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This document is disseminated under the sponsorship 

of the Department of Transportation in the interest of 

information exchange. The United States Government 

assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. 

Notice 

The United States Government does not endorse 

products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ 

names appear herein solely because they are 

considered essential to the objective of this report. 
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 

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to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, 

Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 

September 2005 

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

 Final Report 

January 2003–December 2003 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 2003 Annual Report 

5. FUNDING NUMBERS 

TMB8/BB241 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Randy Clarke*, Robert Gaumer*, Michael Redington, and Eve Rutyna 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Research and Innovative Technology Administration 

John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

REPORT NUMBER 

DOT-VNTSC-FTA-05-06 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Federal Transit Administration 

Office of Safety and Security 

Washington, DC 20590 

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING 

 AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

FTA-MA-26-0054-06-1 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

*Chenega Advanced Solutions and Engineering (CASE). 

55 Broadway 

 Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, VA 22161 

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) 

This is the eighth annual report of the results of the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. The 

report summarizes the new reporting requirements introduced for calendar year 2003, the requirements of the overall drug and 

alcohol testing program (the revised CFR Part 40 and CFR Part 655), the results from the data reported for 2003, and the random 

drug and alcohol violation rates (the percentage of persons selected for a random test who produced a positive specimen or refused 

to take the test) for calendar years 1996 through 2003. 

The results of drug tests—for marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), opiates, and amphetamines—are compared with the results 

of alcohol tests for the various types of required tests. Statistics are presented for random, post-accident, reasonable suspicion, and 

pre-employment tests combined and for each individual test type. Those test results are further compared by employer type (transit 

agencies and contractors), employer size (large, small, and rural), employee category, FTA region, and the drug type. 

Statistics on employees returned to duty and results of return to duty tests and follow-up tests are presented separately from results 

of the other four test types because return-to-duty tests and follow-up tests represent a different segment of the test population and 

not all employers offer rehabilitation. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 

alcohol testing, drug testing, random testing, safety-sensitive, return to duty, rates 

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

84 

16. PRICE CODE 

17.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF REPORT 

Unclassified 

18.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF THIS PAGE 

Unclassified 

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF THIS ABSTRACT 

Unclassified 

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 

Unlimited 

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) 

Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 

298-102 

Preface 

This annual report represents the cooperative efforts of many people. Extensive 

appreciation is extended to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal 

Transit Administration, the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, and 

the following individuals who were instrumental in guiding this project and 

contributing to its success: 

Michael Taborn 

Director, Office of Transit Safety and Security 

Federal Transit Administration 

Jerry Powers 

Drug and Alcohol Program Manager 

Federal Transit Administration 

Michael R. Redington 

Program Manager/Transportation Industry Analyst 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 

iii 2003 Annual Report 
METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS 

ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH

LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 

1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 

1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 

1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 

1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 

1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) 

AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE)

1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) 

(cm2) 

1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, 

yd2) 

1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 

1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 

(km2

) 

1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2) 

MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 

1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 

1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 

1 short ton = 2,000 = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kilograms (kg) 

pounds (lb) = 1.1 short tons 

VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 

1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 

1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 

1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 

 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 

1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 

1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft

3

) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 

1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) 

TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) 

[(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F 

QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION

0 1 2 3 4 5 

Inches 

Centimeters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 

QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION 

°F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° 

°C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° 

For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and 

Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98 

2003 Annual Report iv 
Executive Summary 

Federal Transit Administration (FTA) regulations require that each recipient 

(both direct and indirect) of FTA funds (1) implement an anti-drug program to 

deter and detect the use of prohibited drugs, (2) establish a program to prevent 

the misuse of alcohol, and (3) report the results of its programs to FTA upon 

request. Compliance with FTA’s drug and alcohol testing program is a 

condition of federal assistance. Failure of a recipient to establish and 

implement a drug and alcohol testing program − either in its own operations or 

in those of an entity operating on its behalf − may result in the suspension of 

FTA funding to the recipient. 

Employees who perform any of five safety-sensitive functions must be tested for 

five controlled substances1 in four circumstances: random, post-accident, 

reasonable suspicion, and pre-employment. Such employees must also be 

tested for alcohol use in each of those circumstances except pre-employment, 

though employers may, and many do, require pre-employment tests per 49CFR 

Part 40 testing procedures. An additional circumstance (return to duty/followup) is required for safety-sensitive employees who are given an opportunity to 

resume safety-sensitive duties after testing positive for drugs or alcohol or 

refusing to submit to a required test. 

Random Rates 

FTA considers random testing to be the most effective deterrent to drug use and 

alcohol misuse. The results of random tests also provide the best indication of 

the overall level of drug use and alcohol misuse, and the combined percentage 

of positive random tests plus random test refusals are used by FTA in 

determining minimum random testing rates for the following year. The test 

result rates for drugs and alcohol, respectively, that are used in determining the 

testing rates for the following year are calculated as follows: 

(verified drug positives + refusals) ÷ (total number of testing events2) 

(confirmed alcohol positives3 + refusals) ÷ (total number of testing events) 

In 2003, 1,170 verified random drug test positives and 129 random drug test 

refusals were reported. Additionally, 37 random alcohol tests were reported with a 

confirmed blood alcohol level of at least .04, and 11 refusals to take a random 

alcohol test were reported. 

1 The five substances that must be tested for are marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), 

opiates, and amphetamines. 

2 Per the addition of Section 26 and Appendix H to Part 40 in 2003, a testing event includes test 

refusals but not canceled tests. 

3 A positive alcohol test is a confirmation screen with a breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

v 2003 Annual Report 
Official Random Rates for 2003 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% 

The graph at left shows the “official” rates for random drug and 

random alcohol tests used by the FTA Administrator in 

determining future random testing rates. 

Because the random drug rate must remain below 1.0 percent 

for two consecutive years before it can be lowered and the rate 

in 2002 was above 1.0 percent, the random testing rate for 

drugs remained at 50 percent for 2004. If the rate remains 

below 1.0 percent in 2004, the FTA Administrator will have the 

option to reduce the random drug test quota for 2005 to 25 

percent. 

Because the 2003 alcohol rate was below 0.50 percent, the 

random testing quota for alcohol remained at 10 percent for 2004. 

0.96 

0.11 

0.2 

0.4 

0.6 

0.8 

Rates for Four Types of Testing 

The combined percentages of positive DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% R P-A RS P-E Comb R P-A RS P-E Comb 

0.11 1.63 0.19 1.50 

9.13 

11.77

2.51

0.96 0.09 0.24 1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

7.0 

8.0 

9.0 

10.0 

11.0 

Rates by Test Type 

tests plus test refusals shown in the 

previous graph are compared with the 

same rates for post-accident, reasonable 

suspicion, and pre-employment tests 

and for the four test types combined, in 

the graph at right. The rates for 

return to duty and follow-up tests are 

presented in a separate graph because 

those tests represent a different 

segment of the test population (i.e., 

tests produced by persons who have 

been removed from duty for drug or 

alcohol violations and have completed a R = Random P-A = Post-Accident 

rehabilitation program) and not all RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment 

employers offer rehabilitation. Comb = The four test types combined 

As shown, the reasonable suspicion rates were much higher than the random, 

post-accident, or pre-employment rates for both drugs and alcohol. The random 

rate was the lowest of the drug rates, significantly lower than the positive rates 

for any of the other three test types. The pre-employment rate was the lowest of 

the alcohol rates, and the random rate was slightly higher. 

There were 135,297 random drug testing events reported in 2003, and 215,443 

were reported for the four test types combined. The fewest reported were for 

reasonable suspicion, at 657. Next was post-accident, at 13,715. There were 

42,317 random alcohol testing events reported in 2003, and 65,099 were 

2003 Annual Report vi 
reported for the four test types combined. The fewest reported were for 

reasonable suspicion, at 620. Next was post-accident, at 12,490. Only 9,672 

pre-employment alcohol testing events were reported compared with 65,774 for 

drugs, reflecting the fact that pre-employment drug testing is required and preemployment alcohol testing is not required 

Employer Type and Size 

As shown in the following two graphs, the rates for contractors were higher than 

those for transit agency employees for each test type for drugs and for each test 

type for alcohol except random, which was slightly higher for transit employees. 

The random drug rate was more than twice as high for contractors. The 

combined alcohol rate was also nearly twice as high for contractors, and the 

combined drug rate was more than two-and-one-half times as high for 

contractors. Many more testing events were reported for transit agency 

employees than for contractors for both drugs and alcohol—three to four times 

as many for each test type except pre-employment events, twice as many for preemployment alcohol tests and one-third more for pre-employment drug tests. 

Rates by Test Type and Employer Type 

16.0 

14.0 

12.0 

10.0 

8.0 

6.0 

4.0 

2.0 

% 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C 

Random PostAccident 

Reasonable 

Suspicion 

PreEmployment Combined % Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

PreEmployment Combined 

9.74 

17.72 

8.0 

10.0 

12.0 

14.0 

16.0 

0.41 

0.36 

0.09 

0.20 

0.12 0.14 0.10 0.10

0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

6.58 0.4 

1.67 1.82

3.41 

16.37 

3.44 

2.65 

1.14

0.78 

1.07 

T = transit C = contractor T = transit C = contractor 

As shown in the next two graphs, the rates for the three employer size categories 

were very similar for the four types combined for both drugs and alcohol. The 

greatest variation in both the drug and alcohol rates by employer size was for 

reasonable suspicion, and large employers reported the lowest rates for both. 

Small employers reported the highest random drug rates, and rural employers 

reported the highest random alcohol rates. More than 80 percent of the testing 

events reported for both drugs and alcohol were reported by large employers. 

Rural employers reported approximately twice as many random testing events as 

vii 2003 Annual Report 
small employers for both drugs and alcohol. That ratio of testing events is 

approximately the same for all four test types combined. 

Rates by Test Type and Employer Size 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

25.0 

20.0 

15.0 

10.0 

5.0 7.33 

11.63 

25.45 

20.0 

15.0 

10.0 

5.0 

11.15 

16.67 

15.00 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

0.98 

1.69 

2.73 

1.56 

1.04 

1.36 

2.37 

1.53 1.28 

1.58 

1.16 

0.5 0.82 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

0.10 

0.21 

0.10 

0.23 

0.16 

0 

0.25 

0.14 

0.11 

0.26 

0.18 

0.05 

0.10 

0.15 

0.20 

0.25 

0 

L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R 

% Post- Reasonable Pre- % Post- Reasonable Pre- Random Accident Suspicion Employment Combined Random Accident Suspicion Employment Combined 

L = large S = small R = rural L = large S = small R = rural 

Employee Category 

The armed security personnel category had the lowest drug rate for all test 

types and the lowest alcohol rate for all test types except random. The 

Rates by Test Type and Employee Category 

11.0 

10.0 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

1.01 0.96 0.36 1.07 

1.59 

2.38 

 DRUGS 

9.44 

6.59 

11.24 

3.57 

2.57 

2.03 

2.59 

3.10 

1.77 1.62 

0 0 0 0 1.21 0.98 

1.62 

0.61 0.86

RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ 

N-RV ASP RVO RV& 

% EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP 

 Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

2003 Annual Report viii 
Rates by Test Type and Employee Category 

ALCOHOL 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

0.18 

0.25 

0.56 

0 

0.20 

0.12 0.12 0.10 0 0 0.09 0.03 

0.47 

0 

0.24 

0 0 0 0.07 0.11 0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0 

11.8110.98 

6.06 

28.57 

5.0 

10.0 

15.0 

20.0 

25.0 

RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ 

% EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP 

 Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

CDL4/non-revenue vehicle category had the highest drug rate for all test types 

except reasonable suspicion, the highest random alcohol rate, and the highest 

combined rate for alcohol. The vast majority of testing events reported for both 

drugs and alcohol were for the revenue vehicle operation category— 

approximately 70 percent of random tests, more than 80 percent of preemployment and reasonable suspicion tests, and nearly 95 percent of postaccident tests. The revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance category had 

the second largest number of reported testing events for each test type for both 

drugs and alcohol. 

FTA Region 

As shown on the map at 

right, the random drug 

rate was lowest in 

Region 2 at 0.63 

percent, and was highest 

in Region 8 at 1.42 

percent. Half of the 

regions had rates lower 

than the national 

average of 0.96 percent. 

The other half were more 

than1.0 percent. 

Random Drug Rates by FTA Region 

4 CDL = commercial driver license 

ix 2003 Annual Report 
Return to Duty Rates

DRUGS ALCOHOL

%

Return to Duty Rates

DRUGS ALCOHOL

%

As shown on the map at Random Alcohol Rates by FTA Region 

right, the random 

alcohol rate was zero in 

Region 8 and was by far 

the highest in Region 7 

at 0.49 percent. Half of 

the regions had rates 

higher than the national 

average of 0.11 percent. 

All but Region 7 were 

less than 0.20 percent. 

Type of Drug 

As shown in the following charts, marijuana was detected more often than all of 

the other drugs combined in random testing, post-accident testing, preemployment testing, and all four test types combined. Cocaine was detected 

most often in reasonable suspicion tests, and marijuana was second. 

Percentage by Drug Type of Total Drug Detections for Each Test Type 

C = 38.3% M = 53.0% 

O =2.4% P = 

0.9% 

A = 5.4% 

C = 38.3% M = 53.0% 

O =2.4% P = 

0.9% 

A = 5.4% 

C =45.8% 

M =35.6% 

O =3.4% P = 

0% A = 

15.2% 

C = 29.5% M = 62.6% 

O = 2.5%

P = 

1.8% 

A = 3.6% 

C = 34.3% M = 57.1% 

P = O =2.6%

1.3% A =4.7% 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

Rates for Return to Duty Testing and Follow-Up Testing 

Before being returned to duty, employees must complete a rehabilitation program 

and submit either a negative drug specimen or a negative alcohol screen, 

depending on the test that the employee initially failed or refused to take. 

In 2003, 1,283 return to duty drug testing 

events, 713 return to duty alcohol testing DRUGS ALCOHOL 

events, 7,980 follow-up drug testing events, 2.5 2.81 

and 5,950 follow-up alcohol testing events 2.0 

were reported. Only three positive return to 

duty alcohol tests and one refusal were 

reported. Only 17 positive follow-up alcohol 1.0 

1.5 

tests and two refusals were reported. As 

shown in the graphs at right, the return to 

0.5 

0.56 

% 

Follow-Up Rates 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% 

Return to Duty Rates 

0.32 

2.01 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2003 Annual Report x 
duty rates were higher than follow-up rates for both drugs and alcohol, and the 

alcohol rates were much lower than the drug rates. 

Approximately 80 percent of 

the return to duty drug 

testing events were reported 

by transit agencies, and 

approximately 90 percent of 

return to duty alcohol testing 

events were reported by 

transit agencies. As shown in 

the graph at near right below, 

both the return to duty drug 

and alcohol rates for transit 

employees were higher than 

those for contractors. No 

Return to Duty Rates by Return to Duty Rates 

Employer Type by Employer Size

DRUGS ALCOHOL DRUGS ALCOHOL 

3.0 

2.90 

2.40 

2.5 2.5 

2.0 2.0 

1.5 1.5 

1.0 1.0 

0.5 0.5 

3.07 

1.01 

1.82 

0.62 0.61

0 0 0

% T C T C % Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

 T = transit C = contractor 

positive alcohol tests or refusals were reported by contractors. More than 80 

percent of the return to duty testing events were reported by large employers, and 

more than 90 percent of the alcohol testing events were reported by large 

employers. As shown in the graph at far right (above, the return to duty drug rate 

was much higher for large employers than that for small or rural employers, and 

no positive alcohol tests or refusals were reported by small or rural employers. 

Approximately 90 percent of 

the follow-up testing events 

for both drugs and alcohol 

were reported by transit 

agencies. As shown in the 

graph at near right, the 

follow-up drug rates for 

contractors were twice as 

high as those for transit 

employees while the 

alcohol rate for transit agency 

employees was nearly twice 

as high as that for 

contractors. Nearly 95 

percent of the follow-up drug 

testing events were reported 

by large employers, and 

nearly 98 percent of the 

Follow-Up Rates Follow-Up Rates 

by Employer Type by Employer Size

DRUGS A LCOHOL DRUGS ALCOHOL 

5.0 

4.5 

4.0 

1.81 

3.63 

0.33 

3.5 3.5 

3.0 3.0 

2.5 2.5 

2.0 2.0 

1.5 1.5 

1.0 1.0 

0.5 0.5 0.19 

0.29 

1.41 1.37 

1.85 

4.79 

5.04 

% T C T C % L S R L S R 

 T = transit C = contractor L = Large S = Small R = Rural 

follow-up alcohol testing events were reported by large employers. As shown in 

the graph at far right on the previous page, both the follow-up drug and alcohol 

rates for large employers were much lower than those for small or rural 

employers, and both rates for small and rural were similar. Despite the 

xi 2003 Annual Report 
relatively high rates, only one positive alcohol test and no refusals were reported 

by both small and rural employers. 

Trends: 1996 through 2003 

In 2001, FTA eliminated its requirement that all direct recipients report data 

each year, and developed a random sampling technique to select a portion of the 

recipients to report their data. Therefore, the only rates that can be reliably 

compared for each year of reporting (from 1996 to 2003) are random rates. The 

results actually reported in 2001 and 2002 do not accurately reflect total FTA 

testing due to the large proportion of results reported by large employers. Thus, 

the results from random testing were weighted to obtain “official” random rates 

that reasonably estimate the rate for all persons tested, enabling reliable 

comparison with the years before 2001 when all employers were required to 

report. Weighted rates are not available for any test types other than random or 

any subsets of random testing. 

As shown in the following graph, the official random drug rate dropped in 2003 

to the lowest rate (0.96 percent) since employers in all size categories were 

required to report, following its only rise (in 2002). The 2003 rate was 40 

percent lower than the rate in 1996. As also shown in the next graph, the 

official random alcohol rate dropped by 50 percent in 2003 to 0.11 percent, by 

far the lowest rate since employers in all size categories were required to report. 

Official Random Drug and Alcohol Rates: 1996 to 2003 

1.75%

1.50%

1.25%

1.00%

0.75%

0.50%

0.25%

0.00%

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Drugs 1.60% 1.27% 1.20% 1.14% 1.05% 0.98% 1.05% 0.96%

Alcohol 0.21% 0.19% 0.22% 0.18% 0.15% 0.18% 0.22% 0.11%

2003 Annual Report xii 
Table of Contents 

Page 

1. Introduction 

1.1 Regulatory Background .................................................................................... 1-1 

1.2 Reporting and Certification Requirements ........................................................ 1-2 

1.3 Reporting Assistance ........................................................................................ 1-3 

1.4 Data Analysis and Validation ............................................................................ 1-3 

1.5 Organization of Report...................................................................................... 1-3 

2. Overview of Part 40 and Part 655 Testing Requirements 

2.1 Overview of Required Testing Program ............................................................ 2-1 

2.2 Safety-Sensitive Functions ............................................................................... 2-2 

2.3 Types of Tests .................................................................................................. 2-3 

2.4 Types of Drugs.................................................................................................. 2-6 

3. Random Drug and Alcohol Rates 

3.1 Official Random Rates for 2003........................................................................ 3-1 

3.2 Official Random Rate Trends............................................................................ 3-2 

4. Drug and Alcohol Data for Four Required Test Types 

4.1 Test Data by Employer Type and Size.............................................................. 4-3 

4.2 Test Data by Employee Category ..................................................................... 4-8 

4.2.1 Test Data by Employee Category and Employer Type......................... 4-10 

4.2.2 Test Data by Employee Category and Employer Size........................... 4-13 

4.3 Test Data by FTA Region ............................................................................... 4-17 

4.3.1 Data for Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Type...................... 4-20 

4.2.2 Data for Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Size ....................... 4-24 

4.4 Test Data by Type of Drug.............................................................................. 4-29 

4.4.1 Data by Test Type, Employer Type, and Drug Type ............................. 4-30 

4.4.2 Data by Test Type, Employer Size, and Drug Type .............................. 4-31 

4.4.3 Data by Test Type, Employee Category, and Drug Type ...................... 4-33 

4.5 Confirmed Alcohol Specimens Between 0.02 and 0.039 ................................ 4-36 

5. Drug and Alcohol Data for Return to Duty Testing and Follow-Up Testing 

5.1 Return to Duty Test Data .................................................................................. 5-1 

5.1.1 Return to Duty Test Data by Employer Type and Size............................ 5-1 

5.1.2 Return to Duty Test Data by Employee Category ................................... 5-2 

5.1.3 Return to Duty Test Data by FTA Region................................................ 5-5 

5.1.4 Return to Duty Test Data by Type of Drug .............................................. 5-6 

5.2 Follow-Up Test Data ......................................................................................... 5-7 

5.2.1 Follow-Up Test Data by Employer Type and Size................................... 5-7 

5.2.2 Follow-Up Test Data by Employee Category .......................................... 5-8 

5.2.3 Follow-Up Test Data by FTA Region..................................................... 5-11 

5.2.4 Follow-Up Test Data by Type of Drug ................................................... 5-12 

xiii 2003 Annual Report 
Appendix A. Glossary................................................................................................... A-1 

Appendix B. FTA Regions ............................................................................................ B-1 

Appendix C. MIS Data Collection Form........................................................................C-1 

2003 Annual Report xiv
1. Introduction 

This report is the eighth annual summary of data submitted for entry in the 

Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Drug and Alcohol Management 

Information System (DAMIS). The report summarizes data reported for 

calendar year 2003, and includes a comparison of official random drug and 

alcohol test rates for calendar years 1996 through 2003. DAMIS contains the 

data from all the drug and alcohol tests conducted under FTA regulations 

between 1996 and 2000, but contains data from only selected agencies for the 

years since 2000, as explained in Section 1.2. DAMIS also contains the data 

from all the tests conducted by large agencies in 1995. 

FTA regulations require recipients and subrecipients of funding under Title 49 

of United States Code (U.S.C.) Sections 5307, 5309, and 5311, and 23 U.S.C. 

Section 103(e)(4) and their contractors to implement and maintain a program 

to deter and detect use of prohibited drugs and misuse of alcohol by safetysensitive employees, unless the recipient is also an operating railroad regulated 

by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 

Section 5307 of 49 U.S.C. refers to block grants to finance capital projects and the planning, improvement, 

and operating costs of equipment, facilities, and associated capital maintenance items for use in mass 

transportation. 

Section 5309 refers to discretionary grants and loans for capital projects, new and existing fixed guideway 

systems, an efficient mass transportation system coordinated with other transportation systems, introduction 

of new technologies, enhancement of urban economic development or incorporation of private investment, 

and mass transportation projects to meet the needs of the elderly and persons with disabilities. 

Section 5311 refers to financial assistance for non-urbanized areas. 

Section 103(e)(4) of 23 U.S.C. refers to grants to bus transit systems that operate on Federal-aid highway 

systems. 

1.1 Regulatory Background 

FTA issued its first drug and alcohol testing regulations on February 15, 1994 

as two separate rules: 49 CFR Part 653, Prevention of Prohibited Drug Use in 

Transit Operations, and 49 CFR Part 654, Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in 

Transit Operations. The FTA rules were issued in response to The Omnibus 

Transportation Employee Testing Act, enacted by Congress in 1991. They 

expanded the minimum uniform U.S Department of Transportation (DOT) 

testing program requirements published earlier in 1994 in 49 CFR Part 40, 

Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs. 

The Omnibus Testing Act was intended to promote the health and safety of 

transportation employees and the traveling public. It required all DOT 

administrations to issue regulations requiring funding recipients to perform 

1-1 2003 Annual Report 
four types of testing of all safety-sensitive employees for five controlled 

substances and alcohol, and to establish a prescribed program of rehabilitation 

and follow-up testing for employees who are given the opportunity to return to 

safety-sensitive duty after testing positive or refusing to be tested. The Act also 

required recipients to follow the testing procedures established by the 

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 

DOT revised and reissued Part 40 in 2000, and amended certain provisions in 

2003 and 2004. In 2001, FTA issued CFR Part 655, Prevention of Alcohol 

Misuse and Prohibited Drug Use in Transit Operations, to expand the revised 

department-wide minimum requirements to transit operations. Part 655 

supersedes and combines Parts 653 and 654. Per the addition of Section 25 to 

Part 40 in 2003, a testing event includes test refusals but not canceled tests. 

The current Part 40 and 655 testing requirements are summarized in Chapter 

2 of this report. 

1.2 Reporting and Certification Requirements 

Part 655.72 eliminated the requirement that all direct funding recipients report 

their drug and alcohol testing program data to FTA annually. It requires that 

recipients report their data only if requested by FTA. In 2001, FTA developed a 

stratified random sampling technique to produce an accurate representation of 

the overall transit industry, in lieu of universal reporting. The intent was to 

reduce the paperwork burden on a portion of the industry. 

Recipients requested to report must do so by March 15. The procedures for 

reporting in 2003 and the form to be used changed, per the addition of Section 

26 and Appendix H of Part 40 (in July 2003). Recipients must either enter the 

data via internet on the FTA Office of Safety and Security web site: 

http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/damis. The form, which appears in 

Appendix C, eliminates some of the previous requirements, but now requires 

submittal of refusal data by type of refusal for all test types. 

All direct recipients must annually prepare and maintain a summary of the 

results of the DOT-regulated programs that they oversaw during the previous 

calendar year. All direct recipients must also annually certify regulatory 

compliance of those programs, and submit the certifications to their FTA 

regional office. 

All grantees must ensure the accuracy and timeliness of each report submitted 

by their subrecipients. All direct recipients must ensure the accuracy and 

timeliness of each report submitted by a safety-sensitive contractor or 

subcontractor. 

Failure of a recipient to establish a drug and alcohol testing program and to 

annually certify regulatory compliance and report information as requested, 

2003 Annual Report 1-2 
either in its own operations or in those of a subrecipient or an entity operating 

on its behalf, may result in the suspension of FTA funding to the recipient. 

Falsifying compliance information or certifications is a criminal offense. 

1.3 Reporting Assistance 

Assistance on accessing the FTA Office of Safety and Security web site and 

using the internet reporting system is available from the FTA DAMIS Project 

Office at (617) 494-6336, FTA.damis@volpe.dot.gov. The FTA Safety and 

Security Clearinghouse can be reached at (617) 494-2108 for additional copies 

of this report, as well as previously published annual reports. Other technical 

assistance materials, including the Implementation Guidelines for Drug and 

Alcohol Regulations in Mass Transit and Best Practices Manual: FTA Drug and 

Alcohol Testing Program, can be obtained from the FTA Safety and Security 

Clearinghouse, (617) 494-2108, and on the web site: http://transitsafety.volpe.dot.gov/damis. 

1.4 Data Analysis and Validation 

Data submitted for entry in DAMIS are subjected to extensive analysis and 

validation, both manual and automated. The process entails detailed review of 

the consistency and reasonableness of the data in each report, identification of 

errors or questionable entries, and resolution of any problems in consultation 

with the reporting agencies. This process enables detection and correction of 

errors of significant magnitude. However, some statistically minor errors may 

remain. 

1.5 Organization of Report 

The remainder of this report contains five chapters and three appendices: 

• Chapter 2 presents an overview of the current Part 40 and 655 testing 

requirements, including descriptions of safety-sensitive functions, the types 

of tests to be performed, and the substances to be tested for. 

• Chapter 3 presents official random drug and alcohol rates for 2003, and 

compares them with those for 1996 through 2002. 

• Chapter 4 compares the results of the required drug and alcohol tests listed 

in Chapter 2 and pre-employment alcohol tests. The results are further 

compared by employer type (transit agencies and contractors), employer 

size (large, small, and rural), the employee categories listed in Chapter 2, 

FTA region, and drug type. 

• Chapter 5 summarizes the results of the tests (described in Chapter 2) 

that are required for employees returned to safety-sensitive duty 

1-3 2003 Annual Report 
following a positive test or refusal, using the same categories of 

comparison as in Chapter 4. 

• Appendix A lists the terms, and their definitions, associated with the FTA 

drug and alcohol testing program. 

• Appendix B lists the ten FTA regions and states they cover. 

• Appendix C is the MIS data collection form. 

2003 Annual Report 1-4 
2. Overview of Part 40 and Part 655 Testing Requirements 

This chapter summarizes the requirements of the FTA Drug and Alcohol Testing 

Program (in Section 2.1) and describes in detail FTA safety-sensitive functions, 

the tests required by FTA, and the drugs that safety-sensitive employees must 

be tested for (in Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4, respectively). 

2.1 Overview of Required Testing Program 

Employees who perform any of five safety-sensitive functions must be tested for 

five controlled substances in four circumstances. Such employees must also be 

tested for alcohol use in each of those circumstances except pre-employment, 

though employers may, and many do, require pre-employment tests per Part 40 

testing procedures. An additional circumstance (return to duty/follow-up) is 

required for safety-sensitive employees who are given an opportunity to resume 

safety-sensitive duties after testing positive for drugs or alcohol or refusing to 

submit to a required test. 

Safety-Sensitive Employee Categories Test Types Drug Types 

Revenue Vehicle Operation Random Marijuana 

Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance Post-accident Cocaine 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching Reasonable suspicion Phencyclidine (PCP) 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Pre-employment Opiates 

Armed Security Personnel *Return to duty/follow-up Amphetamines 

See Section 2.2 for a detailed description of FTA See Section 2.3 for a See Section 2.4 for a 

safety-sensitive duties. detailed description of detailed description of 

tests required by FTA. the drugs to test for. 

* Required only for employees who test positive for drugs or alcohol or refuse to take a test 

Any employee who has a verified positive drug test, has a confirmed alcohol test 

result of 0.04 or greater, or refuses to submit to a test must be immediately 

removed from safety-sensitive duty. The employee must then be informed of the 

resources available for evaluating and resolving problems associated with 

prohibited drug use and alcohol misuse, including the names, addresses, and 

telephone numbers of substance abuse professionals (SAPs). The employer 

then decides which disciplinary action to take. To return the employee to a 

safety-sensitive function, the employer must ensure that the employee 

successfully completes a course of treatment prescribed by a SAP and produces 

a negative return to duty test for drugs or alcohol or both, depending on the 

evaluation and recommendation of the SAP. Once returned to duty, the 

employee must continue a treatment program administered by the SAP, which 

includes a series of follow-up tests. 

Part 40, Section 26 and Appendix H (added in 2003) identify four types of drug 

test refusals and two types of alcohol test refusals: 

2-1 2003 Annual Report 
Drug test refusal types: 

• Adulterated – submittal of an adulterated specimen 

• Substituted – submittal of urine not produced at the collection site 

• Shy bladder with no medical explanation – failure to provide enough urine 

at the collection site, and no medical reason for the failure is found by the 

medical review officer (MRO) 

• Other refusals to submit to testing – Examples include failure to report to 

the collection site as directed by the employer, leaving the collection site 

without permission. 

Alcohol test refusal types: 

• Shy lung with no medical explanation – failure to provide enough breath 

at the collection site, and no medical reason for the failure is found by the 

MRO 

• Other refusals to submit to testing – same examples as for drug tests 

Additionally, an employee with a confirmed alcohol concentration of at least 

0.02 but less than 0.04 must be removed from duty for at least 8 hours or until 

a re-test conducted by the employer shows an alcohol concentration of less 

than 0.02. If the employee is removed from duty for 8 hours, a re-test need not 

be administered unless the employee exhibits signs of alcohol use upon 

returning to duty. 

Part 40 also prohibits use, manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and 

possession of all controlled substances by safety-sensitive employees. 

Furthermore, Parts 40 and 655 prohibit safety-sensitive employees from 

consuming alcohol in three circumstances: 

• While performing a safety-sensitive function 

• Four hours before performing a safety-sensitive function unless the 

employee produces a breath specimen with a concentration below 0.02 

(Employees must be given the opportunity to acknowledge use of alcohol 

in the past 4 hours and to be tested when they arrive for duty.) 

• Eight hours following an accident that meets FTA post-accident testing 

criteria (described in Section 2.3) or until an alcohol test is performed 

unless the employee’s involvement can be completely discounted as a 

contributing factor to the accident and there were no fatalities 

2.2 Safety-Sensitive Functions 

The revenue vehicle operation safety-sensitive job category includes 

employees who operate a revenue service vehicle, regardless of whether it is in 

service. 

2003 Annual Report 2-2 
The revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance category includes 

employees who maintain revenue service vehicles or equipment. It also 

includes many maintenance contract employees who perform routine, ongoing 

repair or maintenance for FTA recipients and subrecipients that have 

employees, including supervisors, who perform or could be called upon to 

perform any of the FTA safety-sensitive functions. Maintenance contractors of 

5311 funding recipients are not subject to the testing regulations. Additionally, 

recipients that operate in areas with a population of 200,000 or less and 

contract out maintenance services are no longer required to comply. 

Revenue vehicle control/dispatching includes employees who control the 

movement of revenue service vehicles. The key consideration is the type of work 

performed rather than a particular job title. FTA decided not to attempt a 

universal definition of “dispatchers” in Part 655. Instead, each employer 

determines whether its particular dispatcher performs or may perform a safetysensitive function. 

CDL/non-revenue vehicle includes employees not included in another safetysensitive category who operate a non-revenue service vehicle (e.g., ancillary 

vehicle) that requires a Commercial Drivers License (CDL). 

Armed security personnel are employees who provide security and carry a 

firearm. 

2.3 Types of Tests 

Random testing is considered by FTA to be the most effective deterrent to drug 

use and alcohol misuse, as well as the most reliable indicator of drug use and 

alcohol misuse within an employer and in the industry as a whole, provided it is 

unannounced and unpredictable. Selections for testing must be based on a 

scientifically valid random-number selection method, to ensure that all safetysensitive employees have an equal chance of being selected for testing each time 

a selection is made. 

In 2003, the number of random drug tests conducted had to equal a minimum 

of 50 percent of the average number of safety-sensitive employees in the 

selection pool, and the number of alcohol tests had to equal a minimum of 10 

percent of the pool. These percentages can be amended (per Part 655.45) by the 

FTA Administrator based on the combined percentage of positive tests plus test 

refusals, i.e.: 

(verified drug positives + refusals) ÷ (total number of testing events1) 

(confirmed alcohol positives2 + refusals) ÷ (total number of testing events) 

1 Per the addition of Section 26 and Appendix H to Part 40 in 2003, a testing event includes test 

refusals but not canceled tests. 

2-3 2003 Annual Report 
The testing rate for employers who belong to a consortium applies to the average 

number of safety-sensitive employees in the consortium’s pool. As a result, some 

individual employers may not appear to meet the random testing requirement, 

but actually do meet the requirement as long as the consortium, as a whole, 

tests the minimum number required. 

Post-accident testing refers to tests required following an accident involving a 

fatality or an accident that meets any of three other criteria and the employee’s 

involvement cannot be completely discounted as a contributing factor: (1) when 

a person suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical attention 

away from the scene, (2) when any vehicle involved in the accident incurs 

damage requiring it to be transported away from the scene by a tow truck or 

other vehicle, or (3) the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley car, 

trolley bus, or vessel and is removed from revenue service due to the accident. 

Employees to be tested include the vehicle operator and any other safetysensitive employee not in the vehicle whose performance could have contributed 

to the accident. Both drug and alcohol tests must be administered as soon as 

possible, but no later than 8 hours after the accident for alcohol and 32 hours 

for drugs. 

Reasonable suspicion testing refers to a drug and/or alcohol test that is 

ordered by a trained supervisor based on specific, contemporaneous, articulable 

observations concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body odor of a 

safety-sensitive employee. 

Pre-employment testing refers to testing of candidates for a safety-sensitive 

position (including existing non-safety-sensitive employees as well as applicants 

for employment) and for employees who have not performed a safety-sensitive 

function for more than 90 consecutive calendar days, regardless of the reason, 

and were removed from the employer’s random selection pool during that time. 

A negative pre-employment test for drugs is required by FTA as a condition for 

performing safety-sensitive duties under these circumstances. Pre-employment 

alcohol tests are not required but are permitted under Part 655 providing they 

are performed in accordance with the testing procedures in Part 40. The 

alcohol tests are included in the data presented in Chapter 3 because they are 

conducted per DOT standards and are required by many employers. 

The Omnibus Testing Act required a negative pre-employment alcohol test, but 

FTA suspended the requirement on May 10, 1995, as the result of a U.S. Court 

of Appeals decision. FTA decided to allow but not require pre-employment 

alcohol testing in Part 655. 

2 A positive alcohol test is a confirmed specimen with a breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

2003 Annual Report 2-4 
Part 655 also eliminated the term “hire” in the pre-employment provision. 

Previously, employers were required to administer a drug test and receive a 

negative result before hiring an employee. FTA deleted the term to provide 

employers discretion to administer a pre-employment drug test anytime before 

an employee first performs a safety-sensitive function and before an employee 

returns to safety-sensitive duty after being removed from the random pool for 

an extended period. Part 655 also established a limit, 90 consecutive calendar 

days, on the amount of time an employee can be removed from the pool without 

a negative drug test before returning to work. 

Return to duty testing refers to a drug and/or alcohol test that is required for 

a safety-sensitive employee who completes a course of treatment prescribed by 

a SAP after testing positive for drugs or alcohol or refusing to submit to a 

required test. A negative result for the type (drug or alcohol) of positive or 

refused test is required before the employee can be returned to duty. SAPs 

often require the employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if 

only one of the tests was at issue. 

Follow-up testing refers to a drug or alcohol test that is required for an 

employee who is returned to safety-sensitive duty. The employee is subject to at 

least six unannounced tests for at least 12 months after returning to duty. The 

exact number and frequency of tests is prescribed by the SAP, who may order 

tests for up to 60 months after return to duty. SAPs often require the employee 

to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if only one of the tests was at 

issue. Follow-up testing is separate from, and in addition to, random testing. 

Part 655 incorporates follow-up testing under return to duty testing (i.e., return 

to duty/follow-up testing) as one of five required FTA tests. It was previously 

listed separately as one of six required FTA tests. 

2.4 Types of Drugs 

Marijuana is derived from the hemp plant and comes in a variety of colors such 

as green, brown, and a gray mixture of leaves. THC or (delta-9-

tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary active chemical in marijuana. It is 

absorbed quickly into fatty tissues and stored for a long time. The potency and 

strength of the chemical causes people to use the drug for the mildly 

tranquilizing, mood and perception-altering effects it produces. The test for 

marijuana also includes its metabolites. 

Cocaine is an addictive substance that comes from coca leaves, or is made 

synthetically. It appears as a white powder that is snorted, ingested, injected, 

freebased (smoked), or applied directly to the nasal membrane or gums. 

Cocaine acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system. It gives the user a 

feeling of exhilaration. The chemicals in cocaine trick the brain into feeling it 

has experienced pleasure, when in fact it has not. 

2-5 2003 Annual Report 
Phencyclidine (PCP), originally developed as an anesthetic, has adverse side 

effects that limit its medical use to a tranquilizer for large animals. In people, 

PCP acts as both a depressant and a hallucinogen, and sometimes as a 

stimulant. PCP can cause distorted bodily perceptions and a feeling of 

disassociation where the mind feels separated from the body. These effects can 

be very upsetting to some people, who may panic as a result. 

Opiates, also known as narcotic analgesics, include heroin, morphine, and 

codeine. They are derived from a sap taken from a seedpod of the plant, 

“papaver somniferum” (or poppy plant). General effects include sedation, 

slowed reflexes, raspy speech, sluggish movements, slowed breathing, cold skin, 

and vomiting. The synthetic form of opiates, known as a designer drug, is even 

more deadly and addictive. 

Amphetamines include racemic, amphetamine, extroamphetamine, and 

methamphetamine. They are potent stimulants that can be swallowed, snorted, 

or injected. They reduce the desire to sleep or eat and can induce a sense of 

aroused euphoria, accompanied by feelings of increased power, strength, 

energy, self-assertion, focus, and motivation. Because the body does not readily 

break down amphetamines, these feelings, which are often intense and 

ephemeral, may last several hours. Severe mental depression and fatigue can 

set in when the euphoric feelings wear off. 

2003 Annual Report 2-6 
3. Random Drug and Alcohol Rates 

As mentioned in Section 2.3, the results of random tests provide the best 

indication of the overall level of drug use and alcohol misuse, and the combined 

percentage of positive random tests plus random test refusals are used by FTA 

in determining minimum random testing rates for the following year. The test 

result rates for drugs and alcohol, respectively, that are used in determining the 

random testing rates for the following year are calculated as follows: 

(verified drug positives + refusals) ÷ (total number of testing events3) 

(confirmed alcohol positives4 + refusals) ÷ (total number of testing events) 

3.1 Official Random Rates for 2003 

The graph at right shows 2003 Random Rates Random Tests, Positives, and 

the “official” rates for DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% 

0.96 

0.11 

0.2 

0.4 

0.6 

0.8 

Refusals 

random drug and random 

alcohol tests used by the 

FTA Administrator in 

determining the random 

testing rates for 2004. 

The accompanying table 

provides the statistical 

basis for the rates. These 

data are subdivided by 

employer type and size, 

employee category, and 

FTA region and are compared with data from post-accident, reasonable 

suspicion, and pre-employment tests in Chapter 4. The refusal data are also 

subdivided by the types of refusals (defined in Section 2.1) in Chapter 4. 

Drugs Alcohol 

Testing Events 135,297 42,317 

Refusals + Positives 1,299 48 

Positives 1,170 37 

Total Refusals 129 11 

Refusal to take test 83 8 

Shy Bladder/ Lung 27 3 

Adulterated 15 N. A. 

Substituted 4 N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.095 0.026 

Because the official random drug rate for 2002 was above 1.0 percent (as shown 

in the graph in Section 3.2), the random testing rate for drugs remained at 50 

percent in 2004, despite the drop below 1.0 percent in 2003. If the rate 

remains below 1.0 percent in 2004, the FTA Administrator will have the option 

to reduce the random drug test rate for 2005 to 25 percent of all safety-sensitive 

employers. Because the 2003 alcohol rate remained well below 0.50 percent, 

the random testing quota for alcohol remained at 10 percent in 2004. 

3 Per the addition of Section 26 to Part 40 in 2003, a testing event includes test refusals but not 

canceled tests. 

4 A positive alcohol test is a confirmed specimen with a breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

3-1 2003 Annual Report 
3.2 Official Random Rate Trends 

Because the data reporting requirement changed in 2001, the only rates that 

can be reliably compared for each year of reporting (from 1996 to 2003) are 

random rates. The results actually reported in 2001 and 2002 did not 

accurately reflect total FTA testing due to the high proportion of results reported 

by large employers. The results from random testing were weighted to obtain 

“official” random rates that reasonably estimate the rate for all persons tested, 

enabling reliable comparison with the years before 2001 when all employers 

were required to report. Weighted rates are not available for any test types 

other than random or any subsets of the random testing. 

As shown in the following graph, the official random drug rate dropped in 2003 

to the lowest rate (0.96 percent) since employers in all size categories were 

required to report, following its only rise (in 2002). The 2003 rate was 40 

percent lower than the rate in 1996. 

As also shown in the next graph, the official random alcohol rate dropped by 50 

percent in 2003 to 0.11 percent, by far the lowest rate since employers in all 

size categories were required to report. 

Official Random Drug and Alcohol Test Rates: 1996 to 2003 

1.75%

1.50%

1.25%

1.00%

0.75%

0.50%

0.25%

0.00%

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Drugs 1.60% 1.27% 1.20% 1.14% 1.05% 0.98% 1.05% 0.96%

Alcohol 0.21% 0.19% 0.22% 0.18% 0.15% 0.18% 0.22% 0.11%

2003 Annual Report 3-2 
- =

- =

4. Drug and Alcohol Data for Four Required Test Types 

This chapter presents data from the four circumstances cited in Chapter 2 that 

must be performed by all employers subject to Part 6555: random, post-accident, 

reasonable suspicion, and pre-employment. Data from the other testing 

circumstance cited in Chapter 2 (return to duty tests and follow-up tests) are 

presented separately (in Chapter 5) from data for the other four test types 

because that test type represents a different segment of the test population— 

specimens produced by persons who have already been removed from duty for 

drug or alcohol violations and have completed a rehabilitation program—and not 

all employers offer rehabilitation. 

The following two charts compare the combined percentage of positive tests plus 

test refusals and the percentages of total drug tests reported in 2003 for each of 

the four test types. The two charts on the next page compare the combined 

percentage of positive tests plus test refusals and percentages of total alcohol 

tests reported in 2003 for each of the four test types. The combined percentages 

of positive tests plus refusals are calculated as follows: 

(verified drug positives + refusals) ÷ (total number of testing events6) 

(confirmed alcohol positives7 + refusals) ÷ (total number of testing events) 

Combined Percentage of Verified Drug Percentage of Drug Tests 

 Positives and Test Refusals by Four Test Types By Four Test Types 

P-E = 30.5% 

R = Random P-A = Post-Accident RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment 

5 Part 655 does not require pre-employment alcohol testing. It is included in this chapter 

because many employers require it, and Part 655 requires that the data be reported if the tests 

are performed. 

6 Per the addition of Section 26 and Appendix H to Part 40 in 2003, a testing event includes test 

refusals but not canceled tests. 

7 A positive alcohol test is a confirmation test with a breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

R = 40.2% 

P A 6.9% 

P-E = 51.0% 

RS = 

1.2% 

P A 6.4% 

R = 62.8% 

RS =

 0.3% 

4-1 2003 Annual Report 
 =

Combined Percentage of Confirmed Alcohol Percentage of Alcohol Tests 

Positives and Test Refusals by Four Test Types by Four Test Types 

P-E =

R = 31.2% 

RS =

 5.8% 0.9% 

RS 47.4% 

P-A = 15.6% P-A = 19.2% 

P-E = 14.9% 

R = 65.0% 

R = Random P-A = Post-Accident RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment 

The rates8 for each of the four test types 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% R P-A RS P-E Comb R P-A RS P-E Comb 

0.11 1.63 0.19 1.50 

9.13 

11.77 

2.51

0.96 0.09 0.24 1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

7.0 

8.0 

9.0 

10.0 

11.0 

Rates8 by Test Type 

and for the four types combined, for both 

drugs and alcohol, appear in the graph 

at right. The table below provides the 

statistical basis for the rates. These data 

are subdivided by employer type and 

size, employee category, FTA region, and 

type of drug in Sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 

and 4.4, respectively. Confirmed alcohol 

specimens between 0.02 and 0.039 are 

presented by test type in Section 4.5 and 

are subdivided by employer type, 

employer size, employee category, and 

FTA region. 

R = Random P-A = Post-Accident 

RS = Reasonable Suspicion P-E = Pre-Employment Comb = Combined

 Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Random 

PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

PreEmployment Total Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

PreEmployment Total 

Testing Events 135,297 13,715 657 65,774 215,443 42,317 12,490 620 9,672 65,099 

Refusals + Positives 1,299 224 60 1,651 3,234 48 24 73 9 154 

Positives 1,170 204 55 1,562 2,991 37 10 68 8 123 

Total Refusals 129 20 5 89 243 11 14 5 1 31 

Refusal to take test 83 16 4 59 162 8 11 5 0 24 

Shy Bladder/Lung 27 2 1 4 34 3 3 0 1 7 

Adulterated 15 0 0 15 30 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Substituted 4 2 0 11 17 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.095 0.146 0.761 0.135 0.113 0.026 0.112 0.806 0.010 0.048 

8 The rates in all of the graphs are the combined percentages of positive tests plus test refusals. 

2003 Annual Report 4-2 
4.1 Data for Four Test Types by Employer Type and Size 

The data above are subdivided by employer type, by employer size, and by 

employer size and type combined, respectively, in this section. The rates for each 

data set are shown in a separate pair of graphs. Each graph pair is followed by a 

table or tables that provide the statistical basis for the rates. 

Because all of the alcohol rates by employer type except reasonable suspicion are 

less than 0.5 percent, the space below “0.5” in the following alcohol graph is 

expanded under the divider line to allow greater clarity. 

Rates by Test Type and Employer Type 

16.0 

15.0 

14.0 

13.0 

12.0 

11.0 

10.0 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

% 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C 

Random P-A RS P-E Combined % Random P-A RS P-E Combined

6.58 

1.67 1.82

3.41 

16.37 

3.44 

2.65 

1.14 0.78 1.07 

9.74 

17.72 

7.0 

8.0 

9.0 

10.0 

11.0 

12.0 

13.0 

14.0 

15.0 

16.0 

17.0 

0.10 0.09

0.41 

0.10 

0.36 

0.14 0.12 

0.20 

0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

 T = transit C = contractor P-A = post-accident RS =reasonable suspicion P-E = pre-employment 

Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type and Employer Type 

Drugs 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 108,239 27,058 10,753 2,962 486 171 37,597 28,177 157,075 58,368 

Refusals + Positives 847 452 123 101 32 28 683 968 1,685 1,549 

Positives 771 399 115 89 28 27 655 907 1,569 1,422 

Total Refusals 76 53 8 12 4 1 28 61 116 127 

Refusal to take test 47 36 5 11 3 1 19 40 74 88 

Shy Bladder 19 8 1 1 1 0 1 3 22 12 

Adulterated 6 9 0 0 0 0 4 11 10 20 

Substituted 4 0 2 0 0 0 3 8 9 8 

Refusal Rate 0.070 0.196 0.074 0.405 0.823 0.585 0.074 0.216 0.074 0.218 

4-3 2003 Annual Report 
 Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type and Employer Type 

Alcohol 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 34,446 7,871 10,038 2,452 462 158 6,650 3,022 51,596 13,503 

Refusals + Positives 40 8 14 10 45 28 6 3 105 49 

Positives 32 5 8 2 44 24 5 3 89 34 

Total Refusals 8 3 6 8 1 4 1 0 16 15 

Refusal to take test 5 3 3 8 1 4 0 0 9 15 

Shy Lung 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 

Refusal Rate 0.023 0.038 0.060 0.326 0.216 2.532 0.015 0 0.031 0.111 

Because the reasonable suspicion drug rates by employer size are much higher 

than those for the other types, separate scales are used in the following graph. 

Rates by Test Type and Employer Size 

DRUGS 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural % Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined 

2.37 

1.53 

2.73 

1.56 

0.98 

1.69 

1.36 

1.04 

1.58 

1.28 

0.82 

1.16 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

7.33 

11.63 

25.45 

6.0 

8.0 

10.0 

12.0 

14.0 

16.0 

18.0 

20.0 

22.0 

24.0 

Because all of the alcohol rates by employer size except reasonable suspicion are 

less than 0.3 percent, the space below “0.3” in the following alcohol graph is 

expanded under the divider line to allow greater clarity. 

2003 Annual Report 4-4 
Rates by Test Type and Employer Size 

ALCOHOL 

16.0 

14.0 

12.0 

10.0 11.15 

16.67 

15.00 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

0.25 

0.20 

0.10 

0.16 0.18 

0.21 0.15 

0.10 0.14 

0.05 0.10

0 0 

0.25 0.23 

0.11 

0.26 

% Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined 

Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type and Employer Size 

Drugs 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

TE 108,735 8,556 18,006 11,592 1,104 1,019 559 43 55 49,860 4,67811,236 170,746 14,381 30,316 

R+P 1,063 89 147 196 15 13 41 5 14 1,363 111 177 2,663 220 351 

P 967 76 127 178 13 13 39 5 11 1,290 102 170 2,474 196 321 

TR 96 13 20 18 2 0 2 0 3 73 9 7 189 24 30 

RTT 60 7 16 14 2 0 1 0 3 50 5 4 125 14 23 

SB 18 6 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 23 7 4 

Adul 14 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 29 0 1 

Sub 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 2 12 3 2 

R Rate 0.088 0.152 0.111 0.155 0.181 0.000 0.358 0.000 5.455 0.146 0.192 0.062 0.111 0.167 0.099 

Alcohol 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

TE 34,699 2,530 5,088 10,853 899 738 538 40 42 8,290 456 926 54,380 3,925 6,794 

R+P 35 4 9 23 0 1 60 6 7 8 0 1 126 10 18 

P 29 4 4 10 0 0 56 6 6 7 0 1 102 10 11 

TR 6 0 5 13 0 1 4 0 1 1 0 0 24 0 7 

RTT 4 0 4 11 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 19 0 5 

SL 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 2 

R Rate 0.017 0.000 0.098 0.120 0.000 0.136 0.743 0.000 2.381 0.012 0 0 0.044 0.000 0.103 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals TR = total refusals R Rate = refusal rate 

RTT = refusal to take test SL = shy lung SB = shy bladder Adul = adulterated Sub = substituted 

Because four of the reasonable suspicion drug rates by employer size and 

employer type are much higher than those for the other types, the reasonable 

suspicion rates are presented on separate scales in the following graph. 

4-5 2003 Annual Report 
Rates by Test Type, Employer Size, and Employer Type 

DRUGS 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

1.17 0.98 

1.93 1.71 1.57 

1.05 1.13 

1.73 1.49 

1.05 

3.06 

3.54 3.32 

1.61 

2.74 

2.47 

1.40 

1.09 0.89 0.77 0.79 

1.13 

3.44

3.17 

24.49 

3.70 4.63 

14.77 

25.00 

33.33 

5.0 

30.0 

25.0 

20.0 

15.0 

10.0 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C 

% Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined 

T = transit C = contractor 

Because all of the alcohol rates by employer size and employer type except the 

reasonable suspicion rates are less than 0.5 percent, the space below “0.5” in 

the following alcohol graph is expanded under the divider line to allow greater 

clarity. Additionally, the following graph does not contain columns for employer 

size that show a rate of “0” in the preceding test type/employer size graph. 

Rates by Test Type, Employer Size, and Employer Type 

ALCOHOL 

20.0 

18.0 

16.0 

14.0 

12.0 

10.0 

8.0 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

20.00

19.12 

16.00 

8.46 

13.33 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 0.17 0.20 

0.15 

0.10 

0.20 

0.10 

0.15 

0.44 

0.12 0 0.09 0.11 0 0 0

0.19 

0.25 0.28 

0.38 

0.25 

0.16 

T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C 

% Large Small Rural Large Rural Large Small Rural Large Rural Large Small Rural 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined 

T = transit C = contractor 

2003 Annual Report 4-6 
Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type, Employer Size, and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Random 

TE 85,550 23,185 6,405 2,151 16,284 1,722 27,875 6,824 1,974 557 4,597 491 

R+P 661 402 57 32 129 18 28 7 4 0 8 1 

P 611 356 51 25 109 18 25 4 4 0 3 1 

TR 50 46 6 7 20 0 3 3 0 0 5 0 

RTT 26 34 5 2 16 0 1 3 0 0 4 0 

SB 15 3 1 5 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 

Adul 5 9 0 0 1 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 4 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.058 0.198 0.094 0.325 0.123 0 0.011 0.044 0 0 0.109 0 

PostAccident 

TE 8,917 2,675 915 189 921 98 8,578 2,275 780 119 680 58 

R+P 104 92 9 6 10 3 13 10 0 0 1 0 

P 96 82 9 4 10 3 8 2 0 0 0 0 

TR 8 10 0 2 0 0 5 8 0 0 1 0 

RTT 5 9 0 2 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 

SB 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 

Adul 0 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 2 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.090 0.374 0 1.058 0 0 0.058 0.352 0 0 0.147 0 

Reasonable 

Suspicion 

TE 410 149 27 16 49 6 402 136 25 15 35 7 

R+P 19 22 1 4 12 2 34 26 4 2 7 0 

P 18 21 1 4 9 2 34 22 4 2 6 0 

TR 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 

RTT 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 

SB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adul 0 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.244 0.671 0 0 6.122 0 0 2.941 0 0 2.857 0 

PreEmployment 

TE 24,855 25,005 2,750 1,928 9,992 1,244 5,439 2,851 362 94 849 77 

R+P 479 884 47 64 157 20 5 3 0 0 1 0 

P 462 828 42 60 151 19 4 3 0 0 1 0 

TR 17 56 5 4 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

RTT 12 38 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

SB 0 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Adul 4 11 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 1 5 2 1 1 1 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.068 0.224 0.182 0.207 0.060 0.080 0.018 0 0 0 0 0 

Total 

TE 119,732 51,014 10,097 4,284 27,246 3,070 42,294 12,086 3,141 785 6,161 633 

R+P 1,263 1,400 114 106 308 43 80 46 8 2 17 1 

P 1,263 1,400 114 106 308 43 80 46 8 2 17 1 

TR 1,187 1,287 103 93 279 42 71 31 8 2 10 1 

RTT 43 82 8 6 23 0 4 15 0 0 5 0 

SB 17 6 1 6 4 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 

Adul 9 20 0 0 1 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 7 5 2 1 1 1 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.063 0.222 0.109 0.303 0.106 0.033 0.021 0.124 0 0 0.114 0.000 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals TR = total refusals R Rate = refusal rate 

RTT = refusal to take test SB = shy bladder Adul = adulterated Sub = substituted 

4-7 2003 Annual Report 
4.2 Data for Four Test Types by Employee Category 

The next two graphs show the rates for each test type, as well as the rates for all 

four types combined, by employee category for drug tests and for alcohol tests, 

respectively. Because all of the alcohol rates except reasonable suspicion are 

less than 0.6 percent, the space below “0.6” in the alcohol graph is expanded 

under the divider line to allow greater clarity. The table on the next page 

provides the statistical basis for the rates. These data are subdivided by 

employer type and by employer size later in this section. 

Rates by Test Type and Employee Category 

11.0 

10.0 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

% 

DRUGS 

RVO RV& 

EM 

RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP RVO RV& 

EM 

RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP RVO RV& 

EM 

RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP RVO RV& EM

 RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP RVO RV& 

EM 

RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP 

 Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

1.59 

9.44 

2.57 

1.62 

2.38 2.03 

1.21 

2.59 

1.01 0.96 

11.24 

0.98 

3.57 

0.61 0

1.62 

0 

6.59 

1.07 

3.10 

1.77 

0 0 0.86 0.36 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Rates by Test Type and Employee Category 

 ALCOHOL 

25.0 

20.0 

15.0 

10.0 

5.0 11.8110.98 

6.06 

28.57 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.56 

0.25 

0.1 0.18 0.12 

0.24 

0.10 0.03 0.11 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.20 

0.09 

0.47 

0.07 

RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RVO RV& RVC CDL/ 

% EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP EM /D N-RV ASP

 Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

2003 Annual Report 4-8 
Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type and Employee Category 

Drugs Alcohol 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Random 

TE 92,496 27,602 9,515 3,189 2,495 28,702 8,587 2,882 1,254 892 

R+P 932 266 58 34 9 34 9 1 3 1 

P 843 240 50 32 5 24 9 0 3 1 

TR 89 26 8 2 4 10 0 1 0 0 

RTT 55 19 5 0 4 7 0 1 0 0 

SB 22 2 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Adul 10 3 2 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 2 2 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.096 0.094 0.084 0.063 0.160 0.035 0 0.035 0 0 

PostAccident 

TE 12,783 630 107 91 104 11,719 539 89 79 64 

R+P 203 15 0 6 0 21 3 0 0 0 

P 185 13 0 6 0 10 0 0 0 0 

TR 18 2 0 0 0 11 3 0 0 0 

RTT 14 2 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 0 

SB 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 

Adul 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 2 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.141 0.317 0 0 0 0.094 0.557 0 0 0 

Reasonable 

Suspicion 

TE 519 89 28 20 1 491 82 33 14 0 

R+P 49 10 1 0 0 58 9 2 4 0 

P 46 9 0 0 0 56 7 1 4 0 

TR 3 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 

RTT 2 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 

SB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adul 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.578 1.124 3.571 0 0 0.407 2.439 3.030 0 0 

PreEmployment 

TE 54,936 6,271 2,197 903 1,467 7,671 1,120 285 154 442 

R+P 1,413 127 57 28 26 9 0 0 0 0 

P 1,339 122 53 24 24 8 0 0 0 0 

TR 74 5 4 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 

RTT 47 4 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 

SB 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Adul 13 0 1 1 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 11 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.135 0.080 0.182 0.443 0.136 0.013 0 0 0 0 

Total 

TE 160,734 34,592 11,847 4,203 4,067 48,583 10,328 3,289 1,501 1,398 

R+P 2,597 418 116 68 35 122 21 3 7 1 

P 2,413 384 103 62 29 98 16 1 7 1 

TR 184 34 13 6 6 24 5 2 0 0 

RTT 118 26 9 3 6 18 4 2 0 0 

SB 28 3 1 2 0 6 1 0 0 0 

Adul 23 3 3 1 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 15 2 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0.114 0.098 0.110 0.143 0.148 0.049 0.048 0.061 0 0 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals TR = total refusals R Rate = refusal rate 

RTT = refusal to take test SB = shy bladder Adul = adulterated Sub = substituted 

4-9 2003 Annual Report 
0.09

4.2.1 Data for Four Test Types by Employee Category and Employer Type 

The following series of graphs subdivide the preceding test type/employee category 

rates by employer type. Two graphs, one for drugs and one for alcohol, are 

presented for the four test types combined and for each test type. They show the 

rates by employer type for each employee category. This series of graphs is 

followed by two tables that provide the statistical basis for the rates. 

Rates for Four Test Types Combined by Employee Category and Employer Type 

DRUGS 

T C T C T C T C T C % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

1.14 

1.01 

0.49 

1.66 

2.79 

2.39 

1.42 

2.17 

0.22 

2.05 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

 ALCOHOL 

T C T C T C T C T C % RVO RV& EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

0.23 

0.17 

0.45 

0.34 

0.43 

0.63 

0 0.09

0.41 

0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

 RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Random Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type 

DRUGS 

1.6 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.80 

1.76 

0.10 

0.87 

1.45 

1.59 

0.43 

0.98 

1.27 

1.61 

ALCOHOL 

1.6 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.13 0.15 0.07 0.10 

0.16 

0.78 

0 0.18 0.13 0

T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C % % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

The following graphs do not contain columns for employee categories that show a 

rate of “0” in the test type/employee category graphs on page 4-8. Some of the 

rates in two of those graphs are presented on a separate scale because their 

sample sizes are too small to be representative of their populations. 

2003 Annual Report 4-10 
Post-Accident Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type

ALCOHOL

 DRUGS 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

T C T C T C % RVO RV&EM CDL/N-RV 

8.33 7.0 

8.0 

6.33 

3.35 

1.10 1.52 

6.73 

1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 0.13 0.43 0.38 

1.37 

T C T C % RVO RV&EM 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation

 RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Reasonable Suspicion Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 T C T C T C T C T C T C T C % RVO RV&EM RVC/D % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV

0 

3.0 

6.0 

9.0 

12.0 

15.0 

0 

7.46 

10.03 

16.67 

5.98 

4.35 

12.00 

17.88 

0 

7.14 

3.0 

6.0 

9.0 

12.0 

15.0 

33.33 

22.22 

26.67 

20.0 

25.0 

30.0 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Pre-Employment Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type 

DRUGS 

T C T C T C T C T C % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

1.87 1.50 

3.98 

3.48 

4.83 

2.56 

0.82 0.66 0.80 

2.98 

1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 ALCOHOL 

T C % RVO 

0.12 0.12 

0.05 

0.10 

T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

 RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel

4-11 2003 Annual Report 
Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type, Employee Category, and Employer Type 

Drugs 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

RVO 

TE 72,705 19,791 10,003 2,780 368 151 31,060 23,876 114,136 46,598 

R+P 583 349 110 93 22 27 582 831 1,297 1,300 

P 528 315 104 81 20 26 558 781 1,210 1,203 

TR 55 34 6 12 2 1 24 50 87 97 

RTT 34 21 3 11 1 1 16 31 54 64 

SB 17 5 1 1 1 0 2 1 21 7 

Adul 2 8 0 0 0 0 3 10 5 18 

Sub 2 0 2 0 0 0 3 8 7 8 

R Rate 0.076 0.172 0.060 0.432 0.543 0.662 0.077 0.209 0.076 0.208 

RV&EM 

TE 23,256 4,346 526 104 75 14 4,054 2,217 27,911 6,681 

R+P 203 63 8 7 9 1 61 66 281 137 

P 187 53 6 7 8 1 61 61 262 122 

TR 16 10 2 0 1 0 0 5 19 15 

RTT 10 9 2 0 1 0 0 4 13 13 

SB 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 

Adul 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Sub 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

R Rate 0.069 0.230 0.380 0 1.333 0 0 0.226 0.068 0.225 

RVC/D 

TE 7,471 2,044 81 26 23 5 1,223 974 8,798 3,049 

R+P 32 26 0 0 1 0 10 47 43 73 

P 28 22 0 0 0 0 10 43 38 65 

TR 4 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 5 8 

RTT 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 3 4 5 

SB 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Adul 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0.054 0.196 0 0 4.348 0 0 0.411 0.057 0.262 

CDL/N-RV 

TE 2,748 441 79 12 20 0 653 250 3,500 703 

R+P 27 7 5 1 0 0 26 2 58 10 

P 26 6 5 1 0 0 22 2 53 9 

TR 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 1 

RTT 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 

SB 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Adul 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0.036 0.227 0 0 0 0 0.613 0 0.143 0.142 

ASP 

TE 2,059 436 64 40 0 1 607 860 2,730 1,337 

R+P 2 7 0 0 0 0 4 22 6 29 

P 2 3 0 0 0 0 4 20 6 23 

TR 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 

RTT 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 

SB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adul 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0 0.917 0 0 0 0 0 0.233 0 0.449 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals TR = total refusals R Rate = refusal rate 

RTT = refusal to take test SB = shy bladder Adul = adulterated Sub = substituted 

2003 Annual Report 4-12 
Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type, Employee Category, and Employer Type 

Alcohol 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

RVO 

TE 23,022 5,680 9,376 2,343 359 132 5,082 2,589 37,839 10,744 

R+P 30 4 12 9 36 22 6 3 84 38 

P 22 2 8 2 36 20 5 3 71 27 

TR 8 2 4 7 0 2 1 0 13 11 

RTT 5 2 2 7 0 2 0 0 7 11 

SL 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 

R Rate 0.035 0.035 0.043 0.299 0.000 1.515 0.020 0 0.034 0.102 

RV&EM 

TE 7,288 1,299 466 73 67 15 937 183 8,758 1,570 

R+P 7 2 2 1 5 4 0 0 14 7 

P 7 2 0 0 4 3 0 0 11 5 

TR 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 3 2 

RTT 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 

SL 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

R Rate 0 0 0.429 1.370 1.493 6.667 0 0 0.034 0.127 

RVC/D 

TE 2,252 630 67 22 24 9 214 71 2,557 732 

R+P 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 

P 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

TR 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 

RTT 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 

SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0 0.159 0 0 0 11.111 0 0 0 0.273 

CDL/N-RV 

TE 1,125 129 74 5 12 2 132 22 1,343 158 

R+P 2 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 1 

P 2 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 1 

TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

RTT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

ASP 

TE 759 133 55 9 0 0 285 157 1,099 299 

R+P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

RTT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals TR = total refusals RTT = refusal to take test SL - shy lung R Rate = refusal rate 

4.2.2 Data for Four Test Types by Employee Category and Employer Size 

The following series of graphs subdivide the test type/employee category rates by 

employer size. Two graphs, one for drugs and one for alcohol, are presented for 

the four test types combined and for each test type. This series of graphs is 

followed by two tables that provide the statistical basis for the rates. 

These graphs do not contain columns for employee categories that show a

rate of “0” in the test type/employee category graphs on page 4-8. 

4-13 2003 Annual Report 
Rates for Four Test Types Combined by Employee Category and Employer Size 

DRUGS 

1.6 1.69 1.68 1.71 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

1.22 

0.92 

0.71 

0 

1.54 

0.52 

1.12 

1.30 

0.94 

 ALCOHOL 

L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP

0.25 0.18 0.13 

0.56 

0.07 

0.28 

0.22 

0.2 0.28 

0.4 

0.6 

0 0 0 0 0 0 

0.64 

0.87 

0 0 

L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP

 L = large S = small R = rural RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Random Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size

 DRUGS 

1.0 

1.03 0.96 

1.05 1.02 1.09 

0.71 

1.10 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.65 

0.85 

0.36 

0 

1.06 

0.37 

ALCOHOL 

0.10 

0.21 0.20 

0.28 0.2 

0.1 

0.25 

0.10 0.05 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R

0 0 % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP

 L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP

 L = large S = small R = rural RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Two of the rates in the next drug graph are presented on a separate scale because 

their sample sizes are too small to be representative of their populations. 

 Post-Accident Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size

 DRUGS 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

ALCOHOL

 Large Small Rural Large Small Rural % RVO RV&EM 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural % RVO RV&EM CDL/N-RV 

1.65 

2.52 

2.08 

1.31 

0 

1.23 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

0 

7.69 

6.0 6.76 

7.0 

0.20 

0.66 

0 0 0 0.14 

0.2 

0.4 

0.6 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

2003 Annual Report 4-14 
Two of the rates in the next drug graph and two of the rates in the next alcohol 

graph are presented on a separate scale because their sample sizes are too small 

to be representative of their populations. 

Reasonable Suspicion Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size 

 DRUGS ALCOHOL 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R % RVO RV& EM RVC/D % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV 

7.66 

8.86 

0 

13.16 

27.03 

3.0 

6.0 

9.0 

12.0 

15.0 

18.0 

21.0 

24.0 

27.0 

0 0

11.37 

8.22 

6.67 

14.29 

25.00 

14.71 

3.0 

6.0 

9.0 

12.0 

15.0 

18.0 

21.0 

24.0 

27.0 

0 0 0 0

40.00 

30.77 

30.0 

40.0 50.00 50.00 

30.0 

40.0 

L = large S = small R = rural RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

 RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Pre-Employment Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size 

DRUGS 

3.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

2.81 

2.18 

3.22 

3.72 

1.45 1.54 

0.29 

2.60 

0.71 

0.97 

2.35 

1.77 

0 0 0 

 ALCOHOL

 L S R % 

RVO 

0.12 

0 

0.13 

0.03 

0.06 

0.09 

0.12 

L S R L S R L S R L S R L S R % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

L = large S = small R = rural RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

4-15 2003 Annual Report 
Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type, Employee Category, and Employer Size 

Drugs 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

RVO 

TE 71,813 6,542 14,14110,811 995 977 444 38 37 40,734 4,150 10,052123,80211,72525,207 

R+P 741 71 120 178 13 12 34 5 10 1,145 108 160 2,098 197 302 

P 680 60 103 162 11 12 32 5 9 1,086 99 154 1,960 175 278 

TR 61 11 17 16 2 0 2 0 1 59 9 6 138 22 24 

RTT 35 5 15 12 2 0 1 0 1 39 5 3 87 12 19 

SB 14 6 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 18 7 3 

Adul 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 23 0 0 

Sub 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 2 10 3 2 

R Rate 0.085 0.168 0.120 0.148 0.201 0 0.450 0 2.703 0.145 0.217 0.060 0.111 0.188 0.095 

RV& 

EM 

TE 25,194 1,079 1,329 515 96 19 79 4 6 5,517 340 414 31,305 1,519 1,768 

R+P 241 11 14 13 2 0 7 0 3 120 1 6 381 14 23 

P 218 10 12 11 2 0 7 0 2 115 1 6 351 13 20 

TR 23 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 30 1 3 

RTT 17 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 23 1 2 

SB 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 

Adul 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 

Sub 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

R Rate 0.091 0.093 0.150 0.388 0 0 0 0 16.667 0.091 0 0 0.096 0.066 0.170 

RVC

 /D 

TE 6,733 824 1,958 95 3 9 25 1 2 1,552 130 515 8,405 958 2,484 

R+P 44 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 50 2 5 94 9 13 

P 37 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 2 5 83 8 12 

TR 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 11 1 1 

RTT 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 7 1 1 

SB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Adul 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0.104 0.121 0 0 0 0 0 0 50.00 0.258 0 0 0.131 0.104 0.040 

CDL 

/NRV 

TE 2,539 82 568 74 4 13 10 0 10 592 56 255 3,215 142 846 

R+P 28 0 6 5 0 1 0 0 0 22 0 6 55 0 13 

P 27 0 5 5 0 1 0 0 0 19 0 5 51 0 11 

TR 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 4 0 2 

RTT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 1 

SB 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Adul 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0.039 0 0.176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.507 0.000 0.392 0.124 0 0.236 

ASP 

TE 2,456 29 10 97 6 1 1 0 0 1,465 2 0 4,019 37 11 

R+P 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 35 0 0 

P 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 29 0 0 

TR 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 0 0 

RTT 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 0 0 

SB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adul 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0.163 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.137 0 0 0.149 0 0 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals TR = total refusals R Rate = refusal rate 

RTT = refusal to take test SB - shy bladder Adul = adulterated Sub = substituted 

2003 Annual Report 4-16 
Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Test Type, Employee Category, and Employer Size 

Alcohol 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

RVO 

TE 22,878 1,916 3,908 10,194 822 703 422 35 34 6,487 394 790 39,981 3,167 5,435 

R+P 22 4 8 20 0 1 48 5 5 8 0 1 98 9 15 

P 17 4 3 10 0 0 46 5 5 7 0 1 80 9 9 

TR 5 0 5 10 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 18 0 6 

RTT 3 0 4 9 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 4 

SL 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 2 

R Rate 0.022 0 0.128 0.098 0 0.142 0.474 0 0 0.015 0 0 0.045 0 0.110 

RV& 

EM 

TE 7,861 325 401 452 71 16 73 4 5 1,028 45 47 9,414 445 469 

R+P 8 0 1 3 0 0 6 1 2 0 0 0 17 1 3 

P 8 0 1 0 0 0 5 1 1 0 0 0 13 1 2 

TR 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 1 

RTT 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 

SL 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

R Rate 0 0 0 0.664 0 0 1.370 0 20.00 0 0 0 0.042 0.000 0.213 

RVC

 /D 

TE 2,023 251 608 76 3 10 30 1 2 215 13 57 2,344 268 677 

R+P 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

P 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

TR 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

RTT 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0.049 0 0 0 0 0 3.333 0 0 0 0 0 0.085 0 0 

CDL 

/NRV 

TE 1,054 30 170 67 3 9 13 0 1 118 4 32 1,252 37 212 

R+P 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 

P 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 

TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

RTT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

ASP 

TE 883 8 1 64 0 0 0 0 0 442 0 0 1,389 8 1 

R+P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

RTT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

R Rate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals TR = total refusals RTT = refusal to take test SL - shy lung R Rate = refusal rate 

4.3 Data for Four Test Types by FTA Region 

The drug rates and alcohol rates for all four test types combined and random tests 

are shown by FTA region on the next four maps. The shading variations provide 

quick comparison. The exact rates are also included. The statistical basis for the 

rates is provided in the accompanying tables. The rates for post-accident, 

reasonable suspicion, and pre-employment tests appear in tables following the 

maps, along with the statistical basis for those rates. Data on the individual types 

4-17 2003 Annual Report 
of refusals follow the other data tables. The data by region are subdivided by 

employer type and employer size in Sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, respectively. 

Drug Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region Total Drug Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals for 

Four Test Types by Region 

Region Events Positives Refusals

 1 9,558 111 3 

2 42,337 490 22 

3 24,705 417 40 

4 26,239 354 41 

5 32,467 517 28 

6 17,408 215 17 

7 7,792 86 9 

8 7,160 127 12 

9 37,172 560 59 

10 10,605 114 12 

Alcohol Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region Total Alcohol Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals for 

Four Test Types by Region 

Region Events Positives Refusals

 1 2,006 6 1 

2 13,239 7 5 

3 9,498 24 1 

4 8,868 16 2 

5 8,870 21 9 

6 7,019 11 4 

7 1,451 7 3 

8 1,445 2 0 

9 9,547 19 4 

10 3,156 10 2 

 Random Drug Rates by FTA Region Random Drug Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals 

by FTA Region 

Region Events Positives Refusals

 1 6,251 48 2 

2 28,458 164 15 

3 15,367 136 23 

4 15,488 161 21 

5 20,856 222 12 

6 10,883 96 6 

7 4,574 35 4 

8 4,169 49 10 

9 22,279 206 27 

10 6,972 53 9 

Events = testing events 

2003 Annual Report 4-18 
Random Alcohol Rates by FTA Region Random Alcohol Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals by 

FTA Region 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals 

1 1,342 1 0 

2 9,182 4 2 

3 5,962 8 0 

4 5,332 5 1 

5 5,711 6 3 

6 4,870 6 0 

7 1,118 2 3 

8 1,061 0 0 

9 5,186 2 1 

10 2,553 3 1 

Drugs Alcohol 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate 

1 435 7 1 1.84 396 0 1 0.25 

2 1,930 20 2 1.14 1,840 1 3 0.22 

3 1,153 32 1 2.86 1,022 0 0 0 

4 2,501 28 1 1.16 2,223 2 1 0.13 

5 2,489 40 8 1.93 2,362 1 6 0.30 

6 1,296 13 2 1.16 1,103 0 1 0.09 

7 351 6 0 1.71 299 2 0 0.67 

8 338 11 0 3.25 276 1 0 0.36 

9 2,693 45 5 1.86 2,470 3 1 0.16 

10 529 2 0 0.38 499 0 1 0.20 

Reasonable Suspicion Data 

by FTA Region 

Post-Accident Data by FTA Region 

Pre-Employment Data by FTA Region 

Drugs 

Testing Region Positives Refusals Rate Events 

1 22 1 0 4.55 

2 224 10 0 4.46 

3 98 10 0 10.20 

4 43 6 0 13.95 

5 108 8 1 8.33 

6 25 3 2 20.00 

7 15 2 2 26.67 

8 18 2 0 11.11 

9 79 10 0 12.66

 10 25 3 0 12.00 

Alcohol 

Testing Region Positives Refusals Rate Events 

1 13 5 0 38.46 

2 207 2 0 0.97 

3 86 12 0 13.95 

4 39 8 0 20.51 

5 106 13 0 12.26 

6 25 3 3 24.00 

7 12 3 0 25.00 

8 24 1 0 4.17 

9 80 14 2 20.00

 10 28 7 0 25.00 

Drugs Alcohol 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing Events Positives Refusals Rate 

1 2,850 55 0 1.93 255 0 0 0 

2 11,725 296 5 2.57 2,010 0 0 0 

3 8,087 239 16 3.15 2,428 4 1 0.21 

4 8,207 159 19 2.17 1,274 1 0 0.08 

5 9,014 247 7 2.82 691 1 0 0.14 

6 5,204 103 7 2.11 1,021 2 0 0.20 

7 2,852 43 3 1.61 22 0 0 0 

8 2,635 65 2 2.54 84 0 0 0 

9 12,121 299 27 2.69 1,811 0 0 0 

10 3,079 56 3 1.92 76 0 0 0 

The total number of refusals by FTA Region listed in each of the preceding tables 

is subdivided by the individual types of refusals in the following table. 

4-19 2003 Annual Report 
Data on Refusal Types for Four Test Types by FTA Region 

Drugs Alcohol 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion Pre-Employment Total Random 

PostAccident RS P-E Total 

Region RTT SB Adul Sub RTT SB Adul Sub RTT SB Adul Sub RTT SB Adul Sub RTT SB Adul Sub RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL 

1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

2 6 4 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 11 4 5 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 

3 17 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 34 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

4 10 10 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 2 1 2 25 12 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

5 9 1 1 1 7 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 5 17 2 2 7 1 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 6 3 

6 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 13 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 

7 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 

8 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 9 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

9 14 4 9 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 12 0 32 6 21 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 

10 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 10 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 

RTT = refusal to take test SB = shy bladder SL = shy lung Adul = adulterated Sub = substituted 

RS= Reasonable Suspicion P-E – Pre-Employment 

4.3.1 Data for Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Type 

The drug rates and the alcohol rates by region for all four test types combined 

and for random tests are subdivided by employer type in the next four maps. 

The statistical basis for the rates for all four test types combined is provided in 

the table following the first pair of maps. The statistical basis for the random 

rates is provided in the table following the second pair of maps. That table is 

followed by three tables containing the rates by region and employer type for 

post-accident, reasonable suspicion, and pre-employment tests, respectively, 

along with the statistical basis for those rates. Data on the individual types of 

refusals follow the other data tables. 

Drug Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region and Employer Type 

T = transit C = contractor 

2003 Annual Report 4-20 
Alcohol Rates for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region and Employer Type 

T = transit C = contractor 

Total Tests, Positives, and Refusals for Four Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Tests Positives Refusals Testing Events Positives Refusals Tests Positives Refusals 

1 7,389 90 1 2,169 21 2 1,482 5 0 524 1 1 

2 31,523 238 15 10,814 252 7 10,173 5 2 3,066 2 3 

3 17,744 187 19 6,961 230 21 7,228 19 1 2,270 5 0 

4 20,444 221 22 5,795 133 19 7,706 13 1 1,162 3 1 

5 24,687 274 17 7,780 243 11 7,189 12 5 1,681 9 4 

6 13,265 133 10 4,143 82 7 5,965 10 1 1,054 1 3 

7 7,052 64 5 740 22 4 1,336 7 3 115 0 0 

8 4,385 51 6 2,775 76 6 944 1 0 501 1 0 

9 23,045 249 17 14,127 311 42 6,935 12 1 2,612 7 3 

10 7,541 62 4 3,064 52 8 2,638 5 2 518 5 0 

Random Drug Rates by FTA Region and Employer Type 

T = transit C = contractor 

4-21 2003 Annual Report 
Random Alcohol Rates by FTA Region and Employer Type 

T = transit C = contractor 

Random Tests, Positives, and Refusals by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Testing Events Positives Refusals Testing Events Positives Refusals Testing Events Positives Refusals 

1 5,114 41 1 1,137 7 1 1,069 1 0 273 0 0 

2 22,900 90 11 5,558 74 4 7,463 3 1 1,719 1 1 

3 12,943 97 14 2,424 39 9 5,082 7 0 880 1 0 

4 12,944 121 13 2,544 40 8 4,538 4 1 794 1 0 

5 17,225 146 9 3,631 76 3 4,583 4 2 1,128 2 1 

6 8,801 69 4 2,082 27 2 4,213 6 0 657 0 0 

7 4,260 30 3 314 5 1 1,015 2 3 103 0 0 

8 2,939 20 5 1,230 29 5 688 0 0 373 0 0 

9 15,616 117 12 6,663 89 15 3,611 2 0 1,575 0 1 

10 5,497 40 4 1,475 13 5 2,184 3 1 369 0 0 

Post-Accident Data by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Region TE P R Rate TE P R Rate TE P R Rate TE P R Rate 

1 344 5 0 1.45 91 2 1 3.30 316 0 0 0 80 0 1 1.25 

2 1,434 9 1 0.70 496 11 1 2.42 1,392 1 1 0.14 448 0 2 0.45 

3 882 13 0 1.47 271 19 1 7.38 820 0 0 0 202 0 0 0.00 

4 2,183 19 0 0.87 318 9 1 3.14 1,973 1 0 0.05 250 1 1 0.80 

5 2,124 29 4 1.55 365 11 4 4.11 2,043 1 3 0.20 319 0 3 0.94 

6 1,035 8 2 0.97 261 5 0 1.92 910 0 0 0 193 0 1 0.52 

7 339 6 0 1.77 12 0 0 0 290 2 0 0.69 9 0 0 0 

8 217 5 0 2.30 121 6 0 4.96 170 1 0 0.59 106 0 0 0 

9 1,764 20 1 1.19 929 25 4 3.12 1,716 2 1 0.17 754 1 0 0.13 

10 431 1 0 0.23 98 1 0 1.02 408 0 1 0.25 91 0 0 0 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals 

2003 Annual Report 4-22 
Reasonable Suspicion Data by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Region TE P R Rate TE P R Rate TE P R Rate TE P R Rate 

1 17 1 0 5.88 5 0 0 0 9 4 0 44.44 4 1 0 25.00 

2 192 6 0 3.13 32 4 0 12.50 181 1 0 0.55 26 1 0 3.85 

3 69 3 0 4.35 29 7 0 24.14 65 10 0 15.38 21 2 0 9.52 

4 31 4 0 12.90 12 2 0 16.67 34 7 0 20.59 5 1 0 20.00 

5 85 4 1 5.88 23 4 0 17.39 77 7 0 9.09 29 6 0 20.69 

6 17 2 1 17.65 8 1 1 25.00 17 2 1 17.65 8 1 2 37.50 

7 14 1 2 21.43 1 1 0 100.00 12 3 0 25.00 0 0 0 0 

8 8 0 0 0 10 2 0 20.00 10 0 0 0 14 1 0 7.14 

9 42 6 0 14.29 37 4 0 10.81 44 8 0 18.18 36 6 2 22.22 

10 11 1 0 9.09 14 2 0 14.29 13 2 0 15.38 15 5 0 33.33 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals 

Pre-Employment Data by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Region Tests P R Rate Tests P R Rate Tests P R Rate Tests P R Rate 

1 1,914 43 0 2.25 936 12 0 1.28 88 0 0 0.00 167 0 0 0 

2 6,997 133 3 1.94 4,728 163 2 3.49 1,137 0 0 0.00 873 0 0 0 

3 3,850 74 5 2.05 4,237 165 11 4.15 1,261 2 1 0.24 1,167 2 0 0.17 

4 5,286 77 9 1.63 2,921 82 10 3.15 1,161 1 0 0.09 113 0 0 0 

5 5,253 95 3 1.87 3,761 152 4 4.15 486 0 0 0.00 205 1 0 0.49 

6 3,412 54 3 1.67 1,792 49 4 2.96 825 2 0 0.24 196 0 0 0 

7 2,439 27 0 1.11 413 16 3 4.60 19 0 0 0.00 3 0 0 0 

8 1,221 26 1 2.21 1,414 39 1 2.83 76 0 0 0.00 8 0 0 0 

9 5,623 106 4 1.96 6,498 193 23 3.32 1,564 0 0 0.00 247 0 0 0 

10 1,602 20 0 1.25 1,477 36 3 2.64 33 0 0 0.00 43 0 0 0 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals 

Data on Refusal Types for Four Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Drugs 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Region RT SB A S RT SB A S RT SB A S RT SB A S RT SB A S RT SB A S RT SB A S RT SB A S RT SB A S RT SB A S 

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

2 4 4 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 7 4 3 1 4 0 2 1 

3 9 3 1 1 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 14 3 1 1 20 1 0 0 

4 7 5 0 1 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 1 8 1 0 1 13 6 1 2 12 6 0 1 

5 6 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 3 9 2 2 4 8 0 0 3 

6 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 8 1 0 1 5 0 0 2 

7 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 

8 3 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 6 0 0 0 

9 8 2 2 0 6 2 7 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 11 1 11 0 12 2 3 0 20 4 18 0 

10 3 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 7 1 0 0 

RT = refusal to take test SB = shy bladder A = adulterated S = substituted 

4-23 2003 Annual Report 
Data on Refusal Types for Four Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Type 

Alcohol 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Region RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

2 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 

4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 

5 0 2 1 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 0 

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 

7 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

9 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 

10 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 

RTT = refusal to take test SL = shy lung 

4.3.2 Data for Four Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Size 

The drug rates and the alcohol rates by region for all four test types combined 

and for random tests are subdivided by large employer in the following four 

maps. The shading variations provide quick comparison. The exact rates are 

also included. The statistical basis for the rates is provided in the accompanying 

tables. The rates by region and small and rural employers for the four test types 

combined appear in the table following the first pair of maps, along with the 

statistical basis for those rates. The rates by region and small and rural 

employers for random tests appear in the table following the second pair of 

maps, along with the statistical basis for those rates. That table is followed by 

three pairs of tables containing the rates by region and all employer size 

categories for post-accident, reasonable suspicion, and pre-employment tests, 

respectively, along with the statistical basis for those rates. Data on the 

individual types of refusals follow the other data tables. 

Drug Rates for Four Test Types Combined by Total Drug Tests, FTA Region and Employer Size—Large Positives, and Refusals for 

Four Test Types by

Region and Large Employer 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals 

1 5,800 72 2 

2 41,012 482 22 

3 21,349 395 36 

4 16,428 225 24 

5 24,907 415 20 

6 12,703 163 11 

7 3,197 49 5 

8 4,764 86 6 

9 32,516 496 53 

10 8,070 91 10 

2003 Annual Report 4-24 
Alcohol Rates for Four Test Types Combined by Total Alcohol Tests, 

FTA Region and Employer Size—Large Positives, and Refusals for 

Four Test Types by

Region and Large Employer 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals 

1 1,389 4 1 

2 12,818 7 5 

3 8,756 22 1 

4 6,065 11 1 

5 6,905 17 9 

6 5,657 9 3 

7 714 4 0 

8 951 2 0 

9 8,636 17 4 

10 2,489 9 0 

Data for Four Test Types Combined by FTA Region and Employer Size—Small and Rural 

Drugs Alcohol 

Small Rural Small Rural 

Region TE P R Rate TE P R Rate TE P R Rate TE P R Rate 

1 1,222 6 1 0.57 216 1 0 0.46 2,536 33 0 1.30 401 1 0 0.25 

2 295 1 0 0.34 161 0 0 0 1,030 7 0 0.68 260 0 0 0.00 

3 1,236 4 1 0.40 285 1 0 0.35 2,120 18 3 0.99 457 1 0 0.22 

4 2,780 57 10 2.41 964 2 0 0.21 7,031 72 7 1.12 1,839 3 1 0.22 

5 3,364 46 4 1.49 905 3 0 0.33 4,196 56 4 1.43 1,060 1 0 0.09 

6 1,135 14 0 1.23 370 2 0 0.54 3,570 38 6 1.23 992 0 1 0.10 

7 618 7 0 1.13 142 1 0 0.70 3,977 30 4 0.85 595 2 3 0.84 

8 983 22 2 2.44 242 0 0 0 1,413 19 4 1.63 252 0 0 0.00 

9 1,789 29 5 1.90 284 0 0 0 2,867 35 1 1.26 627 2 0 0.32 

10 959 10 1 1.15 356 0 0 0 1,576 13 1 0.89 311 1 2 0.96 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals 

Random Drug Rates by FTA Region and Employer Size—Large Random Drug Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals by 

Region and Large Employer 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals 

1 3,991 31 1 

2 27,585 160 15 

3 13,152 124 20 

4 9,965 102 13 

5 15,983 178 7 

6 8,327 77 3 

7 1,816 22 2 

8 2,806 36 5 

9 19,698 189 23 

10 5,412 48 7 

4-25 2003 Annual Report 
Random Alcohol Rates by FTA Region and Employer Size—Large Random Alcohol Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals by 

Region and Large Employer 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals 

1 836 1 0 

2 8,887 4 2 

3 5,383 7 0 

4 3,540 3 0 

5 4,370 4 3 

6 3,933 4 0 

7 474 1 0 

8 720 0 0 

9 4,547 2 1 

10 2,009 3 0 

Random Test Data by FTA Region and Employer Size—Small and Rural 

Drugs Alcohol 

Small Rural Small Rural 

Region TE P R Rate TE P R Rate TE P R Rate TE P R Rate 

1 693 4 1 0.72 1,567 13 0 0.83 162 0 0 0.00 344 0 0 0.00 

2 230 1 0 0.43 643 3 0 0.47 111 0 0 0.00 184 0 0 0.00 

3 864 2 1 0.35 1,351 10 2 0.89 213 0 0 0.00 366 1 0 0.27 

4 1,463 26 5 2.12 4,060 33 3 0.89 457 0 0 0.00 1,335 2 1 0.22 

5 2,224 18 1 0.85 2,649 26 4 1.13 608 1 0 0.16 733 1 0 0.14 

6 648 5 0 0.77 1,908 14 3 0.89 240 2 0 0.83 697 0 0 0.00 

7 388 3 0 0.77 2,370 10 2 0.51 117 1 0 0.85 527 0 3 0.57 

8 530 7 1 1.51 833 6 4 1.20 152 0 0 0.00 189 0 0 0.00 

9 891 7 3 1.12 1,690 10 1 0.65 185 0 0 0.00 454 0 0 0.00 

10 625 3 1 0.64 935 2 1 0.32 285 0 0 0.00 259 0 1 0.39 

TE = testing events P = positives R = refusals 

Post-Accident Test Data by FTA Region and Employer Size 

Drugs 

Large Small Rural 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing Events Positives Refusals Rate 

1 341 6 1 2.05 42 0 0 0 52 1 0 1.92 

2 1,883 20 2 1.17 13 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 

3 1,013 30 1 3.06 80 0 0 0 60 2 0 3.33 

4 1,832 21 0 1.15 389 3 1 1.03 280 4 0 1.43 

5 2,102 35 7 2.00 233 3 1 1.72 154 2 0 1.30 

6 981 9 2 1.12 118 3 0 2.54 197 1 0 0.51 

7 257 6 0 2.33 28 0 0 0.00 66 0 0 0.00 

8 226 6 0 2.65 61 2 0 3.28 51 3 0 5.88 

9 2,505 44 5 1.96 96 1 0 1.04 92 0 0 0 

10 452 1 0 0.22 44 1 0 2.27 33 0 0 0 

2003 Annual Report 4-26 
Post-Accident Test Data by FTA Region and Employer Size 

Alcohol 

Large Small Rural 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing Events Positives Refusals Rate 

1 323 0 1 0.31 32 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 

2 1,799 1 3 0.22 11 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 

3 910 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 

4 1,652 2 1 0.18 364 0 0 0 207 0 0 0 

5 2,049 1 6 0.34 188 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 

6 879 0 1 0.11 88 0 0 0 136 0 0 0 

7 231 2 0 0.87 21 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 

8 211 1 0 0.47 36 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 

9 2,349 3 1 0.17 59 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 

10 450 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 18 0 1 5.56 

Reasonable Suspicion Test Data by FTA Region and Employer Size 

Drugs 

Large Small Rural 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing Events Positives Refusals Rate 

1 11 1 0 9.09 1 0 0 0 52 1 0 1.92 

2 221 10 0 4.52 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 

3 94 10 0 10.64 2 0 0 0 60 2 0 3.33 

4 26 4 0 15.38 11 1 0 9.09 280 4 0 1.43 

5 89 3 1 4.49 16 3 0 18.75 154 2 0 1.30 

6 16 3 1 25.00 2 0 0 0 197 1 0 0.51 

7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 

8 16 2 0 12.50 1 0 0 0 51 3 0 5.88 

9 61 4 0 6.56 6 1 0 16.67 92 0 0 0 

10 20 2 0 10.00 4 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 

Alcohol 

Large Small Rural 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing Events Positives Refusals Rate 

1 9 3 0 33.33 2 1 0 50.00 41 0 0 0 

2 205 2 0 0.98 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 

3 80 11 0 13.75 3 1 0 33.33 43 0 0 0 

4 28 6 0 21.43 10 2 0 20.00 207 0 0 0 

5 88 11 0 12.50 14 2 0 14.29 125 0 0 0 

6 17 3 2 29.41 1 0 0 0 136 0 0 0 

7 5 1 0 20.00 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 

8 17 1 0 5.88 2 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 

9 67 12 2 20.90 4 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 

10 22 6 0 27.27 4 0 0 0 18 0 1 5.56 

4-27 2003 Annual Report 
Pre-Employment Test Data by FTA Region and Employer Size 

Drugs 

Large Small Rural 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing Events Positives Refusals Rate 

1 1,457 34 0 2.33 486 2 0 0.41 907 19 0 2.09 

2 11,323 292 5 2.62 52 0 0 0.00 350 4 0 1.14 

3 7,090 231 15 3.47 290 2 0 0.69 707 6 1 0.99 

4 4,605 98 11 2.37 917 27 4 3.38 2,685 34 4 1.42 

5 6,733 199 5 3.03 891 22 2 2.69 1,390 26 0 1.87 

6 3,379 74 5 2.34 367 6 0 1.63 1,458 23 2 1.71 

7 1,119 21 3 2.14 202 4 0 1.98 1,531 18 0 1.18 

8 1,716 42 1 2.51 391 13 1 3.58 528 10 0 1.89 

9 10,252 259 25 2.77 796 20 2 2.76 1,073 20 0 1.86 

10 2,186 40 3 1.97 286 6 0 2.10 607 10 0 1.65 

Alcohol 

Large Small Rural 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing 

Events Positives Refusals Rate Testing Events Positives Refusals Rate 

1 221 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 

2 1,927 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 

3 2,383 4 1 0.21 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 

4 845 0 0 0 133 0 0 0 296 1 0 0.34 

5 398 1 0 0.25 95 0 0 0 198 0 0 0 

6 828 2 0 0.24 41 0 0 0 152 0 0 0 

7 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 

8 3 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 

9 1,673 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 

10 8 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 

The next two tables subdivide the total number of refusals by region and employer 

size presented in the preceding tables by the individual types of refusals. 

Data on Refusal Types for Four Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Size 

Drugs 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Region R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S R B A S 

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 6 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 4 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 16 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 

4 7 5 0 1 0 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 2 9 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 16 6 1 1 5 5 0 0 4 1 0 2 

5 5 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 12 2 1 5 2 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 

6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 7 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

7 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 

8 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 

9 10 4 9 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 13 0 12 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 5 21 0 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

 10 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

R = refusal to take test B = shy bladder A = adulterated S = substituted 

2003 Annual Report 4-28 
Data on Refusal Types for Four Test Types by FTA Region and Employer Size 

Alcohol 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Region RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL RTT SL 

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 

3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 0 0 

6 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 

7 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0

 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

RTT = refusal to take test SL = shy lung 

4.4 Data for Four Test Types by Type of Drug 

The verified positive rates for each type of drug tested for are presented for each 

test type and for the four test types combined in the following graph. A table 

follows that provides the statistical basis for the rates. The table is followed by 

charts that show the percentage by drug type of the total drug type detections9 for 

each test type and the four types combined. These rates and data are presented by 

employer type, employer size, and employee category later in this section. 

Positive Rates by Test Type and Drug Type 

4.0 

3.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

% M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

0.66 

3.20 

1.50 

0.79 0.69 

4.11 

0.70 

0.04 

0.44 0.47

0.32 0.01 0 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.30 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.06 

1.37 

0.09 0.01 

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

9 Because multiple drugs are sometimes detected in one specimen, the total number of drug 

detections may be greater than the total number of verified positives. 

4-29 2003 Annual Report 
Tests and Positives by Test Type and Drug Type 

Testing 

Events 

Verified Positives 

Marijuana Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines 

Random 135,297 599 433 10 27 61 

Post-Accident 13,715 91 94 2 8 13 

Reasonable Suspicion 657 21 27 0 2 9 

Pre-Employment 65,774 984 463 28 40 56 

Total 215,443 1,695 1,017 40 77 139 

Percentage by Drug Type of Total Drug Detections for Each Test Type 

C = 38.3% M = 53.0% 

O =2.4% P = 

0.9% 

A = 5.4% 

C = 38.3% M = 53.0% 

O =2.4% P = 

0.9% 

A = 5.4% 

C =45.8% 

M =35.6% 

O =3.4% P = 

0% A = 

15.2% 

C = 29.5% M = 62.6% 

O = 2.5%

P = 

1.8% 

A = 3.6% 

C = 34.3% M = 57.1% 

P = O =2.6%

1.3% A =4.7% 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

4.4.1 Data for Four Test Types by Employer Type and Drug Type 

The following graphs show the rates by drug type for each test type and the four 

test types combined by employer type. The reasonable suspicion graph contains 

no columns for PCP because there were no PCP reasonable suspicion detections. 

Positive Rates by Test Type, Employer Type, and Drug Type 

1.4 7.5 1.2 1.40 

1.0 7.0 

0.8 

0.82 6.5 

0.6 0.76 

0.57 6.0 0.4 0.56 

0.2 0.34 0.03 0.07 5.5 5.85 0.11 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.010.02 0.05 0.360.260.004 0.010.04 

5.0 M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

% Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 4.5 

Random Combined 4.0 

3.5 1.8 1.99 

1.6 3.0 

1.4 

1.421.35 

0.20 

2.5 

1.2 

0.97 

2.0 2.26

2.88 

0.62 

1.0 1.13 

0.8 1.5 

0.6 

0.51 

1.0 

0.4 

0.5 0.2 0.21 0.460.50

0.020.07 0.07 0.04 0.040.06 0.050.090.12 0 0 

7.60 

0.58 

3.51 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C O A M C O A 

% Transit Contractor Transit Contractor % Transit Contractor

Post-Accident Pre-Employment Reasonable Suspicion 

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

2003 Annual Report 4-30 
The next table provides the statistical basis for the rates in the previous graphs. 

The table after that one shows the percentage by drug type of the total drug type 

detections for each test type and the four test types combined by employer type. 

 Tests and Positives by Test Type, Employer Type, and Drug Type 

Transit Contractor 

TE M C P O A TE M C P O A 

Random 108,239 394 280 5 13 43 27,058 205 153 5 14 18 

Post-Accident 10,753 49 54 2 8 7 2,962 42 40 0 0 6 

Reasonable Suspicion 486 11 14 0 1 3 171 10 13 0 1 6 

Pre-Employment 37,597 423 191 15 14 23 28,177 561 272 13 26 33 

Total 157,075 877 539 22 36 76 58,368 818 478 18 41 63 

TE = testing events M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

Percentage by Drug Type of Total Drug Detections for Each Test Type by Employer Type 

Transit Contractor 

Marijuana Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines Marijuana Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines 

Random 53.6 38.1 0.7 1.8 5.9 51.9 38.7 1.3 3.5 4.6 

Post-Accident 40.8 45.0 1.7 6.7 5.8 47.7 45.5 0 0 6.8 

Reasonable Suspicion 37.9 48.3 0 3.4 10.3 33.3 43.3 0 3.3 20.0 

Pre-Employment 63.5 28.7 2.3 2.1 3.5 62.0 30.1 1.4 2.9 3.6 

Combined 56.6 34.8 1.4 2.3 4.9 57.7 33.7 1.3 2.9 4.4 

4.4.2 Data for Four Test Types by Employer Size and Drug Type 

The next four graphs show the rates by drug type for each test type and for the 

four test types combined by employer size--the first graph for large employers 

Positive Rates by Test Type, Employer Size, and Drug Type—Large Employers 

4.0 

3.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.44 0.2 0.35 0.01 0.02 0.05 

0.67 

0.02 

0.72 

0.07 

2.50 

4.11 

0.36 

0.54 

1.60 

0.10 0.05 0.07 

0.82 

0.08 

0.80 

0.02 

0.53 

0.04 

M C P O A M C P O A M C O A M C P O A M C P O A % Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Combined 

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

4-31 2003 Annual Report 

0.06 
and the other three for small and rural employers. The reasonable suspicion 

graphs contain no columns for PCP because there were no PCP reasonable 

suspicion detections. Two tables follow the graphs. The first provides the 

statistical basis for the rates. The second shows the percentage by drug type of 

the total drug type detections for each test type by employer size. 

Positive Rates by Test Type, Employer Size, and Drug Type—Small and Rural 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

%

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

% 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

Small Rural Small Rural 

Random Combined 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C O A M C O A 

Small Rural Small Rural Small Rural 

Post-Accident Pre-Employment 

%

 Reasonable Suspicion 

2.33 

1.82 

10.91 

6.98 

0 

7.27 

4.65 

1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

7.0 

8.0 

9.0 

10.0 

0 

0.63 0.59 

1.52 

1.03 

0.36 

0.59 0.53 

0.26 0.04 0 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.06 0 0.01 0 0 0 0

0.46 0.46 

0.82 

0.70 

0.25 

0.17 

0.37 

0.22 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.07 0 0.01 0.01 

0.08 0.07 0 0 0 

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines

 Tests and Positives by Test Type, Employer Size, and Drug Type 

Large Small Rural 

TE M C P O A TE M C P O A TE M C P O A 

Random 108,735 477 382 10 23 49 8,556 39 21 0 1 6 18,006 83 30 0 3 6 

Post-Accident 11,592 78 84 2 8 12 1,104 7 4 0 0 1 1,019 6 6 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 559 14 23 0 2 3 43 1 3 0 0 2 55 6 1 0 0 4 

Pre-Employment 49,860 797 409 27 34 42 4,678 71 25 0 1 3 11,236116 29 1 5 11 

Total 170,746 1,366 898 39 67 106 14,381118 53 0 2 12 30,316211 66 1 8 21 

TE = testing events M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

Percentage by Drug Type of Total Drug Detections for Each Test Type by Employer Size 

Large Small Rural 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

Random 50.7 40.6 1.1 2.4 5.2 58.2 31.3 0 1.5 9.0 68.0 24.6 0 2.5 4.9 

Post-Accident 42.4 45.7 1.1 4.3 6.5 58.3 33.3 0 0 8.3 50.0 50.0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 33.3 54.8 0 4.8 7.1 16.7 50.0 0 0 33.3 54.5 9.1 0 0 36.4 

Pre-Employment 60.9 31.2 2.1 2.6 3.2 71.0 25.0 0 1.0 3.0 71.6 17.9 0.6 3.1 6.8 

Combined 55.2 36.3 1.6 2.7 4.3 63.8 28.6 0 1.1 6.5 68.7 21.5 0.3 2.6 6.8

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

2003 Annual Report 4-32 
0.4 

4.4.3 Data for Four Test Types by Employee Category and Drug Type 

The following five graphs show the rates by drug type for each test type and for 

the four test types combined by employee category. A graph is presented for the 

four test types combined and for each test type. Two tables follow the graphs. 

The first provides the statistical basis for the rates. The second shows the 

percentage by drug type of the total drug type detections for each test type and 

the four test types combined by employee category. 

Positive Rates for Four Test Types Combined by Employee Category and Drug Type 

0.86 

0.8 

0.7 

0.70 

0.6 0.63 

0.55 

0.52 

0.36 

0.25 

0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.04 

Revenue Vehicle Operation Equipment Maintenance Control/Dispatching CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Armed Security Personnel

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

% Revenue Vehicle and Revenue Vehicle 

0.30 

0.47 

0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0 0 

0.03 0.02 

0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

Random Positive Rates by Employee Category and Drug Type 

0.47 0.46 0.44 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.03 

0.35 

0.05 

0.30 

0.03 

0.15 

0.20 

0.05 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.010.004 

0.38 

0 0 0

0.12 

0.04 0 0 0 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

% Revenue Vehicle and Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle Operation CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Armed Security Personnel Equipment Maintenance Control/Dispatching

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

4-33 2003 Annual Report
Post-Accident Positive Rates by Employee Category and Drug Type 

4.0 

3.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.95 

0.5 0.66 0.64 

0.01 0.05 0.10 

1.27 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

4.40 

1.10 1.10 

0 0 0 0 0 0 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

% Revenue Vehicle and Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle Operation Equipment Maintenance Control/Dispatching

 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Armed Security Personnel

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

Note: The following graph does not contain columns for PCP because there were 

no PCP detections in any reasonable suspicion tests—i.e., “0” in the 

reasonable suspicion column of the graph on page 4-29. 

Reasonable Suspicion Positive Rates by Employee Category and Drug Type 

M C O A M C O A M C O A M C O A M C O A 

% Revenue Vehicle Operation Revenue Vehicle and Revenue Vehicle CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Armed Security Personnel

4.49 4.49 

0 0 0

3.28 

0 0 0

4.43 

0 0 0 0 0 0

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

3.5 

4.0 

0.19 

1.35 

1.12 

2.25 

Equipment Maintenance Control/Dispatching 

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

2003 Annual Report 4-34 
Pre-Employment Positive Rates by Employee Category and Drug Type 

1.77 1.6 1.68 

1.4 1.53

1.2 1.29 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 0.78 

0.22 

0.11 

0.61 

0.4 

0.2 

0.07 

0.43 

0.75 0.73

0.06 0.21 0.02 0.05 0 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 

0 0.14 0 0

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

% Revenue Vehicle and Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle Operation Equipment Maintenance Control/Dispatching

 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Armed Security Personnel

 M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

Tests and Positives, and Refusals by Test Type, Employee Category, and Drug Type 

Testing 

Events 

Verified Positives 

Marijuana Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines 

Random 

RVO 92,496 436 322 8 24 43 

RV&EM 27,602 127 84 2 1 14 

RVC/D 9,515 19 14 0 2 3 

CDL/N-RV 3,189 14 12 0 0 1 

ASP 2,495 3 1 0 0 0 

Post-Accident 

RVO 12,783 85 82 1 7 13 

RV&EM 630 6 8 0 0 0 

RVC/D 107 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/N-RV 91 0 4 1 1 0 

ASP 104 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable 

Suspicion 

RVO 519 17 23 0 1 7 

RV&EM 89 4 4 0 1 2 

RVC/D 28 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/N-RV 20 0 0 0 0 0 

ASP 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Pre-Employment 

RVO 54,936 841 411 20 38 42 

RV&EM 6,271 81 27 4 1 13 

RVC/D 2,197 37 16 1 0 1 

CDL/N-RV 903 16 7 2 1 0 

ASP 1,467 9 2 1 0 0 

Total 

RVO 160,734 1,379 838 29 70 105 

RV&EM 34,592 218 123 6 3 29 

RVC/D 11,847 56 30 1 2 4 

CDL/N-RV 4,203 1,653 991 36 75 138 

ASP 4,067 12 3 1 0 0 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

4-35 2003 Annual Report 
Percentage by Drug Type of Total Drug Detections for Each Test Type by Employee Category 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle and 

Equipment Maintenance 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatching 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A M C P O A 

Random 52.338.7 1.0 2.9 5.2 55.736.9 0.9 0.4 6.1 50.036.8 0 5.3 7.9 51.944.4 0 0 3.7 75.025.0 0 0 0 

Post-Accident 45.243.6 0.5 3.7 6.9 42.957.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66.716.716.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 35.447.9 0 2.1 14.636.436.4 0 9.1 18.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pre-Employment 62.230.4 1.5 2.8 3.1 64.321.4 3.2 0.8 10.367.329.1 1.8 0 1.8 61.526.9 7.7 3.9 0 75.016.7 8.3 0 0 

Combined 57.034.6 1.2 2.9 4.3 57.532.5 1.6 0.8 7.7 60.232.3 1.1 2.1 4.3 50.839.0 5.1 3.4 1.7 75.018.8 6.3 0.0 0.0 

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

4.5 Confirmed Alcohol Specimens Between 0.02 and 0.039 

The table at right presents the number of Alcohol Confirmations Between 

confirmed alcohol specimens with levels between 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Random 0.04 18 42,317 

Post-Accident 0.04 5 12,490 

Reasonable 

Suspicion 

4.68/ 

5.25* 29 

Pre-Employment 0.01 1 9,672 

Total 0.08 53 65,099 

0.02 and 0.039 by Test Type 

0.02 and 0.039 by test type, the percentage of 

such specimens of the total number of testing 

events (events), and the total number of testing 

events. Those numbers are subdivided by 

employer type, employer size, employer size and 

type combined, employee category, and FTA 

region, respectively, in the tables that follow. (For 

all test types except 

reasonable suspicion and Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 by for all the types combined, 

Transit Contractor 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Random 0.04 15 34,446 0.04 3 7,871 

Post-Accident 0.04 4 10,038 0.04 1 2,452 

Reasonable Suspicion 4.33/ 

4.78* 20 462 5.70/ 6.72* 9 

Pre-Employment 0 0 6, 650 0.03 1 3,022 

Total 0.08 39 51,596 0.10 14 13,503 

Test Type and Employer Type the percentages of the 

entire number of tests and 

the percentage of the total 

number with levels lower 

than 0.04 are the same 

after rounding. Both rates 

are included in the “percent 

of tests” column for 

reasonable suspicion tests *Bottom number is the percentage of the number of tests minus confirmed positives. Both percentages 

where the rates differ.) are the same for the other reasonable suspicion breakdowns and for the other test types. 

Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 by Test Type and Employer Size 

Large Small Rural 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 Tests Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Random 0.04 14 108,735 0 0 8,556 0.08 4 18,006 

Post-Accident 0.03 3 11,592 0.22 2 1,104 0 0 1,019 

Reasonable Suspicion 4.28/ 

4.77* 23 559 5.00/ 

5.88* 2 43 9.52/ 

11.11* 4 55 

Pre-Employment 0.01 1 49,860 0 0 4,678 0 0 11,236 

Total 0.08 41 170,746 0.10 4 14,381 0.12 8 30,316 

*The bottom number is the percentage of the number of tests minus confirmed positives. Both percentages are the same for the other reasonable suspicion 

breakdowns and for the other test types. 

2003 Annual Report 4-36 

620 

158 
Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 by Test Type, Employer Size, and Employer Type 

Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

Random 0.04 11 27,875 0.04 3 6,824 0 0 1,974 0 0 556 0.09 4 4,597 0 0 491 

Post-Accident 0.02 2 8,578 0.04 1 2,275 0.26 2 780 0 0 119 0 0 680 0 0 58 

Reasonable 

Suspicion 

4.23/ 

4.62* 17 402 4.41/ 

5.26* 6 136 0 0 25 13.30/ 

15.38* 2 15 8.57/ 10.34* 3 35 14.29 1 7 

Pre-Employment 0 0 5,439 0.04 1 2,851 0 0 362 0 0 94 0 0 849 0 0 77 

Total 0.07 30 42,294 0.09 1 12,086 0.06 2 3,141 0.26 7 784 0.11 7 6,161 0.16 5 633 

*The bottom number is the percentage of the number of tests minus confirmed positives. Both percentages are the same for the other reasonable suspicion 

breakdowns and for the other test types. 

 Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 by Test Type and Employee Category 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle and 

Equipment Maintenance 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatching 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

% of 

Events 

.02-

.039 

Testing 

Events 

Random 0.05 15 28,702 0.03 3 8,587 0 0 2,882 0 0 1,254 0 0 892 

Post-Accident 0.04 5 11,719 0 0 539 0 0 89 0 0 79 0 0 64 

Reasonable 

Suspicion 

3.87/ 

4.37* 19 491 8.54/ 9.33* 7 82 6.06/ 

6.25* 2 33 7.14/ 10.00* 1 14 0 0 0 

Pre-Employment 0.01 1 7,671 0 0 1,120 0 0 285 0 0 154 0 0 442 

Total 0.08 40 48,583 0.10 10 10,328 0.06 2 3,289 0.07 1 1,501 0 0 1,398 

*The bottom number is the percentage of the number of tests minus confirmed positives. Both percentages are the same for the other reasonable suspicion 

breakdowns and for the other test types. 

Alcohol Confirmations Between 0.02 and 0.039 for Four Test Types by FTA Region 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion Pre-Employment Total 

Region Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

Percent 

of Events 

0.02 to 

0.039 

Testing 

Events 

1 0.22 2 1,342 0 0 435 15.38 2 13 0 0 255 0.20 4 2,006 

2 0.02 2 9,182 0.05 1 1,930 3.86 8 207 0 0 2,010 0.08 11 13,239 

3 0.02 1 5,962 0 0 1,153 2.33 2 86 0 0 2,428 0.03 3 9,498 

4 0.04 2 5,332 0 0 2,501 5.13 2 39 0 0 1,274 0.05 4 8,868 

5 0.04 2 5,711 0 0 2,489 2.83 3 106 0 0 691 0.06 5 8,870 

6 0.02 1 4,870 0.27 3 1,296 0 0 25 0 0 1,021 0.06 4 7,019 

7 0.18 2 1,118 0.33 1 351 0 0 12 0 0 22 0.21 3 1,451 

8 0.09 1 1,061 0 0 338 29.17 7 24 0 0 84 0.55 8 1,445 

9 0.08 4 5,186 0 0 2,693 5.00 4 80 0.06 1 1,811 0.09 9 9,547 

10 0.04 1 2,553 0 0 529 3.57 1 28 0 0 76 0.06 2 3,156 

*The bottom number is the percentage of the number of tests minus confirmed positives. Both percentages are the same for the other reasonable suspicion 

breakdowns and for the other test types. 

4-37 2003 Annual Report 

5. 	Drug and Alcohol Data for Return to Duty Testing 

and Follow-up Testing 

This chapter presents test data on persons who have been returned to FTA 

safety-sensitive duty after testing positive for drugs or alcohol or refusing to 

submit to a required test and who have subsequently completed a rehabilitation 

program designed by a substance abuse professional (SAP). Section 5.1 

summarizes data for return to duty tests performed in 2003. Section 5.2 

summarizes data for follow-up tests performed in 2003. The results are sorted 

and presented by employer type, employer size, employee category, FTA region, 

and drug type. 

5.1 Return to Duty Test Data 

The combined percentage 

 DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% 

2.81 

0.56

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

 Return to Duty Rates Return to Duty of positive tests plus test Tests, Positives, and Refusals 

refusals for return to duty 

drug tests and alcohol 

tests10 are shown in the 

graph at right. The 

statistical basis for those 

rates is provided in the 

table next to the graph. 

The rates are subdivided 

by employer type and size, 

by employee category, by 

FTA region, and by type of drug later in this section. 

Drugs Alcohol 

Testing Events 1,283 713 

Refusals + Positives 36 4 

Positives 28 3 

Total Refusals 8 1 

Refusal to take test 5 1 

Shy Bladder/Lung 2 0 

Adulterated 0 N. A. 

Substituted 1 N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.624 0.140 

5.1.1 Return to Duty Test Data by Employer Type and Size 

The rates in the preceding graph are subdivided by employer type, by employer 

size, and by employer size and type, respectively, in the three graphs on the 

next page. The three tables that follow the graphs provide the statistical basis 

for the rates. 

The graph (at right on the next page) showing employer size rates 

subdivided by employer type shows alcohol rates for only large transit 

employers because no confirmed alcohol positives or test refusals were 

reported by small or rural employers or by contractors. 

10 A positive alcohol test is a confirmed specimen with a breath alcohol level of at least 0.04. 

5-1 2003 Annual Report 
Return to Duty Rates Return to Duty Rates Return to Duty Rates 

by Employer Type

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% T C T C 

2.92 

0.62 

2.34 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

0 

by Employer Size

 DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

3.07 

1.01 

1.82 

0.61 

0 0 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

by Employer Size and Employer Type

 T = transit C = contractor 

 DRUGS ALCOHOL

 T C T C T C T % Large Small Rural Large 

3.21 

1.16 

2.02 

2.59 

0.68 

0 0 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 1,027 256 642 71 

Refusals + Positives 30 6 4 0 

Positives 24 4 3 0 

Total Refusals 6 2 1 0 

Refusal to take test 4 1 1 0 

Shy Bladder/Lung 1 1 0 0 

Adulterated 0 0 N. A. N. A. 

Substituted 1 0 N. A. N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.584 0.781 0.156 0 

 T = transit C = contractor 

Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Refusals Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Refusals 

by Employer Type by Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Testing Events 1,074 99 110 658 34 21 

R + P 33 1 2 4 0 0 

Positives (P) 26 1 1 3 0 0 

Total Refusals (R) 7 0 1 1 0 0 

Refusal to take test 5 0 0 1 0 0 

Shy Bladder/Lung 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Adulterated 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Substituted 1 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.652 0.000 0.909 0.152 0 0 

Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Employer Size and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 842 232 86 13 99 11 592 66 30 4 20 1 

Refusals + Positives 27 6 1 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Positives 22 4 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Total Refusals 5 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Refusal to take test 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Shy Bladder/Lung 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adulterated 0 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Substituted 1 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.594 0.862 0.000 0.000 1.010 0.000 0.169 0 0 0 0 0 

5.1.2 Return to Duty Test Data by Employee Category 

The following graph shows the rates for return to duty drug tests and alcohol 

tests by employee category. The table next to it provides the statistical basis for 

the rates. 

2003 Annual Report 5-2 
Return to Duty Rates Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Refusals 

by Employee Category by Employee Category 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

2.89 2.82 

0 0 

4.65 

0 0 0 0

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

3.5 

4.0 

4.5 

0.81 

RVO RV& RVC CDL/ RV& RVC CDL/ % EM /D N-RV ASP RVO EM /D N-RV ASP

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Drugs 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Testing Events 934 248 51 43 7 

Refusals + Positives 27 7 0 2 0 

Positives 22 6 0 0 0 

Total Refusals 5 1 0 2 0 

Refusal to take test 4 1 0 0 0 

Shy Bladder 0 0 0 2 0 

Adulterated 0 0 0 0 0 

Substituted 1 0 0 0 0 

Refusal Rate 0.535 0.403 0 4.651 0 

Alcohol 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Testing Events 494 167 20 26 6 

Refusals + Positives 4 0 0 0 0 

Positives 3 0 0 0 0 

Total Refusals 1 0 0 0 0 

Refusal to take test 1 0 0 0 0 

Shy Lung 0 0 0 0 0 

Refusal Rate 0.202 0 0 0 0 

The rates in the preceding graph are subdivided by employer type and by 

employer size, respectively, in the two graphs below. The tables on the next 

page provide the statistical basis for the rates. The graphs below do not contain 

columns for employee categories that show a rate of “0” in the preceding graph. 

Some of the rates in each graph are presented on a separate scale because their 

sample sizes are too small to be representative of their populations. The graph 

at far right 

contains Return to Duty Rates by Employee Return to Duty Rates by Employee Category 

alcohol rate Category and Employer Type and Employer Size 

DRUGS ALCOHOL DRUGS ALCOHOL columns for 

20.00 

20.0 20.0 only large 15.0 15.0

25.00

employers xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

because no 

positive 

return to 

duty alcohol 

tests were 

reported by 

small or 

rural 

employers in 

2003. 

3.22 

2.50 

0.89 

2.63 

0 

4.17 

1.59 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

3.5 

4.0 4.0 

3.5 

3.0 3.27 

1.33 

3.08 

2.5 2.70 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

1.06 

0 0 0 

T C T C T C T C L S R L S R L S R L % % RVO RV&EM CDL/N-RV RVO RVO RV&EM CDL/N-RV RVO

 T = transit C = contractor L = large S = small R = rural 

RVO= Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM=RevenueVehicle&Equipment Maintenance CDL/N-RV =CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

5-3 2003 Annual Report 

0.88 
Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Drugs 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 745 189 200 48 38 13 38 5 6 1

Refusals + Positives 24 3 5 2 0 0 1 1 0 0

Positives 20 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Refusals 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Refusal to take test 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Shy Bladder 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Adulterated 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Substituted 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal Rate 0.537 0.529 0. 500 0 0 0 2.632 20.000 0 0

Alcohol 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 448 46 143 24 19 1 26 0 6 0

Refusals + Positives 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Positives 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Refusals 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal to take test 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Shy Lung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal Rate 0.223 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Drugs 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Testing Events 765 75 94 227 13 8 40 7 4 37 2 4 5 2 0 

Refusals + Positives 25 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Positives 20 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Total Refusals 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Refusal to take test 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Shy Bladder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Adulterated 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Substituted 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Refusal Rate 0.654 0 0 0.441 0 0 0 0 0 2.703 0 25.00 0 0 0 

Alcohol 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Testing Events 454 24 16 161 5 1 14 3 3 25 0 1 4 2 0

Refusals + Positives 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Positives 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Refusals 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal to take test 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Shy Lung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal Rate 0.220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

2003 Annual Report 5-4 
5.1.3 Return to Duty Test Data by FTA Region 

The following map shows the rates for return to duty drug tests for each of 

FTA’s ten regions. The shading variations enable quick comparison. The exact 

rates are also included. The statistical basis for those rates is provided in the 

accompanying table. The total number of refusals by FTA Region listed in that 

table is subdivided by the individual types of refusals in the table that follows 

the map. That table also includes the overall return to duty drug test refusal 

rates by FTA region. 

Return to Duty Drug Test Rates by FTA Region Return to Duty Drug Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals 

by FTA Region 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals

 1 53 3 0 

2 226 6 0 

3 209 5 6 

4 178 1 0 

5 208 5 0 

6 78 2 0 

7 26 1 0 

8 33 1 0 

9 221 3 2 

10 51 1 0 

Data on Return to Duty Drug Test Refusal Types by FTA Region 

Region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Refusal to take test 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Shy Bladder 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adulterated 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Substituted 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Overall Refusal Rate 0 0 2.871 0 0 0 0 0 0.905 0 

Because only three return to duty alcohol positives and one refusal were 

reported in 2003, the alcohol rates for each region appear in a table, along with 

the statistical basis for those rates. 

Return to Duty Alcohol Data by FTA Region 

Region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Rate 0 0 1.17 0 0 2.50 0 0 0 5.88 

Testing Events 24 150 171 75 83 40 14 11 128 17 

Refusals + Positives 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Positives 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Total Refusals 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Refusal to take test 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Shy Lung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Refusal Rate 0 0 0.585 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

5-5 2003 Annual Report 
5.1.4 Return to Duty Test Data by Type of Drug 

The table at immediate right Return to Duty Tests, Positives, shows the number of drug 

1,283 Testing Events 

Positives Percent 

Marijuana 18 1.40 

Cocaine 8 0.62 

PCP 0 0 

Opiates 1 0.08 

Amphetamines 0 0 

and Rates by Drug Type Percentage testing events and the by Drug Type for number and percent that 

Marijuana 66.7 

Cocaine 29.6 

PCP 0 

Opiates 3.7 

Amphetamines 0 

Return to Duty Positives were verified positive for each 

drug type. The table at far 

right shows the percentage by 

drug type of the total drug 

type detections. These data 

are subdivided by employer 

type, by employer size, and by employee category in the tables below. 

Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Rates by

Employer Type and Drug Type Percentage by Employer Type and

Drug Type for Return to Duty Positives Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 1,027 256 

Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 16 1.56 2 0.78 

Cocaine 6 0.58 2 0.78 

PCP 0 0 0 0 

Opiates 1 0.10 0 0 

Amphetamines 0 0 0 0 

Transit Contractor 

Marijuana 69.6 50.0 

Cocaine 26.1 50.0 

PCP 0 0 

Opiates 4.3 0 

Amphetamines 0 0 

Large Small Rural 

Testing Events 1,074 99 110 

Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 16 1.49 1 1.01 1 0.91 

Cocaine 8 0.74 0 0 0 0 

PCP 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Opiates 1 0.09 0 0 0 0 

Amphetamines 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 

Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Rates 

by Employer Size and Drug Type 

Percentage by Employer Size and Drug 

Type for Return to Duty Positives 

Large Small Rural 

Marijuana 64.0 100 100 

Cocaine 32.0 0 0 

PCP 0 0 0 

Opiates 4.0 0 0 

Amphetamines 0 0 0 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Testing Events 934 248 51 43 7 

Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 15 1.61 3 1.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cocaine 5 0.54 3 1.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 

PCP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Opiates 1 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Amphetamines 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return to Duty Tests, Positives, and Rates Percentage by Employee

by Employee Category and Drug Type Category and Drug Type for 

Return to Duty Positives 

RVO RV& 

EM 

RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP 

M 71.4 50.0 0 0 0 

C 23.8 50.0 0 0 0 

P 0 0 0 0 0 

O 4.8 0 0 0 0 

A 0 0 0 0 0 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

M = Marijuana C = Cocaine P = Phencyclidine (PCP) O = Opiates A = Amphetamines 

2003 Annual Report 5-6 
5.2 Follow-Up Test Data 

The combined percentage of Follow-Up Rates Follow-Up 

positive tests plus test Tests, Positives, and Refusals 

refusals for follow-up drug 

tests and alcohol tests are 

shown in the graph at right. 

The statistical basis for 

those rates is provided in 

the table next to the graph. 

The rates are subdivided by 

employer type and size, 

employee category, FTA 

region, and type of drug 

later in this section. 

Drugs Alcohol 

Testing Events 7,980 5,950 

Refusals + Positives 160 19 

Positives 149 17 

Total Refusals 11 2 

Refusal to take test 9 2 

Shy Bladder/ Lung 0 0 

Adulterated 1 N.A. 

Substituted 1 N.A. 

Refusal Rate 0.138 0.034 

5.2.1 Follow-Up Test Data by Employer Type and Size 

The rates in the preceding graph are subdivided by employer type, by employer 

size, and by employer size and type, respectively, in the following three graphs. 

Two of the rates in the graph at right are presented on a separate scale because 

their sample sizes are too small to be 

representative of their populations. Follow-Up Rates 

The tables on the next page provide by Employer Size and Employer Type the statistical basis for the rates. DRUGS ALCOHOL 

15.0 

Follow-Up Rates Follow-Up Rates 

10.0 by Employer Type by Employer Size

15.79 

8.00 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

1.68 

3.15 

4.72 

1.79 

1.54 

0.30 0 0

0.20

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

3.21 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

3.5 

4.0 

4.5 

T C T C T C T C T C T C % 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural T = transit C = contractor L = Large S = Small R = Rural 

 T = transit C = contractor 

 DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% 

2.01 

0.32 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

 DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% L S R L S R 

 DRUGS A LCOHOL 

% T C T C 

1.85 

4.79 

5.04 

0.29 

1.41 1.37 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

3.5 

4.0 

4.5 

5.0 

1.81 

3.63 

0.33 0.19 

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

3.5 

5-7 2003 Annual Report 
Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Refusals Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Refusals 

by Employer Type by Employer Size 

Drugs Alcohol 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 7,126 854 5,428 522 

Refusals + Positives 129 31 18 1 

Positives 122 27 16 1 

Total Refusals 7 4 2 0 

Refusal to take test 6 3 2 0 

Shy Bladder/Lung 0 0 0 0 

Adulterated 0 1 N. A. N. A. 

Substituted 1 0 N. A. N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.098 0.468 0.037 0 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Testing Events 7,576 146 258 5,806 71 73 

Refusals + Positives 140 7 13 17 1 1 

Positives 130 6 13 15 1 1 

Total Refusals 10 1 0 2 0 0 

Refusal to take test 8 1 0 2 0 0 

Shy Bladder/Lung 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adulterated 1 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Substituted 1 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.132 0.685 0 0.034 0 0 

Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Employer Size and Employer Type 

Drugs Alcohol 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 6,766 810 127 19 233 25 5,307 499 56 15 65 8 

Refusals + Positives 114 26 4 3 11 2 16 1 1 0 1 0 

Positives 108 22 3 3 11 2 14 1 1 0 1 0 

Total Refusals 6 4 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Refusal to take test 5 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Shy Bladder/Lung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adulterated 0 1 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Substituted 1 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.089 0.494 0.787 0 0 0 0.038 0 0 0 0 0 

5.2.2 Follow-Up Test Data by Employee Category 

The graph at right shows the rates for 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

% RVO RV& 

EM

 RVC 

/D

 CDL/ 

N-RV ASP RVO RV& EM 

RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP

2.39 

1.15 

0 

1.73 

0 0 0

2.58

0.5 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

0.22

0.53 

Follow-Up Rates by Employee Category 

follow-up drug tests and alcohol tests 

by employee category. The table on 

the next page provides the statistical 

basis for the rates. These data are 

further subdivided by employer type 

and employer size in the subsequent 

graphs and tables. The graphs 

subdivided by employer type and 

employer size do not contain columns 

for employee categories that show a 

rate of “0” in the graph at right. Three 

of the drug rates and one of the 

alcohol rates in the employer size 

graph are presented on a separate RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation 

scale because their sample sizes are RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

too small to be representative of their RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching 

CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

populations. ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

2003 Annual Report 5-8 
Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Employee Category 

Drugs Alcohol 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Testing Events 5,107 2,357 271 231 14 3,617 2,058 161 114 0 

Refusals + Positives 122 27 7 4 0 8 11 0 0 0 

Positives 114 25 6 4 0 7 10 0 0 0 

Total Refusals 8 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 

Refusal to take test 6 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 

Shy Bladder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adulterated 1 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Substituted 1 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Refusal Rate 0.157 0.085 0.369 0 0 0.028 0.049 0 0 0 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Follow-Up Rates by Employee Category and Employer Type 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

2.24 

0.94 

1.82 

3.62 

3.11 

0.24 

5.88 

1.44 

4.35 

0 0.54 0.53 

T C T C T C T C T C T C % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV RVO RV&EM

 T = transit C = contractor 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

 RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Follow-Up Rates by Employee Category and Employer Size 

DRUGS ALCOHOL 14.0 

11.0 

8.0 

14.29 

8.33 6.90 7.69 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural % RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV RVO RV&EM 

2.23 2.48 

1.34 

0.20 

1.75 

0.49 

1.04 

0 0 0 0

1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 4.81 4.88 

3.33 

RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

5-9 2003 Annual Report 
Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Employee Category and Employer Type 

Drugs 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 4,554 553 2,132 225 220 51 208 23 12 2

Refusals + Positives 102 20 20 7 4 3 3 1 0 0

Positives 97 17 18 7 4 2 3 1 0 0

Total Refusals 5 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Refusal to take test 4 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Shy Bladder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Adulterated 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Substituted 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal Rate 0.110 0.542 0.094 0 0 0.1961 0 0 0 0

Alcohol 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 3,318 299 1,868 190 139 22 103 11 0 0

Refusals + Positives 8 0 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Positives 7 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Refusals 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal to take test 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Shy Lung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal Rate 0.030 0 0.054 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Refusals by Employee Category and Employer Size 

Drugs 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Testing Events 4,798 104 205 2,298 30 29 242 12 17 224 0 7 14 0 0 

Refusals + Positives 107 5 10 24 1 2 6 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 

Positives 100 4 10 22 1 2 5 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 

Total Refusals 7 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Refusal to take test 5 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Shy Bladder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adulterated 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Substituted 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Refusal Rate 0.146 0.962 0 0.087 0 0 0.413 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Alcohol 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP 

Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural Large Small Rural 

Testing Events 3,502 58 57 2,037 13 8 154 0 7 113 0 1 0 0 0

Refusals + Positives 7 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Positives 6 0 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Refusals 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal to take test 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Shy Lung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refusal Rate 0.029 0 0 0.049 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

2003 Annual Report 5-10 
5.2.3 Follow-Up Test Data by FTA Region 

The following two maps show the rates for follow-up drug tests and alcohol tests 

for each of FTA’s ten regions. The shading variations enable quick comparison. 

The exact rates are also included. The statistical basis for those rates is 

provided in the accompanying tables. The total number of test refusals is 

subdivided by the individual types of refusals in the table following the maps. 

Follow-Up Drug Rates by FTA Region Follow-Up Drug Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals 

by FTA Region 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals

 1 302 10 0 

2 1,904 26 3 

3 1,474 17 3 

4 382 8 0 

5 1,310 33 1 

6 316 6 0 

7 191 10 0 

8 198 4 2 

9 1,409 28 2 

10 494 7 0 

Follow-Up Alcohol Rates by FTA Region Follow-Up Alcohol Tests, 

Positives, and Refusals 

by FTA Region 

Region Testing 

Events Positives Refusals

 1 243 0 0 

2 1,819 5 0 

3 1,276 3 1 

4 136 1 0 

5 506 1 0 

6 259 1 0 

7 87 0 0 

8 109 1 0 

9 1,203 5 1 

10 312 0 0 

Data on Return to Duty Drug Test Refusal Types by FTA Region 

Drugs Alcohol 

Region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

RTT 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

SB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Adul 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

Sub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 

R Rate 0 0.158 0.204 0 0.076 0 0 1.010 0.142 0 0 0 0.078 0 0 0 0 0 0.083 0

 RTT = refusal to take test SB = shy bladder SL = shy lung Adul = adulterated Sub = substituted R Rate = overall refusal rate 

5-11 2003 Annual Report 
5.2.4 Follow-Up Test Data by Type of Drug 

The two tables at right show Follow-Up Tests, Positives, 

follow-up test data for each 

7,980 Testing Events 

Positives Percent 

Marijuana 58 0.73 

Cocaine 79 0.99 

PCP 0 0 

Opiates 4 0.05 

Amphetamines 11 0.14 

and Rates by Drug Type 

Percentage by Drug Type

Marijuana 38.2 

Cocaine 52.0 

PCP 0 

Opiates 2.6 

Amphetamines 7.2 

for Follow-Up Positives 

type of drug tested for. The 

table at immediate right 

shows the number of testing 

events and the number and 

percent of those verified 

positive by drug type. The 

table at far right shows the 

percentage by drug type of the total drug type detections. These data are divided 

by employer type, employer size, and employee category in the tables that follow. 

Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Rates 

by Employer Type and Drug Type 

Percentage by Employer Type and

Drug Type for Follow-Up Positives 

Transit Contractor 

Testing Events 7,126 854 

Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 47 0.66 11 1.30 

Cocaine 68 0.95 11 1.30 

PCP 0 0 0 0 

Opiates 4 0.06 0 0 

Amphetamines 8 0.11 3 0.35 

Transit Contractor 

Marijuana 37.0 44.0 

Cocaine 53.6 44.0 

PCP 0 0 

Opiates 3.1 0 

Amphetamines 6.3 12.0 

Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Rates 

by Employer Size and Drug Type 

Percentage by Employer Size and

Drug Type for Follow-Up Positives 

Large Small Rural 

Testing Events 7,576 146 258 

Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 52 0.69 3 2.05 3 2.05 

Cocaine 68 0.90 3 2.05 8 5.48 

PCP 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Opiates 4 0.05 0 0 0 0 

Amphetamines 9 0.12 0 0 2 0.78 

Large Small Rural 

Marijuana 39.1 50.0 23.1 

Cocaine 51.1 50.0 61.5 

PCP 0 0 0 

Opiates 3.0 0 0 

Amphetamines 6.8 0 15.4 

 Follow-Up Tests, Positives, and Rates Percentage by Employee

 by Employee Category and Drug Type Category and Drug Type 

RVO RV&EM RVC/D CDL/N-RV ASP for Follow-Up Positives 

Testing Events 5,107 2,357 271 231 14 

Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent Positives Percent 

Marijuana 41 0.80 11 0.47 3 1.11 3 1.30 0 0 

Cocaine 66 1.29 11 0 2 0.74 0 0 0 0 

PCP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Opiates 3 0.06 1 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Amphetamines 7 0.14 4 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 

RVO RV& 

EM 

RVC 

/D 

CDL/ 

N-RV ASP 

M 35.0 40.7 60.0 100 0 

C 56.4 40.7 40.0 0 0 

P 0 0 0 0 0 

O 2.6 3.7 0 0 0 

A 6.0 14.8 0 0 0 

 RVO = Revenue Vehicle Operation RV&EM = Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

RVC/D = Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatching CDL/N-RV = CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle ASP = Armed Security Personnel 

2003 Annual Report 5-12 
Appendix A. Glossary 

Alcohol: The intoxicating agent in beverage alcohol, ethyl alcohol, or other low 

molecular weight alcohols including methyl or isopropyl alcohol. 

Alcohol concentration: The alcohol in a volume of breath expressed in terms 

of grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath as indicated by a breath test using 

an evidential breath testing (EBT) device. 

Alcohol positive: A confirmed specimen with a breath alcohol level of at least 

0.04. 

Alcohol use: The consumption of any beverage, mixture, or preparation, 

including any medication containing alcohol. 

Armed security personnel: A safety-sensitive employee category that includes 

any person who provides security to protect persons or property, and any 

person who carries a firearm. 

Canceled or invalid test: A drug or alcohol test that has been declared invalid 

by a Medical Review Officer (MRO). It is neither a positive nor a negative test. 

CDL/non-revenue vehicle: A safety-sensitive employee category that includes 

any person who holds a Commercial Driver's License (CDL), performs a 

function requiring a CDL, and is not included in any other job category. 

Confirmed alcohol specimen (or test result): The breath alcohol level 

obtained using an evidential breath testing (EBT) device. The specimen, 

referred to as a confirmation test, is required to be taken from any employee 

who completes an initial screening test producing a breath alcohol level of at 

least 0.02. The confirmed result is the official alcohol test result. 

Consortium: An entity, including a group or association of employers, 

operators, recipients, subrecipients, or contractors, that provides drug testing 

services and acts on behalf of the employer. 

Contractor: A person or organization that provides a service for a recipient, 

subrecipient, employer, or operator consistent with a specific understanding or 

arrangement. The understanding can be a written contract or an informal 

arrangement that reflects an ongoing relationship between the parties. 

Drug metabolite: The specific substance produced when the human body 

metabolizes a prohibited drug as it passes through the body and is excreted in 

urine. 

A-1 2003 Annual Report 
Drug positive: See “verified positive.” 

Drug type: A classification of the five prohibited substances that must be 

tested for in accordance with Part 40: marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), 

opiates, and amphetamines. 

Employee category: One of five classifications of safety-sensitive employees 

defined by Part 655. The categories are listed under “safety-sensitive 

employees” and each category is defined under its title. 

Employer: A recipient or other entity that provides mass transportation 

services or performs a safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other 

entity. This term includes subrecipients, operators, and contractors. 

Employer size: A classification of employers based on the population of the 

primary area in which they operate: large, small, or rural. These categories are 

defined under “large employers,” “small employers,” and “rural employers,” 

respectively. 

Employer type: A classification of employers based on whether they receive 

funding from FTA: transit agency or contractor. These categories are defined 

under their titles. 

Follow-up testing: Required of employees who have returned to duty in a 

safety-sensitive position following a verified positive drug test, a confirmed 

alcohol result of 0.04 or greater, a refusal to submit to a test, or any other 

violation of Part 40 or 655. A minimum of six tests for the test or violation at 

issue (drug or alcohol) must be performed during the first 12 months after the 

employee returns to duty. Testing for both drugs and alcohol is permitted. The 

SAP can require that additional follow-up tests be performed, up to 5 years 

following return to duty. 

FTA: The Federal Transit Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of 

Transportation (DOT). 

Large operator: A recipient or subrecipient primarily operating in an area with 

a population of 200,000 or more. 

Medical Review Officer (MRO): A licensed physician (Doctor of Medicine or 

Doctor of Osteopathy) who is responsible for receiving laboratory results 

generated by an employer's drug testing program and who has knowledge of 

substance abuse disorders and appropriate medical training to interpret and 

evaluate a person's positive test result together with appropriate medical 

history and any other relevant biomedical information. 

2003 Annual Report A-2 
Part 40: US DOT’s testing regulation titled Procedures for Transportation 

Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs, which was enacted in 1994, 

revised in 2000, and amended in 2003. 

Part 655: FTA’s testing regulation titled Prevention of Alcohol Misuse and 

Prohibited Drug Use in Transit Operations. In was enacted in 2001 to expand 

the minimum requirements of the revised Part 40 and to combine the previous 

FTA testing regulations enacted in 1994: Part 653, Prevention of Prohibited 

Drug Use in Transit Operations, and Part 654, Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in 

Transit Operations. 

Post-accident testing: Required for both prohibited drugs and alcohol 

following a mass transit accident that meets any of three other criteria and the 

employee’s involvement cannot be completely discounted as a contributing 

factor: (1) when a person suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives 

medical attention away from the scene, (2) when any vehicle involved in the 

accident incurs damage requiring it to be transported away from the scene by a 

tow truck or other vehicle, or (3) when the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail 

car, trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel and is removed from revenue service due 

to the accident. Employees to be tested include the vehicle operator and any 

other safety-sensitive employee not in the vehicle whose performance could 

have contributed to the accident. 

Pre-employment testing: Required for drugs before an applicant or existing 

employee performs a safety-sensitive function for the first time or following an 

absence from safety-sensitive duties for more than 90 consecutive calendar 

days. Employers are not required to perform pre-employment alcohol tests, 

but are permitted to perform such tests under their own authority providing 

they are performed in accordance with the requirements of Part 40. 

Random testing: Required for both drugs and alcohol for a certain percentage 

(specified by the FTA Administrator) of each employer’s safety-sensitive 

employees each year. The tests are to be unannounced, the pattern is to 

unpredictable, and tests are to be performed during all days and hours that 

employees in the random pool perform safety-sensitive duties. Employees are 

selected based on a scientifically valid random-number selection method. 

Random testing is considered by FTA to be the most effective deterrent to drug 

use and alcohol misuse. 

Random testing rate: The rate at which each employer must conduct random 

tests each year. The number of random drug tests must equal a percentage 

(specified by FTA each year) of the number of the employer’s safety-sensitive 

employees. In 2002, the drug testing rate was 50 percent, and the alcohol 

testing rate was 10 percent. These rates remained the same in 2003. They can 

A-3 2003 Annual Report 
be amended (per Part 655.45) by the FTA Administrator based on the combined 

percentage of positive tests plus test refusals. 

Reasonable suspicion testing: Required when an employer has reasonable 

suspicion that an employee has used a prohibited drug or has misused alcohol 

as defined in Part 40. Reasonable suspicion testing must be based on specific, 

contemporaneous, articulable observations made by a trained supervisor 

concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body odor of a safety-sensitive 

employee. 

Recipient: An entity receiving financial assistance under Section 5307, 5309, or 

5311 of the Federal Transit Act or under Section 103(e)(4) of Title 23 of the U.S. 

Code. A direct recipient receives funding directly from FTA, i.e., most large transit 

agencies, state governments, and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). A 

subrecipient receives funding from a state government or from an MPO. 

Return to duty testing: Required before an employee is allowed to return to 

duty to perform a safety-sensitive function following a verified positive drug 

test, a confirmed alcohol result of 0.04 or greater, a refusal to submit to a test, 

or any other violation of Part 40 or 655. The test performed (drug or alcohol) 

must be the same as the test or violation at issue. Testing for both drugs and 

alcohol is permitted. 

Revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance: A safety-sensitive employee 

category that includes any person who maintains revenue service vehicles or 

equipment. It also includes many maintenance contract employees who 

perform routine, ongoing repair or maintenance for FTA recipients and 

subrecipients that have employees, including supervisors, who perform or 

could be called upon to perform any of the FTA safety-sensitive functions. 

Maintenance contractors of 5311 funding recipients are not subject to the 

testing regulations. 

Revenue vehicle control/dispatching: A safety-sensitive employee category 

that includes any person who controls the dispatch or movement of revenue 

service vehicles. 

Revenue vehicle operations: A safety-sensitive employee category that 

includes any person who operates or works as a crewman on revenue service 

vehicles at any time, even if the vehicles are not in service. 

Rural operator: A subrecipient of 5311 funding primarily operating in an area 

with a population of less than 50,000. 

Safety-sensitive employee: An employee who performs any of the five safetysensitive job functions specified in Part 40: 

2003 Annual Report A-4 
• Revenue vehicle operations 

• Revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance 

• Revenue vehicle control/dispatching 

• CDL/non-revenue vehicle 

• Armed security personnel 

Small operator: A recipient or subrecipient primarily operating in an area 

with a population of 50,000 or greater and less than 200,000. 

Substance Abuse Professional (SAP): A licensed physician (Doctor of 

Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathy), or a licensed or certified psychologist, social 

worker, employee assistance professional, or addiction counselor (certified by 

the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors 

Certification Commission), with knowledge of and clinical experience in the 

diagnosis and treatment of drug and alcohol-related disorders. 

Test refusal: Failure to produce a required urine or breath screen or specimen 

in accordance with Part 40. There are four types of drug test refusals and two 

types of alcohol test refusals: 

• Adulterated – submittal of an adulterated urine specimen 

• Substituted – submittal of urine not produced at the collection site 

• Shy bladder with no medical explanation – failure to provide enough 

urine at the collection site, and no medical reason for the failure is found 

by the MRO 

• Other refusals to submit to drug testing – Examples include failure to 

report to the collection site as directed by the employer, leaving the 

collection site without permission, and failure to empty pockets at the 

collection site. 

• Shy lung with no medical explanation – failure to provide enough breath 

at the collection site, and no medical reason for the failure is found by 

the MRO 

• Other refusals to submit to alcohol testing – same examples as for drug 

tests 

Test type: A classification of the five circumstances that safety-sensitive 

employees must be tested for in accordance with Part 40: random, postaccident, reasonable suspicion, pre-employment, and return to duty/follow-up 

(which consists of both return to duty tests and follow-up tests, in accordance 

with Part 655). These test types are defined under their titles. 

A-5 2003 Annual Report 
Testing event: A scheduled test that is submitted to or refused by the 

employee and not canceled by the MRO. 

Transit agency: The public entity responsible for providing mass transit 

services that receives funding from FTA, either directly from FTA or indirectly 

from a state government or MPO. 

Verified drug positive: A urine specimen with a concentration above the 

minimum thresholds specified in Part 40 obtained during a second urine test 

procedure and verified by an MRO during an independent review conducted in 

accordance with Part 40. A second test is required for any employee who 

produces a positive result in the initial drug screening test. The verified result, 

which identifies and quantifies the presence of any of the five prohibited drugs 

or drug metabolites, is the official drug test result. Both the initial and second 

specimens must be collected in accordance with Part 40 and analyzed in a 

DHHS-approved laboratory. 

2003 Annual Report A-6 
Appendix B. FTA Regions 

The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has ten regions, which are identified 

below. The data provided by these regions have facilitated the comparison of 

drug and alcohol test results and the identification of regional trends. 

U.S. States and Territories Reporting to the 10 FTA Regions 

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 

Connecticut New Jersey Delaware Alabama Illinois 

Maine New York District of Florida Indiana 

Massachusetts Virgin Islands Columbia Georgia Michigan 

New Hampshire Maryland Kentucky Minnesota 

Rhode Island Pennsylvania Mississippi Ohio 

Vermont Virginia North Carolina Wisconsin 

West Virginia Puerto Rico 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9 Region 10 

Arkansas Iowa Colorado American Samoa Alaska 

Louisiana Kansas Montana Arizona Idaho 

New Mexico Missouri North Dakota California Oregon 

Oklahoma Nebraska South Dakota Guam Washington 

Texas Utah Hawaii 

Wyoming Nevada 

Northern 

Mariana Islands 

B-1 2003 Annual Report 

Appendix C. MIS Data Collection Form 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING MIS DATA COLLECTION FORM 

Calendar Year Covered by this Report: _________________ OMB No. 2105-0529 

I. Employer: 

Company Name:

 Doing Business As (DBA) Name (if applicable): 

 Address:_______________________________________________________________________________ E-mail: ________________________ 

 Name of Certifying Official: Signature: _________________________________________________ 

 Telephone: (_____)______________________________________ Date Certified: ___________________________________________________ 

 Prepared by (if different): ________________________________________________________ Telephone: (_____)________________________ 

 C/TPA Name and Telephone (if applicable): __________________________________________________ (_____)________________________ 

Check the DOT agency for which you are reporting MIS data; and complete the information on that same line as appropriate: 

___ FMCSA – Motor Carrier: DOT #: ______________________ Owner-operator: (circle one) YES or NO Exempt (Circle One) YES or NO 

___ FAA – Aviation: Certificate # (if applicable): _______________________ Plan / Registration # (if applicable):___________________________ 

___ RSPA – Pipeline: (Check) Gas Gathering__ Gas Transmission__ Gas Distribution__ Transport Hazardous Liquids__ Transport Carbon Dioxide__ 

___ FRA – Railroad: Total Number of observed/documented Part 219 “Rule G” Observations for covered employees: __________________________ 

___ USCG – Maritime: Vessel ID # (USCG- or State-Issued): ______________________________________ (If more than one vessel, list separately.) 

___ FTA – Transit 

II. Covered Employees: (A) Enter Total Number Safety-Sensitive Employees In All Employee Categories: 

(B) Enter Total Number of Employee Categories: 

(C) Employee Category Total Number of Employees

 in this Category 

If you have multiple employee categories, complete Sections I 

and II (A) & (B). Take that filled-in form and make one copy 

for each employee category and complete Sections II (C), III, 

and IV for each separate employee category. 

III. Drug Testing Data: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Type of Test 

Total Number Of Test Results [Should equal the sum of Columns 2,3, 9, 10, 11, and 12]Verified Negative ResultsVerified Positive Results ~ For One Or More Drugs

Positive For Marijuana Positive For CocainePositive ForPCPPositive For Opiates Positive For A

mphetamines

Refusal Results 

AdulteratedSubstituted“Shy BladderCancelled Results

”

 ~

With No Medical Explanation Other Refusals ToSubmit ToTesting 

Pre-Employment 

Random 

Post-Accident 

Reasonable Susp./Cause 

Return-to-Duty 

Follow-Up 

TOTAL 

IV. Alcohol Testing Data: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Type of Test 

Total Number OfScreening TestResults [Should equal the sum of Columns2, 3, 7, and 8]Screening Tests With Results Below 0.02Screening Tests With Results 0.02 OrGreaterNumber OfConfirmation Tests ResultsConfirmation Tests With Results 0.02Through 0.039 Confirmation Tests With Results 0.04 OrGreater

Refusal Results “Shy L

Cancelled Results

ung” ~ 

With No Medical Explanation Other Refusals To Submit ToTesting 

Pre-Employment 

Random 

Post-Accident 

Reasonable Susp./Cause 

Return-to-Duty 

Follow-Up 

TOTAL 

 13 
PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT NOTICE (as required by 5 CFR 1320.21) 

According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, no persons are required to respond to a 

collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. The valid OMB control 

number for this information collection is 2105-0529. The Department of Transportation estimates 

that the average burden for this report form is 1.5 hours. You may send comments regarding this 

burden estimate or any suggestions for reducing the burden to: U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, Room 10403, 400 Seventh Street, SW, 

Washington, D.C. 20590; OR Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project, 

725 Seventeenth Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20503. 

Title 18, USC Section 1001, makes it a criminal offense subject to a maximum fine of $10,000, or 

imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, to knowingly and willfully make or cause to be 

made any false or fraudulent statements of representations in any matter within the jurisdiction of 

any agency of the United States. 

2003 Annual Report C-2