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United States Office of Prevention, Pesticides 733-R-99-001

Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances (7503C) November 1999

Agency

EPA Pesticides Industry

Sales and Usage

1996 and 1997

Market Estimates
Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

1996 and 1997 Market Estimates

by

Arnold L. Aspelin, Ph.D.

and

Arthur H. Grube, Ph.D.

Biological and Economic Analysis Division

Office of Pesticide Programs

Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Washington, DC 20460

November 1999
NOTE TO READERS:

The Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs is pleased to present this

summary of information about pesticide use and report on the pesticide market for the years 1996 and 1997.

This publication reports figures derived for pesticide usage and sales values, based on available

information from Agency records of registrations, USDA reports of pesticide use, and other public and

proprietary sources. This type of report has been issued annually from 1979 through 1989 and at two-year

intervals since then. These reports are devoted to economic aspects of the pesticide industry rather than

health and environmental aspects which are covered by other activities of the Office of Pesticide Programs.

Pesticide usage during 1996 and 1997 was not greatly different from recent prior years. It is too

early to see the extent to which the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and efforts under the Pesticide

Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP) result in changes in use patterns. For future reports, we will

be looking at such changes in use patterns. For example, we plan to report on the extent to which pesticides

classified as “safer,” (e.g., biologicals) are being used.

Overall U.S. use, in pounds of active ingredient (conventional pesticides plus other chemicals such

as sulfur and petroleum), went up a little under 2 percent in 1996 (over the previous year) and was back

down about 1 percent in 1997, apparently due largely to changes in acreages grown of major crops such

as corn. Agriculture, which accounts for slightly more than three-fourths of the total, can vary considerably

from year to year due to factors such as weather, pest outbreaks, crop areages grown and economic factors,

such as crop prices. The remaining nearly one-quarter of usage is in non-agricultural sectors, split about

evenly between applications by homeowners and professionals. The use of herbicides and plant growth

regulators declined in 1997 by 10 million pounds; nematicides and fumigant use declined by 15 million

pounds; and sulfur and oil use increased by 14 million pounds during the same period.

This report is being made available on the Internet through the Agency’s home page at:

http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/ as well as in hard copy. Hard copy may be requested from

U.S. EPA, NCEPI, P.O. Boxs 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419 (phone 513 489-8190).

Marcia E. Mulkey, Director

Office of Pesticide Programs

Environmental Protection Agency
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Contents

List of Tables and Charts ................................. ii

Introduction ....................................................... 1

Overview ............................................................ 2

Table Highlights ................................................ 5

EPA and USDA

Survey Activities............................................... 6

About this Report ............................................. 7

Pesticide Market Estimate

Tables and Charts,

1997 and Earlier Years .................................. 9-37

Glossary .............................................................38-39

Page

1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—i
List of Tables and Charts

PAGE

Table 1. U.S. and World Pesticide Sales at User Level

1997 Estimates (and corresponding charts) ...........................................................10

Table 2. User Expenditures for Pesticides in the U.S. by Class and Sector,

1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart) ....................................................12

Table 3. Volume of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in U.S. by Type,

Class, and Sector, 1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart) .....................14

Table 4. U.S. Usage of Conventional and Other Types of Pesticides, 1996/1997

Estimates .....................................................................................................................16

Table 5. Importance of Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers,

1995–1997 Estimates ..................................................................................................17

Table 6. U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Pesticides at

Producer Level, 1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart) ........................18

Table 7. U.S. Pesticide Production, Marketing and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers of Units

Involved, 1996/1997 Estimates....................................................................................20

Table 8. Quantities of Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticides

in U.S. Agricultural Crop Production .........................................................................21

Table 9. Quantities of Pesticides Most Commonly Used in Non-Agricultural

Sectors of U.S. ...........................................................................................................22

Table 10. U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage, Total and Estimated

Agricultural Sector Share, 1964–1997 (and corresponding charts). .....................24

Table 11a. Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under FIFRA,

by Type, 1967–1997 (and corresponding chart) ....................................................26

Table 11b. Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under FIFRA,

by Classification: Safer (Reduced-Risk) or Other Pesticides, 1990–1997 ................27

Table 12. Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S., 1997 (October 30)

(and corresponding charts) .....................................................................................28

Table 13. U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type, All Economic Sectors

Combined, 1979–1997 (and corresponding chart) .................................................30

Table 14. U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type,

1979–1997 (and corresponding charts) .................................................................31

Table 15. U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Type, All Economic

Sectors Combined, 1979–1997 (and corresponding chart)....................................34

Table 16. U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type,

1979–1997 (and corresponding charts) .................................................................35

ii---1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—1

Introduction

This report provides a profile of the U.S. pesticide sales and usage for 1996 and 1997. It contains tables

with estimates of the U.S. market for those two years. The tables contain information on quantities used

and user expenditures (by economic sector and pesticide class), imports, exports, numbers of firms, and

individuals involved in production and use of pesticides, number of pesticides, certified applicators, and on a

number of other topics. Graphic representations of the data are included along with a number of tables.

Much of the tabular information in this report is for the years 1996 and 1997, but historical data are

also presented. This report and the edition for 1994 and 1995 contain a number of reestimated

historical values for volume used and dollar expenditures which are presented in tables 13 through 16.

Care should be taken to use the new values for 1993 and earlier years rather than those from prior

editions.

Following this Introduction, there is an Overview of total pesticide usage in the U.S. and

Highlights of the tables which comprise a majority of the report. Also, some background is presented on

EPA and USDA pesticide usage data collection activities. A Glossary is included at the end of the

report to help the reader with key terms used in the report.

This report is intended only to present objective economic profile and trend information reflecting

the best available information on pesticide sales and usage. It does not attempt to interpret or reach

conclusions about implications of the data. Nor does it include details such as by chemical grouping,

family, geographic area, crop, use site, etc. Detailed analysis of causal factors or implications, such as

potential impacts on human health, the environment, or the economy are beyond the scope of this project.

If you have questions regarding this report or need further information, please contact the authors at the

following address: BEAD/OPP/EPA (7503C), 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460; email:

GRUBE.ARTHUR@EPA.GOV (telephone 703 308-8095 or 308-8094).

Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage:

1996 and 1997 Market Estimates

Acknowledgments

The authors of this report would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by the following outside

sources:

! John Wilkin, Greg Malcom, and J. Ahlgrim, Doane Marketing Research, St. Louis, MO, (agricultural usage and

markets),

! Phil Calderoni, SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA (non-agricultural and world markets for pesticides),

! Mancer Cyr and Gillian Morris, Kline & Co., Fairfield, NJ (non-agricultural markets and biocide usage), and

! John McDougall, Wood Mackenzie, Edinburgh, Scotland; more recently Phillips McDougall, Saughland, UK

(world market).

Also, recognition is made of the efforts of peer reviewers of this report:

! Merritt Padgitt, Doug Kleweno, Norman Bennett, Jim Smith, and Al Jennings of USDA; Roger Holtorf, Bob Torla,

Steve Nako, EPA; Steve Wanser, USITC/DOC; Ed Johnson, Technical Services Group, Washington D.C., Leonard

Gianessi, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy.
2—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Pesticides of various types are used in most sectors of the U.S. Economy. In general terms, a

pesticide is any agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria or other

organisms. Thus, the term “pesticide” includes insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, fungicides,

nematicides, and acaracides as well as disinfectants, fumigants, wood preservatives and plant growth

regulators.

Pesticides play a vital role in controlling agricultural, industrial, home/garden, and public health

pests. Many crops, commodities, and services in the U.S. could not be supplied in an economic fashion

without control of pests, with chemicals or by other means. As a result, goods and services can be

supplied at lower costs and/or with better quality. These economic benefits from pesticide use are not

achieved without potential risks to human health and the environment due to the toxicity of pesticide

chemicals. For this reason, the chemicals are regulated under the pesticide laws to avoid unacceptable

risks.

Pesticide Types

 A total of about 890 active ingredients (a.i.) are registered as pesticides. A majority of these are

“conventional” pesticides, i.e., ones developed and produced exclusively or primarily for use as pesticides.

The other chemicals registered as pesticides are ones produced mostly for other purposes. Notable examples

are sulfur and petroleum, which are produced mainly for other purposes, but are also used as pesticides. Also,

there are industrial wood preservatives and biocides, which are not generally included as conventional

pesticides. All of these types of pesticides are regulated under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). FIFRA requires the

registration (and periodic reregistration) of pesticides for sale or use in the United States. Under FFDCA,

pesticides used on food or feed products must have an approved tolerance, or maximum residue level. EPA

is responsible for regulating pesticides in cooperation with other Federal Agencies (such as the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)) and the States.

Overall Quantities of Pesticides Used

 In the U.S. in a typical year, about 4.5 billion pounds of chemicals are used as pesticides (measured on

the basis of active ingredient). For 1997, the quantities used are estimated, by type of pesticide, as follows:

Billions

Type of Pounds Percent

Conventional pesticides .97 21

Other pesticide chemicals (sulfur, petroleum, etc.) .26 6

Subtotal 1.23 27

Wood preservatives .66 14

Specialty biocides .27 6

Chlorine/hypochlorites 2.46 53

Total 4.63 100

(See Table 4 for more detail.)

Overview
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—3

Conventional pesticides and “other pesticide chemicals” (e.g., sulfur, petroleum, etc.) account for

about one-fourth of the total pesticide active ingredient used in the U.S. (1.23 billion pounds or 27

percent of the total). A majority of these pesticides are used in agriculture to produce food and fiber (77

percent or 944 million pounds of active ingredient in 1997), with the remainder used in industry/

government applications and by homeowners. With usage of 1.23 billion pounds (for conventional

pesticides plus other pesticide chemicals), the U.S. accounts for about one-fourth of such usage world

wide. Chlorine/hypochlorites are the leading type of pesticides in the U.S., with half of the U.S. total

usage. Wood preservatives and specialty biocides make up the reminder of the U.S. total of 4.63 billion

pounds in 1997. The above quantities equal 4.6 pounds per capita in the U.S. for conventional pesticides

plus sulfur, etc., and 17.0 pounds per capita for the total of all types. (Based on Tables 1, 3, 4, and 7.)

Expenditures for Pesticides

The pesticide industry is quite significant in dollar terms. Annual expenditures by users of

pesticides totaled $11.9 billion in 1997 (conventional pesticides plus sulfur, etc.). Of this, 70 percent

was for use in agriculture (a total of $8.3 billion — an average of nearly $4,400 per farm in the U.S. —

1.9 million farms). The U.S. total of $11.9 billion equals $44 per capita. The average U.S. household

spent about $20 for pesticides applied by the homeowner. (This does not include expenditures for

pesticides applied to homes and gardens by others for hire.) The U.S. accounts for nearly one-third of

pesticide user expenditures world wide. (Based on Tables 1, 2 and 7.)

Numbers of Pesticide Producers and Users

The U.S. pesticide sector includes the following numbers of firms and individuals (approximate

numbers): major pesticide manufacturers (18); other manufacturers (100); formulators (2,200); distributors/establishments (17,000); farms using pesticides (0.94 million, compared with 1.66 million farms

with cropland, and 1.91 million total farms - 1997 Census); commercial pest control firms (35-40,000);

certified commercial applicators (375,000); and households using pesticides (74 million out of 100

million total). (Based on Table 7.)

Trends in Conventional Pesticide Usage

Agriculture: Usage of conventional pesticides on farms increased from about 400 million pounds

in the mid-1960s to a peak of nearly 850 million pounds around 1980, primarily due to the widespread

adoption of herbicides in crop production. Since that time, usage has been somewhat lower and has

ranged from a low of 658 million pounds in 1987 to a high of 806 million pounds in 1996 (active

ingredient). Pesticide usage in agriculture can vary considerably from year to year depending on

weather, pest outbreaks, crop acreage, and economic factors such as crop prices.

Crop acreage is a major and direct factor affecting quantities of pesticides used in agriculture. For

example, conventional pesticide usage in agriculture increased by 35 million pounds in 1996 (to 806

million pounds, 4.5 percent over 1995) as the acreage of major crops grown (corn, sorghum, soybeans,

and cereal grains) increased by more than 20 million acres (or about 10 percent). There were no

compensating reductions in acreage of other crops or other factors. The level of agricultural usage in

1996 (806 million pounds active ingredient) was somewhat above the recent high of 786 million pounds

which occurred in 1994 (due largely to impacts of flooding and unseasonable weather during the 1993/

94 period). (Based on Tables 10 and 14.)
4—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Other Sectors: In the non-agricultural sectors, conventional pesticide usage reached a peak of

about 300 million pounds in 1979 and since has declined rather consistently to a level of just over 200

million pounds in recent years. Most of this decline is due to less usage in the industrial/commercial/

governmental sector (referred to as the professional market) which totaled 129 million pounds in 1997.

Usage of conventional pesticides by homeowners is estimated at 76 million pounds for 1997. (Based on

Tables 10 and 14.)
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—5

Table Highlights

All Pesticide Types:

! Total U.S. pesticide usage in 1997 was about 4.6 billion pounds of active ingredient.This figure

includes conventional pesticides (1.0 billion pounds) plus industrial wood preservatives, biocides, and certain

other chemicals used as pesticides. (Table 4). This usage involves about 20,700 pesticide products and 890

active ingredients registered under FIFRA (Table 7).

! Twenty-eight new active ingredients were registered as pesticides under FIFRA in 1997 (24 in 1996)

(Table 11 a). Of these new active ingredients, two-thirds were “safer” pesticides (biological or other

reduced risk) (Table 11b).

! There are about 1.25 million certified pesticide applicators in the U.S. (Table 12). Of these, most

are for agricultural applications (874,000) and the remainder (375,000) are certified commercial

applicators (Table 12).

Conventional/Other Pesticide Chemicals Only: (excludes industrial wood preservatives and biocides)

! U.S. pesticide user purchases account for nearly one-third of the world market in dollar

terms and about one-fifth of the active ingredient used, measured in pounds (Table 1).

! Annual U.S. pesticide user expenditures totaled approximately $11.9 billion in 1997 ($11.6 billion

in 1996) (Table 2).

! Agriculture accounts for more than two-thirds of pesticide user expenditures and three-fourths of the

volume used annually (Tables 2 and 3).

! Herbicides are the leading type of pesticides, in terms of both user expenditures and volume used

(Tables 2 and 3).

! Farmers’ expenditures on pesticides were equal to 4.5% of total farm production expenditures in

1997, down slightly from the previous two years (Table 5).

! Net usage of conventional pesticides of about 1.0 billion pounds derives from U.S. production of 1.3

billion, imports of 0.2 billion, and exports of 0.5 billion (pounds of active ingredient of conventional

pesticides) (Table 6).

! Pesticides are used on nearly one million of the nation’s farms (0.94 million farms in 1997, reported

by the Census of Agriculture). These 0.94 million farms using pesticides represent more than onehalf of U.S. farms with cropland (1.66 million farms in 1997) and about two-third’s of U.S. farms

with harvested cropland (1.41 million farms in 1997). Most large-scale farms use at least some

pesticides in crop production. Pesticides are used by homeowners at about three-fourths of U.S.

households (74 million out of 100 million) (Table 7).

! The most widely used pesticide in U.S. agricultural crop production by volume is the herbicide

atrazine (Table 8). The herbicide 2,4-D has the largest volume of usage in the nonagricultural

sectors (Table 9).

! In 1996, conventional pesticide usage in agriculture increased to 806 million pounds from 771

million in 1995, or by about 4.5 percent (Table 10). This increase in agricultural pesticide usage

was due largely to acreage increases for corn and other major field crops. In 1997, agricultural

usage declined to about the level of 1995, i.e., 770 million pounds. For the non-agricultural sectors,

conventional pesticide usage increased slightly in 1996 and 1997 (Table 10).
6—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

In recent years, through a series of coordinated initiatives, EPA and USDA have been improving the

information available on pesticide usage. This has been accomplished with EPA focusing on non-agricultural

usage sites and USDA focusing on agricultural usage sites. EPA conducted a survey of pesticide usage by

homeowners in 1990 and another survey of usage by commercial applicators in 1993. For further information

about EPA pesticide survey and data activities, contact Steve Nako, BEAD/OPP/EPA (7503C),

401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460—telephone (703) 308-8092 or e-mail at

NAKO.STEVE@EPA.GOV

Since 1990, USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and Economic Research

Service (ERS) have been collecting more extensive and frequent data on agricultural pesticide usage.

USDA’s data collection and reporting activities on agricultural pesticide usage include annual surveys

of usage on field crops and alternate-year surveys for selected vegetables and fruits. Pesticide data on

nut crops were collected for the 1991 crop year only, but are being collected again for 1999. The

pesticide usage surveys cover the most significant field crops, vegetables, and fruits. For each crop,

major producing states are surveyed, usually accounting for 70% to 90% of the acreage grown. Results

are reported for individual states and in aggregate for “major states.” For more information about

USDA pesticide usage surveys, contact Doug Kleweno, USDA/NASS, 14th & Independence Ave. S.W.,

Room 4162 S. Agriculture Building, Washington, DC 20250—telephone (202) 720-2248 or e-mail at

dgkleweno@NASS.USDA.GOV.

EPA and USDA Survey Activities
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—7

EPA, along with the States and other agencies such as FDA and USDA, is responsible for regulation of

the production and use of pesticides in the U.S. under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. This report is designed to provide contemporary and historical economic information on the U.S. pesticide producing and using sectors covered by

state and federal regulatory programs. Economic profile information is provided on a variety of topics,

particularly the pesticide market in terms of dollar values and quantities of active ingredient. Reports

have been issued on this topic by the EPA Pesticide Program covering the years since 1979.

In this report, quantities and dollar values for pesticide usage are reported with separate break-outs

for agriculture, home/garden (homeowner applications), and industrial/commercial/governmental (professional market). They are also reported by commonly used pesticide class categories, e.g., herbicides/

plant growth regulators and insecticides/miticides. The definitions for economic sectors and pesticide

classes are presented in notes below Tables 2 and 3. They are also included in a Glossary of terms

presented at end of this report.

There is no program at EPA, nor at any other agency, devoted specifically to estimation of the

overall pesticide market in quantitative and dollar terms each year. Accordingly, this report is prepared

based on the best available information from the public domain and proprietary sources. The numbers

presented in the report should be considered approximate rather than precise values with known

statistical properties.

The Agency has available a wide variety of published and proprietary information upon which to

base estimates. Extensive files and library materials on pesticide usage are maintained at the Pesticide

Data Center in the Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA. For

the agricultural sector, which accounts for a majority of use of conventional pesticides, the Agency has

available five national data bases/services including those from the U.S. Department of Agriculture plus

a number of more specific and limited data sources. For the non-agricultural sector, there is a similar

number of sources of information. For both the agricultural and non-agricultural estimates, use is made

of proprietary data sources, with the permission of vendors. The proprietary sources used by EPA are

well known organizations, which are also utilized by registrants and other private sector firms.

The methods used by the various sources of information to make estimates vary from large

statistically based grower/user samples or panels (e.g., 15,000-20,000 respondents annually) to use of

more limited interview/survey approaches of growers, applicators, pesticide suppliers, and pest management consultants. Each source (and its method) must be considered on its merits in judging the

usefulness and relevance to making annual market estimates. Corroboration and cross checking are done

where possible.

Throughout this report, the abbreviation “a.i.” is used in lieu of the words “active ingredient”

in order to save space.

About This Report
8—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

(page left blank intentionally)
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—9

Pesticide Market Estimate

Tables and Charts,

1997 and Earlier Years
10—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

U.S. and World Pesticide Sales at User Level

1997 Estimates

Pesticide U.S. Market World Market U.S. % of

Class1 (Million) (%) (Million) (%) World Market

User Expenditures (Millions of Dollars)

Herbicides $6,846 58% $16,886 46% 41%

Insecticides 3,553 30% 11,592 31% 31%

Fungicides 802 7% 6,037 16% 13%

Other2 696 6% 2,533 7% 27%

Total $11,897 100% $37,048 100% 32%

Volume of Active Ingredient (Millions of Pounds)

Herbicides 568 46% 2,254 40% 25%

Insecticides 129 10% 1,470 26% 9%

Fungicides 81 7% 539 9% 15%

Other2 453 37% 1,421 25% 32%

Total 1,231 100% 5,684 100% 22%

NOTE: Totals may not add due to rounding.

SOURCE: EPA estimates of world market based on Wood Mackenzie staff input, SRI Consulting staff input, American Crop

Protection Association (ACPA) annual surveys. Estimates of U.S. market are from Tables 2 and 3.

FOOTNOTES:

1 See definitions of pesticide classes below Tables 2.

2 Includes sulfur and petroleum/other chemicals but does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides and

chlorine/hypochlorites.

Table 1
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—11

U.S. vs. World Pesticide Sales – User Expenditures, 1997

Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other TOTAL

Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other TOTAL

U.S. vs. World Pesticide Sales – Volume of Active Ingredient, 1997

U.S. Market

World Market

U.S. Market

World Market

Millions of Dollars

40,000

35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

Millionsof Pounds

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
12—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Herbicides/Plant Insecticides/

Growth Regulators Miticides Fungicides Other1 TOTAL

($M) (%) ($M) (%) ($M) (%) ($M) (%) ($M) (%)

1996

Agriculture $5,399 82% $1,542 45% $658 80% $470 67% $8,069 70%

Ind./Comm./Govt. 721 11% 559 16% 140 17% 68 10% 1,488 13%

Home & Garden 479 7% 1,338 39% 25 4% 160 23% 2,002 17%

Total $6,599 100% $3,439 100% $823 100% $698 100% $11,559 100%

1997

Agriculture $5,610 82% $1,599 45% $632 79% $462 66% $8,303 70%

Ind./Comm./Govt. 743 11% 576 16% 144 18% 70 10% 1,533 13%

Home & Garden 493 7% 1,378 39% 26 3% 164 24% 2,061 17%

Total $6,846 100% $3,553 100% $802 100% $696 100% $11,897 100%

NOTES: Totals may not add due to rounding.

Table does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.

SOURCE: EPA estimates based on American Crop Protection Association (ACPA) annual surveys, USDA/ERS data series and input

from Doane, Kline, and SRI Consulting.

FOOTNOTES:

1 Includes nematicides, fumigants, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic, fish/bird pesticides, other

miscellaneous conventional pesticides plus other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.

(See Table 3 for more detail.)

2 Sector Definitions:

Expenditures for pesticides in the U.S. are divided among economic sectors as follows:

Agriculture: applications by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in

production of raw agricultural commodities, principally food, fiber and tobacco; includes

non-crop and post harvest usage as well as crop/field applications;

Ind./Comm./Govt: applications by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to industry, commercial and

governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus: custom/commercial applications to homes and gardens, including

lawns;

Home & Garden: homeowner applications to homes and gardens, including lawns; single and multiple unit housing.

User Expenditures for Pesticides in the U.S. by Class and Sector

1996/1997 Estimates

Table 2

Year and

Sector2
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—13

















 



U.S. User Expenditures for Conventional Pesticides, 1997 Estimates

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

Agriculture

Industrial/Commercial/

Government

Home & Garden

Herbicides/Plant Insecticides/ Fungicides Other

Growth Regulators Miticides

$6,846M

$3,553M

$802M $696M

Millions of Dollars
14—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Volume of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the U.S.

by Type, Class, and Sector, 1996/1997 Estimates

NOTES: Totals may not add due to rounding.

Table does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.

SOURCE: EPA estimates based on: American Crop Protection Association (ACPA) annual surveys; USDA/NASS Survey Reports

(1996/98); inputs from Kline, Doane and SRI Consulting; and USDA/ERS estimates (Ag. Handbook 712 and preliminary

values for 1996/97).

FOOTNOTES:

1 Includes fumigants, nematicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic, fish/bird pesticides, insect

regulators, and other miscellaneous pesticides.

2 Includes sulfuric acid, insect repellents, zinc sulfate and other miscellaneous chemicals produced largely for

non-pesticidal purposes. Moth control chemicals (e.g., paradichlorobenzene and napthaline are

included in totals presented).

3 Sector Definitions:

Quantities and expenditures for pesticides in the U.S. are divided among economic sectors as follows:

Agriculture: applications by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in production of raw agricultural commodities, principally food, fiber, and tobacco; includes

non-crop and post harvest usage as well as crop/field applications;

Ind./Comm./Govt: applications by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to industry, commercial and

governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus: custom/commercial applications to homes and gardens, including

lawns;

Home & Garden: homeowner applications to homes and gardens, including lawns; single and multiple unit housing.

Table 3

Conventional Pesticides Other Pesticides Total

Herbicides/ Insecticides/ Fumigants/ Sulfur/

Plant Growth Miticides Fungicides Nematicides Other1 Total Oil Other2 Total

Regulators

(M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%) (M lb.) (%)

Agriculture 481 83% 84 65% 51 65% 165 87% 25 78% 806 80% 124 81% 28 35% 152 65% 958 77%

Ind./Comm./Govt. 49 8% 29 22% 20 25% 24 13% 8 19% 128 13% 14 9% 8 10% 22 9% 150 12%

Home & Garden 48 8% 17 13% 8 10% 1 1% 1 3% 75 7% 15 10% 45 56% 60 28% 135 11%

Total 578 100% 130 100% 79 100% 180 100% 32 100% 1,009 100% 159 100% 83 100% 234 100% 1,243 100%

Agriculture 470 83% 82 64% 53 65% 140 85% 25 78% 770 79% 144 83% 30 36% 174 68% 944 77%

Ind./Comm./Govt. 49 9% 30 23% 20 25% 24 15% 6 19% 129 13% 14 8% 8 10% 22 9% 151 12%

Home & Garden 49 9% 17 13% 8 10% 1 1% 1 3% 76 8% 15 9% 45 54% 60 23% 136 11%

Total 568 100% 128 100% 81 100% 165 100% 32 100% 975100% 173 100% 83 100% 256 100% 1,231 100%

Year and

Sector3

1996

1997
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—15

U.S. Volume of Pesticide Usage, 1997 Estimates

129M

Millions of Pounds Agriculture

Industrial/Commercial/

Government

Home & Garden

81M

568M

Conventional

Pesticides

165M

32M

CONVENTIONAL PESTICIDES

CONVENTIONAL AND OTHER PESTICIDE CHEMICALS

Other Pesticide

Chemicals

Total

975M

256M

1,231M

Herbicides/

Plant Growth

Regulators

Insecticides/

Miticides

Fungicides Fumigants/

Nematicides

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0



























Millions of Pounds

Other
16—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Table 4

Million Pounds active ingredient (a.i.)

Type 1996 1997

Conventional Pesticides 1,009 975

Sulfur, petroleum (oil, distillates, etc.), sulfuric acid, and

other misc. chemicals used as pesticides 234 256

Wood Preservatives 1 668 665

Specialty Biocides by End Use

— Swim pools, spas, industrial water treatment 2 181 186

— Disinfectants and sanitizers 3 34 35

— Other4 48 51

Subtotal5 263 272

Chlorine/hypochlorites

— Disinfection of potable and waste water 1,433 1,476

— Disinfectant and pools 955 983

Subtotal 2,388 2,459

Total 4,562 4,627

SOURCES: Wood Preservatives— American Wood Preservers Institute (AWPI) report for 1996. EPA estimate for 1997.

Biocides — Kline & Co. staff input.

Chlorine/Hypochlorites — Report for Chlorine Institute by Charles River Assoc., April 1993.

FOOTNOTES:

1 Includes water and oil borne preservatives, and creosote/coal tar/petroleum

preservatives.

2 Specialty biocides only. Does not include hypochlorite or chlorine consumption, which is

reported separately.

3 Includes industrial/institutional applications and household cleaning products. Specialty biocides only.

Does not include hypochlorite or chlorine consumption, which is reported separately.

4 Includes biocides for adhesives and sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metalworking fluids, paints

and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, and textiles.

5 Does not include: hospital and medical antiseptics, food and feed preservatives, and cosmetics/toiletries, as

they are regulated largely by FDA under U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, rather than FIFRA. FDA and

EPA share regulatory responsibilities over some of the speciality biocide usage reported in the table.

U.S. Usage of Conventional and Other Types of Pesticides

1996/1997 Estimates
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—17

1995 1996 1997

$Billion % $Billion % $Billion %

Farm Pesticides Expenditures1 7.90 4.7% 8.07 4.6% 8.30 4.5%

Total Farm Production Expenses2 169.3 100% 177.2 100% 182.9 100%

FOOTNOTES:

1 EPA Estimates (Tables 2 and 16).

2 USDA/ERS, McGath, July 1998.

Table 5

Importance of Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers

1995–1997 Estimates
18—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Active Ingredient Sales Value

(in billions of pounds) (in billions of dollars)

Category 1996/1997 1996/1997

U.S. Production 1.3 7.9

U.S. Imports 0.2 2.3

Total Supply 1.5 10.2

U.S. Exports 0.5 3.0

Net Supply/Usage 1.0 7.2

Table 6

NOTE: Excludes industrial wood preservatives and biocides.

SOURCE: EPA estimates based on ACPA Surveys, Department of Commerce Publications, SRI Consulting staff report, and other

sources.

U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Pesticides at

Producer Level, 1996/1997 Estimates
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—19

U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply

of Pesticides, 1996/1997 Estimates

Active Ingredient (in lbs.)

U.S. Imports

U.S. Production

+

1.5B

Total Supply

Net Supply/

Usage

1.0B

Sales Value

U.S. Imports

U.S. Production

+

Net Supply/

Usage

$7.2B

NOTE: B = billion

$10.2B

Total Supply

Exports

$3.0B

Exports

0.5B

equals

minus

equals equals

minus

equals
20—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Distribution and Marketing

1. Formulators

–Major national 150-200

–Other 2,000

2. Distributors and Establishments

–Major national 250-350

–Other 16,900

3. Formulated Products with Registrations (6/98) 20,726

–Federal level 17,713

–State/24(c) 3,013

Basic Production

1. Major Basic Producers 18

2. Other Producers 100

3. Active Ingredients with Active Registrations 891

(FIFRA sec. 3 - federal or sec. 24(c) - state)

4. Active Ingredients with Food/Feed Tolerances

(FFDCA)(9/98) 523

5. Number of Commodities with one or more

Tolerances (9/98) 684

–Raw ag. commodity 607

–Raw animal product 77

6. Number of Tolerances in Place (9/98) 9,783

–Raw ag. commodity 9,545

–Food Additive 138

–Feed Additive 100

7. Chemical Cases for Reregistration

–Pre-FIFRA '88 612

–Post-FIFRA '88 405

8. Active Ingredients for Reregistration

–Pre-FIFRA '88 1,138

–Post-FIFRA '88 590

9. Reregistrations Completed by 9/30/97

–Reregistration Eligiblity Docs. (RED) Issued 171

–Active Ingredients 265

–Products 6,194

–Tolerances reassessed 1,569

(For the total of 612 Pre-FIFRA ‘88 cases, as of 9/30/97, RED’s

were issued for 171 and 231 were cancelled, leaving 210 to be

completed by about 2002.)

10. New Active Ingredients Registered (Table 11a)

–1996 24

–1997 28

(Items 1-10 based on EPA registration data bases and files.)

PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION

U.S. Pesticide Production, Marketing, and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers of

Units Involved, 1996/97 Estimates Unless Otherwise Indicated

(Approximate Values)

USER LEVEL

Agricultural Sector

1. Land in Farms 932M acres

2. Harvested 309M acres

3. Total No. Farms 1.912M

4. Total No. Farms with Cropland 1.661M

5. No. Farms with Harvested Cropland 1.411M

6. No. Farms Using Chemicals for:

–Insects on hay/crops 366,000

–Nematodes 43,000

–Diseases on crops/orchards 112,000

–Weed/grass/brush 685,000

–Defoliation/fruit thinning 51,000

–Any or all of the above 941,000

–Any or all above pesticide chemicals

 plus fertilizer 1,325,000

(Items 1-6 above are 1997 census no.s)

7. No. Private Pesticide

Applicators Registered (Table 12) 874,253

Ind./Comm./Gov't Sector

1. No. Commercial Pest Control Firms

(turf/ornamental/ROW/aquatic/industrial/instit./ structural/

health related only) (EPA Survey, 1993) 33,100

2. No. Certified Commercial

Applicators, 10/97 (Table 12) 374,888

Home & Garden Sector

1. Total U.S. Households (’96)

(EPA Survey, 1990, extrapolated) 100M

2. No. Households Using; ('96)

–Insecticides 56M

–Fungicides 38M

–Herbicides 14M

–Repellents 17M

–Disinfectants 42M

–Any pesticides 74M

3. U.S. Population (‘96 est.) 266M

(Census estimate)

SOURCE: EPA estimates based on Agency file information

and various other sources, including 1997 Census

of Agriculture.

Table 7
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—21

Earlier Years

1997 1995 1993 1987

Mil. lbs. AI Rank Mil. lbs. AI Rank Mil. lbs. AI Rank Mil. lbs. AI

1. Atrazine 75-82 1 68–73 1 70–75 1 71-76

2. Metolachlor 63-69 2 59–64 2 60–65 3 45-50

3. Metam Sodium 53-58 3 49–54 8 25–30 15 5-8

4. Methyl Bromide 38-45 4 39–46 3 49–57 — NA

5. Glyphosate 34-38 7 25–30 11 15–20 17 6-8

6. Dichloropropene 32-37 5 38–43 6 30–35 4 30-35

7. Acetochlor 31-36 11 22–27 — 0 — 0

8. 2,4-D 29-33 6 31–36 7 25–30 5 29-33

9. Pendimethalin 24-28 9 23–28 10 20–25 10 10-13

10. Trifluralin 21-25 10 23–28 9 20–25 6 25-30

11. Cyanazine 18-22 8 24–29 5 30–35 7 21-25

12. Alachlor 13-16 12 19–24 4 45–50 2 55-60

13. Copper Hydroxide 10-13 16 7–11 20 4–7 40 1-2

14. Chlorpyrifos 9-13 14 9–13 13 10–15 14 6-9

15. Chlorothalonil 7-10 13 8–12 14 10–15 19 5-7

16. Dicamba 7-10 18 6–10 16 6–10 23 4-6

17. Mancozeb 7-10 13 6–9 19 4–7 21 4-6

18. EPTC 7-10 13 9–13 12 10–15 8 17-21

19. Terbufos 6-9 19 6–9 17 5–8 11 8-10

20. Dimethenamid 6-9 40 2–4 — NA — NA

21. Bentazone 6-8 23 4–8 18 4–7 15 6-9

22. Propanil 6-8 17 6–10 15 7–12 13 7-10

23. Simazine 5-7 29 3–5 23 3-8 28 3-4

24. MCPA 5-6 28 4-5 22 4–5 25 4-5

25. Chloropicrin 5-6 33 3–4 39 2-4 — NA

Quantities of Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticides

in U.S. Agricultural Crop Production

(Approximate Quantities in 1997, 1995, 1993, and 1987)

SOURCE: EPA estimates based on proprietary data.

NOTE: List is limited to conventional pesticides. Does not include sulfur usage (50-75

mil. lbs. in 1997) and petroleum oil/distillates usage (65-75 mil. lbs. in 1997).

Table 8
22—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Quantities of Pesticides Most Commonly Used in

Non-Agricultural Sectors of U.S.

(Approximate Quantities, 1995/96)

Pesticide Millions of Pounds

1. 2,4-D 7 – 9

2. Glyphosate 5 – 7

3. Dicamba 3 – 5

4. MCPP 3 – 5

5. Diazinon 2 – 4

6. Chlorpyrifos 2 – 4

7. Carbaryl 1 – 3

8. Benefin 1 – 3

9. Dacthal 1 – 3

NOTE: Does not include usage of sulfur and petroleum/oils.

Includes applications to homes and gardens by professional applicators.

SOURCE: EPA estimates based on a variety of sources.

Pesticide Millions of Pounds

1. 2,4-D 16 – 18

2. Glyphosate 9 – 12

3. Copper Sulfate 5 – 7

4. Chlorpyrifos 4 – 7

5. MSMA 4 – 5

6. Methyl Bromide 3 – 6

7. Pendimethalin 2 – 4

8. Chlorothalanil 2 – 4

9. Malathion 2 – 3

Home and Garden Market

(Homeowner Applications)

Industry/Commercial/Government

(Owner and Hired Professional)

NOTE: Does not include moth controls: Paradichlorobenzene (30-35 mil. lbs./yr.) and

naphthaline (2-4 mil. lbs./yr.). Also does not include insect repellent:

N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (5-7 mil. lbs./yr.)

Table 9
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—23

(page left blank intentionally)
24—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Million % Million % of % Million %

pounds Change pounds Total U.S. Change pounds Change

active ingredient active ingredient active ingredient

1964 617 — 366 59% — 251

1965 658 6.6% 396 60% 8.2% 262 4.4%

1966 682 3.6% 414 61% 4.5% 268 2.3%

1967 712 4.4% 429 60% 3.6% 283 5.6%

1968 742 4.2% 457 62% 6.5% 285 0.7%

1969 763 2.8% 491 64% 7.4% 272 -4.6%

1970 760 -0.4% 499 66% 1.6% 261 -4.0%

1971 793 4.3% 528 67% 5.8% 265 1.5%

1972 843 6.3% 575 68% 8.9% 268 1.1%

1973 882 4.6% 607 69% 5.6% 275 2.6%

1974 964 9.3% 688 71% 13.3% 276 0.4%

1975 1013 5.1% 729 72% 6.0% 284 2.9%

1976 1041 2.8% 753 72% 3.3% 288 1.4%

1977 1084 4.1% 794 73% 5.4% 290 0.7%

1978 1106 2.0% 813 74% 2.4% 293 1.0%

1979 1144 3.4% 843 74% 3.7% 301 2.7%

1980 1121 -2.0% 826 74% -2.0% 295 -2.0%

1981 1123 0.2% 831 74% 0.6% 292 -1.0%

1982 1096 -2.4% 805 73% -3.1% 291 -0.3%

1983 1040 -5.1% 749 72% -7.0% 291 0.0%

1984 1085 4.3% 801 74% 6.9% 284 -2.4%

1985 1052 -3.0% 780 74% -2.6% 272 -4.2%

1986 1025 -2.6% 755 74% -3.2% 270 -0.7%

1987 917 -10.5% 658 72% -12.8% 259 -4.1%

1988 954 4.0% 699 73% 6.2% 255 -1.5%

1989 973 2.0% 722 74% 3.3% 251 -1.6%

1990 976 0.3% 728 75% 0.8% 248 -1.2%

1991 955 -2.2% 716 75% -1.6% 239 -3.6%

1992 967 1.3% 735 76% 2.7% 232 -2.9%

1993 929 -3.9% 706 76% -3.9% 223 -3.9%

1994 999 7.5% 786 79% 11.3% 213 -4.5%

1995 973 -2.6% 771 79% -1.9% 202 -5.2%

1996 1009 3.7% 806 80% 4.5% 203 0.5%

1997 975 -3.4% 770 79% -4.5% 205 1.0%

U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage, Total and Estimated

Agricultural Sector Share, 1964–1997

 Year Total U.S. Agricultural Sector Non-Ag. Sectors

NOTE: Conventional pesticides only, excluding sulfur, petroleum oil, wood preservatives, biocides, etc.

SOURCE: EPA estimates.

Table 10
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—25

U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage:

Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Sectors Share, 1964–1997

Million pounds active ingredient

Million pounds active ingredient '64'66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78

'80'82'84'86'88'90'92‘94'96

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

'64'66'68'70'72'74'76'78'80'82'84'86'88'90'92‘94'96

Million pounds active ingredient '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78

'80'82'84'86'88'90'92‘94'96

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Agriculture

Non-Agriculture

Non-Agriculture

Agriculture
26—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides

Under FIFRA, by Type, 1967–1997

TYPE

Bactericide/

Year Insecticide Herbicide Fungicide Slimicide Nematicide Rodenticide Other

1967 4 2 2 5 0 2 1 16 16

1968 6 2 5 4 0 0 1 18 18

1969 7 4 0 2 0 0 1 14 14

1970 1 2 2 3 0 0 2 10 10

1971 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 4

1972 4 5 6 5 0 0 1 21 17

1973 5 3 4 2 1 0 0 15 13

1974 6 8 6 0 1 1 0 22 22

1975 8 11 5 11 0 0 1 36 35

1976 2 3 2 4 0 0 1 12 12

1977 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 3

1978 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 5 5

1979 8 2 4 0 0 1 2 17 17

1980 4 3 1 0 0 2 1 11 11

1981 4 3 2 1 0 0 6 16 16

1982 5 5 1 1 0 2 3 17 17

1983 5 5 3 1 0 0 0 14 14

1984 6 1 2 2 0 1 2 14 13

1985 8 1 1 1 0 0 2 13 10

1986 2 7 0 0 1 0 2 12 11

1987 3 5 0 1 1 0 2 12 11

1988 2 5 1 0 1 0 2 11 11

1989 5 5 3 0 0 0 2 15 15

1990 1 3 2 0 0 1 1 8 8

1991 4 2 4 1 0 0 1 12 12

1992 3 4 4 0 1 0 0 12 11

1993 4 5 7 0 0 0 5 21 20

1994 14 4 8 1 0 0 3 30 30

1995 15 3 6 3 0 2 2 31 31

1996 16 2 3 3 1 0 3 28 24

1997 11 9 5 2 0 0 1 28 28

Total

Uses

Registered

Total

Chemicals

Registered

NOTE: Total number of uses exceeds number of chemicals when a chemical has more than one use type. Data for 1996 and 1997 are

fiscal year basis, ending Sept. 30.

SOURCE: EPA registration files and OPP Annual Reports for 1996 and 1997.

Table 11a
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—27

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

 '67 '69 '71 '73 '75 '77 '79 '81 '83 '85 '87 '89 '91 '93 '95 '97

New Active Ingredient Pesticide Registrations

First-time Registrations, 1967–1997

Year

Number of Registrations

Year Safer (Reduced-Risk) Other Total

1990 3 5 8

1991 7 5 12

1992 6 5 11

1993 5 15 20

1994 16 14 30

1995 19 12 31

1996 15 9 24

1997 19 9 28

Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides

Under FIFRA, by Classification Safer (Reduced-Risk) or Other Pesticides,

1990–1997

SOURCE: EPA registration files.

NOTE: “Safer (reduced-risk)” pesticides is a term EPA applies to pesticides with lower potential for health or environmental risks

due to their mode of action, being naturally occurring, biologicals, etc.

Table 11b
28—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S.

October 30, 1997

EPA Region1 Private2 Commercial3

1 6,471 9,454

2 27,246 33,989

3 63,025 36,306

4 222,326 76,518

5 126,251 65,719

6 183,549 30,449

7 123,524 31,572

8 67,330 17,360

9 25,966 50,623

10 28,565 22,898

U.S. Total4 874,253 374,888

SOURCE: EPA 5700-33H form that states submit to EPA Regions each year.

FOOTNOTES:

1 See following page for map of EPA Regions.

2 The term “private applicators” refers primarily to individual farmers.

3 Commercial refers to professional pesticide applicators.

4 The U.S. totals do not add because some applicators are certified in more than

one Region.

Table 12
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—29

Certified Pesticide Applicators, 1997

REGIONS

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0













 



















 



















 



 



 























 

 



 



 























 











 

 















 

 











 



 





















 













1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0









































































































































































































































1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

REGIONS

Commercial

Private

U.S. EPA Regional Map

7

6

9

10

10

9

8 5

1

4

2

3

Boston

New York

City 

Philadelphia

Atlanta

Kansas

City

Dallas

Denver

Seattle

San Francisco

2
30—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type,

All Economic Sectors Combined, 1979–1997

NOTE: Excludes wood preservatives and biocides.

SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 3 for 1996/1997.

 (Millions of Pounds)

Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage

(Total U.S. Volume, by Type 1979–1997)

Other Pesticides

Total

Herbicides

Table 13

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

'79 '80 '81 '82 '83 ‘84 '85 ‘86 '87 '88 ‘89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97

Year

Year

Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Millions of Pounds active ingredient

Herbicides 610 622 631 620 573 634 611 590 532 557 567 564 546 554 527 583 556 578 568

Insecticides 255 228 218 210 204 197 193 188 152 161 154 148 141 143 130 138 137 130 129

Fungicides 124 122 122 117 115 109 110 109 100 99 98 91 86 81 80 79 77 79 81

Other Conv. 155 149 152 149 148 145 138 138 133 137 154 173 182 189 192 199 203 222 197

Other Chems. 343 321 307 298 287 284 284 278 269 266 251 252 226 246 248 244 249 234 256

Total 1487 1442 1430 1394 1327 1369 1336 1303 1186 1220 1224 1228 1181 1213 1177 1243 1222 1243 1231
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—31

U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979–1997

U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Agriculture

(by Type 1979–1997)

AGRICULTURE

SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 3 for 1996/1997.

(Millions of Pounds)

Other Pesticides

Total

Herbicides

Table 14

'79 '80 '81 '82 '83 ‘84 '85 ‘86 '87 '88 ‘89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97

Year

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Year

Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Millions of Pounds active ingredient

Herbicides 492 504 513 503 455 516 501 481 425 450 460 455 440 450 425 485 461 481 470

Insecticides 188 163 152 142 135 129 126 121 90 100 95 90 85 90 80 90 91 84 82

Fungicides 57 59 62 59 59 56 59 59 52 54 54 50 47 45 47 48 49 51 53

Other Conv. 106 100 104 101 100 100 94 94 91 95 113 133 144 150 154 163 170 190 165

Other Chems. 246 227 215 207 196 194 194 188 180 177 161 164 140 161 166 163 168 152 174

Total 1089 1053 1046 1012 945 995 974 943 838 876 883 892 856 896 872 949 939 958 944
32—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979–1997

 (Millions of Pounds)

U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Industry,

Commercial, and Government

(by Type 1979–1997)

INDUSTRY/COMMERCIAL/GOVERNMENT

Other Pesticides

Total

Herbicides

Table 14 (continued)

SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 3 for 1996/1997.

Year

Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Millions of Pounds active ingredient

Herbicides 85 83 82 80 80 78 70 68 65 64 63 63 60 58 56 52 48 49 49

Insecticides 35 35 37 39 40 41 43 45 42 41 40 39 38 35 32 30 29 29 30

Fungicides 50 45 43 41 40 38 37 36 34 32 31 31 30 28 25 23 20 20 20

Other Conv. 46 46 46 45 45 41 41 41 39 39 38 38 37 36 36 34 31 30 30

Other Chems. 27 25 24 24 24 24 23 23 22 22 22 22 21 21 20 20 22 22 22

Total 243 234 232 229 229 222 214 213 202 198 194 193 186 178 169 159 150 150 151

'79 '80 '81 '82 '83 ‘84 '85 ‘86 '87 '88 ‘89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97

Year

0

50

100

150

200

250

300
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—33

U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979–1997

(Millions of Pounds)

U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Home and Garden

(by Type 1979–1997)

HOME AND GARDEN

Other Pesticides

Total

Herbicides

Table 14 (continued)

SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 3 for 1996/1997.

Year

Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Millions of Pounds active ingredient

Herbicides 33 35 36 37 38 40 40 41 42 43 44 46 46 46 46 46 47 48 49

Insecticides 32 30 29 29 29 27 24 22 20 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 17 17 17

Fungicides 17 18 17 17 16 15 14 14 14 13 13 10 9888888

Other Conv. 3333333333222222222

Other Chems. 70 69 68 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 68 66 65 64 62 61 59 60 60

Total 155 155 153 153 153 152 148 147 146 146 146 143 140 138 136 135 133 135 136

'79 '80 '81 '82 '83 ‘84 '85 ‘86 '87 '88 ‘89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180
34—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Type,

All Economic Sectors Combined, 1979–1997

Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides

(Total U.S. Expenditures, by Type, 1979–1997)

(Millions of Dollars)

Total

Fungicides & Other

Insecticides

Herbicides

Table 15

NOTE: Excludes wood preservatives and biocides.

SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 2 for 1996/1997.

'79 '80 '81 '82 '83 ‘84 '85 ‘86 '87 '88 ‘89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97

Year

Year

Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Millions of Dollars

Herbicides 3026 3310 3738 3772 3870 4488 3920 3858 3973 4121 4305 4473 4682 5004 5094 5944 6276 6599 6846

Insecticides 1783 2037 2151 2193 2360 2172 2250 2271 2284 2562 2699 2732 2808 2904 2985 3242 3552 3439 3553

Fung. & Other 489 459 536 540 731 708 963 967 1049 1190 1141 1171 1223 1183 1259 1408 1488 1521 1498

Total 5298 5806 6425 6505 6961 7368 7133 7096 7306 7873 8145 8376 8713 9091 933810594 11316 11559 11897
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—35

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979–1997

 (Millions of Dollars)

U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides for Agriculture

(by Type 1979–1997)

Total

AGRICULTURE

Herbicides

Insecticides

Fungicides & Other

Table 16

SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 2 for 1996/1997.

'79 '80 '81 '82 '83 ‘84 '85 ‘86 '87 '88 ‘89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97

Year

Year

Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Millions of Dollars

Herbicides 2060 2300 2590 2465 2800 3390 2900 2775 2935 3080 3255 3463 3644 3915 3987 4808 5112 5399 5610

Insecticides 900 1095 1139 1120 1300 950 1100 1050 1050 1110 1099 1172 1208 1216 1248 1453 1710 1542 1599

Fung.&Other 240 205 272 268 450 418 615 600 650 775 800 842 884 829 895 1036 1107 1128 1094

Total 3200 3600 4001 3853 4550 4758 4615 4425 4635 4965 5154 5477 5736 5960 6130 7297 7929 8069 8303
36—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979–1997

 (Millions of Dollars)

U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide for

Industry, Commercial and Government

(by Type 1979–1997)

INDUSTRY/COMMERCIAL/GOVERNMENT

Insecticides

Fungicides & Other

Total

Herbicides

Table 16 (continued)

'79 '80 '81 '82 '83 ‘84 '85 ‘86 '87 '88 ‘89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97

Year

SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 2 for 1996/1997.

Year

Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Millions of Dollars

Herbicides 672 660 756 852 720 720 600 642 576 600 630 593 616 648 660 679 700 721 743

Insecticides 288 312 347 359 360 480 450 486 492 528 480 451 469 498 512 528 543 559 576

Fung.&Other 130 132 138 142 144 150 180 192 210 240 180 169 176 186 191 197 202 208 214

Total 1090 1104 1241 1353 1224 1350 1230 1320 1278 1368 1290 1213 1261 1332 1363 1404 1445 1488 1533
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—37

U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979–1997

 (Millions of Dollars)

U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide

for Home and Garden

(by Type 1979–1997)

Herbicides

HOME AND GARDEN

Fungicides & Other

Insecticides

Total

Table 16 (continued)

SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 2 for 1996/1997.

Year

Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Millions of Dollars

Herbicides 294 350 392 445 350 378 420 441 462 441 420 417 423 441 446 456 465 479 493

Insecticides 595 630 665 714 700 742 700 735 742 924 1120 1109 1131 1190 1225 1261 1299 1338 1378

Fung.&Other 119 122 126 130 137 140 168 175 189 175 161 160 162 168 174 175 179 185 190

Total 1008 1102 1183 1289 1187 1260 1288 1351 1393 1540 1701 1686 1716 1799 1845 1892 1943 2002 2061

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

'79 '80 '81 '82 '83 ‘84 '85 ‘86 '87 '88 ‘89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97

Year
38—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage

ACTIVE INGREDIENT (A.I.): The chemical or substance component of a pesticide product that can

kill,repel, attract, mitigate or control a pest or that acts as a plant growth regulator, desiccant, or nitrogen

stabilizer. The remainder of a formulated pesticide product consists of one or more “inert ingredients”

(such as water, solvents, emulsifiers, surfactants, clay and propellants), which are there for reasons other

than pesticidal activity.

AGRICULTURAL USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Pesticides applied by owner/operators and

custom/commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in production of raw agricultural

commodities, principally food, fiber, and tobacco; includes non-crop and post-harvest use as well as crop/

field applications.

CERTIFIED APPLICATOR: A person who is authorized to apply “restricted-use” pesticides as result

of meeting requirements for certification under FIFRA-mandated programs. Applicator certification

programs are conducted by states, territories and tribes in accordance with national standards set by EPA.

“Restricted use pesticides” may be used only by or under the direct supervision of specially trained and

certified applicators.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATOR: A person applying pesticides as part of a business applying pesticides

for hire or a person applying pesticides as part of his or her job with another (not for hire) type of business,

organization or agency. Commercial applicators often are certified, but need to be so only if they use

restricted-use pesticides.

CONVENTIONAL PESTICIDES: Pesticides that are chemicals or other substances developed and

produced primarily or only for use as pesticides. The term is generally used in reference to active

ingredients. An example is DDT, which was developed and used almost exclusively as a pesticide.

ECONOMIC USER SECTORS (OR MARKETS): In this report, estimates of quantities used and user

expenditures for pesticides are broken out separately for the three general economic user sectors (or

markets) as follows: agriculture, industrial/commercial/governmental, and home/garden. These three

sectors/markets are defined elsewhere in this glossary.

FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which is involved in regulation of pesticides in the U.S.,

particularly enforcement of tolerances in food and feed products.

FFDCA: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is the law which controls pesticide residues in food and

feed, along with FIFRA.

FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act is the law which generally controls pesticide

sale and use.

HOME AND GARDEN USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Involves pesticides applied by homeowners

to homes and gardens, including lawns; single and multiple unit housing. Does not include pesticides for

home/garden applications by professional applicators.

INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL/GOVERNMENTAL USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Involves

pesticides applied by professional applicators (by owner/operators/employees and custom/commercial

applicators) to industrial, commercial and governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus custom/

commercial applications to homes and gardens, including lawns. May also be referred to as “professional

market” for pesticides.

Glossary
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—39

NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTORS: General term which refers to a combination of home/garden and

industrial/commercial/governmental sectors.

OTHER PESTICIDE CHEMICALS: Chemicals registered as pesticides but which are produced and

marketed mostly for other purposes, i.e., multi-use chemicals. Notable examples are sulfur, petroleum

products (e.g., kerosene, oils and distillates), salt and sulfuric acid.

PESTICIDE: May be used to refer to an active ingredient (as defined above) or formulated pesticide

product registered under FIFRA.

PESTICIDE USER EXPENDITURES: Dollar value of purchases by persons or businesses applying

pesticides, such as farmers, commercial pesticide applicators and homeowners. Reported numbers are

nominal values for the years indicated, i.e., not adjusted or indexed for inflation.

PESTICIDE USAGE: Refers to actual applications of pesticides, generally in terms of quantity applied

or units treated.

PRIVATE APPLICATOR: A category of applicator certification for farmers and/or employees such that

they can legally apply restricted use pesticides or supervise others doing so who are not certified.

PROFESSIONAL MARKET: Sales of pesticides for application to industrial/commercial/governmental sectors, homes and gardens by certified/commercial applicators.

SAFER PESTICIDES: Pesticides designated as “safer” (or “reduced-risk”) by EPA due to favorable

characteristics affecting health or environmental risks, resistance management and integrated pest

management. Safer pesticides may be conventional pesticides posing less risk or be biopesticides with

unique modes of action, low use volume, lower toxicity, target species specificity or natural occurrence.

SPECIALTY BIOCIDES: In this report, estimates are provided for end uses as follows: swimming pools,

spas and industrial water treatment (excludes chlorine/hypochlorites which are reported separately);

disinfectants and sanitizers (including industrial/institutional applications and household cleaning products); and other specialty biocides (including biocides for adhesives and sealants, leather, synthetic latex

polymers, metal working fluids, paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics and textiles). These are

categories of end usage which are covered by FIFRA. There are other end uses of specialty biocides which

are regulated under FFDCA and are not covered in this report. (such as hospital/medical antiseptics, food/

feed preservatives and for cosmetics/toiletries).

TOLERANCE: The maximum amount of a pesticide allowable in a food or feed product before it is

considered adulterated, usually specified in parts per million.

USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture

WOOD PRESERVATIVES: Pesticide active ingredients used in treatment of wood to protect it from

insects, fungi and other pests. In this report, a total is presented for usage of wood preservative chemicals

in industrial plants, the bulk of which is for pressure treatment. The major categories of pesticide chemicals

included in this report as industrial wood preservatives are water borne preservatives (primarily

arsenicals), oil borne preservatives (such as copper naphthenate and pentachlorophenol), creosote,

creosote-coal tar and creosote petroleum.
$300

Penalty for Private UseOfficial BusinessWashington, DC 20460(7503C)Environmental Protection AgencyUnited States

EPA