IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

STATE OF WASHINGTON, 

Respondent, 

v. 

NAKIA LEE OTTON, 

Petitioner. 

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________________________ ) 

No. 91669-1 

ENBANC 

Filed: JUN 0 9 2016 

YU, J.- While ostensibly concerning the interpretation of an evidentiary 

rule, this is actually a case about stare decisis. Petitioner Nalda Lee Otton seeks 

reversal of his convictions for second degree assault and felony harassment. The 

victim testified at Otton's trial, and because her testimony was inconsistent with 

her prior sworn statement to police about the incident, the trial court admitted the 

victim's prior statement as substantive evidence. Otton acknowledges that the trial 

court's decision and the Court of Appeals opinion affirming that decision were 

proper in accordance with this court's long-standing precedent. He asks us to 

reject that precedent. We decline the invitation and affirm the Court of Appeals. 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

Otton and the victim had a romantic relationship and lived in the same 

household. The victim was disabled due to a history of multiple brain surgeries 

and sometimes had difficulties with memory and speaking. Late one night in 

December 2012, Otton and the victim had a confrontation. After Otton left the 

house, the victim called 911. When the police arrived, the victim gave a written 

statement, signed under penalty of perjury, alleging that Otton held her on the bed 

and against the wall by her neck so that she could not breathe and told her he was 

going to kill her. The State charged Otton with second degree assault and felony 

harassment. 

At trial, the victim testified that while she would not have intentionally lied 

to police, her allegations against Otton were false, and that she had called 911 

because she was "angry" and "had a couple of drinks." 2A Verbatim Report of 

Proceedings (VRP) (Aug. 7, 2013) at 132. At the State's request and over Otton's 

objection, the trial court admitted the victim's written statement as substantive 

evidence pursuant to ER 801 ( d)(l )(i), in accordance with State v. Smith, 97 Wn.2d 

856,651 P.2d 207 (1982), and State v. Binh Thach, 126 Wn. App. 297, 106 P.3d 

782 (2005). !d. at 212. The jury convicted Otton as charged, and the Court of 

Appeals affirmed in an unpublished opinion. State v. Otton, noted at 187 Wn. 

App. 1001,review granted, 184 Wn.2d 1017, 360 P.3d 819 (2015). 

2 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

ISSUE 

Should this court reject Smith's interpretation of ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i )? 

ANALYSIS 

A. Standard of review and principles of stare decisis 

A decision to admit or exclude evidence is generally reviewed for abuse of 

discretion. State v. Griffin, 173 Wn.2d 467, 473, 268 P.3d 924 (2012). But in this 

case, Otton does not challenge the manner in which the trial court exercised its 

discretion; he challenges the way this court previously interpreted ER 801 ( d)(l )(i). 

"'Interpretation of an evidentiary rule is a question of law, which we review de 

novo,"' id. (quoting State v. Foxhoven, 161 Wn.2d 168, 174, 163 P.3d 786 (2007)), 

but we have previously addressed the precise question Otton now raises. We must 

therefore be mindful of stare decisis. 

"Stare decisis is a doctrine developed by courts to accomplish the requisite 

element of stability in court-made law, but is not an absolute impediment to 

change." In re Rights to Waters of Stranger Creek, 77 Wn.2d 649, 653, 466 P.2d 

508 (1970). In order to effectuate the purposes of stare decisis, this court will 

reject its prior holdings only upon "a clear showing that an established rule is 

incorrect and harmful." ld. There are also "'relatively rare' occasions when a 

court should eschew prior precedent in deference to intervening authority" where 

"the legal underpinnings of our precedent have changed or disappeared altogether." 

3 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

W. G. Clark Constr. Co. v. Pac. Nw. Reg 'l Council of Carpenters, 180 Wn.2d 54, 

66,322 P.3d 1207 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Carpenters 

Local Union No. 26 v. US. Fid. & Guar. Co., 215 F.3d 136, 141 (1st Cir. 2000)). 

When a party asks this court to reject its prior decision, it "is an invitation 

we do not take lightly." State v. Barber, 170 Wn.2d 854, 863, 248 P.3d 494 

(20 11 ). The question is not whether we would make the same decision if the issue 

presented were a matter of first impression. Instead, the question is whether the 

prior decision is so problematic that it must be rejected, despite the many benefits 

of adhering to precedent-"'promot[ing] the evenhanded, predictable, and 

consistent development of legal principles, foster[ing] reliance on judicial 

decisions, and contribut[ing] to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial 

process."' Keene v. Edie, 131 Wn.2d 822, 831,935 P.2d 588 (1997) (quoting 

Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 115 L. Ed. 2d 720 

(1991)). With these principles in mind, we turn to the precedent Otton asks us to 

reject-Smith, 97 Wn.2d 856. 

B. The Smith decision and its application in this case 

Smith was a case about the proper interpretation ofER 80l(d)(1)(i), an 

evidentiary rule concerning the definition of "hearsay." "Hearsay" is defined 

generally as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at 

the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted." 

4 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

ER 801 (c). "Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by these [evidentiary] 

rules, by other court rules, or by statute." ER 802. However, ER 801(d)(l) 

provides that an out-of-court statement is not hearsay if 

[t]he declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross 

examination concerning the statement, and the statement is 

(i) inconsistent with the declarant's testimony, and was given under 

oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other 

proceeding, or in a deposition. 

Because such a statement is not hearsay, it is admissible at trial as substantive 

evidence, that is, to prove the truth of matter asserted in the statement. 1 

As noted, it is undisputed on appeal that the victim in this case testified at 

Otton's trial, that she was subject to cross-examination about her prior written 

statement, that the prior written statement was inconsistent with the victim's trial 

testimony, and that the prior written statement was given under oath and subject to 

the penalty of perjury. The only question is whether her police interview was an 

"other proceeding" within the meaning ofER 801(d)(1)(i). 

When confronted with the same question in 1982, this court declined to issue 

a categorical ruling that a police interview is either always or never considered an 

"other proceeding." Smith, 97 Wn.2d at 861. Rather, we held that "[t]he purposes 

of the rule and the facts of each case must be analyzed. In determining whether 

1 The statement's admissibility is subject, of course, to other applicable evidentiary and 

constitutional limitations. 

5 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

evidence should be admitted, reliability is the key." Id. Applying this approach to 

the facts presented, Smith held that the police interview at issue in that case was an 

"other proceeding" because "the complaining witness-victim voluntarily wrote the 

statement herself, swore to it under oath with penalty of perjury before a notary, 

admitted at trial she had made the statement and gave an inconsistent statement at 

trial where she was subject to cross examination." !d. at 863. The victim's sworn 

statement was therefore admissible as substantive evidence. !d. at 857. 

We have not reexamined Smith since it was issued. However, based on 

Smith, the Court of Appeals has formulated a four-factor test for determining 

whether an out-of-court statement by a nonparty witness is admissible pursuant to 

ER 801(d)(1)(i): 

(1) whether the witness voluntarily made the statement, (2) whether 

there were minimal guaranties of truthfulness, (3) whether the 

statement was taken as standard procedure in one of the four legally 

permissible methods for determining the existence of probable cause, 

and (4) whether the witness was subject to cross examination when 

giving the subsequent inconsistent statement. 

Thach, 126 Wn. App. at 308. Otton does not challenge the trial court's 

discretionary determinations that the police interview at issue here qualified as an 

"other proceeding" and that the victim's written statement was properly admitted 

in accordance with this four-factor test. He also does not contend that the four6 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

factor test is anything but a faithful application of Smith. Rather, he argues that we 

should reject Smith. 

C. Otton has not shown that Smith is incorrect or harmful 

Smith reasonably held that the phrase "other proceeding" must be interpreted 

in a way that gives effect to its plainly "open-ended" language, Smith, 97 Wn.2d at 

861, and the constraints of the four-factor test articulated by the Court of Appeals 

prevent the harmfulness that could theoretically flow from an unrestrained, 

subjective inquiry into "amorphous notions of 'reliability,"' Crawford v. 

Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 61, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004). We 

therefore hold that Otton has not shown that Smith's interpretation of an "other 

proceeding" for purposes ofER 801(d)(1)(i) is clearly incorrect or harmful. 

1. Otton has not shown that Smith is incorrect 

Where a party asks this court to reject its previous decision, the party must 

show that the previous decision is "incorrect." Stranger Creek, 77 Wn.2d at 653. 

Otton contends that Smith is incorrect because it conflicts with (1) the plain 

language of ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i) and applicable principles of rule interpretation and 

(2) decisions of other jurisdictions that have considered similar evidentiary rules. 

We disagree with both contentions. 

7 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

a. Interpretation of evidentiary rules 

"This court interprets court rules the same way it interprets statutes, using 

the tools of statutory construction." State v. Hawkins, 181 Wn.2d 170, 183,332 

P.3d 408 (2014). We therefore begin with the plain language of the rule. !d. ER 

801 (d)( 1 )(i)'s plain language allows prior inconsistent statements by nonparty 

witnesses to be admitted as substantive evidence if the statements were "given 

under oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, 

or in a deposition." "Other proceeding" is not defined in the rule, and its meaning 

is not apparent from the rule's plain language. Smith therefore appropriately 

looked to the "history and purposes" of the federal counterpart to ER 801 ( d)(1 )(i). 

Smith, 97 Wn.2d at 859; see Dep 't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 

Wn.2d 1, 12, 43 P.3d 4 (2002) (statutory ambiguity may be resolved by 

considering relevant legislative history). 

Smith noted that the first proposed version of the federal rule would have 

allowed "all prior inconsistent statements to be used as substantive evidence," but a 

requirement "that the statement be made under oath, subject to penalty for perjury" 

was later added "to assure reliability." Smith, 97 Wn.2d at 859-60. However, 

further proposals to restrict the rule by requiring greater procedural formalities 

(that the statements be given during grand jury proceedings and subject to crossexamination at the time they were given) were rejected. !d. at 860. This history 

8 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

shows that statements admitted under the rule must meet a certain level of 

reliability and must have been given with some level of procedural formality, but 

that the phrase "other proceeding" was intentionally left "open-ended." Id. at 861. 

Smith also considered "the original purpose of the sworn statement," and 

noted that the statement given in that case "was taken as standard procedure in one 

of the four legally permissible methods for determining the existence of probable 

cause." Id. at 862 (citing State v. Jefferson, 79 Wn.2d 345, 347, 485 P.2d 77 

(1971)). The court noted that "'[o]ther proceeding' under the rule would clearly 

cover" three of the four methods-grand jury proceedings, inquest proceedings, 

and filing a criminal complaint before a magistrate. I d. at 863. It would therefore 

be an anomaly to categorically exclude the fourth method-"police investigations 

into alleged criminal activity, and the taking of statements from witnesses and the 

presentment of them to the prosecuting attorney." Id. at 862. 

Otton, however, argues that based on applicable principles of statutory 

interpretation, this court must hold that an "other proceeding" "mean[s] something 

similar to the preceding specific terms 'trial' or 'hearing."' Suppl. Br. ofPet'r at 6. 

This, according to Otton, would include "judicial proceedings, often adversarial, 

where the declarant is officially placed under oath and subject to questioning" but 

not proceedings like those at issue here, where voluntary, sworn witness statements 

are given outside "a courtroom or governmental office." Id. at 6-7. Even if we 

9 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

were to assume that this could be a reasonable interpretation in the first instance, it 

is not compelled by the plain language ofER 801(d)(1)(i). 

By focusing on the terms "trial" and "hearing," Otton takes into account 

only some of the context in which the term "other proceeding" is used. However, 

we must "give[] effect to the plain language of a court rule, as discerned by 

reading the rule in its entirety and harmonizing all of its provisions." State v. 

George, 160 Wn.2d 727,735, 158 P.3d 1169 (2007) (emphasis added). This 

means we must consider the fact that the plain language ofER 801(d)(1)(i) also 

includes statements made at depositions, which are not necessarily judicial 

proceedings and may take place outside of a courtroom or governmental office. 

Otton's proposed interpretation also reads into the phrase "other proceeding" terms 

that are not there. ER 801(d)(1)(i) does not refer to other judicial proceedings or 

other adversarial proceedings or other formal proceedings. It refers only to an 

"other proceeding," a phrase that "does not, in itself, reveal its own dimension." 

United States v. Castro-Ayon, 537 F.2d 1055, 1057 (9th Cir. 1976). 

Perhaps most problematically, even if we were to agree that the victim's 

statement here was not given at an "other proceeding," Otton does not propose a 

workable analytical framework for future cases. See Key Design Inc. v. Moser, 

138 Wn.2d 875, 883, 983 P.2d 653 (1999) (adhering to precedent in part because 

"Key Design proposes no alternative rule which would provide the clarity and 

10 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

certainty it says the [previous] rule lacks"). He certainly proposes a bright-line 

rule that witness statements given to investigating police officers are never 

admissible under ER 801 ( d)(1 )(i), but the suggestions that an "other proceeding" 

must be adversarial and occur in a governmental building seem untenable. It is not 

clear how the physical location where a statement is given would necessarily 

advance the plain language or underlying purposes of the rule, and a grand jury 

proceeding is clearly an "other proceeding," even though it is "investigatory," 

rather than adversarial, in nature. Castro-Ayon, 537 F.2d at 1058. 

We thus conclude that Smith's interpretation ofER 801(d)(1)(i) was 

reasonable and that Otton's reading ofER 801(d)(1)(i) is not compelled by the 

rule's plain language. 

b. Decisions from other jurisdictions 

Where our prior interpretation is inconsistent with the decisions of "the vast 

majority of our sister states," there may be good reason to reconsider our own 

approach. Davis v. Baugh Indus. Contractors} Inc., 159 Wn.2d 413, 417, 150 P.3d 

545 (2007). However, a decision is not necessarily incorrect merely because it 

lacks universal acceptance. See Key Design, 138 Wn.2d at 883 (argument "about 

the rule being extreme, unusually strict, and not generally accepted or favored" 

held insufficient). In this case, the decisions of other jurisdictions do not show that 

Smith's interpretation ofER 801(d)(l)(i) is clearly incorrect. 

11 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

We begin with the one jurisdiction that clearly and completely disagrees 

with Smith-Florida. Florida courts have specifically rejected Smith's case-bycase approach and instead use a "'bright line' test" to interpret Florida's version of 

ER 801(d)(l)(i). Delgado-Santos v. State, 471 So. 2d 74, 79 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 

1985). Under that test, an '"other proceeding"' does not ever include a "police 

interrogation." State v. Delgado-Santos, 497 So. 2d 1199, 1199 (Fla. 1986). 

However, while the Florida evidentiary rule is textually similar to ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i), 

the Florida courts faced different considerations than the Smith court did. In light 

of these different considerations, we cannot say that the Florida courts' 

disagreement with Smith clearly shows that Smith is incorrect. 

Notably, in the seminal case establishing Florida's bright-line test, the court 

was plainly troubled by the circumstances under which the statement at issue in 

that case was made: the witness who gave the statement was 16 years old at the 

time, he was accused of participating in the homicide then under investigation, and 

he did not give his statement until he had been in custody ("although supposedly 

not 'under arrest"') for over six hours and subjected to "a long process of 'prestatement interrogation."' Delgado-Santos, 471 So. 2d at 75. The Florida court 

freely acknowledged that the "admixture of Ortiz's youth and the improprieties 

involved in confining him without arrest and without transporting him to a youth 

12 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

facility" would have been sufficient, in and of themselves, to exclude the proffered 

statement as substantively unreliable. Id. at 78. 

Nevertheless, the Florida court rejected a case-by-case approach, and it did 

so explicitly as a matter of legislative deference: 

While the legislature and Congress may have been ultimately 

concerned with the "reliability" of a particular statement, they sought 

to vindicate that concern only by establishing given and objective 

criteria as to the circumstances, including the kind of forum, under 

which it was given. And it is for the legislature, not the courts, to 

determine not only the policy to be promoted, but the means by which 

that end is to be achieved. 

Id. at 79. In Washington, however, evidentiary rules are adopted by this court 

pursuant to its inherent powers under the state constitution. State v. Gresham, 173 

Wn.2d 405, 428, 269 P.3d 207 (2012). "[W]hen interpreting court rules we are not 

concerned about usurping the role of the legislature because we alone are uniquely 

positioned to declare the correct interpretation of any court-adopted rule." Jafar v. 

Webb, 177 Wn.2d 520, 527, 303 P.3d 1042 (2013). 

Moreover, ER 801 is subject to amendment according to prescribed 

procedures, and ER 801(d)(l)(i) has never been amended to reject Smith. See GR 

9 (procedures for rule making by this court). When considering challenges to 

previous statutory interpretations, "[t]his court presumes that the legislature is 

aware of judicial interpretations of its enactments and takes its failure to amend a 

statute following a judicial decision interpreting that statute to indicate legislative 

13 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

acquiescence in that decision." City of Federal Way v. Koenig, 167 Wn.2d 341, 

348, 217 P.3d 1172 (2009). We may comfortably presume that this court is aware 

of its own interpretations of evidentiary rules, and here, over 30 years have elapsed 

since Smith was decided and ER 801(d)(l)(i) has not been amended to reject it.2 

Otton also suggests that federal courts interpreting the federal equivalent of 

ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i) have rejected Smith's interpretation. In United States v. Dietrich, 

854 F.2d 1056, 1061 (7th Cir. 1988), the Seventh Circuit held that "[t]he term 

'other proceeding' is not unlimited. A typical police station interrogation, for 

example, is not an 'other proceeding' within the meaning of the [federal] 

Rule[, FED. R. Evm. 801(d)(1)(A)]." Instead, Dietrich posited that "'[t]he [federal] 

Rule seems to contemplate situations in which an official verbatim record is 

routinely kept, whether stenographically or by electronic means, under legal 

authority."' ld. (quoting United States v. Livingston, 213 U.S. App. D.C. 18,661 

F.2d 239, 240 (1981)). That might be a reasonable way to limit the phrase "other 

proceeding," but it is not clear why it is more reasonable than Smith's 

interpretation, let alone so clearly correct that we must adopt it and reject Smith. 

The text of ER 801 ( d)(l )(i) makes absolutely no reference to official verbatim 

records, and does not clearly intend to limit an "other proceeding" on the basis of 

2 This is not to imply that the court would be unwilling to revisit the interpretation of the 

rule and modify it for clarity through the rule making process. 

14 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

specific procedural indicia of reliability beyond those required by the rule's plain 

language. 

Moreover, like the Florida court in Delgado-Santos, the federal court in 

Dietrich was plainly concerned about the fact that the statements at issue were of 

questionable substantive reliability, in part because they were given by an 

individual who was under imminent threat of arrest for allegations related to the 

ultimate crime at issue. 854 F.2d at 1061-62; Delgado-Santos, 471 So. 2d at 75. 

That concern is fully addressed by Smith and the four-factor test developed by the 

Court of Appeals, without imposing the inflexibility created by a bright-line rule. 

See, e.g., State v. Nelson, 74 Wn. App. 380, 388, 874 P.2d 170 (1994) ("Any 

motive to lie is therefore much less compelling in this case than if [the witness] had 

been questioned as a suspect."); see also Tisdale v. State, 498 So. 2d 1280, 1283 

(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1986) (Glickstein, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part) 

("In my view, the 'bright line' test effects a lockstep or mind-set that could 

produce the injustice the test seeks to prevent."). 

Other federal cases also do not advance Otton's argument. Some cases, 

though holding statements made to investigating police were not given at an "other 

proceeding," explicitly acknowledge that the purpose of the rule is "to ensure the 

reliability and truthfulness of any prior inconsistent statement," and therefore look 

to "the totality of the circumstances" under which the statement was given. United 

15 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

States v. Day, 789 F.2d 1217, 1223 (6th Cir. 1986); see also Livingston, 661 F.2d 

at 243. This clearly indicates an approval of a case-by-case approach turning on 

some indicia of reliability. And the Ninth Circuit has interpreted the federal rule in 

a manner entirely consistent with Smith, holding that an interrogation by 

immigration officials is an "other proceeding" under the rule and noting that "the 

choice of the open-ended term 'other proceedings' was intentional." Castro-Ayon, 

537 F.2d at 1058. 

If Washington were an extreme outlier in its interpretation of ER 

801(d)(1)(i), we might reconsider Smith, even though it was a reasonable decision 

at the time it was made and has not been rejected by any intervening rule 

amendments. However, Washington is not such an outlier. Otton thus fails to 

show that Smith is clearly incorrect. 

2. Otton has not shown that Smith is harmful 

Even if Otton could show that Smith is clearly incorrect, we will not reject 

our precedent unless it is "both incorrect and harmful."3 Barber, 170 Wn.2d at 

864. However, the four-factor test formulated by the Court of Appeals creates a 

principled framework for determining whether a prior, inconsistent, out-of-court 

statement is sufficiently reliable, and ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i) actually requires more 

3 To the extent that Otton argues Smith is harmful because it is incorrect, we reject that 

argument. Incorrectness and harmfulness are separate inquiries. Barber, 170 Wn.2d at 864-65. 

16 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

objective procedural indicia of reliability than many other states' rules. Otton 

therefore has not shown that Smith is harmful. 

Relying primarily on Crawford, 541 U.S. 36, Otton contends that any 

substantive, case-by-case reliability determination is simply too subjective to be 

allowed. See Suppl. Br. ofPet'r at 12-14. This argument confuses the 

requirements of the confrontation clause at issue in Crawford, U.S. CONST. amend. 

VI, with those of the evidentiary rule defining hearsay at issue here, ER 

801(d)(1)(i). They are clearly not the same: 

While it may readily be conceded that hearsay rules and the 

Confrontation Clause are generally designed to protect similar values, 

it is quite a different thing to suggest that the overlap is complete and 

that the Confrontation Clause is nothing more or less than a 

codification of the rules of hearsay and their exceptions as they 

existed historically at common law. 

California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 155, 90S. Ct. 1930, 26 L. Ed. 2d 489 (1970). 

The confrontation clause is a procedural guarantee that statements will be 

tested in "the crucible of cross-examination."4 Crawford, 541 U.S. at 61; see also 

4 We note that the focus ofOtton's argument has shifted somewhat over the course of this 

appeal. His petition for review to this court appears to contend that Smith is no longer good law 

following Crawford. Pet. for Review at 9. At oral argument, however, Otton's attorney 

acknowledged that Smith's interpretation ofER 801(1)(d)(i) is not jeopardized by Crawford as a 

matter of constitutional law. Wash. Supreme Court oral argument, State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

(Feb. 18, 2016), at 38 min., 3 sec., audio recording by TVW, Washington State's Public Affairs 

Network, http://www.tvw.org. We agree. ER 801(1)(d)(i), by its plain language, applies only 

when "[t]he declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross examination 

concerning the statement," so the confrontation clause is necessarily satisfied for any statement 

admitted pursuant to ER 80l(l)(d)(i). See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 61; Green, 399 U.S. at 164. 

17 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

Green, 399 U.S. at 158 (discussing the purposes ofthe confrontation clause). An 

alleged confrontation clause violation is therefore appropriately reviewed as a 

matter of law-either the confrontation clause was violated or it was not, and the 

individual perspective and observations of the trial court are not at issue. State v. 

Mason, 160 Wn.2d 910, 922, 162 P.3d 396 (2007). Meanwhile, evidentiary rules 

should be applied and interpreted in a manner that promotes their substantive 

purpose-"that the truth may be ascertained and proceedings justly determined" in 

each individual case. ER 102. Evidentiary rulings are therefore appropriately 

reviewed for abuse of discretion. See State v. Sisouvanh, 175 Wn.2d 607, 621, 290 

P.3d 942 (2012) (noting the considerations that support reviewing decisions for 

abuse of discretion). 

Moreover, admissibility pursuant to ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i) is not conditioned on 

each individual trial court's unrestrained assessment of reliability. Washington 

courts must work within a specific four-factor framework. Otton does not point to 

any published Washington cases that have applied this framework and reached 

conflicting conclusions, and we can find none. Washington courts have proved 

themselves well up to the task of evaluating evidence sought to be admitted 

pursuant to ER 801(d)(1)(i) in a consistent, evenhanded manner. 

To the extent that Otton implies that it is inherently harmful to allow prior 

inconsistent statements to be admitted as substantive evidence without requiring 

18 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

specific procedural formalities beyond those found in the plain language of ER 

801 (d)( 1 )(i), we disagree. Indeed, many states allow the admission of prior 

inconsistent statements as substantive evidence, even where the prior statements 

were given with few or no procedural formalities. See Douglas E. Beloof & Joel 

Shapiro, Let the Truth Be Told: Proposed Hearsay Exceptions to Admit Domestic 

Violence Victims' Out of Court Statements as Substantive Evidence, 11 COLUM. J. 

GENDER & L. 1, 11 n.29 (2002) (collecting statutes and court rules). Otton does 

not show those states have suffered any harm. And the beneficial effects of the 

procedural formalities that are required by ER 801(d)(l)(i)'s plain language are 

clearly preserved by Smith and its progeny. State v. Lavaris, 106 Wn.2d 340, 343, 

721 P.2d 515 (1986) (noting that a statement to police that was not given under 

oath and subject to the penalty of perjury is not admissible as substantive evidence 

pursuant to ER 801(d)(1)(i)); State v. McComas, 186 Wn. App. 307, 319,345 P.3d 

36 (2015) (same); State v. Nieto, 119 Wn. App. 157, 161-62, 79 P.3d 473 (2003) 

(same); State v. Sua, 115 Wn. App. 29, 48, 60 P.3d 1234 (2003) (same). 

Otton has not made a clear showing that Smith is incorrect or harmful. We 

thus adhere to the doctrine of stare decisis and reaffirm Smith's interpretation of an 

"other proceeding" for purposes ofER 801(d)(1)(i). 

19 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

CONCLUSION 

A party asking this court to reject its precedent faces a challenging task. The 

party must show not merely that it would have been reasonable to reach a different 

conclusion in the first instance, but that the prior decision is so incorrect and 

harmful that it would be unreasonable to adhere to it. Otton has not made such a 

showing. We affirm the Court of Appeals. 

20 
State v. Otton, No. 91669-1 

WE CONCUR: 

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21 

,5~-~~ 

rfib,g. 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

No. 91669-1 

GORDON McCLOUD, J. (concurring)-! agree with the majority that this is 

a case about stare decisis. The petitioner, Nalda Lee Otton, concedes that the Court 

of Appeals' decision is correct under this court's holding in State v. Smith, 97 Wn.2d 

856, 863, 651 P.2d 207 (1982), and he asks us to overrule that holding. Thus, this 

case requires us to decide whether Smith should be abandoned as incorrect and 

harmful. See In re Rights to Water of Stranger Creek, 77 Wn.2d 649, 653, 466 P.2d 

508 (1970) ("The true doctrine of stare decisis ... requires a clear showing that an 

established rule is incorrect and harmful before it is abandoned."). 

I also agree with the majority that the phrase at issue in this case-"other 

proceeding" in Evidence Rule (ER) 801(d)(1)(i)-is open ended. Had the drafters 

intended to strictly enumerate the "proceedings" covered by the rule, they would 

1 
State v. Otton (Nakia Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

have done so. See Rivard v. State, 168 Wn.2d 775, 783, 231 P.3d 186 (2010) ("we 

interpret a statute to give effect to all language, so as to render no portion 

meaningless or superfluous"). But I disagree with the majority's conclusion that the 

phrase "other proceeding" in ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i) is so open ended that it includes police 

interviews or permits the kind of fact-specific, case-by-case reliability test that this 

court crafted in Smith. 

Indeed, among all the jurisdictions with identical rules whose courts have 

addressed the issue, Washington is the only one that interprets the phrase in this way. 

Other courts have consistently held that the "other proceeding[s]" covered by rules 

equivalent to ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i) are limited to routinized proceedings, bearing 

hallmarks of formality such as oversight by a neutral officer and simultaneous 

transcription under authority of law, and thus exclude statements taken as part of a 

police officer's investigation. For the reasons given in Part I below, I conclude that 

Washington's contrary interpretation is inconsistent with ER 801(d)(1)(i)'s plain 

language and is therefore incorrect. I nevertheless concur in the majority's decision 

to affirm the Court of Appeals because I agree that Otton has not met his burden to 

show that Smith is clearly harmful. 

2 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

I. SMITH WAS INCORRECTLY DECIDED 

As the majority correctly notes, ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i)'s federal equivalent-the rule 

on which ER 80l(d)(l)(i) was based1

-reflected a compromise between drafters 

who wanted an "unrestricted version" admitting all prior inconsistent statements and 

drafters who wanted a rule limiting admission to statements made "at a 'trial, 

hearing, deposition, or before a grand jury.'" Smith, 97 Wn.2d 859-60 (quoting draft 

rule). In light of that legislative history, and consistent with the statute's plain 

language, the Smith court concluded that the compromise term "other proceeding" 

in the rule included, but was not limited to, grand jury proceedings. Id. at 860-61. 

This conclusion is sound; it is consistent with the legislative history and the case law 

interpreting the federal rule or other state equivalents. See discussion infra Section 

LB. To the extent the majority endorses this aspect of Smith, I concur. 

1 When Smith was decided, Washington's ER 80l(d)(l)(i) was identical to Fed. R. 

Evid. (FRE) 80l(d)(l)(A). 97 Wn.2d at 859 (noting that the judicial comment on ER 

80l(d)(l) provided that "the rule 'conforms state law to federal practice"'); ER 80l(d)(l) 

& cmt (1980). All the comments to Washington's ERs were deleted in 2006 when the 

Washington State Bar Association "concluded that the Comments have outlived their 

usefulness." Purpose statement to proposed amendment to ER Introductory ParagraphComment, 156 Wn.2d Proposed 16 (Official Advance Sheet No. 1, Jan. 17, 2006). But ER 

801 ( d)(l )(i) remains substantially similar to its federal counterpart. Since then, FRE 

80l(d)(l)(A) has been amended to omit the phrase "under oath," but in all other respects 

the state and federal rules remain the same. 

3 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

But the Smith court went on to address a more specific question: whether the 

open-ended phrase "other proceeding" in ER 801 ( d)(l )(i) included a situation in 

which detectives contacted a witness to request a statement, the witness talked with 

detectives and then wrote out a statement at the police station, and the witness 

subsequently signed the statement and swore to its accuracy before a notary. 97 

Wn.2d at 858. It held that the answer was yes because the statement came with 

"[m]inimal guaranties oftruthfulness." Id. at 862. 

To reach that conclusion, the Smith court relied on a single Ninth Circuit case, 

United States v. Castro-Ayon, 537 F.2d 1055 (9th Cir. 1976), interpreting the federal 

equivalent rule, Fed. R. Evid. (FRE) 801(d)(l)(A). But the Smith court 

misinterpreted Castro-Ayon and distinguished, without any explanation, cases 

holding that sworn statements made to investigating officers are not admissible 

under that rule. 97 Wn.2d at 860-61. In the 34 years since Smith was decided, many 

more courts have interpreted FRE 801(d)(l)(A) and equivalent state rules. Every 

court to do so has rejected Washington's interpretation; consequently, we are now 

an extreme outlier. The interpretation adopted by other jurisdictions is clear, 

consistent with the rule's plain language and legislative history, and much more 

amenable to fair application than Smith's ad hoc approach is. I would therefore hold 

that Smith was incorrect. 

4 
State v. Otton (Nakia Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

A. To conclude that a police interview can be an "other proceeding" within 

the meaning of ER 801 ( d)(l )(i), the Smith court relied on a misreading 

of Castro-Ayon and distinguished, without explanation, more apposite 

cases reaching the opposite conclusion 

In Castro-Ayon, the Ninth Circuit held that a tape-recorded interrogation by 

border agents was admissible under FRE 801(d)(1)(A). 537 F.2d at 1058. The Smith 

court acknowledged, in a footnote, that some federal courts had reached a very 

different conclusion, and would exclude sworn statements made to investigating 

officers from FRE 801(d)(l)(A)'s "other proceeding" hearsay exception. 97 Wn.2d 

at 861 n.1 (citing United States v. Livingston, 213 U.S. App. D.C. 18, 661 F.2d 239 

(1981); United States v. Ragghianti, 560 F.2d 1376 (9th Cir. 1977)). But it dismissed 

these decisions without analysis as "not deal[ing] with facts identical to the ones 

before us." ld. The Smith court then went on to hold that admissibility under ER 

801 (d)( 1 )(i) is a fact-specific, case-by-case determination, which hinges on the prior 

statement's "reliability" rather than on the proceeding at which that statement was 

given: "each case depends on its facts with reliability the key." ld. at 863. It 

explained that a statement was admissible under ER 801 (d)( 1 )(i) so long as it bore 

'"minimal guarantees of truthfulness."' ld. at 861-62 (quoting DAVID W. LOUISELL 

& CHRISTOPHER B. MUELLER, FEDERAL EVIDENCE§ 419, at 169-71 (1980)). 

In this respect, Smith is actually inconsistent with Castro-Ayon. The CastroAyon court did not endorse the idea that certain statements might be reliable enough 

5 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

to fall within PRE 801 ( d)(l )(A)'s "other proceeding" exception regardless of the 

proceeding at which they were given. Instead, that court held that the particular 

proceeding at issue in that case was sufficiently similar to a grand jury proceeding 

to fall within the ambit ofFRE 801(d)(1)(A)'s "other proceeding" exception: 

[W]e note that the immigration proceeding before Agent Pearce bears 

many similarities to a grand-jury proceeding: both are investigatory, ex 

parte, inquisitive, sworn, basically prosecutorial, held before an officer 

other than the arresting officer, recorded, and held in circumstances of 

some legal formality. Indeed, this immigration proceeding provides 

more legal rights for the witnesses than does a grand jury: the right to 

remain totally silent, the right to counsel, and the right to have the 

interrogator inform the witness of these rights. 

We do not hold, as the question is not before us, that every sworn 

statement given during a police-station interrogation would be 

admissible. While this immigration proceeding bears many similarities 

to the station-house interrogation, we believe that it qualifies as an 

"other proceeding" within the meaning of the statute. 

537 F.2d at 1058 (footnote omitted). Thus, Castro-Ayon was a holding about a 

particular semiformal proceeding, not a particular statement. !d. It does not support 

Smith's holding that trial courts should determine "other proceeding" admissibility 

under ER 801(d)(1)(i) through an open-ended, case-by-case evaluation of a 

particular statement for "[m]inimal guarantees of truthfulness." Smith, 97 Wn.2d at 

862. 

6 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

B. Contrary to the majority's assertion, Smith is an extreme outlier; in the 

30 years since Smith was decided, every other court to address the 

question has held that the "other proceeding[ s ]" covered by rules 

equivalent to FRE 801(d)(l)(A) do not include interviews by 

investigating officers 

As noted above, Smith adopted the minority position when it was decided 34 

years ago. It held that witness statements taken during a police investigation could 

fall within ER/FRE 801 's "other proceeding" exception, even though the majority 

of federal courts to examine that question had reached the opposite conclusion. 

Smith, 97 Wn.2d at 861 n.1. Back then, however, the numbers were close: CastroAyon provided some support for Smith's holding-albeit tenuous and indirect 

support-and two other federal cases rejected Smith's interpretation of the rule. 

Thus, while Smith adopted a minority position, it could not be said to be contrary to 

an overwhelming majority of relevant precedent. 

That is no longer true today, when many more cases have addressed the 

question. With the exception of Castro-Ayon, federal cases all hold that the "other 

proceeding[s]" contemplated in PRE 801(d)(1)(A) are proceedings in which "'an 

official verbatim record is routinely kept ... under legal authority,"' and that 

7 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

investigations by law enforcement do not meet this standard.2 And relevant cases 

from other states reach the same conclusion. 3 

Indeed, outside of Washington, no case has relied on Castro-Ayon to admit, 

under FRE 801(d)(l)(A) or an equivalent state rule, a prior inconsistent statement 

given to law enforcement during an investigation. A Westlaw search yields 25 

controlling decisions4 that cite Castro-A yon for the principle that an investigation by 

2 Livingston, 661 F.2d at 242-43; United States v. Bonnett, 877 F.2d 1450, 1462 

(1Oth Cir. 1989); United States v. Dietrich, 854 F .2d 1056, 1061-62 (7th Cir. 1988); United 

States v. Day, 789 F.2d 1217, 1222-23 (6th Cir. 1986); see also Santos v. Murdock, 243 

F.3d 681, 684 (2d Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (endorsing interpretation of ER 801(d)(1) 

adopted by the District of Columbia Circuit in Livingston, holding that meeting between 

attorney and witness, in which witness prepared an affidavit drafted by attorney, was not 

an "other proceeding" within meaning of rule); 29 AM. JUR. 2D Evidence § 681, at 741 

(2008) ("It has been held that a proceeding contemplated by the Rule is a formal action 

before a judicial tribunal, as well as an action before a quasi-judicial officer or board, 

invoked to enforce or protect a right. This requirement contemplates situations in which 

an official verbatim record is routinely kept, whether stenographically or by electronic 

means, and under legal authority so as to insure its reliability." (footnote omitted)); John. 

F. Gillespie, Annotation, What Is "Other Proceeding" under Rule 801 (d)(J)(A) of 

Federal Rules of Evidence, l!.xcepting from 1-fearsay Rule Prior Inconsistent 

Statement Given "at a Trial, }fearing, or Other Proceeding," 37 A.L.R. Fed. 855, 

856-58 (1978). 

3 E.g., State v. Johnson, 220 Ncb. 392, 394, 398-99, 370 N.W.2d 136 (1985), 

abrogated on other grounds by State v. Morris, 251 Neb. 23, 33-34, 554 N.W.2d 627 

(1996); United States v. Powell, 17 M.J. 975, 976 (A.C.M.R. 1984); United States v. 

Whalen, 15 M.J. 872, 878 (A.C.M.R. 1983); United States v. Luke, 13 M.J. 958, 960 

(A.F.C.M.R. 1982); Delgado-Santos v. State, 471 So. 2d 74, 78 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1985). 

4 I have omitted six unpublished opinions and one decision, Robinson v. State, 455 

So. 2d 481 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1984 ), whose agreement with Castro-A yon was later 

overruled by State v. Delgado-Santos, 497 So. 2d 1199 (Fla. 1986). 

8 
State v. Otton (Nakia Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

law enforcement may be an "other proceeding" for purposes ofFRE 801(d)(l)(A). 

Of these 25, only 16 actually address that question. 5 Three of these are unhelpful to 

5 Nine of the remaining cases admit or exclude prior statements under FRE 

801(d)(1)(A) or an equivalent rule without deciding whether investigations can ever 

constitute "other proceeding[s]." Simmonds v. People, 59 V.I. 480, 489-503 (2013) (trial 

court erred by admitting police interview statement under local rather than federal 

evidentiary rule but error was harmless (citing Castro-Ayon for discussion of FRE 

801(d)(l)(A)'s legislative history)); State v. Maestas, 92 N.M. 135, 144-45, 584 P.2d 182 

(1978) (citing Castro-A yon for the principle that "inconsistent statements spoken by the 

victim under oath and 'on the stand' were admissible as substantive evidence"); United 

States v. Tafolla-Cardenas, 897 F.2d 976, 980 (9th Cir. 1990) (citing Castro-Ayon for the 

principle that prior inconsistent statement is admissible only if given "under oath subject 

to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing or other proceeding," and holding that unsworn 

statement given to arresting officer was not admissible as substantive evidence); Pope v. 

Savings Bank o[Puget Sound, 850 F.2d 1345, 1356 (9th Cir. 1988) (citing Castro-Ayon for 

the principle that "other proceeding" in FRE 80l(d)(l)(A) is defined broadly, but 

approving admission of prior inconsistent statement given in a deposition, consistent with 

the rule's plain language); United States v. Mosley, 555 F.2d 191, 193 (8th Cir. 1977) 

(citing Castro-Ayon for principle that grand jury proceedings are "other proceeding[s]" 

within the scope of FRE 801 ( d)(l )(A); holding that even if trial court erred by admitting 

prior inconsistent statement given to investigating prosecutor, error was harmless because 

the court also properly admitted statement given in grand jury proceeding, which was 

substantially similar); State v. Sua, 115 Wn. App. 29, 46-49, 60 P.3d 1234 (2003) (citing 

Castro-Ayon when summarizing Smith's holding; finding witness statement at issue 

inadmissible even under Smith because it was not given under oath or subject to penalty of 

perjury); State v. Johnson, 40 Wn. App. 371,378,699 P.2d 221 (1985) (citing Castro-Ayon 

for the principle that "not every sworn statement given during a police interrogation would 

be admissible" and holding witness' prior statements inadmissible because they were either 

oral or unsigned); Webb v. State, 426 So. 2d 1033, 1034-35 & n.7 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983) 

(citing Castro-A yon for the principle that grand jury testimony is admissible under state 

equivalent to FRE 801(d)(l)(A)); Gilardi v. Schroeder, 672 F. Supp. 1043, 1044 & n.l 

(N.D. Ill. 1986) (affidavit given in proceeding before the federal Equal Employment 

Opportunity Commission was admissible under FRE 801 (d)( 1 )(A), citing Castro-A yon). 

9 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

this analysis because they are Washington cases (Smith and its progeny). 6 But all of 

the remaining 13 cases either reject Castro-Ayon's holding entirely or limit that 

holding to its facts: 

• State v. Collins, 186 W.Va. 1, 7-8 & n.8, 409 S.E.2d 181 (1990) (noting that 

Castro-Ayon is an outlier that has been criticized in scholarship on PRE 

801(d)(1)(A)). 

• State v. Smith, 573 So. 2d 306,314-16 (Fla. 1990) (distinguishing proceeding 

in Castro-Ayon (admissible as an "other proceeding" under PRE 

801(d)(l)(A)) from prosecutor's transcribed investigative interrogation 

(inadmissible because it did not even remotely resemble a grand jury 

proceeding)). 

• State v. Johnson, 220 Neb. 392, 394, 398-99, 370 N.W.2d 136 (1985), 

(victim's statement during interview with attorney was not an "other 

proceeding" under state equivalent of PRE 801(d)(1)(A); to the extent that 

Castro-A yon supported that conclusion, it was "unique-and likely to remain 

so"), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Morris, 251 Neb. 23, 33-34, 554 

N.W.2d 627 (1996). 

• Delgado-Santos v. State, 471 So. 2d 74, 78 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1985) ("the 

overwhelming weight of authority on the issue is that no variation of police 

investigatory activity constitutes an [PRE] 801(d)(1)(A) ... proceeding" 

(co 11 ecting cases)). 

6 Smith, 97 Wn.2d at 863; State v. McComas, 186 Wn. App. 307,314-17,345 P.3d 

36 (2015) (sworn statement given to investigating police officer was made in an "other 

proceeding" under ER 801 ( d)(l )(i) because Court of Appeals is bound by Smith); State v. 

Nelson, 74 Wn. App. 380, 391, 874 P.2d 170 (1994) (police interrogation is an "other 

proceeding" under Smith). 

10 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

• Tisdale v. State, 498 So. 2d 1280, 1282 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1986) (embracing 

Delgado-Santos' interpretation of rule equivalent to FRE 80l(d)(l)(A) and 

explicitly rejecting Smith's contrary interpretation). 

• United States v. Bonnett, 877 F.2d 1450, 1462 (lOth Cir. 1989) (rejecting 

argument that witness' statement to Federal Bureau of Investigation agents 

was admissible under FRE 801(d)(l)(A) because Castro-Ayon was "not 

persuasive and ... clearly distinguishable"). 

• United States v. Dietrich, 854 F.2d 1056, 1061-62 (7th Cir. 1988) (reading 

Castro-Ayon as limited to "proceeding[s] ... [that] contain[] many ofthe same 

procedural protections as a grand jury proceeding" and distinguishing the 

proceeding at issue in Castro-Ayon from a sworn statement made to 

investigating police officers in an interview that was neither transcribed nor 

conducted in front of a neutral third party). 

• United States v. Day, 789 F.2d 1217, 1222-23 (6th Cir. 1986) (declining to 

follow Castro-Ayon "to the extent the facts are not distinguishable"). 

• Bell v. City of Milwaukee, 746 F.2d 1205, 1274 n.83 (7th Cir. 1984), (noting 

in dicta that district court probably erred by admitting witness' sworn 

statement to investigator under FRE 801(d)(l)(A); noting that Castro-Ayon 

might be contrary), overruled on other grounds by Russ v. Watts, 414 F.3d 

783 (7th Cir. 2005). 

• United States v. Powell, 17 M.J. 975, 976 (A.C.M.R. 1984) (rejecting CastroAyon to the extent that it would allow admission of "a statement made in a 

policeman's office during a non-advocatory, inquisitorial police investigation 

merely because an oath was administered"). 

• United States v. Whalen, 15 M.J. 872, 878 (A.C.M.R. 1983) (stating that prior 

inconsistent statement made to investigating officer was not given in an "other 

proceeding" for purposes of hearsay exception; noting that Castro-Ayon is 

contrary). 

11 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

• United States v. Luke, 13 M.J. 958, 960 (A.P.C.M.R. 1982) (rejecting CastroAyon to the extent that that case is not limited to its facts, i.e., to proceedings 

fundamentally similar to grand jury hearings). 

• Livingston, 661 P.2d at 243 (holding that Castro-Ayon proceeding was 

distinguishable, for purposes of PRE 80l(d)(l)(A) admissibility, from 

interview by postal inspector that was conducted at home of government 

witness who gave sworn statement but was afforded no rights, and that was 

neither transcribed nor conducted in front of an independent officer). 

Given this overwhelming and consistent authority, I disagree with the majority's 

conclusion that "Washington is not such an outlier" in its interpretation of the phrase 

"other proceeding" in ER 801 ( d)(l )(i). Majority at 16. 

C. Contrary to the majority's assertion, Otton proposes a workable 

framework for analyzing ER 801 ( d)(l )(i) admissibility; it is the 

framework adopted by the other jurisdictions and compelled by the 

rule's plain language 

I also disagree with the majority's assertion that "Otton does not propose a 

workable analytical framework for future cases." Majority at 10. Otton asks us to 

adopt the interpretation of"other proceeding" that is used by every single other court 

that has considered the issue presented in Smith. See Suppl. Br. of Pet'r at 11 

(quoting Dietrich, 854 P.2d at 1061). And, as the majority expressly acknowledges, 

that interpretation holds that PRE 801 ( d)(l )(A) and state equivalent rules 

"'"contemplate situations in which an official verbatim record is routinely kept, 

whether stenographically or by electronic means, under legal authority."'" Majority 

12 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

at 14 (emphasis added) (quoting Dietrich, 854 F .2d at 1061 (quoting Livingston, 661 

F.2d at 240)). In short, the rules contemplate routinized proceedings bearing 

hallmarks of formality such as oversight by an independent (i.e., neutral) officer and 

simultaneous transcription. E.g., Dietrich, 854 F .2d at 1061; Livingston, 661 F .2d 

at 243. 

The majority acknowledges that such an interpretation is "reasonable" but 

asserts that "it is not clear why it is more reasonable than Smith's interpretation." 

Majority at 14. Again, I disagree. The interpretation of"other proceeding" adopted 

by the other jurisdictions is compelled by the rule of ejusdem generis, which holds 

that "'specific terms modify or restrict the application of general terms where both 

are used in sequence"' in a statute. State v. Stockton, 97 Wn.2d 528, 532, 647 P.2d 

21 (1982) (quoting Dean v. McFarland, 81 Wn.2d 215,221,500 P.2d 1244 (1972)). 

In ER 801(d)(1)(i), as in its federal equivalent, the term "other proceeding" appears 

after a list of more specific terms: " ... given under oath subject to the penalty of 

perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition." Applying the 

interpretive canon of ejusdem generis, the phrase "other proceeding" must be read 

to encompass only those "proceeding[s ]" that are fundamentally similar to a trial or 

hearing. !d. This is precisely why every other court addressing the question has 

held that police interviews are not "other proceeding[s ]" within the meaning of the 

13 
State v. Otton (Nakia Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

rule. See Livingston, 661 F .2d at 243 (statement given to investigating officers 

inadmissible under FRE 801 (d)( 1 )(A) because "the circumstances fall far short of 

those in a grand jury proceeding, the paradigmatic 'other proceeding' under the 

Rule"). 

In contrast to these other courts' interpretation, the four-factor reliability test 

that Washington courts have derived from Smith bears absolutely no relationship to 

ER 801(d)(1)(i)'s plain language whatsoever. 7 Indeed, the first Smith factorwhether the witness gave the statement voluntarily-is inconsistent with ER 

801 (d)( 1 )(i)'s plain language. Since trial testimony is not necessarily given 

voluntarily, the voluntary nature of a statement is clearly irrelevant under ER 

801(d)(1)(i). And the fourth factor-whether the witness was subject to crossexamination when giving the subsequent inconsistent statement-is unhelpful 

because it is always satisfied. Moreover, Smith's ad hoc approach, in which "each 

case depends on its facts with reliability the key," 97 Wn.2d at 863, is inconsistent 

7 As the majority notes, subsequent state Court of Appeals decisions have derived 

from Smith four factors for determining admissibility under ER 801(d)(l)(i): "'(1) whether 

the witness voluntarily made the statement, (2) whether there were minimal guaranties of 

truthfulness, (3) whether the statement was taken as standard procedure in one of the four 

legally permissible methods for determining the existence of probable cause, and ( 4) 

whether the witness was subject to cross examination when giving the subsequent 

inconsistent statement."' Majority at 6 (quoting State v. Thach, 126 Wn. App. 297, 308, 

106 P.3d 782 (2005)); State v. Nelson, 74 Wn. App. 380, 383, 387, 874 P.2d 170 (1994). 

14 
State v. Otton (NakiaLee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

with the federal rule's legislative history, which reveals a compromise decision to 

restrict the rule's coverage to certain types of proceedings (as opposed to certain 

types of statements). See Tisdale, 498 So. 2d at 1282 ("the congressional dichotomy 

between House and Senate and the ultimate compromise giving rise to federal rule 

80 1( d)(1 )(A)[] seem to dictate a 'bright line' construction rather than a case-by-case 

analysis of the circumstances surrounding the taking of the statement to determine 

reliability and thus admissibility"). 

Because Smith is inconsistent withER 801(d)(1)(i)'s plain language and the 

overwhelming majority of precedent interpreting equivalent rules, I would hold that 

it was incorrectly decided. 

II. OTTON, HOWEVER, HAS NOT MET HIS BURDEN TO SHOW 

THAT SMITH IS CLEARLY HARMFUL 

Although I conclude that Smith was incorrectly decided, I concur in the 

majority's decision because I agree that Otton has not made the requisite showing of 

harm sufficient to overcome the rule of stare decisis. 

Our cases have identified various kinds of harm that can satisfy this standard. 

We have found precedent "harmful" because it was incorrect and inequitable. State 

v. Berlin, 133 Wn.2d 541, 548, 947 P.2d 700 (1997) (prior precedent harmful 

because it overruled well-reasoned precedent without showing that precedent was 

15 
State v. Otton (Nakia Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

incorrect and harmful, and because it precluded lesser included offense instructions 

in too many cases). We have found precedent "harmful" because it created serious 

policy problems. State v. Barber, 170 Wn.2d 854, 865, 248 P.3d 494 (2011) 

(collecting cases). And precedent is certainly harmful when it infringes a 

constitutional protection. E.g., State v. W.R., 181 Wn.2d 757, 769, 336 P.3d 1134 

(2014) (prior precedent violated due process protections); Barber, 170 Wn.2d at 871 

(prior precedent offended separation of powers principles). But whatever underlying 

harm we have recognized, we have always required a clear showing of harm and we 

have placed this burden on the party seeking to overturn precedent. State v. Kier, 

164 Wn.2d 798, 804-05, 194 P.3d 212 (2008) (citing State v. Devin, 158 Wn.2d 157, 

168, 142 P.3d 599 (2006) (citing Stranger Creek, 77 Wn.2d at 653)). 

I agree with the majority that Otton has not met that burden here. To support 

his argument that Smith is harmful, Otton simply asserts that ad hoc "reliability" 

determinations are inherently subjective and therefore unfair. Suppl. Br. of Pet'r at 

12-14. But as the majority points out, these determinations pose no constitutional 

problems in the context ofER 801(d)(l)(i), majority at 17-18, and Otton offers no 

evidence that Smith has yielded uneven results in Washington courts. 

16 
State v. Otton (Naida Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

CONCLUSION 

Smith's case-by-case reliability test conflicts with the plain language of ER 

80l(d)(l)(i) and the overwhelming majority of relevant precedent from other 

jurisdictions. I therefore conclude that Smith was incorrectly decided. I concur in 

the decision to adhere to Smith and affirm the Court of Appeals, however, because I 

agree that the petitioner has not met his burden to show that Smith is clearly harmful. 

17 
State v. Otton (Nal<:ia Lee), No. 91669-1 

(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring) 

18