*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of

the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders

and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions

of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

NOV 15 2002

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

VIRGIL BROWN and JAMES YAZZIE,

Defendants - Appellees.

No. 02-2038

(D.C. No. CR-01-174 JP)

(District of New Mexico)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before SEYMOUR, HOLLOWAY and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges

I

A

The government appeals from the district court’s January 3, 2002 order, which

granted the defendants/appellees’ motion for judgment of acquittal subsequent to a jury

verdict finding the defendants guilty of assault resulting in serious bodily injury. The
- 2 -

district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231; 18 U.S.C. § 1153 (a) (“Any

Indian who commits against the person of another Indian or other person . . . assault

resulting in serious bodily injury (as defined in section 135 of this title) . . . within the

Indian country, shall be subject to the same law and penalties as all other persons

committing any of the above offenses, within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United

States.”); 18 U.S.C. § 2; 18 U.S.C. § 113. This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 18

U.S.C. § 3731. United States v. Quarry, 576 F.2d 830, 832-33 (10th Cir. 1978); United

States v Calloway, 562 F.2d 615, 617 (10th Cir. 1977). 

B

Testimony Concerning the Victim, Leroy Thompson

Leroy Thompson is a member of the Navajo Nation and the Native American

Church. Direct Examination of Leroy Thompson, II App. 286 et seq. He was a “road

man” for the Native American Church and a medicine man for the traditional Navajo

religion, who conducted prayer services for people who were ill or who had mental health

problems. Id. at 288-89. He has lived in Thoreau, New Mexico, on the Navajo

Reservation for all forty-four years of his life. Id. at 287. 

Early on the morning of October 30, 2000, Leroy Thompson and two relatives of

Thompson’s met up with defendants Virgil Brown and James Yazzie at the Distant Drum

bar, five miles outside of Thoreau. Direct Examination of Thompson, II App. 293-94. 

Thompson, the victim, testified at trial that he had been drinking whiskey for four days
- 3 -

before October 30. Id. at 290. In addition, Thompson admitted that he ate an undermined

amount of peyote a week before he began this drinking. Id. at 361. On October 30,

Thompson shared one and one-half pints of vodka with two companions and another

friend joined them and gave them some beer. Id. at 337. Thompson denied being drunk

that day but admitted being “intoxicated.” Id. at 338. 

Thompson testified that he had known both defendants through the Native

American Church. Id. at 287-88. Thompson also stated that Yazzie, who knew he was a

road man in the Native American Church, began asking Thompson to do a prayer for him. 

Thompson refused because they all had been drinking alcohol. Id. at 296-97. 

Subsequently, Yazzie, according to Thompson, asked him to join Yazzie, Brown, and

Yazzie’s sister Bessie Charley for a ride in a pickup truck. Id. at 297-98. Thompson

testified that Brown started to harass him verbally by calling him a “show-off.” They

drove down a road and parked a little way up in the hills. Id. at 301. Thompson testified

that he, Brown and Yazzie got off the pickup, II App. 301. The verbal harassment

escalated into a physical assault. Thompson said that Yazzie and Brown, who were still

drinking beer, stood on either side of him. Id. at 302. Brown began to punch Thompson

on the left side of his face, striking him at least three times. Id. at 302 Yazzie began to

push Thompson. Id. Thompson testified that at this point he started to run away from his

assailants past the truck, but Yazzie caught him by the collar of his jacket. Id. at 302-03.

Brown caught up with them and helped Yazzie. Thompson testified “They take me back
- 4 -

where they break my leg.” Id. at 303. Thompson said that Brown then threatened “to

take the whole clothes off of [Thompson] and let [him] go naked” if he tried to run away

again. Id.

Brown, according to Thompson, punched him again as Brown and Yazzie

continued to verbally abuse him. Id. Thompson made another attempt to run away, but

Yazzie grabbed him by the hair on the back of his head and threw him down. Id. at 304. 

Thompson testified that after he got back on his feet, he returned to where he had been

standing and looked away from Brown and Yazzie, thinking that they would calm down. 

Id. at 304. 

Thompson testified that Yazzie was standing on one side and Brown on another. 

He said that then he felt punches and then felt a force press him, a “force push.” Id. at

305. Thompson said this happened fast and that he hit the ground hard on his chest and

part of his face and that he really did not remember because he had been “dazed.” Id. at

304. At this time, Thompson said he thought of defending himself and jumped back up

fast to use a stick. That was when he said “I stick my bone into the ground and that’s

when I notice that my leg was broken so I just fell back down.” Id. at 306. He said that

when he tried to stand up he “noticed that [his] leg and [his] ankle was broken. So I just

fell back down.” He said he really did not remember because he was “in a daze.” When

he fell back down, Thompson testified that he looked at his foot and on one side of his

foot, his bone was sticking out. Id. at 307. 
- 5 -

Thompson testified further that he crawled from a mattress he had found back to

the road and that this took 3 to 4 hours. At the road he waved to a car which was coming

and in one vehicle his daughter appeared and stopped. Id. at 309. An ambulance was

called at this location. Id. at 309. 

Later in the trial Thompson was questioned again about the breaking of his leg. 

He described again Brown standing by him and Yazzie on another side. He said he felt “a

punch, a hit in the face. And I felt a force pushed on my back. . . . .” Id. at 330. 

Thompson said this happened so fast that he fell down and could not stand with his leg

and then noticed that his bone was sticking out. Id. at 330-31. During this portion of his

testimony Thompson said he had been drinking for some 4 days but not on the day of the

injury. Id. at 335. He nevertheless admitted he was “intoxicated” on October 30 when

his leg was injured. Id. at 338. 

A further witness to the assault on Thompson was Bessie Charley. II App. at 216

et seq. She testified she knew Virgil Brown who is from her “clan family” and she called

him her “son.” Id. at 218. She said James Yazzie was her “little brother.” Id. She said

she didn’t know Leroy Thompson before October 30, 2000, but that was the day she got

to know him. 

On October 30 James Yazzie came in the morning and had been drinking and

Bessie Charley had also. Id. at 219-220. Virgil Brown, Yazzie and Charley went to the

“Distant Drum” bar. They were in Brown’s vehicle. At the bar Thompson came out. He
- 6 -

had a conversation with Bessie Charley’s brother, Yazzie. Charley was questioned at trial

about her grand jury testimony and said she had “been forced” at the time of that

testimony. Id. at 223. They left the bar in Virgil Brown’s truck – Brown, Yazzie,

Thompson and Charley. Id. at 225. 

They talked about Thompson being a “road man” in Navajo religious terms. 

Yazzie asked Thompson in the truck to “give him a blessing.” Id. at 226. The group

went to a cliff and the three men got out and stood by the side of the truck and conversed. 

Charley could only hear part of the conversation. II App. at 227. She heard talk about the

“road” man and “peyote stuff.” 

Charley testified at the trial that no one touched Thompson, Id. at 228, but also

admitted she had testified earlier that Virgil Brown pushed Thompson with “both hands

on the shoulders.” Id. at 229. Charley said her brother Yazzie was somewhat upset with

Thompson because he did not “perform a blessing” on Yazzie. Id. at 230. Thompson did

not want to perform a “blessing” on Yazzie because they were intoxicated. Charley

admitted in her trial testimony that she had said before the grand jury that Yazzie hit

Thompson “with a closed fist” but said she was “scared” at the grand jury proceeding. Id.

at 233. In her trial testimony Charley said that after this blow, Thompson walked about

four feet and then fell. Id. at 234.

Bessie Charley testified at trial that after Thompson fell, her brother Yazzie helped

Thompson up. Then all the men stood by the truck conversing. Then Virgil Brown hit
- 7 -

Thompson on the cheek, not hard, id. at 257-58, and Thompson fell and then was sitting

on the ground. Id. at 237, 259. In her trial testimony, Ms. Charley said that Brown “Just

pushed” Thompson. Id at 238. After these exchanges, Thompson was on the ground. II

App. 242.

Thompson testified that after his injury he crawled down a dirt road to the

highway. Id. at 309. He said that when he reached the highway he began hallucinating. 

However, he managed to wave down a passing van driven by his daughter Celestina. Id. 

Celestina stated at trial that when she saw her father “his foot had been broken and his

bone was sticking out, and his foot was just on the side (sic). His whole leg pant (sic)

was full of blood.” Direct Examination of Celestina Thompson, I App. 106. As she was

preparing to put her father in her van, Celestina saw Deputy Sheriff Edmund Yazzie

driving by and waved him down. Id. at 108. Deputy Yazzie called an ambulance which

came and Thompson was placed in it. Celestina testified that later she picked up her 

mother. They went to the place where Celestina had found her father. Then they

followed trails of blood that had been left behind and found a mattress with a lot of blood

on it and a sock and shoe with chips of bone in it. Id. at 111-12. 

Charles Buck, an EMT, took Thompson to the Gallup Indian Medical Center in

Gallup, New Mexico. Buck testified at trial that as an EMT he worked for the McKinley

County Fire Marshal’s office. II App. at 392. Buck testified that they were dispatched

after a 2:00 p.m. call, to a man with a broken ankle and on County Road 27 they found a
- 8 -

man lying in a ditch. He had an obvious compound fracture of the right leg “with his tib .

. . .” Id. at 391, 396. The man had a blood-soaked pant leg and his complete foot and

ankle were covered with dried blood and dirt. Id. at 404. Buck spoke with Thompson as

he loaded him onto the ambulance and Thompson “changed his story a few times . . . told

me that he had fallen in a hole. And then told me that he was running and stepped in a

hole and that he was being chased at one point.” Id. at 392. 

According to Buck, Thompson denied being assaulted or beaten up. Id. at 394. 

However, Buck at trial said that he did not know whether Thompson understood the

meaning of “assault” so he asked Thompson if he had been beaten up or in a fight. Id. at

407-08. Buck noted in his report that he was unsure how Thompson received his injury

because Buck was getting conflicting statements from Thompson, his daughter, and

Andrew Begay, Buck’s co-worker. Id. at 406. Buck acknowledged that it was not

unusual for people he treated who had been involved in “any kind of assault” to give

different stories about how they sustained their injuries. II App. 408-09. 

Buck testified at trial that Thompson had a severe injury, was in a great deal of

pain, was weak from loss of blood, and was speaking to others at the scene in Navajo,

which Buck did not understand. Id. at 403-06. Although Buck didn’t notice a cut on

Thompson’s nose or his black eye when he was treating him, he stated that they could

have shown up later and because they weren’t life threatening, he wouldn’t have

mentioned them in his report. Id. at 407-08. 
- 9 -

Dr. Jay Peter Frechette, an orthopedic surgeon at the Gallup Indian Medical

Center, treated Thompson at the emergency room. Direct Examination of Dr. Jay Peter

Frechette, I App. 182-85. Frechette testified that Thompson’s tibia bone, the major bone

in the lower leg, protruded probably two inches beyond the skin. Thompson had “a

fracture of the . . . medial part of that tibia . . . so a whole part of that was missing. The

ankle is like a saddle, so the medial part of that leg was totally off and his ankle was

displaced 100 percent to the right side. And the bone then was covered with, I would say,

sand and gravel.” Id. at 186. He found the injury to be “quite severe but still

salvageable.” Id. at 187. 

When Frechette was examining Thompson, Thompson told him that he had fallen

in a ditch. Id. at 186. Thompson had alcohol on his breath and his blood alcohol level

was .236% which Frechette acknowledged as being high. Id. at 193. Frechette didn’t

have much recollection of Thompson’s condition other than “he was not thinking clearly

and his ankle was protruding through the skin.” Id. at 198.

Frechette operated on Thompson after examining him in the emergency room. He

testified that Thompson had lost significant range of motion. Id. He also thought that

Thompson might possibly develop arthritis in his ankle and would have an increased risk

of reinjury due to the scarring, and weakness of the ankle. The doctor said that

Thompson’s prognosis for total recovery was very poor. Id. at 192. At the time of trial,

Thompson testified that it was hard to walk or stand on his ankle long, that he could not
- 10 -

carry heavy items on his right side, and that he walked with a limp. II App. 320. 

II

Virgil Brown and James Yazzie, defendants/appellees, were indicted by a grand

jury on February 13, 2001 and charged with knowingly assaulting Leroy Thompson in

Indian Country, which assault resulted in serious bodily injury, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§§ 2, 113(a)(6), and 1153. Grand Jury Indictment, I App. 8. 

On July 23, 2001, the jury trial began. At the close of the Government’s case, and

again at the close of the defendants’ case, the defendants moved for a judgment of

acquittal under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. District Court

Opinion and Order, I App. 76. The district court reserved decision on the defendants’ 

motion and submitted the case to the jury. Id. In addition to instructing the jury on the

charge of assault resulting in serious bodily injury, the district court provided instructions

for the lesser included offenses of assault by striking, beating, or wounding, under 18

U.S.C. § 113(a)(4), and simple assault, under 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(5). District Court

Opinion and Order, I App. 76. The jury found both Brown and Yazzie guilty of assault

resulting in serious bodily injury. 

The defendants filed a post-trial brief in support of their Rule 29 motion in which

they admitted that there was evidence sufficient to convict them of assault by striking,

beating or wounding in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 113(4) and of simple assault in violation 

of 18 U.S.C. § 113(5). Brief in Support of Defendants’ Rule 29 Motion for Judgment of
- 11 -

Acquittal, I App. 45, 53. The government filed a brief opposing the defendants’ motion

but agreed that if the district court granted the Rule 29 motion, it could enter judgment on

the lesser included offense. Government’s Response to Defendants’ Brief in Support of

Rule 29 Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, I App. 73. 

On January 3, 2002, the district court granted both defendants’ motion for

judgment of acquittal as to the charge of assault resulting in serious bodily injury. It

entered judgments convicting them of the lesser included offense of assault by striking,

beating or wounding pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(4). District Court Memorandum and

Order, I App. 76-82. 

The defendants contended that the government had failed to meet its burden of

proof as to whether defendants’ assault on Thompson caused his serious bodily injury. 

The court noted that causation in criminal law has two requirements: cause in fact and

proximate cause. Id. at 78 (quoting U.S. v. Mendoza, 244 F.3d 1037, 1045 (9th Cir. 

2001)). However, the court concentrated on the question of cause in fact because this is 

the element the defendants focused on. Defendants maintained that “[e]ven viewed in the

light most favorable to the verdict, none of the evidence at trial showed how Mr.

Thompson broke his leg.” District Court’s Memorandum and Order, I App. 78. 

The court instructed the jury that “you are permitted to draw such reasonable

inferences from the testimony . . . as you feel are justified in light of common experience” 

and that “you may make deductions and reach conclusions which reason and common
- 12 -

sense lead[] you to draw from the facts which have been established by the evidence in

the case.” Id. at 79. The Memorandum and Order identified the main problem in this

case as being that the inference at issue – that simply being pushed resulted in an open

fracture of the leg – seems to run contrary to common sense and experience. Id. at 79. 

The district court found that on the issue of causation, the government may have

raised a suspicion of guilt, but it fell short of establishing beyond a reasonable doubt that

the defendants’ actions resulted in Thompson’s severe ankle injury. Memorandum and

Order, I App. 82. 

While the judge said that the evidence did not support the charge of assault

resulting in serious bodily injury, he felt it “clearly supported a finding of guilt on the

lesser included offense of assault by beating, striking, or wounding.” Id. The court

pointed out that the defendants conceded that the Government introduced evidence 

sufficient to support a conviction of this lesser offense. The parties, the court stated, agree

that upon entering a judgment of acquittal as to the charge of assault resulting in serious

bodily injury, the district court may enter a judgment of conviction as to the charge of

assault by striking, beating, or wounding. Id. (citing United States v. Dhinsa, 243 F.3d

635, 674 (2nd Cir. 2001)). The district court therefore entered a judgment of conviction

as to both defendants for the lesser offense of assault by striking, beating or wounding. 
- 13 -

III

This Court reviews a district court’s decision to grant a motion for judgment of

acquittal de novo. See United States v. Jackson, 213 F.3d 1269, 1283 (10th Cir. 2000). 

We have previously spelled out the standard of review of a grant of a motion for

acquittal: “We must view the evidence, both direct and circumstantial, in the light most

favorable to the government, and without weighing conflicting evidence or considering

the credibility of witnesses, determine whether that evidence, if believed, would establish

each element of the crime.” United States v. White, 673 F.2d 299, 301-02 (10th Cir. 

1982), United States v. Downen, 496 F.2d 314, 318 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 

897, 95 S. Ct. 177, 42 L. Ed. 2d 142 (1974); Goff v. United States, 446 F.2d 623, 624

(10th Cir. 1971). 

Under this standard we recognize the right of the jury to determine credibility and

to find the facts. White, 673 F.2d at 301. We also permit the district court to enter a

judgment of acquittal only if the evidence that defendant committed the crime is

nonexistent or so meager that no reasonable jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt. Id. If the government has met that standard, both this court and the trial court

must defer to the jury’s verdict of guilty. Id. at 302. This standard is based upon a deep

respect for the fact-finding function of the jury. Id. 

The issue here is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

verdict, a rational jury could have found that the government proved beyond a reasonable
- 14 -

doubt that the defendants’ committed an assault on Thompson which resulted in serious

bodily injury in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1131 (a) (6). Applying the applicable standard of

review, we are convinced that the trial judge did not view the evidence, both direct and

circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the government without weighing conflicting

evidence in determining whether the evidence, if believed, would establish each element

of the crime. United States v. White, 673 F.2d at 301-02. We feel the judge did not

follow the strict rule which permits the court to enter a judgment of acquittal “only if the

evidence that defendant committed the crime is nonexistent or so meager that no

reasonable jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 301. Instead, the

district court substituted its judgment of the merits of the case for that of the jury,

weighed conflicting testimony from Thompson, and questioned Thompson’s credibility as

a witness. 

The district court’s error in the present case springs from its unwillingness to

accept the jury’s inference that “simply being pushed resulted in an open fracture” of

Thompson’s lower leg. Memorandum and Order, I App. 79. The district court provided

the jury with the instructions that “you are permitted to draw such reasonable inferences

from the testimony and exhibits as you feel are justified in the light of common

experience” and that “you may make deductions and reach conclusions which reason and

common sense [lead] you to draw from the facts which have been established by the

evidence in the case.” Memorandum and Order, I App. 79. The court found that the
- 15 -

jury’s inference that Thompson’s broken ankle resulted from being pushed “seems to run

contrary to common sense and experience.” Id. The problem here is that when the court

made this finding, it substituted its view of the evidence for that of the jury. 

The district court did not follow the proper standard of review when it weighed

conflicting testimony from Thompson and in effect called into question Thompson’s

credibility as a witness. The court challenged Thompson’s statement about how his ankle

was broken by stating that “[c]ommon experience suggests that some aggravating factor,

beyond being simply pushed forward, must account for the severity of this ankle injury.” 

Id. Instead, the judge suggests, if the government had presented expert medical testimony

explaining that “Mr. Thompson’s ankle injury was consistent with falling down in the

way he described, it may have allowed a jury to conclude that the causation element had

been established beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 80. Instead the judge seriously

questioned Thompson’s credibility as a witness. 

Moreover, the court weighed conflicts in the testimony of Thompson. It stated that

“[c]ompounding the problems relating to the Government’s insufficient proof on the issue

of causation are the indications that at one time Mr. Thompson believed that he had

injured his ankle by falling into a ditch.” Memorandum and Order, I App. 80. The court

proceeded to compare Thompson’s trial testimony regarding how he broke his ankle when

falling with other trial testimony. Thompson said that he told Deputy Sheriff Edmund

Yazzie on the day of the injury that he had fallen in a ditch. The court pointed out that
- 16 -

Thompson had made similar statements regarding falling in a ditch to Dr. Frechette and

Charles Buck, the Emergency Medical Technician. Id. at 81. The court acknowledged

that the tasks of “weighing conflicting evidence and evaluating witnesses’ credibility

belong to the jury, not the Court.” Id. The judge conceded that “the jury appears to have

believed the version of events Mr. Thompson offered at trial.” Id. The judge then said he

had pointed “to the variation in Mr. Thompson’s descriptions of how he broke his ankle

only to compare the extent to which the explanations coincide with common sense and

common experience.” Id. 

In questioning Thompson’s credibility, weighing his testimony, and suggesting the

need for further expert medical opinion, we feel that the judge did not sufficiently accept

the jury’s findings. We believe that when the evidence is examined in the light most

favorable to the verdict, it is clear that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find

the defendants’ assault was “the cause in fact” and “the proximate cause” of Thompson’s

serious bodily injury. Thompson testified that before the assault he was standing, II App.

304, and that after he was knocked down by the defendants he hit the ground hard, 

noticed his ankle was broken, and fell back down. Id. at 305-07. We feel the proof is

sufficient for the jury to decide that defendants were the factual cause of Thompson’s

serious bodily injury. 

Testimony from Celestina Thompson, Dr. Frechette, and the EMT Buck combined

to support Thompson’s testimony. Celestina Thompson testified that she found her father
- 17 -

by the side of the road and later she and her mother followed trails of blood back to the

area where Thompson says he was injured. I App. 110. There they found Thompson’s

bloody sock and shoe with chips of bone in it, a bloody mattress, and some hair that

looked like Thompson’s hair. Id. at 111-12. When Celestina Thompson visited her father

at the hospital that evening she saw his nose was cut, he had a black eye and hair was

missing from the back of his head. See id. at 152-53. 

In connection with proximate cause, “the government need only show the

defendants’ illegal conduct resulted in bodily injury; not that the defendants intended

bodily injury.” United States v. Woodlee, 136 F.3d 1399, 1405 (10th Cir.) (emphasis in

original), cert. denied sub nom. Kinslow v. United States, 525 U.S. 842 (1998). “A

fundamental principle of criminal law is that a person is held responsible for all

consequences proximately caused by his criminal conduct.” United States v. Guillette,

547 F.2d 743, 749 (2nd Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 839 (1977). Viewing the

evidence here in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, it may be inferred that the

defendants gave Thompson several punches and pushes, II App. 302-06, and that this

assault resulted in the serious bodily injury to Thompson. 

IV

Accordingly, the district court’s grant of the defendants’s motion for judgment of

acquittal is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED to the district court for further 
- 18 -

proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

William J. Holloway, Jr.

Circuit Judge