee category. 

III. Drug Testing Data: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Type of Test 

Total Number Of Test Results [Should equal the sum of Columns 2,3, 9, 10, 11, and 12]Verified Negative ResultsVerified Positive Results ~ For One Or More Drugs

Positive For Marijuana Positive For CocainePositive ForPCPPositive For Opiates Positive For A

mphetamines

Refusal Results 

AdulteratedSubstituted“Shy BladderCancelled Results

”

 ~

With No Medical Explanation Other Refusals ToSubmit ToTesting 

Pre-Employment 

Random 

Post-Accident 

Reasonable Susp./Cause 

Return-to-Duty 

Follow-Up 

TOTAL 

IV. Alcohol Testing Data: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Type of Test 

Total Number OfScreening TestResults [Should equal the sum of Columns2, 3, 7, and 8]Screening Tests With Results Below 0.02Screening Tests With Results 0.02 OrGreaterNumber OfConfir

mation Tests 

ResultsConfir

mation Tests 

With Results 0.02Through 0.039 Confir

mation Tests 

With Results 0.04 OrGreater

Refusal Results “Shy L

Cancelled Results

ung” ~ 

With No Medical Explanation Other Refusals To Submit ToTesting 

Pre-Employment 

Random 

Post-Accident 

Reasonable Susp./Cause 

Return-to-Duty 

Follow-Up 

TOTAL 

 9

 13 
PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT NOTICE (as required by 5 CFR 1320.21) 

According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, no persons are required to respond to a 

collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. The valid OMB control 

number for this information collection is 2105-0529. The Department of Transportation estimates 

that the average burden for this report form is 1.5 hours. You may send comments regarding this 

burden estimate or any suggestions for reducing the burden to: U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, Room 10403, 400 Seventh Street, SW, 

Washington, D.C. 20590; OR Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project, 

725 Seventeenth Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20503. 

Title 18, USC Section 1001, makes it a criminal offense subject to a maximum fine of $10,000, or 

imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, to knowingly and willfully make or cause to be 

made any false or fraudulent statements of representations in any matter within the jurisdiction of 

any agency of the United States. 
Appendix B. Contact Information 

Please contact the following individuals for additional information regarding the FTA’s drug and 

alcohol testing requirements. 

Jerry Powers 

Drug and Alcohol Program Manager 

400 7th Street, SW, FTA TPM-30 

Washington, DC 20590 

Gerald.Powers@dot.gov

Mike Redington 

Program Manager/Transportation Industry Analyst 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142 

redington@volpe.dot.gov

Eve Rutyna 

Transportation Industry Analyst 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142 

rutynae@volpe.dot.gov

For assistance on accessing the FTA Office of Safety and Security Web site and using the 

Internet reporting system, contact the FTA DAMIS Project Office at (617) 494-6336 or via email at FTA.damis@volpe.dot.gov. The FTA Safety and Security Clearinghouse can be reached 

at (617) 494-2116 for additional copies of this report as well as technical assistance materials, 

including the Implementation Guidelines for Drug and Alcohol Regulations in Mass Transit and 

Best Practices Manual: FTA Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. Documents can also be

obtained from the FTA Safety and Security Clearinghouse Web site at: http://transitsafety.volpe.dot.gov/publications/order/default.asp. You may also send e-mail directly to 

FTA.clearinghouse@volpe.dot.gov. 

73 

Appendix C. Glossary of Terms 

Amphetamines: Includes racemic, amphetamine, extroamphetamine, and methamphetamine. 

They are potent stimulants that can be swallowed, snorted, or injected. They reduce the desire to 

sleep or eat and can induce a sense of aroused euphoria, accompanied by feelings of increased 

power, strength, energy, self-assertion, focus, and motivation. Because the body does not readily 

break down amphetamines, these feelings, which are often intense and ephemeral, may last 

several hours. Severe mental depression and fatigue can set in when the euphoric feelings wear 

off.

Accident: An occurrence associated with the operation of a vehicle, if as a result: 

(1) An individual dies; 

(2) An individual suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical treatment away from

the scene of the accident; 

(3) With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is a bus, electric 

bus, van, or automobile, one or more vehicles incurs disabling damage as the result of the 

occurrence and is transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle; or 

(4) With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley 

car, trolley bus, or vessel, the mass transit vehicle is removed from revenue service. 

Alcohol Concentration: The alcohol in a volume of breath, expressed in terms of grams of 

alcohol per 210 liters of breath as indicated by a breath test. 

Armed Security Personnel: Employees who provide security and carry a firearm. 

Canceled or Invalid Test: In drug testing, a drug test that has been declared invalid by a 

Medical Review Officer (MRO). In alcohol testing, a test that is deemed to be invalid. It is 

neither a positive nor a negative test. 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle: Job category including any transit employee who holds a 

Commercial Driver's License (CDL), performs a function requiring a CDL, and is not included 

in any other job category. 

Cocaine: An addictive substance that comes from coca leaves or is made synthetically. It 

appears as a white powder that is snorted, ingested, injected, freebased (smoked), or applied 

directly to the nasal membrane or gums. Cocaine acts as a stimulant to the central nervous 

system. It gives the user a feeling of exhilaration. The chemicals in cocaine trick the brain into 

feeling it has experienced pleasure when in fact it has not. 

Confirmation (or Confirmatory) Test: In drug testing, a second analytical procedure to 

identify the presence of a specific drug or metabolite that is independent of the screening test and 

uses a different technique and chemical principle from that of the screening test in order to 

ensure reliability and accuracy. In alcohol testing, a second test following a screening test with a 

result of 0.02 or greater that provides quantitative data of alcohol concentration. 

75 
Consortium: An entity, including a group or association of employers, operators, recipients, 

subrecipients, or contractors, which provides drug testing services and acts on behalf of the 

employer. 

Contractor: A person or organization that provides a service for a recipient, subrecipient, 

employer, or operator consistent with a specific understanding or arrangement. The 

understanding can be a written contract or an informal arrangement that reflects an ongoing 

relationship between the parties. 

Covered Employee: A person, including an applicant, transferee, or volunteer who perform a 

safety-sensitive function for a recipient, subrecipient, employer, or operator. 

Drug Metabolite: The specific substance produced when the human body metabolizes a given 

prohibited drug as it passes through and is excreted in urine. 

Drug Test: The laboratory analysis of a urine specimen collected in accordance with 49 CFR 

Part 40 and analyzed in a Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)-approved 

laboratory. 

Education: Efforts that include the display and distribution of informational materials, a 

community service hotline telephone number for employee assistance, and the transit entity 

policy regarding drug use and alcohol misuse in the workplace. 

Employee: An individual designated in a Department of Transportation (DOT) agency 

regulation as subject to drug and/or alcohol testing. “Employee” includes an applicant for 

employment. 

Employer: A recipient or other entity that provides mass transportation services or performs a 

safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other entity. This term includes subrecipients, 

operators, and contractors. 

Follow-Up Testing: Drug or alcohol test that is required for an employee who is returned to 

safety-sensitive duty. The employee is subject to at least six unannounced tests for at least 12 

months after returning to duty. The exact number and frequency of tests is prescribed by the 

Substance Abuse Professional (SAP), who may order tests for up to 60 months after return to 

duty. SAPs often require the employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if only 

one of the tests was at issue. Follow-up testing is separate from, and in addition to random

testing. Part 655 incorporates follow-up testing under return-to-duty testing (i.e., return to 

duty/follow-up testing) as one of five required FTA tests. It was previously listed separately as 

one of six required Federal Transit Administration (FTA) tests. 

Marijuana: Derived from the hemp plant and comes in a variety of colors such as green, 

brown, and a gray mixture of leaves. THC or (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary active 

chemical in marijuana. It is absorbed quickly into fatty tissues and stored for a long time. The 

potency and strength of the chemical causes people to use the drug for the mildly tranquilizing, 

76 
mood and perception-altering effects it produces. The test for marijuana also includes its 

metabolites.

Opiates: Known as narcotic analgesics, includes heroin, morphine, and codeine. They are 

derived from a sap taken from a seedpod of the plant, “papaver somniferum” (or poppy plant). 

General effects include sedation, slowed reflexes, raspy speech, sluggish movements, slowed 

breathing, cold skin, and vomiting. The synthetic form of opiates, known as a designer drug, is 

even more deadly and addictive. 

Phencyclidine (PCP): Originally developed as an anesthetic; has adverse side effects that limit 

its medical use to a tranquilizer for large animals. In people, PCP acts as both a depressant and a 

hallucinogen and sometimes as a stimulant. PCP can cause distorted bodily perceptions and a 

feeling of disassociation in which the mind feels separated from the body. These effects can be 

very upsetting to some people, who may panic as a result. 

Positive Rate: The sum of the annual number of positive results for random drug tests 

conducted under 49 CFR Part 655 plus the annual number of refusals to submit to a random drug 

test, divided by the sum of the annual number of random drug tests conducted, plus the annual 

number of refusals to submit to a random drug test. 

Pre-Employment Testing: Testing of candidates for a safety-sensitive position (including 

existing non-safety-sensitive employees as well as applicants for employment) and of employees 

who have not performed a safety-sensitive function for more than 90 consecutive calendar days, 

regardless of the reason, and were removed from the employer’s random selection pool during 

that time. 

A negative pre-employment test for drugs is required by FTA as a condition for performing 

safety-sensitive duties under these circumstances. Pre-employment alcohol tests are not required 

but are permitted under Part 655 providing they are performed in accordance with the testing 

procedures in Part 40. The alcohol tests are included in the data presented in Chapter 3 because 

they are conducted per DOT standards and are required by many employers. The Omnibus 

Testing Act required a negative pre-employment alcohol test, but FTA suspended the 

requirement on May 10, 1995, as the result of a U.S. Court of Appeals decision. FTA decided to 

allow but not require pre-employment alcohol testing in Part 655. 

Random Testing: Considered by FTA to be the most effective deterrent to drug use and alcohol 

misuse as well as the most reliable indicator of drug use and alcohol misuse within an employer 

and in the industry as a whole, provided it is unannounced and unpredictable. Selections for 

Post-Accident Testing: Tests required following an accident involving a fatality or an accident 

that meets any of three other criteria if the employee’s involvement cannot be completely 

discounted as a contributing factor: (1) when a person suffers a bodily injury and immediately 

receives medical attention away from the scene, (2) when any vehicle involved in the accident 

incurs damage requiring it to be transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle, 

or (3) when the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel and is 

removed from revenue service due to the accident. 

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testing must be based on a scientifically valid random-number selection method, to ensure that 

all safety-sensitive employees have an equal chance of being selected for testing. 

Random Testing Rate: The number of drug tests equal to at least 50 percent of the total 

number of safety-sensitive employees and, of alcohol tests equal to at least 10 percent of the total 

number of safety-sensitive employees must be conducted each year by this method. 

Reasonable Suspicion Testing: Required when an employer has reasonable suspicion that an 

employee has used a prohibited drug or has misused alcohol as defined in the regulations. 

Reasonable suspicion testing must be based on specific, contemporaneous, articulable 

observations made by a trained supervisor concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body 

odor of a safety-sensitive employee. 

Recipient: An entity receiving federal financial assistance under Section 5307, 5309, or 5311 of 

the Federal Transit Act or under sections 103(e)(4) of Title 23 of the U.S. Code. 

Refusal to Submit (to an alcohol test): When a covered employee fails to provide adequate 

breath for testing without a valid medical explanation. 

Refusal to Submit (to a drug test): When a covered employee fails to provide a urine sample 

as required by 49 CFR Part 40 without a valid medical explanation after receiving notice of the 

requirement to be tested, or engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the testing process. 

Return-to-Duty Testing: Drug and/or alcohol test that is required for a safety-sensitive 

employee who completes a course of treatment prescribed by a SAP after testing positive for 

drugs or alcohol or refusing to submit to a required test. A negative result for the type (drug or 

alcohol) of positive or refused test is required before the employee can be returned to duty. SAPs 

often require the employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if only one of the 

tests was at issue. 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch: Includes employees who control the movement of revenue 

service vehicles. The key consideration is the type of work performed rather than a particular job 

title. FTA decided not to attempt a universal definition of “dispatchers” in Part 655. Instead, each 

employer determines whether its particular dispatcher performs or may perform a safetysensitive function. 

Revenue Vehicle Operation: Safety-sensitive job category; includes employees who operate a 

revenue service vehicle, regardless of whether it is in service.

Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance: Includes employees who maintain revenue 

service vehicles or equipment, as well as many maintenance contract employees who perform

routine, ongoing repair or maintenance for FTA recipients and subrecipients that have 

employees, including supervisors, who perform or could be called upon to perform any of the 

FTA safety-sensitive functions. Maintenance contractors of 5311 funding recipients are not 

subject to the testing regulations. Additionally, recipients that operate in areas with a population 

of 200,000 or less and contract out maintenance services are no longer required to comply. 

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Verified Negative (drug test result): A drug test result reviewed by an MRO and determined to 

have no evidence of prohibited drug use. 

Verified Positive (drug test result): A drug test result reviewed by an MRO and determined to 

have evidence of prohibited drug use. 

Safety-Sensitive Function: Any of the following duties: 

• Operating a revenue service vehicle, including when not in revenue service; 

• Operating a non-revenue service vehicle, when required to be operated by a holder of a 

CDL; 

• Controlling dispatch or movement of a revenue service vehicle; 

• Maintaining a revenue service vehicle or equipment used in revenue service, unless the 

recipient receives Section 5311 funding and contracts out such services; and/or 

• Providing security and carrying a firearm. 

Screening Test (or Initial Test): In drug testing, an immunoassay screen to eliminate 

"negative" urine specimens from further analysis. In alcohol testing, an analytical procedure to 

determine whether an employee may have a prohibited concentration of alcohol in a breath 

specimen. 

Violation Rate: Refers to the sum of the annual number of results from random alcohol tests 

conducted under 49 CFR Part 655 that have alcohol concentrations of 0.04 or greater plus the 

annual number of refusals to submit to alcohol tests, divided by the sum of the annual number of 

random alcohol tests conducted, plus the annual number of refusals to submit to a drug test. 

Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance: Function including any person repairing or maintaining 

revenue service vehicles or other equipment used in revenue service. 

Transit System: The public entity that receives the Federal grant (direct grant recipient), 

whether or not that recipient provides mass transit services directly. 

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