FTA-MA-26-5010-00-1

DOT-VNTSC-FTA-00-06

Drug and Alcohol Testing Results

1999 Annual Report

December 2000

Office of Safety and Security

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Transit

Administration
NOTICE 

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the 

Department of Transportation in the interest of information 

exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability 

for its contents or use thereof. 
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 

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Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 

December 2000 

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

 Final Report 

January 1999–December 1999

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 1999 Annual Report 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Richard Anderson,* Brian Baker,** Michael Redington, Eve Rutyna* 

5. FUNDING NUMBERS 

TM159/U1139 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Research and Special Programs Administration 

John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142-1093

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

 REPORT NUMBER

DOT-VNTSC-FTA-00-06 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Federal Transit Administration 

Office of Safety and Security 

Washington, DC 20590

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING 

 AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

FTA-MA-26-5010-00-1 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

* EG&G Technical Services, Inc. **Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 

 55 Broadway 150 CambridgePark Drive, Suite 4000 

 Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 Cambridge, MA 02140

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, VA 22161 

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) 

The Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 1999 Annual Report is a compilation and analysis of drug and alcohol testing results 

reported by transit systems in the United States during 1999. The report covers results for the following drug types: marijuana 

(THC), cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), opiates, and amphetamines. The drug test types covered are: pre-employment, random, 

post-accident, reasonable suspicion, return-to-duty, and follow-up. The report also covers testing results for alcohol for the

following test types: random, post-accident, reasonable suspicion, return-to-duty, and follow-up. 

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

106 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 

alcohol testing, drug testing, FTA-covered employees, random testing, safety-sensitive, violation 

rate 

16. PRICE CODE 

17.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF REPORT 

Unclassified

18.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF THIS PAGE 

Unclassified

19. SECURITY 

CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 

ABSTRACT 

Unclassified

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) 

Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102
iii 1999 Annual Report 

PREFACE 

This annual report represents the cooperative efforts of many people. Full appreciation is 

extended to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Transit Administration, the 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, and the following individuals who were 

instrumental in guiding this project and contributing to its success: 

Mark A. Snider 

Drug and Alcohol Program Manager 

Federal Transit Administration 

James A. Harrison 

Transportation Industry Analyst 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 
iv 

METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS 

ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH

LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 

1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 

1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 

1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 

1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 

 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi)

AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 

1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters 

(cm2

) 

1 square centimeter (cm2

) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) 

1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, 

yd2

) 

1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 

1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers 

(km2

) 

10,000 square meters (m2

) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 

1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2) 

MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 

1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 

1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 

1 short ton = 2,000 

pounds (lb) 

= 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) =

=

1,000 kilograms (kg) 

1.1 short tons

VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 

1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 

1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 

1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 

 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 

1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 

1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 

1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3)

TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) 

[(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F

QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION

0 1 2 34 5

Inches

Centimeters 01 3 2 6 11 4 5 7 13 8 9 10 12

QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

 -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212°

 

°F

 °C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100°

For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and 

Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98
 1999 Annual Report v 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Section Page 

1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Who Must Report .................................................................................................................. 1-1 

1.2 Employees Who Must be Tested ........................................................................................... 1-2

1.3 Types of Tests........................................................................................................................ 1-3 

1.4 Drug Testing Program Overview........................................................................................... 1-4 

1.5 Alcohol Testing Program Overview ...................................................................................... 1-4 

1.6 Drug and Alcohol MIS Data Quality and Validation ............................................................ 1-5 

1.7 Availability of Drug and Alcohol MIS Documentation......................................................... 1-5 

1.8 Organization of this Report ................................................................................................... 1-5 

2. GENERAL INFORMATION ON DRUG AND ALCOHOL FORMS

2.1 Distribution of Transit Systems and Contractors................................................................... 2-1 

2.2 Drug and Alcohol Forms Received by Region ...................................................................... 2-2 

2.3 Rail and Non-Rail Employers................................................................................................ 2-3 

2.4 FTA-Covered Employers....................................................................................................... 2-4 

2.5 Federal Funds......................................................................................................................... 2-10 

3. DRUG TEST RESULTS 

3.1 Random Drug Test Results for 1999 .................................................................................... 3-1 

3.2 Drug Test Results by FTA Region......................................................................................... 3-2 

3.3 Results of Drug Tests Presented by Test Types..................................................................... 3-3 

3.4 Post-Accident Training.......................................................................................................... 3-10 

3.5 Distribution of Positive Drug Test Results by Type of Drug ................................................ 3-11 

3.6 Drug Test Refusals................................................................................................................. 3-17 

3.7 Return-to-Duty-Positive Rate ................................................................................................ 3-17 

3.8 Results of Drug Tests Presented by Employee Category....................................................... 3-18 
1999 Annual Report vi 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) 

Section Page 

4. ALCOHOL TEST RESULTS 

4.1 Alcohol Tests by FTA Region ............................................................................................... 4-3 

4.2 Results of Alcohol Testing by Test Type and Employee Category ....................................... 4-5 

4.3 Employees Who Refused Alcohol Testing............................................................................ 4-18 

4.4 Employees Returned to Duty................................................................................................. 4-18 

4.5 Accidents ............................................................................................................................... 4-19 

4.6 Post-Accident Positives ......................................................................................................... 4-20 

4.7 Violation Rate........................................................................................................................ 4-20 

4.8 Other Violations..................................................................................................................... 4-21 

5. TREND ANALYSIS 

5.1 Drug and Alcohol Reports Received ..................................................................................... 5-1 

5.2 Positive Drug and Alcohol Test Results................................................................................ 5-2 

5.3 Violation Rates and Test Refusals......................................................................................... 5-4 

5.4 Drug and Alcohol Test Positives by Employment Category and Test Type.......................... 5-6 

5.5 Drug and Alcohol Test Positives - Regional Comparisons ................................................... 5-10 

APPENDICES 

 A – Glossary....................................................................................................................A-1 

 B – FTA Regions.............................................................................................................B-1 

 C – Rail Employers....................................................................................................................... C-1 
 1999 Annual Report vii

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure Page

1-1. FTA Federal Funding Sources (1999)................................................................................... 1-1 

2-1. Number of Drug and Alcohol Forms Received..................................................................... 2-1 

2-2. Drug and Alcohol Forms Received by Employer Size.......................................................... 2-2 

2-3. Number of FTA Drug and Alcohol Forms Received by Region........................................... 2-2 

2-4. Forms Received – Rail Versus Non-Rail .............................................................................. 2-3 

2-5. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Employer Category/Percent of Labor Force that 

 was Contracted ...................................................................................................................... 2-4 

2-6. Percent of FTA-Covered Employees in Each Employee Category – Transit Systems ......... 2-4 

2-7. Percent of FTA-Covered Employees in Each Employee Category – Contractors ................ 2-5 

2-8. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Employee Category – Large, Small, and Rural 

 Systems.................................................................................................................................. 2-5 

2-9. Percent of All FTA-Covered Employees for Large Operators.............................................. 2-6 

2-10. Percent of All FTA-Covered Employees for Small Operators.............................................. 2-6 

2-11. Percent of All FTA-Covered Employees Reporting for Rural Operators ............................. 2-7 

2-12. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Employer Size...................................................... 2-7 

2-13. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Employee Category for Rail and Non-Rail .......... 2-8 

2-14. Percent of FTA-Covered Employees in Each Employee Category – Rail Operators............ 2-8 

2-15. Percent of FTA-Covered Employees in Each Employee Category – Non-Rail Operators ... 2-9 

2-16. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Region .................................................................. 2-9 

2-17. FTA-Covered Employees by Region/Size ............................................................................ 2-10 

2-18. Number and Percent of Transit Systems that Received Federal Funds by Source of 

 Funding.................................................................................................................................. 2-11 

2-19. Percent of Total Funds by Funding Source ........................................................................... 2-11 

2-20. Number of Transit Systems that Received Federal Funds by Source of Funding and by 

 FTA Region........................................................................................................................... 2-12 

2-21. Number of Transit Systems that Received Federal Funds by Size........................................ 2-12 

3-1. Random Drug Test Results by FTA Region.......................................................................... 3-2 

3-2. Percent of Positives by FTA Region ..................................................................................... 3-3 

3-3. Number and Percent of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug.............................................. 3-12 

3-4. Number of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug for Each Employer Type ......................... 3-13 

3-5. Percent of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug for Each Employer Type........................... 3-13 

3-6. Percent of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug and Operator Size ..................................... 3-14 

3-7. Number and Type of Drug by FTA Region........................................................................... 3-14 

3-8. Percent of Positive Specimens by FTA Region and Type of Drug ....................................... 3-15 

3-9. Number of Positive Specimens by Employer Category and Type of Drug........................... 3-15 

3-10. Percent of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug and Employee Category............................ 3-16 

3-11. Drug Test Refusals ................................................................................................................ 3-17 

4-1. Consequences of an Alcohol Test for FTA-Covered Employees.......................................... 4-1 
1999 Annual Report viii 

LIST OF FIGURES (cont.) 

Figure Page

4-2. Percent of Alcohol Positives by Region................................................................................ 4-3 

4-3. Percent Positive Random Alcohol Rates by Region ............................................................. 4-4 

4-4. Alcohol Test Refusals ........................................................................................................... 4-18 

5-1. Drug and Alcohol Reports Received..................................................................................... 5-1 

5-2. Comparison of Positive Random Drug Test Results............................................................. 5-2 

5-3. Comparison of Random Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04........................................................... 5-3 

5-4. Total Positive Drug Test Rate ............................................................................................... 5-3 

5-5. Total Results of Alcohol Tests ≥ 0.04................................................................................... 5-4 

5-6. Violation Rate (Alcohol)....................................................................................................... 5-4 

5-7. The Random Drug Test Violation Rate................................................................................. 5-5 

5-8. Alcohol Test Refusals ........................................................................................................... 5-6 

5-9. Drug Test Refusals ................................................................................................................ 5-6 

5-10. Drug Test Results by Test Type 1996 to 1999 ...................................................................... 5-8 

5-11. Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04 by Test Type 1996 to 1999 ...................................................... 5-9 

5-12. Comparison of Test Results by Drug Type 1996 to 1999 ..................................................... 5-10 

5-13. Random Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04 by Region .................................................................. 5-11 

5-14. Positive Random Drug Tests by Region ............................................................................... 5-11 

5-15. Percent of Positive Random Drug Tests by Region .............................................................. 5-12 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page

ES-1. 1996 to 1999 Positive Random Drug Test Results ............................................................... ES-5 

ES-2. 1996 to 1999 Random Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04 ............................................................. ES-5 

ES-3. 1996 to 1999 Positive Drug Test Results.............................................................................. ES-5 

ES-4. 1996 to 1999 Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04............................................................................ ES-5 

ES-5. 1996 to 1999 Positive Drug Test Results/Employee Category ............................................. ES-6 

ES-6. 1996 to 1999 Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04/Employee Category ........................................... ES-6 

3-1. 1999 Random Drug Test Results .......................................................................................... 3-1 

3-2. Random Drug Test Results by Operator Size ....................................................................... 3-1 

3-3. Random Drug Test Results for Rail and Non-Rail ............................................................... 3-1 

3-4. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category..................................................... 3-4 

3-5. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Size ........................................ 3-6 

3-6. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Rail and Non-Rail.................. 3-8 

3-7. Accidents with Drug Positives .............................................................................................. 3-10 

3-8. Accidents with Drug Positives by Operator Size .................................................................. 3-10 

3-9. Accidents with Drug Positives by Region............................................................................. 3-11
 1999 Annual Report ix

LIST OF TABLES (cont.) 

Table Page

3-10. Post-Accident Drug Test Positives by Employee Category ............................................... 3-11 

3-11. Multiple Drug Combinations ............................................................................................. 3-16 

3-12. Returned-to-Duty Covered Employees .............................................................................. 3-17 

3-13. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Transit Systems and 

 Contractor........................................................................................................................... 3-19 

3-14. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Size ..................................... 3-21 

3-15. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Rail and Non-Rail............... 3-23 

4-1. Percent of Alcohol Forms Received for 1999 With at Least One Positive Test Result..... 4-2 

4-2. Random Alcohol Test Results at Both Levels for Transit Systems and Contractors......... 4-2 

4-3. Random Alcohol Test Results at Both Levels by Size....................................................... 4-2 

4-4. Random Alcohol Test Results by Rail and Non-Rail......................................................... 4-2 

4-5. Random Alcohol Test Results at Both Levels by Region .................................................. 4-4 

4-6. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by 

 Transit System and Contractor........................................................................................... 4-6 

4-7. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Size ................................ 4-8 

4-8. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Rail and Non-Rail.......... 4-10 

4-9. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Transit System 

 and Contractor.................................................................................................................... 4-12 

4-10. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Size ................................ 4-14 

4-11. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Rail and Non-Rail.......... 4-16 

4-12. Covered Employees Returned-to-Duty .............................................................................. 4-18 

4-13. Accidents with Alcohol Positives ...................................................................................... 4-19 

4-14. Accidents with Alcohol Positives by Size.......................................................................... 4-19 

4-15. Post-Accident Alcohol Positives........................................................................................ 4-20 

4-16. Violation Rate by Transit System/Contractor .................................................................... 4-20 

4-17. Violation Rate by Employer Size....................................................................................... 4-20 

4-18. Violation Rate by FTA Region .......................................................................................... 4-21 

4-19. Other Alcohol Violations ................................................................................................... 4-21 

5-1. Percent of Drug Reports with a Positive and Alcohol Reports with a Test ≥ 0.04 ............ 5-2 
 1999 Annual Report ES-1 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

INTRODUCTION 

This annual report presents the results of mandatory drug and alcohol testing conducted by 

transit systems and their contractors receiving funds from the Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA). Under the Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act passed by Congress in 1991, 

the FTA was required to establish regulations for drug and alcohol testing of transit employees 

performing safety-sensitive functions. These regulations require that each recipient of FTA funds 

(1) implement an anti-drug program to deter and detect the use of prohibited drugs, (2) establish 

a program to prevent the misuse of alcohol, and (3) report the results of its programs to FTA 

annually. The 1999 Annual Report is the fourth annual report summarizing the reported results 

of drug and alcohol tests from all such transit systems. 

Compliance with FTA’s drug and alcohol testing program is a condition of Federal assistance. 

Failure of a recipient to establish and implement a drug and alcohol testing program − either in 

its own operations or in those of an entity operating on its behalf − may result in the suspension 

of Federal transit funding to the recipient. Because a recipient may not always directly provide 

mass transit services, the FTA uses the term “operator” or “employer” to describe those who 

actually provide transit services. The direct recipient of FTA funds, however, is the entity 

legally responsible to the FTA for compliance. 

DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSIT SYSTEMS AND CONTRACTORS 

The FTA received drug and alcohol MIS reporting forms for calendar year 1999 from 2,588 

individual employers representing 1,628 transit systems and 960 contractors. Of the 2,588 

individual employers, 922 were large operators, 367 were small operators, and 1,299 were rural 

operators. A total of 1,653 of all employers reported being a member of a consortium. 

Approximately 73 percent of all employers reported no positive drug test results, and 97 percent 

of employers reported no alcohol test results ≥ 0.04 percent. Thirty-four percent of contractors 

had at least one positive drug test result, compared to 23 percent of transit systems. Two percent 

of contractors submitted forms with at least one alcohol test result ≥ 0.04 percent, compared to 3 

percent of transit systems.

Employers reported a total of 238,641 employees performing safety-sensitive functions: 78.6 

percent of these employees are employed at transit systems and 21.4 percent are employed by 

contractors. The average transit system employs more than twice as many safety-sensitive 

employees than the average contractor, 115 to 53. Large operators employ an average of 209 

safety-sensitive employees compared to 49 for small operators and 21 for rural. The largest 

number of employees performing safety-sensitive functions are engaged in revenue vehicle 

operation (69.4 percent) followed by revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance (19.7). 

Revenue vehicle control/dispatch, armed security personnel, and CDL/non-revenue vehicle 

employees combined make-up less than 11 percent of the overall labor force (7.6 percent, 1.7 

percent, and 1.5 percent respectively). 
1999 Annual Report ES-2 

The largest number of contract employees were involved in revenue vehicle operation at 76.8 

percent, followed by revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance at 12.6 percent. For rural 

operators, contractors comprise a relatively small percent of the total number of FTA-covered 

employees at 18.6 percent; for large operators, contractors comprise a slightly higher total at 21.2 

percent. Contractors comprise 27.8 percent of the total number of FTA-covered employees for 

small contractors. 

ELECTRONIC REPORTING 

Electronically reporting Drug and Alcohol MIS results became an option for FTA-covered 

employers in 1998. Electronic software was developed with help and validation capabilities in 

an effort to lessen the reporting burden. In 1999, 568 employers (22 percent) reported 

electronically in 1999 versus 317 (13 percent) in 1998. 

DRUG TEST RESULTS 

The 1999 drug-testing program performed by large, small and rural FTA-covered employers 

revealed the following major findings: 

• A total of 119,753 specimens were collected for random drug testing: 1,198 of these 

specimens tested positive for one or more of the five prohibited drugs. Random drug 

testing accounted for 53.5 percent of the total specimens collected and 33.7 percent of the 

total positive specimens. 

• The positive random test rate was 1.00 percent industry-wide. Positive random test 

results were 0.83 percent for transit systems and 1.72 percent for contractors. 

• A total of 223,668 specimens were collected for all six types of drug testing. Of that 

figure, 3,552 specimens tested positive for one or more of the five prohibited drugs. 

Transit systems accounted for 73.5 percent of all drug tests conducted, with contractors 

accounting for the remaining 26.5 percent of the total drug tests. The overall rate (transit 

systems and contractors combined) of positive drug tests was 1.59 percent. 

• Of the six drug test types (pre-employment, random, post-accident, reasonable suspicion, 

return-to-duty, and follow-up), the highest percent of positive specimens was for 

reasonable suspicion testing (9.37 percent). Contractors reported positive results at a 

higher rate than did transit systems in all test types. The lowest percentage of positive 

specimens was for random testing (1.00 percent). Random testing was by far the most 

common test to be conducted, with 58.7 percent of all specimens collected by transit 

systems, followed by pre-employment testing (25.9 percent). Pre-employment testing 

was the most common test conducted by contractors at more than twice the rate as that of 

transit systems at 53 percent; this most likely suggests a higher rate of turnover for 

contractors. 

• Marijuana and cocaine were detected most frequently in the specimens that tested 

positive for drugs. Of 3,552 positive specimens, 60.1 percent tested positive for 
 1999 Annual Report ES-3 

marijuana and 35.6 percent tested positive for cocaine. Marijuana was also detected most 

frequently in all 10 regions. Eighty specimens tested positive for multiple drugs; the 

most common multiple-drug combination was marijuana and cocaine, with 48 positive 

results. There were six cases of individuals testing positive for both drugs and alcohol. 

• There were 232 qualifying accidents that resulted in a positive post-accident drug test 

(123 from transit systems and 109 from contractors). There were zero fatalities resulting 

from these accidents. Cocaine was detected in 48.7 percent of all positive post-accident 

drug tests; marijuana was second at 45.7 percent. 

ALCOHOL TEST RESULTS 

Employers are required to establish and conduct an alcohol misuse prevention program in which 

employees performing safety-sensitive functions are tested for the misuse of alcohol and 

supervisors are trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of alcohol misuse. Employees are 

subject to five types of alcohol tests: random, reasonable suspicion, post-accident, return-to-duty, 

and follow-up. In addition, employers may not allow safety-sensitive employees to consume 

alcohol under four specific circumstances: (1) 4 hours before performing a safety-sensitive 

function; (2) while performing a safety-sensitive function; (3) after a fatal accident, unless the 

employee has received a post-accident test or 8 hours have elapsed, whichever occurs first; or (4) 

after a non-fatal accident unless the employee's involvement was completely discounted as a 

contributing factor to the accident, the employee has been tested, or 8 hours have elapsed. 

An employee with an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater but less than 0.04 must be 

removed from duty for 8 hours or until a retest shows an alcohol concentration of less than 0.02. 

An employee with an alcohol concentration ≥ 0.04 must be prohibited from performing any 

safety-sensitive duties, removed from his/her safety-sensitive position, and be evaluated by a 

substance abuse professional. To return to a safety-sensitive position, the employee must 

properly complete a course of treatment prescribed by the substance abuse professional and pass 

a return-to-duty alcohol test. 

The 1999 alcohol-testing program performed by large, small, and rural transit employers 

revealed the following: 

• Of the total 41,358 random alcohol-screening tests conducted, 39 confirmation test 

results ≥ 0.04 were documented (0.09 percent). The rate for transit systems was 0.10 

percent, while for contractors the rate was 0.05 percent. 

• The FTA alcohol-testing rule includes a definition for the violation rate for purposes of 

setting next year’s random alcohol testing rate. The violation rate for 1999 for all 

employers (transit systems and contractors) was 0.18 percent. 
1999 Annual Report ES-4 

• The percent of total alcohol screening results ≥ 0.04 for all test types was 0.21 percent 

industry-wide. The rate for transit systems was 0.18 percent, versus 0.33 percent for 

contractors. 

• Transit systems conducted 83.0 percent of the 65,887 total screening tests; contractors 

conducted 17.0 percent of the total. 

• Of the 5 required alcohol test types, the highest percent of test results ≥ 0.04 was for 

reasonable suspicion testing at 8.20 percent. Contractors had nearly double the number 

of alcohol concentrations at ≥ 0.04 for reasonable suspicion testing than transit systems at 

15.57 percent.

• Of the 5 employee categories, the highest percent of test results ≥ 0.04 was in the 

Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance category at 0.33 percent. Armed Security 

Personnel had zero test results ≥ 0.04.

• Random tests had the lowest percent of test results ≥ 0.04 at 0.09 percent. 

• There were 16 accidents reported that resulted in a post-accident alcohol test result of 

0.04 or greater. There were no fatalities resulting from these accidents. Transit systems 

accounted for 11 of the post-accident test results ≥ 0.04 and contractors accounted for 5.

• The Revenue Vehicle Operations employee category accounted for 15 of the 16 alcohol 

test results ≥ 0.04 for post-accident testing. 

• There were 60 alcohol test refusals: 29 for transit systems and 31 for contractors. Thirtysix refusals were for random tests and 24 were for non-random tests. 

• There were 60 reported “Other” Alcohol Violations — 4 additional specific 

circumstances in which employers may not allow their safety-sensitive employees to 

consume alcohol, as mentioned above. 

TRENDS: 1996 THROUGH 1999 

The number of FTA drug and alcohol reporting forms received from 1996 through 1999 has 

increased by 13.3 percent. The greatest gain has been in the number of contractor reports 

received: reports received from contractors have jumped by 24.7 percent while transit systems 

have only increased by 3.0 percent. 

The number of reported safety-sensitive employees has increased by 7.7 percent for transit 

systems and 29.4 percent for contractors. The percent of contracted FTA-covered employees, 

increased from 18.4 percent in 1996 to 21.4 percent in 1999. 
 1999 Annual Report ES-5 

Overall, the percent of positive random drug test results and the percent of random alcohol test 

results greater than or equal to 0.04 decreased each year for the 4-year period (see “Totals” 

column in Tables ES-1 and ES-2). 

Table ES-1. 1996 to 1999 Positive Random Drug Test Results 

Employer 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Transit 

Systems 1.42% 1.06% 0.93% 0.83% 

Contractors 1.84% 1.92% 1.69% 1.72% 

Totals 1.50% 1.21% 1.07% 1.00% 

Table ES-2. 1996 to 1999 Random Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04 

Employer 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Transit 

Systems 0.17% 0.15% 0.13% 0.10% 

Contractors 0.11% 0.09% 0.14% 0.05% 

Totals 0.16% 0.14% 0.13% 0.09% 

As with random testing, the percent of total positive drug test results decreased overall each year 

for the 4-year period from 1996 to 1999. Transit systems showed a significant decrease in total 

positive drug tests whereas the percent of total positive drug tests for contractors showed no 

trend. See Table ES-3 below for the percentages. See Table ES-4 for the percent of total 

alcohol test results ≥ 0.04 for both transit systems and contractors. 

Table ES-3. 1996 to 1999 Positive Drug Test Results 

Employer 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Transit 

Systems 1.75% 1.41% 1.28% 1.20% 

Contractors 2.75% 3.01% 2.87% 2.66% 

Totals 2.00% 1.77% 1.67% 1.59% 

Table ES-4. 1996 to 1999 Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04 

Employer 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Transit 

Systems 0.26% 0.23% 0.24% 0.18% 

Contractors 0.27% 0.28% 0.56% 0.33% 

Totals 0.26% 0.24% 0.29% 0.21% 

Other significant findings include: 

• The number of random drug tests has increased at a rate of 9.5 percent for transit systems 

and 15.0 percent for contractors from 1996 to 1999. 
1999 Annual Report ES-6 

• The number of non-random drug tests has increased significantly over the 4-year period: 

36.7 percent for transit systems and 35.6 percent for contractors. 

• Similar to drug tests, the number of non-random alcohol tests has increased notably by 

14.4 percent and 42.7 percent, respectively, for transit systems and contractors. 

 

See Table ES-5 and ES-6 for positive drug and alcohol tests > 0.04 for all 5 employee category 

types over the last 4 years.

Table ES-5. 1996 to 1999 Positive Drug Test Results/ 

Employee Category 

Employer 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 2.06% 1.87% 1.79% 1.70% 

Revenue Veh. And 

Equip. Maint. 1.95% 1.69% 1.45% 1.46% 

Revenue Veh. 

Control/Disp. 1.20% 0.91% 0.85% 0.97% 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 2.55% 2.05% 2.06% 1.02% 

Armed Security 

Personnel 0.73% 0.28% 0.60% 0.53% 

Totals 2.00% 1.77% 1.67% 1.59% 

Table ES-6. 1996 to 1999 Alcohol Test Results ≥ 0.04/ 

Employee Category 

Employer 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 0.23% 0.20% 0.26% 0.17% 

Revenue Veh. And 

Equip. Maint. 0.33% 0.34% 0.39% 0.33% 

Revenue Veh. 

Control/Disp. 0.20% 0.30% 0.47% 0.30% 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 0.61% 0.48% 0.42% 0.26% 

Armed Security 

Personnel 0.06% 0.06% 0.00% 0.00% 

Totals 0.26% 0.24% 0.29% 0.21% 
 1999 Annual Report 1-1

1. INTRODUCTION 

This annual report presents the results of mandatory drug and alcohol testing conducted by transit 

systems that receive funds from the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). Under the Omnibus 

Transportation Employee Testing Act passed by Congress in 1991, the FTA was required to 

establish regulations for drug and alcohol testing of transit employees performing safety-sensitive 

functions. The purpose of requiring transit agencies to implement drug and alcohol programs is 

to achieve a drug- and alcohol-free work force in the interest of the health and safety of transit 

employees and the traveling public. This report covers the testing results from the calendar year 

1999, as well as trend analysis gleaned from the Program’s inception. 

The FTA regulations require that recipients of specific FTA funds implement an anti-drug 

program to deter and detect the use of prohibited drugs by transit employees and to establish a 

program to prevent prohibited alcohol use. Covered under these regulations are employees of 

transit systems that receive grant funds and employees of contractors to those transit systems. 

Large operators (i.e., those providing transit services in urbanized areas of 200,000 or more in 

population) were required to begin their drug and alcohol testing programs for calendar year 

1995. Small operators (i.e., those providing transit services in areas of less than 200,000) were 

required to begin their drug and alcohol testing programs for calendar year 1996. 

1.1 Who Must Report 

Transit systems that receive funding from 

the FTA sources listed in Figure 1-1 are 

required to have drug and alcohol testing 

programs. Under FTA regulations, all 

recipients must implement the required 

drug and alcohol testing programs and must 

report the results of their programs to the 

FTA annually. The results must be 

submitted to the FTA on specific 

Management Information System (MIS) 

forms or data diskettes. Recipients of 5310 

funds only are not required to comply with FTA drug and alcohol testing requirements, unless 

they provide contract services to recipients receiving Section 5307, 5309, and 5311 funds. In 

those instances, they must report as contractors. 

Section 5307 refers to block grants for capital projects and to finance the planning, improvement, 

and operating costs of equipment, facilities, and associated capital maintenance items for use in 

mass transportation. Section 5309 refers to discretionary grants and loans for capital projects, 

new and existing fixed guideway systems, an efficient mass transportation system coordinated 

with other transportation systems, the introduction of new technologies, the enhancement of 

urban economic development or the incorporation of private investment, and mass transportation 

projects to meet the needs of the elderly and individuals with disabilities. Section 5310 refers to 

Section 5307 (Section 9). Formula Program 

Section 5309 (Section 3). Capital Program 

Section 5310 (Section 16). Elderly and Disabled 

Program 

Section 5311 (Section 18). Non-urbanized Area 

Program 

Figure 1-1. FTA Federal Funding Sources (1999)
1999 Annual Report 1-2

grants and loans for the special needs of the elderly and individuals with disabilities. Section 

5311 refers to financial assistance for non-urbanized areas. 

Some recipients provide mass transit services directly. Others rely on additional public or private 

entities to provide services in whole or in part. In these cases, the direct recipient of FTA funds 

is legally responsible for assuring that any entity operating on its behalf is in compliance with 

FTA testing rules. 

Transit systems that receive funding directly from the FTA must certify annually that they are in 

compliance with the drug and alcohol testing regulations. States must certify regulatory 

compliance on behalf of the transit systems that receive FTA funding through a state agency. 

Failure of a recipient to establish and implement a drug and alcohol testing program−either in its 

own operations or in those of an entity operating on its behalf−may result in the suspension of 

Federal transit funding to the recipient. Because a recipient may not always provide transit 

services directly, the FTA uses the term “operator” or “employer” to describe those who actually 

provide transit services and who, therefore, must implement the FTA requirements. 

1.2 Employees Who Must be Tested 

Under the FTA’s drug and alcohol testing regulations, employees and supervisors who perform 

any of the following functions are considered safety-sensitive employees: 

1. Operate a revenue service vehicle, including when not in revenue service (includes 

employees who operate a passenger vehicle, whether or not a fare is collected); 

2. Maintain revenue service vehicles or equipment used in revenue service (except 5311 

recipients’ contractors); 

3. Dispatch or control revenue service vehicles; 

4. Operate a non-revenue service vehicle (e.g., snowplow or wrecker), which requires a 

Commercial Drivers License (CDL), and is not already covered by another employee 

category; and/or 

5. Provide security and carry a firearm. 

Maintenance contractors (except for 5311 recipients’ contractors) that perform routine, ongoing 

repair or maintenance work for FTA recipients and subrecipients must comply if their employees 

perform any of the identified safety-sensitive functions. In addition, supervisors who perform, or 

could be called upon to perform, any of the safety-sensitive functions are also included. 
 1999 Annual Report 1-3

1.3 Types of Tests 

Employees who perform safety-sensitive functions are subject to six different types of tests: 

 

1) Pre-employment testing for drugs is performed on each prospective employee, including 

individuals who are being transferred into safety-sensitive positions. Employees may not be 

hired unless they have a verified negative drug test result. (This is no longer applicable for 

alcohol — the FTA suspended required pre-employment testing for alcohol on May 10, 1995, as 

a result of a U.S. Court of Appeals decision.) 

2) Random testing must be unannounced and unpredictable. The tests must be based on a 

scientifically valid random-number selection method. All safety-sensitive employees must have 

an equal chance of being selected for testing each time a selection is made, must be included in 

the selection pool, and must remain in the pool after being tested. For 1999, the number of 

random tests conducted must equal at least 50 percent (for drugs) and 10 percent (for alcohol) of 

the total number of employees performing safety-sensitive functions. Transit systems have the 

option of joining a consortium, an entity that arranges testing services and that acts on behalf of 

the employers. If a transit system joins a consortium for random testing, the testing rate applies 

to the total number of safety-sensitive employees within the consortium. As a result, some 

individual transit operators may not meet the random testing requirement. 

3) Post-accident testing is required for accidents where there is loss of human life. For non-fatal 

accidents that meet FTA-defined conditions, testing is required unless the covered employee’s 

performance can be completely discounted as a causative or contributing factor. When an 

accident occurs, safety-sensitive employees operating the vehicle must be tested, as well as any 

other safety-sensitive personnel not on the vehicle whose performance could have contributed to 

the accident. Tests must be administered as soon as possible but no later than 8 hours after the 

accident for alcohol and 32 hours for drugs. 

4) Reasonable suspicion testing is conducted when an employer suspects that an employee has 

used a prohibited drug or has misused alcohol as defined in the regulations. Reasonable 

suspicion determinations are made by trained supervisors and must be based on specific, 

contemporaneous, articulated observations concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body 

odor of the safety-sensitive employee. 

5) Return-to-duty testing occurs when an employer’s policy statement permits an employee 

who violated the regulations (i.e., tested positive for drugs, had an alcohol result of ≥ 0.04, 

refused to submit to a test) to return to duty to perform a safety-sensitive function after 

completion of rehabilitation. The employee must, however, be evaluated by a Substance Abuse 

Professional (SAP) and pass a return-to-duty test prior to performing a safety-sensitive function. 
1999 Annual Report 1-4

6) Follow-up testing occurs after an employee has been returned to duty after a positive drug or 

alcohol test. The employee is subject to unannounced follow-up testing for at least 12 but no 

more than 60 months as recommended by the SAP. Follow-up testing is separate from, and in 

addition to, random testing. 

1.4 Drug Testing Program Overview 

Transit systems must establish an anti-drug program that focuses on testing safety-sensitive 

employees and training for supervisors. FTA regulations specify that safety-sensitive employees 

may not use any of 5 prohibited substances (or their metabolites): marijuana; cocaine; opiates 

(e.g., heroin, morphine, codeine); amphetamines (e.g., racemic, amphetamine, 

extroamphetamine, and methamphetamine); or phencyclidine (PCP). Testing for any other drugs 

must be performed separately from the FTA test. 

If an FTA-covered employee has a verified positive drug test result, the employee must be 

removed from the safety-sensitive position, be informed of the available educational and 

treatment programs, and be referred to a SAP. To return to a safety-sensitive position, the 

employee must complete a course of treatment prescribed by the SAP and take a return-to-duty 

drug test with a verified negative result. 

1.5 Alcohol Testing Program Overview 

Transit systems are required to establish and conduct an alcohol misuse prevention program in 

which employees performing safety-sensitive functions are tested for alcohol misuse. In 

addition, supervisors must receive specific training to recognize the signs and symptoms of 

possible alcohol misuse. There are four specific circumstances under which an employee is 

prohibited from consuming alcohol: 

1. Four hours before performing a safety-sensitive function; 

2. While performing a safety-sensitive function; 

3. After a fatal accident unless a post-accident test has been administered, or 8 hours have 

elapsed (whichever occurs first); and/or 

4. After a non-fatal accident unless the employee’s involvement can be completely discounted 

as a contributing factor to the accident, the employee has been tested, or 8 hours have 

elapsed. 

An employee with an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater but less than 0.04 for a 

confirmation test must be removed from duty for at least 8 hours or until a re-test conducted by 

the employer shows an alcohol concentration of less than 0.02. If an employer elects to remove 

the employee from duty for 8 hours, the employer is not required to administer an alcohol test 

before the employee resumes performing a safety-sensitive function unless the employee exhibits 

signs of alcohol misuse upon returning to work. 
 1999 Annual Report 1-5

A safety-sensitive employee with an alcohol concentration of ≥ 0.04 must be prohibited from 

performing any safety-sensitive functions, removed from his or her safety-sensitive position, and 

be referred to a SAP. 

1.6 Drug and Alcohol MIS Data Quality and Validation 

The Drug and Alcohol MIS data submitted to the FTA by transit operators and their contractors 

are subjected to extensive analysis and validation, both manual and automated. The process 

entails detailed examination of each MIS report, identification of errors or questionable entries, 

and the resolution of these problems in conjunction with the reporting agencies. 

In general, the quality of the database has improved each year as the FTA clarifies definitions of 

data items, simplifies reporting procedures, and designs more sophisticated validation checks. 

Despite extensive efforts, it should be noted that data validation primarily encompasses a review 

of the consistency and reasonableness of the reported data. Errors of significant magnitude have 

been detected and corrected, but some statistically minor errors may remain. 

1.7 Availability of Drug and Alcohol MIS Documentation 

Copies of reporting guidance and MIS reporting forms and diskettes are available from the Drug 

and Alcohol MIS Project Office at (617) 494-6336. The FTA Safety and Security Clearinghouse 

can be reached at (617) 494-2108 for additional copies of this report, as well as previously 

published annual reports. Other technical assistance materials including The Implementation 

Guidelines for Drug and Alcohol Regulations in Mass Transit may be acquired from the FTA’s 

Office of Safety & Security at (202) 366-2896. Further information can also be found at the FTA 

Web site at the following Internet address: http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/damis. 

1.8 Organization of this Report 

This report contains five chapters and three appendices. Chapter 2 provides general information 

on the reporting process, including how many employers reported testing results to the FTA. 

Chapters 3 and 4 present drug and alcohol testing results, respectively. Chapter 5 presents a 

trend analysis of testing results from 1996 through 1999. A glossary of terms used throughout 

this report comprises Appendix A; Appendix B provides a list of FTA regions; and Appendix C 

presents a list of rail systems and rail contractors that submitted reports. Last year an additional 

size category (rural) was introduced and another size category (small) was, therefore, redefined. 

“Large” systems are located in urbanized areas of 200,000 or more in population. “Small” 

systems are located in urbanized areas of less than 200,000 but greater than or equal to 50,000. 

“Rural” systems are located in urbanized areas of less than 50,000 in population. 
2-1 1999 Annual Report 

2. GENERAL INFORMATION ON DRUG AND ALCOHOL FORMS 

This chapter presents, graphically, the data submitted on the 1999 FTA Drug and Alcohol 

MIS forms. Among the data presented are the number of MIS Data Collection forms 

versus data diskettes* received, forms received by employer size, region and rail versus 

non-rail. Also covered are the number of FTA-covered employees by employee 

category, and broken out for transit systems and contractors, and the percent of FTAcovered employees by employer size. 

2.1 Distribution of Transit Systems and Contractors 

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Transit Systems 1,159 429 1,628

Contractors 821 139 960

Totals 1,980 568 2,588

MIS Data Collection 

Forms MIS Data Disks Total

Figure 2-1. Number of Drug and Alcohol Forms Received 

*Beginning in 1998, reporters had the option to report on either paper forms or by using 

the electronic reporting system and submitting results on a data disk. 
1999 Annual Report 2-2 

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Transit Systems 322 242 1064

Contractors 600 125 235

Totals 922 367 1299

Large Small Rural

Figure 2-2. Drug and Alcohol Forms Received by Employer Size 

2.2 Drug and Alcohol Forms Received by Region 

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Transit Systems 127 65 96 337 304 156 296 88 95 64

Contractors 78 87 83 163 170 73 55 41 141 69

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 2-3. Number of FTA Drug and Alcohol Forms Received by Region 
2-3 1999 Annual Report 

2.3 Rail and Non-Rail Employers 

For this report, rail employers are considered to be those entities, along with their 

contractors, which operate rapid rail transit operations within an urban area and are not 

connected to the general railroad system of transportation. These transit vehicles include 

rail cars and trolley cars. The FTA and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) have 

agreed that commuter railroad operations that receive FTA funds must comply with 

FRA’s drug and alcohol testing regulation, and are therefore not included in FTA’s 

numbers. 

It is important to note that rail systems have a different employee demographic than nonrail, with rail employers often having fewer revenue vehicle operators and a greater 

concentration of mechanics. 

Figure 2-4 compares the distribution of forms received for both rail and non-rail for 

transit systems and contractors. See Appendix C for a list of rail systems and rail 

contractors that report to the FTA. 

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Transit Systems 38 1,590

Contractors 210 750

Totals 248 2,340

Rail Non-Rail

Figure 2-4. Forms Received - Rail Versus Non-Rail 
1999 Annual Report 2-4 

2.4 FTA-Covered Employees 

Following are a variety of breakouts for FTA-covered employees: by employee category, 

by transit system versus contractor, percent of employees for large, small and rural 

employers, various data on employees in rail and non-rail systems, and, finally, by 

region. 

FTA-Covered Employees By Employee Category

0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000 175000

Rev. Vehicle Op.

Vehicle and Equip. Maint.

Rev. Vehicle Cntrl/Dsptch

CDL/Non-Revenue

Armed Security Personnel

Transit Systems 126,507 40,699 14,225 3,123 3,118

Contractors 39,145 6,401 3,987 489 947

Totals 165652 47,100 18,212 3,612 4,065

Rev. Vehicle 

Op.

Vehicle and 

Equip. Maint.

Rev. Vehicle 

Cntrl/Dsptch

CDL/NonRevenueArmed 

Security 

Figure 2-5. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Employee Category/Percent of 

Labor Force that was Contracted

Armed Security 

Personnel

2%

CDL/NonRevenue

2%

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation

66%

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Disp.

8%

Vehicle and 

Equip. 

Maintenance

22%

Figure 2-6. Percent of FTA-Covered Employees in Each Employee Category – 

Transit Systems 
2-5 1999 Annual Report 

Armed Security 

Personnel

2%

CDL/NonRevenue

1%

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation

76%

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Disp.

8%

Vehicle and 

Equip. 

Maintenance

13%

Figure 2-7. Percent of FTA-Covered Employees in Each Employee Category – 

Contractors 

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000

Revenue Vehicle Operations

Vehicle and Equip. Maint.

Rev. Vehicle Cntrl/Dsptch

CDL/Non-Revenue

Armed Security Personnel

Large 129,377 42,745 13,325 3,021 4,010

Small 13,390 2,523 1,593 368 14

Rural 22,885 1,832 3,294 223 41

Revenue 

Vehicle 

Vehicle and 

Equip. 

Rev. 

Vehicle 

CDL/NonRevenueArmed 

Security 

Figure 2-8. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Employee Category – Large, 

Small, and Rural Systems 
1999 Annual Report 2-6 

Armed Security 

Personnel

2%

CDL/NonRevenue

2%

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation

67%

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Disp.

7%

Vehicle and 

Equip. 

Maintenance

22%

Figure 2-9. Percent of All FTA-Covered Employees for Large Operators 

Armed Security 

Personnel

0%

CDL/NonRevenue

2%

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation

75%

Revenue Veh. 

Control/Disp.

9%

Veh. and Equip. 

Maintenance

14%

Figure 2-10. Percent of All FTA-Covered Employees for Small Operators 
2-7 1999 Annual Report 

Armed Security 

Personnel

0%

CDL/NonRevenue

1%

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation

81%

Revenue Veh. 

Control/Disp.

12%

Veh. and Equip. 

Maintenance

6%

Figure 2-11. Percent of All FTA-Covered Employees Reporting for Rural Operators 

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

Large

Small

Rural

Transit Systems 151,673 12,980 23,019

Contractors 40,805 4,908 5,256

Totals 192,478 17,888 28,275

Large Small Rural

Figure 2-12. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Employer Size 
1999 Annual Report 2-8 

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000

Revenue Vehicle

Operations

Vehicle and Equip.

Maintenance

Revenue Vehicle

Control/Dispatch

CDL/Non-Revenue

Armed Security

Personnel

Rail 70,251 29,335 8,007 2,015 3,212

Non-Rail 93,401 17,665 10,205 1,597 853

Revenue 

Vehicle 

Operations

Vehicle and 

Equip. 

Maintenance

Revenue 

Vehicle 

Control/Dispatc

CDL/NonRevenue

Armed Security 

Personnel

Figure 2-13. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Employee Category for Rail 

and Non-Rail 

Armed Security 

Personnel

3%

CDL/Non-Revenue

2%

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation

62%

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Disp.

7%

Vehicle and Equip. 

Maintenance

26%

Figure 2-14. Percent of FTA-Covered Employees in Each Employee Category – 

Rail Operators
2-9 1999 Annual Report 

Armed Security 

Personnel

1%

CDL/Non-Revenue

1%

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation

76%

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch

Vehicle and Equip. 8%

Maintenance

14%

Figure 2-15. Percent of FTA-Covered Employees in Each Employee Category – 

Non-Rail Operators 

FTA-Covered Employees By Region

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

Transit Systems 9,787 37,123 23,660 21,105 30,082 15,177 9,062 5,436 24,869 11,371

Contractors 3,497 7,968 4,213 6,360 6,113 3,193 950 1,682 13,937 3,056

Totals 13,284 45,091 27,873 27,465 36,195 18,370 10,012 7,118 38,806 14,427

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 2-16. Number of FTA-Covered Employees by Region 
1999 Annual Report 2-10 

FTA-Covered Employees By Region/Size

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

Large 11,099 42,179 23,035 18,403 28,708 13,976 3,802 4,615 35,215 11,446

Small 1,18 500 2,267 3,206 3,194 1,476 1,386 1,044 1,765 1,872

Rural 1,007 2,412 2,571 5,856 4,293 2,918 4,824 1,459 1,826 1,109

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 2-17. FTA-Covered Employees by Region/Size 

2.5 Federal Funds 

As mentioned in Chapter 1, transit systems are required to report the types of FTA funds 

they receive (that is, Sections 5309, 5307, 5310, and 5311). Some of the transit systems 

receive funding under multiple sections. 

The following charts depict: the number/percent of transit systems receiving FTA funds 

by funding source; the percent of transit systems receiving FTA funds by source of 

funding; transit systems that received FTA funds by region; and the number of systems 

receiving FTA funds by system size and source of funding. 
2-11 1999 Annual Report 

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

5309

5307

5310

5311

Transit Systems 453 520 374 1125

Percent of Transit

Systems

27.8% 31.9% 22.9% 69.1%

5309 5307 5310 5311

Figure 2-18. Number and Percent of Transit Systems that Received Federal Funds 

by Source of Funding 

5311

46%

5309

18%

5310

15%

5307

21%

Figure 2-19. Percent of Total Funds by Funding Source 
1999 Annual Report 2-12 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

5309 28 18 46 68 73 40 112 19 30 19

5307 80 26 39 104 110 50 29 16 46 20

5310 31 15 22 68 35 45 82 46 14 16

5311 43 47 52 246 203 111 259 70 52 42

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 2-20. Number of Transit Systems that Received Federal Funds 

by Source of Funding and by FTA Region 

Small

24%

Rural

47%

Large

29%

Figure 2-21. Number of Transit Systems that Received Federal Funds by Size
3-1 1999 Annual Report

3. DRUG TEST RESULTS 

This chapter provides background information and a summary of the 1999 drug testing results. 

For drug testing, a urine specimen is collected for analysis. Prohibited drugs for which each 

urine specimen must be tested are marijuana, cocaine, PCP, opiates, and amphetamines. 

A total of 223,668 samples were collected for all types of drug testing in 1999. Six types of tests 

were administered: pre-employment; random; post-accident; reasonable suspicion; return-toduty; and follow-up. The results of random drug testing provide the best indication of the overall 

level of industry-wide drug use among FTA-covered transit system and contractor employees. 

3.1 Random Drug Test Results for 1999 

Table 3-1 illustrates the random drug test results for transit systems and contractors. Table 3-2 

presents random drug test results by operator size, while Table 3-3 breaks out random drug test 

results by rail and non-rail. 

Table 3-1. 1999 Random Drug Test Results 

Employer Number of 

Specimens 

Number 

Positive 

Percent 

Positive 

Transit 

Systems 96,491 798 0.83% 

Contractors 23,262 400 1.72% 

Totals 119,753 1,198 1.00% 

 

Table 3-2. Random Drug Test Results by Operator Size 

Operator Size Number of 

Specimens 

Number 

Positive 

Percent 

Positive 

Large 97,459 976 1.00% 

Small 8,779 104 1.18% 

Rural 13,515 118 0.87% 

Totals 119,753 1,198 1.00% 

Table 3-3. Random Drug Test Results for Rail and Non-Rail 

Employer Number of 

Specimens 

Number 

Positive 

Percent 

Positive 

Rail Systems 58,025 510 0.88% 

Non-Rail 

Systems 61,728 688 1.11% 

Totals 119,753 1,198 1.00% 
1999 Annual Report 3-2

The FTA drug rule provides that, if the results from industry-wide drug testing are less than 

1 percent for 2 consecutive years, the FTA may lower the required random drug testing rate from 

the current 50 percent requirement to 25 percent. However, in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998, the 

industry-wide random positive rate exceeded 1 percent. In 1999, that rate was at 1 percent.

3.2 Drug Test Results by FTA Region 

This section reports random drug test results by FTA region. As shown in Figure 3-1, of the 10 

FTA regions, Regions 5, 6, and 8 had the highest percent of random specimens testing positive 

for one or more drugs. Figure 3-2 shows the percentage of drug positives (all types) by FTA 

region; Regions 6 and 9 had the highest percent of drug positives overall. 

Figure 3-1. Random Drug Test Results by FTA Region 
3-3 1999 Annual Report

Figure 3-2. Percent of Positives by FTA Region 

3.3 Results of Drug Tests Presented by Test Types 

Table 3-4 presents drug test results by the 6 drug test types for transit systems, contractors, and 

their combined totals. It shows the number of specimens collected, the number of positive 

results, and the percent of positive results. 

Table 3-5 presents drug test results by the 6 drug test types by employee category for large, 

small, and rural systems and their combined totals. 

Table 3-6 presents drug test results by the 6 drug test types by employee category for rail and 

non-rail systems and their combined totals. 
1999 Annual Report 3-4

Table 3-4. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

TOTALS BY TEST TYPE, ALL EMPLOYEE CATEGORIESPre-Employment 42,537 805 1.89% 31,414 995 3.17% 73,951 1,800 2.43%Random 96,491 798 0.83% 23,262 400 1.72% 119,753 1,198 1.00%Post-Accident 12,276 122 0.99% 3,434 108 3.15% 15,710 230 1.46%Reasonable Suspicion 652 40 6.13% 234 43 18.38% 886 83 9.37%Return-to-Duty 1,183 42 3.55% 165 8 4.85% 1,348 50 3.71%Follow-Up 11,256 170 1.51% 764 21 2.75% 12,020 191 1.59%TOTALS 164,395 1,977 1.20% 59,273 1,575 2.66% 223,668 3,552 1.59%

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

Employee Category 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

PRE-EMPLOYMENT Revenue Vehicle Operation 33,840 646 1.91% 27,616 895 3.24% 61,456 1,541 2.51%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 6,049 118 1.95% 1,972 77 3.90% 8,021 195 2.43%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 1,511 28 1.85% 899 17 1.89% 2,410 45 1.87%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 643 13 2.02% 74 1 1.35% 717 14 1.95%Armed Security Personnel 494 0 0.00% 853 5 0.59% 1,347 5 0.37%RANDOM Revenue Vehicle Operation 64,007 510 0.80% 17,912 318 1.78% 81,919 828 1.01%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 21,614 226 1.05% 2,917 51 1.75% 24,531 277 1.13%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 6,978 37 0.53% 1,736 18 1.04% 8,714 55 0.63%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 2,231 17 0.76% 256 7 2.73% 2,487 24 0.97%Armed Security Personnel 1,661 8 0.48% 441 6 1.36% 2,102 14 0.67%
 3-5 1999 Annual Report

Table 3-4. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category (continued) 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

POST-ACCIDENT Revenue Vehicle Operation 11,218 115 1.03% 3,205 104 3.24% 14,423 219 1.52%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 756 6 0.79% 167 3 1.80% 923 9 0.98%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 129 1 0.78% 33 1 3.03% 162 2 1.23%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 90 0 0.00% 18 0 0.00% 108 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 83 0 0.00% 11 0 0.00% 94 0 0.00%REASONABLE SUSPICION Revenue Vehicle Operation 534 34 6.37% 212 39 18.40% 746 73 9.79%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 77 6 7.79% 13 1 7.69% 90 7 7.78%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 28 0 0.00% 7 3 42.86% 35 3 8.57%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 12 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% 13 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 1 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00%RETURN-TO-DUTY Revenue Vehicle Operation 827 34 4.11% 139 4 2.88% 966 38 3.93%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 274 6 2.19% 17 3 17.65% 291 9 3.09%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 59 2 3.39% 9 1 11.11% 68 3 4.41%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 14 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 14 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 9 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00%FOLLOW-UP Revenue Vehicle Operation 6,779 117 1.73% 591 16 2.71% 7,370 133 1.80%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 3,527 46 1.30% 102 3 2.94% 3,629 49 1.35%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 349 5 1.43% 71 2 2.82% 420 7 1.67%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 581 2 0.34% 0 0 0.00% 581 2 0.34%Armed Security Personnel 20 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 20 0 0.00%
1999 Annual Report 3-6

Table 3-5. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Size 

Large Small Rural 

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

TOTALS BY TEST TYPE, ALL EMPLOYEE CATEGORIESPre-Employment 57,774 1,534 2.66% 5,579 102 1.83% 10,598 164 1.55% Random 97,459 976 1.00% 8,779 104 1.18% 13,515 118 0.87% Post-Accident 14,063 212 1.51% 860 10 1.16% 787 8 1.02% Reasonable Suspicion 807 63 7.81% 29 9 31.03% 50 11 22.00% Return-to-Duty 1,234 43 3.48% 66 1 1.52% 48 6 12.50% Follow-Up 11,748 172 1.46% 173 8 4.62% 99 11 11.11%TOTALS 183,085 3,000 1.64% 15,486 234 1.51% 25,097 318 1.27% 

Large Small Rural 

Employee Category 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

PRE-EMPLOYMENT Revenue Vehicle Operation 47,212 1,316 2.79% 4,799 83 1.73% 9,445 142 1.50% Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 7,098 166 2.34% 501 16 3.19% 422 13 3.08% Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 1,518 33 2.17% 229 3 1.31% 663 9 1.36% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 599 14 2.34% 50 0 0.00% 68 0 0.00% Armed Security Personnel 1,347 5 0.37% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% RANDOM Revenue Vehicle Operation 64,580 680 1.05% 6,489 67 1.03% 10,850 81 0.75% Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 22,176 225 1.01% 1,372 28 2.04% 983 24 2.44% Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 6,448 38 0.59% 729 5 0.69% 1,537 12 0.78% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 2,162 19 0.88% 183 4 2.19% 142 1 0.70% Armed Security Personnel 2,093 14 0.67% 6 0 0.00% 3 0 0.00% 
 3-7 1999 Annual Report

Table 3-5. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Size (continued) 

Large Small Rural 

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

POST-ACCIDENT Revenue Vehicle Operation 12,879 203 1.58% 785 9 1.15% 759 7 0.92%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 845 7 0.83% 60 1 1.67% 18 1 5.56%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 151 2 1.32% 4 0 0.00% 7 0 0.00%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 94 0 0.00% 11 0 0.00% 3 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 94 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%REASONABLE SUSPICION Revenue Vehicle Operation 681 55 8.08% 24 8 33.33% 41 10 24.39%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 78 5 6.41% 5 1 20.00% 7 1 14.29%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 33 3 9.09% 0 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 13 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 2 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%RETURN-TO-DUTY Revenue Vehicle Operation 884 34 3.85% 48 0 0.00% 34 4 11.76%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 269 7 2.60% 15 1 6.67% 7 1 14.29%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 59 2 3.39% 3 0 0.00% 6 1 16.67%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 13 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 9 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%FOLLOW-UP Revenue Vehicle Operation 7,159 119 1.66% 136 5 3.68% 75 9 12.00%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 3,590 45 1.25% 27 3 11.11% 12 1 8.33%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 398 6 1.51% 10 0 0.00% 12 1 8.33%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 581 2 0.34% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 20 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%
1999 Annual Report 3-8

Table 3-6. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Rail and Non-Rail 

Rail Systems Non-Rail Systems Totals 

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

TOTALS BY TEST TYPE, ALL EMPLOYEE CATEGORIESPre-Employment 31,896 805 2.52% 42,055 995 2.37% 73,951 1,800 2.43%Random 58,025 510 0.88% 61,728 688 1.11% 119,753 1,198 1.00%Post-Accident 8,074 114 1.41% 7,636 116 1.52% 15,710 230 1.46%Reasonable Suspicion 597 35 5.86% 289 48 16.61% 886 83 9.37%Return-to-Duty 519 23 4.43% 829 27 3.26% 1,348 50 3.71%Follow-Up 9,491 108 1.14% 2,529 83 3.28% 12,020 191 1.59%TOTALS 108,602 1,595 1.47% 115,066 1,957 1.70% 223,668 3,552 1.59%

Rail Systems Non-Rail Systems Totals 

Employee Category 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

PRE-EMPLOYMENT Revenue Vehicle Operation 24,651 692 2.81% 36,805 849 2.31% 61,456 1,541 2.51%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 4,860 78 1.60% 3,161 117 3.70% 8,021 195 2.43%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 923 21 2.28% 1,487 24 1.61% 2,410 45 1.87%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 428 10 2.34% 289 4 1.38% 717 14 1.95%Armed Security Personnel 1,034 4 0.39% 313 1 0.32% 1,347 5 0.37%RANDOM Revenue Vehicle Operation 35,672 331 0.93% 46,247 497 1.07% 81,919 828 1.01%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 15,167 129 0.85% 9,364 148 1.58% 24,531 277 1.13%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 3,782 29 0.77% 4,932 26 0.53% 8,714 55 0.63%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,633 13 0.80% 854 11 1.29% 2,487 24 0.97%Armed Security Personnel 1,771 8 0.45% 331 6 1.81% 2,102 14 0.67%
 3-9 1999 Annual Report

Table 3-6. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Rail and Non-Rail (continued) 

Rail Systems Non-Rail Systems Totals

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

POST-ACCIDENT Revenue Vehicle Operation 7,273 108 1.48% 7,150 111 1.55% 14,423 219 1.52%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 556 4 0.72% 367 5 1.36% 923 9 0.98%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 96 2 2.08% 66 0 0.00% 162 2 1.23%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 64 0 0.00% 44 0 0.00% 108 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 85 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% 94 0 0.00%REASONABLE SUSPICION Revenue Vehicle Operation 501 31 6.19% 245 42 17.14% 746 73 9.79%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 52 2 3.85% 38 5 13.16% 90 7 7.78%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 31 2 6.45% 4 1 25.00% 35 3 8.57%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 11 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% 13 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 2 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00%RETURN-TO-DUTY Revenue Vehicle Operation 332 18 5.42% 634 20 3.15% 966 38 3.93%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 147 5 3.40% 144 4 2.78% 291 9 3.09%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 25 0 0.00% 43 3 6.98% 68 3 4.41%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 10 0 0.00% 4 0 0.00% 14 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 5 0 0.00% 4 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00%FOLLOW-UP Revenue Vehicle Operation 5,560 70 1.26% 1,810 63 3.48% 7,370 133 1.80%Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 3,032 31 1.02% 597 18 3.02% 3,629 49 1.35%Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 330 5 1.52% 90 2 2.22% 420 7 1.67%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 550 2 0.36% 31 0 0.00% 581 2 0.34%Armed Security Personnel 19 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% 20 0 0.00%
1999 Annual Report 3-10 

3.4 Post-Accident Testing 

FTA regulations require testing for prohibited drugs in the case of certain mass transit accidents. 

Post-accident testing is mandatory for accidents where there is a loss of life and other non-fatal 

accidents unless employee performance can be discounted completely as a causative or 

contributing factor. 

An accident is defined as an occurrence associated with the operation of a vehicle in which 

• An individual dies; 

• An individual suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical attention away 

from the scene of an accident; 

• The mass transit or other vehicles involved incur disabling damage as the result of the 

occurrence and are transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle; and 

• The mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel, and is 

removed from revenue service. 

Tables 3-7 through 3-10 depict accidents with drug positives; accidents with drug positives by 

operator size; accidents with drug positives by region; and post-accident drug test positives by 

employee category. 

Table 3-7. Accidents with Drug Positives 

Employer 

Number of 

Non-Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatalities 

Accidents per 

Covered 

Employee 

Transit 

Systems 123 0 0 0.0007 

Contractors 109 0 0 0.0021 

Totals 232 0 0 0.0010 

Table 3-8. Accidents with Drug Positives 

by Operator Size 

Operator Size 

Number of 

Non-Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatalities 

Large 212 0 0 

Small 11 0 0 

Rural 9 0 0 

Totals 232 0 0 
1999 Annual Report 3-11 

Table 3-9. Accidents with Drug Positives 

by Region 

Region 

Number of 

Non-Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatal 

Accidents 

Number 

of 

Fatalities 

Accidents 

per Covered 

Employee 

1 15 0 0 0.0011 

2 29 0 0 0.0006 

3 27 0 0 0.0010 

4 22 0 0 0.0008 

5 44 0 0 0.0012 

6 34 0 0 0.0018 

7 8 0 0 0.0008 

8 5 0 0 0.0007 

9 34 0 0 0.0009 

10 14 0 0 0.0010 

Totals 232 0 0 0.0010 

Table 3-10. Post-Accident Drug Test Positives by Employee Category 

Employer 

Revenue 

Vehicle 

Operations 

Vehicle and 

Equip. Maint. 

Rev. 

Vehicle 

Cntl/Dsptch 

CDL/NonRevenue Armed 

Security 

Personnel 

Transit 

Systems 115 6 1 0 0 

Contractors 104 3 1 0 0 

Totals 219 9 2 0 0 

3.5 Distribution of Positive Drug Test Results by Type of Drug 

This section presents the distribution of positive drug test results for employees who tested 

positive for 1 or more of the 5 prohibited drugs. To be recorded as a positive result, an employee 

may have tested positive for 1 drug or a combination of drugs (e.g., marijuana and cocaine). 

Marijuana is a common name for the plant cannabis sativa. The primary active ingredient in 

marijuana is Delta-9-Tetrhydrocannabinol (THC). THC is absorbed quickly into fatty tissues 

and stored for a long time. People use marijuana for the mildly tranquilizing and mood and 

perception-altering effects it produces. 

Cocaine is a chemical that has both local anesthetic properties, like Novocaine, and stimulant 

properties similar to adrenaline. Cocaine is used medically as a local anesthetic. Cocaine causes 

the brain to experience an exhilaration caused by a large release of neurohormones associated 

with mood elevation. 

Opiates, also called narcotics, are drugs that alleviate pain, depress body functions and reactions, 

and, when taken in large doses, cause a strong euphoric feeling. 
1999 Annual Report 3-12 

PCP was originally developed as an anesthetic, but adverse side effects prevented its use except 

as a tranquilizer for large animals. PCP acts as both a depressant and a hallucinogen, and 

sometimes as a stimulant. 

Amphetamines are central nervous system stimulants that speed up the mind and body. Although 

widely prescribed at one time for weight reduction and mood elevation, the legal use of 

amphetamines is now limited to a very narrow range of medical conditions. 

 

Figures 3-3 to 3-10 and Table 3-11 provide details on the distribution of test results by type of 

drug. 

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

THC

Cocaine

PCP

Opiates

Amphetamines

Positives 2,134 1,263 25 80 148

Percent of Positives 60.08% 35.56% 0.70% 2.25% 4.17%

THC Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Figure 3-3. Number and Percent of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug 
1999 Annual Report 3-13 

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

THC

Cocaine

PCP

Opiates

Amphetamines

Transit Systems 1,166 722 12 51 75

Contractors 968 541 13 29 73

THC Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Figure 3-4. Number of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug for Each Employer Type 

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Transit Systems 58.9% 36.5% 0.6% 2.6% 3.7%

Contractors 61.4% 34.3% 0.8% 1.8% 4.6%

THC Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Figure 3-5. Percent of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug for Each Employer Type 
1999 Annual Report 3-14 

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

Large 58.4% 37.7% 0.8% 2.0% 3.9%

Small 70.1% 24.4% 0.4% 2.1% 5.1%

Rural 68.6% 23.3% 0.3% 4.4% 5.3%

THC Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Figure 3-6. Percent of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug and Operator Size 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

THC 95 240 220 254 368 229 75 111 413 129

Cocaine 50 208 194 161 215 145 28 32 206 24

PCP 1530522052

Opiates 4 11 6 9 17 11 0 1 19 2

Amphetamines 0 2 1 4 9 8 8 4 97 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 3-7. Number and Type of Drug by FTA Region 
1999 Annual Report 3-15 

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

THC 64.6% 52.9% 53.9% 60.3% 62.3% 58.9% 66.4% 77.7% 57.6% 76.3%

Cocaine 34.0% 45.8% 47.6% 38.2% 36.3% 37.2% 24.8% 22.4% 28.7% 14.2%

PCP 0.7% 1.1% 0.7% 0.0% 0.8% 0.5% 1.8% 0.0% 0.7% 1.2%

Opiates 2.7% 2.4% 1.5% 2.1% 2.9% 2.8% 0.0% 0.7% 2.6% 1.2%

Amphetamines 0.0% 0.4% 0.2% 0.9% 1.5% 2.1% 7.1% 2.8% 13.5% 8.9%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 3-8. Percent of Positive Specimens by FTA Region 

and Type of Drug 

0

500

1000

1500

2000

RVO 1,703 1,013 20 67 108

RVM 317 193 3 12 34

RVCD 82 32 0 0 3

CDL 21 18 2 0 3

ASP 11 7 0 1 0

THC Cocaine PCP Opiates Amphetamines

Figure 3-9. Number of Positive Specimens by Employee Category 

and Type of Drug 
1999 Annual Report 3-16 

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

THC 60.1% 58.1% 71.3% 52.5% 57.9%

Cocaine 35.8% 35.3% 27.8% 45.0% 36.8%

PCP 0.7% 0.5% 0.0% 5.0% 0.0%

Opiates 2.4% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 5.3%

Amphetamines 3.8% 6.2% 2.6% 7.5% 0.0%

RVO RVM RVCD CDL ASP

Figure 3-10. Percent of Positive Specimens by Type of Drug and Employee Category 

Table 3-11. Multiple Drug Combinations 

Drug Combination Number of 

Specimens 

THC/Cocaine 51 

THC/PCP 2 

THC/Opiates 1 

THC/Amphetamines 9 

Cocaine/Opiates 7 

Cocaine/Amphetamines 1 

Amphetamines/PCP 1 

THC/Cocaine/Opiates 1 

THC/Cocaine/Amphetamine 1 

Totals 74 
1999 Annual Report 3-17 

3.6 Drug Test Refusals 

When directed to provide specimens for drug testing, some employees refused to be tested. In 

1999, there were 170 reported cases of a covered employee refusing a random drug test and 93 

cases of a covered employee refusing a non-random drug test. These refusals reflect 0.11 

percent of the total number of drug tests attempted. See Figure 3-11. 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percent of Random Tests 0.06% 0.20%

Non-Random Test

Refusals

24 30

Random Test Refusals 74 69

Transit Systems Contractors

Figure 3-11. Drug Test Refusals 

3.7 Return-to-Duty Positive Rate 

The total number of employees who returned to duty after a positive drug test or after refusing to 

take a drug test was 707. Because the consequences for refusing a drug test and for testing 

positive are the same, the MIS form used to collect information from employers combines these 

figures. See Table 3-12. 

Table 3-12. Returned-to-Duty Covered 

Employees

Employer Returned-to-Duty Percent of Total 

Transit 

Systems 580 82.0 

Contractors 127 18.0 

Totals 707 100.0 
1999 Annual Report 3-18 

3.8 Results of Drug Tests Presented by Employee Category 

This section presents drug test results by employee category for transit systems and contractors 

and their combined totals. Table 3-13 identifies the number of specimens collected, the number 

of positive results, and the percent of positive results. Table 3-14 presents drug test results by 

employee category for large, small, and rural systems and their combined totals. Table 3-15 

presents drug test results by employee category for transit systems and contractors and their 

combined totals. 
1999 Annual Report 3-19

Table 3-13. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Transit System and Contractor 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

Employee Category 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

TOTALS BY EMPLOYEE CATEGORY, ALL TEST TYPESRevenue Vehicle Operation 117,205 1,456 1.24% 49,675 1,376 2.77% 166,880 2,832 1.70% Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 32,297 408 1.26% 5,188 138 2.66% 37,485 546 1.46% Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 9,054 73 0.81% 2,755 42 1.52% 11,809 115 0.97% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 3,571 32 0.90% 349 8 2.29% 3,920 40 1.02% Armed Security Personnel 2,268 8 0.35% 1,306 11 0.84% 3,574 19 0.53% TOTALS 164,395 1,977 1.20% 59,273 1,575 2.66% 223,668 3,552 1.59% 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

 Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

REVENUE VEHICLE OPERATORPre-Employment 33,840 646 1.91% 27,616 895 3.24% 61,456 1,541 2.51% Random 64,007 510 0.80% 17,912 318 1.78% 81,919 828 1.01% Post-Accident 11,218 115 1.03% 3,205 104 3.24% 14,423 219 1.52% Reasonable Suspicion 534 34 6.37% 212 39 18.40% 746 73 9.79% Return-to-Duty 827 34 4.11% 139 4 2.88% 966 38 3.93% Follow-Up 6,779 117 1.73% 591 16 2.71% 7,370 133 1.80% REVENUE VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Pre-Employment 6,049 118 1.95% 1,972 77 3.90% 8,021 195 2.43% Random 21,614 226 1.05% 2,917 51 1.75% 24,531 277 1.1.3% Post-Accident 756 6 0.79% 167 3 1.80% 923 9 0.98% Reasonable Suspicion 77 6 7.79% 13 1 7.69% 90 7 7.78% Return-to-Duty 274 6 2.19% 17 3 17.65% 291 9 3.09% Follow-Up 3,527 46 1.30% 102 3 2.94% 3,629 49 1.35% 
1999 Annual Report 3-20 

Table 3-13. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Transit System and Contractor (continued) 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

REVENUE VEHICLE CONTROL/ DISPATCH Pre-Employment 1,511 28 1.85% 899 17 1.89% 2,410 45 1.87% Random 6,978 37 0.53% 1,736 18 1.04% 8,714 55 0.63% Post-Accident 129 1 0.78% 33 1 3.03% 162 2 1.23% Reasonable Suspicion 28 0 0.00% 7 3 42.86% 35 3 8.57% Return-to-Duty 59 2 3.39% 9 1 11.11% 68 3 4.41% Follow-Up 349 5 1.43% 71 2 2.82% 420 7 1.67% CDL/NON-REVENUE VEHICLEPre-Employment 643 13 2.02% 74 1 1.35% 717 14 1.95% Random 2,231 17 0.76% 256 7 2.73% 2,487 24 0.97% Post-Accident 90 0 0.00% 18 0 0.00% 108 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 12 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% 13 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 14 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 14 0 0.00% Follow-Up 581 2 0.34% 0 0 0.00% 581 2 0.34% ARMED SECURITY PERSONNEL Pre-Employment 853 5 0.59% 494 0 0.00% 1,347 5 0.37% Random 441 6 1.36% 1,661 8 0.48% 2,102 14 0.67% Post-Accident 11 0 0.00% 83 0 0.00% 94 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 1 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 0 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% Follow-Up 0 0 0.00% 20 0 0.00% 20 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 3-21

Table 3-14. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Size 

Large Small Rural 

Employee Category 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

TOTALS BY EMPLOYEE CATEGORY, ALL TEST TYPESRevenue Vehicle Operation 133,395 2,407 1.80% 12,281 172 1.40% 21,204 253 1.19% Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 34,056 455 1.34% 1,980 50 2.53% 1,449 41 2.83% Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 8,607 84 0.98% 975 8 0.82% 2,227 23 1.03% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 3,462 35 1.01% 244 4 1.64% 214 1 0.47% Armed Security Personnel 3,565 19 0.53% 6 0 0.00% 3 0 0.00% TOTALS 183,085 3,000 1.64% 15,486 234 1.51% 25,097 318 1.27% 

Large Small Rural 

 Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

REVENUE VEHICLE OPERATORPre-Employment 47,212 1,316 2.79% 4,799 83 1.73% 9,445 142 1,50% Random 64,580 680 1.05% 6,489 67 1.03% 10,850 81 0.75% Post-Accident 12,879 203 1.58% 785 9 1.15% 759 7 0.92% Reasonable Suspicion 681 55 8.08% 24 8 33.33% 41 10 24.39% Return-to-Duty 884 34 3.85% 48 0 0.00% 34 4 11.76% Follow-Up 7,159 119 1.66% 136 5 3.68% 75 9 12.00% REVENUE VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Pre-Employment 7,098 166 2.34% 501 16 3.19% 422 13 3.08% Random 22,176 225 1.01% 1,372 28 2.04% 983 24 2.44% Post-Accident 845 7 0.83% 60 1 1.67% 18 1 5.56% Reasonable Suspicion 78 5 6.41% 5 1 20.00% 7 1 14.29% Return-to-Duty 269 7 2.60% 15 1 6.67% 7 1 14.29% Follow-Up 3,590 45 1.25% 27 3 11.11% 12 1 8.33% 
1999 Annual Report 3-22 

Table 3-14. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Size (continued) 

Large Small Rural 

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

REVENUE VEHICLE CONTROL/ DISPATCH Pre-Employment 1,518 33 2.17% 229 3 1.31% 663 9 1.36% Random 6,448 38 0.59% 729 5 0.69% 1,537 12 0.78% Post-Accident 151 2 1.32% 4 0 0.00% 7 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 33 3 9.09% 0 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 59 2 3.39% 3 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% Follow-Up 398 6 1.51% 10 0 0.00% 12 1 8.33% CDL/NON-REVENUE VEHICLEPre-Employment 599 14 2.34% 50 0 0.00% 68 0 0.00% Random 2,162 19 0.88% 183 4 2.19% 142 1 0.70% Post-Accident 94 0 0.00% 11 0 0.00% 3 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 13 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 13 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% Follow-Up 581 2 0.34% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% ARMED SECURITY PERSONNEL Pre-Employment 1,347 5 0.37% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Random 2,093 14 0.67% 6 0 0.00% 3 0 0.00% Post-Accident 94 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 2 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 9 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Follow-Up 20 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 3-23

Table 3-15. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Rail and Non-Rail 

Rail Non-Rail Totals 

Employee Category 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

TOTALS BY EMPLOYEE CATEGORY, ALL TEST TYPESRevenue Vehicle Operation 73,989 1,250 1.69% 92,891 1,582 1.70% 166,880 2,832 1.70% Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 23,814 249 1.05% 13,671 297 2.17% 37,485 546 1.46% Revenue Veh. Control/Disp. 5,187 59 1.14% 6,622 56 0.85% 11,809 115 0.97% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 2,696 25 0.93% 1,224 15 1.23% 3,920 40 1.02% Armed Security Personnel 2,916 12 0.41% 658 7 1.06% 3,574 19 0.53% TOTALS 108,602 1,595 1.47% 115,066 1,957 1.70% 223,668 3,552 1.59% 

Rail Non-Rail Totals 

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

REVENUE VEHICLE OPERATORPre-Employment 24,651 692 2.81% 36,805 849 2.31% 61,456 1,541 2.51% Random 35,672 331 0.93% 46,257 497 1.07% 81,919 828 1.01% Post-Accident 7,273 108 1.48% 7,150 111 1.55% 14,423 219 1.52% Reasonable Suspicion 501 31 6.19% 245 42 17.14% 746 73 9.79% Return-to-Duty 332 18 5.42% 634 20 3.15% 966 38 3.93% Follow-Up 5,560 70 1.26% 1,810 63 3.48% 7,370 133 1.80% REVENUE VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Pre-Employment 4,860 78 1.60% 3,161 117 3.70% 8,021 195 2.43% Random 15,167 129 0.85% 9,364 148 1.58% 24,531 277 1.13% Post-Accident 556 4 0.72% 367 5 1.36% 923 9 0.98% Reasonable Suspicion 52 2 3.85% 38 5 13.16% 90 7 7.78% Return-to-Duty 147 5 3.40% 144 4 2.78% 291 9 3.09% Follow-Up 3,032 31 1.02% 597 18 3.02% 3,629 49 1.35% 
1999 Annual Report 3-24 

Table 3-15. Drug Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Rail and Non-Rail (continued) 

Rail Non-Rail Totals 

Test Type 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

Number of Specimens Collected 

Number of Positive Results 

Percent Positive 

REVENUE VEHICLE CONTROL/ DISPATCH Pre-Employment 923 21 2.28% 1,487 24 1.61% 2,410 45 1.87% Random 3,782 29 0.77% 4,932 26 0.53% 8,714 55 0.63% Post-Accident 96 2 2.08% 66 0 0.00% 162 2 1.23% Reasonable Suspicion 31 2 6.45% 4 1 25.00% 35 3 8.57% Return-to-Duty 25 0 0.00% 43 3 6.98% 68 3 4.41% Follow-Up 330 5 1.52% 90 2 2.22% 420 7 1.67% CDL/NON-REVENUE VEHICLEPre-Employment 428 10 2.34% 289 4 1.38% 717 14 1.95% Random 1,633 13 0.80% 854 11 1.29% 2,487 24 0.97% Post-Accident 64 0 0.00% 44 0 0.00% 108 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 11 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% 13 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 10 0 0.00% 4 0 0.00% 14 0 0.00% Follow-Up 550 2 0.36% 31 0 0.00% 581 2 0.34% ARMED SECURITY PERSONNEL Pre-Employment 1,034 4 0.39% 313 1 0.32% 1,347 5 0.37% Random 1,771 8 0.45% 331 6 1.81% 2,102 14 0.67% Post-Accident 85 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% 94 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 2 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 5 0 0.00% 4 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% Follow-Up 19 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% 20 0 0.00% 
 1999 Annual Report 4-1 

4. ALCOHOL TEST RESULTS 

This chapter provides background information on the alcohol testing procedures and a summary 

of the 1999 alcohol test results. This section also discusses results of random alcohol testing for 

transit systems and contracts, by size, by rail, and by region. 

Because employees are prohibited from using alcohol while performing safety-sensitive 

functions, an employer who knows that an employee is using alcohol must prohibit that 

employee from performing these functions. 

An on-call employee must be given the 

opportunity to acknowledge use of alcohol 

at the time he or she is called to duty and 

must be given an alcohol test if the 

employee claims to be able to perform his 

or her safety-sensitive function. In 

addition, employees are prohibited from 

using alcohol within 4 hours prior to 

performing safety-sensitive functions and 

from consuming alcohol while on call. The 

FTA provides different sets of 

consequences (see Figure 4-1) should an 

alcohol confirmation test show that an 

employee’s alcohol concentration is 

(1) ≥ 0.02 but < 0.04, or (2) ≥ 0.04. 

The alcohol concentration level is the 

alcohol in a volume of breath expressed in terms of grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath. 

Alcohol tests are conducted in two parts: a screening test, followed by a confirmation test for 

those employees for whom the screening test result indicates an alcohol concentration ≥ 0.02. 

The data collected by the FTA from transit systems and contractors include information on the 

number of screening tests conducted, the number of confirmation tests conducted, and the results 

from these confirmation tests. In this report, the alcohol test results are derived from the number 

of screening tests conducted and found to be ≥ 0.04. The number of screening tests is used to 

better reflect accurate testing percentages. Because confirmation tests are only performed once a 

screening test has resulted in ≥ 0.02, to report results ≥ 0.04 of confirmation tests would result in 

high and misleading percentages. 

An employee with an alcohol concentration 

of ≥ 0.02 but < 0.04 must be removed from 

his or her safety-sensitive position for 8 

hours or until a re-test shows an alcohol 

concentration of < 0.02. 

An employee with an alcohol concentration 

of ≥ 0.04 must be removed from his or her 

safety-sensitive position, be told about 

educational and treatment programs 

available, and be referred to a substance 

abuse professional. 

Figure 4-1. Consequences of an Alcohol Test 

for FTA-Covered Employees 
1999 Annual Report 4-2

Table 4-1 shows the percent of alcohol forms received for 1999 from transit systems and 

contractors with at least 1 positive test result. 

Table 4-1. Percent of Alcohol Forms Received for 1999 With at Least 1 Positive 

Test Result 

Employer Number of 

Reporters

Number 

0.02 - 0.04 

Percent with a 

Test 0.02 – 0.04 

Number 

> 0.04 

Percent with 

a Positive 

Transit 

Systems 1,628 26 1.60% 47 2.89% 

Contractors 960 16 1.67% 23 2.40% 

Totals 2,588 42 1.62% 70 2.70% 

Table 4-2 shows the results of random alcohol testing for transit systems and contractors. 

Random alcohol testing was the type of test conducted most frequently: 41,358 tests out of 

65,887 total tests. Although Table 4-2 shows the number of random “positives” for alcohol tests 

≥ 0.02 but < 0.04, for reporting purposes verified positives are considered ≥ 0.04. 

Table 4-2. Random Alcohol Test Results at Both Levels for Transit Systems 

and Contractors 

Employer Total 

Screens 

Number 

0.02 - 0.04 

Number 

≥ 0.04 

Percent 

0.02 - 0.04 

Percent 

≥ 0.04 

Transit Systems 33,868 29 35 0.09% 0.10% 

Contractors 7,490 8 4 0.11% 0.05% 

Totals 41,358 37 39 0.09% 0.09% 

Table 4-3 provides random alcohol test results at both levels by size and Table 4-4 presents 

random alcohol test results by rail and non-rail systems. 

Table 4-3. Random Alcohol Test Results at Both Levels by Size 

Size Total 

Screens 

Number 

0.02 - 0.04 

Number 

≥ 0.04 

Percent 

0.02 - 0.04 

Percent 

≥ 0.04 

Large 34,010 32 37 0.09% 0.11% 

Small 2,741 3 1 0.11% 0.04% 

Rural 4,607 2 1 0.04% 0.02% 

Totals 41,358 37 39 0.09% 0.09% 

Table 4-4. Random Alcohol Test Results by Rail and Non-Rail 

Size Total 

Screens 

Number 

0.02 - 0.04 

Number 

≥ 0.04 

Percent 

0.02 - 0.04 

Percent 

≥ 0.04 

Rail 19,999 15 25 0.08% 0.13% 

Non-Rail 21,359 22 14 0.10% 0.07% 

Totals 41,358 37 39 0.09% 0.09% 
 1999 Annual Report 4-3 

4.1 Alcohol Tests by FTA Region 

This section reports alcohol test results by FTA region. A list of states found in each FTA region 

can be found in Appendix A. As shown in Table 4-2, of the 10 FTA regions, Regions 3 and 8 

had the highest percent of specimens testing positive for alcohol. Regions 2 and 6 had the 

highest percent positive random alcohol rates, as shown in Figure 4-3. Table 4-5 provides the 

actual numbers for random alcohol test results at both levels by region. 

Figure 4-2. Percent of Alcohol Positives by Region 
1999 Annual Report 4-4

Figure 4-3. Percent Positive Random Alcohol Rates by Region 

Table 4-5. Random Alcohol Test Results at Both Levels by Region 

Region Total 

Screens 

Number 

0.02 - 0.04 

Number 

≥ 0.04 

Percent 

0.02 - 0.04 

Percent 

≥ 0.04 

1 1,525 1 0 0.07% 0.00% 

2 7,974 2 10 0.03% 0.13% 

3 6,356 8 6 0.13% 0.09% 

4 6,304 1 7 0.02% 0.11% 

5 5,184 10 6 0.19% 0.12% 

6 4,790 7 4 0.15% 0.08% 

7 1,085 0 0 0.00% 0.00% 

8 854 0 0 0.00% 0.00% 

9 4,851 5 4 0.10% 0.08% 

10 2,435 3 2 0.12% 0.08% 

Totals 41,358 37 39 0.09% 0.09% 
 1999 Annual Report 4-5 

4.2 Results of Alcohol Testing by Test Type and Employee Category 

Alcohol test information was required from transit systems and their contractors for 5 test types: 

random; post-accident; reasonable suspicion; return-to-duty; and follow-up. The requirement to 

conduct pre-employment testing was suspended by the FTA as of May 10, 1995. 

Table 4-6 presents the alcohol test results by test type and by employee category for transit 

systems and contractors and identifies the combined totals, while Table 4-7 presents the alcohol 

test results by test type and employee category for large, small, and rural systems. Table 4-8 

presents the alcohol test results by test type and employee category for rail and non-rail systems. 

Table 4-9 presents alcohol testing information by employee category and test type for transit 

systems, contractors, and totals, and Table 4-10 presents the alcohol test results by employee 

category and test type for large, small, and rural systems and their combined totals. Table 4-11 

presents the alcohol test results by employee category and test type for rail and non-rail systems 

and their combined totals. 
1999 Annual Report 4-6

Table 4-6. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Transit System and Contractor 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

Test Type 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

TOTALS BY TEST TYPE, ALL EMPLOYEE CATEGORIES Random 33,868 35 0.10% 7,490 4 0.05% 41,358 39 0.09% Post-Accident 11,777 11 0.09% 2,874 5 0.17% 14,651 16 0.11% Reasonable Suspicion 638 40 6.27% 167 26 15.57% 805 66 8.20% Return-to-Duty 673 1 0.15% 65 0 0.00% 738 1 0.14% Follow-Up 7,746 12 0.15% 589 2 0.34% 8,335 14 0.17% TOTALS 54,702 99 0.18% 11,185 37 0.33% 65,887 136 0.21% 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

Employee Category 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

RANDOM Revenue Vehicle Operations 22,210 13 0.06% 5,568 1 0.02% 27,778 14 0.05% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 7,227 19 0.26% 1,148 1 0.09% 8,375 20 0.24% Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 2,236 1 0.04% 598 1 0.17% 2,834 2 0.07% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,283 2 0.16% 74 1 1.35% 1,357 3 0.22% Armed Security Personnel 912 0 0.00% 102 0 0.00% 1,014 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 4-7 Table 4-6. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Transit System and Contractor (continued) Transit Systems Contractors Totals Employee Category Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 POST-ACCIDENT Revenue Vehicle Operations 10,753 10 0.09% 2,674 5 0.19% 13,427 15 0.11% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 733 0 0.00% 155 0 0.00% 888 0 0.00% Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 128 1 0.78% 26 0 0.00% 154 1 0.65% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 83 0 0.00% 19 0 0.00% 102 0 0.00% Armed Security Personnel 80 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 80 0 0.00% REASONABLE SUSPICION Revenue Vehicle Operations 503 23 4.57% 146 22 15.07% 649 45 6.93% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 71 12 16.90% 11 2 18.18% 82 14 17.07%

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 53 4 7.55% 8 2 25.00% 61 6 9.84%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 10 1 10.00% 2 0 0.00% 12 1 8.33%Armed Security Personnel 1 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00%RETURN-TO-DUTY Revenue Vehicle Operations 466 0 0.00% 49 0 0.00% 515 0 0.00%Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 169 1 0.59% 11 0 0.00% 180 1 0.56%Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 23 0 0.00% 5 0 0.00% 28 0 0.00%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 9 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 6 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 6 0 0.00%FOLLOW-UP Revenue Vehicle Operations 4,448 4 0.09% 390 2 0.51% 4,838 6 0.12%Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 2,587 6 0.23% 164 0 0.00% 2,751 6 0.22%Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 271 1 0.37% 35 0 0.00% 306 1 0.33%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 421 1 0.24% 0 0 0.00% 421 1 0.24%Armed Security Personnel 19 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 19 0 0.00%
1999 Annual Report 4-8

Table 4-7. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Size 

Large Small Rural 

Test Type 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

TOTALS BY TEST TYPE, ALL EMPLOYEE CATEGORIES Random 34,010 37 0.11% 2,741 1 0.04% 4,607 1 0.02% Post-Accident 13,265 16 0.12% 753 0 0.00% 633 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 751 59 7.86% 27 4 14.81% 27 3 11.11% Return-to-Duty 711 1 0.14% 16 0 0.00% 11 0 0.00% Follow-Up 8,232 14 0.17% 62 0 0.00% 41 0 0.00% TOTALS 56,969 127 0.22% 3,599 5 0.14% 5,319 4 0.08% 

Large Small Rural 

Employee Category 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

RANDOM Revenue Vehicle Operations 22,205 13 0.06% 1,909 0 0.00% 3,664 1 0.03% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 7,515 19 0.25% 525 1 0.19% 335 0 0.00% Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 2,038 2 0.10% 252 0 0.00% 544 0 0.00% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,242 3 0.24% 51 0 0.00% 64 0 0.00% Armed Security Personnel 1,010 0 0.00% 4 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 4-9 Table 4-7. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Size (continued) Large Small Rural Employee Category Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 POST-ACCIDENT Revenue Vehicle Operations 12,126 15 0.12% 691 0 0.00% 610 0 0.00% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 824 0 0.00% 50 0 0.00% 14 0 0.00% Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 144 1 0.69% 4 0 0.00% 6 0 0.00% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 91 0 0.00% 8 0 0.00% 3 0 0.00% Armed Security Personnel 80 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% REASONABLE SUSPICION Revenue Vehicle Operations 606 42 6.93% 21 1 4.76% 22 2 9.09% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 76 13 17.11% 4 1 25.00% 2 0 0.00%

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 56 3 5.36% 2 2 100.00% 3 1 33.33%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 12 1 8.33% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 1 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%RETURN-TO-DUTY Revenue Vehicle Operations 493 0 0.00% 12 0 0.00% 10 0 0.00%Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 178 1 0.56% 2 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 25 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 9 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 6 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%FOLLOW-UP Revenue Vehicle Operations 4,758 6 0.13% 45 0 0.00% 35 0 0.00%Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 2,735 6 0.22% 11 0 0.00% 5 0 0.00%Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 299 1 0.33% 6 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 421 1 0.24% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 19 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00%
1999 Annual Report 4-10

Table 4-8. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Rail and Non-Rail 

Rail Non-Rail Totals 

Test Type 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

TOTALS BY TEST TYPE, ALL EMPLOYEE CATEGORIES Random 19,999 25 0.13% 21,359 14 0.07% 41,358 39 0.09% Post-Accident 7,794 10 0.13% 6,857 6 0.09% 14,651 16 0.11% Reasonable Suspicion 537 28 5.21% 268 38 14.18% 805 66 8.20% Return-to-Duty 409 0 0.00% 329 1 0.03% 738 1 0.14% Follow-Up 6,507 11 0.17% 1,828 3 0.02% 8,335 14 0.17% TOTALS 35,246 74 0.21% 30,461 62 0.20% 65,887 136 0.21% 

Rail Non-Rail Totals 

Employee Category 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

RANDOM Revenue Vehicle Operations 12,402 7 0.06% 15,376 7 0.05% 27,778 14 0.05% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 4,539 14 0.31% 3,836 6 0.16% 8,375 20 0.24% Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 1,207 2 0.17% 1,627 0 0.00% 2,834 2 0.07% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,012 2 0.20% 345 1 0.29% 1,357 3 0.22% Armed Security Personnel 839 0 0.00% 275 0 0.00% 1,014 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 4-11 Table 4-8. Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category by Rail and Non-Rail (continued) Rail Non-Rail Totals Employee Category Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 POST-ACCIDENT Revenue Vehicle Operations 7,027 9 0.13% 6,400 6 0.09% 13,427 15 0.11% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 544 0 0.00% 344 0 0.00% 888 0 0.00% Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 92 1 1.09% 62 0 0.00% 154 1 0.65% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 60 0 0.00% 42 0 0.00% 102 0 0.00% Armed Security Personnel 71 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% 80 0 0.00% REASONABLE SUSPICION Revenue Vehicle Operations 444 18 4.05% 205 27 13.17% 649 45 6.93% Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 49 7 14.29% 33 7 21.21% 82 14 17.07% Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 33 2 6.06% 28 4 14.29% 61 6 9.84%

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 10 1 10.00% 2 0 0.00% 12 1 8.33%Armed Security Personnel 1 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00%RETURN-TO-DUTY Revenue Vehicle Operations 257 0 0.00% 258 0 0.00% 515 0 0.00%Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 121 0 0.00% 59 1 1.69% 180 1 0.56%Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 19 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% 28 0 0.00%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 7 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00%Armed Security Personnel 5 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% 6 0 0.00%FOLLOW-UP Revenue Vehicle Operations 3,641 4 0.11% 1,197 2 0.17% 4,838 6 0.12%Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 2,181 5 0.23% 570 1 0.18% 2,751 6 0.22%Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 266 1 0.38% 40 0 0.00% 306 1 0.33%CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 400 1 0.25% 21 0 0.00% 421 1 0.24%Armed Security Personnel 19 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 19 0 0.00%
1999 Annual Report 4-12

Table 4-9. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Transit System and Contractor 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

Employee Category 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

TOTALS BY EMPLOYEE CATEGORY, ALL TEST TYPES Revenue Vehicle Operations 38,380 50 0.13% 8,827 30 0.34% 47,207 80 0.17% Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 10,787 38 0.35% 1,489 3 0.20% 12,276 41 0.33% Revenue Veh. Control/Dispatch 2,711 7 0.26% 672 3 0.45% 3,383 10 0.30% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,806 4 0.22% 95 1 1.05% 1,901 5 0.26% Armed Security Personnel 1,018 0 0.00% 102 0 0.00% 1,120 0 0.00% TOTALS 54,702 99 0.18% 11,185 37 0.33% 65,887 136 0.21% 

Transit Systems Contractors Totals 

Test Type 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

REVENUE VEHICLE OPERATIONSRandom 22,210 13 0.06% 5,568 1 0.02% 27,778 14 0.05% Post-Accident 10,753 10 0.09% 2,674 5 0.19% 13,427 15 0.11% Reasonable Suspicion 503 23 4.57% 146 22 15.07% 649 45 6.93% Return-to-Duty 466 0 0.00% 49 0 0.00% 515 0 0.00% Follow-Up 4,448 4 0.09% 390 2 0.51% 4,838 6 0.12% REVENUE VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCERandom 7,227 19 0.26% 1,148 1 0.09% 8,375 20 0.24% Post-Accident 733 0 0.00% 155 0 0.00% 888 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 71 12 16.90% 11 2 18.18% 82 14 17.07% Return-to-Duty 169 1 0.59% 11 0 0.00% 180 1 0.56% Follow-Up 2,587 6 0.23% 164 0 0.00% 2,751 6 0.22% 
1999 Annual Report 4-13 Table 4-9. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Transit System and Contractor (continued) Transit Systems Contractors Totals Test Type Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 REVENUE VEHICLE CONTROL/DISPATCH Random 2,236 1 0.04% 598 1 0.17% 2,834 2 0.07% Post-Accident 128 1 0.78% 26 0 0.00% 154 1 0.65% Reasonable Suspicion 53 4 7.55% 8 2 25.00% 61 6 9.84% Return-to-Duty 23 0 0.00% 5 0 0.00% 28 0 0.00% Follow-Up 271 1 0.37% 35 0 0.00% 306 1 0.33% CDL/NON-REVENUE VEHICLE Random 1,283 2 0.16% 74 1 1.355 1,357 3 0.22% Post-Accident 83 0 0.00% 19 0 0.00% 102 0 0.00% 

Reasonable Suspicion 10 1 10.00% 2 0 0.00% 12 1 8.33% Return-to-Duty 9 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% Follow-Up 421 1 0.24% 0 0 0.00% 421 1 0.24% ARMED SECURITY PERSONNELRandom 912 0 0.00% 102 0 0.00% 1,014 0 0.00% Post-Accident 80 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 80 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 1 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 6 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 6 0 0.00% Follow-Up 19 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 19 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 4-14

Table 4-10. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Size 

Large Small Rural 

Employee Category 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

TOTALS BY EMPLOYEE CATEGORY, ALL TEST TYPES Revenue Vehicle Operations 40,188 76 0.19% 2,678 1 0.04% 4,341 3 0.07% Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 11,328 39 0.34% 592 2 0.34% 356 0 0.00% Revenue Veh. Control/Dispatch 2,562 7 0.27% 266 2 0.75% 555 1 0.18% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,775 5 0.28% 59 0 0.00% 67 0 0.00% Armed Security Personnel 1,116 0 0.00% 4 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% TOTALS 56,969 127 0.22% 3,599 5 0.14% 5,319 4 0.08% 

Large Small Rural 

Test Type 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

REVENUE VEHICLE OPERATIONSRandom 22,205 13 0.06% 1,909 0 0.00% 3,664 1 0.03% Post-Accident 12,126 15 0.12% 691 0 0.00% 610 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 606 42 6.93% 21 1 4.76% 22 2 9.09% Return-to-Duty 493 0 0.00% 12 0 0.00% 10 0 0.00% Follow-Up 4,758 6 0.13% 45 0 0.00% 35 0 0.00% REVENUE VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCERandom 7,515 19 0.25% 525 1 0.19% 335 0 0.00% Post-Accident 824 0 0.00% 50 0 0.00% 14 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 76 13 17.11% 4 1 25.00% 2 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 178 1 0.56% 2 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Follow-Up 2,735 6 0.22% 11 0 0.00% 5 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 4-15 Table 4-10. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Size (continued) Large Small Rural Test Type Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 REVENUE VEHICLE CONTROL/DISPATCH Random 2,038 2 0.10% 252 0 0.00% 544 0 0.00% Post-Accident 144 1 0.69% 4 0 0.00% 6 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 56 3 5.36% 2 2 100.00% 3 1 33.33% Return-to-Duty 25 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% Follow-Up 299 1 0.33% 6 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% CDL/NON-REVENUE VEHICLE Random 1,242 3 0.24% 51 0 0.00% 64 0 0.00% Post-Accident 91 0 0.00% 8 0 0.00% 3 0 0.00% 

Reasonable Suspicion 12 1 8.33% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 9 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Follow-Up 421 1 0.24% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% ARMED SECURITY PERSONNELRandom 1,010 0 0.00% 4 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Post-Accident 80 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 1 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 6 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% Follow-Up 19 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 4-16

Table 4-11. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Rail and Non-Rail 

Rail Non-Rail Totals 

Employee Category 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

TOTALS BY EMPLOYEE CATEGORY, ALL TEST TYPES Revenue Vehicle Operations 23,771 38 0.16% 23,436 42 0.18% 47,207 80 0.17% Revenue Veh. and Equip. Maint. 7,434 26 0.35% 4,842 15 0.31% 12,276 41 0.33% Revenue Veh. Control/Dispatch 1,617 6 0.37% 1,766 4 0.23% 3,383 10 0.30% CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 1,489 4 0.27% 412 1 0.24% 1,901 5 0.26% Armed Security Personnel 935 0 0.00% 185 0 0.00% 1,120 0 0.00% TOTALS 35,246 74 0.21% 30,641 62 0.20% 65,887 136 0.21% 

Rail Non-Rail Totals 

Test Type 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

Number of 

Screening 

Tests 

Number of 

Results ≥

0.04 

Percent ≥

0.04 

REVENUE VEHICLE OPERATIONSRandom 12,402 7 0.06% 15,376 7 0.05% 27,778 14 0.05% Post-Accident 7,027 9 0.13% 6,400 6 0.09% 13,427 15 0.11% Reasonable Suspicion 444 18 4.05% 205 27 13.17% 649 45 6.93% Return-to-Duty 257 0 0.00% 258 0 0.00% 515 0 0.00% Follow-Up 3,641 4 0.11% 1,197 2 0.17% 4,838 6 0.12% REVENUE VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCERandom 4,539 14 0.31% 3,836 6 0.16% 8,375 20 0.24% Post-Accident 544 0 0.00% 344 0 0.00% 888 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 49 7 14.29% 33 7 21.21% 82 14 17.07% Return-to-Duty 121 0 0.00% 59 1 1.69% 180 1 0.56% Follow-Up 2,181 5 0.23% 570 1 0.18% 2,751 6 0.22% 
1999 Annual Report 4-17 Table 4-11. Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category and Test Type by Rail and Non-Rail (continued) Rail Non-Rail Totals Test Type Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 Number of Screening Tests Number of Results ≥ 0.04 Percent ≥ 0.04 REVENUE VEHICLE CONTROL/DISPATCH Random 1,207 2 0.17% 1,627 0 0.00% 2,834 2 0.07% Post-Accident 92 1 1.09% 62 0 0.00% 154 1 0.65% Reasonable Suspicion 33 2 6.06% 28 4 14.29% 61 6 9.84% Return-to-Duty 19 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% 28 0 0.00% Follow-Up 266 1 0.38% 40 0 0.00% 306 1 0.33% CDL/NON-REVENUE VEHICLE Random 1,012 2 0.20% 345 1 0.29% 1,357 3 0.22% Post-Accident 60 0 0.00% 42 0 0.00% 102 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 10 1 10.00% 2 0 0.00% 12 1 8.33% 

Return-to-Duty 7 0 0.00% 2 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% Follow-Up 19 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 19 0 0.00% ARMED SECURITY PERSONNELRandom 839 0 0.00% 275 0 0.00% 1,014 0 0.00% Post-Accident 71 0 0.00% 9 0 0.00% 80 0 0.00% Reasonable Suspicion 1 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% Return-to-Duty 5 0 0.00% 1 0 0.00% 6 0 0.00% Follow-Up 19 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 19 0 0.00% 
1999 Annual Report 4-18

4.3 Employees Who Refused Alcohol Testing 

The FTA regulations stipulate that no employer shall permit an employee who refuses to submit 

to a required alcohol test to perform safety-sensitive functions; the number of employees who 

refused to be tested is small, as shown in Figure 4-4. 

0 5 10 15 20

Transit Systems

Contractors

Random Test Refusals 18 18

Non-Random Test

Refusals

11 13

Percent of Total Tests 0.05% 0.28%

Transit Systems Contractors

Figure 4-4. Alcohol Test Refusals 

4.4 Employees Returned to Duty 

For 1999, 219 employees who had previously engaged in alcohol misuse or who had refused to 

take an alcohol test were returned to duty. Each individual had to undergo a return-to-duty test 

and have a result indicating an alcohol concentration < 0.02. Table 4-12 shows the number of 

employees who returned-to-duty. 

Table 4-12. Covered Employees Returned-to-Duty 

Employer Returned-to-Duty Percent of Total 

Transit 

Systems 191 87.2% 

Contractors 28 12.8% 

Totals 219 100.0% 
4-19 1999 Annual Report 

4.5 Accidents 

FTA regulations require testing for drugs and alcohol following an accident in which there is a 

loss of human life. For non-fatal accidents meeting FTA-defined conditions, testing is required 

unless the covered employee’s performance can be discounted completely as a causative or 

contributing factor. The definition of an accident can be found in section 3.4. 

Post-accident drug tests must be performed within 32 hours of an accident meeting the abovedescribed conditions; post-accident alcohol tests must be performed within 8 hours. 

According to the regulations, employers should be conducting an equal number of drug and 

alcohol post-accident tests (i.e., with each accident requiring testing, both a drug and alcohol 

post-accident test should be performed). If both tests are not conducted, reasons should be 

documented. 

Tables 4-13 and 4-14 present the 1999 accident data for non-fatal and fatal accidents with 

alcohol positives, by both transit systems and contractors and by size, respectively. 

Table 4-13. Accidents with Alcohol Positives 

Employer 

Number of 

Non-Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatalities 

Transit 

Systems 11 0 0 

Contractors 5 0 0 

Totals 16 0 0 

Table 4-14. Accidents with Alcohol Positives by Size 

Employer 

Number of 

Non-Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatal 

Accidents 

Number of 

Fatalities 

Large 16 0 0 

Small 0 0 0 

Rural 0 0 0 

Totals 16 0 0 
1999 Annual Report 4-20

4.6 Post-Accident Positives 

Employers are required to report the number of accidents that resulted in a post-accident alcohol 

test indicating an alcohol concentration ≥ 0.04. The 1999 figures appear in Table 4-15 below. 

Table 4-15. Post-Accident Alcohol Positives 

Employer 

Revenue 

Vehicle 

Operations 

Vehicle and 

Equip. Maint.

Rev. 

Vehicle 

Cntl/Dsptch 

CDL/NonRevenue Armed 

Security 

Personnel 

Number 0.02 – 0.04 3 1 0 0 0 

Number > 0.04 15 0 1 0 0 

Totals 18 1 1 0 0 

4.7 Violation Rate 

The FTA alcohol testing rule defines the violation rate as the number of random alcohol test 

results ≥ 0.04 plus the number of FTA-covered employees who refused a random test, divided by 

the total number of random tests plus the number of FTA-covered employees who refused a 

random test. See Tables 4-16 to 4-18 for data on violation rates for transit systems and 

contractors as well as by employer size. The following formula is a sample of how the violation 

rate is determined.

Random alcohol test results ≥ 0.04% + number refused random testing (39 + 36) 75 

_________________________________________________________ = __________ = _______ = 0.18%

Total random tests + number refused random testing (41,358 +36) 41,394 

Table 4-16. Violation Rate by Transit System/Contractor

Employer Total 

Screens 

Number 

≥ 0.04 

Random Test 

Refusals 

Violation 

Rate 

Transit Systems 33,868 35 18 0.16% 

Contractors 7,490 4 18 0.29% 

Totals 41,358 39 36 0.18% 

Table 4-17. Violation Rate by Employer Size

Employer Total 

Screens 

Number 

≥ 0.04 

Random Test 

Refusals 

Violation 

Rate 

Large 34,010 37 24 0.18% 

Small 2,741 1 2 0.11% 

Rural 4,607 1 10 0.24% 

Totals 41,358 39 36 0.18% 
4-21 1999 Annual Report 

Table 4-18. Violation Rate by FTA Region

Region Total 

Screens 

Number 

≥ 0.04 

Random Test 

Refusals 

Violation 

Rate 

1 1,525 0 3 0.20% 

2 7,974 10 0 0.13% 

3 6,356 6 1 0.11% 

4 6,304 7 10 0.27% 

5 5,184 6 5 0.21% 

6 4,790 4 4 0.17% 

7 1,085 0 3 0.28% 

8 854 0 4 0.47% 

9 4,851 4 3 0.14% 

10 2,435 2 3 0.21% 

Totals 41,358 39 36 0.18% 

4.8 Other Violations 

Table 4-19 provides information for alcohol violations other than those detected through the 

alcohol testing process. 

Table 4-19. Other Alcohol Violations

Number of 

Covered 

Employees 

Transit 

Systems 

Contractors 

Other Violations 

28 15 13 Covered employee used alcohol while 

performing safety-sensitive function. 

26 16 10 Covered employee used alcohol within 4 

hours of performing safety-sensitive function. 

5 3 2 Covered employee used alcohol before 

taking a required post-accident alcohol test. 

59 34 25 
5-1 1999 Annual Report

5. TREND ANALYSIS 

This chapter provides a trend analysis of the drug and alcohol testing conducted by all of 

the employers reporting in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999. 

5.1 Drug and Alcohol Reports Received 

In 1996, a total of 2,287 MIS forms were received and in 1997 there were 2,317 MIS 

forms submitted. In 1998, reporters could submit either hard copy MIS forms or data 

diskettes; the combined total of these in 1998 was 2,477, and in 1999 there were 2,588 

submissions. The number of drug and alcohol reports received, therefore, has increased 

13.2 percent over this 4-year period. The majority of this growth is due to the increased 

number of contractors reporting – this swell may be indicative of an industry-wide trend 

in contracting for services. Figure 5-1 illustrates this trend. 

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Transit Systems 1,580 1,613 1,631 1,628

Contractors 707 704 846 960

Totals 2287 2317 2477 2588

1996 1997 1998 1999

Figure 5-1. Drug and Alcohol Reports Received 

The total number of drug MIS reports with at least one positive test result has decreased 

for each of the last 4 years. For transit systems, the number increased slightly in 1999, 

after a steady decline for the preceding years; for contractors their lowest rate of drug 

reports with positives was in 1999, although their rate was significantly higher than for 

transit systems for all 4 years. The total number of alcohol reports with test results 

> 0.04 has also decreased overall, with a significant decline from 4.06 percent in 1996 to 

2.70 percent in 1999. See Table 5-1. 
________________________________________________________________________ 

1999 Annual Report 5-2 

Table 5-1. Percent of Drug Reports with a Positive and 

Alcohol Reports with a Test > 0.04 

Drug Alcohol 

Employer 1996 1997 1998 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Transit 

Systems 

24.56 23.56 23.06 23.46 4.30 3.66 3.06 2.89 

Contractors 37.34 40.91 35.10 33.96 3.82 4.26 5.08 2.40 

Totals 30.95 28.83 27.57 27.36 4.06 3.84 3.75 2.70 

5.2 Positive Drug and Alcohol Test Results 

The transit industry-wide positive random drug test rate and random alcohol test results 

> 0.04 have declined over the last 4 years. Consistent with that trend is the random 

positive testing rate of the transit systems. However, the results of contractor testing are 

not consistent with that trend; contractors’ positive random drug rates are at a much 

higher rate than transit systems and have fluctuated during the 4-year period. The overall 

rates for both random positive drug test results and random alcohol test results > 0.04 

have declined each year over the past 4 years. See Figures 5-2 and 5-3. 

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

Transit Systems 1.42% 1.06% 0.93% 0.83% 41.33%

Contractors 1.84% 1.92% 1.69% 1.72% 5.43%

Totals 1.50% 1.21% 1.07% 1.00% 33.33%

1996 1997 1998 1999 % Change 

96-99

Figure 5-2. Comparison of Positive Random Drug Test Results 
5-3 1999 Annual Report

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

Transit Systems 0.17% 0.15% 0.13% 0.10%

Contractors 0.11% 0.09% 0.14% 0.05%

1996 1997 1998 1999

Figure 5-3. Comparison of Random Alcohol Test Results > 0.04 

The positive drug test rate for all types of tests declined for the 4 consecutive years. Test 

rates for contractors were substantially higher than those of transit systems. See Figure 

5-4. 

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

1996 1.75% 2.75% 2.00%

1997 1.41% 3.01% 1.77%

1998 1.28% 2.87% 1.67%

1999 1.20% 2.66% 1.59%

Transit Systems Contractors Totals

Figure 5-4. Total Positive Drug Test Rate 

The alcohol test rate > 0.04 for all types of tests has remained fairly constant for 1996-

1998, dipping slightly in 1999. Test rates for contractors were higher than those of transit 

systems, particularly in 1998. Unlike the random alcohol tests rates > 0.04, the alcohol 

rate > 0.04 for all types of tests is not declining in a consistent manner. See Figure 5-5. 
________________________________________________________________________ 

1999 Annual Report 5-4 

0.00%

0.10%

0.20%

0.30%

0.40%

0.50%

0.60%

1996 0.27% 0.32% 0.28%

1997 0.24% 0.31% 0.25%

1998 0.24% 0.56% 0.29%

1999 0.18% 0.33% 0.21%

Transit Systems Contractors Totals

Figure 5-5. Total Results of Alcohol Tests > 0.04 

5.3 Violation Rates and Test Refusals 

0.00%

0.10%

0.20%

0.30%

0.40%

1996 0.22% 0.16% 0.21%

1997 0.18% 0.28% 0.19%

1998 0.19% 0.31% 0.22%

1999 0.16% 0.29% 0.18%

Transit Systems Contractors Totals

Figure 5-6. Violation Rate (Alcohol) 

See Figure 5-6 for the alcohol violation rate; in every year but 1996, contractors had a 

much greater violation rate than transit systems. In 1999, contractors nearly doubled 

transit systems in their violation rate. 
5-5 1999 Annual Report

Unlike the FTA’s alcohol testing rule that defines a violation rate for the purposes of 

setting next year’s random alcohol testing rate, the FTA has no such definition for 

random drug testing. Using a similar equation to that used in determining the alcohol 

violation rate, a drug violation rate can be determined and is a useful tool in showing the 

affect of random drug test refusals. Figure 5-7 shows that the positive random test rate 

has decreased by 33.3 percent since 1996 and 17.3 percent since 1997, whereas the 

violation rate has decreased by 28.7 percent and 10.1 percent since for the same time 

periods. 

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

Random Drug Test Rate 1.50% 1.21% 1.07% 1.00%

Violation Rate 1.60% 1.27% 1.20% 1.14%

1996 1997 1998 1999

Figure 5-7. The Random Drug Test Violation Rate 

The FTA regulations stipulate that no employer shall permit an employee who refuses to 

submit to a required alcohol test or drug test to perform safety-sensitive functions. The 

number of employees who refused alcohol tests is small, as shown in Figure 5-8. This 

was not the case for drug tests. The number of total drug tests conducted increased by 

21.1 percent from 1996 to 1999; in contrast, the number of total drug test refusals 

increased by 66.4 percent for the same time period. Random drug test refusals have 

increased by 54.5 percent from 1996 to 1999. This is significantly higher than the 

increase in number of random drug tests conducted (10.5 percent). The data in 

Figure 5-9 indicate a definite trend toward the increase in drug test refusals. 
________________________________________________________________________ 

1999 Annual Report 5-6 

0

10

20

30

40

50

Random 33 36 35 36

Non-Random 46 17 24 24

1996 1997 1998* 1999

Figure 5-8. Alcohol Test Refusals 

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Random 110 69 143 170

Non-Random 48 33 54 93

1996 1997 1998 1999

Figure 5-9. Drug Test Refusals

5.4 Drug and Alcohol Test Positives by Employment Category and Test Type 

Figure 5-10 depicts the percent of drug test positives by test type for the last 4 years. Of 

all test types, reasonable suspicion tests are the one category that had increased positives 

for both transit systems and contractors for 1999 versus 1996 when the program began. 

Reasonable suspicion tests are conducted when a determination based on training is made 

by supervisors. The goal is to become more proficient in making this determination, 

which would result in higher positive drug test rates and a lower number of reasonable 

suspicion tests conducted, for this particular test type. 
5-7 1999 Annual Report

For return-to-duty testing, contractors had a greater percent of positives than in 1996, 

although a decrease from the previous year. Post-accident positives for contractors also 

increased in 1999. 

All the testing categories for both transit systems and contractors showed declines in the 

percent positive in 1999 as compared to 1996. There were, however, variations in 1997 

and 1998 showing no particular trend. 

The only two testing categories that showed a decline each year in positive test results 

were for transit systems’ random and post-accident testing. 

For alcohol testing (see Figure 5-11), random positives for transit systems were the only 

test type that showed a decline in the percent of positive test results > for each of the 4 

years. 

If comparing 1996 with 1999, there were less positives > for both transit systems and 

contractors for random, reasonable suspicion and follow-up testing. For post-accident 

testing there was a decrease in the percent positives for transit systems 1999 versus 1996. 

In 1997 and 1998, as with drug positives, there was much variation among the numbers. 
________________________________________________________________________ 

1999 Annual Report 5-8 

Pre-Employment Random 

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

1996 2.34% 3.37%

1997 1.98% 3.81%

1998 2.02% 3.77%

1999 1.89% 3.17%

Transit Systems Contractors

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

1996 1.42% 1.84%

1997 1.06% 1.92%

1998 0.93% 1.69%

1999 0.83% 1.72%

Transit Systems Contractors

Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion 

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

1996 1.85% 2.97%

1997 1.59% 2.94%

1998 1.19% 2.34%

1999 0.99% 3.15%

Transit Systems Contractors

0.00%

6.00%

12.00%

18.00%

1996 5.10% 15.70%

1997 6.70% 15.20%

1998 6.51% 13.90%

1999 6.13% 18.38%

Transit Systems Contractors

Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

1996 3.69% 2.61%

1997 2.80% 6.67%

1998 2.45% 6.13%

1999 3.55% 4.85%

Transit Systems Contractors

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

1996 2.24% 4.24%

1997 1.65% 4.05%

1998 1.39% 4.08%

1999 1.51% 2.75%

Transit Systems Contractors

Figure 5-10. Drug Test Results by Test Type 1996 to 1999 
5-9 1999 Annual Report

 Random 

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

1996 0.17% 0.11%

1997 0.15% 0.09%

1998 0.13% 0.14%

1999 0.10% 0.05%

Transit Systems Contractors

Post-Accident Reasonable Suspicion 

0.00%

0.10%

0.20%

0.30%

0.40%

1996 0.14% 0.14%

1997 0.11% 0.23%

1998 0.07% 0.32%

1999 0.09% 0.17%

Transit Systems Contractors

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

1996 6.52% 21.14%

1997 7.65% 17.14%

1998 7.34% 17.73%

1999 6.27% 15.57%

Transit Systems Contractors

Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

-1.00%

1.00%

3.00%

5.00%

7.00%

1996 0.14% 0.00%

1997 0.21% 0.00%

1998 0.00% 6.90%

1999 0.15% 0.00%

Transit Systems Contractors

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1996 0.36% 0.98%

1997 0.28% 0.57%

1998 0.29% 0.00%

1999 0.15% 0.34%

Transit Systems Contractors

Figure 5-11. Alcohol Test Results > 0.04 by Test Type 1996 to 1999
________________________________________________________________________ 

1999 Annual Report 5-10 

Figure 5-12 compares test results by drug type for the 4-year period of 1996 to 1999. As 

shown, marijuana (THC) was the predominant drug found in pre-employment, random 

and return-to-duty testing. Cocaine was the most frequently detected drug in the 

reasonable suspicion and follow-up testing categories. For post-accident testing, 

marijuana and cocaine were found in equal percentages: 49.1 percent for both drugs. 

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

THC 64.9% 56.7% 49.1% 40.1% 53.0% 40.5%

Cocaine 32.3% 39.4% 49.1% 58.1% 40.2% 54.3%

PCP 0.9% 0.5% 0.4% 0.9% 0.9% 0.0%

Opiates 3.6% 2.9% 3.4% 6.7% 3.0% 2.9%

Amphetamines 3.3% 4.9% 3.1% 5.5% 5.1% 6.1%

PreEmployment Random PostAccident

Reasonable 

Suspicion

Return-toDuty Follow-Up

Figure 5-12. Comparison of Test Results by Drug Type 1996 to 1999 

5.5 Drug and Alcohol Test Positives – Regional Comparisons 

Figures 5-13 and 5-14 show random alcohol tests > 0.04 and positive random drug test by 

region. Figure 5-15 depicts the percent of positive random drug tests by region. As 

shown, for each of the 4 years, marijuana was detected most frequently in positive 

samples, followed by cocaine. Amphetamines were the third most frequently detected, 

although in substantially smaller numbers; the highest percent of amphetamine positives 

was in 1997 with 5.18 percent. Specific percentages are cited in the following tables. 
5-11 1999 Annual Report

Figure 5-13. Random Alcohol Test Results > 0.04 by Region 

Figure 5-14. Positive Random Drug Tests by Region 

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

1996 1.44% 1.10% 1.47% 1.66% 1.86% 1.53% 1.18% 1.94% 1.58% 1.32%

1997 1.04% 0.83% 1.08% 1.19% 1.69% 1.21% 1.31% 1.15% 1.43% 1.04%

1998 0.97% 0.68% 0.92% 1.17% 1.42% 1.19% 1.13% 1.41% 1.21% 0.89%

1999 0.96% 0.58% 0.82% 0.98% 1.26% 1.25% 0.88% 1.27% 1.23% 1.19%

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9 Region 10

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

1996 0.13% 0.28% 0.08% 0.21% 0.18% 0.12% 0.05% 0.07% 0.09% 0.14%

1997 0.23% 0.19% 0.17% 0.16% 0.15% 0.05% 0.10% 0.22% 0.09% 0.00%

1998 0.10% 0.20% 0.23% 0.18% 0.15% 0.02% 0.00% 0.12% 0.04% 0.00%

1999 0.00% 0.13% 0.09% 0.11% 0.12% 0.08% 0.00% 0.00% 0.08% 0.08%

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9 Region 10
________________________________________________________________________ 

1999 Annual Report 5-12 

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

THC 56.84% 59.90% 56.20% 60.08%

Cocaine 40.86% 36.55% 40.18% 35.56%

PCP 0.57% 0.62% 0.63% 0.70%

Opiates 3.28% 4.08% 3.76% 2.25%

Amphetamines 4.15% 5.18% 3.04% 4.17%

1996 1997 1998 1999

Figure 5-15. Percent of Positive Random Drug Tests by Region 
 1999 Annual Report A-1

APPENDIX A 

GLOSSARY
______________________________________________________________________________

1999 Annual Report A-2 

GLOSSARY 

Accident: An occurrence associated with the operation of a vehicle, if as a result 

(1) An individual dies;

(2) An individual suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical treatment away from 

the scene of the accident; 

(3) With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is a bus, electric 

bus, van, or automobile, one or more vehicles incurs disabling damage as the result of the 

occurrence and is transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle; or 

(4) With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley 

car, trolley bus, or vessel, the mass transit vehicle is removed from revenue service. 

Alcohol: The intoxicating agent in beverage alcohol, ethyl alcohol or other low molecular 

weight alcohols including methyl or isopropyl alcohol. 

Alcohol Concentration: The alcohol in a volume of breath expressed in terms of grams of 

alcohol per 210 liters of breath as indicated by a breath test. 

Alcohol Use: The consumption of any beverage, mixture or preparation, including any 

medication containing alcohol. 

Anti-Drug Program: A program to detect and deter the use of prohibited drugs as required by 

FTA regulations. 

Armed Security Personnel: Function including any person who provides security to protect 

persons or property and who carries a firearm. 

Canceled or Invalid Test: In drug testing, a drug test that has been declared invalid by a 

Medical Review Officer (MRO). In alcohol testing, this would be a test that is deemed to be 

invalid. It is neither a positive nor a negative test. 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle: Job category including any transit employee who holds a 

Commercial Driver's License (CDL), performs a function requiring a CDL, and is not included 

in any other job category. 

Confirmation (or Confirmatory) Test: In drug testing, a second analytical procedure to 

identify the presence of a specific drug or metabolite that is independent of the screening test and 

that uses a different technique and chemical principle from that of the screening test in order to 

ensure reliability and accuracy. In alcohol testing, a second test, following a screening test with 

a result of 0.02 or greater that provides quantitative data of alcohol concentration. 

Consortium: An entity, including a group or association of employers, operators, recipients, 

subrecipients, or contractors, which provides drug testing services and acts on behalf of the 

employer. 
 1999 Annual Report A-3

Contractor: A person or organization that provides a service for a recipient, subrecipient, 

employer, or operator consistent with a specific understanding or arrangement. The 

understanding can be a written contract or an informal arrangement that reflects an ongoing 

relationship between the parties. 

Covered Employee: A person, including an applicant, transferee, and certain volunteers, who 

performs a safety-sensitive function for a recipient, subrecipient, employer, or operator. 

DOT: The United States Department of Transportation. 

DOT Agency: An agency (or "operating administration") of the United States Department of 

Transportation administering regulations requiring drug testing. 

Drug Metabolite: The specific substance produced when the human body metabolizes a given 

prohibited drug as it passes through the body and is excreted in urine. 

Drug Test: The laboratory analysis of a urine specimen collected in accordance with 49 CFR 

part 40 and analyzed in a DHHS-approved laboratory. 

Education: Efforts that include the display and distribution of informational materials, a 

community service hotline telephone number for employee assistance, and the transit entity 

policy regarding drug use and alcohol misuse in the workplace. 

Employee: An individual designated in a DOT agency regulation as subject to drug testing 

and/or alcohol testing. “Employee” includes an applicant for employment. 

Employer: A recipient or other entity that provides mass transportation services or which 

performs a safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other entity. This term includes 

subrecipients, operators, and contractors. 

Follow-up Test: Required of employees who have returned to duty in a safety-sensitive position 

following a positive drug test result or an alcohol test result of ≥ 0.04. A minimum of six tests 

must be performed during the first 12 months after the employee returned to duty. 

FTA: The Federal Transit Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation. 

Large Operator: A recipient or subrecipient primarily operating in an area of 200,000 or more 

in population. 

Medical Review Officer (MRO): A licensed physician (medical doctor or doctor of 

osteopathy) responsible for receiving laboratory results generated by an employer's drug testing 

program who has knowledge of substance abuse disorders and has appropriate medical training 

to interpret and evaluate an individual's confirmed positive test result together with appropriate 

medical history and any other relevant biomedical information. 
______________________________________________________________________________

1999 Annual Report A-4 

Post-Accident Testing: Required testing for prohibited drugs and alcohol, following certain 

mass transit accidents. These accidents include those in which a death occurs, medical treatment 

away from the scene is required, or one or more of the vehicles involved incurs disabling 

damage. 

Pre-Employment Testing: Testing that is designed to identify applicants who have consumed a 

prohibited drug in the recent past. Employers are prohibited from hiring an applicant for a 

safety-sensitive function unless they have a verified negative drug test. 

Prohibited Drugs: Include marijuana (THC), cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), opiates, or 

amphetamines. 

Rail Operators: A recipient and its contractors and subrecipients that operate rapid transit 

operations within an urban area and are not connected to the general railroad system. Rail 

vehicles include railcars, trolley cars, and trolley buses. 

Random Testing: Identifies employees who are using drugs or misusing alcohol by using an 

unpredictable and unannounced testing pattern. 

Random Testing Rate: The number of drug tests equal to at least 50 percent of the total 

number of safety-sensitive employees and alcohol tests equal to at least 10 percent of the total 

number of safety-sensitive employees must be conducted each year by this method. 

Reasonable Suspicion Testing: Required when an employer has reasonable suspicion that an 

employee has used a prohibited drug or has misused alcohol as defined in the regulations. 

Reasonable suspicion testing must be based on specific, contemporaneous, articulable 

observations made by a trained supervisor concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body 

odor of a safety-sensitive employee. 

Recipient: An entity receiving Federal financial assistance under Section 5307, 5309, or 5311 

of the Federal Transit Act or under sections 103(e)(4) of Title 23 of the U.S. Code. 

Refuse to Submit (to an alcohol test): A covered employee fails to provide adequate breath for 

testing without a valid medical explanation. 

Refuse to Submit (to a drug test): A covered employee fails to provide a urine sample as 

required by 49 CFR Part 40, without a valid medical explanation, after the employee has 

received notice of the requirement to be tested or engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the 

testing process. 

Return-to-Duty Testing: Required before an employee is allowed to return to duty to perform a 

safety-sensitive function following a verified positive drug test, an alcohol result of 0.04 or 

greater, a refusal to submit to a test, or any other violation of the regulation. 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch: Job function including any person who controls the 

dispatch or movement of revenue service vehicles. 
 1999 Annual Report A-5

Revenue Vehicle Operations: Function including any person who operates or works as a 

crewman on revenue service vehicles at any time. 

Rural Operators: A subrecipient of 5311 funding primarily operating in an area of less than 

50,000 in population. 

Safety-Sensitive Function: Any of the following duties: 

• Operating a revenue service vehicle, including when not in revenue service; 

• Operating a non-revenue service vehicle, when required to be operated by a holder of 

Commercial Driver’s License; 

• Controlling dispatch or movement of a revenue service vehicle; 

• Maintaining a revenue service vehicle or equipment used in revenue service, unless the 

recipient receives section 5311 funding and contracts out such services; and/or 

• Providing security and carrying a firearm. 

Screening Test (or Initial Test): In drug testing, an immunoassay screen to eliminate 

"negative" urine specimens from further analysis. In alcohol testing, an analytic procedure to 

determine whether an employee may have a prohibited concentration of alcohol in a breath 

specimen.

Small Operators: A recipient or subrecipient primarily operating in an area equal or greater 

than 50,000 and less than 200,000 in population. 

Substance Abuse Professional (SAP): A licensed physician (Medical Doctor or Doctor of 

Osteopathy), or a licensed or certified psychologist, social worker, employee assistance 

professional, or addiction counselor (certified by the National Association of Alcoholism and 

Drug Abuse Counselors Certification Commission), with knowledge of and clinical experience 

in the diagnosis and treatment of drug and alcohol-related disorders. 

Transit System: The public entity that receives the Federal grant (direct grant recipient), 

whether or not that recipient provides mass transit services directly. 

Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance: Function including any person repairing or maintaining 

revenue service vehicles or other equipment used in revenue service. 

Verified Negative (drug test result): A drug test result reviewed by a medical review officer 

and determined to have no evidence of prohibited drug use. 

Verified Positive (drug test result): A drug test result reviewed by a medical review officer 

and determined to have evidence of prohibited drug use. 

 1999 Annual Report B-1

APPENDIX B 

FTA REGIONS 
______________________________________________________________________________

1999 Annual Report B-2 

The Federal Transit Administration is comprised of 10 regions, which are identified below. The 

data provided by these regions have facilitated the comparison of drug and alcohol test results 

and the identification of regional trends. 

U.S. States and Territories Reporting to the 10 FTA Regions 

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 

Connecticut 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

New Hampshire 

Rhode Island 

Vermont 

New Jersey 

New York 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

Delaware 

District of 

 Columbia 

Maryland 

Pennsylvania 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

Alabama 

Florida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Mississippi 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Ohio 

Wisconsin 

Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9 Region 10 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

New Mexico 

Oklahoma 

Texas 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Colorado 

Montana 

North Dakota 

South Dakota 

Utah 

Wyoming 

American Samoa 

Arizona 

California 

Guam 

Hawaii 

Nevada 

Northern 

 Mariana Islands 

Alaska 

Idaho 

Oregon 

Washington 
 1999 Annual Report C-1

 

APPENDIX C 

RAIL EMPLOYERS 
______________________________________________________________________________

1999 Annual Report C-2 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY BOSTON MA

 VETERANS TRANSPORTATION SERVICES WALTHAM MA

 KIT CLARK SENIOR SERVICES DORCHESTER MA

 GREATER LYNN SENIOR SERVICES, INC. LYNN MA

 THOMPSON TRANSIT, INC. FRAMINGHAM MA

TOWN OF BEDFORD BEDFORD MA

 CAVALIER COACH CORP. BOSTON MA

 UNDA'S BUS SERVICE, INC. STOUGHTON MA

 H & L BLOOM, INC. TAUNTON MA

 J B L BUS LINES, INC. BRAINTREE MA

 YCN TRANSPORTATION NORWOOD MA

 JOSEPH'S LIMOUSINE SERVICES, INC. MEDFORD MA

 ABC BUS COMPANY, INC. NO. ANDOVER MA

 PAUL REVERE TRANSPORTATION CHELSEA MA

 BRUSH HILL TRANSPORTATION COMPANY RANDOLPH MA

 THE COACH COMPANY PLAISTOW NH

 PETER PAN BUS LINES, INC. SPRINGFIELD MA

 POWER LINE CONTRACTORS, INC. READING MA

 EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL SERVICES, INC. WASHINGTON DC

 KIESSLING TRANSIT, INC. BRAINTREE MA

 A+A CHARTER, INC. WOBURN MA

 HARBOR CRUISE, LLC BOSTON MA

 NATICK NEIGHBORHOOD BUS, TOWN OF NATICK NATICK MA

 KNORR BRAKE CORPORATION WESTMINSTER MD

 WATER TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES QUINCY MA

 A&B COACH LINES BRAINTREE MA 

 LAIDLAW TRANSIT CAMBRIDGE MA 

NIAGARA FRONTIER TRANSPORTATION METRO SYSTEM, INC. BUFFALO NY 

MTA-NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT BROOKLYN NY

RJR PARATRANSIT CORPORATION STATEN ISLAND NY

HALLS SECURITY ANALYSTS, INC. BELLE ROSE NY

UNICCO SERVICE COMPANY MACCLENNY FL

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AUTHORITY AKRON OH

AMERICAN AMBULETTE CORP. YONKERS NY

ATLANTIC PARATRANS RIDGEWOOD NY 

PORT AUTHORITY TRANSIT CORPORATION (PATCO) LINDENWOLD NJ 

NJ TRANSIT NEWARK NJ

ATLANTIC COUNTY GOVERNMENT NORTHFIELD NJ

SENIOR CITIZENS UNITED COMMUNITY SERVICES MT. EPHRAIM NJ

COUNTY OF GLOUCESTER WOODBURY NJ

LION CORP. RIO GRANDE NJ

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AUTHORITY AKRON OH

UNICCO SERVICE COMPANY AUTHORITY MACCLENNY FL

FIRESTONE MILEAGE SALES SAN ANTONIO TX

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICE, INC. UNION NJ

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES CINNAMINSON NJ

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES, INC. SAYERVILLE NJ

ATLANTIC PARATRANS EGG HARBOR TWP. NJ

CAMBRIA COUNTY TRANSIT AUTHORITY JOHNSTOWN PA

UNITED CEREBRAL PALSY JOHNSTOWN PA
 1999 Annual Report C-3

SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY PHILADELPHIA PA

ATLANTIC PARATRANS, INC. PHILADELPHIA PA

METRO CARE INC. BONSALOM PA

COMMUNITY TRANSIT OF DELAWARE COUNTY EDDYSTONE PA

TRIAGE, INC. PHILADELPHIA PA

KRAPF'S PARA TRANSIT DIVISION GLENMOORE PA

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AKRON OH

UNICCO SERVICE COMPANY MACCLENNY FL

KING PARATRANSIT SERVICE, INC. KING OF PRUSSIA PA 

PORT AUTHORITY OF ALLEGHENY PITTSBURGH PA

ACCESS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, INC. PITTSBURGH PA

DUQUESNE INCLINE PITTSBURGH PA

GENESIS VII, INC. - PITTSBURGH TITUSVILLE FL

EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL SERVICES, INC. WASHINGTON DC

FIRESTONE MILEAGE SALES SAN ANTONIO TX 

WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY WASHINGTON DC

DIAMOND TRANSPORTATION SERVICES, INC. ALEXANDRIA VA

METRO ACCESS OF MARYLAND TUXEDO MD

CLEAN VENTURE, INC. BALTIMORE MD

BIG APPLE TIRE, INC. BROOKLYN NY

A&A WASTE OIL CO. LINTHICUM HEIGHTS MD

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES - WMATA AKRON OH

EASTERN TRANS WASTE OF MD INC. CAPITOL HEIGHTS MD

TRANSPORTATION MGMT. SERVICES, INC. FORESTVILLE MD

MASS TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION BALTIMORE MD

EYRE BUS SERVICE, INC. GLENELY MD

DILLON'S BUS SERVICE, INC. MILLERSVILLE MD

FIRESTONE MILEAGE SALES SAN ANTONIO TX

KELLER TRANSPORTATION INC WALDORF MD

CHATTANOOGA AREA REGIONAL TRANS AUTHORITY (CARTA) CHATTANOOGA TN

MIDSOUTH TRANSPORTATION MGMT., INC. (MATA) MEMPHIS TN

METROPOLITAN ATLANTA RAPID TRANSIT ATLANTA GA

MICHELIN NORTH AMERICA GREENVILLE SC

MAXIMUM SAFETY/SECURITY ASSOC., INC. DECATUR GA

S & W SERVICES OF ATLANTA, INC. TUCKER GA

ADVANCED RAIL MANAGEMENT CORPORATION INDIALANTIC FL

MARTA TRACK CONSTRUCTORS, INC. DECATUR GA

SPERRY RAIL SERVICE DANBURY CT

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES NEW ORLEANS LA

MIAMI-DADE TRANSIT AGENCY MIAMI FL

ALANIS SECURITY, INC. MIAMI FL

AMERICAN BRAKE & CLUTCH TROY MI

CUMMINS SOUTHEASTERN POWER, INC. HIALEAH GARDENS FL

FEICK SECURITY MIAMI FL

FLORIDA DETROIT DIESEL-ALLISON, INC. JACKSONVILLE FL 

HANDI-VAN, INC. MIAMI FL

KAUFFS OF MIAMI, INC. OPA-LOCKA FL

MILEX SECURITY SERVICES MIAMI FL

PRECISION AUTO & TRUCK SERVICE, INC. MIAMI FL
______________________________________________________________________________

1999 Annual Report C-4 

RED TOP TRANSPORTATION, INC. MIAMI FL

AMC MEDICAL TRANSPORTATION MIAMI FL

ZUNI TRANSPORTATION INC. MIAMI FL

AAA WHEELCHAIR/STS MIAMI FL

COMPREHENSIVE PARATRANSIT MIAMI FL

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AKRON OH

GENESIS VII, INC. - MIAMI DADE COUNTY TITUSVILLE FL

UNICCO SERVICE COMPANY MACCLENNY FL

SUPER NICE LIMO MIAMI FL

MINORITY MOBILE SYSTEM, INC. HIALEAH FL

SUPER YELLOW CAB MIAMI FL

WRP TRANSPORTATION MIAMI SHORES FL

TRUCK TRAILER TRANSIT, INC. DETROIT MI

THE WACKENHUT CORPORATION MIAMI FL

JACKSONVILLE TRANSPORTATION AUTH. JACKSONVILLE FL

BUGGS TRANSPORTATION JACKSONVILLE FL

BROWNING TRANSPORTATION, INC. JACKSONVILLE FL

INTELITRAN JACKSONVILLE FL

GJTC/DAN BETH MEDIVAC JACKSONVILLE FL

GREATER CLEVELAND RTA CLEVELAND OH

HOPKINS AIRPORT LIMOUSINE SERVICE, INC. CLEVELAND OH

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AKRON OH

INTRANS, INC. CLEVELAND OH

GENESIS VII, INC. TITUSVILLE FL

CHICAGO TRANSIT AUTHORITY CHICAGO IL

SIMTRAN TRANSPORTATION L.L.C. EVANSTON IL 

COOK-DUPAGE TRANSPORTATION CO., INC. CHICAGO IL

SCR MEDICAL TRANSPORTATION, INC. CHICAGO IL

ART'S TRANSPORTATION L.L.C. CHICAGO IL

DETROIT TRANSPORTATION CORPORATION DETROIT MI

BRAZOS TRANSIT-ISLAND TRANSIT BRYAN TX 

TRANSIT MANAGEMENT OF SOUTHEAST, LA, INC., NEW ORLEANS LA

WASHINGTON TRANSPORTATION, INC. NEW ORLEANS LA

CITY OF NEW ORLEANS NEW ORLEANS LA

BAYOU STATE SECURITY SERVICES, INC. NEW ORLEANS LA

PENSKE TRUCK LEASING CO., L.P. READING PA

EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL SERVICES, INC. WASHINGTON DC

FUELMAN WESTWEGO LA

DALLAS AREA RAPID TRANSIT DALLAS TX

TCT TRANSIT SERVICES DALLAS TX

ACCU-GUARD, INC. DALLAS TX

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AKRON OH

GENESIS VII, INC. TITUSVILLE FL

BARRIER SYSTEMS, INC. CARSON CITY NV

ATE MANAGEMENT & SERVICE CO., INC. DALLAS TX

RYDER/ATE DALLAS TX

BI-STATE DEVELOPMENT AGENCY ST. LOUIS MO

BIG APPLE TIRE, INC. BROOKLYN NY

CCC&C, INC. ST. LOUIS MO
 1999 Annual Report C-5

WHELAN SECURITY COMPANY, INC. ST. LOUIS MO

FIRESTONE MILEAGE SALES SAN ANTONIO TX

DENVER - RTD DENVER CO

SENIORS RESOURCE CENTER, INC. DENVER CO

SPECIAL TRANSPORTATION FOR BOULDER COUNTY BOULDER CO

FREEDOM CABS, INC. COMMERCE CITY CO

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AKRON OH 

UNICCO SERVICE COMPANY MACCLENNY FL

A-1 SECURITY DENVER CO

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES COMMERCE CITY CO

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES DENVER CO

THE WACKENHUT CORPORATION AURORA CO

ATC\VANCOM OF COLORADO, L.P. DENVER CO

BAY AREA RAPID TRANSIT OAKLAND CA

FRIENDLY TRANSPORTATION, INC. OAKLAND CA

M.V. TRANSPORTATION SAN LEANDRO CA

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES OVERLAND PARK KS

VALLEY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY SAN JOSE CA

M.V. TRANSPORTATION SAN JOSE CA

SAN FRANCISCO MUNICIPAL RAILWAY SAN FRANCISCO CA

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AKRON OH

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES SAN FRANCISCO CA

M.V. TRANSPORTATION SAN FRANCISCO CA

SACRAMENTO REGIONAL TRANSIT DISTRICT SACRAMENTO CA

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AKRON OH

UNICCO SERVICE COMPANY MACCLENNY FL

PARATRANSIT, INC. SACRAMENTO CA

SAN DIEGO TROLLEY, INC. SAN DIEGO CA

LOS ANGELES COUNTY METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTH. LOS ANGELES CA

U.S. GUARDS CO., INC. LOS ANGELES CA

HARMON & SON TIRE CENTER, INC. GARDENA CA

PARKING CONCEPTS, INC. IRVINE CA

INTER-CON SECURITY SYSTEMS, INC. PASADENA CA

COMMUNITY JOINT VENTURE PARTNERS GARDENA CA

GOODYEAR MILEAGE SALES AKRON OH

BASZILE METALS SERVICE LOS ANGELES CA

ATC/VANCOM VALENCIA CA 

LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES, INC. LOS ANGELES CA

RYDER/ATE LOS ANGELES CA

RYDER/ATE LOS ANGELES CA

KING COUNTY SEATTLE WA

 MULTI SERVICE CENTERS OF N & E KING COUNTY BELLEVUE WA

 3A/EDJ TRANSIT SEATTLE WA

 SEATTLE PERSONAL TRANSIT SEATTLE WA

 PACIFIC MOBILITY, INC. SEATTLE WA

 EMMETT KOELSCH COACHES REDMOND WA

 PARATRANSIT SERVICES BREMERTON WA

 HARTS AUTOMOTIVE SEATTLE WA
______________________________________________________________________________

1999 Annual Report C-6 

 ARGOSY L.P. SEATTLE WA

 FIRESTONE MILEAGE SALES SAN ANTONIO TX

 LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES, INC. WOODINVILLE WA

 LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES, INC. SEATTLE WA

 RYDER TRUCK RENTAL, INC. TUKWILA WA

 RYDER/ATE FEDERAL WAY WA

 ATC/VANCOM OF KING COUNTY KENT WA 

 

TRI-COUNTY METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT PORTLAND OR

 BROADWAY CAB, INC. PORTLAND OR

 LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES PORTLAND OR

 LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES PORTLAND OR

 ATC/VANCOM MANAGEMENT SERVICES PORTLAND OR

 LAIDLAW TRANSIT SERVICES BEAVERTON OR

 RYDER/ATE PORTLAND OR 

SEATTLE CENTER/CITY OF SEATTLE SEATTLE WA