* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is

not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,

and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value

consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

July 18, 2011

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

BRUCE PARKER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary of

United States Department of Interior,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 10-8091

(D.C. No. 2:09-CV-00289-NDF)

(D. Wyo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, EBEL, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.

Plaintiff-appellant Bruce Parker worked for approximately twenty years for

the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). He appeals from the district court’s

grant of summary judgment in favor of the Secretary of the Interior on his claims

that the BLM retaliated against him for reporting sex discrimination, in violation

of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, and discriminated
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against him based on his disability, in violation of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,

29 U.S.C. § 791. We affirm.

The district court reviewed the facts in detail, and we need not repeat them

all here. In December 2006, Mr. Parker and a coworker sent an email to an equal

employment representative complaining about two coworkers who were having an

affair. In February 2007, BLM was informed that Mr. Parker had been diagnosed

with sleep apnea and diabetes, and that his illnesses could affect his work. He

was later diagnosed with additional health problems. He resigned from his job in

April 2009, after receiving a negative performance evaluation. In his complaint,

Mr. Parker asserted a claim under Title VII alleging that the BLM had retaliated

against him for reporting alleged sex discrimination, and a claim under the

Rehabilitation Act alleging that the BLM had discriminated against him based on

a disability caused by his multiple health problems. 

“We review de novo a grant of summary judgment.” Mata v. Anderson, 

635 F.3d 1250, 1252 (10th Cir. 2011). “The court shall grant summary judgment

if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 

Based on our review, Mr. Parker’s arguments on appeal are insufficient to

overturn the grant of summary judgment. 

The district court correctly stated that to establish a prima facie case of

retaliation under Title VII, Mr. Parker must have been engaged in protected
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activity, and so the alleged sex discrimination he had reported must have been

gender-related, not related to sexual affiliations. Aplt. App., Vol. I at 12-16

(Conclusions of Law ¶¶ 6-15). In particular, the district court relied on our

decision in Taken v. Oklahoma Corporation Commission, 125 F.3d 1366, 1369-70

(10th Cir. 1997). Aplt. App., Vol. I at 14 (Conclusions of Law ¶ 9). In Taken,

we concluded that “Title VII’s reference to ‘sex’ means a class delineated by

gender, rather than by sexual affiliations” because the Supreme Court has

specified that “Title VII [was] intended to eliminate disparate treatment of men

and women[.]” Taken, 125 F.3d at 1370 (citing Los Angeles Dep’t of Water &

Power v. Manhart, 435 U.S. 702, 707 n.13 (1978)). The alleged sex

discrimination Mr. Parker had reported, however, was that two coworkers were

“‘flaunt[ing] their affair before many who find their conduct “morally

offensive.”’” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 7 (Findings of Fact ¶ 2) (quoting Mr. Parker’s

email complaint, id. at 98). 

Although Mr. Parker makes a passing reference to gender on page 20 of his

opening brief, he neither discusses Taken nor marshals any evidence to show that

he could reasonably have believed that he had reported sex discrimination, as that

term is defined in the law. The evidence shows, rather, that BLM explained to

him at the time—and he understood—that his complaint about his coworkers did

not constitute prohibited discrimination. His failure to challenge the district
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court’s central legal holding on his retaliation claim compels us to affirm on

this issue. 

Likewise, Mr. Parker’s argument on his disability discrimination claim is

insufficient to overcome the grant of summary judgment. The district court

correctly stated that to establish his prima facie case, Mr. Parker had the burden

to “‘articulate with precision’ both his physical or mental impairment and the

major life activity the impairment substantially limits.” Id. at 17 (Conclusions of

Law ¶ 20) (quoting Johnson v. Weld Cnty., 594 F.3d 1202, 1218 (10th Cir.

2010)). The court noted that Mr. Parker did not identify a major life activity he

asserted was substantially limited. Id. at 18 n.1. The court analyzed the major

life activities it deemed relevant, concluding that the record evidence of a good

prognosis for all of his asserted impairments showed that he failed to meet his

burden to show a substantial limitation in a major life activity. Id. at 18-21

(Conclusions of Law ¶¶ 21-31). 

On appeal, Mr. Parker makes a vague argument, mentioning some major

life activities, but never actually disputing that he did not identify a major life

activity to the district court, and never marshaling the evidence to show that he

was substantially limited in a major life activity. And as the district court noted,

his medical evidence stops in 2007, but he did not resign until 2009. Id. at 21

(Conclusions of Law ¶ 30). His vague argument on appeal is insufficient to meet
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his burden to articulate his claim “with precision” and overcome the grant of

summary judgment. See Johnson, 594 F.3d at 1218.

We agree with the careful and thoughtful analysis of Judge Freudenthal,

and affirm for the reasons stated in her September 22, 2010, Findings of Fact,

Conclusions of Law and Order Granting Defendant’s Motion for Summary

Judgment. 

AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

David M. Ebel

Circuit Judge