COMMITTEE ON

THE CHALLENGES OF EPA/542/R-95/006

MODERN SOCIETY May 1995

NATO/CCMS Pilot Study

Evaluation of Demonstrated and

Emerging Technologies for the

Treatment and Clean Up of

Contaminated Land and

Groundwater (Phase II)

Interim Status Report

Number 203
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
NOTICE

This report was prepared under the auspices of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Committee on

the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO/CCMS) as a service to the technical community by the United

States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and The Nottingham Trent University (United Kingdom).

The document was funded by EPA's Technology Innovation Office under the direction of Walter W.

Kovalick, Jr. (Director), and John Kingscott (Work Assignment Manager). Dr. Paul Bardos and Dr. Ian

Martin of Nottingham Trent University provided significant technical contributions and reviews. The

report was prepared by Environmental Management Support, Inc. of Silver Spring, Maryland, in partial

fulfillment of contract 68-W2-0004. Mention of trade names or specific applications does not imply

endorsement or acceptance by the U.S. EPA. 
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

NATO/CCMS Pilot Study

Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging

Technologies for the Treatment and Clean Up

of Contaminated Land and Groundwater

(Phase II)

Interim Status Report

May 1995
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

i

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

LEGEND AND NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

PILOT PROJECTS ......................................................................... 1

Trial of Air Sparging of a Petroleum (Gasoline) Contaminated Aquifer ............................... 1

Technical and Economic Aspects of In Situ Bioremediation ........................................ 2

Demonstration of Thermal Gas-Phase Reduction Process .......................................... 3

Field Demonstration of an In Situ Treatment for Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites Using Wellpoints

................................................................................... 4

In Situ/On Site Bioremediation of Industrial Soils Contaminated with Organic Pollutants ................. 5

Combined Scrubber Bed/Biofilter for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds

from Contaminated Soil ................................................................ 6

Integrated Treatment Technology for the Recovery of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants from Soil

................................................................................... 7

Biodegradation of PAHs at Frederiksberg Gasworks .............................................. 8

Groundwater/Soil Remediation at a Former Manganese Sulphate Plant ............................... 9

Ozone Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Soils of Garbage Dumps of Coal Tar and Petroleum Tar Distillation Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Assessment of a Biological In Situ Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Cleaning of Mercury-Contaminated Soil Using a Combined Washing and Distillation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Environmental Problems at Tököl Airbase and Other Former Soviet Military Bases in Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Treatment of Creosol-Contaminated Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Modeling and Optimization of In Situ Remediation; Effects of Spatial Variability on

Predicting the Duration of Soil Flushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Combined Remediation Technique Fortec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ®

Sorption/Solidification of Selected Heavy Metals and Radionuclides from Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chemical Fixation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Decontamination of Metalliferous Mine Spoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

CACITOX Soil Treatment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 TM

In-Pulp Decontamination of Contaminated Soils, Sludges, and Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Using Separation Processes from the Mineral Processing Industry for Soil Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Demonstration of Peroxidation Systems, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

In Situ Microbial Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Phase Transfer Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Bioventing in the Subarctic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

In Situ Removal of Coal Tar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Basket Creek Surface Impoundment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

NEWLY ACCEPTED PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Bioremediation of Petrochemicals Following a Major Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Bioclogging of Aquifers for Containment and Remediation of Organic Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Remediation of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Contaminated Soil and Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Rehabilitation of a Site Contaminated by Tar Substances Using a New On-Site Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Innovative In Situ Groundwater Treatment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Treatment of Polluted Soil in a Mobile Solvent Extraction Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Mobile Low Temperature Thermal Treatment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Fluidized Bed Soil Treatment Process “BORAN” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Slurry Decontamination Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Use of White-Rot Fungi for Bioremediation of Creosote-Contaminated Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Soil Washing and DCR Dehalogenation of PCB-Contaminated Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction Within Containment Cells

Combined with Ex Situ Bioremediation and Groundwater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

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Enhancement Techniques for Ex Situ Separation Processes

Particularly With Regard to Fine Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Multi-Vendor Treatability Demonstration of Bioremediation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Integrated Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation for the In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Soil

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

GUEST PRESENTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Solidification Application: Solidification of Fly Ash Samples Coming from Solid Waste

Incineration Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Selection of Remedial Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Prediction and Optimization of the Abiotic Environment in Landfarms to Enhance Biodegradation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Controlled In Situ Groundwater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

U.S. Air Force Bioventing Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Danish Assistance in the Remediation of Tököl Airbase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

NATO/CCMS FELLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

NATIONAL CONTACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

iii

INTRODUCTION

The Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established the Committee on the

Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) in 1969. CCMS was charged with developing meaningful programs to

share information among countries on environmental and societal issues that complement other

international endeavors and to provide leadership in solving specific problems of the human

environment. A fundamental precept of CCMS involves the transfer of technological and scientific

solutions among nations with similar environmental challenges.

The management of contaminated land and groundwater is a universal problem among industrialized

countries, requiring new and improved remedial technologies. This document provides an interim status

report on the second phase of a Pilot Study designed to share information among countries on innovative

treatment technologies. The United States is the lead country for the Pilot Study, and Germany and the

Netherlands are Co-Directors. The first phase successfully concluded in 1991, and the results were

published in three volumes. The second phase continues to address field-demonstrated technologies

while expanding the scope to include newly emerging technologies. Through these pilot studies,

critical technical information has been made available to participating countries and the world

community. 

The first meeting of the NATO/CCMS Phase II Pilot Study on the Treatment and Cleanup of Contaminated

Land and Groundwater convened in Budapest, Hungary, on October 18-22, 1992. The second meeting was in

Québec City, Canada, on September 12-17, 1993. The most recent meeting was in Oxford, United Kingdom,

September 11-16, 1994. Summary reports for each of these meetings are available through the Country

Representative listed at the end of this report.

Each participating nation may report on up to four active case studies in the Pilot Study at any one

time. As studies are completed, new projects may be added. At the end of the Phase II Pilot Study, a

final report will be published that provides technical documentation for all projects. Because the

Phase II Pilot Studies will continue for another two years, this interim report was prepared in order

to share technical information as quickly as possible. 

This report is divided into four parts. The first part contains abstracts of each of the technical case

studies sanctioned by the Pilot Study prior to September 1994. Each abstract is headed by a summary

table that provides pertinent data at a glance. Most of the studies are still in progress; those that

are completed are so noted in the accompanying abstracts. A guide to the information contained in each

abstract header may be found on the next page. The summary table on page v provides an overview of the

technology types, affected media, contaminants, project status, and sponsoring country for each case

study. The second part of the report contains preliminary information on 15 projects newly accepted

by the Pilot Study in September 1994. The table on page 30 provides an overview of these projects.

Although case studies are the primary focus of the Pilot Study, two other activities also provide

opportunities for technical exchanges. The third part contains summaries of guest presentations of

general interest made at Pilot Study meetings. The fourth section of this report contains a brief

description of NATO fellowships projects. These fellowships provide only travel funds to researchers

who are pursuing topics of relevance to NATO Pilot Studies.

Further information on specific projects may be obtained from the individual technical contacts

(listed for each abstract) and general information on the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study from the country

representatives listed at the end of this report.

Stephen C. James

Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D.

Co-Directors
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

iv
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

v

LEGEND AND NOTES

Project Title

1

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

2 34 5

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

67 8

tel: 

fax: Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

9 10 11

1 Title of project presented at the Oxford Conference, September 1994. (The same project may have had

a different title in earlier meetings at Budapest or Québec City.)

2 The site at which the pilot project occurred. If the project was a laboratory-scale project, the

name of the laboratory. If no geographic specificity was indicated, the name of the Country

sponsoring the study.

3 If the final report was presented at the Oxford or Québec meetings, the status is “Final.” If the

project is on-going, the status is “Interim.” Projects accepted at the Oxford meeting are labelled

“New.”

4 Contaminant groups include: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons/BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,

xylene); chlorinated volatiles; chlorinated semivolatiles (such as PCBs); nonchlorinated

semivolatiles (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPAHs); heavy metals and radionuclides.

5 Technology types include: bioremediation (in situ or ex situ); soil washing (including other

physical processes); stabilization/solidification; soil vapor extraction; pump-and-treat;

photochemical.

6 Name, affiliation, and telephone/fax numbers for the first author or other technical contact for

the project.

7 Remediation/project dates, if provided.

8 Contaminated media categories include: soil/sludge/sediment; groundwater (including the

saturated zone and pore spaces); surface water; air.

9 If project costs are available in the documentation, the answer is “yes.” If no costs were

discussed, the answer is “no.” Costs, when given, are in the monetary units of the author.

10 The scale is provided as either “bench” (or laboratory), “pilot,” or “full.” Bench-scale means

laboratory modeling or testing; pilot scale means field equipment at a smaller capacity for testing

purposes; full scale means at production/commercial level. If geographic extent or contaminated

volume is discussed, that number or range is provided. 

11 If a written paper is available, the answer is “yes.”
KEY

Major FeatureMinor Feature

Bioremediation Title

Stabilization/

Solidification

Pump-and-Treat

Soil Washing

Technology Type Media

Country

Status Contaminant

TPH/BTEX

Non-Chlorinated

SVOCs

Metals/Radionuclides

Chlorinated SVOCs

Soil/Sludge

Groundwater

Surface Water

Air

Interim

Final

In Situ

Trial of Air Sparging of a Petroleum Contaminated AquiferIn Situ/On Site Bioremediation of Industrial Soils Contaminated with Organic PollutantsCombined Scrubber Bed/Biofilter for the Removal of Volatile Organic CompoundsIntegrated Treatment Technology for the Recovery of Inorganic and Organic ContaminantsBiodegradation of PAHs at Frederiksberg GasworksGroundwater/Soil Remediation at a Former Manganese Sulphate PlantOzone Treatment of Contaminated GroundwaterSoils off Garbage Dumps of Coal Tar and Petroleum Tar Distillation PlantsAssessment of a Biological In Situ Remediation

Environmental Problems at Tököl Airbase and Other Former Soviet Bases in Hungary

Treatment of Creosol-Contaminated Soil

Combined Remediation Technique Fortec®

Sorption/Solidification of Selected Heavy Metals and Radionuclides from WaterCACITOXTM Soil Treament Process

In-Pulp Decontamination of Contaminated Soils, Sludges, and SedimentsUsing Separation Processes from the Mineral Processing Industry for Soil TreatmentIn Situ Microbial FiltersIn Situ Treatment of Chlorinated SolventsBioventing in the Subarctic EnvironmentIn Situ Removal of Coal Tar

NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II — Soil and Groundwater Remediation Projects

Photo/chemical

Basket Creek Surface Impoundment

Canada

DenmarkDenmark

France

Australia

CanadaCanada

France

Germany

Hungary

Norway

Netherlands

Turkey

UKUKUK

USAUSAUSAUSAUSA

Cleaning of Mercury-Contaminated Soil Using Combined Washing and Distillation Germany

Soil Vapor Extr.

Chlorinated VOCs

Thermal

Technical and Economic Aspects of In Situ Bioremediation Austria

Demonstration of Thermal Gas-Phase Reduction ProcessField Demonstration of an In Situ Treatment Using Well PointsGround Penetrating Radar for the Determination of PollutantsForced Soil Washing Using UV and H2O2

Modeling and Optimization of In Situ RemediationDecontamination of Metalliferous Mine SpoilChemical Fixation of Soils With Organic ChemicalsDemonstration of Peroxidation Systems, Inc.

CanadaCanada

ItalyItaly

Netherlands

UKUK

USA
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

1

PILOT PROJECTS

Project Title

Trial of Air Sparging of a Petroleum (Gasoline) Contaminated Aquifer

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Gasoline service station Final report (test) VOCs: BTEX Soil Vapor Extraction

Adelaide, South Australia Interim report (full- with Air Sparging

scale remediation)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Ian A. Hosking Tests: September 1993 Groundwater; Interbedded clays and sands

Coffey Partners Intl Pty  April 1994

Ltd. Remediation: January

North Ryde, NSW 1994 onward

Australia

tel: 61/2-888-7444

fax: 61/2-888-9977

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Pilot scale Yes

While air sparging substantially increased the amount of volatile hydrocarbons that can be removed by

vapor extraction in the short term, the rate slowed dramatically within just a few days. This appears

to be due to relatively low permeability at the site, and the formation of preferential flow paths for

sparged air. Future remedial efforts should make use of lowering the water table and extracting vapor

through the vadose zone rather than air sparging.

A 30-year old service station leaked gasoline into the soil as a result of faulty piping. Testing found

2,100 mg/L total hydrocarbons (THC), including an estimated 200,000 kg of BTEX contamination in the

“smear zone” around the water table. A remediation strategy involving soil vapor extraction with air

sparging below the water table was selected because it is an in situ technology, obviating the need for

surface water treatment and disposal. Since air sparging is a relatively new technology, three trials

were conducted prior to full remediation. This project is the first non-pump-and-treat technology for

groundwater to be included in the NATO/CCMS Phase II Pilot Study.

The first air sparging trial consisted of three vapor extraction wells arranged in a triangle and one

injection well at the center. Vacuum levels of 15-20 kPa resulted in an air permeability of 10 cm . -7 2

This value correlates to a water permeability of 10 cm/sec, and is on the high end of the expected range -2

for the sandy layer above the water table. Injecting air resulted in increased extraction of THC vapor

from the extraction wells. The second test, conducted about a month later, also involved vacuum

extraction with and without air sparging. Total concentrations of extracted HC and BTEX compounds were

substantially increased (often 10-fold) by air injection. Injection of air into one extraction well

also resulted in a greater rate of HC extraction than when vacuum was maintained without air injection.

The system was estimated to extract between 0.04 and 0.1 kg/hr of THC, or between 1 and 3 kg/day. However, a third trial was conducted six months later to measure THC recovery rates as a function of time.

The third trial also monitored HC and O stack emissions, DO concentrations in the groundwater to assess 2

sparging with distance, gaseous O concentrations in background wells as an indication of microbial 2

activity, groundwater levels, and power.

The short second trial and the first 48 hours of the third trial resulted in extracted air (stack)

concentrations of 100-150 ppm (and as high as 300-600 ppm) of total volatile HC. However, the

relatively high extraction rates achieved in the first two days were not sustained. A sudden decline

in HC extraction concentrations after 8 hours of extraction and about 50 hours of sparging was

attributed to removal of HC from the immediate vicinity and the removal of HC from the more permeable

layers. In the third trial, injection of air down one of the extraction wells did not increase extracted

HC as it apparently did during the earlier test. The zone of influence of air sparging affects the

spacing of the sparging bores and therefore the cost. Results indicated a remediation influence of 3-9
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

2

m from the injection well. Air sparging induces water table mounding at the injection well (noticed

from 3-10 m), increasing groundwater flow from the well. Soil layering also creates horizontal flow

paths. The lack of hydrocarbons reaching extraction wells late in the trial suggests that air followed

preferred pathways that were more readily cleansed of volatile HCs, which then acted as conduits for

relatively clean injected air. Soil O monitoring was inadequate to quantify microbiological activity 2

during or after the trial. Concentrations of O increased from 10.5% to 19-21% during sparging. 2

Relatively little injected O was consumed by soil bacteria. The concentration of O in the extraction 2 2

exhaust was only 10% at the start of sparging, and probably indicates the presence of active hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the smear zone.

Project Title

Technical and Economic Aspects of In Situ Bioremediation

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Austria Interim Report Organics in situ

bioremediation 

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Werner Erhart- N/A Soil, sediment

Schippek

Abelegasse 8

1160 Vienna

Austria

tel: 

fax: 

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Laboratory/field No

scale

In situ bioremediation of contaminated sites has the advantage of not having to move the contaminated

soil to the place of treatment. Effective use of in situ bioremediation requires extensive experience

in hydrogeology, chemistry and microbiology. In Austria, the estimated number of possible old

landfills is about 3500. Many of these are former industrial plants with organic compound contaminated

soil.

The objective of this project is to discover all the limitations of in situ bioremediation starting with

bench scale tests and going on to field studies. Aspects of interest are the hydraulic, geotechnical

and microbiological influences on biodegradation. The study will be divided into 5 steps. In step one

the biodegradation of mineral oil products in five different soils will be analyzed simulating the

saturated and the unsaturated zone. In step two the biodegradation of different organic compounds in

a permeable soil with differing methods of aeration will be tested.

The results of steps one and two will dictate the methods used in step three where a scale-up to reactors

of up to 30 m volume will be used to simulate real field conditions. 3

A second objective of the study is to develop a testing procedure for application of in situ

bioremediation of contaminated soils. In addition the costs will be evaluated as a basis for financial

calculations and comparing different variants of remediation.

It is intended that the whole project will last for three years.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

3

Project Title

Demonstration of Thermal Gas-Phase Reduction Process

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Hamilton Harbor Final Report Chlorinated Gas-Phase Chemical

organics, PCBs Reduction

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Doug Hallett Soil/Sludge

ELI Eco Logic Intl, Inc.

143 Dennis Street

Rockwood

Ontario, N0B 2K0, Canada

tel: (519) 856-9591

fax: (519) 856-9235 

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Pilot scale Yes

This patented process involves the gas-phase reduction of organic compounds by hydrogen at elevated

temperatures to convert aqueous and oily hazardous contaminants into a hydrocarbon-rich gas phase.

Soils are handled within a thermal desorption mill (TDM), which is operated in conjunction with the

reduction reactor. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins) are chemically reduced to methane and hydrogen chloride

(HCl), while non-chlorinated organic contaminants, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are

reduced substantially to methane and minor amounts of other light hydrocarbons. The HCl produced can

be recovered as acid or scrubbed out in a caustic scrubber downstream of the process.

A pilot-scale process plant was tested for the first time at Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, in 1991. The

waste processed during these tests was harbour sediment contaminated with coal-tar at concentrations

of up to 300 g/kg (dry weight). Destruction removal efficiencies (DREs) of 99.9999% were calculated

based on the total organic input and the PAHs analyzed in the boiler stack emissions. During one test,

the liquid waste input was spiked with PCBs to create a waste with a PCB concentration of 500 mg/kg. A

PCB DRE of at least 99.9999% was achieved.

A second series of pilot-scale tests was conducted in 1992 in Bay City, Michigan, as part of the U.S.

EPA's SITE program. The wastes processed included oily PCB-contaminated water, high-strength PCB oil,

and PCB-contaminated soil. Once again, DRE of 99.99% or greater were achieved. SITE Program Project

Bulletins and a Technical Evaluation Report have been published.

Following the Bay City SITE demonstration, several significant improvements were made to the thermal

desorption unit in order to increase its overall efficiency in allowing the desorption of contaminants

from soils. The TDM has achieved excellent results in lab-scale tests, with PCBs in soils and sediments

being desorbed from high ppm levels down to low ppb levels, which are orders of magnitude below disposal

criteria.

A commercial-scale system (SE25) has been designed with a capacity to process 100-300 tonnes/day of

contaminated soil or sediment and 20 tonnes/day of PCB askarel fluid. One similar unit is being used

in Australia for the purpose of destroying obsolete pesticides.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

4

Project Title

Field Demonstration of an In Situ Treatment for Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites Using Wellpoints

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Canada Interim Report TPH/BTEX Bioremediation (in situ)

Surfactant-enhanced

flushing

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Arnold Ross Soil/Sludge, Groundwater

Directeur Technique

Serrener Consultation

Inc.

855, rue Pepin, bureau 200

Sherbrooke 

Québec J1L 2P8, Canada

tel: (819) 829-0101

fax: (819) 829-2717

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Field scale Yes

An in situ remedial process combining soil flushing and bioremediation will be evaluated in a field

scale demonstration project sponsored by Serrener/Varisco Consortium, the National Research Council

of Canada, Environment Canada, and the Ministry of Environment of Quebec. The process is based on a

wellpoint system developed by VARISCO SPA for the control of the water table in construction projects.

The site being tested has a very low permeability (average of 10 cm/sec) and is contaminated with -6

aliphatic and BTEX hydrocarbons. 

The proposed treatment scheme is a two-stage process. After installation of the wellpoints a

surfactant/co-surfactant solution is circulated through the contamination zone and recovered at the

surface. The contaminated washings are passed through an effluent treatment plant. After recovery of

the “soluble” fraction of the organic contaminants the wellpoints are used to inject nutrients,

microorganisms (as necessary), and provide aeration for in situ bioremediation as the second stage of

site clean up. It is proposed that the aeration be provided either by the injection of hydrogen peroxide

or by pumping air through the wellpoints.

The project has been divided into four steps: laboratory scale selection of surfactants; in situ soil

washing tests using the surfactant identified in lab tests; in situ biodegradation testing of residual

hydrocarbons and the contaminated washing solution; and subsequent monitoring to verify if soils have

been decontaminated.

The first step has been completed with the testing of over 50 types of surfactant and co-surfactant to

establish which pairings, and at what concentrations, were effective at extracting over 95 percent of

the hydrocarbons from the contaminated soil. Toxicity of the surfactants to degrader organisms has yet

to be reported. Analysis of on site microbial activity and the identification of specific degrader

organisms has been conducted. BTEX and aliphatic hydrocarbon degraders were identified. 

The second part of the project has been performed at the field scale in order to specify and optimize

operating parameters of the in situ process. The results show that surfactant use has no detrimental

effect on soil and underground water microflora. Moreover, the surfactant use has no effect on

ecotoxicological parameters such as photobacterium, phosphoreum, and algae toxicological assays. The

third and fourth steps will take place in the summer of 1995.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

5

Project Title

In Situ/On Site Bioremediation of Industrial Soils Contaminated with Organic Pollutants:

Elimination of Soil Toxicity with DaramendTM

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Canada (laboratory and Interim Report Chlorinated phenols, Bioremediation

various locations) PAHs, high mol wgt (proprietary)

petroleum hydrocarbons

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Igor J. Marvan N/A Soil, sediment

Grace Dearborn, Inc.

Mississauga, Ontario

Canada

tel: (905) 279-2222

fax: (905) 279-0020

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Pilot/full scale Yes

The Daramend technology is reported in this overview to represent a major advancement in treatment of TM

soil contaminated with organic pollutants both in terms of reduction of contaminant concentrations as

well as removal of soil toxicity.

The Daramend bioremediation technology uses solid-phase, biodegradable organic amendments prepared TM

to specific particle size ranges and nutrient profiles, low-intensity tillage of the soil/sediment,

and maintenance of an optimal soil/sediment water content. Previous studies have indicated that soils

containing more than 300-400 mg PCP/kg may be too toxic for direct bioremediation, requiring

preliminary treatments such as soil washing. Extensive laboratory testing with a wide range of soils

contaminated with wood treatment chemicals has proven the Daramend technology effective in soils TM

containing up to 2,170 mg/kg PCP, with residual concentrations as low as 0.7 mg/kg PCP. Since the

previous report in Québec, the emphasis has been on proving the technology at full scale.

Implementation of the Daramend technology is based upon achieving a homogeneous distribution of the TM

organic amendment throughout the contaminated soil. A full-scale demonstration consisted of treating

1,500 T on-site and 3,500 T in situ to a depth of 60 cm. Full-scale on-site treatment reduced

chlorinated phenol concentrations from 102 ppm to 35 ppm in 35 days and to 1.63 ppm after 175 days. Onsite Daramend treatment reduced total soil PAH concentrations from an initial 619 ppm to 224 ppm after TM

35 days and to 79.1 ppm after 251 days. Degradation of specific PAH compounds all achieved Canadian

standards for industrial soil.

During the past two years, the Daramend technology has been applied to over 50 soils with varying TM

physical/chemical characteristics. Treatment times reflect the chemical and initial concentrations,

but range from 90 days for heavy oil at contaminations of over 2,000 ppm up to over 200 days for similar

concentrations of PCPs and most refractory large PAHs at 40-400 ppm. Degradation rates for total PAHs

are dependent upon the degradation rates of the more refractory (4-6 ring) PAHs. Total PAHs were

reduced from 1442 mg/kg to 36 mg/kg while refractory PAHs were reduced from 1248 mg/kg to 34 mg/kg in 209

days of Daramend treatment. TM

Three established bioassays were used to determine whether a corresponding reduction in soil toxicity

was attained. The Microtox toxicity test was performed on soil and soil leachate, and toxicity was TM

reduced by two orders of magnitude in the leachate and by a factor of about 40 in soil. The earthworm

mortality test resulted in 100% mortality within 4 days in untreated soil, and 0% mortality after 28

days in soil after treatment. Seed germination tests resulted in 88-93% germination in treated soil

after five days, compared to no germination at all for radish or oats and 30% germination of corn after

five days in the untreated soil. 
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

6

Project Title

Combined Scrubber Bed/Biofilter for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds

from Contaminated Soil in Venting Process

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Gasoline service station Interim Report Volatile Organic Com- Biofiltration (Ex

Québec City pounds in Off-Gases situ)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Yvan Pouliot February - July 1994 Air emissions

Biogénie, Inc.

Sainte-Foy, Québec

Canada

tel: (418) 653-4422

fax: (418) 653-3583

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Pilot/full scale Yes

The bioreactor has potential as a natural process; it removes a large variety of VOCs, including high

odor-removing efficiency; ease of operation and low maintenance; and wide applicability due to

specific design flexibility. 

The first project report (Budapest, 1992) presented general characteristics for the proposed biopile

technology in a paper entitled “Biodegradation/Bioventing Process for the Treatment of Organic

Contaminated Soil.” The second project report (Québec, 1993), entitled “On Site Remediation of Soil

Contaminated with Transformer Oil and Diesel,” presented two case studies under extreme conditions

(soil heavily contaminated with hydrocarbon and heavy clay soil). The current report focuses on air

treatment at the end of the venting system. 

During soil remediation, off-gases may contain VOCs ranging to hundreds of mg/m . Traditional 3

technologies include carbon adsorption, thermal or catalytic oxidation, and wet scrubbing. Biological

treatment is an attractive alternative because of its low costs, inherent simplicity, and lack of

secondary wastes. The system was field-tested with BTEX off-gases produced at a site where in situ

bioventing and air sparging were used to remediate spilled gasoline. 

The system consists of an air/water separator, trickling filter, and biofilter. The trickling filter

housed a mixed culture of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria sustained solely on the volatile hydrocarbons

and supplemental inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). The trickle filter's irrigating water

is continuously recirculated, and the gas is bubbled through in a countercurrent flow. The biofilter

was a column filled with compost equipped with a gas-distribution system. Pollutants are adsorbed to

the filter medium and degraded by indigenous microbes. No nutrient supplementation was needed for the

biofilter due to high initial levels in the compost.

The system operated under winter conditions: though ambient temperatures fell below -21C,

temperatures in the trickling filter and biofilter were maintained at 25-40C. Initial moisture

content in the biofilter was about 60%. Since humidity control is critical in biofilters, occasional

irrigation was used, despite the water-saturation of inlet gas, to offset the drying effect of the

higher temperature due to exothermic reaction of pollutant biodegradation. The bacteria were isolated

from gasoline contaminated soils, and consisted of five predominant strains. Counts of total colony

forming units of heterotrophic bacteria did not vary greatly with time in either the trickling filter

or the biofilter. However, the numbers of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria increased by 3 to 4 orders

of magnitude during biofilter operation and then declined as the hydrocarbon was used up.

Results over 127 days of operation showed BTEX removal of about 90%; with a residence time of less than

2 minutes the concentrations of these compounds were reduced to low or non-detectable levels. The

system required a very short start-up period, with 85% BTEX removal reported during the first week.

Provincial standards of 15 kg/day TOC is easily attained with the system. Future work will involve the

optimization of system design and control of operating conditions to substantially improve the

performance.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

7

Project Title

Integrated Treatment Technology for the Recovery of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants from Soil

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Ataratiri site, Toronto Final Report Heavy metals Soil Washing with

Longue Pointe site, PAHs, Oil/grease Hydrometallurgical

Montreal (heavy organics) Extraction

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Bruce Holbein Soil

Talon Metal Technologies,

Inc.

1961 Cohen

Ville St. Laurent

Québec, H4R 2N7, Canada

tel: (514) 335-0057

fax: (514) 335-8279

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

Yes: $100/Tonne 32 ha (Ataratiri) Yes

Pilot scale (1 T/

hr)

Soils from two former industrial sites exceeded guidelines for reuse due to heavy metals and PAHs.

After treatment, all soils were brought to within residential or industrial standards. Recovered

metals were suitable for off-site recycling in steel and base-metal industries, while recovered

organic contaminants were low mass, highly enriched in product, and suitable for secondary treatment.

The pilot-scale tests resulted in expected full-scale, cost-effective treatment of about 500 kT of

heavy metal/PAH contaminated soils at one site and about 115 kT of lead-contaminated soil at another

site.

The integrated treatment process potentially offers a number of economic and technical advantages over

separate or sequential treatment of metals and organics, as well as utility over a wide range of

contaminant and soil types. The approach uses gravity, physical, and hydrometallurgical procedures

for metal recovery (leaching and chelation absorption of leached metals) and physical/chemical

procedures for organics.

Four bulk samples of 35 T each from the Ataratiri site were mechanically blended and used for continuous

treatment testing at a rate of 1 T/hr, which involved debris screening, wet scrubbing for fine

particles, and gravity and magnetic separation processes for classification. Analysis of the samples

revealed unacceptably high concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, As, Hg, oil/grease, and PAHs. Similar

samples from the Longue Pointe site were contaminated with lead-smelter fly ash and by lead-acid

battery recycling operations. No other organic or metal contamination was present at Longue Pointe.

Coarse and fine metals were recovered separately for iron-rich and base-metal-rich products, which

enhanced recycling potential. All treated soils met requisite standards. Between 84-86% of the metalcontaminated soil mass was recovered for reuse. Physical/chemical recovery of water insoluble organic

contaminants was reasonably effective. The bulk of the initial contaminants could be recovered to a

concentrate of relatively low mass (2-7% of initial soil mass), highly enriched in oil/grease and PAHs.

Recoveries in excess of 75% of oil/grease and 95% of PAHs were reported. Organic decontamination might

be improved by washing with surfactants to remove and process surface organics; however, this was not

tested. They currently are building a 600 tonne/day plant at the Longue Pointe lead battery site, which

has concentrations of 3,000 mg/kg Pb; 80% of the Pb is adsorbed to clay surfaces.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

8

Project Title

Biodegradation of PAHs at Frederiksberg Gasworks

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Former coal gasification plant Interim Report PAHs Biodegradation (Ex

Copenhagen, Denmark situ)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Jørn Bo Larsen June 1994-Oct 1995 Soil (sandy)

RH&H Consultants (field tests)

Virum, Denmark Nov 1993-Oct 1994

tel: 45/42-85-6500 (microcosm tests)

fax: 45/42-83-0207 Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Laboratory/Pilot Yes

scale

At the 1993 conference in Québec City, the report described the bench- and initial pilot-scale

experiments for constructing an on-site bioreactor to degrade PAHs. Experiments evaluated the

addition of nutrients, bark and wood chips, compost, detergents, air, clean water, and increased

temperature. Preliminary results reported last year show 10 -10 soil bacteria per gram, with potential 6 7

to degrade phenanthrene, anthrathene, and pyrene. 

The present report concentrated on laboratory tests designed to (1) estimate the number of natural PAHdegrading bacteria in the soil using C-marked PAH compounds and (2) discuss microcosm tests of these 14

bacteria. Inoculation on agar plates, with PAHs, was unsatisfactory except for phenanthrene-degrading

bacteria. Nevertheless, tests with radiolabelled PAHs confirmed that a population of PAH-degrading

bacteria is present in adequate concentrations. Some success was reported by adding certain detergents

to desorb PAHs from the soil into the aqueous phase and thereby increase bioaccessibilty.

Concentrations in the soil of PAH compounds were reported, ranging from <1 ppm for naphthalene to >20

ppm for flouranthene, with total PAH concentrations of about 400 ppm. 

Phase II experiments were initiated using a column experiment to determine whether structural

amendments like wood chips, compost, or aeration increases biodegradation, and a microcosm experiment

to determine whether different temperatures (15C or 25C) and addition of detergents increases

biodegradation. The column experiment ran for 127 days, after which no significant change in PAH

content in the soil was observed. The microcosm experiment ran for 325 days, during which there was no

significant change in PAH content in the soil for the first four months, but when detergent was added,

the PAH content was generally lower after time and there was a tendency for degradation. For the last

198 days, there was a degradation (microbial degradation or incorporation of PAHs in the organic

fraction of the soil) on 66%-74% (for Phenanthren, flouranthen, anthracen, pyren, and benz(a)pyren.

These results were the same for all treatments and for the control. It is believed that the absence of

degradation during the first four months is due to an initial inhibition of the microorganisms, which

is due to the addition of nutrient salts, resulting in high pH values in the soil. 

Field testing of 10 homogenized plots (five outside and five inside) of 27-35 m was initiated in June 3

1994. Monitoring of PAHs, dissolved gases, water, nutrients, and microbial activity will continue

through October 1995. Results will be reported at the next conference.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

9

Project Title

Groundwater/Soil Remediation at a Former Manganese Sulphate Plant

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Former Mn0 plant Final Report Cyanide and sulphate Biodegradation 4

Vollerup, Sønderjylland, (Treatability

Denmark assessment for

various processes)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Karin Christiansen N/A Soil and groundwater (glacial clay and sand

Carl Bro Consultants bounding two connected aquifers)

Glostrup, Denmark

tel: 45/43-48-6979

fax: 45/43-48-4414

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Laboratory and Pilot Yes

Scale

45,000 m (81,000 3

tonnes)

Residues of cyanide and sulphate from a plant that converted coal gasification process wastes to MnSO 4

have contaminated the soil and groundwater. While MnSO contamination is not common, cyanide residues 4

are very common at such gasification sites. Traditional remediation (off-site incineration) was

estimated to cost 8-13 million ECU, and there are about 125 gasification sites in Denmark. Consequently

a pilot-scale demonstration was initiated to evaluate alternative remedial designs with a view to

reducing costs.

Approximately 28 metric tons of cyanide and 1,140 tons of sulphate are the primary contaminants.

Laboratory scale studies included the leachability of CN and SO from the surface waste piles into the 4

groundwater, the biodegradability of CN, and the possible treatment of leachate by flocculation or UV.

At pilot scale, the project investigated the percolation of CN and SO from the production wastes as a 4

function of Eh and pH and the efficacy of treatment using membrane filtration and biodegradation. Both

distillation of leachate and reverse osmosis also were considered, but rejected as economically

infeasible when ultimate disposal of concentrated brines is considered. The SO concentration in the 4

vadose zone between leachate and groundwater was about 1,6000 mg/L. 

The surface wastes exhibited high leachability of CN and SO , especially at high pH (>10), and the 4

leaching could be increased by adding NaOH to further increase pH. Since the pH of the groundwater is

very low (3.4), and because cyanide will precipitate at low pH, relatively little cyanide is estimated

to be in solution. The fine-particulate dust residue from the gas cleaning process could not be leachtested at the pilot-plant scale. Experiments to precipitate SO with BaCl worked, but left 4 2

unacceptable Ba and Cl levels as residues. Also, full-scale barium treatment would have required an

estimated 400-620 tons/year of BaCl , a prohibitive expense. Pilot-scale biological treatment was 2

unproven due to the unreliability of the system over time. The costs associated with full-scale

biological treatment, including expensive and labor-intensive monitoring, did not permit further

investigation.

In situ treatment was practical only if SO leaching was artificially accelerated, and then only in 4

frost-free seasons. Infiltration of neutral water would preserve groundwater conditions, but would

take too long. Infiltration by NaOH would accelerate SO leaching, but would precipitate iron 4

hydroxides and otherwise add a chemical agent to the groundwater. Ex situ (batch) treatment is

estimated to take 18 years, an unrealistic timeframe. In situ treatment of the cyanide proved

infeasible during the pilot tests due to unacceptable clogging. In situ biological treatment is

predicted to take 7-10 years at pilot scale, still leaving an unacceptable residue of cyanide.

In conclusion, ex situ treatment of the SO production waste is infeasible due to high costs, long 4

duration, and redisposal of effluent. In situ treatment is infeasible due to effluent disposal

problems. The scale-up from pilot to full-scale will require significant and costly modification, as

well as considerable labor to maintain the system. The unusual pH conditions at the site, together with
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

10

the conflicting responses of SO and cyanide to pH changes, make the problem economically intractable. 4

The results of the pilot test seem to recommend leaving the MnSO wastes on site, covered with clean soil 4

from other locations, together with regular groundwater monitoring. No treatment will be contemplated

as long as the SO concentration remains below 250 mg/L. Solute transport modeling confirmed that the 4

SO plume is not likely to expand. The 800 tons of cyanide-contaminated waste will be excavated and 4

incinerated.

Project Title

Ozone Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Abandoned limestone quarry Final Report Chlorinated solvents, O /UV degradation

Vaucelles, France esters, phenols, and after Biological

aromatic hydrocarbons pretreatment 

3

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Pascale Antonus 1991-1994 Groundwater

SAFEGE Ingéniers

Nanterre, France

tel: 33/14614-7260

fax: 33/14617-7253

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

Yes Full scale Yes

Biological pretreatment degrades contaminants into forms that can be treated more effectively by

photochemical oxidation, thus optimizing the cost and performance of the remediation.

From 1963 to 1972 indeterminate chemical wastes were dumped into an abandoned limestone quarry. In

1980, contaminated groundwater and resulting bad odors were noticed from water percolating out of a

natural seep at the base of a 20 m limestone hill down-gradient from the quarry, near the Autumn River

valley. Under the limestone is a layer of fine sand underlain by a thick impermeable clay. The sand

layer is a drinking water aquifer. The contamination plume has penetrated the limestone and sand to a

depth of 40 m beneath the quarry. Clean up was initiated in 1991 when the French Energy and Environment

Agency assumed responsibility for the project. The annual flow of the 20m-thick contaminated plume is

estimated to be 50-80,000 m , or 25 m /hr. Over 20 toxic chemicals were identified in the groundwater, 3 3

including chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvents, alcohols, petroleum hydrocarbons, aliphatics and

aromatics, and volatiles. Ethanol, phenols, chlorinated solvents, BTEX, acetone, and several

aliphatic hydrocarbons were noted in concentrations exceeding milligrams per liter. Chemical oxygen

demand was 250 mg/l; total organic carbon was 60 mg/l; and AOX was 5.5 mg/l.

A 600 m long, 6 m deep drainage trench was constructed at the base of the cliff to intercept the

groundwater flow. Contaminated water was pumped to an aeration reactor, where organics were

microbially degraded. Activated sludge was separated from the treated water using a membrane filter,

resulting in 5 times greater biomass retention and 5 times lower sludge production. Concentrated

chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic contaminants are then oxidized to the point where they can be

naturally biodegraded.

During the pilot testing, experiments were conducted with and without biological pretreatment, and

with oxidation with ozone, peroxide, and UV in various combinations. After pretreatment and ozonation,

significant reduction in chlorinated hydrocarbonsto below detection limitswas reported.

Concentrations of COD were 239 ppm in the raw water, reducing to 28 ppm with ozonation alone, and

undetectable after pretreatment and ozonation. Dissolved constituents were reduced by 80-85%, and

100% of VOCs were eliminated. Estimated costs for reducing VOCs to acceptable drinking water limits

were FF15 million (capital cost) plus FF23.7 million annually. Meeting acceptable surface water

discharge levels would cost about FF10 million initially, with an annual cost of FF1.7 million. Ozone

consumption was higher in an O /H O system than in O /UV, but the results were the same. 3 22 3
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

11

Project Title

Soils of Garbage Dumps of Coal Tar and Petroleum Tar Distillation Plants

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

France Interim Report PAHs Bioremediation

with oxidation

pretreatment

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Jean Pierre Cathala Soil

tel: 

fax: Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Pilot scale Yes

Dump sites of former coal tar and petroleum distillation plants in France are characterized by high

concentrations of total hydrocarbons (2200 mg/kg in soil and 4800 mg/kg in settling ponds), phenols (3

and 10 mg/kg), PAHs (1500 and 850 mg/kg), and cyanides (10 and 300 mg/kg). The cyanides are bound to the

sediment. Research was conducted to identify PAH-degrading bacteria, evaluating PAH bioremediation

practicability, and evaluating whether oxidizing pretreatment will increase bioremediation of PAHs.

Five fungi and nine bacteria were tested on PAHs in a recirculating water bioreactor. The test piles

were constantly mixed and aerated. Amendments of straw (50-100 kg/ton), sawdust (20-50 kg/ton for

sludges only), and 50% clean soil (for sludge only) were evaluated. Inorganic nutrients were provided

in 2-5 kg/ton of Max Bac, a proprietary timed-release nutrient claimed to be specially formulated to

speed the microbial degradation of hydrocarbons. Four bacteria but no fungi showed PAH degradation

after a 2 month trial. During the pilot testing, it became apparent that the high tar concentrations

in the soil made it difficult to get full mixing and therefore limited bioaccessibilty. Similarly, it

was speculated that heavy clay soils might inhibit the process unless the piles could be thoroughly

mixed. Nevertheless, PAH degradation of 75% (800 ppm to 200 ppm) was achieved in 12 months, during which

time total hydrocarbons were reduced from 1,275 ppm to about 220 ppm. Phenols were quickly degraded

(within 7 weeks they were reduced by 75%), while cyanides were much slower (2-3 months for 50%

destruction). Three oxidizing pretreatments were tested by mixing them in as the on-site piles were

constructed: hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and ozone. 

In summary, biological seeding was necessary after initial sterilization; the rate of oxidation must

be high in order to see positive results with PAHs; bioremediation rate is increased with oxidation;

and an oxidizing catalyzer such as ferrous sulphide reduces the amount of nutrients necessary. In 19

weeks, 1000 ppm PAHs was reduced to 50 ppm with pretreatment, hydrogen peroxide, and a ferrous sulphide

catalyzer.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

12

Project Title

Assessment of a Biological In Situ Remediation

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Former coal gasification Final Report PAHs Bioremediation (In

plant Situ)

Karlsruhe, Eastern Germany

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Hilke Würdemann 1991-1994 Groundwater (sandy gravelly subsoils)

Univ. Fridericiana

Karlsruhe, Germany

tel: 49/721-608-3290

fax: 49/721-696-096

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale: 9 x 15 m, 17 m Yes

deep

Below a former gasworks site in Karlsruhe, PAH contamination of a gravel/sand aquifer extends to a depth

of 10 m, with the zone of maximum contamination lying between 5 and 7 m. In this zone 14,000 mg/kg of PAHs

have been detected in the <2 mm fine soil fraction. The contaminated area was sealed with walls

extending 17 m into an impervious clay underlayer. The water table in the confined zone was lowered,

and an air venting system installed; the horizontal permeability exceeded the vertical permeability.

Oxygenation of the pore water was continuous from the injected air, and continuous irrigation from the

surface provided moisture and inorganic nutrients to the microorganisms. Flushing water was warmed

and enriched with nutrients. Periodically, the soil was flushed with large volumes of water to measure

the remaining concentration of contaminants and soil gases. 

Core sampling was conducted to determine the degree of contamination. Samples of 16 PAHs and 2

methylnapthalenes were evaluated gravimetrically, by infrared spectroscopy, and by gas

chromatography. Apart from the unevenness of contaminant distribution, chemical quantification was

highly dependent upon the method of analysis. Gravimetric determination of lipophilic organics

resulted in total contamination of 5,000 kg, IR measurements showed only 2,000 kg, while GC analysis

of total PAHs was 600 kg. Lipophilic organics turned out to be the most suitable parameter to quantify

the total contaminant load. 

Unfortunately, engineering difficulties and the natural heterogeneity of the substrate made it

impossible to extract meaningful samples from reboring the original cores. Consequently, the

biodegradation process was monitored after a year by extracting frozen, undisturbed cores from within

the treated areas as well as from the surrounding (contaminated but untreated) areas. Since the

composition of PAH is nearly constant, heavy PAHs (>4 rings) can be used to measure degradation because

this fraction is in nearly constant proportion to the original total contaminant load. Monitoring

produced a relative increase in PAHs that indicated a degradation of 54% in highly contaminated

samples. Laboratory experiments with undisturbed soil samples showed significantly higher

degradation. Depending upon the kind of measurement used, two years of biodegradation showed 70-90%

destruction of PAHs. Monitoring of CO and O over three years enabled a calculation of the soil 2 2

respiration rate, which is a measure of the biological degradation rate. The data showed that 7,700 kg

of O were consumed and 7,600 kg of CO were produced, indicating decomposition of about 2,400 kg of 2 2

organic material. Soil aeration and nutrient addition greatly increased degradation rates. The large

O demand demonstrates the necessity of lowering the water table for aeration by venting. 2

The extreme heterogeneity of the subsoil greatly complicated the determination of bioremediation

efficiency. The main limiting factor seemed to be the contaminant bioavailability in the aquifer.

During the three-year project, chemical oxygen demand decreased by 83%, dissolved organic carbon

decreased by 76%, and the overall decrease of PAHs in the flushing water concentration was 97%. The

bioluminescence test for toxicity indicated 98% detoxification. Overall, about 54% of the soil PAHs

was degraded after 21⁄2 years. Thus, while a lot of PAHs remained in the soil, its toxicity was

considerably reduced.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

13

Project Title

Cleaning of Mercury-Contaminated Soil Using a Combined Washing and Distillation Process

Location Project Status Contaminants

Marktredwitz, Germany Interim Report Mercury

Technology Type

Thermal Desorption

(Vacuum

Distillation)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Winfried Gröschel November 1991  Soil

Fa. Harbauer & Co. July 1994

Berlin, Germany

tel: 37/30061-0

fax: 37/30061-230

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No Full scale Yes

This project demonstrated the first full-scale application of vacuum distillation technology, which

is proven effective for soils contaminated with volatile and semi-volatile substances like tar

fractions, oil, and mercury. The technology can be used in conjunction with soil washing for soils or

fractions with high silt/clay concentrations or with very high contaminant loads. In this application,

mercury-contaminated soils excavated from a former chemical plant were successfully reduced from peaks

of 1900 mg/kg to below the target level of 50 mg/kg, frequently reaching 20 mg/kg. So far, 15,000 tons

of contaminated soil have been treated successfully, with an average throughput of 150 tons/day.

Soil washing is used to produce a concentrated fraction in the size between 100 μm and 8 mm, and then

vacuum distillation removes the contaminants. Precipitation sludge is disposed separately, and used

ion-exchange resin is recycled off-site. Thermal desorption at 100C is followed by a vacuum

distillation process in which the soil is heated in a rotating drum to 350-450C under reduced pressure

(50-150 hPa). Mercury is volatilized and recovered by recondensation. The use of reduced pressure

(rather than higher temperatures) permits significantly lower energy costs and only 1/20 to 1/30 of the

flow of process treatment gas that is considered normal for incineration. Since vacuum distillation

permits a low O environment, secondary oxidation does not occur and dangerous organic residues like 2

dioxin cannot be formed. Treated soil with residual concentrations still greater than 50 mg/kg are

passed again through the treatment process.

Soil exiting the dryer has a residual moisture content of under 1%. Off-gas from the drying step is

treated in a vent condenser. Treated soil is remixed with coarse materials and disposed of in a

landfill. Tests have proven that, in addition to mercury, volatile and semi-volatile contaminants such

as BTEX, solvents, TPHs, PAHs, and phenols can be successfully treated.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

14

Project Title

Environmental Problems at Tököl Airbase and Other Former Soviet Military Bases in Hungary

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Tököl airbase near Budapest Interim Report Petroleum hydrocarbons Pump-and-Treat

and other sites throughout

Hungary

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Robert Reiniger September 1990  Soil, groundwater

National Authority for the June 1991

Environment (assessment)

Budapest, Hungary 1991 onward

tel: 36/1-201-1725 (remediation)

fax: 36/1-201-4282 Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

Yes: US$600 million 3 x 10 m soil Yes (Tököl Airbase 6 3

10 m groundwater remediation report by 6 3

6,000 m free HC in GW Danish EPA also 3

available)

Following the final pullout of former Soviet armies from Hungary in 1990, the Hungarian Ministry for

Environment conducted an environmental assessment and damage survey following a method acceptable to

both the Hungarian and Soviet governments. There were 171 garrisons, 340 settlements, 6,000 major

buildings, and 46,000 ha of land in the survey. Forty percent of the damage comprises soil and

groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The most polluted are six military

airfields contaminated with jet fuels and fuel oils. Because of time and funding constraints, work was

begun in 1991 at the 20 most-polluted bases, with an objective to contain the pollution. By the end of

1993, full remediation was accomplished at 8 sites, while the remaining 12 major sites were completed

in 1994. The goals of the 1993-94 assessment was to identify those remaining sites that require

remediation and determine those sites where only monitoring is necessary.

Tököl airbase was one of the principal sites that needed prompt remediation. Located just 600 m from

the Danube River, it overlies an aquifer supplying about 5% of the municipal water for Hasztelek. The

water table is 4 to 5 m, and the aquifer is a Pleistocene sand/gravel layer 10 to 15 m thick, underlain

by impermeable clay. Contamination from the airfield is migrating towards the Hasztelek wellfields

and will reach it within 20 years.

Remediation at Tököl was accomplished in phases between August 1991 and June 1993. Free product was

separated from contaminated groundwater by depressing the water table to speed flow of groundwater to

extraction wells, pumping, and on-site water/oil separation.

Recovered free product amounting to 224,000 liters and about 700,000 liters of jet fuel were recovered

from 279,000 m of pumped groundwater. Remediation at Tököl was accomplished in cooperation with the 3

Danish Agency of Environmental Protection. A technical report by the Danish EPA is also available (see

page 48).
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

15

Project Title

Treatment of Creosol-Contaminated Soil

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Former wood impregnation Final Report PAHs (Creosote) Soil Washing and Ex

plant, Lillestrøm, Norway Situ Bioslurry

Reactor

Country Representative Project Dates Media

James Berg 1992-1994 Soil/Sludge

Aquateam

Oslo, Norway

tel: 47/22-67-9310

fax: 47/22-67-2012

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

Yes Pilot scale Yes

A wetland is receiving dense non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) from a nearby abandoned wood-treatment

plant. No human health risk exists, only ecological. The objective of this project was to evaluate soil

washing of creosote-contaminated soil followed by bioslurry treatment of the PAH-containing sludge

at pilot scale. The pilot plant included a 1 tonne/hr washing plant and a 454 liter bioslurry reactor.

Soils from the site were screened to <2 cm because particle size distribution is very important to soil

washing effectiveness. Six different soils were tested, comprising sand, silt, clay, and sawdust/

sand. Water temperature, pH, foamers, and surfactants were evaluated. A companion composting test did

not work well due to clumping because of high clay content. 

Soil washing results indicated that cationic collectors combined with a foamer were most effective,

exhibiting 90-95% PAH removal from sandy soils and 20-90% removal from clay soils. Raising water

temperature or pH had no significant effect. 

The technical feasibility of soil washing was proven at pilot scale, resulting in up to 97% PAH removal

and 40-50% volume reduction. The slurry biotreatment used indigenous microbacteria populations and

inorganic nutrient amendments and was reported to be 98% effective after 8 days. A Microtox 15-minute

bioassay showed a 10-fold decrease in toxicity after treatment. 

Three areas exhibited PAH concentrations above 200 mg/kg. Treatment options at full scale include in

situ impregnation, excavation and ex situ biotreatment sediments, excavation of landfill soils

followed by soil washing/biotreatment, and just monitoring. Full excavation and treatment will

involve 25,000 m and would cost about US$6.3 million. In situ biotreatment and limited excavation 3

would entail 8,000 m at a cost of US$3.5 million, and covering and monitoring at two separate sites 3

would cost about US$1 million.

Process costs for excavation, sorting, and backfilling were demonstrated at about US$160/m ; washing 3

at US$300/m ; biological treatment at US$260/m ; and pumping-and-treating at about US$530/m (although 3 3 3

the pump-and-treat estimate is more uncertain since it includes the removal of the free phase and air

injection to increase pumping rates).
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

16

Project Title

Modeling and Optimization of In Situ Remediation; Effects of Spatial Variability on

Predicting the Duration of Soil Flushing, Soil Vapor Extraction, and Bioremediation

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

The Netherlands Final Report Soil Flushing (in situ)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Han de Wit Soil/Sludge, Groundwater, Soil Vapor

TAUW Milieu BV

P.O. Box 133

7400 AL Deventer

The Netherlands

tel: 31/57-009-9911

fax: 31/57-009-9666

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

Not applicable Modeling study Yes

The goal of this project is to investigate the applicability of simplified and mechanistic models used

during soil remediation. The mechanistic model being used by the project is the ECOSTAT model, a

chemical equilibrium model that is being modified for bioventing. In order to study the applicability

of this model, the project compares prior predictions of the remediation efficiency with results

obtained in full-scale soil venting remediations.

In order to design and evaluate in situ soil remediation techniques, tools are needed for modeling

subsurface physical, chemical, and biological processes. However, available information for

conducting soil investigations is limited, and only rough estimates of remediation timeframes, based

on average value, chemical equilibrium, and first- or zero-order of decay, can be made. 

Decreasing soil contaminant concentrations are often predicted using geohydrological flow patterns

in the subsurface. In practice, however, these predictions are found to be too optimistic. For

example, after a rapid contaminant concentration decrease, the rate of remediation slows down and

eventually stagnates, resulting in a remediation timeframe that often is longer than originally

predicted. Sometimes this difference is small and can be accounted for using uncertainty factors;

other times, the difference is large, resulting in a much longer soil remediation timeframe.

Stagnation implies that some fraction of contaminants is not available for leaching, volatilization,

or biodegradation. A number of factors may contribute to this, including non-linear sorption, nonequilibrium kinetics, or spatial variability in hydrology or chemistry.

The objective of this project is to develop a process that combines in situ remediation experience with

the fundamental knowledge of chemical and biochemical processes in order to develop a process to more

effectively determine soil remediation time frames. Predictions can be considerably improved using

detailed soil mapping processes and conducting experiments with the contaminated soil. However, these

processes can be very time-consuming and expensive. As an alternative, this project proposes

developing a “tailor made” site-specific soil investigation strategy that is able to identify the

parameters that determine most of the uncertainty in the prediction. This project focuses primarily

on the investigation and description of non-equilibrium phenomenon observed by full-scale vapor

extractions and remediations.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

17

Project Title

Combined Remediation Technique Fortec®

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

The Netherlands Interim Report Organics Combined hydraulic separation, photochemical

treatment, and ex situ

bioremediation

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Jan Bovendeur Soil/Sludge

Heidemij Realisatie

Waalwijk, The Netherlands

tel: 31/4160-44044

fax: 31/4160-44080

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No Bench scale Yes

Pilot Scale

Promising results were reported for the elimination of mineral oil and PAHs using the combined

washing/UV-H O pretreatment/bioslurry process. However, the process requires further refinement for 2 2

persistent xenobiotics. Success with the combined process requires detailed characterization of the

contaminant distribution and soil, but allows customized remedial designs to take advantage of the

positive aspects of the component techniques.

Hydraulic (hydrocyclone) separation, photochemical treatment, and bioremediation each exhibit

strengths and weaknesses. The goal of this demonstration is to combine the separate technologies into

a treatment train to take advantage of the strengths of each. Hydrocyclone separation is used to

concentrate specific contaminants in selected soil fractions, UV/H O pretreatment is used to transform 2 2

non-biodegradable contaminants into biodegradable fragments (rather than to break down persistent

organics), and bioremediation is used for the final destruction of organic compounds or residues. The

goal is to produce clean soil, with no toxic residue, in a reduced time. The combined remediation

process is called “Fast Organic Removal Technology,” or “Fortec .” ®

Testing was done with UV/H O pretreatment followed by biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs. 2 2

Biodegradation of mineral oil was very fast (5,000 ppm mineral oil was reduced to <100 ppm in 3 to 8

days). There was no significant effect of photochemical treatment, as it was masked by the high initial

biodegradation rate. No significant volatilization occurred during aeration. PAHs had a relatively

short treatment period (30 ppm reduced to 2-4 ppm in 15 days). UV/H O pretreatment was indispensable, 2 2

however, for the recalcitrant PAHs. The PAH availability to the UV/H O pretreatment appeared to be the 2 2

rate-limiting factor. However, poor mass balances were obtained for PAHs, indicating the technique

needs further refinement. A laboratory trial with the pesticide -hexafluorohexane (Lindane) did not

show any degradation, its chemical stability apparently too high for photochemical breakdown.

Because high-molecular-weight PAHs exhibit slow biodegradation, further slowed by limited

bioavailability due to adsorption to soil organics, an experiment was tried to increase

bioavailability by UV/H O destruction of the organic matrix. The experiment was successful, with the 2 2

pretreated sample exhibiting 63% destruction, compared to 23% destruction of non-pretreated PAHs over

12 days. A full-scale demonstration plant will be constructed for further pilot testing.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

18

Project Title

Sorption/Solidification of Selected Heavy Metals and Radionuclides from Water

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Turkey Interim Report Heavy metals and Stabilization/

radionuclides Solidification (of

adsorbents)

Country Representative Project Dates Media

Reat Apak N/A Water

Istanbul University

Istanbul, Turkey

tel: 90/1-5911-996

fax: 90/1-5911-997

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No Bench scale Yes

Laboratory experiments were designed to test the removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb) and

radionuclides ( Cs and Sr) from water by stabilizing them in bauxite wastes and coal fly ashes acting 137 90

as adsorbents to prevent leaching. Adsorbents were red muds from aluminum plants containing mineral

oxides of aluminum, silicate, and iron; and coal fly ash containing oxides of aluminum, calcium,

silica, iron, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Both materials were strongly alkaline when leached

with water, so they were first washed with weak warm HCl and baked dry. Washing removed about 40% of the

initial fly ash by weight. Reducing the alkalinity of the red muds and fly ash was important to meet U.S.

EPA alkalinity regulations.

Various concentrations of metal ions were tested with the adsorbents in various raw and treated forms.

Stability was tested by desorption attempts at low pH (4.5) in CO -saturated solutions and in neutral 2

buffered NaHCO . Batch adsorption experiments resulted in very high values of absorption (>99.9%), and 3

the experiments will be retried using higher metal ratios. The order of adsorption efficiency for the

metals was Hg >> Cu > Cd > Pb. Since all tests showed only a few percent leaching efficiencies, the

adsorption was essentially irreversible, even in changing aqueous conditions of pH and ionic

strengths. Although the radionuclides were relatively insensitive to acid pre-treatment of the

adsorbents, combined acid and heat treatment was beneficial for Cs adsorption and detrimental for Sr 137 90

adsorption, probably due to the change of sorption made after this treatment.

Desorption coefficients for the radionuclides exhibited significant differences than for their

adsorption coefficients, possibly due to irreversible fixation during adsorption. However, data were

reported showing radionuclide desorption of only a few percent, at most. Sr adsorption is exothermic 90

and essentially irreversible, and both the fly ash and red muds exhibited strong affinities. Both Ce 137

and Sr adsorption are affected by inert electrolytes. Radiostrontium adsorption generally increases 90

with pH, while radiocesium adsorption is maximal around the neutral region.

While stabilization tests were conducted on the fly ash and red muds as well as on the adsorbents after

they were loaded with contaminating metals, only the results of the unloaded materials were reported.

Solidification was accomplished in prepared cement, standard sand, and carefully measured water. Red

muds and fly ash were added to the cement mixture. In concentrations below 20%, the compressive and

shear strengths of the doped concrete were not significantly different from the control concrete.

However, there is a critical weight percentage of 10-20% additives above which the strength declines

dramatically.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

19

Project Title

Chemical Fixation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

United Kingdom Interim Report Organic and Solidification/Stabiliz

inorganic ation

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Mr. Neil McLeod Soil/Sludge

Envirotreat Limited

226 Cot Lane

Kingswinford

West Midlands UK

tel: 44/384-288-876

fax: 44/384-288-876 

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Lab scale No

Pilot scale

The application of traditional solidification/stabilization techniques such as cementitious and

pozzolanic materials, for the treatment of soils polluted with organic contaminants, has been limited

by reported detrimental effects on cement hydration, structural formation, and contaminant

stabilization. The technology under development, an advanced stabilization/solidification process,

aims to overcome these limitations for the treatment of soils contaminated with stable and recalcitrant

organic waste materials.

The process is based on the use of modified organophillic clays with specially intercalated additives.

Commercial organoclays are typically quaternary ammonium salt substituted clays e.g. montmorillonite.

Such minerals possess a combination of cation exchange, intercalation and swelling properties which

make them unique. Pillared clays have been developed with the ability to withstand excessive

dehydration without loss of stability. The intercalated “pillars” act as molecular props creating a

two-dimensional porous interlayer structure which allows larger organic molecules such as PAHs to be

accommodated. Examples of pillaring agents include transition metal complexes, heteropoly acids/

polymers and organometallic cations. Clays substituted with metallic cations such as Fe , Al , and 3+ 3+

Cu create a variety of reactive sites for the chemical fixation of organic contaminants. By selective 2+

use of clays and intercalation of appropriate quaternary ammonium ions with relatively low cost

pillaring agents and reactants (principally Fe/Al compounds), a highly efficient and multifunctional

treatment media may be produced which can be applied on a cost-effective basis.

Once the clay is added to the contaminated soil, the reactive properties of the clay will ensure that

organic contaminants are chemically bound to the clay matrix. The immobilized contaminated clay can

then be solidified by conventional cement hydration techniques using a mixture of Ordinary Portland

Cement and pozzolan. An important consideration of the stabilization/solidification process is to

ensure a homogeneous mix of the contaminated soil and chemical additives. The application of the

technology as both an in situ and an ex situ process is being investigated within the research program.

The first phase of the project is supported by the U.K. Department of the Environment through the U.K.

Government's Environmental Technology Innovation Scheme (ETIS). The technology evaluation program

will comprise a series of chemical leachability and physical property/permeability testing

procedures. Special instrumentation techniques including Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) will be

used to demonstrate chemical bonding of specified organics to the clay matrix and/or the reactive clay

pillar structures. A full-scale trial will be carried out in the second phase of the project.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

20

Project Title

Decontamination of Metalliferous Mine Spoil

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

United Kingdom Final report Metals (lead and Soil washing

zinc)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

John Palmer 1990-1993 Mine spoil

Richard, Moorehead and Laing

Ltd

55 Well Street

Ruthin

Clwyd, LL15 1AF

United Kingdom

tel: 44/824-704-366

fax: 44/824-705-450

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

No Lab scale Yes

Pilot scale

Laboratory scale studies of mineral processing techniques were conducted on lead and zinc contaminated

spoils from abandoned mines in mid and north Wales. These techniques, used to extract metal-rich ores

from less valuable waste material, may be applicable to the removal of contaminants from metalliferous

spoil materials to reduce the environmental impact of such spoil. The evaluation of techniques

represented the first phase of a two-part study to identify the promising treatment options for a

detailed examination in the second phase of the study.

Characterization of the mine spoil was carried out to determine the mineralogy of contaminating

particles and the distribution of contamination according to particle size. Concentrations of lead

and zinc in the whole spoil samples were up to 20% and 15% by weight respectively. Lead was observed to

concentrate in the finer particle sizes of the spoil. Weathered spoil samples contained a much higher

content of oxide, carbonate, and sulphate mineralogy than fresh spoil samples which contained

sulphide.

Mineral processing techniques exploit physical and chemical differences between contaminated and

uncontaminated particles. Differences in particle density and surface chemistry for the separation

of spoil particles were evaluated using dense media (so called “sink and float”) and froth flotation

tests. A Multi-Gravity Separator (MGS) was used to further evaluate density separation at pilot scale.

Laboratory-based density separation resulted in consistently reduced metal concentrations (<2% by

weight) in the lighter spoil fractions representing over 90% of the total sample weight. The heavier

concentrate contained up to 32% lead and 5% zinc by weight. Although significantly cleaner than

original spoil these levels still greatly exceeded U.K. soil guidelines. The pilot scale MGS treatment

produced similar results on the <0.5 mm fraction of spoil. The effectiveness of the froth flotation

trials depended critically upon the mineralogy of the spoil. Unweathered material, rich in sulfides,

resulted in better segregation of contaminants into the concentrate.

Leaching of metal contaminants from the spoil by a variety of chemical agents such as sulfuric acid,

sodium hydroxide, diethylenetriamine, and by using ferric bacteria inoculum, was evaluated on

unprocessed spoil and treated fractions from the density and froth flotation tests. Effective chemical

leaching depended on the degree of spoil weathering. Sodium hydroxide leaching of weathered spoil

mobilized between 25 and 92% of the lead and between 3 and 23% of the zinc in unprocessed spoil.

Generally, sulfuric acid and diethylenetriamine leached between 2 and 33% of the lead, and between 12

and 64% of the zinc. For previously treated spoil leaching of between 2 and 5% of the contaminants was

observed indicating a resistance to leaching in residual material. Bacterial leaching of lead proved

to be ineffective but significant movement of zinc from the spoil was recorded. 

It was recommended that future work focus on the applicability of alkaline leaching and its integration

with gravity separation methods for the treatment of this type of metalliferous waste. Further work on

the pilot scale assessment and optimization of the MGS was also suggested.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

21

Project Title

CACITOX Soil Treatment Process TM

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

United Kingdom Final Report Heavy metals and Soil Washing (leaching)

radionuclides

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Ken W. Brierley 1992-1994 Soil

British Nuclear Fuels plc

Warrington, United Kingdom

tel: 44/925-834-656

fax: 44/925-833-561

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale Yes

CACITOX is a multi-component leaching process using a proprietary combination of highly selective and TM

environmentally tolerant reagents. The CACITOX reagent comprises low concentrations of carbonate, TM

oxidants, and complexing agents, which convert insoluble or absorbed contaminants into soluble

complexes. The oxidant dissolves certain metals found in their less soluble forms. The low reagent

concentrations and its high selectivity result in minimal secondary waste. CACITOX is distinguished TM

from conventional soil washing by its ability to selectively leach the contaminants from soil as

soluble chemical complexes.

The project consisted of three phases: evaluation of the process with heavy metals; evaluation with

radionuclides; and engineering design for mobile ex situ soil treatment plant. Early testing

demonstrated the effectiveness of the CACITOX process in reducing contaminant concentrations to TM

regulatory levels, even with high-clay soils. There are four stages to the process: (1) size

classification, where oversize materials are sorted out and contaminated soil volume is reduced by

concentration; (2) soil leaching using the CACITOX reagent, with laboratory-optimized parameters for TM

the particular soil/contaminant conditions of the site; (3) soil/leachate separation using a bank of

hydrocyclones, followed by dewatering with filters; and (4) leachate treatment using precipitation

and ion exchange processes. Precipitated contaminants are ultimately treated by containerization,

encapsulation, or dewatering. The pilot-scale transportable plant has a capacity of 10 kg/hr, with

easy scale-up to 100 kg/hr.

Performance evaluation was accomplished at bench scale using synthetic test soils spiked with aqueous

solutions of the nitrate form of commonly encountered metals. Seven heavy metals and six radionuclides

were evaluated at “low” and “high” concentrations. Since clay soils proved the most intractable, most

testing occurred with fine-particle soils. In general, all heavy metals partitioned in a similar

manner in the various soil size fractions. While the clay and silt fractions contained the bulk of the

spiked contamination, 26% of the contaminants were contained within the coarse sand/gravel fractions.

For the “high” spiked samples, the coarse fraction failed to meet the Dutch “B” Values or Canadian

Residential levels. Thus, conventional soil washing alone, which relies on particle size classification, would be ineffective in treating these soils. Soil pH did not appear to significantly affect

contaminant removal. While the process failed to meet regulatory levels for Cd or As spiked with 1000

ppm, it was reported that further optimization of the reagent formulation would enable target values

to be achieved. Similarly, the addition of organic contaminants had little effect on initial leaching

efficiencies, and 98% of the organics were removed from the soil. Removal efficiencies were comparable

to leaching with mineral acids, but CACITOX dissolved less than 10% of the soil matrix (compared to 40% TM

for acid washing).

Results also demonstrated that significant decontamination of radionuclide-contaminated soils

occurred after a single contact with CACITOX , and further improvement in radionuclide removal TM

efficiency was predicted. Only Cs proved intractable, probably due to its monovalent state and ion

size.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

22

Project Title

In-Pulp Decontamination of Contaminated Soils, Sludges, and Sediments

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Wood treatment site, United Interim Report Metals Soil washing (adsorption)

Kingdom

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

George Rowden Ongoing since 1990 Soil, sludge, sediment

DAVY InternationalEnvironmental Division

Stockton-on-tees

United Kingdom

tel: 44/642-602-221

fax: 44/642-341-001

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

Estimates only Bench scale Yes

In-pulp adsorption technology was originally developed for the extraction of uranium from ore and

extracting gold from matrix. In this technology, active carbon or cation exchange resins are mixed

directly with the contaminated soil slurry. It is preferable to conventional chemical leaching for

finer particle sizes (silt and clay). Contaminated substances may then be desorbed from the recovered

carbon or ion exchange resin, which is then recycled. The system reported here also includes ex situ

soil washing and chemical extraction using acid or alkaline agents. If the soil is sandy then

filtration and washing is feasible, followed by precipitation or adsorption of contaminants from

solution. However, if the soil is high in clay, then washing is less practical and in-pulp adsorption

is more attractive. Current gold-recovery plants are operating at 1.2 million tons/year, which seems

a reasonable size for contaminated soil remediation plants. Laboratory data were used to design

equipment for a pilot-scale plant (3,000 tons/day), and a financial model constructed for the site

showed that the treatment cost would be £70-80/ton. However, the pilot plant was not built. 

Soil quantification is a critical step, as it may not be possible to achieve low absolute standards

required for some metals such as arsenic. In these cases, pretreatment such as flotation or size

separation and leaching may be necessary, and the in-pulp process may be complimentary to other

processes. The leach is necessary to render some contaminants in a form suitable for adsorption.

Various adsorption resins (strong and weak, cationic and anionic, chelating) were tested together with

activated carbon and magnetite. Ion exchange resins were preferred for Cu, Cr, and Zn, but As removal

has proved difficult, because at the very low pH (<1) necessary to dissolve the element and avoid iron

precipitation, arsenic acid is not dissociated and therefore will not undergo ion exchange. Sulfuric

acid was the most effective leaching agent, removing 90-97% of the contaminants at the test site.

Copper, zinc, and chromium metals were removed to below target levels, but As exceeded the target.

Chelating reagents were able to remove only 52% of As, and a combination of flotation, screening, and

hydrocycloning achieved only 60% removal in 80% of the soil, but still above regulatory standards.

Multiple acid leaching was able to reduce As from 650 to 22 ppm (within regulatory levels), but at a

relatively high cost.

Mercury contaminated soil was leach-tested with various acids and at various temperatures. Hg

adsorption is slow, elution is difficult, and the target of 0.5 ppm was very difficult to reach. High

temperatures (550C) achieved better results, but did not achieve regulatory levels. Achieving low

absolute levels can prove difficult and costly, while a leachability criterion is easier to meet.

A sample of harbor sediment heavily contaminated with organics and metals was tested with various

acids. Nitric and hydrochloric acids were successful, but sulfuric acid did not remove the lead.

Because a substantial amount of calcium was also dissolved, and would interfere with ion exchange of

the contaminants, a two-stage leach was developed. There was no observable effect by the organics on

the leaching, and the organic removal could precede or follow metal removal.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

23

Project Title

Using Separation Processes from the Mineral Processing Industry for Soil Treatment

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

National Environmental Final Report Metals Soil washing

Technology Center, Harwell,

United Kingdom

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Michael Pearl Soil

AEA Technology

Abington, United Kingdom

tel: 44/235-463-194

fax: 44/235-463-010

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale (1⁄2 ton/ Yes

hr)

Physical separation techniques can be used to divide contaminated soil into fractions that can be

relatively easily treated. Physical treatment can also act as an early process in a treatment train

involving chemical, biological, or thermal processes to reduce the volume of material requiring

subsequent remediation and to convert the material into a more suitable form (such as a slurry).

Although physical treatment alone could not reduce the absolute concentration of heavy metals to

acceptable levels in some soils, physical treatment in combination with a mild acid leach was reported

to reduce mobile contaminants in soil to below a leachability criterion. The reported soil washing

included physical particle separation and chemical extraction using acids, alkalis, surfactants, and

complexing agents.

A number of 5-20 kg samples of contaminated soil were collected from various representative locations

throughout the U.K. for bench-scale characterization testing. Sites included former gasworks, coke

works, canal dredgings, chemical works, metal reprocessing and pickling plants, and chromium- and

mercury-contaminated sites. Contaminants included arsenic, complexed cyanides, mercury, chromium,

copper, lead, nickel, zinc, PAHs, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Twenty to fifty tons of soil from the

metal reprocessing works and gasworks were additionally sampled for pilot-scale testing.

Bench-scale analyses involved grain-size distribution and fractionating, hydrocyclone and attrition

scrubbing with various reagents, specific-gravity tests of preferential contaminant partitioning,

froth flotation testing of contaminant hydrophobicity, and magnetic susceptibility tests to determine

preferential contaminant partitioning based on magnetic properties. Froth flotation is suited to fine

grain sizes but an excessive clay content interferes with flotation performance by shielding particle

surfaces from collector attachment. Therefore, in this project tests were generally conducted by

desliming the sample (removing <10μm particles) before flotation.

Clay fractions showed higher contamination than the coarser fractions. Lengthening the time of

attrition scrubbing did not appreciably remove contaminants, which is thought to result from the

adsorption of contaminants within the pores and thus not accessible to surface abrasion. Heavy metals

were present in all fractions with a specific gravity (sg) greater than 2.8, and the greatest weight

percentage of contaminants exists in the <2.5 sg fraction. The soil from the metal reprocessing plant

showed that 91.7% of the sample weight was associated with the <2.99 sg fraction, and the TCLP result

was 15 times lower than the criteria for Pb, 54 times lower than for Zn, and 59 times lower than for Cu.

A potential treatment process for this soil was therefore reported as a combination of physical

separation as a pretreatment for fines and concentration of a substantial quantity of the heavy metals

by gravity. This low volume concentrate and the fines would be stabilized, while the remaining bulk

could be acid-leached to remove mobile species. Froth flotation studies on the fine fraction

demonstrated a 53% reduction in petroleum hydrocarbons and 45% reduction in PAHs. When applied to the

<3 mm fraction from the former coke works, the technique resulted in significant concentration of PAHs,

mineral oils, and heavy metals. Ninety six percent of the mineral oils and 80% of the PAHs could be

removed in froth concentrates, which constituted 32% of the original contaminants. Heavy metals

recovery ranged from 50-70%. Froth flotation gave a poor response in metals removal to the metal-
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

24

reprocessing and chemical works soils. Magnetic separation investigations implied that commercial

exploitation of this technique may not be cost-effective.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

25

Project Title

Demonstration of Peroxidation Systems, Inc.

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Tracy, California Final Report Chlorinated VOCs Photochemical

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Norma Lewis September 1992 Groundwater

Risk Reduction

Engineering Laboratory,

Cincinnati, Ohio

U.S.A.

tel: (513) 569-7665

fax: (513) 569-7887

Costs Documented? Project Size Results Available?

Yes Pilot scale Yes

The technology was demonstrated under the SITE program for the treatment of groundwater contaminated

with volatile organic compounds (VOC) including trichloroethane (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE),

1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA); 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA), and chloroform. Trichloroethane and PCE were

the principal contaminants with concentrations of about 1,000 and 100 μg/L, respectively.

The perox-pureTM system generally produced an effluent that contained TCE, PCE, and DCA at levels below

detection limits, and TCA and chloroform at levels slightly above detection limits. The system

achieved maximum removal efficiencies of greater than 99.9, 98.7, and 95.8 percent for TCE, PCE, and

DCA, respectively. The system also achieved removal efficiencies of up to 92.9 and 93.6 percent for TCA

and chloroform, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the influent and effluent samples for VOCs indicated

that no new target compounds or tentatively identified compounds (TIC) were not formed during

treatment. However, the toxicity of the effluent to water flea and flathead minnow was found to be

greater than for the influent probably due to residual hydrogen peroxide being present. The treated

effluent met California drinking water action levels and Federal drinking water maximum contaminant

levels for all VOCs at the 95 percent confidence level. Cost analysis indicated that the groundwater

remediation cost for a 50 gallon per minute perox-pureTM system would range from $7 to $11 per 1,000

gallons, depending on contaminated groundwater characteristics. Of this total cost, the perox-pureTM

system direct treatment cost would range from $3 to $5 per 1,000 gallons.

The perox-pureTM system uses UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize dissolved organic compounds

present in water at parts per million levels or less. The goal is to oxidize organic compounds to carbon

dioxide, water, chlorides, or possibly simple organic acids. UV is generated by 5 kW medium pressure

mercury vapor lamps. These lamps are fitted with wipers to remove an organic coating that tends to build

up during operation and may reduce their efficiency. This treatment technology produces no air

emissions and generates no sludge or spent media that requires further processing, handling or

disposal. Ideally, end products include water, carbon dioxide, halides, and in some cases, organic

acids. The principal oxidants in the system, hydroxyl radicals, are produced by direct photolysis of

hydrogen peroxide at UV wavelengths.

The perox-pureTM chemical oxidation treatment system used for the SITE technology demonstration was

assembled from the following portable, skid mounted components: an oxidation unit, a hydrogen peroxide

feed module, an acid feed module, a base feed module, a UV lamp drive, and a control panel. The oxidation

unit has six reactors in series, with one 5 kW UV lamp in each reactor, and a total volume of 15 gallons.

Circular wipers mounted on the lamp housing are used periodically to remove any accumulated solids

formed as a result of oxidation of metals, water hardness, or solids precipitation.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

26

Project Title

In Situ Microbial Filters

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Kennedy Space Center, Florida Final Report VOC: Bioremediation (in situ)

Trichloroethane

(TCE)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Richard B. Knapp Groundwater

Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory

Livermore, California

U.S.A

tel: (510) 423-3328

fax: (510) 422-3118

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

Yes Bench and Pilot No

scale

In situ biodegradation with resting populations of TCE-degrading bacteria was reported as technically

successful, but did not meet regulatory guidelines in the Florida pilot-test due to unexpectedly high

co-contamination by chlorofluorocarbon and methane, which were preferentially degraded over TCE, and

by a low oxygen content in the groundwater. This technology is most economical for large plumes with

fast-flowing groundwater and low TCE concentrations (<10 ppm). Minimum ambient criteria include pore

size of >10μ (to permit bacterial transport); groundwater pH of 7±1; low concentrations of TCE

(concentrations of 25 ppm become toxic and populations must be frequently replenished); and dissolved

O must be high enough, with ranges given of 0.37-1.28 ppm depending upon contaminant and 2

concentration). The total cost for the biofiltration process was reported to be about half of the

probable pump-and-treat costs, while involving only about 10% of the volume of pump-and-treat. 

Indigenous TCE-eating bacteria were collected from groundwater, cultured in surface vessels,

separated from the culture media, mixed with groundwater, and re-injected into the contaminated zone.

An estimated 10% of the injected bacteria attach to the subsurface soils. No nutrients are subsequently

added, the organisms dependent entirely upon the pollutant for their carbon intake. The enhanced

population of bacteria form a biofiltration zone below the water table through which contaminated

groundwater is alternately withdrawn and injected underground (“huff-and-puff”), greatly increasing

the residence time of the contaminants in contact with the bacteria.

Four major engineering considerations affect the performance of the in situ biofilter: (1) the

contaminants must stay within the biofilter long enough to be degraded, hence the “huff-and-puff”

pumping; (2) the degradation capacity of a given bacterial population is fixed, since no additional

nutrients are provided and key biochemicals are lost during the degradation process; (3) there is a

maximum number of bacteria that can be made to attach to the soil, related to the groundwater chemistry,

that in turn influences residence time and degradation capacity (mainly controlled by in situ

conditions); and (4) as key biochemicals are destroyed as the microbes run out of stored energy, the

biodegradation reaction eventually terminates as bacteria decompose. Bench-scale testing revealed

that the degradation capacity of the bacteria at the site was about 0.25 g/TCE per gram of bacteria. The

thickness of the biofilter varies according to the subsurface flow and the contaminant concentration,

with values ranging from under 1 cm to over 50 cm, at 20C and 10 cells/gram of sand. A 10 cm filter 8

provided complete breakdown for 8 weeks, and had reduced degradation capacity for up to 16 weeks.

A series of laboratory experiments concluded with empirical mathematical models that predict various

biodegradation parameters based on in situ conditions. Saturation, attachment rates, entrainment

rates, and enzymatic longevity functions were modeled, providing quantitative data for qualitative

limits on engineering parameters. Where limits exist, they are dependent upon the population

longevity, the population's degradation capacity, or the residence time of the contaminated

groundwater in contact with the biofilter. Laboratory tests have shown that most soils displayed some

preferential distribution of contamination to certain physical soil fractions, but the degree was not

always sufficient for the fractions with lowest concentration of contaminants to be acceptable as inert
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

27

fill. Reassessing the soil in terms of contaminant mobility using the TCLP test rather than absolute

concentration suggests the role of physical treatment as a preparatory stage in an overall treatment

train that also involves biological or chemical decontamination.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

28

Project Title

Phase Transfer Oxidation

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Final Report VOC: Trichloro- Photochemical Oxidation

ethane (TCE) (ex situ) for adsorbent

regeneration

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Mark Smith Groundwater

U.S. Air Force

Tyndall AFB, Florida

U.S.A.

tel: (904) 283-6126

fax: (904) 283-6286

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale November 1994

The “Hand-D” contaminant destruction process cleans the water in two stages. In the first stage,

volatile and semivolatile organic contaminants are adsorbed, and in the second stage adsorbents are

regenerated in situ using an advanced oxidation process (AOP). The adsorbent was reported to have a

very high capacity for TCE (up to 10 times carbon for TCE and 30 times for other VOCs), and very durable.

Destruction came from complete oxidation, and advantages included on-site regeneration of the reagent

and low operational costs. 

Several AOP regeneration schemes were investigated, including photocatalytic destruction, H O /O , and 22 3

UV/H O . Trials using Rohm and Haas Ambersorb 563 adsorbent and various AOPs revealed that the concept 2 2

is impractical because (1) the rate of regeneration is limited by the desorption of contaminants from

the adsorbent (improvements in oxidation catalysts do not improve the process) and (2) regeneration

of the adsorbent required significantly more oxidant than was required for the direct oxidation of

contaminants in homogeneous solution. Heating the adsorbent to promote desorption was only partially

successful, requiring steam temperatures for effective desorption. The use of steam increases costs

considerably, negating the potential advantages. The regeneration required constant stirring, and

regeneration was ultimately limited by desorption. This meant that the regeneration process required

much more Ambersorb than originally estimated, making the economics questionable.

Steam desorption of Ambersorb is already a process available from vendors using a Rohm and Haas system.

In the course of the study, a significantly improved photo-oxidation catalyst was developed by doping

anatase (TiO ) with 1 percent platinum. This catalyst effectively destroyed chlorinated and non- 2

chlorinated hydrocarbons in aqueous solution. 
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

29

Project Title

Bioventing in the Subarctic Environment

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Eielson Air Force Base, Interim Report VOC: BTEX (JP4 Bioremediation (in situ

Alaska kerosene) bioventing)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Catherine Vogel 1990-1994 Groundwater

U.S. Air Force

Tyndall AFB, Florida

U.S.A.

tel: (904) 283-6126

fax: (904) 283-6286

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No (will be next Pilot scale No

year)

A four-year pilot-scale project was undertaken to determine whether bioventing is feasible under

arctic conditions, and whether bioventing can be influenced by heating the soil. Preliminary

conclusions from studying five controlled plots near Fairbanks, Alaska, are that bioventing is

practical, but relatively slow, and that passive warming through black-plastic mulching of solar heat

was about 1/3 the rate of active artificial warming.

Several thousand gallons of jet fuel were accidentally spilled and contaminated soil and groundwater.

The groundwater table was 6 m. The conditions at the site were extreme, with average annual

temperatures at 0C (-30 to +30C). There is no permafrost. Five plots were developed, with three

warmed by hot water injection, surface electric heat tape, and passive solar warmth mulched with

plastic insulation. The other two plots were controls, with no heat supplied. No nutrients or microbes

were added to the plots, depending entirely upon ambient conditions.

Costs and performance will be documented in the next year's report.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

30

Project Title

In Situ Removal of Coal Tar

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Brodhead Creek Superfund Interim Report SVOC (Coal Soil Washing (in situ hot

Site, Eastern Pennsylvania Tar) water injection)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

John Banks September 1994  Groundwater

Environmental Protection January 1995

Agency

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

U.S.A.

tel: (215) 597-8555

fax: (215) 597-9890

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

No Full scale No

Solvents and BTEX were released into an aquifer and nearby river from a former coal gasification plant.

Free coal tar exists (100% pore-volume saturation) in natural stratigraphic depressions in the

saturated zone. Due to problems associated with excavation, the site favored an in situ remediation

process. A slurry wall was constructed to intercept further flow to the river.

The method was developed to recover petroleum from oil shale deposits, and is called “contained removal

of oily wastes” (CROW). Treatability studies at this site verified 60-70% removal of coal tar, but

virtually 100% of the more mobile fractions. A pattern of six injection and two extraction wells were

placed in the free-product area. Hot water (71C) injection will be maintained for four months. Hot

water injection reduced the coal-tar viscosity and density to less than the surrounding hot water. Oily

waste and water were pumped out and cleaned on site, and the clean water was reinjected. Dense nonaqueous phase liquids are removed by gravity separation. Mobilization and recovery of the waste are

determined largely by the temperature of the injected water. Lateral containment is achieved by

controlling the injection and extraction rates to isolate hydraulically the affected area from the

surrounding groundwater. The overall extraction rate is 570 liters per minute. The recovered residue

is incinerated off-site. 

The Brodhead Creek site has been selected as a Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)

project, with close EPA-sponsored monitoring of cost and performance. These data ultimately will be

published as a SITE report.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

31

Project Title

Basket Creek Surface Impoundment

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Atlanta, Georgia Final Report VOCs Soil Vapor Extraction

(solvents)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Donald Rigger November 1991  Soil

Environmental Protection February 1993

Agency

Atlanta, Georgia

U.S.A.

tel: (404) 347-3931

fax: (404) 347-4464

Costs Documented? Project Size Report Available?

Yes Full scale: Yes

0.1 ha; 765 m3

Sampling revealed very high levels of volatile organic carbons (toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl

isobutyl ketone in concentrations exceeding 30%), trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in

concentrations of 8,000 ppm, mercury (400 ppm), and lead (5,000 ppm). The Basket Creek Site, an

abandoned industrial waste dump, is located in a residential area near Atlanta, Georgia. In all, about

765 m of contaminated soil are present with total organic concentrations of 5-10%. 3

A temporary building was erected over the site and all excavation and soil treatment took place within

this building, which was maintained under negative pressure. Contaminated soil was excavated,

screened, and treated with an ex situ vapor extraction technology. The entire operation is designed

to control volatile emissions, and only small areas (<10 m ) were opened at any time. A portable hood 2

was placed over the excavation to facilitate vapor recovery. Vapors will be collected in a flexible

duct under negative air pressure. Excavation took about twelve weeks. Soil was sized with a vibrating

screen, also under vacuum. Air monitoring and sampling demonstrated that no VOCs were present outside

the containment building at detectable concentrations.

Excavated soil was piled inside a temporary building to a height of about 0.6 m. Slotted well screens

were placed at various elevations in the piles, and ambient air was forced through the piles to expedite

vapor extraction and drying. Vapor extraction continued until VOC levels fell below 1,000 ppm total

halogenated organic compounds and the soil passes the Toxic Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

for MEK and TCE. Treated soil was ultimately disposed of off site.

Extracted vapors from excavation, screening, processing, and treatment were passed through a baghouse

for particulate recovery prior to thermal oxidation. Approximately 72,000 lbs. of VOCs were thermally

destroyed over the course of the project. The unit is expected to demonstrate a destruction efficiency

of 99%, based on sample detection limits, and cost about US$2 million.
KEY

Major FeatureMinor Feature

Bioremediation Title

Stabilization/

Solidification

Pump-and-Treat

Soil Washing

Technology Type Media

Country

Status Contaminant

TPH/BTEX

Non-Chlorinated

SVOCs

Metals/Radionuclides

Chlorinated SVOCs

Soil/Sludge

Groundwater

Surface Water

Air

In Situ

Bioremediation of Petrochemicals Following a Major FireBioclogging of Aquifers for Containment and Remediation of Organic ContaminantsRemediation of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Contaminated Soil and GroundwaterRehabilitation of a Site Contaminated by Tar Substances Using a New On-Site TechniqueInnovative Treatment of Polluted Soil in a Mobile Solvent Extraction Unit

In Situ Groundwater Treatment System

Mobile Low Temperature Thermal Treatment SystemFluidized Bed Soil Cleaning Plan “BORAN”

Slurry Decontamination ProcessSoil Washing and DCR Dehalogenation of PCB-Contaminated SitesIn Situ Soil Vapor Extraction Within Containment Cells Combined with Ex Situ BioremediationEnhancement Techniques for Ex Situ Soil Separation Processes (Fine Particles)Multi-Vendor Treatability Demonstration of Bioremediation TechnologyIntegrated Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation for the In Situ Treatment of Soil

Newly Accepted Projects, September 1994

NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II — Soil and Groundwater Remediation Projects

Photo/chemical

Denmark

France

Australia

France

Norway

Netherlands

UKUK

USAUSA

Use of White-Rot Fungi for Decontamination of Creosote Contaminated Oil

Soil Vapor Extraction

Chlorinated VOCs

Thermal

Australia

Australia

GermanyGermany

Norway

New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)New (1994)
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

33

NEWLY ACCEPTED PROJECTS

The following 15 projects were accepted at the Oxford conference in September 1994 for inclusion in the

Pilot Study. Three additional nominations by the United States were not accepted because they would

have exceeded the limit of four projects at any one time for the United States.

Project Title

Bioremediation of Petrochemicals Following a Major Fire

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Petrochemical facility, New BTEX, VOCs Bioremediation (in situ

Melbourne, Australia and ex situ)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

S.H. Rhodes November 1991  1995 Soil, groundwater, surface water

Minenco Bioremediation

Services

Sydney, NSW

Australia

tel: 

fax: 

Costs Estimated? Project Size Results Available?

No Full scale N/A

A fire in August 1991 at a petrochemical storage facility resulted in extensive contamination of soil

and groundwater. Also, 12 million liters of contaminated fire-fighting water was collected and stored

for subsequent decontamination. Contaminants included BTEX, phenol, methyl ethyl ketone, and others.

Soil contamination with phenol was measured up to 24,000 ppm, along with high concentrations of VOCs.

Laboratory testing with cultured microbes on 1 million liters of water reduced phenol concentrations

from 1,400 to 50 mg/l in four days. Phenol is highly toxic to microbes in concentrations above about

4,000 ppm. Testing demonstrated, however, that the phenol toxicity could be managed using slurry

bioreactors and in situ simulations. Very rapid degradation was demonstrated in the laboratory, where

phenols were reduced from 11,000 to 170 ppm after 11 days. The microbial culture was prepared on site

in batches and added (together with appropriate nutrients) to the contaminated water. After about two

weeks, biotreatment of impounded water was complete; total phenols were reduced to <0.1 mg/l and the

Microtox EC test showed no residual toxicity. 50

A field trial of the proposed process was carried out using 100 tons of soil from selected hot spots.

The trial demonstrated the rate and extent of phenol removal, as well as its fate and any limiting

parameters. Initial soil phenol concentrations averaged 1,200 ppm, which was reduced to <0.1 mg/L in

two days. Soil microbiology revealed a 10-fold increase in total heterotrophs and phenol degraders

within two weeks, then continuing increases over the trial period from 10 to 10 per gram. The pilot 5 7

trial lasted 45 weeks, and resulted in a steadily declining phenol mass. After the trial period,

approximately 90% of the phenol was degraded in situ and about 10% was removed by flushing (and was

degraded in the recirculating leachate tank bioreactor).

In situ treatment of 1,600 m of phenol-contaminated soil began in May 1993, with addition of 2

controlled-release nutrients, mixing of surface soil, and regular irrigation with batches of treated

water (from the bioreactor). Treatment of an additional 3,000 m commenced in September 1993. Soil 2

phenol levels decreased rapidly in the top 60 cm from levels as high as 1,800 ppm to below 100 ppm.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

34

Project Title

Bioclogging of Aquifers for Containment and Remediation of Organic Contaminants

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Former fuel service New BTEX and VOCs Biological containment

station (in situ)

Adelaide, South Australia

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

C. Johnston Groundwater

CSIRO Division of Water

Resources

tel: 

fax: 

Costs Estimated? Project Size Results Available?

No Pilot scale N/A

Temporary containment of organic non-aqueous-phase liquids and dissolved organic contaminants can be

accomplished by manipulating bacteria in situ to produce polysaccharides (slimes), thereby reducing

hydraulic conductivity around sources and providing an isolated zone for subsequent remediation.

Biological clogging of aquifers is often regarded as a nuisance adjacent to boreholes, but this

phenomenon can have potential benefits. Since stimulation of microbial activity can also lead to

degradation of NAPLs, this bioclogging zone becomes a biologically active barrier to containment

spread.

The project will determine conditions favorable to the production of polysaccharides, identify

appropriate bacterial strains, and develop appropriate injection methods. The proposed study

integrates research on the intrinsic bioremediation of dissolved organics and aquifer clogging by

bacteria to reduce seepage.

The project will include a pilot-scale field experiment to determine the efficiency of available carbon

and nutrient delivery systems to achieve optimum conditions for bacterial polysaccharide production.

This will aim to reduce hydraulic conductivity enough to temporarily isolate the contaminated zone.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

35

Project Title

Remediation of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Contaminated Soil and Groundwater

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Petroleum distribution New MEK Pump-and-Treat and

center Soil Vapor Extraction

Australia

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Trevor Bridle August 1994 Soil and groundwater

Environmental Solutions onward

International, Ltd.

Leederville, West Australia

tel: 61/09-242-2422

fax: 61/09-242-1822

Costs Estimated? Project Size Results Available?

No Full scale N/A

Significant contamination has accumulated over the years at a petroleum distribution center, resulting

in plumes of methyl ethyl ketone in the groundwater. The site is being remediated using a combination

of soil vapor extraction and on-site treatment of recovered groundwater and vapors. Preliminary pump

testing has revealed up to 130 m /hour flow of groundwater contaminated with up to 5,000 mg/l ketone, 3

air stripping treatment streams up to 100 m /hour contaminated with up to 1,500 mg/Nm MEK vapor, and up 3 3

to 5 m /day of recovered hydrocarbon product. Environmental regulations permit up to 300 mg/l in 3

treated groundwater and 10 mg/Nm in the stack exhaust. An MEK stripper, vacuum extraction system, and 3

afterburner were designed and built in mid-1994.

Contaminated groundwater passes through an oil/water separator prior to being air-stripped. The

custom-designed stripper provides at least 90% MEK removal. Stripped groundwater is tested for

compliance with standards prior to being discharged into a sewer. Contaminated air from the stripper

is combined with fumes from the vacuum extraction manifold and fed to an oxidizer/afterburner, where

it is burned at 760C. 

The system was commissioned in August 1994 and preliminary performance data for the customized air

stripper has been reported. Even for low MEK concentrations in the influents (<1000 mg/L) a 90% removal

efficiency has been obtained at temperatures 60C with stripped groundwater concentrations

reportedly well below the 300 mg/L limit. Unusual residual benzene concentrations of about 10 ppm in

the groundwater, normally easily stripped, are probably due to the solubility of benzene in MEK. 
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

36

Project Title

Rehabilitation of a Site Contaminated by Tar Substances Using a New On-Site Technique

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Former Gasworks New VOCs, SVOCs (Tar Thermal

Copenhagen, Denmark Substances)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Inge-Marie Skovgaard 18 months Soil

Environmental Protection

Agency

Copenhagen, Denmark

tel: 45/32-66-0100

fax: 45/32-96-1656

Costs Estimated? Project Size Results Available?

Yes Full scale N/A

A former coal gasification plant in Copenhagen is heavily contaminated with light and heavy tar

substances, including PAHs. The project is dealing with two former tar reservoirs, which approximately

measure 1,000 square meters, each with a total estimated contamination content of 12,000 tons.

Analysis measurements estimate nearly 75,000 mg tar/kg soil near the bottom of the reservoirs, but most

of the soil contains between 200 - 1,000 mg tar/kg soil. This project proposes to demonstrate an

innovative, two-step thermal treatment of the soil, with contained air emissions. This will be the

first full-scale application of this technique.

During the first step, VOCs will be removed and the overall soil moisture content reduced. The second

stage will incinerate the soil at a higher temperature, degrading the SVOCs such as PAHs. The two-step

process optimizes the energy use, since relatively low-cost energy is used to evaporate the ambient

water. The entire treatment area (tar reservoirs as well as the treatment plant) will be enclosed in

a ventilated tent. Noxious emissions will be removed using activated carbon. It is anticipated that

the technique can remediate soil contaminated with up to 75,000 ppm tar, permitting reuse of the soil.

The total cost of the project is estimated to be DKK 18.1 million (ECU 2.4 million). The project is

financed by EU, the City of Copenhagen, and the Danish EPA. The preliminary result from the on-site

thermal treatment plant indicates that it is possible to clean tar contamination (the 16 EPA-PAH) from

approximately 20,000 ppm to less than 10 ppm (99.5% cleaning).
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

37

Project Title

Innovative In Situ Groundwater Treatment System

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Former paint plant New VOCs (Tetrachloro- Air Stripping

Aubagne, France ethylene)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Gérard Marceau 14 Months Groundwater

ICF Kaiser

Environnement

Gennevilliers, France

tel: (1)46-88-9900

fax: (1)46-88-9911

Costs Estimated? Project Size Results Available?

No Full scale N/A

At a former paint plant in Aubagne, tetrachloroethylene (PCE) exists in groundwater at concentrations

of 3 to 4 ppm (10,000 ppm in soil). An innovative in situ air-stripping system will be used to remediate

the groundwater to concentrations below 1 ppm. Fifteen special vapor extraction wells will be drilled

in the area. These special wells consist of two co-annular wells (a small-diameter well within a

larger-diameter well). The inner well extends from the ground surface into the saturated zone, and is

screened in the contamination zone (approximately 27 m). The outer well extends through the vadose zone

and terminates above the water table (approximately 5 m). An air injection line with a diffuser in the

inner well produces bubbles of a controllable size. The rising bubbles strip the VOCs from the

groundwater. Air injection is planned at a rate of 60 m /hour, which is capable of lifting 30 m /hour of 3 3

water. The rising bubbles cause a vertical circulation of contaminated water.

A numerical model of bubble flow and phase transfer has been developed that permits estimates of flow

patterns, pressure gradients, gas and water velocities, and mass transfer characteristics. According

to the model, flow pattern and mass transfer of VOCs between the water and gas phases are largely

controlled by bubble diameter.

This technique is estimated to be 10-15% cheaper than conventional pump-and-treat technologies, and

additionally requires little maintenance, no secondary water disposal, and consolidates the

contaminant into a single phase (air). Disadvantages include potential cross-contamination of a

shallower aquifer and impact on groundwater levels.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

38

Project Title

Treatment of Polluted Soil in a Mobile Solvent Extraction Unit

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

France New SVOCs (PAHs, PCBs, Soil washing (proprietary

Pesticides, other heavy solvents)

organics)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

[No Contact Provided] Soil

GRS

Paris, France

tel: (1)53-69-6180

fax: (1)47-34-6855

Costs Estimated? Project Size Results Available?

No Pilot scale N/A

A new mobile industrial pilot-scale capability is being demonstrated to treat fine soils contaminated

with high molecular weight organics such as PAHs and PCBs. The soil preparation and feed system,

solvent regeneration, and soil dryer are proven technologies. The innovative components include the

modified flotation cells for fine particles and the separation of fine particles by controlling surface

tension.

The process is expected to reduce contaminant concentration by 95-99%, and can be applied to PAHs, PCBs,

pesticides, and heavy petroleum oils. The mobile pilot process, which is transported in three

trailers, can be set up within two days and can handle 2-5 tons/day. The process operates under reduced

air pressure, thus preventing emissions to the atmosphere. There also is no aqueous effluent. The

cleaned soil contains about 10 ppm solvent, but this is easily biodegradable. During process operation

the temperature of the soil does not exceed 100C even within the soil dryer. Solvent vapors are

distilled and recycled; contaminants are ultimately incinerated off-site.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

39

Project Title

Mobile Low Temperature Thermal Treatment Process

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Germany New VOCs, Chlorinated Thermal (low temperature)

VOCs, Mercury

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Arno Klusmann 1994 onward Soil (fine-grained)

Ruhrkohle

Umwelttechnik GmbH

Bottrop, Germany

tel: 49/02041/166-610

fax: 49/02041/166-612

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

Yes Pilot scale N/A

A mobile, low-temperature treatment process has been developed to deal with highly volatile

contaminants in fine-grained soils. This process produces virtually no waste gas and is intended to

treat contaminants such as chlorinated solvents and mercury where the off-gas produced by hightemperature combustion would otherwise require further treatment and regulatory licensing. The

evaporated contaminants are collected for off-site handling or disposal. 

Soil screened to a particle size <15 mm is heated within a gas-tight evaporator to 290C under

continuous agitation for 30-45 minutes. Final temperature depends upon the contaminants. Steam

injection is used to accelerate contaminant removal, particularly for hydrocarbons. This step

essentially is a thermal phase-transfer operation, stripping the volatiles from the soil into gaseous

phase. The cleaned soil is cooled and wetted (7-10% moisture), after which it can be returned to the

site for reuse.

Exhaust gases from the evaporator contain a high water content, and are cooled by condensation to 5C.

Hydrocarbons and mercury are separated from the water, which is fed into a water treatment plant for use

in the soil cooling unit. The contaminants themselves are separated into a light phase (low-boiling

hydrocarbons) and heavy phase (high-boiling hydrocarbons and mercury), and ultimately recycled or

treated elsewhere. Residual gas from the condensation step is removed with activated carbon.

Experiments have demonstrated reduction of VOCs in soil from 1,000 ppm to 0.01 ppm. Mineral oils in sand

were reduced from 2,680 ppm to 10 ppm and from 38100 ppm to 61 ppm in clay. Mercury was reduced from 280

to 4.4 ppm in sand and from 11,000 to 83 ppm in clay. According to experimental data, costs of cleaning

mineral oils or solvents would be about US$125/ton. For chlorinated hydrocarbons or mercury the cost

might rise to $150/ton and up to US$190/ton for munitions wastes. 

The mobile plant, which eliminates transportation costs and the costs associated with obtaining

permits, is cost-effective for 800 tons or more of soil when compared to a fixed central facility.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

40

Project Title

Fluidized Bed Soil Treatment Process “BORAN”

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Germany New Chlorinated and non- Thermal

chlorinated SVOCs

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

[No Contact Soil and slurry

Provided]

Bodenreinigung GmbH

Berlin

tel: 49/30-393-1078

fax: 49/30-391-1197

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale N/A

A rotating fluidized-bed system has been designed to improve mixing of solids during combustion. 

Contaminated soil initially is screened to 20 mm. Oversized material is transferred elsewhere for

safe disposal. Controlled elliptical circulation produces superior lateral mixing and turbulence,

which also enhances combustion efficiency. Uniform temperature distributions induce complete

combustion of PAHs and PCBs. The furnace operates continuously at 900C, using fuel oil supplied at the

rate of 725 liters/hour, since the contaminated soil has a negligible calorific value. A downstream

flue-gas cyclone removes soil particles swept into the exhaust gas; this cyclone has a capacity of 7.5

tons/hour, and will remove up to 85% of the entrained fines. Flue gas is then passed to an afterburner

(1,200C) and quench chamber prior to being recycled to the combustion air preheater.

Gas cleaning is accomplished by adsorption in two steps. Primary adsorption of organics is

accomplished by continuous addition of sorbent to the furnace, mixed in with feedstock soil. Flue gases

are cooled and condensed prior to secondary inorganic adsorption. Fresh limestone is injected into the

gas downstream to increase adsorption of HCl and SO . Entrained fines and reaction products are 2

separated in a bag filter with further limestone adsorption.

Residual organics, including dioxins and furans as well as heavy metals, are adsorbed in two activated

carbon filters. The used filters are fed back to the fluidized bed reactor.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

41

Project Title

Slurry Decontamination Process

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

The Netherlands New Organics Bioremediation (ex situ)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

René H. Kleijntjens 1993-1995 Soil (clay slurries and sediments)

Biotechnology Integrated

Research & Development

Schiedam, The Netherlands

tel: 31/41-57822

fax: 31/43-79648

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

Yes Pilot scale N/A

Contaminated wet clays and peat soils are expensive to treat thermally, but are promising candidates

for a slurry decontamination process. Bench-scale experimentation has documented the strengths and

potential applications of the slurry decontamination process (including biological oxidation of

contaminants, mobile/fixed installations, and lack of secondary wastes). The current drawbacks to the

system include inadequate final decontamination levels, restriction to organic pollutants, and high

price (compared to land farming).

The pilot study objectives are to design and construct a pilot plant by 1993; establish process

parameters, determine costs, and design a full-scale plant in 1994; and enter the market in 1995. 

Contaminated soil is mixed and sieved; coarse fractions are washed and dewatered conventionally. The

fines are treated in cascading bioreactors before they are dewatered. Off-gases are passed through

biological filters, and process water is recycled internally. The end product is a pressed clay cake.

The pilot-scale plant has demonstrated a remediation of 3,000 to 200 ppm of oil in 60 days; the

remediation proceeded very rapidly (down to 500 ppm after 25 days).
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

42

Project Title

Use of White-Rot Fungi for Bioremediation of Creosote-Contaminated Soil

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Jordforsk, Norway New PAHs (Creosote) Bioremediation (ex

situ)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Trine Eggen July 1994  November Soil

Jordforsk 1995

1432 ÅS, Norway

tel: 47/64-94-8100

fax: 47/64-94-8110

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale N/A

Lignin, a component of woody plants, is resistant to attack by most microorganisms. White-rot fungi

have unique, nonspecific mechanisms that enable them to degrade lignin. The fungi produces several

extracellular enzymes (phenoloxydases) that oxydize lignin and other complex and hard biodegradable

compounds, including a wide range of pollutants.

The first part of the project was a screening test that included optimalization of growth (type of

substrate, pre-treatment of substrate, water content) and evaluation of various organic additives.

Underway are bench-scale radiolabelling experiments to study the production of metabolites during

degradation and other bench-scale experiments to examine the stimulating effect of compost on the

humification of high-weight PAHs.

Bench-scale composting experiments, planned for January to May, 1995, will compare two-phase

composting (pre-optimizing soil and inoculation with fungi) to one-phase composting (inoculation

without soil optimization). A pilot test, scheduled for June-November 1995 at an abandoned mine in

Norway, will be conducted under optimal conditions. 
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

43

Project Title

Soil Washing and DCR Dehalogenation of PCB-Contaminated Soil

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Norway New Chlorinated SVOCs Soil Washing and DCR

(PCBs) dehalogenation

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

James Berg July 1994  November Soil

Aquateam 1995

Oslo, Norway

tel: 47/22-67-9310

fax: 47/22-67-2012

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale N/A

One of Norway's largest energy distribution companies has a transformer-storage area contaminated with

PCBs (about 1,000 metric tons). The only commercial treatment alternative, export and incineration,

is prohibitively expensive. An innovative process of soil washing (for volume reduction) and DCR

dehalogenation of enriched sludge is being considered for on-site remediation. The principal

advantage of this process is that small volumes of wet soils can be economically treated.

After a pilot soil washing 4 m of material, a “clean” fractionabout 70% by volume of the original 3

materialhad a PCB concentration of <10 ppm compared with untreated soil values of about 100 ppm. Bench

tests have shown that soil contaminated with 1,000 ppm could be reduced to about 50 ppm using simple

additives and increasing temperature and pH. In a recently completed pilot test, 4 m of soils 3

containing about 400 ppm PCB were treated to <10 ppm under optimal conditions, with a volume reduction

of about 70%.

The DCR dehalogenation process involves two steps. In the first step, wet sludge is chemically

dispersed and dehydrated with hydrophobized lime. In the second phase, a nucleophilic reagent is added

that dehalogenates the matrix. 

The soil will be treated at the site using a 2 tons/hour mobile washing plant. The treatment goal for

the clean fraction produced by the soil washing plant has yet to be set by the regulatory authorities,

but is assumed to be about 10 ppm PCB. The cleaned soil will be stored on site with a soil cap. The

dehalogenation of PCB involves an exothermic chemical disintegration, after which it is dispersed into

a fine powder.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

44

Project Title

In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction Within Containment Cells

Combined with Ex Situ Bioremediation and Groundwater Treatment

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Abandoned Coal Processing New VOCs (benzene), Soil Vapor Extraction

Plant and Cokeworks SVOCs (phenols, (in situ) and

Derwenthaugh, United PAHs), free oil Bioremediation (ex

Kingdom situ)

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Paul Theile 1991  1996 (total) Soil, groundwater

Miller Environmental Ltd. 1993  1994 (this aspect)

West Yorkshire, United

Kingdom

tel: 44/977-555-427

fax: 44/997-555-684

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

Yes: £8 million Full scale N/A

(55 ha)

This represents the first multi-process (integrated) remediation project in the U.K. The site, bounded

by rivers, is designated as a strategic wildlife corridor and Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Investigations have shown that the site encompasses areas of high toxicity hazardous waste,

impractical to move off site. This current phase of the project, estimated to cost £2.9 million,

involves the remediation of 7.9 ha encompassing the coke works portion of the site. 

Both soil and groundwater are significantly contaminated with a range of oil, volatile organics

(including benzene in very high concentrations), phenols, and PAHs. Evidence was found of groundwater

migration off site to the adjacent River Derwent. The first stage of the remediation was to install a

cutoff wall through the shallow aquifer to prevent river water from entering the site as well as to

prevent the contaminant plume from reaching the river.

Free phase and vapor recovery is accomplished with vacuum extraction, with parameters established

following a field trial. The field trial involved six 100 mm and four 50 mm wells drilled to 5 m depth

and connected to a vacuum unit through a liquid/gas separator and activated carbon units. After 14 days

of static operation, the wells then were used to gradually depress the water table. The effective

radius of influence of the 100 mm wells was greater than the smaller wells, averaging 18.5 m. Following

the phase I field trials, an additional 33 100 mm wells were installed for the full-scale operation, and

operated for between 6 and 34 weeks. Following the dual vacuum extraction of vapor and free product,

excavation commenced. A significant amount of contaminated water (100 m /day) was extracted during the 3

drawdown of the water table. This water was processed on site using a combination of flotation (for

oil), precipitation of metals, and chemical oxidation of cyanides and sulfides, and then discharged

into the river after pH adjustment and filtration. To-date, 12000 m of contaminated water has been 3

treated with over 3000 kg of oil recovered.

A total of 94,000 m of soil will be excavated, of which 28,000 m is suitable for biological treatment 3 3

(ex situ land farming). Following vapor recovery and dewatering of treatment cells (plots), excavation

was begun and is currently proceeding. Initial analysis shows between 3.7-5.1 x 10 colony forming 8

units (CFU) per gram of soil. With naphthalene as the sole carbon source, microbial counts remain a

relatively high 2-8.8 x 10 CFU/g. Inorganic nutrients were added to the soil, with resulting increases 8

in biological activity. Laboratory evaluations of parameters and optimization levels are on-going.

Ultimately, cleaned soil will be encapsulated and stored on site.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

45

Project Title

Enhancement Techniques for Ex Situ Separation Processes

Particularly With Regard to Fine Particles

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

United Kingdom New Organics, heavy Soil washing

metals

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Paul Bardos September 1994  Soil, groundwater

Nottingham Trent University October 1995

Nottingham, United Kingdom

tel: 44/602-418-418

fax: 44/602-486-507

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

N/A Bench scale N/A

Ex situ soil separation processes (often referred to as “soil washing”), mostly based on mineral

processing techniques, are widely used in Northern Europe and America for the treatment of contaminated

soil. The separation processes are used for removing contaminated concentrates from soils, to leave

relatively uncontaminated fractions that can then be regarded as treated soil. It is beginning to be

used in the United Kingdom. At present, commercial soil separation is mostly restricted to the removal

of fine fractions, which normally contain the highest concentration of contaminants, leaving the

coarse fractions relatively clean. However, this process is not effective where the contaminants are

not concentrated in the fines, nor is it economical where the fine fraction constitutes a significant

proportion of the soil mass. Enhancement of soil separation processes and the development of

downstream processes for treating fine fractions are necessary to increase the range of soil types

treatable by soil washing and to reduce the volume of secondary wastes that require disposal.

This project will use samples of actual contaminated soils representative of sites in the United

Kingdom. Contaminants will include both organics and metals. Considerable effort has been spent on

developing laboratory characterization and pilot-scale monitoring procedures for the separation

treatment of contaminated soils. This work will be extended to investigate and critically review

process-enhancement alternatives to identify economical ways to reduce treatment volumes. The project

will investigate how fines inhibit soil washing by considering initial materials handling and feed

preparation, including evaluating opportunities for improving feed preparation and downstream liquid/

solid separation of these fines.

Laboratory and pilot-scale work will be completed by August 1995 and a final report, considering the

technical feasibility of full-scale applications, likely treatment costs, and potential market

factors, will be completed by November 1995.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

46

Project Title

Multi-Vendor Treatability Demonstration of Bioremediation Technology

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

Sweden, New York New Chlorinated Bioremediation

United States VOCs 

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Annette Gatchet July 1994  Soil

Environmental Protection October 1995

Agency

Cincinnati, Ohio

tel: (513)569-7697

fax: (513)569-7620

James B. Harrington

NYS Dept. of Environmental

Conservation

Albany, New York

tel: 518-485-8792

fax: 518-457-7743

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale N/A

This orphan site, located in the town of Sweden, near the city of Rochester, New York, was used for the

disposal of drummed liquid wastes. More than 2,400 drums have already been removed from this site. The

residual contamination will be treated using conventional excavation and low temperature thermal

desorption unless one of the alternative treatment technologies being demonstrated proves to be costeffective. Three competing technologies were selected from 13 proposals. Two of these technologies

treat only soil while the other treats soil and groundwater. The requirements for the demonstration

only specified soil treatment.

The first technology is an in situ bioventing process consisting of 27 wells connected to an air

extraction unit. There are an equal number of injection and extraction wells. The injection wells

deliver necessary ammonia and methane nutrients. The second technology involves two identical ex situ

“biovaults” in which contaminated soils are placed. Nutrients, moisture, pH, temperature, and oxygen

levels are controlled. The first biovault is being operated under aerobic conditions and the second

is switched between aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The second biovault will allow both oxidizing

and reducing conditions to develop and will be used to assess the impact of reducing conditions on

biological degradation of chlorinated contaminants. The third technology is a vacuum-vaporized well

process that uses in situ bioremediation to treat saturated and unsaturated zones and groundwater

contaminated with VOCs. Naturally occurring microorganisms will be used. An ex situ bioreactor will

be used for off-gases. The system, contained within a 0.4 m diameter well, comprises a submersible

circulation pump, bioreactor, and an air source to strip volatiles and enhance biodegradation. The

system is designed to treat an extended volume of soil by groundwater circulation. This system is

capable of adapting to the site's fluctuating groundwater levels.

This project was proposed to NATO/CCMS because of its unique approach in using competition and

demonstration as part of the remediation process. The biovaults and bioventing testing were completed

in December 1994. Analytical data from the last sampling event has been received and is being analyzed.

Final reports are expected by July 1, 1995. The vacuum-vaporized well processes will continue through

October 1995. 
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

47

Project Title

Integrated Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation for the In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Soil

Location Project Status Contaminants Technology Type

United States New VOCs (BTEX) Fracturing/bioremediation

Technical Contact Project Dates Media

Stephen C. James Low permeability soil

Environmental Protection

Agency

Cincinnati, Ohio

tel: 513-569-7877

fax: 513-569-7680

Costs Estimated? Project Size Report Available?

No Pilot scale N/A

The objective of this project is to demonstrate that fracturing of low permeability strata will

increase permeability and lead to enhanced in situ biodegradation. The microbial population will be

stimulated by injected nutrients and oxygen. BTEX concentrations in the soil range from 120-150 ppm.

The target is 95% reduction within the top 1.6 m of soil.

The pneumatic fracturing process involves the injection of high-pressure air at controlled flow rates

in the contaminated zone. This process will create conductive channels in the formation. The vapor

movement in the formation becomes controlled by convection and diffusion instead of by diffusion alone,

thus increasing permeability and the exposed surface area of the soil. 

In situ biodegradation conditions for maximum rates and durations will be determined for indigenous

microbial populations, and seed cultures will be developed if necessary. A pneumatic fracturing system

with the capability of injecting microbes already has been designed. The system also will employ

pneumatic fracturing to enhance stacked aerobic, denitrifying, and methanogenic microbial processes

in staggered spatial distribution for maximum effectiveness. Aerobic processes will dominate at the

fracture interfaces. Depletion of oxygen during aerobic biodegradation will allow the formation of

methanogenic populations at greater distances from the fractures. Produced methane will be diffused

out with the pneumatic sweep air.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

48

GUEST PRESENTATIONS

“Solidification Application: Solidification of Fly Ash Samples Coming from Solid Waste Incineration

Plant” (1993) Ayse Filibeli, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey

The application of solidification/stabilization technologies to the treatment of fly ash from a

domestic solid waste incineration plant was reported. Fly ash samples taken from the electrofilters

of a plant near Trimmis, Sweden were tested with a number of solidification mixes and reagents. At

present fly ash from the plant is “washed” before being sent to the disposal area representing an

increased cost of about 6 to 8 DM per metric ton of domestic solid waste. Solidification was evaluated

as a more cost-effective alternative to “washing.”

Fly ash samples taken from the incineration plant were solidified by the addition of additives

including cement, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, gypsum, and sodium silicate. After a curing period

of 28 days the solidified samples were tested for compressive strength and for the leaching of

contaminants using the German DIN tests.

The majority of solidified samples had compressive strengths of at least 500 kN/m . Leaching test 2

results showed that a high proportion of the pollutants were fixed within the solidified mass. The costs

of the solidification process was in the order of 0.21 to 2.7 DM per metric ton of domestic solid waste

suggesting that this process may represent a cost-effective alternative to fly ash “washing.”

“Selection of Remedial Technologies” (1993) Paul Richter, New Jersey Department of Environment and

Energy, U.S.A.

A detailed review of chromium geochemistry, toxicology, chemical analysis, was conducted to identify

potential remedial strategies for sites contaminated with chromium wastes. An in situ treatment for

reducing chromium (VI) to chromium (III) was suggested.

“Prediction and Optimization of the Abiotic Environment in Landfarms to Enhance Biodegradation” (1994)

Jan Freijer, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Mathematical models combined with simple, inexpensive laboratory methods were used to predict

biodegradation processes and landfarm scenarios such as effect of treatment compared to non-treatment;

determining the rate-limiting thresholds for hydrocarbon concentration; and predicting the

biodegradation rates for given soil parameters.

Landfarming was described as an ex situ bioremediation process for soils contaminated with petroleum

hydrocarbons. Contaminated soil is typically excavated and spread on an impermeable foil in layers of

about 1 m. Biodegradation is stimulated by aeration, irrigation and drainage, mixing, and adding

nutrients and heat. The solid phase is immobile while the aqueous and gaseous phases are mobile.

Landfarming is a common European technique because of its environmental and economic advantages. 

Present research is focused on optimizing the biodegradation process as well as developing improved

monitoring methods and evaluating the risk associated with the residual materials. Chemically, the

degradation of hydrocarbon contaminants occurs through the biological oxidation of the hydrocarbon

into biomass and the release of CO and water. This reaction is commonly referred to as “mineralization” 2

of hydrocarbon. Criteria for mineralization include the presence of non-chlorinated hydrocarbons,

inorganic nutrients (N, P, K) are not rate-limiting, O and water are present, and an appropriate 2

temperature. 

The use of mathematical models was reported to simulate the dynamics of environmental parameters in

soils, in quantifying the microbial response to the environmental factors thus computing a degradation

rate, and applying calibrated models to evaluate various treatment scenarios in landfarms. Three

deterministic, one-dimensional transport models (gas, heat, water) and one empirical biodegradation
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

49

model were developed. Simple laboratory measurements of transport coefficients were used to calibrate

the models, and boundary conditions were assumed from typical landfarming scenarios. Models were

evaluated at existing experimental landfarms in large outside lysimeters. The distribution of

substances and energy in soils is governed by transport processes that determine the biodegradation

rate.

Research will concentrate on refining and simplifying field methods to monitor biodegradation rates

to reduce costs, as well as to introduce new data sets into current models to refine them and quantify

uncertainties.

“Controlled In Situ Groundwater Treatment” (1994) James F. Barker, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,

Ontario, Canada. 

Plumes of groundwater contamination extend from sources commonly present in the subsurface (DNAPLs or

LNAPLs), even below the water table. Many of these subsurface sources of contamination are very

difficult to remediate. Pump-and-treat can provide an effect means of hydraulically containing the

sources; however, at many sites pump-and-treat will have to continue for many decades because the

source zones dissipate slowly. Projected long-term operation and maintenance costs are therefore

large.

A new approach for source-zone and plume containment that is more passive and that offers considerable

potential for long-term cost savings is contaminant treatment using permeable, in situ treatment

zones. Aspects of this approach have been developed by the University of Waterloo (Canada). A

treatment zone, or “wall,” is composed of permeable material placed across the contaminant plume. The

desired treatment is generated by either flushing the required chemicals into the wall or by having the

required chemicals emplaced as solids in the wall. Another approach is the “funnel-and-gate” system

(patent pending). In this system, low permeability vertical barriers are placed across plumes. Gaps,

or “gates,” in the barrier allow passage of the plume through a reactive medium so that the water is

treated while passing through. The objective is to cause the plume to meet water quality standards on

the down-gradient side of the system.

University researchers have developed various approaches for in situ treatment of a wide variety of

common organic and inorganic groundwater contaminants, including chlorinated solvents, petroleumderived contaminants such as BTEX, metals, nitrate, and phosphate. Intensive laboratory and several

prototype field trials have been conducted. Designs for full-scale systems have been developed and

several means of installing the systems compatible with various geological and geotechnical conditions

are now available for unconsolidated or semi-consolidated deposits to depths of over 30 m. Design

options for funnels range from sealable joint steel piling to conventional soil-bentonite slurry

walls. Options for gates include permanent installations of reactive media to easily removable

cassettes of reactive materials that are positioned in the gates for a specified period and

conveniently replaced later when reactive material is consumed. In some systems, plumes with complex

contamination are treated in gates having a series of reactive media.

“U.S. Air Force Bioventing Initiative” (1994) Andrea Leeson, Battelle-Columbus, Columbus, Ohio,

U.S.A.

Bioventing is the use of subsurface injection and withdrawal of gases to stimulate biodegradation. The

technique frequently results in volatilization; soil venting (also known as soil vacuum extraction)

frequently results in biodegradation. Bioventing is useful to treat nonvolatile biodegradable

contaminants and to improve the performance and economics of biodegradation.

The Air Force is demonstrating the effectiveness of bioventing at 138 sites across the country,

collecting cost and performance data. As of September 1994, 121 sites have been tested, 92 systems are

running, and 50 sites have been operational for at least one year. The goal is to obtain nationwide

regulatory acceptance of the technique. Data will ultimately be used to produce, jointly with the U.S.

EPA, a bioventing design manual.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

50

Field treatment consists of a six-stage protocol: (1) a soil-gas survey for baseline characterization;

(2) Install vent well, monitoring points, and a background well; (3) conduct in situ soil-gas

permeability tests; (4) conduct in situ respiration tests; (5) install a 1 to 21⁄2 horsepower blower; and

(6) conduct long-term bioventing tests (for one year). The soil gas survey is applicable to shallow

sites (3-4 m), since it is useful only if the probes penetrate to treatment depths. Soil sampling, part

of the site characterization, tests for total petroleum hydrocarbon, BTEX, total phosphorous and

Kjeldahl nitrogen, iron, moisture, particle size, pH, and alkalinity. Optimal pH is in the 5-9 range;

alkalinity may affect apparent respiration rates due to CO production. 2 In situ respiration testing

measures O utilization rates over time together with He loss, which is an indicator of leakage around 2

monitoring points. Respiration testing compares respiration rates within the contaminated zone to

those outside the zone, and measures the oxygen diffusion out of the area. Results from an in situ

respiration test at Johnston Island in the Pacific revealed a biodegradation rate of 19 mg/kg/day. The

radius of influence of bioventing was defined as that area to which adequate air can be supplied to meet

O demand. It is determined by measuring O after equilibrating pressure changes. 2 2

BTEX compounds were the most significant contaminant, but most sites had <1 mg/kg. No clear pattern

emerged from initial and one-year measures of soil BTEX concentrations. Aeration was found possible

at most sites (90%), and biological respiration was observed at all sites. Inorganic nutrients (such

as nitrogen) were usually present in ambient concentrations enough that feeding was unnecessary. Site

limitations that affected bioventing success include high moisture content in the soil, inadequate

permeability, and temperature. The most significant problem was permeability, which was also related

to soil moisture content. Cleanup levels were not determined.

“Danish Assistance in the Remediation of Tököl Airbase” (1994) Jens Nonboe Andersen, Rambøll,

Hannemann & Højlund, Virum, Denmark

Large quantities of free-phase jet fuel have been recovered from Tököl, considerably reducing the

health risk posed by the contamination to nearby well fields. However, free-phase product cannot be

recovered completely, and adsorbed contaminants in the unsaturated zone contribute to on-going threats

to public health. Successful pilot-scale demonstration of an in situ bioventing system at the site

resulted in the decision to proceed with full-scale in situ remediation.

Tököl Airbase, located 20 km south of Budapest, was occupied by the Soviet military from the late 1940s

to mid-1991. Hungarian environmental authorities became aware of extensive soil and groundwater

contamination at the facility (see page 14). Contamination was primarily jet fuel in four discrete

zones. Free-phase contamination in one zone alone covered a volume of over 2,000 m . 3

Since the fall of 1991, the Danish EPA has been assisting the Hungarian Ministry for Environment and

Regional Policy in conducting site investigations and remedial response to the contamination. The most

significant phase of the assistance, following emergency intervention and logistical support, has five

components: (1) risk assessment of the consequences of the contamination to the potential impact on

human health and to determine appropriate remedial actions; (2) control and recover the free-phase jet

fuel and minimize further contamination or dispersion; (3) monitoring trends over time of the freephase as well as soil and groundwater contaminants; (4) modeling groundwater flow and contaminant

transport and dispersion in three dimensions in order to predict contaminant migration to the Danube

River (12-18 years) and to the nearby well fields (6-12 years); and (5) demonstrate a pilot-scale system

for biological in situ remediation of the contamination at the airbase, and design scale-up parameters

for full-scale remediation.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

51

NATO/CCMS FELLOWS

Germany  Hans-Joachim Stietzel, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Bonn. Innovative

Approaches Used on Large Remediation Projects in Germany.

After German reunification, the Federal Government gave the new Läender of Germany

(the new states of Mecklenburg-Western Pommerania, Berlin, Brandenburg, SaxonyAnhalt, Saxony, and Thuringia) the opportunity to establish an exemption clause

that removes the liabilities of owners or investors of commercial properties from

environmental damages caused prior to July 1, 1990, at the discretion of the

responsible state government. The purpose of the exemption clause is to accelerate

economic development in the new Läender by removing some of the problems to

potential investors of contaminated land. Exemption may be granted after the

interests of the purchaser, the general public and the environment have been

considered. Approximately 69,000 applications for exemption have been made.

Financing the remediation of contaminated sites in the new Läender was agreed to in

December 1992 by the Federal Government and the new German states. In cases where

the site owner has been exempted from the liability of environmental damage the

costs of remediation will be shared by the Federal Government (60% share) and the

new Läender (40% share). A budget of DM1 billion per year for ten years has been

committed to these projects. The objective of this fellowship is to review and

monitor experiences with large remediation projects in the new Läender. Examples

of such projects include the remediation of 50 ha site at Rositz, Thuringia which is

contaminated by phenols, PAH's, BTEX-aromatics, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The

site had been used between 1917 and 1990 for the processing and conversion of 17.5

million metric tons of lignite tar and 9 million metric tons of crude oil into

petroleum products. There are 19 such large remediation projects documented

throughout all six of the new German states.

Portugal  Maria Teresa Chambino, INETI, Lisbon, and Maria Jose Macedo, Institute of Materials

Science, Oeiras. Review of the Contaminated Land Situation in Portugal. 

An on-going study by the Institute of Environmental Technologies (INETI) is

examining soil contamination arising from the use of coke ovens and its potential

for remediation. The first phase of the work has involved quantifying the total

area of contamination and the range of concentrations of contaminants present

within the soils at these sites. In particular, a detailed characterization of the

organic contaminants present in the soils is being conducted along with an

evaluation of the bioremediation of this contaminated material. Site

investigation has revealed high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cyanides within the site soils. 

Turkey  Resat Apak, Istanbul University, Istanbul. Sorption/Solidification of Selected

Heavy Metals and Radionuclides from Water. See pages 18, 46

United Kingdom  Michael Smith, Clayton Environmental Consultants, Ltd, Berkhamsted. Code of

Practice and Quality Management of Project Reports to Assist Compilation of the

Pilot Study Final Report. 

The Phase II Pilot Study will produce a final report after its conclusion in 1997.

This fellowship will coordinate the organization, technical consistency, and

quality assurance of the various chapters that constitute the final report. At the

Oxford meeting in September 1994, committees were formed to develop working
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

52

instructions for authors and principal investigators to follow in the preparation

of draft and final reports. 

  Robert M. Bell, SGS Environment, Liverpool. Review of Quality Assurance and

Control Systems Used by the Individual Projects. 

  Mary Harris, Clayton Environmental Consultants, Ltd, Berkhamsted. Costs of

Remediation and Implications for Technology Transfer.

The systematic collection of economic information on remediation technologies is

critical for the wider application and acceptance of technically proficient

technologies. Further, such data would allow a comparative assessment of

alternative technologies of similar technical capability and improve the effective

transfer of technologies across international borders. The objectives of this

project are to identify the most sensitive cost elements according to the economic

conditions of the host country and to develop a framework that differentiates these

elements. This framework will be assessed using demonstration project data to

produce a report on the implications of cost for technology transfer.

United States  Domenic Grasso, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Why Some Emerging

Technologies Fail at Hazardous Waste Sites. 

The objective of this project is to discover the fundamental reasons why many

emerging technologies fail at hazardous waste sites. It will focus on the air

sparging technology. Air sparging tends to channel through soil pores with the

largest radius, whether the system is pulsed or not. Hence the distribution of air

in the sparged zone is not uniform and difficult to predict.
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

53

NATIONAL CONTACTS

Pilot Study

Directors

Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D. Stephen C. James

Technology Innovation Office Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

401 M Street, SW (5102W) 26 West Martin L. King Drive

Washington, DC 20460 Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

United States United States

tel: 703-308-8800 tel: 513-569-7877

fax: 703-308-8528 fax: 513-569-7680

Co-Directors

Volker Franzius Esther Soczó

Umweltbundesamt RIVM/LAE

Bismarckplatz 1 P.O. Box 1

D-14193 Berlin Antonie van Leeuwenhoaklaan 9

Germany

tel: 49/30-8903-2496

fax: 49/30-8903-2285 tel: 31/30-743-065

3720 BA Bilthoven

The Netherlands

fax: 31/30-293-651

Country Representatives

Ian Lambert

Environmental Protection Agency

40 Blackall Street

Barton Act 2600 Canberra

Australia

tel: 61/6-274-1696

fax: 61/6-274-1230

Harald Kasamas

Federal Ministry of Environment, Youth and

Family

Untere Donaustrasse 11

A-1020 Vienna

Austria

tel: 43/1-21132-5315

fax: 43/1-21132-5020

Jacqueline Miller

Institut de Sociologie

GEHAT

Université Libre de Breuxelles

44 Avenue Jeanne

1050 Bruxelles

Belgium

tel: 32/2-650-3183

fax: 32/2-650-3189
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

54

George Hill 84 Boullcott Street

Environment Canada P.O. Box 10362

Unit 100 Wellington

Asticou Centre

241 Cité des Jeunes Blvd.

Hull, Québec K1A 0H3

Canada

tel: 819-953-8718 Semund Haukland

fax: 819-953-4705 Norwegian Pollution Control Authority

Inge-Marie Skovgaard Srømsveien 96

Danish Environmental Protection Agency N-0032 Oslo

Waste Deposit - Groundwater Division

29 Strandgade

DK-1401 Copenhagen K

Denmark

tel: 45/3-266-0100 Branko Druzina

fax: 45/3-296-1656 Institute of Public Health

René Goubier 6100 Ljubljana

Polluted Sites Team

ADEME

B.P. 406

49004 Angers Cedex 01

France

tel: 33/41-204-120

fax: 33/41-872-350

Volker Franzius

Umweltbundesamt

Bismarckplatz 1

D-14193 Berlin

Germany

tel: 49/30-8903-2496

fax: 49/30-8903-2285

Róbert Reiniger

National Authority for the Environment

Alkotmóny ut. 29

H-1054 Budapest

Hungary

tel: 36/1-201-1725

fax: 36/1-201-4282

Esther Soczó

RIVM/LAE

P.O. Box 1

Antonie van Leeuwenhoaklaan 9

3720 BA Bilthoven

The Netherlands

tel: 31/30-743-065

fax: 31/30-293-651

Raymond Salter

Resource Management Directorate

Secretary for the Environment

Ministry for the Environment

New Zealand

tel: 66/4-473-4090

fax: 66/4-471-0195

P.O. Box 8100 Dep

Norway

tel: 47/22-57-34-00

fax: 47/22-67-67-06

Trubarjeva 2-Post Box 260

Slovenia

tel: 386/61-123-245

fax: 386/61-323-955
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study II

55

Ingrid Hasselsten

Environmental Protection Agency

17185 Solna

Sweden

tel: 46/8-799-1444

fax: 46/8-799-1222

Urs Ziegler

Federal Office of the Environment, Forests, and

Landscape

Federal Department of the Interior

Buwal Laupenstrausse 20

3003 Berne

Switzerland

tel: 41/31-322-9338

fax: 41/31-382-1546

M. Reat Apak

Professor of Analytical Chemistry

Istanbul University

Avcilar Campus

Faculty of Engineering

Istanbul 34840

Turkey

tel: 90/1-5911-996

fax: 90/1-5911-997

Judith Denner

Contaminated Land and Liability Division

Department of the Environment

A228 Romney House

43 Marsham Street

London SW1P 3PY

United Kingdom

tel: 44/71-276-8348

fax: 44/71-276-8403

Walter W. Kovalick, Jr.

Technology Innovation Office

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

401 M Street, SW (5102W)

Washington, DC 20460

United States

tel: 703-308-8800

fax: 703-308-8528