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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 

December 2003 

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

 Final Report 

January 2001–December 2001

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 2001 Annual Report 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Randy Clarke,* Robert Gaumer,* Michael Redington, and Eve Rutyna 

5. FUNDING NUMBERS 

TM600/AB002 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Research and Special Programs Administration 

John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142-1093

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

 REPORT NUMBER

DOT-VNTSC-FTA-04-01 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Federal Transit Administration 

Office of Safety and Security 

Washington, DC 20590

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING 

 AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

FTA-MA-26-5017-04-1 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

* EG&G Technical Services, Inc. 

 55 Broadway 

 Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, VA 22161 

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) 

This is the sixth annual report of the results of the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. The 

report summarizes the new reporting requirements introduced for calendar year 2001, the requirements of the overall drug and alcohol 

testing program (the revised CFR Part 40 and CFR Part 655), the results from the data reported for 2001, and the violation and positive 

rates for calendar years 1996 through 2001. 

The results of drug tests—for marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), opiates, and amphetamines—are compared with the results of 

alcohol tests for the various types of required tests. Statistics are presented for random, post-accident, reasonable suspicion, and preemployment tests combined and for each individual test type. Those test results are further compared by employer type (transit agencies 

and contractors), employer size (large, small, and rural), employee category, FTA region, and the drug type. 

Statistics on employees returned to duty and results of return-to-duty tests and follow-up tests are presented separately from results of 

the other four test types because return-to-duty tests and follow-up tests represent a different segment of the test population and not all 

employers offer rehabilitation. 

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

72

14. SUBJECT TERMS 

alcohol testing, drug testing, FTA-covered employees, random testing, safety-sensitive, violation 

rate, post-accident testing, return to duty 16. PRICE CODE 

17.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF REPORT 

Unclassified 

18.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF THIS PAGE 

Unclassified 

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF THIS ABSTRACT 

Unclassified 

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 

Unlimited 

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) 

Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 

298-102
Preface 

This annual report represents the cooperative efforts of many people. Extensive 

appreciation is extended to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal 

Transit Administration, the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, and 

the following individuals who were instrumental in guiding this project and 

contributing to its success: 

Harry Sapporta 
 
 
 

Director, Office of Transit Safety and Security 
 
 
 

Federal Transit Administration 
 
 
 

Mark A. Snider 
 
 
 

Drug and Alcohol Program Manager 
 
 
 

Federal Transit Administration 
 
 
 

James A. Harrison 
 
 
 

Program Manager/Transportation Industry Analyst 
 
 
 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 
 
 
 

Michael R. Redington 
 
 
 

Transportation Industry Analyst 
 
 
 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 
 
 
 

iii 2001 Annual Report 
METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS 

ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH 

LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 

1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 

1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 

1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 

1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 

1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) 

AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 

1 square inch (sq in, in2

) = 6.5 square centimeters 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2)

(cm2

) 

1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, 

yd2

) 

1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 

1 square mile (sq mi, mi2

) = 2.6 square kilometers 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 

(km2

) 

1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2) 

MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 

1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 

1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 

1 short ton = 2,000 = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kilograms (kg) 

pounds (lb) = 1.1 short tons 

VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 

1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 

1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 

1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 

1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 

1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 

1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3

) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 

1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3

) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) 

TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) 

[(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F 

QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION 

0 1 2 3 4 5 

Inches 

Centimeters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 

QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION 

°F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° 

°C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° 

For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and 

Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98 

2001 Annual Report iv 

13 
Executive Summary 

Federal Transit Administration (FTA) regulations require that each recipient 

(both direct and indirect) of FTA funds (1) implement an anti-drug program to 

deter and detect the use of prohibited drugs, (2) establish a program to prevent 

the misuse of alcohol, and (3) report the results of its programs to FTA upon 

request. Compliance with FTA’s drug and alcohol testing program is a 

condition of Federal assistance. Failure of a recipient to establish and 

implement a drug and alcohol testing program − either in its own operations or 

in those of an entity operating on its behalf − may result in the suspension of 

FTA funding to the recipient. 

In 2001, FTA amended its drug and alcohol testing regulations (originally 

published as 49 CFR Part 653 and Part 654, respectively) and combined them 

in a single regulation: CFR Part 655, Prevention of Alcohol Misuse and Prohibited 

Drug Use in Transit Operations. Part 655 was issued shortly after the minimum 

uniform DOT testing program requirements (49 CFR Part 40, Procedures for 

Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs) were revised and 

reissued, in 2000. Part 655 eliminated the previous requirement that all direct 

funding recipients report their drug and alcohol testing program data to FTA 

annually. It now requires that recipients report their data only if requested by 

FTA. All direct recipients must still annually prepare and maintain a summary 

of the results of the programs that they oversaw during the previous calendar 

year. Direct recipients must also continue to annually certify regulatory 

compliance of those programs, and submit the certifications to their FTA 

regional office. Those who are requested to report must still do so on standard 

paper forms or electronically by March 15. 

In 2001, FTA used a stratified random sampling system to select the funding 

recipients that were required to submit their data. Sample sizes were 

determined for each of the three size groups1 recognized by FTA (large, small, 

and rural) to ensure a distribution that accurately reflects the relative 

populations of the three groups. Thus in 2001, for the first time since the 

initial publication in 1995, the annual results of the FTA Drug and Alcohol 

Program are based on the results of only a portion of employers that receive FTA 

funding--406 large employers, 72 small employers, and 187 rural employers. 

1 The population that surrounds the transit agency determines its size category. Large agencies 

are in areas of 200,000 or more, small is 50,000 to 200,000, and rural is less than 50,000. 

Transit agencies and contracted service providers are treated as individual entities in each group. 

v 2001 Annual Report 
2001 Testing Results 

Results are summarized for the following areas: 

• Violation rates (positive tests and test refusals combined) for random testing 

• Accidents resulting in positive post-accident tests 

• 	 	Positive test rates for four types of testing-- random, post-accident, 

reasonable suspicion, and pre-employment 

• Return to duty 

Random Violation Rates 

FTA considers random testing to be the most effective deterrent to drug use and 

alcohol misuse. The results of random tests also provide the best indication of 

the overall level of drug use and alcohol misuse, and are used by FTA in 

determining minimum annual random testing rates for the following year. For 

this reason, employers were requested to report the number of refusals to take 

a random test, as well as the number of positive test results. Accordingly, 

violation rates are presented for random tests. Violation rate is used here to 

refer to the number of positives and refusals combined per person selected to 

take a random test: 

Drug violation rate2 = (verified positives + refusals) ÷ (specimens collected + refusals) 

Alcohol violation rate = (confirmed positives3 + refusals) ÷ (screens collected + refusals) 

In 2001, results were reported for 77,842 persons who were Random 
 selected for a drug test and for 26,478 persons who were Violation Rates 
 selected for an alcohol test. Of those selected for a drug test, 
 

627 had a verified positive result, and 68 refused to take the 
 

test. Of those selected for an alcohol test, 36 had a 
 

confirmed blood alcohol level of at least .04, and 13 refused 
 

to take the test. As shown in the graph at right, the violation 
 

rate was 0.89 percent for drugs and 0.19 percent for alcohol. 
 

This was the first time that the random violation rate for 
 

drugs was below 1.0 percent. If it is below 1.0 percent again 
 

in 2002, the FTA Administrator will have the option to lower 
 

the rate at which employers must test for drugs from 50 
 

percent to 25 percent. Because the alcohol violation rate was below 0.5, the rate 

for testing for alcohol will remain at 10 percent in 2002. 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

% 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

0.89 

0.0.1515 

0.19 

As shown in the following three graphs, the random violation rates were much 

higher for contractors than for transit agency employees, and the drug rates were 

2 For clarity in presenting the test results, the term “violation rate” is used differently here than in 

Part 655, where “violation rate” refers only to random alcohol tests. 

3 A positive alcohol test is a specimen with a confirmed breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

2001 Annual Report vi 
lower for large employers than for the other two size categories while the alcohol 

rates were similar for all three size categories. Nearly 85 percent of those selected 

for a random test (both drugs and alcohol) were transit agency employees. More 

than 95 percent of those selected (both drug and alcohol) worked for a large 

employer. 

Random Violation Rates Random Violation Rates Random Violation Rates 

by Emp

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 0.72 

% T C T C 

oyer Type 

1.76 

0.16 0.34 

l

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

1.00 

0.75 

0.50 

0.25 

1.22 

% L S R L S R 

1.21 

0.88 

0.19 0.17 0.18 

by Employer Size 

and Employer Type 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

1..5 

1.0 

0.5 

0.16 

% T C T C 

1.78 

0.71 

0.35 

by Large Employers 

T = transit C = contractor L= large S=small R=rural T = transit C = contractor 

i

As shown on the map at 

right, the random drug 

violation rate was lowest in 

New York and New Jersey 

(Region 2) at 0.58 percent, 

and was highest in the 

northern mountain and 

great plains states (Region 

8) at 1.45 percent. Only 

three regions had rates 

lower than the national 

average of 0.89 percent. 

Random Drug V olation Rates by FTA Region 

As shown on the map at 
 
 
 

right, the random alcohol 
 
 
 

violation rate was also 
 
 
 

lowest in Region 2 at 0.11 
 
 
 

regions had rates lower 
 
 
 

0.19 percent. 
 
 
 

Refusal data were not 
 
 
 

collected by employee category or by type of drug.
 
 
 

percent, and was highest in 
 
 

the central states (Region 7) 
 
 


 
 

than the national average of 
 
 

at 0.43 percent. Half of the 

Random Alcohol Violation Rates by FTA Region 

vii 2001 Annual Report 
Accidents Resulting in Positive Post-Accident Tests 

In 2001, employers reported 120 accidents that resulted in a positive postaccident drug test and 8 accidents that resulted in a post-accident alcohol test 

with a breath alcohol level of at least 0.04 percent. These numbers when 

normalized to the entire number of employers required to test by FTA were 277 

and 17, respectively. None of the accidents reported resulted in a fatality. 

Transit agencies reported 65 of the 120 accidents with positive drug tests, and 

5 of the 8 accidents with positive alcohol tests. All but 5 of the accidents with 

positive drug tests were reported by large employers. All of the accidents with 

positive alcohol tests were reported by large employers. 

Positive Test Rates4

 for Four Types of Testing 

Because return to duty tests and follow-up tests represent a different segment 

of the test population (i.e., specimens produced by persons who have already 

been removed from duty for drug or alcohol violations and have completed a 

rehabilitation program) and not all employers offer rehabilitation, the data from 

those tests are not included in presentations of overall rates. 

As shown in the graph at right, the 

reasonable suspicion positive rates were 

much higher than the random, postaccident, or pre-employment rates for both 

drugs and alcohol. The random rate was 

lowest of the drug rates. In fact, the random 

violation rate (0.95 percent) was significantly 

lower than the positive rates for any of the 

other three test types. The post-accident 

rate was the lowest of the alcohol rates. 

As shown in the following tables, the 

positive drug rates for the four test types 

combined are approximately three times 

higher for contractors than for transit R = Random P-A = Post -Accident 

RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment 

agency employees, the alcohol rates are 

slightly higher for contractors, both the drug and the alcohol rates by employer 

type for large employers are very similar to the overall rates by employer type, 

and small employers had the highest rates for drugs while large employers had 

the highest rates for alcohol. Of the 131,323 drug specimens collected for all 

four test types combined, 95 percent were from large employers. Of the 41,076 

alcohol screens collected, 96 percent were from large employers. 

4 For clarity in presenting the test results, “positive rate” is used differently here than in Part 655, 

where it refers only to random drug tests and is the drug equivalent of the violation rate for alcohol. 

% R i R i

0.81 

1.42 

2.91 

8.45 

1.59 

0.14 0.05 

8.77 

0.15 0.22 

R 

Positive Rates by Test Type 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

P-A RS P-E Combned P-A S P-E Combned 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

2001 Annual Report viii 
3.08 

Positive Rates for Four 

Positive Rates for Four Test Types Combined 

by Emp

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

3.04 

1.07 

% T C T C 

oyer Type 

0.22 0.25 

Test Types Combined 

and Employer Type 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

1.06 

% T C T C 

0.22 0.27 

by Large Employers 

l Positive Rates
 
 
 

for Four Test Types Combined 
 
 
 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 
 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

1.59 

% 

0.11 0.23 0.14 

1.95 

1.30 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

by Employer Size 
 
 
 

T = transit C = contractor T = transit C = contractor 

Because refusal data are not reported by employee category, random positive 

rates are presented below by employee category, as well as the rates for all four 

test types combined. Though the random drug rate was lowest for the CDL/ 

non-revenue vehicle category, the combined rate was highest for that category. 

The revenue vehicle operation category had the highest random rate for both 

drugs and alcohol. The revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance category 

had the highest combined rate for alcohol. 

Positive Rates for Random Testing and for Four Test Types Combined by Employee Category 

% 

DRUGS 

1.77 

1.19 

Random 

ASP RV& /

/D 

RV& /

/D 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 0.87 0.75 

0.48 0.46 0.51 

Four Types Combined 

RVO ASP RVO RVC CDL

EM N-RV 

RVC CDL

EM N-RV 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 	 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
 
 
 RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
 
 
 


RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 


CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle
 
 
 


ASP = Armed Security Personnel
 
 
 


RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle
 
 
 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel
 
 
 

As shown in the following charts, marijuana was detected as often as all of the 

other drugs combined in random testing, and more often than the others 

combined in pre-employment tests and for all four test types combined. 

Cocaine was detected more often than the others combined in post-accident 

and reasonable suspicion tests. Marijuana was detected second most often in 

those tests. PCP was detected least often in each of the four test types, and not 

at all in post-accident and reasonable suspicion tests. 

2.40 

0.91 

0.66 

% 

ALCOHOL 

0.16 0.15 

0 0 0 

0.21 

0.37 

0.06 0.07

Random 

ASP RV& /

/D 

RV& /

/D 

0 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Four Types Combined 

RVO ASP RVO RVC CDL

EM N-RV 

RVC CDL

EM N-RV 

ix 2001 Annual Report 
Percentage by Drug Type of Total Drug Detections for Each Test Type 

M = 50.1% M = 40.2% 

P = 0% 

M = 22.2% 

C = 43.1% M = 62.5% C = 53.3% 

C = 60.0% 

O = 13.3% 

C = 31.2% 

M = 56.7% C = 36.7% 

O = 1.7% A = 4.5% O = 2.2% O = 2.3% A = 2.9% 

P = 0.8% A = 4.3% O = 4.1% A = 2.4% 

P = 0% P = 1.9% A = 2.2% P = 1.4% 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined 

M - Marijuana C - Cocaine P – Phencyclidine (PCP) O - Opiates A - Amphetamines 

Return to Duty Data 

In 2003, employers reported that 289 safety-sensitive employees were returned 

to duty following a positive drug test or refusal, and 53 were returned following 

a positive alcohol test or refusal. These numbers when normalized to the entire 

number of employers required to test by FTA were 689 and 133, respectively. 

Transit agencies returned 251 of the employees following a drug positive test or 

refusal, and returned 48 following an alcohol positive or refusal. Large 

employers returned 274 of the 289 returned following a drug positive or refusal, 

and returned 49 of the 53 returned following an alcohol positive or refusal. 

Before being returned to duty, employees must complete a rehabilitation 

program and submit a negative test for the substance for which they were 

removed from safety-sensitive duty. Many employers require both a drug and 

alcohol return to duty test. The returned employees must then complete a 

series of follow-up tests (for the substance for which they were removed, or both 

drugs and alcohol) for a specified period following return to duty. 

In 2001, 859 return to duty drug tests Return to Duty Follow-Up

and 4,956 follow-up drug tests were 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

% 

DRUGS 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0 

% 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

2.18 

0.27 

ALCOHOL 

2.10 

Positive Rates Positive Rates 

reported. As shown at right, more than 2 

percent of each were positive. None of the 

513 return to duty alcohol tests reported 

were positive, and only 11 of 4,080 followup alcohol tests reported were positive. 

The following six graphs subdivide the 

rates at right by employer type, employer 

size, and employer size and type combined. The return to duty graphs show drug 

rates only because no return to duty alcohol positives were reported. The followup chart by employer size and type contains alcohol rates for large employers only 

because no follow-up alcohol positives were reported by small or rural employers. 

2001 Annual Report x
Return to Duty Positive Return to Duty Positive Return to Duty Positive Rates by 

Rates by Employer Size Employer Size and Employer Type 

DRUGS 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

% 

DRUGS 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

0 

% Large Small Rural 

Rates by Employer Type 

1.40 

1.40 

Transit Contractor 

1.96 

T = transit C = contractor 

*Sample is not to scale. Size is too small to be 

considered representative of population. 

Follow-Up Positive Follow-Up Positive Rates Follow-Up Positive Rates 

8.70 

DRUGS 

18.0 * 18.18

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 4.48 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 1.48 

0 0 0 

T C T C T C % Large Small Rural 

5.48 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

0.31 0 

% T C T C 

DRUGS 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

0.27 0 0 

% Large Small Rural Rural 

8.70 

Rates by Employer Type 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

2.25 

1.67 

by Employer Size 

ALCOHOL 

Large Small 

2.12 1.75 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

T C T C T 

Large Small Rural Large 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 1.65 

T C % 

0 0

C 

by Employer Size and Employer Type 

7.69 

9.09 

8.57 

2.18 

0.31

T = transit C = contractor 

T = transit C = contractor 

Trends: 1996 Through 2001 

Random Drug and Alcohol Test Violation Rate Trend 

As shown in the graph at right, the 

drug violation rate dropped for the 

fifth consecutive year, in 2001, a 

drop of 15 percent from 2000 and 

almost 45 percent since 1996. As 

also shown in that graph, the 

random alcohol violation rate rose by 

more than 25 percent in 2001 (to 

0.19 percent), but was still nearly 10 

percent below the rate for 1996. 

Drugs 

0.00% 

0.25% 

0.50% 

0.75% 

1.00% 

1.25% 

1.50% 

1.75% 

1.60 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.05 0.89 

Alcohol 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.18 0.15 0.19 

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

xi 2001 Annual Report 
The combined positive rates for all 

six required test circumstances— 

random, post-accident, reasonable 

Total Drug and Alcohol Test Positive Rates 

for Six Test Types Combined 

suspicion, pre-employment, return to 

duty, and follow-up—have been 

higher for both drugs and alcohol 

than the random violation rates for 

each of the six years from 1996 to 

2001. The fact that the random rate 

that includes refusals has been lower 

every year for both drugs and alcohol 

than the combined rate for all tests, 

including random, that does not 

include refusals is conclusive 

evidence that random testing is an effective deterrent to drug use and alcohol 

misuse. Furthermore, as shown above, the combined rate for drugs has leveled 

since 1999 (and even increased slightly in 2001) while the random violation rate 

for drugs continued to decrease significantly in both 2000 and 2001. 

0.00% 

0.25% 

0.50% 

0.75% 

1.00% 

1.25% 

1.50% 

1.75% 

2.00% 

2.00 1.77 1.67 1.59 1.59 1.61 

0.28 0.25 0.29 0.21 0.20 0.22 

Drugs 

Alcohol 

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

2001 Annual Report xii 
Table of Contents 

Page 

1. Introduction 
 
 
 

1.1 Regulatory Background ................................................................... 1-1 
 
 
 


1.2 Reporting and Certification Requirements ....................................... 1-2 
 
 
 


1.3 Reporting Assistance....................................................................... 1-3 
 
 
 


1.4 Data Analysis and Validation ........................................................... 1-3 
 
 
 


1.5 Organization of Report .................................................................... 1-4 
 
 
 


2. Overview of Part 40 and Part 655 Testing Requirements 
 
 
 

2.1 Overview of Required Testing Program........................................... 2-1 
 
 
 


2.2 Safety-Sensitive Functions .............................................................. 2-2 
 
 
 


2.3 Types of Tests ................................................................................. 2-3 
 
 
 


2.4 Types of Drugs ................................................................................ 2-6 
 
 
 


3. Drug and Alcohol Test Data 
 
 
 

3.1 Random Test Violation Data............................................................ 3-4 
 
 
 


3.1.1 Random Test Violation Data by Employer Type and Size ..... 3-5 
 
 
 


3.1.2 Random Violation Rates by FTA Region ............................... 3-6 
 
 
 


3.2 Accident and Fatality Data Associated with Positive
 
 
 


Post-Accident Tests ......................................................................... 3-9 
 
 
 


3.3 Data for Four Test Types............................................................... 3-10 
 
 
 


3.3.1 Data for Four Test Types by Employer Type and Size ........ 3-10 
 
 
 


3.3.2 Data for Four Test Types by Employee Category ................ 3-13 
 
 
 


3.3.3 Data for Four Test Types by FTA Region ............................ 3-22 
 
 
 


3.4 Test Data by Type of Drug............................................................. 3-25 
 
 
 


3.4.1 Data by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Type ............ 3-26 
 
 
 


3.4.2 Data by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Size ............. 3-27 
 
 
 


3.4.3 Data by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employee Category..... 3-29 
 
 
 


3.5 Other Alcohol Violations ................................................................ 3-32 
 
 
 


3.5.1 Confirmed Alcohol Specimens Between 0.02 and 0.039 ..... 3-32 
 
 
 


3.5.2 Non-Test Alcohol Violations ................................................. 3-34 
 
 
 


4. Return to Duty Data 
 
 
 

4.1 Employees Returned to Duty in 2001 .............................................. 4-1 
 
 
 


4.2 Return to Duty Test Data ................................................................. 4-2 
 
 
 


4.2.1 Return to Duty Test Data by Employer Type and Size........... 4-2 
 
 
 


4.2.2 Return to Duty Test Data by Employee Category .................. 4-3 
 
 
 


4.2.3 Return to Duty Test Data by FTA Region .............................. 4-5 
 
 
 


4.2.4 Return to Duty Test Data by Type of Drug ............................. 4-5 
 
 
 


4.3 Follow-Up Test Data ........................................................................ 4-6 
 
 
 


4.3.1 Follow-Up Test Data by Employer Type and Size.................. 4-7 
 
 
 


4.3.2 Follow-Up Test Data by Employee Category ......................... 4-8 
 
 
 


4.3.3 Follow-Up Test Data by FTA Region ................................... 4-10 
 
 
 


4.3.4 Follow-Up Test Data by Type of Drug.................................. 4-10 
 
 
 


xiii 2001 Annual Report 
5. Trend Analysis 
 

5.1 Random Violation Rates .................................................................. 5-1 
 


5.2 Random Positive Rates ................................................................... 5-3 
 


5.3 Combined Positive Rates for All Test Results ................................. 5-4 
 


Appendix A. Glossary....................................................................................... A-1 
 

Appendix B. FTA Regions ................................................................................ B-1 
 

Appendix C. Accident and Fatality Data Associated with Positive 
 

Post-Accident Tests by FTA Region ............................................C-1
 


2001 Annual Report xiv 
1. Introduction 

This report is the sixth annual summary of data submitted for entry in the 

Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Drug and Alcohol Management 

Information System (DAMIS). The report summarizes data reported for 

calendar year 2001, and includes trend analyses based on the annual data 

submitted for calendar years 1996 through 2001. DAMIS contains the data 

from all the drug and alcohol tests conducted under FTA regulations between 

1996 and 2000, but contains 2001 data from only selected agencies, as 

explained in Section 1.2. DAMIS also contains the data from all the tests 

conducted by large agencies in 1995. 

FTA regulations require recipients and subrecipients of funding under Title 49 

of United States Code (U.S.C.) Sections 5307, 5309, and 5311, and 23 U.S.C. 

Section 103(e)(4) and their contractors to implement and maintain a program 

to deter and detect use of prohibited drugs and misuse of alcohol by safetysensitive employees, unless the recipient is also an operating railroad regulated 

by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 

f

i i

i

systems. 

Section 5307 of 49 U.S.C. re ers to block grants to finance capital projects and the planning, improvement, 

and operating costs of equipment, fac lities, and assoc ated capital maintenance items for use in mass 

transportation. 

Section 5309 refers to discretionary grants and loans for capital projects, new and existing fixed guideway 

systems, an efficient mass transportation system coordinated with other transportat on systems, introduction 

of new technologies, enhancement of urban economic development or incorporation of private investment, 

and mass transportation projects to meet the needs of the elderly and persons with disabilities. 

Section 5311 refers to financial assistance for non-urbanized areas. 

Section 103(e)(4) of 23 U.S.C. refers to grants to bus transit systems that operate on Federal-aid highway 

1.1 Regulatory Background 

FTA issued its first drug and alcohol testing regulations on February 15, 1994 

as two separate rules: 49 CFR Part 653, Prevention of Prohibited Drug Use in 

Transit Operations, and 49 CFR Part 654, Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in 

Transit Operations. The FTA rules were issued in response to The Omnibus 

Transportation Employee Testing Act, enacted by Congress in 1991. They 

expanded the minimum uniform DOT testing program requirements published 

earlier in 1994 in 49 CFR Part 40, Procedures for Transportation Workplace 

Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs. 

The Omnibus Testing Act was intended to promote the health and safety of 

transportation employees and the traveling public. It required all DOT 

administrations to issue regulations requiring funding recipients to perform 

1-1 2001 Annual Report 
four types of testing of all safety-sensitive employees for five controlled 

substances and alcohol, and to establish a prescribed program of rehabilitation 

and follow-up testing for employees who are given the opportunity to return to 

safety-sensitive duty after testing positive or refusing to be tested. The Act also 

required recipients to follow the testing procedures established by the 

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 

After making two notable amendments and several minor changes to its rules, 

FTA issued CFR Part 655, Prevention of Alcohol Misuse and Prohibited Drug Use 

in Transit Operations, which supersedes and combines Parts 653 and 654. 

Part 655 was published in 2001 to expand the minimum requirements of the 

revised Part 40, which was published in 2000. The current Part 40 and 655 

testing requirements are summarized in Chapter 2 of this report. 

1.2 Reporting and Certification Requirements 

Part 655.72 eliminated the requirement that all direct funding recipients report 

their drug and alcohol testing program data to FTA annually. It requires that 

recipients report their data only if requested by FTA. FTA believes that random 

sampling is now sufficient to produce an accurate representation of the overall 

transit industry because five years of universal reporting and analysis has 

provided an accurate portrait of drug and alcohol testing (including positive 

rates) in the industry. The intent is to reduce the paperwork burden on a 

portion of the industry and to reduce FTA’s tabulation and analysis effort. 

Recipients requested to report must still do so on standard forms by March 15. 

All direct recipients must still annually prepare and maintain a summary of the 

results of the programs that they oversaw during the previous calendar year. 

Direct recipients must also continue to annually certify regulatory compliance 

of those programs, and submit the certifications to their FTA regional office. 

ified random 

nd 

e samples were also 

i

Sa 

The pop 

Large, small, a 

In 2001, 406 la 

Th 

The employers requested to report 2001 data were chosen using a strat

sampling technique. mple sizes were determined for each of the three size groups 

recognized by FTA (large, small, and rural) to ensure a distribution that accurately 

reflects the relative populations of the three groups. ulation that surrounds the 

transit organization determines the size of operation for each agency. 

rural organizations are categorized by a population of 200,000 or more, 50,000 to 

200,000, and less than 50,000, respectively. rge employers, 72 small 

employers, and 187 rural employers were asked to report. 

Transit agencies and contracted service providers are treated as individual entities within 

each group. For example, an agency and two service providers it contracts with will 

represent three entities in the group’s sample population. 

selected using a random number generator or through a systematic process that ordered 

the entities by a specific criterion, such as alphabetic within state, to ensure that the 

sample was spread across all reg ons of the United States. 

2001 Annual Report 1-2 
FTA operating funds are granted directly to most large transit agencies. All 

other operating grants are provided to the states or to metropolitan planning 

organizations (MPOs), which distribute the funds to individual transit agencies. 

Some recipients and subrecipients (transit agencies funded by states or MPOs) 

rely on additional public or private entities to provide services in whole or in 

part. The states and MPOs must ensure the accuracy and timeliness of each 

report submitted by their subrecipients. All direct recipients must ensure the 

accuracy and timeliness of each report submitted by a service provider, 

operating or maintenance contractor, consortium or joint enterprise, or a thirdparty administrator acting on the behalf of a transit agency. 

Failure of a recipient to establish a drug and alcohol testing program and to 

annually certify regulatory compliance and report information as requested, 

either in its own operations or in those of a subrecipient or an entity operating 

on its behalf, may result in the suspension of Federal transit funding to the 

recipient. Falsifying compliance information or certifications is a criminal 

offense. 

1.3 Reporting Assistance 

The required reporting forms are available in paper, on data diskette, and on 

the internet. Copies of reporting guidance and reporting forms and diskettes 

are available from the DAMIS Project Office at (617) 494-6336. The FTA Safety 

and Security Clearinghouse can be reached at (617) 494-2108 for additional 

copies of this report, as well as previously published annual reports. Other 

technical assistance materials, including the Implementation Guidelines for 

Drug and Alcohol Regulations in Mass Transit and Best Practices Manual: FTA 

Drug and Alcohol Testing Program, can be obtained from the FTA Office of 

Safety and Security at (202) 366-2896 and on the Office of Safety and 

Security’s Web site: http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/damis. 

1.4 Data Analysis and Validation 

Data submitted for entry in DAMIS are subjected to extensive analysis and 

validation, both manual and automated. The process entails detailed review of 

the consistency and reasonableness of the data in each report, identification of 

errors or questionable entries, and resolution of any problems in consultation 

with the reporting agencies. This process enables detection and correction of 

errors of significant magnitude. However, some statistically minor errors may 

remain. 

1-3 2001 Annual Report 
1.5 Organization of Report 

The remainder of this report contains five chapters and three appendices: 

• 	 	 Chapter 2 presents an overview of the current Part 40 and 655 testing 

requirements, including descriptions of safety-sensitive functions, the types 

of tests to be performed, and the substances to be tested for. 

• 	 	Chapter 3 compares the results of the required drug and alcohol tests listed 

in Chapter 2 and pre-employment alcohol tests. The results are further 

compared by employer type (transit agencies and contractors), employer 

size (large, small, and rural), the employee categories listed in Chapter 2, 

FTA region, and drug type. 

• 	 	 Chapter 4 provides statistics on the number of employees returned to 

safety-sensitive duty in 2001 following a positive test or refusal, and 

summarizes the results of the tests (described Chapter 2) that are 

required for such persons, using the same categories of comparison as in 

Chapter 3. 

• 	 	 Chapter 5 discusses the trends in testing results from 1996 through 

2001, and presents random violation rates, random positive rates, and 

positive rates for all tests performed for each of those years. 

• 	 	 Appendix A lists the terms, and their definitions, associated with the 

FTA drug and alcohol testing program. 

• Appendix B lists the ten FTA regions and their headquarters. 

• 	 	 Appendix C presents by FTA region the number of accidents reported in 

which a transit agency employee or contractor tested positive in an FTA 

post-accident test. 

2001 Annual Report 1-4 
2. Overview of Part 40 and Part 655 Testing Requirements 

As mentioned in Chapter 1, CFR Parts 653 and 654 were replaced during 

calendar year 2001 with Part 655, which combines the previously separate 

drug and alcohol rules into a single rule and expands the requirements in the 

revised Part 40. FTA believes that combining the drug and alcohol rules will 

produce one multi-faceted program that can be implemented more efficiently. It 

also brings FTA into line with the eight other DOT operating administrations 

that have drug and alcohol testing regulations. The revised regulations contain 

no significant changes regarding the employees to be tested, type of tests to be 

performed, substances to be tested for, and the return to duty qualification. 

This chapter summarizes the requirements of the combined program (in 

Section 2.1) and describes in detail FTA safety-sensitive duties, the tests 

required by FTA, and the drugs that safety-sensitive employees must be tested 

for (in Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4, respectively). 

2.1 Overview of Required Testing Program 

Employees who perform any of five safety-sensitive functions must be tested for 

five controlled substances in four circumstances. Such employees must also 

be tested for alcohol use in each of those circumstances except preemployment, though employers may, and many do, require pre-employment 

tests per Part 40 testing procedures. An additional circumstance (return to 

duty/follow-up) is required for safety-sensitive employees who are a given 

opportunity to resume safety-sensitive duties after testing positive for drugs or 

alcohol or refusing to submit to a required test. 

l

l i

l

Armed Securi

Random 

*

Marijuana 

i

Opiates 

Safety-Sensitive Job Categories 

Revenue Vehic e Operation 

Revenue Vehic e and Equipment Ma ntenance 

Revenue Vehic e Control/Dispatching 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

ty Personnel 

Test Types 

Post-accident 

Reasonable suspicion 

Pre-employment 

Return to duty/follow-up 

Tested Drugs 

Coca ne 

Phencyclidine (PCP) 

Amphetamines 

See Section 2.2 for a detailed description of 

FTA safety-sensitive duties. 

See Section 2.3 for a 

detailed description of 

tests required by FTA. 

See Section 2.4 for a 

detailed description of 

the drugs to test for. 

* Required only for employees who test positive for drugs or alcohol or refuse to submit to a required test 

Any employee who has a verified positive drug test, has a confirmed alcohol 

test result of 0.04 or greater, or refuses to submit to a test must be 

immediately removed from safety-sensitive duty. The employee must then be 

informed of the resources available for evaluating and resolving problems 

associated with prohibited drug use and alcohol misuse, including the names, 

addresses, and telephone numbers of substance abuse professionals (SAPs) 

and counseling and treatment programs. The employer then decides the 

2-1 2001 Annual Report 
disciplinary action to take. To return the employee to a safety-sensitive 

function, the employer must ensure that the employee successfully completes a 

course of treatment prescribed by a SAP and produces a negative return to 

duty test for drugs or alcohol or both, depending on the violation. Once 

returned to duty, the employee must continue a treatment program 

administered by the SAP, which includes a series of follow-up tests. 

Additionally, an employee with a confirmed alcohol concentration of at least 

0.02 but less than 0.04 must be removed from duty for at least 8 hours or until 

a re-test conducted by the employer shows an alcohol concentration of less 

than 0.02. If the employee is removed from duty for 8 hours, a re-test need not 

be administered unless the employee exhibits signs of alcohol use upon 

returning to duty. 

Part 40 also prohibits use, manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and 

possession of all controlled substances by safety-sensitive employees. 

Furthermore, Parts 40 and 655 prohibit safety-sensitive employees from 

consuming alcohol in three circumstances: 

• While performing a safety-sensitive function 

• 	 	 Four hours before performing a safety-sensitive function unless the 

employee produces a breath specimen with a concentration below 0.02 

(Employees must be given the opportunity to acknowledge use of alcohol 

in the past 4 hours and to be tested when they arrive for duty.) 

• 	 	 Eight hours following an accident that meets FTA post-accident testing 

criteria (described in Section 2.3) or until an alcohol test is performed 

unless the employee’s involvement can be completely discounted as a 

contributing factor to the accident and there were no fatalities 

2.2 Safety-Sensitive Functions 

The revenue vehicle operation safety-sensitive job category includes 

employees who operate a revenue service vehicle, regardless of whether it is in 

service and regardless of whether a fare is collected. 

The revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance category includes 

employees who maintain revenue service vehicles or equipment. It also 

includes many maintenance contract employees who perform routine, ongoing 

repair or maintenance for FTA recipients and subrecipients that have 

employees, including supervisors, who perform or could be called upon to 

perform any of the FTA safety-sensitive functions. Maintenance contractors of 

5311 funding recipients are not subject to the testing regulations. 

Revenue vehicle control/dispatching includes employees who control the 

movement of revenue service vehicles. This function was much debated during 

2001 Annual Report 2-2 
the recent rule revision process because the title “dispatcher” covers a broad 

range of duties, not all of which are safety sensitive, throughout the industry. 

The key consideration is the type of work performed rather than a particular 

job title. FTA decided not attempt a universal definition of “dispatchers” in Part 

655. Instead, each employer determines whether its particular dispatcher 

performs or may perform a safety-sensitive function. 

CDL/non-revenue vehicle includes employees not included in another safetysensitive category who operate a non-revenue service vehicle (e.g., ancillary 

vehicle) that requires a Commercial Drivers License (CDL). 

Armed security personnel are employees who provide security and carry a 

firearm. 

2.3 Types of Tests 

Random testing is considered by FTA to be the most effective deterrent to drug 

use and alcohol misuse, as well as the most reliable indicator of drug use and 

alcohol misuse within an agency and in the industry as a whole, provided it is 

unannounced and unpredictable. Thus, random testing is required to be 

conducted throughout all workdays and hours of service, and must be 

conducted at least once per calendar quarter. Selections for testing must be 

based on a scientifically valid random-number selection method, to ensure that 

all safety-sensitive employees have an equal chance of being selected for testing 

each time a selection is made. 

In 2001, the number of random drug tests conducted had to equal at least 50 

percent of the number of persons in the selection pool when selections were 

made, and the number of alcohol tests had to equal at least 10 percent of the 

pool. These percentages can be amended (per Part 655.45) by the FTA 

Administrator based on the combined percentage of positive tests plus test 

refusals, i.e.: 

(verified positives + refusals) ÷ (specimens collected + refusals) 

for modifying drug test rates 

(confirmed positives + refusals) ÷ (screens collected + refusals) 

The Administrator has the option to reduce a random drug or alcohol testing 

rate of 50 percent to 25 percent if the combined percentage of positives plus 

refusals is less than 1.0 for two consecutive calendar years. The Administrator 

has the option to raise a drug or alcohol testing rate from 25 percent to 50 

percent if the combined percentage of positives plus refusals for the previous 

calendar year was at least 1.0. Additionally, the Administrator can reduce an 

alcohol testing rate of 25 percent or 50 percent to 10 percent if the combined 

percentage of positives plus refusals was less than 0.5 for two consecutive 

calendar years. Conversely, the Administrator can also raise a rate of 10 

2-3 2001 Annual Report 
percent to 25 or to 50 percent if the combined percentage in the previous 

calendar year was at least 0.5 or 1.0, respectively. 

The random testing quotas for 2002 did not change. As shown in Section 3.1, 

the combined percentage of alcohol positives plus refusals remained below 0.50 

(at 0.19), and although the combined percentage of drug positives plus refusals 

dropped below 1.0 in 2001 (to 0.89), the combined percentage for 2000 was 

1.05. If the combined percentage for drugs is below 1.0 again in 2002, the 

Administrator will have the option to reduce the drug test quota to 25 percent 

for 2003. 

NOTE 

“positive rate”

“violation rate” f

l

“Violation rate”

“Positive rate”

In other words, in this report, , and . 

the c 

Part 655 uses the term to refer to the concept of the combined percentage of random drug 

positives plus refusals, and defines the term as including only random drug test data. 

Part 655 uses the term to re er to the concept of ombined percentage of random 

alcohol positives plus refusals, and defines the term as inc uding only random alcohol test data. 

For clarity in presenting test results, those terms are used as follows in this report: 

 refers to the combined percentage of positive tests plus refusals for both drugs and alcohol. 

 refers to the percentage of verified positive tests of the total number of drug specimens 

collected and to the percentage of confirmed positive tests of the total number of alcohol screens collected. 

Positive rate is used to refer to this percentage for all test types, including random. 

“violation rate” includes refusals “positive rate” does not include refusals

The testing rate for employers who belong to a consortium applies to the total 

number of safety-sensitive employees in the consortium’s pool. As a result, 

some individual employers may not appear to meet the random testing 

requirement. 

Post-accident testing refers to tests required following an accident involving a 

fatality or an accident that meets any of three other criteria and the employee’s 

involvement cannot be completely discounted as a contributing factor: (1) when 

a person suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical attention 

away from the scene, (2) when any vehicle involved incurs damage requiring it 

to be transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle, or (3) 

the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel 

and is removed from revenue service due to the accident. 

Employees to be tested include the vehicle operator and any other safetysensitive employee not in the vehicle whose performance could have 

contributed to the accident. Both drug and alcohol tests must be administered 

as soon as possible, but no later than 8 hours after the accident for alcohol 

and 32 hours for drugs. The results of a blood, urine, or breath test conducted 

by Federal, state, or local officials having independent authority for the test 

2001 Annual Report 2-4 
cannot be used to meet FTA requirements unless the employer is unable to 

perform a post-accident test within the required time period, the test conforms 

to the applicable Federal, state, or local testing requirements, and that the test 

results are obtained by the employer. 

Reasonable suspicion testing refers to a drug and/or alcohol test that is 

ordered by a trained supervisor based on specific, contemporaneous, 

articulable observations concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body 

odor of a safety-sensitive employee. 

Pre-employment testing refers to testing of candidates for a safety-sensitive 

position (including existing non-safety-sensitive employees as well as 

applicants for employment) and for employees who have not performed a 

safety-sensitive function for more than 90 consecutive calendar days, 

regardless of the reason, and were removed from the employer’s random 

selection pool during that time. A negative pre-employment test for drugs is 

required by FTA as a condition for performing safety-sensitive duties under 

these circumstances. Pre-employment alcohol tests are not required but are 

permitted under Part 655 providing they are performed in accordance with the 

testing procedures in Part 40. The alcohol tests are included in the data 

presented in Chapter 3 because they are conducted per DOT standards and are 

required by many employers. 

The Omnibus Testing Act required a negative pre-employment alcohol test, but 

FTA suspended the requirement on May 10, 1995, as the result of a U.S. Court 

of Appeals decision. FTA decided to allow but not require pre-employment 

alcohol testing in Part 655. All of the other eight DOT administrations with 

testing programs added this section to their rules. 

Part 655 also eliminated the term “hire” in the pre-employment provision. 

Previously, employers were required to administer a drug test and receive a 

negative result before hiring an employee. FTA deleted the term to provide 

employers discretion to administer a pre-employment drug test anytime before 

an employee first performs a safety-sensitive function and before an employee 

returns to safety-sensitive duty after being removed from the random pool for 

an extended period. Part 655 also established a limit, 90 consecutive calendar 

days, on the amount of time an employee can be removed from the pool 

without a negative drug test before returning to work. 

Return to duty testing refers to a drug and/or alcohol test that is required for 

a safety-sensitive employee who completes a course of treatment prescribed by 

a SAP after testing positive for drugs or alcohol or refusing to submit to a 

required test. A negative result for the type (drug or alcohol) of positive or 

refused test is required before the employee can be returned to duty. SAPs 

often require the employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if 

only one of the tests was at issue. 

2-5 2001 Annual Report 
Follow-up testing refers to a drug and/or alcohol test that is required for an 

employee who is returned to safety-sensitive duty. The employee is subject to 

at least six unannounced tests for at least 12 months after returning to duty. 

The exact number and frequency of tests is prescribed by the SAP, who may 

order tests for up to 60 months after return to duty. SAPs often require the 

employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if only one of the 

tests was at issue. Follow-up testing is separate from, and in addition to, 

random testing. 

Part 655 incorporates follow-up testing under return to duty testing (i.e., 

return to duty/follow-up testing) as one of five required FTA tests. It was 

previously listed separately as one of six required FTA tests. 

2.4 Types of Drugs 

Marijuana is derived from the hemp plant and comes in a variety of colors such 

as green, brown, and a gray mixture of leaves. THC or (delta-9-

tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary active chemical in marijuana. It is 

absorbed quickly into fatty tissues and stored for a long time. The potency and 

strength of the chemical causes people to use the drug for the mildly 

tranquilizing, mood and perception-altering effects it produces. The test for 

marijuana also includes its metabolites 

Cocaine is an addictive substance that comes from coca leaves, or is made 

synthetically. It appears as a white powder that is snorted, ingested, injected, 

freebased (smoked), or applied directly to the nasal membrane or gums. 

Cocaine acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system. It gives the user a 

feeling of exhilaration. The chemicals in cocaine trick the brain into feeling it 

has experienced pleasure, when in fact it has not. 

Phencyclidine (PCP), originally developed as an anesthetic, has adverse side 

effects that limit its medical use to a tranquilizer for large animals. In people, 

PCP acts as both a depressant and a hallucinogen, and sometimes as a 

stimulant. PCP can cause distorted bodily perceptions and a feeling of 

disassociation where the mind feels separated from the body. These effects can 

be very upsetting to some people, who may panic as a result. 

Opiates, also known as narcotic analgesics, include heroin, morphine, and 

codeine. They are derived from a sap taken from a seedpod of the plant, 

“papaver somniferum” (or poppy plant). General effects include sedation, 

slowed reflexes, raspy speech, sluggish movements, slowed breathing, cold 

skin, and vomiting. The synthetic form of opiates, known as “designer drug,” is 

even more deadly and addictive. 

2001 Annual Report 2-6 
Amphetamines include racemic, amphetamine, extroamphetamine, and 

methamphetamine. They are potent stimulants that may be swallowed, 

snorted, or injected. They induce exhilarating feelings of power, strength, 

energy, self-assertion, focus, and enhanced motivation. The need to sleep or eat 

is diminished. Amphetamines can induce a sense of aroused euphoria, which 

may last several hours. The body does not readily break down amphetamines. 

Thus, feelings are intensified and ephemeral. Subsequently, there is an 

intense feeling of mental depression and fatigue. 

2-7 2001 Annual Report 
3. Drug and Alcohol Test Data 

The following two charts compare the percentages of total verified drug positives 

and percentages of total drug specimens reported in 2001 for each of the six 

required test circumstances cited in Chapter 2. 

Percentage of Verified Drug Positives Percentage of Drug Specimens Collected 

by Six Test Types by Six Test Types 

R = Random P-A = Post-Accident RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment RD = Return to Duty 

F = 4.9% F = 3.6% = Follow-up 

R = 28.3% 

P-E = 58.6% 

RS = 1.9% 

RD = 0.8% 

R = 56.8% 

P-E = 32.4% 

P-A = 6.2% 

RS = 0.4% 

RD = 0.6% 

P-A = 5.5% 

The following two charts compare the percentages of total confirmed alcohol 

positives and percentages of total alcohol screens reported in 2001 for each of 

the six required test circumstances cited in Chapter 2. 

Percentage of Confirmed Alcohol Positives Percentage of Alcohol Screens Collected 

by Six Test Types by Six Test Types 

RS = 41.2% 

R = 35.3% 

P-E = 

8.8% 

P-A = 3.9% 

RD = 0% 

F = 10.8% 

RD = 1.1% 

R = 58.0 

RS = 1.0% 

F = 

P-E = 13.5% 

P-A = 17.5% 

8.9% 

R = Random P-A = Post-Accident RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment RD = Return to Duty F = Follow-up 

3-1 2001 Annual Report 
Because return to duty tests and follow-up tests represent a different segment of 

the test population—specimens produced by persons who have already been 

removed from duty for drug or alcohol violations and have completed a 

rehabilitation program—and not all employers offer rehabilitation, the data from 

those tests are presented separately (in Chapter 4) from data for the other four 

test types. Data from random, post-accident, reasonable suspicion, and preemployment testing are presented in this chapter. The next two charts compare 

the percentages of total verified drug positives and percentages of total drug 

specimens reported in 2001 for each of those four test types. Those charts are 

followed by two charts that compare the percentages of total confirmed alcohol 

positives and percentages of total alcohol screens reported in 2001. 

Percentage of Verified Drug Positives Percentage of Drug Specimens Collected 

by Four Test Types by Four Test Types 

P-A = 5.8% 

R = 30.0% 

P-E = 62.1% 

RS = 0.4% 

RS = 2.1% 

P-A = 6.5% 

R = 59.2% 

P-E = 33.9% 

R = Random P-A = Post-Accident RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment 

Percentage of Confirmed Alcohol Positives Percentage of Alcohol Screens Collected 

by Four Test Types by Four Test Types 

P-E = 

R = 39.6% 

9.9% 

RS = 46.1% 

P-A = 4.4% 

RS = 1.2% 

R = 64.4% 

P-E = 15.0% 

P-A = 19.4% 

R = Random P-A = Post-Accident RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment 

2001 Annual Report 3-2 
The results of the random, post-accident, reasonable suspicion, and preemployment tests are sorted and presented by various criteria to enable the 

following comparisons: 

• Drug and alcohol 

• Test type 

• Employer type (transit agencies and contractors) 

• Employer size (large, small, and rural) 

• Employee category 

• Regional 

• Drug type 

As mentioned in Section 2.3, the results of random tests provide the best 

indication of the overall level of drug use and alcohol misuse, and they are used 

by FTA in determining minimum random testing rates for the following year. For 

this reason, employers were requested to report the number of refusals to take a 

random test, as well as the number of positive test results. Accordingly, 

violation rates are presented for random tests. In this report, the violation rate 

refers to the number of positives and refusals combined per person selected to 

take a random test: 

Drug violation rate1 = (verified positives + refusals) ÷ (specimens collected + refusals) 

Alcohol violation rate = (confirmed positives2 + refusals) ÷ (screens collected + refusals) 

Employers were not asked to report refusal data for post-accident, reasonable 

suspicion, and pre-employment tests. The results for those tests are presented 

as verified positives for drugs and confirmed positives for alcohol. The 

verified/confirmed positive rates for random tests are included in the 

comparisons of positive rates by test type. 

Data in this chapter are presented in five sections: 

3.1 Violation rates and supporting data for random drug and alcohol tests, 

subdivided by: 

• Employer type 

• Employer size 

• FTA region 

3.2 Data on non-fatal accidents, fatal accidents, and total fatalities that 

resulted in positive post-accident drug or alcohol tests, subdivided by: 

• Employer type 

• Employer size 

1 For clarity in presenting the test results, the terms “violation rate” and “positive rate” are used 

differently in this report than in Part 655. See the text box in Section 2.3 for a full explanation. 

2 A positive alcohol test is a specimen with a confirmed breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

3-3 2001 Annual Report 
3.3 Verified/confirmed positive rates and supporting data for the four types of 

drug and alcohol tests, subdivided by: 

• Employer type 

• Employer size 

• Employee category 

• FTA region (data only for totals for the four test types combined) 

3.4 Verified positive rates and supporting data for the four types of drug tests 

by type of drug, subdivided by: 

• Employer type 

• Employer size 

• Employee category 

3.5 Non-positive alcohol violations: 

• 	 	 Alcohol specimens between 0.02 and 0.039 by test type, subdivided by 

employer type, employer size, employee category, and FTA region 

• Non-test violations, subdivided by employer type and employer size 

As mentioned in Chapter 1, not all subrecipients were requested to report their 

test data in 2001. The employers requested to report were chosen using a 

stratified random sampling technique. Three sample populations were 

developed, based on employer size—large, small, and rural.3 In 2001, 406 large 

employers, 72 small employers, and 187 rural employers were asked to report. 

To make the sample data meaningful, the results are expressed as rates where 

possible, i.e., in Sections 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5.1. The data on accidents that 

resulted in positive post-accident tests (in Section 3.2) and non-test alcohol 

violations (in Section 3.5.2) are normalized by each size category to represent the 

total number of employers. The actual number of instances reported is also 

presented to provide basis for the rate or normalization. 

3.1 Random Test Violation4 Data 

The graph at right presents the Random
 

violation rates for random drug 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

% 

0.89 

0.0.1515 

0.19 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

Violation Rates Persons Selected for 
 

and random alcohol tests. The Random Testing and Violations4
 

Drugs Alcohol
 

statistical basis for the violation 
 

accompanying table provides the *

Persons Selected 77,842 26,478

rates, and it includes the refusal 
 Refusals + Positives 695 49 

rates. These data are subdivided 
 Positives 627 36

by employer type and size and by 
 Refusals 68 13

FTA region later in this section. 
 Refusal Rate 0.087% 0.049% 

* Refusal data were not reported by specimens collected + refusals for drugs 

screens collected + refusals for alcohol employee category. 

3 The population that surrounds the transit agency determines the size of operation for each 
 
 
 

agency. Large, small, and rural organizations are categorized by a population of 200,000 or
 
 
 

more, 50,000 to 200,000, and less than 50,000, respectively.
 
 
 4 “Violation” refers to the combined number of refusals and positives. See footnote 1, on page 3-3.
 
 
 

2001 Annual Report 3-4 
3.1.1 Random Test Violation Data by Employer Type and Size 

The following three graphs present the random violation rates by employer type, 

by employer size, and by employer size and type, Random Violation Rates 

DRUGS 

1.5

 1.0

 0.5 0.72

% T C T C 

ALCOHOL

 0.16

by Employer Type 

by Employer Type

*

specimens collected + refusals for drugs 

T = transit C = contractor screens collected + refusals for alcohol 

Random Violation Rates

respectively. 

Each graph is 

accompanied by 

a table that 

provides the 

statistical basis 

for the violation 

rates. The 

tables also 

include the 

refusal rates. 

Persons Selected for Random Testing and Violations 

1.76

 0.34 

Drugs 

Transit Contractor 

*

Persons Selected 65,043 12,799 

Refusals + Positives 470 225

Positives 435 192

Refusals 35 33

Refusal Rate 0.054% 0.258% 

Alcohol 

Transit Contractor 

22,367 4,111 

35 14 

33 3 

2 11 

0.009% 0.268% 

DRUGS ALCOHOL

 1.0 1.21 1.22

 0.75

 0.50

 0.25

% L S R L S R 

 by Employer Size

 0.88

 0.19 0.17 0.18 

Persons Selected for Random Testing and Violations 

 by Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol

 Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

74,144 1,811 1,887 25,335 584 558 

650 22 23 47 1 1 

586 19 22 35 0 1

 64 3 1 12 1 0

0.086% 0.166% 0.053% 0.047% 0.171% 0 

*

Persons Selected 

Refusals + Positives

Positives

 Refusals

 Refusal Rate 

L = large S = small R = rural *

specimens collected + refusals for drugs screens collected + refusals for alcohol 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

1.5 1.87

 1.0 1.29

 0.5 

0.16 

0 

0.46 

0.24 0

 T C T C T C T C T C T C % Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Random Violation Rates by Employer Size and Employer Type

1.78 

1.17 

0.71

 1.03 

0.35 

Persons Selected for Random Testing and Violations by Employer Size and Employer Type 

T = transit C = contractor 

Drugs 

Large Small Rural Large 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

*

Persons Selected 62,47211,672 1,112 699 1,459 428 21,575 3,760 

Refusals + Positives 442 208 13 9 51 8 4 133 

Positives 410 176 11 8 14 8 32 3 

Refusals 32 32 2 1 1 0 2 10 

Refusal Rate 0.051% 0.274% 0.180% 0.143% 0.069% 0 0.009% 0.266% 

Alcohol 

Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

368 217 424 134 

0 1 1 0 

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 

0 0.461% 0 0 

*

specimens collected + refusals for drugs screens collected + refusals for alcohol 

3-5 2001 Annual Report 
3.1.2 Random Violation Rates by FTA Region 

The following two maps show the random violation rates for drugs and for 

alcohol, respectively, for each of FTA’s ten regions. The shading variations 

provide quick comparison. The exact rates are also included. The statistical 

basis for the violation rates is provided in the accompanying tables. 

Drug Violation Rates by FTA Region 	 	 	 Persons Selected for 

Random Drug Testing

Region *

Persons 

Selected Positives Refusals 

1 26 6 

2 111 18 

3 89 14 

4 43 5 

5 110 6 

6 59 8 

7 18 1 

8 35 2 

9 111 6 

10 2,990 25 2 

*

and Violations by Region 

Verified 

3,836 

22,406 

10,234 

5,487 

12,201 

5,467 

1,796 

2,549 

10,876 

specimens collected + refusals 

Random Alcohol Violation Rates by FTA Region Persons Selected for 

Region *

Persons 

Selected Positives Refusals 

1 893 0 2 

2 7 1 

3 8 5 

4 5 0 

5 7 2 

6 2 2 

7 460 2 0 

8 526 0 1 

9 4 0 

10 712 1 0 

*screens collected + refusals 

Random Alcohol Testing 

and Violations by Region 

Confirmed 

7,120 

4,997 

3,137 

3,291 

2,917 

2,425 

These data are subdivided by employer type and by employer size on the 

following pages. The drug violation rates by employer type, the drug violation 

rates for large employers, and the alcohol violation rates for large employers are 

displayed on maps. The statistical basis for the violation rates is provided in the 

accompanying tables. Because of the small sizes of their populations, the other 

rates appear in tables, along with the statistical basis for those rates. 

2001 Annual Report 3-6 
Random Drug Violation Rates by FTA Region and Employer Type 

T = transit C = contractor 

Persons Selected for Random Drug Testing and Violations 

by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Transit Con tractor 

Region Persons 

Selected 

Verified 

Positives Refusals Persons 

Selected 

Verified 

Positives Refusals 

1 2,753 15 1 1,083 11 5 

2 19,518 90 11 2,888 21 7 

3 9,101 75 5 1,133 14 9 

4 4,346 23 2 1,141 20 3
 
 
 

5 10,669 75 3 1,532 35 3 

6 4,248 33 7 1,219 26 1 

7 1,680 17 1 116 1 0 

8 1,977 28 0 572 7 2 

9 8,127 59 5 2,749 52 1 

10 2,624 20 0 366 5 2 

Random Alcohol Violation Data by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Transit Contractor 

Persons Confirmed Region Refusals Selected Positives 

Violation 

Rate 

Persons Confirmed Refusals Selected Positives 

Violation 

Rate 

1 580 0 0 0 313 0 2 0.64% 

2 6,147 6 0 0.10% 973 1 1 0.21% 

3 4,394 8 0 0.18% 603 0 5 0.83% 

4 2,567 5 0 0.19% 570 0 0 0 

5 2,819 7 0 0.25% 472 0 2 0.42% 

6 2,628 2 2 0.15% 289 0 0 0 

7 444 2 0 0.45% 16 0 0 0 

8 389 0 0 0 137 0 1 0.73% 

9 1,774 2 0 0.11% 651 2 0 0.31% 

10 625 1 0 0.16% 87 0 0 0 

3-7
 2001 Annual Report 
	 	 	 

Random Drug Testing

Region Persons 

Selected 

Verified 

Positives Refusals 

1 23 5 

2 21,963 110 18 

3 85 14 

4 38 5 

5 11,589 104 6 

6 55 5 

7 13 1 

8 30 2 

9 10,570 105 6 

10 2,738 23 2 

Random Drug Violation Rates by FTA Region and Employer Size—Large Persons Selected for 

and Violations by Region 

and Large Employer 

3,547 

9,984 

4,959 

5,257 

1,146 

2,391 

Random Alcohol Violation Rates by FTA Region and Employer Size—Large Persons Selected for 

Region Persons 

Selected 

Confirmed 

Positives Refusals 

1 771 0 1 

2 6 1 

3 8 5 

4 5 0 

5 7 2 

6 2 2 

7 294 2 0 

8 497 0 1 

9 4 0 

10 591 1 0 

Random Alcohol Testing 

and Violations by Region 

and Large Employer 

6,982 

4,921 

2,948 

3,126 

2,860 

2,345 

Random Violation Data by FTA Region and Employer Size—Small and Rural 

Drugs Alcohol 

Small Rural Small Rural 

Region PS VP R Rate PS VP R Rate PS CP R Rate PS CP R Rate 

1 265 2 1 1.13% 24 1 0 4.17% 115 0 1 0.87% 7 0 0 0 

2 312 1 0 0.32% 131 0 0 0 93 0 0 0 45 1 0 2.22% 

3 173 3 0 1.73% 77 1 0 0 50 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 

4 169 1 0 0.59% 359 4 0 0 55 0 0 0 134 0 0 0 

5 402 3 0 0.75% 210 3 0 0 100 0 0 0 65 0 0 0 

6 129 3 2 3.88% 81 1 1 2.47% 29 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 

7 79 1 0 1.27% 571 4 0 0 18 0 0 0 148 0 0 0 

8 0 0 0 0 158 5 0 3.16% 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 

9 72 4 0 5.56% 234 2 0 0.85% 17 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 

10 210 1 0 0.48% 42 1 0 2.38% 108 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 

PS = persons selected VP = verified positives R = refusals Rate = violation rate CP = confirmed positives 

2001 Annual Report 3-8 
3.2 Accident and Fatality Data Associated with Positive Post-Accident Tests 

Data are presented for the number of accidents in which a transit agency employee 

or contractor tested positive in an FTA post-accident test. Data are presented for 

both drug tests and alcohol tests, though it should be noted that one person may 

test positive for both drugs and alcohol and that most employers test the employee 

for both drugs and alcohol. Thus, the numbers for drugs and alcohol cannot be 

added to obtain the total number of persons who tested positive. Data were not 

reported on the total number of persons testing positive in a post-accident test or 

for persons testing positive for both drugs and alcohol. 

Because these accident and fatality numbers cannot be expressed as a rate, the 

number of instances reported have been normalized for the total number of 

employers by each size category. The first table below presents these statistics 

for the number of non-fatal accidents, fatal accidents, and total fatalities when a 

positive drug test resulted and when a positive alcohol test resulted. The next 

two tables subdivide those data by employer type and employer size, 

respectively. The data reported cannot be normalized by FTA region. The actual 

number of instances reported by region are presented in Appendix C; those 

numbers are also subdivided by employer type and by employer size. These 

accident and fatality numbers were not reported by employee category. 

Accidents and Fatalities Resulting in Post-Accident Positives 

Drugs Alcohol 

Normalized Reported Normalized Reported 

Non-Fatal Accidents 277 120 17 8 

Fatal Accidents 0 0 0 0 

Total Fatalities 0 0 0 0 

Accidents and Fatalities Resulting in Post-Accident Positives by Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Normalized Reported Normalized Reported 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Non-Fatal Accidents 150 127 65 55 11 6 5 3 

Fatal Accidents 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Total Fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accidents and Fatalities Resulting in Post-Accident Positives by Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Normalized Reported Normalized Reported 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Non-Fatal Accidents 246 16 15 115 3 2 17 0 0 8 0 0 

Fatal Accidents 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Total Fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3-9 2001 Annual Report 
3.3 Data for Four Test Types 

The positive rates for each of the four types (random, post-accident, reasonable 

suspicion, and pre-employment) and for the four types combined, for both drug 

tests and alcohol tests, are presented in the following graph. The accompanying 

table provides the statistical basis for the positive rates. These data are 

subdivided by employer type and size, by 

DRUGS ALCOHOL

% R R 

1.0 

2.91 

8.45 

1.59 

0.14 0.05 

8.77 

0.15 0.22 

P0.81 

1.42 

P-A RS P-E Combined P-A RS E Combined 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

Positive Rates by Test Type FTA region, and by employee category 

later in this section. 

Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives 

by Test Type 

Drugs 

Specimens Verified 

Collected Positives 

Random 77,774 627 

Post-Accident 8,507 121

Reasonable Suspicion 509 43

Pre-Employment 44,462 1,296

Total 131,252 2,087

Alcohol 

Confirmed Screens Positives 

26,465 36 

7,970 4 

479 42 

6,162 9 

41,076 91 

R = Random P-A = Post-Accident 

RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pr-e-Employment 

3.3.1 Data for Four Test Types by Employer Type and Size 

The data above are subdivided by employer type, by employer size, and by 

employer size and type, respectively, in this section. The rates for each of the 

three data sets are shown in a separate pair of graphs. Each graph pair is 

followed by a table that provides the statistical basis for the rates. 

Positive Rates by Test Type and Employer Type 

% 

T C C T C T C 

% 

T C C T T 

6.47 

2.09 

3.93 

1.07 

3.04 

0.96 

3.25 

1.50 0.67 

Post i

S ion 

DRUGS 

7.96 

0.10 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.15 0.07

ici

T C T T TC C C

15.89 

Random -Acc dent Reasonable Pre- Combined uspic Employment 

16.0 

14.0 

12.0 

10.0 

8.0 

6.0 

4.0 

2.0 

12.99 

0.05 0.07 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Pre- Combined Susp on Employment 

16.0 

14.0 

12.0 

10.0 

8.0 

6.0 

4.0 

2.0 

ALCOHOL 

T = transit C = contractor T = transit C = contractor 

2001 Annual Report 3-10 
Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Test Type and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit rContracto sitTran rContracto 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Random 65,008 435 12,766 192 22,365 33 4,100 3 

Post-Accident 6,782 65 1,725 56 6,607 3 1,363 1 

Reasonable Suspicion 402 26 107 17 402 32 77 10 

Pre-Employment 24,444 510 20,018 786 4,095 4 2,067 5 

Total 96,636 1,036 34,616 1,051 33,469 72 7,607 19 

One of the rates in each of the next two graphs is presented on a separate scale 

because its sample size is too small to be representative of its population. 

Positive Rates by Test Type and Employer Size 

% 

L S R S R L S LS R L SR 

t le Pre - i

Susp

L = large 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

DRUGS 

0 

25.0 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

% 

L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable PreSuspicion 

ALCOHOL 

0 0 0 0 0 0 

L R

Random Post-Acciden Reasonab Comb ned 

icion Employment 

S = small R = rural 

15.0 

8.47 

16.67 

0.79 1.05 1.17 1.42 1.38 1.82 1.52 

2.95 3.16 

1.30 1.59 1.95 

Combined Employment 

0.23 0.11 0.14 

8.67 

25.0 

0.14 0.18 0.05 0.15 

L = large S = small R = rural 

3-11 2001 Annual Report 
2001 Annual Report 3-12

One of the rates in each of the next two graphs is presented on a separate scale 

because its sample size is too small to be representative of its population.

the large number of alcohol rates below 0.3 percent, the space below “0.3” in the 

second graph has been expanded under the divider line to allow greater clarity. 

Positive Rates by Test Type, Employer Size, and Employer Type

 Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Test Type and Employer Size

Drugs

Large Rural Large Small Rural

Specimens

Collected

Verified

Positives

Specimens

Collected

Verified

Positives

Specimens

Collected

Verified

Positives Screens Confirmed

Positives Screens Confirmed

Positives Screens Confirmed

Positives

Random 74,080 586 1,808 19 1,886 22 25,323 35 584 0 558 1

Post-Accident 8,197 116 165 3 145 2 7,733 4 141 0 96 0

Reasonable Suspicion 496 42 6 1 7 0 473 41 4 1 2 0

Pre-Employment 41,929 1,236 1,348 42 1,185 18 5,921 9 207 0 34 0

Total 124,702 1,980 3,327 65 3,223 42 39,450 89 936 1 690 1

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

%

T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C

Large Small ural Large Small ural Large Small ural Large Small ural Large Small ural

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

0 0

16.16

6.55

25.0

0

3.95

2.12

4.24

1.87 1.41 1.06 1.38

3.08

1.15

0.661.510.991.150.96 0.92 0 0

2.38

3.38

1.75

T C T C T C

14.0

25.0 DRUGS

16.0

1.87 1.81 1.76

2.69

9.0

6.0

3.0

0.2

0.1

%

T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C

Large Small ural Large Small ural Large Small ural Large Small ural Large Small ural

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

 T = transit C = Contractor

0 0

13.33

7.79

25.0

0

0.2

1

0.25

0.10

0 0

0.22

0.16

0.27

0.19

0.08

0.15

0.24

0 0.05 0

T C T C T C

12.0

30.0

ALCOHOL

33.33

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.08

Due to 

Alcohol

Small

R R R R R

R R R R R
Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Test Type, Employer Size, and Employer Type 

Drugs 

Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Specimens Verified Specimens Verified Specimens Verified Specimens Verified Specimens Verified Specimens Verified 

Collected Positives Collected Positives Collected Positives Collected Positives Collected Positives Collected Positives 

Random 62,440 410 11,640 176 1,110 11 698 8 1,458 14 428 8

Post-Accident 6,542 60 1,655 56 126 3 39 0 114 2 31 0

Reasonable Suspicion 397 26 99 16 2 0 4 1 3 0 4 0

Pre-Employment 22,950 486 18,979 750 641 12 707 30 853 12 332 6

Total 92,329 982 32,373 998 1,879 26 1,448 39 2,428 28 795 14 

Alcohol 

Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed Screens Screens Screens Screens Screens Screens Positives Positives Positives Positives Positives Positives 

Random 21,573 32 3,750 3 368 0 216 0 424 1 134 0

Post-Accident 6,427 3 1,306 1 111 0 30 0 69 0 27 0

Reasonable Suspicion 398 31 75 10 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

Pre-Employment 3,930 4 1,991 5 131 0 76 0 34 0 0 0

Total 32,328 70 7,122 19 613 1 323 0 528 1 162 0 

3.3.2 Data for Four Test Types by Employee Category 

The next two graphs show the positive rates for each test type, as well as the 

rates for all four types combined, by employee category for drug tests and for 

alcohol tests, respectively. One of the drug rates is presented on a separate 

scale because its sample size is too small to be considered representative of its 

population. The table following the graphs provides the statistical basis for the 

positive rates. These data are further subdivided by employer type and by 

employer size on the pages that follow. 

Positive Rates by Test Type and Employee Category 

% 

DRUGS 

0 

Random i ici

RVO ASP ASP ASP /

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D 

/

EM /D 

1.77 1.19 

2.40 

1.47 

3.06 2.45 

4.77 

0 1.43 

2.60 

7.66 

60.0 

9.52 

1.05 1.13 0.91

2.15 

Post-Acc dent Reasonable Susp on Pre-Employment Combined 

ASP RVO ASP RVO RVO RVO RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

60.0 

10.0 

7.5 

5.0 

2.5 

0.87 0.75 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.66 

10.17 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
 
 
 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle
 
 
 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel
 
 
 

3-13 2001 Annual Report 
2001 Annual Report 3-14

Because of the large number of alcohol rates below 0.4 percent, the space below 

“0.4” has been expanded under the divider line to allow greater clarity. 

Positive Rates by Test Type and Employee Category

3.3.2.1 Employee Category and Employer Type

The following series of graphs and tables subdivide the preceding data by 

employer type. wo graphs, one for drugs and one for alcohol, are presented for 

the four test types combined and for each of the test types. hey show the 

positive rates by employer type for each employee category.

is accompanied by a table that provides the statistical basis for the rates.

 Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Test Type and Employee Category

DRUGS

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle and

EquipmentMaintenance

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatching

CDL/Non-Revenue

Vehicle

Armed Security

Personnel

Specimens

Collected

Verified

Positives

Specimens

Collected

Verified

Positives

Specimens

Collected

Verified

Positives

Specimens

Collected

Verified

Positives

Specimens

Collected

Verified

Positives

Random 52,323 456 17,757 134 4,400 21 1,732 8 1,562 8 

Post-Accident 7,896 113 381 4 77 2 93 2 60 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 418 32 59 6 21 2 5 3 6 0 

Pre-Employment 36,220 1,110 5,666 139 974 11 377 18 1,225 18 

Total 96,857 1,711 23,863 283 5,472 36 2,207 31 2,853 26

ALCOHOL

Revenue Vehicle

Operation

Revenue Vehicle and

EquipmentMaintenance

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatching

CDL/Non-Revenue

Vehicle

Armed Security

Personnel

Screens Confirmed

Positives Screens Confirmed

Positives Screens Confirmed

Positives Screens Confirmed

Positives Screens Confirmed

Positives

Random 17,342 27 5,920 9 1,339 0 1,162 0 702 0

Post-Accident 7,389 4 364 0 73 0 84 0 60 0

Reasonable Suspicion 384 24 64 16 22 1 6 1 3 0

Pre-Employment 4,794 7 859 2 137 0 83 0 289 0

Total 29,909 62 7,207 27 1,571 1 1,335 1 1,054 0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

%

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle

ASP = Armed Security Personnel

ALCOHOL

0.16 0.15 0 0 0

0.21

0.37

0.070.06 0 0 0 0 0.05

6.25

25.0

0

16.67

4.55

0.15 0 0 0

0.23

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RV& RVC CDL/

 EM /D N-RV

RV& RVC CDL/

 EM /D N-RV

RV& RVC CDL/

 EM /D N-RV

RV& RVC CDL/

 EM /D N-RV

RV& RVC CDL/

 EM /D N-RV

0

Data for Four Test Types by

T

T

Each pair of graphs 
Note:	 The graphs subdivided by employer type do not contain columns for 

employee categories that show a positive rate of “0” in the previous graphs. 

Positive Rates for Four Test Types Combined by Employee Category and Employer Type 

DRUGS 

0.29 

1.80 

0.95 

5.58 

0.41 

1.97 

1.05 

2.18 

3.19 

1.15 

T C 

/D % T C T C T C T C % /D 

0.41 0.11 0.26 0.19 0.22 0 

3.70 

0 

T C T C T C T C 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

RVO RV&EM RVC ASP 

5.0 

CDL/N-RV 

ALCOHOL 

RVO RV&EM RV

5.0 

2.0 

1.0 

4.0 

3.0 

CDL/N-RV 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel
 
 
 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
 
 
 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle
 
 
 

Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives for Four Test Types Combined 

by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit rContracto Tran sit Contractor 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 67,640 778 29,217 933 23,813 46 6,096 16 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 20,925 219 2,938 64 6,332 26 875 1 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 4,142 12 1,330 24 1,123 0 448 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,992 19 215 12 1,308 0 27 1 

Armed Security Personnel 1,937 8 916 18 893 0 161 0 

Random Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type 

% T T T C T C 

RVO /D 

DRUGS 

0.26 

1.35 

0.33 

1.18 

0.74 

0.92 

1.63 

0.70 

0 

0.47 

C CT C

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

RV&EM RVC CDL/N-RV ASP 

T = transit C = contractor T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and
 
 
 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching Equipment Maintenance
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle
 
 
 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel
 
 
 

0.15 0.15 

0.07 

0.17 

% 

T C T C 

0.15 

0.10 

0.05 

RVO RV&EM 

ALCOHOL 

3-15 2001 Annual Report 
 Random Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit rContracto Transit rContracto 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 42,565 296 9,758 160 14,382 25 2,960 2 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 16,022 118 1,735 16 5,237 8 683 1 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 3,510 9 890 12 1,015 0 324 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,687 8 45 0 1,146 0 16 0 

Armed Security Personnel 1,224 4 338 4 585 0 117 0 

Some of the post-accident rates and reasonable suspicion rates (in the next two 

pairs of graphs) are presented on a separate scale from the other rates because 

their sample sizes are too small to be considered representative of their 

populations. 

Post-Accident Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type 

DRUGS 

% 

T C T C T C T C 

/D /

3.32 

0.94 

1.39 

0.97 

16.67 

1.15 

3.51 

0 

16.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

RVO RV&EM RVC CDL N-RV T = transit C = contractor 

T = transit C = contractor RVO = Revenue Vehicle 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
 
 
 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle
 
 
 

% T C 

0.08 

0.05 

ALCOHOL 

0.08 

0.06 

0.04 

0.02 

RVO 

Post-Accident Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit rContracto Transit rContracto 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 6,269 59 1,627 54 6,110 3 1,279 1 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 309 3 72 1 300 0 64 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 57 2 20 0 56 0 17 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 87 1 6 1 81 0 3 0 

Armed Security Personnel 60 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 

2001 Annual Report 3-16 
Reasonable Suspicion Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type 

% T C T C T C T C % T T T 

DRUGS 

12.90 

6.15 

7.27 

50.0 

100 

5.26 

50.0 

ALCOHOL 

7.50 

5.00 

0 0 

20.0 

0 

50.0 

C T C C C

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV 

100 

60.0 

20.0 

12.0 

9.0 

6.0 

3.0 

33.33 27.12 

100 

60.0 

20.0 

12.0 

9.0 

6.0 

3.0 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Reasonable Suspicion Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit rContracto Transit rContracto 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 325 20 93 12 320 16 64 8 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 55 4 4 2 59 16 5 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 19 1 2 1 17 0 5 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 3 1 2 2 4 0 2 1 

Armed Security Personnel 0 0 6 0 2 0 1 0 

Pre-Employment Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type 

% 

T C T C T C 

/D 

5.56 

4.19 

0.61 

2.45

2.07 

3.92 3.99 

2.18 2.63 

0 

DRUGS 

C C T T 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

RVO RV&EM RVC CDL/N-RV ASP T = transit C = contractor 

T = transit C = contractor RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance Equipment Maintenance RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

ASP=Armed Security Personnel 

0.27 

0.07 0

0.28 

% T 

ALCOHOL 

C CT 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

RVO RV&EM 

3-17 2001 Annual Report 
Pre-Employment Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit rContracto Transit rContracto 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 18,481 403 17,739 707 3,001 2 1,793 5 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 4,539 94 1,127 45 736 2 123 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 556 0 418 11 35 0 102 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 215 9 162 9 77 0 6 0 

Armed Security Personnel 653 4 572 14 246 0 43 0 

3.3.2.2 Data for Four Test Types by Employee Category and Employer Size 

The following series of graphs and tables subdivide the test type/employee 

category data by employer size. Two graphs, one for drugs and one for alcohol, 

are presented for the four test types combined and for each of the test types. 

The graphs show the positive rates by employer type for each employee category. 

Each pair of graphs is accompanied by a table that provides the statistical basis 

for the rates. 

Note:	 The graphs subdivided by employer size do not contain columns for 

employee categories that show a positive rate of “0” in the test 

type/employee category graphs. 

Positive Rates for Four Test Types Combined by Employee Category and Employer Size 

DRUGS 

% L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R 

1.26 

1.78 1.80 

3.55 

1.16 

1.81 

0.56 0.65 

1.05 

0 

1.09 

6.50 

0

0.91 

0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

L = large S = small R = rural

L = large S = small R = rural RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

ALCOHOL 

% L S R L S R L S R L S R 

RVO

0 

0.37 

0.79 

0 

0.17 

0.21 

0 0 

0.07 0.08

0 0 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

 RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV 

2001 Annual Report 3-18 
Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives for Four Test Types Combined 

by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 91,448 1,629 2,558 46 2,851 36 28,668 61 748 0 583 1 

Revenue Vehicle and 

Equipment Maintenance 23,281 270 441 8 141 5 7,053 26 127 1 27 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatching 5,102 33 191 2 179 1 1,450 1 58 0 63 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 2,018 22 137 9 52 0 1,315 1 3 0 17 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 2,853 26 0 0 0 0 1,054 0 0 0 0 0 

Random Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size 

DRUGS 

% 

L S R L S S R L S R L S R 

ASP 

1.12

0.86 0.90 

3.03 

0.73 

1.66 

0.71 

1.30 

0.44 0.48 0 0 0 0.51 0 

R L

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV 

L = large S = small R = rural L = large S = small R = rural 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching Equipment Maintenance 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

0.16 

0 

0.22 

0.16 

0 

%

 L S R L S R 

0 

ALCOHOL 

0.20 

0.15 

0.10 

0.05 

RVO RV&EM 

Random Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 49,382 426 1,336 12 1,605 18 16,452 26 433 0 457 1 

Revenue Vehicle and 

Equipment Maintenance 17,356 126 302 5 99 3 5,799 9 96 0 25 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatching 4,106 18 154 2 140 1 1,227 0 52 0 60 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 1,674 8 16 0 42 0 1,143 0 3 0 16 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 1,562 8 0 0 0 0 702 0 0 0 0 0 

3-19 2001 Annual Report 
Post-Accident Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

0.6 2.0 2.36 2.25 0.06 

1.90 0.4 

1.0 1.42 1.47 

1.08 0.2 

0 0 00 00 0 0 L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R % % RVO RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV 

L = large S = small R = rural L = large

S = small RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation R = rural RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance RVO = Revenue Vehicle RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching Operation CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Post-Accident Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 7,602 108 158 3 136 2 7,159 4 137 0 93 0 

Revenue Vehicle and 

Equipment Maintenance 370 4 5 0 6 0 359 0 3 0 2 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatching 76 2 1 0 0 0 72 0 1 0 0 0
 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 89 2 1 0 3 0 83 0 0 0 1
 0
 

Armed Security 

Personnel 60 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 

Three of the rates in the following pair of graphs are presented on a separate 

scale from the other rates because their sample sizes are too small to be 

considered representative of their populations. 

Reasonable Suspicion Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size 

% L = large S = small R = rural

L S R L S R L S R L S R 

RVO

DRUGS 

0 

7.65 

9.52 

00 

60.0 

0 

10.17 

0 0 0

 RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV 

60.0 

40.0 

20.0 

12.0 

9.0 

6.0 

3.0 

16.67 

L = large S = small R = rural RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

% L S R L S R 

ALCOHOL 

0 

6.33 

0 

100 

1 

0 

100 

20.0 

15.0 

10.0 

5.0 

RVO RV&EM 

23.18 

2001 Annual Report 3-20 
 Reasonable Suspicion Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

405 31 6 1 7 0 379 24 3 0 2 0 

Revenue Vehicle and 

Equipment Maintenance 59 6 0 0 0 0 63 15 1 1 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatching 21 2 0 0 0 0 22 1 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 5 3 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Pre-Employment Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size 

L = large S = small R = rural 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and 

DRUGS 

% L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R 

1.45 

3.12 2.84 

5.56 

2.44 2.24 

0 

1.47 

0 1.22 

3.60 

0 

7.50 

0 0

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

L = large S = small R = rural Equipment Maintenance 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

ALCOHOL 

0 

0.15 

0.24 

0 

% L SR L S R 

0 0 

0.05 

0.20 

0.15 

0.10 

RVO RV&EM 

Pre-Employment Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 34,059 1,064 1,058 30 1,103 16 4,588 7 175 0 31 0 

Revenue Vehicle and 

Equipment Maintenance 5,496 134 134 3 36 2 832 2 27 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatching 899 11 36 0 39 0 129 0 5 0 3 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 250 9 120 9 7 0 83 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 1,225 18 0 0 0 0 289 0 0 0 0 0 

3-21 2001 Annual Report 
3.3.3 Data for Four Test Types by FTA Region 

The following two maps show the positive rates for all four test types combined for 

drugs and for alcohol for each of FTA’s ten regions. The shading variations provide 

quick comparison. The exact rates are also included. The statistical basis for those 

rates is provided in the accompanying tables. 

Positive Drug Test Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region Specimens 

Collected and
 
 Region 1: 1.33% 

Region Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

1 5,660 75 

2 35,952 410 

3 15,793 279 

4 9,408 124 

5 20,747 359 

6 10,476 226 

7 2,857 38 

8 5,793 134 

9 19,928 392 

10 4,638 50 

Positives by Region Region 2: 1.14% 
 
 


Region 3: 1.77% 
 
 


Region 4: 1.32% 
 
 


Region 5: 1.73% 
 
 


Region 6: 2.16% 
 
 


Region 7: 1.33% 
 
 


Region 8: 2.31% 
 
 


Region 9: 1.97% 
 
 


Region 10: 1.08% 
 
 


Screens 

Region 

Region Screens Positives 

1 2 

2

3 22 

4 8 

5 

6 5 

7 2 

8 0 

9 9 

10 855 2 

Positive Alcohol Test Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region 

Collected and 

Positives by 

Confirmed 

1,264 

23 

7,983 

4,699 

5,730 18 

3,811 

694 

823 

4,707 

10,510 

These data are subdivided by employer type and by employer size on the 

following pages. The drug positive rates by employer type, the drug positive rates 

for large employers, and the alcohol positive rates for large employers are 

displayed on maps. The statistical basis for the rates is provided in the 

accompanying tables. Because of the small sizes of their populations, the other 

rates appear in tables, along with the statistical basis for those rates. 

2001 Annual Report 3-22 
Positive Drug Test Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region and Employer Type 

T = transit C = contractor 

Drug Specimens Collected and Verified 

Positives by Region and Employer Type 

Transit Contractor 

Specimens Verified Specimens Verified Region Collected Positives Collected Positives 

1 3,539 35 2,121 40
 
 
 

2 29,801 261 6,151 149 

3 12,365 164 3,428 115 

4 6,450 42 2,958 82 

5 16,223 176 4,524 183 

6 6,718 98 3,758 128 

7 2,545 27 312 11 

8 3,312 68 2,481 66 

9 11,981 136 7,947 256 

10 3,702 29 936 21 

Alcohol Data for Four Test Types Combined by Region and Employer Type 

Transit Contractor 

Region Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Positive 

Rate Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

Positive 

Rate 

1 961 2 0.21 484 0 0.00 

2 10,122 22 0.22 2,300 8 0.35 

3 7,441 18 0.24 1,361 4 0.29 

4 3,915 8 0.20 841 0 0.00 

5 5,551 18 0.32 849 1 0.12 

6 3,341 4 0.12 531 1 0.19 

7 730 3 0.41 18 0 0.00 

8 707 0 0.00 266 0 0.00 

9 3,928 6 0.15 1,410 5 0.35 

10 803 2 0.25 108 0 0.00 

3-23 2001 Annual Report 
Positive Drug Test Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region and Employer Size—Large 

Specimens Collected

& Positives by Region

and Large Employers 

Region Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

1 5,168 70 

2 35,257 404 

3 15,372 274 

4 8,432 106 

5 19,586 337 

6 10,089 218 

7 1,838 31 

8 5,471 122 

9 19,229 370 

10 4,260 48 

Positive Alcohol Test Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region and Employer Size—Large 

Screens Collected & 

Positives by Region 

and Large Employers 

Region Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

1 1,086 2 

2 10,234 22 

3 7,885 22 

4 4,439 8 

5 5,468 18 

6 3,735 4 

7 501 2 

8 784 0 

9 4,607 9 

10 711 2 

Data for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region and Employer Size—Small and Rural 

Drugs Alcohol 

Small Rural Small Rural 

Specimens Verified Positive Specimens Verified Positive Confirmed Positive Confirmed Positive Region Screens Screens Collected Positives Rate Collected Positives Rate Positives Rate Positives Rate 

1 436 4 0.92% 56 1 1.79% 171 0 0 7 0 0 

2 506 6 1.19% 189 0 0 228 0 0 48 1 2.08% 

3 298 4 1.34% 123 1 0.81% 68 0 0 30 0 0 

4 367 11 3.00% 609 7 1.15% 81 0 0 179 0 0 

5 757 14 1.85% 404 8 1.98% 171 0 0 91 0 0 

6 272 7 2.57% 115 1 0.87% 43 1 2.33% 33 0 0 

7 129 1 0.45% 890 6 0.67% 27 0 0 166 0 0 

8 0 0 0 322 12 3.73% 0 0 0 39 0 0 

9 264 17 6.44% 435 5 0.31% 17 0 0 83 0 0 

10 298 1 0.34% 80 1 1.25% 130 0 0 14 0 0 

2001 Annual Report 3-24 
3-25 2001 Annual Report 

The data for calculating the verified positive rates by region for random tests 

alone appear in the tables of regional random test violation data, in Section 

3.1.2.

combined as non-random test data, are insufficient to calculate meaningful rates 

or to accurately normalize the data reported. 

3.4 Type of Drug 

The verified positive rates5 for each type of drug tested for are presented for each 

test type and for the four test types combined in the following graph. Because of 

the large number of rates below 1.0 percent, the space below “1.0” has been 

expanded under the divider line to allow greater clarity in presenting those rates. 

The accompanying table provides the statistical basis for the positive rates.

pie charts that follow show the percentage of total drug test positives by drug 

type for each test type and for the four test types combined. hese data are 

subdivided by employer type, by employer size, and by employee category later in 

this section.

Positive Rates5 by Drug Type and Test Type

5 For clarity in presenting the test results, “positive rate” is used differently in this report than in 

Part 655. Here, it does not include refusals. See the text box in Section 2.3 for a full explanation.

Specimens Collected and Positives by Drug Type and Test Type

Specimens Verified itives

Collected Marijuana PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Random 77,774 325 280 5 11 28

Post-Accident 8,507 49 65 0 5 3 

Reasonable Suspicion 509 10 27 0 6 2 

Pre-Employment 44,462 841 420 25 29 30

Total 131,252 1,225 792 30 51 63 

0.04

0.42

0.36

0.010.01 0.04

0.58

0.76

0.06 0

0.39

1.96

5.30

1.18

 0 0.07

 1.89

0.94

0.06 0.07 0.05

0.93

0.60

0.02 0.04

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

% M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A

 Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines

Regional data for the other three test types, either individually or 

Test Data by

The

T

Pos

Cocaine
2001 Annual Report 3-26

Percentage by Drug Type of Total Drug Detections for Each Test Type 

3.4.1 by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Type 

The following three graphs and two tables subdivide the drug type/test type data 

by employer type. 

space below “1.0” has been expanded under the divider line in each of these 

three graphs to allow greater clarity in presenting those rates.

Positive Rates by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Type

 Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

T = transit C = contractor 

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines

0.14

0.64

1.75

0.39

1.17

0.02

0.003

0.01

0.4

0.2

%

T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C

M C P O A M C P O A

Post-Accident Pre-Employment

0 0

1.28

0.40

1.74

0.52

0.03 0.170.010.12

1.43

2.45

0.58

1.39

0.08 0.03 0.060.070.050.08

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

%

T C T C T C T C T C 

M C P O A

Reasonable Suspicion

2.80

1.74

9.35

4.23

2.80

0.75

0.25

0.93

0 0

0.70

0.36

0.69

0.30

0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.14 0.11

0.4

0.2

%

T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C

M C P O A M C P O A

Random Combined

1.0

0.8

0.6

1.0

0.8

0.6

2.0

9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

M = 50.1% C = 43.1%

P = 0.8%

O = 1.7%

A = 4.3% 

M = 40.2% 

C = 53.3% 

P = 0%

O = 4.1% A = 2.4%

M = 22.2% 

C = 60.0% 

P = 0%

O = 13.3% 

A = 4.5%

M = 62.5%

C = 31.2%

P = 1.9% 

O = 2.2%

A = 2.2%

M = 56.7% C = 36.7%

P = %

O = 2.3% A = 2.9%

Data

Because of the large number of rates below 1.0 percent, the 

1.4
3-27 2001 Annual Report 

 3.4.2

The graphs and tables in this section subdivide the drug type/test type data by 

employer size. he graph below contains rates for large employers. The three 

graphs on the next page contain rates for small and rural employers. Because of 

the large number of rates below 1.0 percent for small and rural employers, the 

space below “1.0” has been expanded under the divider line in those graphs to 

allow greater clarity in presenting those rates. 

Positive Rates by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Size—Large

Percentage by Drug Type of Total Drug Detections for Each Test Type by Employer Type

Transit Contractor

Marijuana Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines Marijuana Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Random 52.7 43.0 0.5 44.3 43.3 1.5

Post-Accident 41.5 0 3.1 1.5 38.6 0 5.3 3.5

Reasonable Suspicion 25.0 60.7 3.6 17.65 58.8 17.65 5.9

Pre-Employment 66.4 26.9 1.5 60.0 34.0 2.1

Combined 58.1 0.9 2.4 2.4 55.3 37.1 1.8

 Specimens Collected and Positives by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Type

Specimens Verified itives

Collected Marijuana PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor

Random 65,008 12,766 235 90 192 88 2 10 18

Post-Accident 6,782 1,725 27 22 35 30 0

Reasonable Suspicion 402 107 7 3 17 10 0 0 3 3 1 1

Pre-Employment 24,444 20,018 350 491 142 278 17

Total 96,636 34,616 619 606 386 406 10

0.03

0.40

0.37

0.01 0.01 0.04

0.57

0.77

0.05 0

0.40

2.02

5.44

1.01

 0 0.07

1.89

0.97

0.060.06 0.05

0.92

0.62

0.020.04

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

%

 M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A

 Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines

Data by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Size 

T

1.6 2.2 2.0 8.9

53.9 52.6

0 10.7

2.7 2.5 1.8 2.1

36.2 2.3 3.5

Pos

Cocaine

Transit Transit

473

21320

8 3 1514

3825252620

Contractor Contractor

0

1 17
2001 Annual Report 3-28

Positive Rates by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Size—Small and Rural

S = small R = rural

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines

 Specimens Collected and Positives by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employer Size

Specimens Verified itives

Collected Marijuana PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Large Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural

Random 74,080 1,808 1,886 297 12 16 272 4 4 5 0 0 11 0 0 24 3 1

Post-Accident 8,197 165 145 47 2 0 63 1 1 0 1 3 0 0

Reasonable Suspicion 496 6 7 10 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

Pre-Employment 41,929 1,348 1,185 794 33 14 405 10 0 0 0 2 28 1 1

Total 124,702 3,327 3,123 1,148 47 30 767 15 10 30 0 0 47 1 3 57 4 2

Percentage by Drug Type of Positives for Each Test Type by Employer Size

Large Rural

M MO A M O A

Random 48.8 44.7 0.8 1.8 3.9 63.2 21.0 0 0 15.8 76.2 19.0 0 0 4.8

Post-Accident 40.2 53.8 0 3.4 2.6 66.7 33.3 0 0 0 0 50.0 0 50.0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 22.7 61.4 0 11.4 4.5 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pre-Employment 62.1 31.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 75.0 22.7 0 0 2.3 63.6 22.7 0 9.1 4.6

Combined 56.0 37.4 1.5 2.3 2.8 70.1 22.4 0 1.5 6.0 66.7 22.2 0 6.7 4.4

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

S SRS RS S R SRS RS

M C P O A M C P O A

Random Combined

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

%

Post-Accident Pre-Employment

0.45

1.41

0.84

0.10 0.03 0.06 0.12

0.85

0.66

0.22 0.170.05 0

16.0

12.0

8.0

4.0

% M C P O A

Reasonable Suspicion

0 0 0 0.21 0 0

0.96

%

S R S R S R S S S R S R S R S

M A M C P O A

0.2

0

1.18

2.45

0.42

0.74

0.170.070.08

1.21

0.69 0.61 0.69

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S R R RS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

16.67

0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

S SRS RS S R SRS RS

M C P O A M C P O A

Random Combined

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

%

Post-Accident Pre-Employment

0.45

1.41

0.84

0.10 0.03 0.06 0.12

0.85

0.66

0.22 0.170.05 0

16.0

12.0

8.0

4.0

% M C P O A

Reasonable Suspicion

0 0 0 0.21 0 0

0.96

%

S R S R S R S S S R S R S R S

M A M C P O A

0.2

0

1.18

2.45

0.42

0.74

0.170.070.08

1.21

0.69 0.61 0.69

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S R R RS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

16.67

0

Pos

Cocaine

Small

0

0

255

Small

C

0

P

R

R

C

R

0

1

2

O C

S

R R

P

S

4

5

7

P C

R

R

A

R

S

O

S

0

0

P

R S

R

S

R
3.4.3 Data by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employee Category 

The following five graphs subdivide the drug type/test type positive rates by 

employee category. A graph is presented for the four test types combined and for 

each of the test types. The graphs show the positive rates by employee category 

for each drug type. The graphs are followed by a table that provides the 

statistical basis for the rates. That table is followed by another table that shows 

the percentage of total drug test positives by drug type for each test type and for 

the four test types combined. 

Positive Rates for Four Test Types Combined by Drug Type and Employee Category 

0.56 

1.02 

0.80 

0.68 

0.37 0.35 

0.68 

0.39 

0.62 

0.29 

0

0.05 0.03 0.05 0 

0.060.01 0 0.04 0 0.02 0.04 0.05

0 

% 

) iat

/

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D 

/

EM /D 

0 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Marijuana Cocaine Phencyclidine (PCP Op es Amphetamines 

RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 
 
 
 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 
 
 
 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 
 
 
 

Random Positive Rates by Drug Type and Employee Category 

% 

) i

/

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D 

/

EM /D 

0.32 

0.41 

0.50 

0.23 

0.27 

0.19 

0.42 

0.26 0.23

0.20 

0 0.02 0.01 

0.05 0.05 

0 00 0 0 0 0 

Marijuana Cocaine Phencyclidine (PCP Opiates Amphetam nes 

RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.01 0.01 0.01 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 
 
 
 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 
 
 
 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 
 
 
 

3-29 2001 Annual Report 
Post-Accident Positive Rates by Drug Type and Employee Category 

% 

) i

RVO ASP RVO /

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D 

/

EM /D 

0 0 0 0 0

0.80 

1.08 

1.30 

0.54 

1.05 1.08 

1.30 

0.06 0.04 0 

0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 

Marijuana Cocaine Phencyclidine (PCP Opiates Amphetam nes 

ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 


RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 
 
 
 


RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 


CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 
 
 
 


ASP = Armed Security Personnel 
 
 
 


Two of the rates in the graph below are presented on a separate scale from the 

other rates because their sample sizes are too small to be considered 

representative of their populations. 

Reasonable Suspicion Positive Rates by Drug Type and Employee Category 

% 

) i

RVO /

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D 

/

EM /D 

5.08 

20.0 

4.76 

0 

4.78 

40.0 

6.78 

0 0 

1.44 0.48 0 0 1.20 

4.76 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Marijuana Cocaine Phencyclidine (PCP Opiates Amphetam nes 

ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

40.0 

20.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 
 
 
 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 
 
 
 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 
 
 
 

2001 Annual Report 3-30 
Pre-Employment Positive Rates by Drug Type and Employee Category 

% 

) i

RVO ASP RVO /

EM /D 

2.00 

1.66 

2.39 

0.62 

0.90 

0 0.05 0.12 0.27 0 0.27 

0.99 

1.86 

0.74 

0.57 0.51 

0.08 0.02 0

/

EM /D

/

EM /D

/

EM /D 

/

EM /D 

0 0 0 0

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

Marijuana Cocaine Phencyclidine (PCP Opiates Amphetam nes 

ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RVO ASP RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

0.07 0.07 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RV& RVC CDL

N-RV 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation
 
 
 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 
 
 
 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching
 
 
 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle
 
 
 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 
 
 
 

Specimens Collected and Positives by Drug Type, Test Type, and Employee Category 

Specimens 

Collected Marijuana Cocaine 

Verified ives 

PCP 

Posit 

Opiates Amphetamines 

RVO 52,323 215 218 3 9 24 

RV&EM 17,757 89 46 2 2 2 

Random RVC/D 4,400 12 9 0 0 2 

CDL/N-RV 1,732 4 4 0 0 0 

ASP 1,562 5 3 0 0 0 

RVO 7,896 43 63 0 5 3 

RV&EM 381 4 0 0 0 0 

Post-Accident RVC/D 77 1 1 0 0 0 

CDL/N-RV 93 1 1 0 0 0 

ASP 60 0 0 0 0 0 

RVO 418 5 20 0 6 2 

RV&EM 59 3 4 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion RVC/D 21 1 1 0 0 0 

CDL/N-RV 5 1 2 0 0 0 

ASP 6 0 0 0 0 0
 
 
 

RVO 36,220 721 359 17 24 29 

RV&EM 5,666 94 42 7 4 1 

Pre-Employment RVC/D 974 6 5 0 0 0 

CDL/N-RV 377 9 7 1 1 0 

ASP 1,225 11 7 0 0 0 

RVO 96,857 984 660 20 44 58 

RV&EM 23,863 190 92 9 6 3 

Total RVC/D 5,472 20 16 0 0 2 

CDL/N-RV 2,207 15 14 1 1 0 

ASP 2,853 16 10 0 0 0 

3-31 2001 Annual Report 
Percentage by Drug Type for Positives for Each Test Type by Employee Category 

Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle and Revenue Vehicle CDL/Non-Revenue Armed Security 

Operation Equipment Maintenance Control/Dispatching Vehicle Personnel 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

Random 45.946.5 0.6 1.9 5.1 63.1 32.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 52.1 39.2 0 0 8.7 50.0 50.0 0 0 0 62.5 37.5 0 0 0 

Post-Accident 37.7 55.3 0 4.4 2.6 100 0 0 0 0 50.0 50.0 0 0 0 50.0 50.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Reasonable Suspicion 15.2 60.6 0 18.2 6.0 42.9 57.1 0 0 0 50.0 50.0 0 0 0 33.3 66.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pre-Employment 62.7 31.2 1.5 2.1 2.5 63.5 28.4 4.7 2.7 0.7 55.5 45.5 0 0 0 50.0 38.8 0 5.6 5.6 61.2 38.8 0 0 0

Combined 55.7 37.4 1.1 2.5 3.3 63.3 30.7 3.0 2.0 1.0 52.6 42.1 0 0 5.3 48.4 45.2 3.2 3.2 0 61.5 38.5 0 0 0

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

3.5 Non-Positive Alcohol Violations 

Data are presented for alcohol violations other than positive test results: 

• Confirmed specimens with breath alcohol levels between 0.02 and 0.039 

• Three non-test violations: 

– Alcohol use before performing a safety-sensitive function 

– Alcohol use within 4 hours of performing a safety-sensitive function 

– Alcohol use before taking a required post-accident test 

3.5.1 Confirmed Alcohol Specimens Between 0.02 and 0.039 

The following tables present data on confirmed alcohol specimens produced at 
 

levels between 0.02 and 0.039 for each test type and for all four types combined. 
 

The data presented are the percentage of such specimens of the total number of 
 

screens produced and the statistical basis for those percentages. (For all test 
 

types except reasonable suspicion and for all the types combined, the percentages 
 

of the entire number of screens and the percentage of the total number with levels 
 

lower than 0.04 are the same after rounding because the rates are extremely low. 
 

Both rates are included in the “percent of total screens” column for reasonable 
 

suspicion tests.) 
 

The table at right presents the total Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 
 number of violations. The tables below 
 by Test Type subdivide those numbers by employer 
 Percent Between Total of Total 0.02 and type, by employer size, by employer size 
 Screens Screens 0.039 and type combined, by employee 
 Random 0.06 17 26,465 category, and by FTA region, 
 Post-Accident 0.06 5 7,970

respectively. The rates by FTA region 
 1.88/ Reasonable Suspicion 9 479 2.06* are presented for all four test types 
 

combined and for random tests, but not Pre-Employment 0.02 1 6,162 
 

for the other three test types Total 0.08 32 41,076 *
 

individually. The bottom number is the percentage of the total number of screens excluding 

confirmed positives. Both percentages are the same for the other test types. 

2001 Annual Report 3-32 
Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 by Test Type and Employer Type 

Transit Contractor 

Percent 

of Total 

Screens 

Between 

0.02 and 

0.039 

Total 

Screens 

Percent 

of Total 

Screens 

Between 

0.02 and 

0.039 

Total 

Screens 

Random 0.07 15 22,365 0.05 2 4,100 

Post-Accident 0.03 2 6,607 0.22 3 1,363 

Reasonable Suspicion 1.24/ 

1.35* 5 402 5.19 

5.97* 4 77 

Pre-Employment 0.02 1 4,095 0 0 2,067 

Total 0.07 23 33,469 0.12 9 7,607 

*The bottom number is the percentage of the total number of screens excluding confirmed positives. Both 

percentages are the same for the other test types. 

Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 by Test Type and Employer Size 

Large Small Rural 

Percent 

of Total 

Screens 

Between 

0.02 and 

0.039 

Total 

Screens 

Percent 

of Total 

Screens 

Between 

0.02 and 

0.039 

Total 

Screens 

Percent 

of Total 

Screens 

Between 

0.02 and 

0.039 

Total 

Screens 

Random 0.07 17 25,323 0 0 584 0 0 558 

Post-Accident 0.06 5 7,733 0 0 141 0 0 96 

Reasonable Suspicion 1.90/ 

2.08* 9 473 0 0 4 0 0 2 

Pre-Employment 0.02 1 5,921 0 0 207 0 0 34 

Total 0.08 32 39,450 0 0 936 0 0 690 

*The bottom number is the percentage of the total number of screens excluding confirmed positives. Both percentages are the sam e for the other test types. 

Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 by Test Type, Employer Size, and Employer Type 

Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

.02- .02- .02- .02- .02- .02- %TS TS %TS TS %TS TS %TS TS %TS TS %TS TS .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 

Random 0.07 15 21,573 0.05 2 3,750 0 0 368 0 0 216 0 0 424 0 0 134

Post-Accident 0.03 2 6,427 0.23 3 1,306 0 0 111 0 0 30 0 0 69 0 0 27 

Reasonable 1.27/ 5.33/ 5 398 4 75 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Suspicion 1.36* 6.15*

Pre-Employment 0.03 1 3,930 0 0 1,991 0 0 131 0 0 76 0 0 34 0 0 0

Total 0.09 23 32,328 0.13 9 7,122 0 0 613 0 0 323 0 0 528 0 0 162

TS = total screens 

*The bottom number is the percentage of the total number of screens excluding confirmed positives. Both percentages are the sam e for the other test types. 

Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 by Test Type and Employee Category 

Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle and Revenue Vehicle CDL/Non-Revenue Armed Security 

Operation Equipment Maintenance Control/Dispatching Vehicle Personnel 

Percent 0.02 Percent 0.02 Percent 0.02 Percent 0.02 Percent 0.02 Total Total Total Total Total of Total to of Total to of Total to of Total to of Total to Screens Screens Screens Screens Screens Screens 0.039 Screens 0.039 Screens 0.039 Screens 0.039 Screens 0.039 

Random 0.08 14 17,342 0.05 3 5,920 0 0 1,339 0 0 1,162 0 0 702 

Post-Accident 0.07 5 7,389 0 0 364 0 0 73 0 0 84 0 0 60

Reasonable 2.08/ 1.56/
 
 8 384 1 64 0 0 22 0 0 6 0 0 3 Suspicion 2.22* 2.08*

Pre-Employment 0 0 4,794 0.12 1 859 0 0 137 0 0 83 0 0 289
 


Total 0.02 27 29,909 0.07 5 7,207 0 0 1,571 0 0 1,335 0 0 1,054

*The bottom number is the percentage of the total number of screens excluding confirmed positives. Both percentages are the same for the other test types. 

3-33
 2001 Annual Report 
Random Alcohol Confirmations Total Alcohol Confirmations 

Between 0.02 and 0.039 Between 0.02 and 0.039 for Four 

by FTA Region Test Types Combined by FTA Region 

Region 

Percent 

of Total 

Screens 

Between 

0.02 and 

0.039 

Total 

Screens 

1 0 0 891 

2 0.08 6 7,119 

3 0.04 2 4,992 

4 0 0 3,137 

5 0.09 3 3,289 

6 0.10 3 2,915 

7 0 0 460 

8 0 0 525 

9 0.08 2 2,425 

10 0.14 1 712 

Region 

Percent 

of Total 

Screens 

Between 

0.02 and 

0.039 

Total 

Screens 

1 0.16 2 1,264 

2 0.07 7 10,510 

3 0,05 4 7,983 

4 0.04 2 4,699 

5 0.10 6 5,730 

6 0.10 4 3,811 

7 .43 0 1 694 

8 .24 0 2 823 

9 0.06 3 4,707 

10 0.12 1 855 

3.5.2 Non-Test Alcohol Violations 

Because non-test violations cannot be expressed as a rate, the number of instances 

reported have been normalized for the total number of employers by each size 

category. Data are provided for each of the three non-test violations and for the 

total of the three violations. The first table presents the total number of violations. 

The other tables subdivide those numbers by employer type and by employer size, 

respectively. The table of violations by size also subdivides the large employer data 

by employer type. Non-test violations were not reported by employee category. 

Non-Test Alcohol Violations Normalized Reported 

Alcohol use before performing a safety-sensitive function 0 0 

Alcohol use within 4 hours of performing a safety-sensitive function 11 5 

Alcohol use before taking a required post-accident test 4 2 

Total 15 7 

Non-Test Alcohol Violations by Employer Type Normalized Rep orted 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Alcohol use before performing a safety-sensitive function 0 0 0 0 

Alcohol use within 4 hours of performing a safety-sensitive function 9 2 4 1 

Alcohol use before taking a required post-accident test 2 2 1 1 

Total 11 4 5 2 

Non-Test Alcohol Violations by Employer Size Normalized Reported 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Total T C Total T C 

Alcohol use before performing a safety-sensitive function 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Alcohol use within 4 hours of performing a safety-sensitive function 11 9 2 0 0 5 4 1 0 0 

Alcohol use before taking a required post-accident test 4 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 

Total 15 11 4 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 

T = transit C = contractor 

2001 Annual Report 3-34 
4. Return to Duty Data 

This chapter presents data on persons who have been returned to FTA safetysensitive duty after testing positive for drugs or alcohol or refusing to submit to 

a required test and who have subsequently completed a rehabilitation program 

designed by a substance abuse professional (SAP). Section 4.1 presents 

statistics on the number of persons returned to duty in calendar year 2001. 

Section 4.2 summarizes data for return to duty tests performed in 2001. 

Section 4.3 summarizes data for follow-up tests performed in 2001. The results 

are sorted and presented by various criteria: employer type, employer size, 

employee category, FTA region, and drug type. 

As mentioned in Chapter 1, only a portion of the recipients and subrecipients 

were requested to report their test data in 2001. Those employers were 

randomly selected from three stratified sample populations, based on employer 

size—406 large employers, 72 small employers, and 187 rural employers.6 To 

make the sample data meaningful, the results are expressed as rates where 

possible, i.e., in Sections 4.2 and 4.3. The number of persons returned to duty 

(in Section 4.1) are normalized by each size category to represent the total 

number of employers. The actual number of instances reported is also 

presented to provide basis for the rates or normalization. 

4.1 Employees Returned to Duty in 2001 

Data are presented for the number of employees who were returned to duty 

following a drug violation and following an alcohol violation. However, one 

person may test positive for both drugs and alcohol, and most employers test the 

returned employees for both drugs and alcohol. Thus, the numbers for drugs 

and alcohol cannot be added to obtain the total number of persons returned to 

duty. No statistics were reported for the total number returned to duty. 

Because these data cannot be expressed as a rate, the number of instances 

reported have been normalized for the total number of

Employees Returned to Duty employees by each size category. The table at left 

Drugs Alcohol presents the number of employees returned to duty. Normalized 689 133 These data are subdivided by employer type and by Reported 289 53 employer size in the tables below. 

Employees Returned to Duty by Employer Type Employees Returned to Duty by Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol Drugs Alcohol

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Normalized 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

598 91 120 13 Normalized 585 21 83 105 5 23 

Reported 251 38 48 5 Reported 274 4 11 49 1 3

6 The population that surrounds the transit organization determines the size of operation for 

each agency. Large, small, and rural organizations are categorized by a population of 200,000 

or more, 50,000 to 200,000, and less than 50,000, respectively. 

4-1 2001 Annual Report 
The data by employer size are further subdivided by employer type in the next 

table. Employees returned to duty were not reported by employee category. 

Employees Returned to Duty by Employer Size and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large 

Transit Contractor

Small 

 Transit Contractor T

Rural 

ransit Contractor 

Large 

Transit Contractor

Small 

 Transit Contractor

Rural 

 Transit Contractor 

Normalized 512 73 16 5 60 23 94 11 5 0 23 0 

Reported 240 34 3 1 8 3 44 5 01 03 

4.2 Return to Duty Test Data 

The positive rates for return to duty drug tests and alcohol Return to Duty 

Positive Rates	 	 	 tests7 are shown in the graph at left. The statistical basis for 

DRUGS 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0 

% 

ALCOHOL 

2.10 

those rates are provided in the table below. The drug test 

rates are subdivided by employer type and size, by employee 

category, by FTA region, and by

Return to Duty Specimens/ type of drug later in this section. Screens Collected and Positives Because no confirmed positive Drugs Alcohol return to duty alcohol tests were * Specimens Collected 859 513 reported in 2001, alcohol rates

Verified Positives 18 0 are not included in the graphs

*Total screens collected containing subdivided data. 

4.2.1 Return to Duty Test Data by Employer Type and Size 

The following three graphs present the return to duty drug test rates by 

employer type, by employer size, and by employer size and type, respectively. 

The three tables that follow provide the statistical basis for the positive rates. 

Return to Duty Positive Return to Duty Positive Return to Duty Positive Rates by 

Rates by Employer Type Rates by Employer Size Employer Size and Employer Type 

DRUGS 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

% 

DRUGS 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

0 

% Large Small Rural 

1.40 

1.40 

Transit Contractor 

1.96 

T = transit C = contractor 

*Sample is not to scale. Size is too small to be 

considered representative of population. 

7A positive alcohol test is a specimen with a confirmed breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

DRUGS 

18.0 * 18.18

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 4.48 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 1.48 

0 0 0 

T C T C T C % Large Small Rural 

8.70 

5.48 

2001 Annual Report 4-2 
Return to Duty Specimens/Screens Collected Return to Duty Specimens/Screens Collected 

and Positives by Employer Type and Positives by Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Specimens * * Specimens * * * 713 146 475 38 816 20 23 495 17 1 Collected Collected 

Verified Verified 10 8 0 0 16 0 2 0 0 0 Positives Positives 

*Total screens collected *Total screens collected 

Return to Duty Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employer Size and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Specimens Collected 682 134 19 1 12 11 458*

 37* 16 1* 1* 0* 

Verified Positives 10 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

*Total screens collected 

4.2.2 Return to Duty Test Data by Employee Category 

The following graph shows the verified positive rates for return to duty drug tests 

by employee category. The table next to it provides the statistical basis for the 

positive rates. These data are further subdivided by employer type and by 

employer size on the next page. 

Return to Duty

Positive Rates 

Return to Duty Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives 

DRUGS 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

0 

RVO EM /D N-RV ASP 

0 

by Employee Category 

4.55 

2.38 

0.64 

RV& RVC CDL/ 

by Employee Category 

Drugs Alcohol 

Specimens Verified Confirmed Screens Collected Positives Positives 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 671 16 396 0 

Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 157 1 96 0

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 22 1 12 0

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 8 0 8 0

Armed Security Personnel 1 0 1 0

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment 

Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Note:	 Because there were no positive return to duty drug tests 

reported for the CDL/N-RV and ASP categories in 2001, the 

next two graphs do not include those categories. 

4-3 2001 Annual Report 
Return to Duty Positive Rates Return to Duty Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives 

by Employee Category and by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Employer Type Drugs

DRUGS Transit Contracto r

10.0 Specimens Verified Specimens Verified 9.0 Collected Positives Collected Positives 

8.0 Revenue Vehicle Operation 541 9 130 7

7.0 Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 147 0 10 1

6.0 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 17 1 5 0

5.0 5.88 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 7 0 1 0

5.38 Armed Security Personnel 1 0 0 0 4.0 

Alcohol 3.0 

Transit Contractor 

2.0 

1.0 1.66 

Screens Confirmed 

Positives Screens Confirmed 

Positives 

T C 

0 

T C T

0 

C 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 

369 

90 0 

0 27 

6 

0 

0 

% RVO RV&EM RVC/D 

T = Transit C = Contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment 

Maintenance 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Armed Security Personnel 

8 

7 

1 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

Return to Duty Positive Rates Return to Duty Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives 

by Employee Category and by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Employer Size Drugs 

DRUGS Large Small Rural

10.0 SC VP SC VP SC VP

10.5 Revenue Vehicle Operation 635 14 17 0 19 2 9.0 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 152 1 2 0 3 0

8.0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 20 1 1 0 1 0

7.0 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 8 0 0 0 0 0

6.0 Armed Security Personnel 1 0 0 0 0 0

5.0 Alcohol 

4.0 5.00 Large Small Rural

S CP S CP S CP 3.0 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 380 0 15 0 1 0

2.0 Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 95 0 1 0 0 0 2.20 

1.0 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 11 0 1 0 0 0

0 0.66 00 0 0 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 8 0 0 0 0 0

% L S R L S R L S R Armed Security Personnel 1 0 0 0 0 0 RVO RV&EM RVC/D 

L = large S = small R = rural SC = specimens collected VP = verified positives 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation S = screens CP = confirmed positives 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

2001 Annual Report 4-4 
4.2.3 Return to Duty Test Data by FTA Region 

The following map shows the verified positive rates for return to duty drug tests 

for each of FTA’s ten regions. The shading variations enable quick comparison. 

The exact rates are also included. The statistical basis for those rates is 

provided in the accompanying table. The table following the map shows the 

number of return to duty alcohol screens collected in each FTA region. 

Positive Return to Duty Drug Test Rates by FTA Region 

Return to Duty

Specimens Collected

Region Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

1 0 

2 3 

3 2 

4 0 

5 253 7 

6 1 

7 2 

8 1 

9 2 

10 18 0 

& Positives by Region 

15 

268 

67 

29 

23 

16 

32 

138 

Return to Duty Alcohol Screens Collected and Positives by Region 

Region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Screens 12 82 66 16 215 8 12 21 78 3 

Confirmed Positives 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

4.2.4 Return to Duty Test Data by Type of Drug 

The next two tables show return to duty test data for each type of drug tested 

for. The number of drug test specimens collected and the number and percent 

of those that were verified positive are shown at left. The percentage of total 

positives by drug type are shown at right. These data are subdivided by 

employer type, by employer size, and by employee category on the next page. 

Return to Duty Specimens Collected, 

Positives, and Rates by Drug Type 

Percentage by Drug Type for 

Return to Duty Positives 

859 specimens collected 

Positives Percent 

Marijuana 10 1.16 

Cocaine 6 0.70 

PCP 0 0 

Opiates 0 0 

Amphetamines 2 0.23 

Marijuana 55 

Cocaine 33 

PCP 0 

Opiates 0 

Amphetamines 12 

4-5 2001 Annual Report 
Return to Duty Specimens Collected, Positives, 

and Rates by Drug Type and Employer Type Percentage by Drug Type

Transit Contractor for Return to Duty Positives 

713 collected 146 collected by Employer Type 

Positives Percent Positives Percent Transit Contractor 

Marijuana 5 0.70 5 3.42 Marijuana 50.0 62.5

Cocaine 4 0.56 2 1.37 Cocaine 40.0 25.0

PCP 0 0 0 0 PCP 0 0

Opiates 0 0 0 0 Opiates 0 0

Amphetamines 1 0.14 1 0.68 Amphetamines 10.0 12.5

Return to Duty Specimens Collected, Positives, and Rates 

by Drug Type and Employer Size Percentage by Drug Type 

for Return to Duty Positives Large Small Rural 

816 collected 20 collected 23 collected by Employer Size 

Large Small Rural Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 9 1.10 0 0 1 4.35 Marijuana 56.25 0 50.0

Cocaine 6 0.74 0 0 0 0 Cocaine 37.5 0 0

PCP 0 0 0 0 0 0 PCP 0 0 0

Opiates 0 0 0 0 0 0 Opiates 0 0 0

Amphetamines 1 0.12 0 0 1 4.35 Amphetamines 6.25 0 50.0

Return to Duty Specimens Collected, Positives, and Rates 

by Drug Type and Employee Category Percentage by Drug Type

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP for Return to Duty Positives

671collected157collected 22 collected 8 collected 1 collected by Employee Category 

RV& RVC CDL/ Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent RVO ASP EM /D N-RV 

Marijuana 8 1.20 1 0.64 1 4.55 0 0 0 0 M 80.0 10.0 10.0 0 0

Cocaine 6 0.90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 100 0 0 0 0

PCP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0

Opiates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0

Amphetamines 2 0.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 100 0 0 0 0

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

4.3 Follow-Up Test Data 

Follow-Up Positive Rates 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

% 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

2.18 

0.27 

The positive rates for follow-up drug tests and alcohol 

tests are shown in the graph at left. The statistical basis 

for those rates is provided in the table below. These data 

are subdivided by Follow-Up Specimens/Screens employer type and size, by Collected and Positives 	 employee category, by FTA Drugs Alcohol * region, and by type of drug Specimens Collected 4,956 4,080 later in this section. 

Verified Positives 108 11

*Total screens collected 

2001 Annual Report 4-6 
4.3.1 Follow-Up Test Data by Employer Type and Size 

The following three graphs present the follow-up test rates by employer type, by 

employer size, and by employer size and type, respectively. Because there were 

no confirmed alcohol positives reported by small or rural employers, the graph 

(at right) showing employer size rates subdivided by employer type shows 

alcohol rates only for large employers. The three tables that follow provide the 

statistical basis for the positive rates. 

Follow-Up Positive Rates Follow-Up Positive Rates Follow-Up Positive Rates 

by Empl

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

0 

% T C T C

oyer Type 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

0.31 

2.25 

1.67 

DRUGS 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

8.70 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

0.27 0 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

ALCOHOL 

0 

by Employer Size 

2.12 1.75 

DRUGS 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 1.65 

T % Large 

C 

0 0 

T C T C 

Small Rural Large 

C T 

by Employer Size and Employer Type 

ALCOHOL 

2.18 

9.09 

8.57 

0.31

7.69 

T = transit C = contractor 

T = transit C = contractor 

Follow-Up Specimens/Screens Collected Follow-Up Specimens/Screens Collected 

and Positives by Employer Type and Positives by Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Specimens 

Collected 4,356 600 3,555* 525* Specimens 

Collected 4,853 57 46 4,070* 3* 7* 

Verified 

Positives 

98 10 11 0 Verified 

Positives 

103 1 4 11 0 0 

*Total screens collected *Total screens collected 

Follow-Up Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employer Size and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Specimens Collected 4,308 545 13 44 35 11 3,545*

 525* 3* 0* 7* 0* 

Verified Positives 94 9 1 0 3 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 

*Total screens collected 

4-7 2001 Annual Report 
4.3.2 Follow-Up Test Data by Employee Category 

The following graph shows the positive rates for follow-up drug tests and 

alcohol tests by employee category. The accompanying table provides the 

statistical basis for the positive rates. These data are further subdivided by 

employer type and employer size in the subsequent graphs and tables. 

 Follow-Up Positive Rates Follow-Up Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives 

by Employee Category 

Drugs 

Specimens 

Positives 

i tion 2,747 

i i 1,754 

i tching 260 4 

175 3 

20 0 

Alcohol 

Screens Positives 

i tion 2,235 

i i 1,452 

i tching 250 0 

128 0 

15

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

2.5 

2.0 

2.77 

1.5 

1.0 1.43 1.54 

0.5

0.21 0 0 

% RVO RV&

 EM

 RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP RVO RV& 

EM

 RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

76 

25 

8 

3 

0 

0 0 

Collected 

Verified 

Revenue Veh cle Opera

Revenue Veh cle & Equ pment Maintenance 

Revenue Veh cle Control/Dispa

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle

Armed Security Personnel

Confirmed 

Revenue Veh cle Opera

Revenue Veh cle & Equ pment Maintenance 

Revenue Veh cle Control/Dispa

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle

Armed Security Personnel 

by Employee Category 

1.71 

 0.36 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Note: Because there were no positive follow-up drug tests reported for 

the ASP category in 2001 and there were no positive alcohol 

tests reported for the RVC/D, CDL/N-RV, and ASP categories, 

the next two graphs do not include those columns. 

 Follow-Up Positive Rates

 by Employee Category and Employer Type

 DRUGS ALCOHOL 

3.0 

2.94

 2.0 

3.23 

1 

1.71

 1.0 1.63 1.45 

1.17 1.01 

0 0 0

 T C T C T C T C T C T C 

% RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV RVO

 0.41 0.24 

 RV&EM

 T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

2001 Annual Report 4-8 
*

Follow-Up Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives 

Specimens 

Collected 

Verified 

Positives Screens Confirmed Positives Screens Confirmed Positives 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 2,380 70 367 6 1,940 8 295 0 

Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 1,583 23 171 2 1,263 3 189 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 198 2 62 2 210 0 40 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 175 3 0 0 127 0 1 0 

Armed Security Personnel 20 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 

Follow-Up Positive Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size 

ALCOHOL 

50.0 

100*

 25.0 * 

25.0*

 5.0 

4.0

0

1.17 

0 0 0 0 

Rural Large Large Small Rural Large 

% Revenue Vehicle 

Operation Equipment Maintenance

 Revenue Vehicle CDL/Non-Revenue

 Vehicle 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation

 Revenue Vehicle and

0 0 0

100%

 DRUGS

 6.0

33.33

4.88

 3.0

 2.0 2.79

 1.71 1.0

 0.36 0.21 

 1.32 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Small Rural Small Rural 

 Revenue Vehicle and 

Control/Dispatching Equipment Maintenance 

*Samples with percent positives of 25, 33.3, and 100 are not to scale. Additionally, those samples were based on only 4 specimens, 3

 specimens, and 1 specimen, respectively. The sample sizes are too small to be considered representative of their populations.

Follow-Up Specimens/Screens Collected and Positives by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Specimens Verified Specimens Verified Specimens Verified Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed Screens Screens Screens Collected Positives Collected Positives Collected Positives Positives Positives Positives 

Revenue Vehicle 2,655 74 51 0 41 2 2,226 8 2 0 7 0 Operation 

Revenue Vehicle and 1,747 23 3 1 4 1 1,451 3 1 0 0 0 Equipment Maintenance 

Revenue Vehicle 256 3 3 0 1 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 Control/Dispatching

CDL/Non-Revenue 175 3 0 0 0 0 128 0 0 0 0 0 Vehicle 

Armed Security 20 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 Personnel

4-9 2001 Annual Report 
4.3.3 Follow-Up Test Data by FTA Region 

The following two maps show the positive rates for follow-up drug tests and 

alcohol tests for each of FTA’s ten regions. The shading variations enable quick 

comparison. The exact rates are also included. The statistical basis for those 

rates is provided in the accompanying tables. 

Positive Follow-Up Drug Test Rates by FTA Region Follow-Up

Region 

Region Collected Positives 

1 2 

2 15 

3 12 

4 4 

5 

6 4 

7 

8 9 

9 

10 224 11 

Specimens 

Collected and 

Positives by 

Specimens Verified 

181 

2,010 

866 

57 

733 20 

56 

53 10 

163 

613 21 

Positive Follow-Up Alcohol Test Rates by FTA Region 

Region Screens Positives 

1 169 0 

2 7 

3 753 0 

4 0 

5 455 1 

6 0 

7 1 

8 131 0 

9 553 2 

10 53 0 

Follow-Up Screens 

Collected and 

Positives by Region 

Confirmed 

1,830 

41 

53 

42 

4.3.4 Follow-Up Test Data by Type of Drug 

The next two tables show follow-up test data for each type of drug tested for. 

The number of drug test specimens collected and the number and percent of 

2001 Annual Report 4-10 
those that were verified Follow-Up Specimens Collected, 

positive are shown at left, 
 
 
 Positives, and Rates by Drug Type 

4956 specimens collected 

Positives Percent 

Marijuana 56 1.13 

Cocaine 44 0.89 

PCP 1 0.02 

Opiates 2 0.04 

Amphetamines 6 0.12 

Percentage by Drug Type
 

 and the percentage of total 
 
 

Marijuana 51.4 

Cocaine 40.4 

PCP 0.9 

Opiates 1.8 

Amphetamines 5.5 

for Follow-Up Positives positives by drug type are 
 
 
 

shown at right. These data 
 
 
 

are subdivided by employer 
 
 
 

type, by employer size, and 
 
 
 

by employee category in the 
 
 
 

tables that follow. 
 
 
 

Follow-Up Specimens Collected, Positives, 

and Rates by Drug Type and Employer Type Percentage by Drug Type 

Transit Contractor for Follow-Up Positives 

4356 collected 600 collected by Employer Type 

Transit Contractor Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 51.5 50.0 Marijuana 51 1.17 5 0.83 

Cocaine 40.4 40.0 Cocaine 40 0.92 4 0.67 

PCP 1.0 0 PCP 1 0.02 0 0

Opiates 2 0.04 0 0 Opiates 2.0 0

Amphetamines 5 0.11 1 0.16 Amphetamines 5.1 10.0

Follow-Up Specimens Collected, Positives, and Rates 

by Drug Type and Employer Size Percentage by Drug Type 

Large Small Rural for Follow-Up Positives 

4853 collected 57 collected 46 collected by Employer Size 

Large Small Rural Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 49.0 100 100 Marijuana 51 1.05 1 1.75 4 8.70

Cocaine 42.3 0 0 Cocaine 44 0.91 0 0 0 0

PCP 1 0.02 0 0 0 0 PCP 1.0 0 0

Opiates 2 0.04 0 0 0 0 Opiates 1.9 0 0

Amphetamines 6 0.12 0 0 0 0 Amphetamines 5.8 0 0

Follow-Up Specimens Collected, Positives, and Rates 

by Drug Type and Employee Category Percentage by Drug Type 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP for Follow-Up Positives by 

2747collected 1754collected 260 collected 175 collected 20 collected Employee Category

RV& RVC CDL/ Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent RVO ASP EM /D N-RV 

Marijuana 2 0.07 1 0.06 2 0.77 0 0 0 0 M 40.0 20.0 40.0 0 0

Cocaine 4 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 100 0 0 0 0

PCP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0

Opiates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0

Amphetamines 0 0 1 0.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 100 0 0 0

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

4-11 2001 Annual Report 
5. Trend Analysis 

This chapter compares reported drug test and alcohol test8 results for each year 

from 1996 to 2001. Comparisons are presented for random test violation rates, 

random test positive rates, and the combined positive rates for all the test results 

reported. The random test violation rates are subdivided by employer type. 

In this report, the violation rate9 refers to the number of positives and refusals 

combined per person selected to take a random test: 

Drug violation rate = (verified positives + refusals) ÷ (specimens collected + refusals) 

Alcohol violation rate = (confirmed positives + refusals) ÷ (screens + refusals) 

The positive rate9 does not include refusals. For drugs, it is number of verified 

positives per the total number of specimens collected. For alcohol, it is number of 

confirmed positives per the total number of screens collected. 

5.1 Random Violation Rates 

As mentioned in Section 2.3, the combined percentage of positives plus 

refusals (i.e., the violation rate) is the best indication of the overall level of drug 

use and alcohol misuse, and is used by FTA in determining minimum random 

testing rates for the following year. 

As shown in the next graph, the drug violation rate dropped for the fifth 

consecutive year, in 2001. It dropped below 1.0 for the first time (to 0.89, a drop 

of 15 percent from 2000 and almost 45 percent since 1996). If it is below 1.0 

again in 2002, the FTA Administrator will have the option to reduce the drug 

test quota from 50 percent to 25 percent for 2003. As shown in the second 

graph, however, the rate for contractors was still quite high at 1.76. Though it 

did drop for the third consecutive year, the contractor rate dropped by less than 

5 percent in 2001 and has dropped by only 13 percent since 1998. High rates 

for contractors may dissuade the Administrator from lowering the random drug 

testing rate even if the overall drug violation rate remains below 1.0 in 2002. 

The rate for transit agency employees also dropped for at least the third 

consecutive year. The transit rate dropped by 15 percent in 2001 (to 0.72 

percent), and has dropped by nearly 30 percent since 1998. 

As also shown in the next graph, the random alcohol violation rate rose by 

more than 25 percent in 2001 (to 0.19 percent), but was still nearly 10 percent 

below the rate for 1996. The alcohol violation rate also remained well below the 

8 A positive alcohol test is a specimen with a confirmed breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

9 For clarity in presenting the test results, the terms “violation rate” and “positive rate” are used 

differently in this report than in Part 655. See the text box in Section 2.3 for a full explanation. 

5-1 2001 Annual Report 
threshold of 0.50 percent for the testing rate to be raised from 10 to 25 percent. 

As shown in the third graph in this section, the alcohol rate for contractors 

rose by nearly 50 percent in 2001 and has more than doubled since 1996, but 

was still well below 0.50 percent (at 0.34 percent). The alcohol rate for transit 

agency employees rose for the first time since 1996 (by nearly 15 percent to 

0.16 percent), but was still more than 25 percent lower than the 1996 rate. 

Random Drug and Alcohol Test Violation Rate: 1996 to 2001 

0.00% 

0.25% 

0.50% 

0.75% 

1.00% 

1.25% 

1.50% 

1.75% 

Drugs 1.60% 1.27% 1.20% 1.14% 1.05% 0.89% 

Alcohol 0.21% 0.19% 0.22% 0.18% 0.15% 0.19% 

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Random Drug Test Violation Rate by Employer Type: 1998 to 2001 

0.00% 

0.50% 

1.00% 

1.50% 

2.00% 

2.50% 

Transit 1.01% 0.90% 0.85% 0.72% 

Contractor 2.03% 2.02% 1.85% 1.76% 

1998 1999 2000 2001 

2001 Annual Report 5-2 
Random Alcohol Test Violation Rate by Employer Type: 1996 to 2001 

0.22% 0.18% 0.19% 0.16% 0.16% 

0.16% 0.28% 0.33% 0.29% 0.34% 

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

Transit 0.14% 

Contractor 0.23% 

5.2 Random Positive Rates 

The six-year trends for both the drug and alcohol positive rates were very similar 

to their respective violation rate trends, with slightly lower positive rates than 

violation rates for each year. The only difference in the trends is that the 

positive alcohol rate rose for the second consecutive year in 2001 after dropping 

each year before 2000, as shown below, whereas the alcohol violation rate rose 

in 1998 and 2001 and dropped in 1997, 1999, and 2000. 

Random Drug and Alcohol Test Positive Rates: 1996 to 2001 

1.50% 1.21% 1.07% 1.00% 0.81% 

Alcohol 0.16% 0.14% 0.13% 0.09% 0.14% 

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

0.00% 

0.25% 

0.50% 

0.75% 

1.00% 

1.25% 

1.50% 

Drugs 0.95% 

0.10% 

5-3 2001 Annual Report 
5.3 Combined Positive Rates for All Test Results 

The combined positive rates for all of the six required test circumstances cited 

in Chapter 2—random, post-accident, reasonable suspicion, pre-employment, 

return to duty, and follow-up—have been higher for both drugs and alcohol 

than the random violation rates for each of the six years from 1996 to 2001. 

The fact that the random rate that includes refusals has been lower every year 

for both drugs and alcohol than the combined rate for all tests, including 

random, that does not include refusals is conclusive evidence that random 

testing is an effective deterrent to drug use and alcohol misuse. Furthermore, 

as shown below, the combined rate for drugs has leveled since 1999 (and even 

increased slightly in 2001) while the random violation rate for drugs continued 

to decrease significantly in both 2000 and 2001. 

Total Drug and Alcohol Test Positive Rates for All Six Test Types Combined: 1996 to 2001 

2.00% 1.77% 1.67% 1.59% 1.61% 

Alcohol 0.28% 0.25% 0.29% 0.21% 0.22% 

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

0.00% 

0.25% 

0.50% 

0.75% 

1.00% 

1.25% 

1.50% 

1.75% 

2.00% 

Drugs 1.59% 

0.20% 

2001 Annual Report 5-4 
Appendix A. Glossary 

Accident: An occurrence associated with the operation of a vehicle, if as a result: 

(1) A person dies; 

(2) A person suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical treatment 

away from the scene of the accident; 

(3) With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is 

a bus, electric bus, van, or automobile, one or more vehicles incurs disabling 

damage as the result of the occurrence and is transported away from the scene 

by a tow truck or other vehicle; or 

(4) With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is 

a rail car, trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel, the mass transit vehicle is removed 

from revenue service. 

Alcohol: The intoxicating agent in beverage alcohol, ethyl alcohol, or other low 

molecular weight alcohols including methyl or isopropyl alcohol. 

Alcohol concentration: The alcohol in a volume of breath expressed in terms 

of grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath as indicated by a breath test. 

Alcohol confirmation test: A subsequent test using an EBT, following a 

screening test with a result of 0.02 or greater, that provides quantitative data 

about the alcohol concentration. 

Alcohol positive: See “confirmed positive.” 

Screening test: An analytic procedure to determine whether an employee may 

have a prohibited concentration of alcohol in a breath or saliva specimen. 

Alcohol use: The consumption of any beverage, mixture or preparation, 

including any medication containing alcohol. 

Anti-drug program: A program to detect and deter the use of prohibited drugs 

as required by FTA regulations. 

Armed security personnel: Function including any person who provides 

security to protect persons or property, and any person who carries a firearm. 

Canceled or invalid test: In drug testing, a drug test that has been declared 

invalid by a Medical Review Officer (MRO). In alcohol testing, this would be a 

test that is deemed to be invalid. It is neither a positive nor a negative test. 

A-1 2001 Annual Report 
______________________________________________________________________________ 

CDL/non-revenue vehicle: Job category including any transit employee who 

holds a Commercial Driver's License (CDL), performs a function requiring a 

CDL, and is not included in any other job category. 

Confirmed positive: A specimen with a confirmed breath alcohol level of at 

least 0.04 

Consortium: An entity, including a group or association of employers, 

operators, recipients, subrecipients, or contractors, which provides drug testing 

services and acts on behalf of the employer. 

Contractor: A person or organization that provides a service for a recipient, 

subrecipient, employer, or operator consistent with a specific understanding or 

arrangement. The understanding can be a written contract or an informal 

arrangement that reflects an ongoing relationship between the parties. 

Covered employee: A person, including an applicant, transferee, and certain 

volunteers who perform a safety-sensitive function for a recipient, subrecipient, 

employer, or operator. 

DOT: United States Department of Transportation. 

DOT agency: An agency (or "operating administration") of the U.S. 

Department of Transportation administering regulations requiring drug testing. 

Drug confirmation (or confirmatory) test: A second analytical procedure 

performed on a urine specimen to identify and quantify the presence of a 

specific drug or drug metabolite. 

Drug metabolite: The specific substance produced when the human body 

metabolizes a given prohibited drug as it passes through the body and is 

excreted in urine. 

Drug positive: See “verified positive.” 

Drug screening test (or initial test): An immunoassay screen of a urine 

specimen (collected in accordance with 49 CFR Part 40 and analyzed in a 

DHHS-approved laboratory), to eliminate "negative" urine specimens from 

further analysis. Positive specimens are analyzed again (via a confirmation 

test) to verify and quantify the presence of a specific drug or drug metabolite. 

Education: Efforts that include the display and distribution of informational 

materials, a community service hotline telephone number for employee 

assistance, and the transit entity policy regarding drug use and alcohol misuse 

in the workplace. 

2001 Annual Report A-2 
Employee: A person designated in a DOT agency regulation as subject to drug 

testing and/or alcohol testing. “Employee” includes an applicant for 

employment. 

Employer: A recipient or other entity that provides mass transportation 

services or performs a safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other 

entity. This term includes subrecipients, operators, and contractors. 

Follow-up test: Required of employees who have returned to duty in a safetysensitive position following a positive drug test result or an alcohol test result 

of ≥ 0.04. A minimum of six tests must be performed during the first 12 

months after the employee returns to duty. 

FTA: The Federal Transit Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of 

Transportation. 

Large operator: A recipient or subrecipient primarily operating in an area with 

a population of 200,000 or more. 

Medical review officer (MRO): A licensed physician (Doctor of Medicine or 

Doctor of Osteopathy) responsible for receiving laboratory results generated by 

an employer's drug testing program, who has knowledge of substance abuse 

disorders and has appropriate medical training to interpret and evaluate a 

person's confirmed positive test result together with appropriate medical 

history and any other relevant biomedical information. 

Part 40: US DOT’s testing regulation titled Procedures for Transportation 

Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs, which was enacted in 1994 and 

revised in 2000. 

Part 655: FTA’s testing regulation titled Prevention of Alcohol Misuse and 

Prohibited Drug Use in Transit Operations. In was enacted in 2001 to expand 

the minimum requirements of the revised Part 40 and to combine the previous 

FTA testing regulations enacted in 1994: Part 653, Prevention of Prohibited 

Drug Use in Transit Operations, and Part 654, Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in 

Transit Operations. 

Positive test rate: Used in this report, for clarity in presenting the test results, 

to refer to the number of confirmed alcohol positives per total number of screens 

collected or the number of verified drug positives per total number of specimens 

collected. This definition differs from the regulatory definition (in Part 655), where 

“positive rate” refers to the number of drug test positives and refusals combined 

per person selected to take a random test. 

A-3 2001 Annual Report 
______________________________________________________________________________ 

Post-accident testing: Required testing for prohibited drugs and alcohol, 

following certain mass transit accidents. These accidents include those in 

which a death occurs, medical treatment away from the scene is required, or 

one or more of the vehicles involved incurs disabling damage. 

Pre-employment testing: Testing that is designed to identify applicants who 

have consumed a prohibited drug in the recent past. Employers are prohibited 

from hiring an applicant for a safety-sensitive function unless they have a 

verified negative drug test. 

Random testing: Identifies employees who are using drugs or misusing 

alcohol by using an unpredictable and unannounced testing pattern. Safetysensitive employees are selected based on a scientifically valid random-number 

selection method. It is considered by FTA to be the most effective deterrent to 

drug use and alcohol misuse. 

Random testing rate: The rate at which each employer must conduct random 

tests each year. The number of random drug tests must equal a percentage 

(specified by FTA each year) of the number of the employer’s safety-sensitive 

employees. In 2001, the drug testing rate was 50 percent, and the alcohol 

testing rate was 10 percent. These rates remained the same in 2002. They can 

be amended (per Part 655.45) by the FTA Administrator based on the combined 

percentage of positive tests plus test refusals. 

Reasonable suspicion testing: Required when an employer has reasonable 

suspicion that an employee has used a prohibited drug or has misused alcohol 

as defined in the regulations. Reasonable suspicion testing must be based on 

specific, contemporaneous, articulable observations made by a trained 

supervisor concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body odor of a 

safety-sensitive employee. 

Recipient: An entity receiving financial assistance under Section 5307, 5309, 

or 5311 of the Federal Transit Act or under Section 103(e)(4) of Title 23 of the 

U.S. Code. A direct recipient receives funding directly from FTA, i.e., most large 

transit agencies, state governments, and metropolitan planning organizations 

(MPOs). An indirect recipient receives funding from a state government or from 

an MPO. 

Refusal to submit to an alcohol test: A covered employee fails to provide 

adequate breath for testing without a valid medical explanation. 

Refusal to submit to a drug test: A covered employee fails to provide a urine 

sample as required by 49 CFR Part 40, without a valid medical explanation, 

after the employee has received notice of the requirement to be tested or 

engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the testing process. 

2001 Annual Report A-4 
Return to duty testing: Required before an employee is allowed to return to 

duty to perform a safety-sensitive function following a verified positive drug 

test, an alcohol result of 0.04 or greater, a refusal to submit to a test, or any 

other violation of the regulation. 

Revenue vehicle control/dispatching: Job function including any person 

who controls the dispatch or movement of revenue service vehicles. 

Revenue vehicle operations: Function including any person who operates or 

works as a crewman on revenue service vehicles at any time. 

Rural operator: A subrecipient of 5311 funding primarily operating in an area 

with a population of less than 50,000. 

Safety-sensitive function: Any of the following duties: 

• Operating a revenue service vehicle, including when not in revenue service; 

• 	 	Operating a non-revenue service vehicle, when required to be operated by a 

holder of a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL); 

• Controlling dispatch or movement of a revenue service vehicle; 

• 	 	Maintaining a revenue service vehicle or equipment used in revenue service, 

unless the recipient receives section 5311 funding and contracts out such 

services; and/or 

• Providing security and carrying a firearm. 

Small operator: A recipient or subrecipient primarily operating in an area 

with a population of 50,000 or greater and less than 200,000. 

Substance abuse professional (SAP): A licensed physician (Doctor of Medicine 

or Doctor of Osteopathy), or a licensed or certified psychologist, social worker, 

employee assistance professional, or addiction counselor (certified by the 

National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors Certification 

Commission), with knowledge of and clinical experience in the diagnosis and 

treatment of drug and alcohol-related disorders. 

Transit agency: The public entity that receives the Federal grant (direct grant 

recipient), whether or not that recipient provides mass transit services directly. 

Vehicle and equipment maintenance: Function including any person 

repairing or maintaining revenue service vehicles or other equipment used in 

revenue service. 

Verified positive: A drug test result reviewed by an MRO and determined to 

have evidence of prohibited drug use. 

A-5 2001 Annual Report 
______________________________________________________________________________ 

Violation rate: Used in this report, for clarity in presenting the test results, to 

refer to the number of test positives and refusals combined per person selected 

to take a random test: 

Drug violation rate = (verified positives + refusals) ÷ (specimens collected + refusals) 

Alcohol violation rate = (confirmed positives + refusals) ÷ (screens collected + refusals) 

This definition differs from the regulatory definition (in Part 655), where 

“violation rate” refers only to alcohol testing. The concept of a drug violation 

rate is referred to as the “positive rate” in Part 655. 

2001 Annual Report A-6 
Appendix B. FTA Regions 

The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has ten regions, which are identified 

below. The data provided by these regions have facilitated the comparison of 

drug and alcohol test results and the identification of regional trends. 

U.S. States and Territories Reporting to the 10 FTA Regions 

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 

Connecticut 

Maine 

New Jersey 

New York 

Delaware 

District of 

Alabama 

Florida 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Massachusetts 

New Hampshire 

Rhode Island 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

Columbia 

Maryland 

Pennsylvania 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Mississippi 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Ohio 

Vermont Virginia 

West Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Wisconsin 

Tennessee 

Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9 Region 10 

Arkansas Iowa Colorado American Samoa Alaska 

Louisiana Kansas Montana Arizona Idaho 

New Mexico 

Oklahoma 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

North Dakota 

South Dakota 

California 

Guam 

Oregon 

Washington 

Texas Utah Hawaii 

Wyoming Nevada 

Northern 

Mariana Islands 

B-1 2001 Annual Report 
Appendix C. 
 
 
 


Accident and Fatality Data Associated with Positive
 
 
 


Post-Accident Tests by FTA Region
 
 
 


As mentioned in Section 3.2, the Accidents and Fatalities Resulting in Post-Accident 

number of accidents in which a 

Drugs 

Region Non-Fatal 

Accidents 

Fatal 

Accidents 

Total 

Fatalities 

Non-Fatal 

Accidents 

Fatal 

Accidents 

Total 

Fatalities 

1 3 0 0 0 0 0 

2 14 0 0 2 0 0 

3 6 0 0 2 0 0 

4 4 0 0 1 0 0 

5 36 0 0 0 0 0 

6 18 0 0 1 0 0 

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 8 0 0 0 0 0 

9 29 0 0 2 0 0 

10 2 0 0 0 

Alcohol 

0 0 

Positives by FTA Region 

transit agency employee or 

contractor tested positive in an 

FTA post-accident test cannot be 

expressed as a rate, and the data 

reported cannot be normalized by 

FTA region. The number of 

accidents, fatal accidents, and 

total fatalities that were reported 

are presented by region in the 

table at right. The numbers for 

non-fatal accidents are subdivided 

by employer type and by employer 
 
 
 

size, respectively, in the two tables below. Because no fatal accidents were 
 
 
 

reported in 2001, the columns with fatality data are not included in those tables. 
 
 
 

It should be noted that one person may test positive for both drugs and alcohol 
 
 
 

and that most employers test the employee for both drugs and alcohol. Thus, 
 
 
 

the numbers for drugs and alcohol cannot be added to obtain the total number 
 
 
 

of persons who tested positive. Data were not reported on the total number of 
 
 
 

persons testing positive in a post-accident test or for persons testing positive 
 
 
 

for both drugs and alcohol. 

Non-Fatal Accidents Resulting in Non-Fatal Accidents Resulting in 

Post-Accident Positives Post-Accident Positives 

by FTA Region and Employer Type by FTA Region and Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol Drugs Alcohol

Region Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Region Large Small Rural Large Small Rural

1 3 0 0 0 0 0 

2 

1 3 0 0 0 

8 6 2 0 2 14 0 0 2 0 0 

3 5 1 2 0 3 6 0 0 2 0 0 

4 2 2 1 0 4 3 1 0 1 0 0 

5 27 9 0 0 5 35 0 1 0 0 0 

6 6 16 2 0 1 0 0 

7

 3 15 0 1 

0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 2 6 0 0 8 7 0 1 0 0 0 

9 14 15 0 2 9 29 0 0 2 0 0 

10 1 1 0 0 10 2 0 0 0 0 0

C-1 2001 Annual Report