United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

Soil Survey of

Pepin County,

Wisconsin

In cooperation with

the Research Division,

College of Agricultural and

Life Sciences, University of

Wisconsin

Part I

Subset of MLRA 105
3

This survey is divided into three parts. Part I includes general information about the

survey area; descriptions of the general soil map units, detailed soil map units, and soil

series in the area; and a description of how the soils formed. Part II describes the use

and management of the soils and the major soil properties. This part may be updated

as further information about soil management becomes available. Part III includes the

maps.

On the general soil map, the survey area is divided into groups of associated soils

called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management

of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify

the name of the map units in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the

section General Soil Map Units in Part I of this survey for a general description of the

soils in your area.

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small

areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map

Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet, and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in

that area. Turn to the Contents in Part I of this survey, which lists the map units and

shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents in Part II shows which table has data on a specific land use for each

detailed soil map unit. Also, see the Contents in Part I and Part II for other sections of

this publication that may address your specific needs.

How To Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1996. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1997. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Research

Division of the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin. It is

part of the technical assistance furnished to the Pepin County Land Conservation

Department, which helped finance the fieldwork.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of

its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Cover: Upper left—Dead Lake Prairie is a prime agricultural area. It is bordered on the east by

Silver Birch Lake and the Chippewa River flood plain. Upper right—An area of Urne soils.

Maintaining a permanent cover, including mixed conifer plantings, is a requirement in highly

erodible areas enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program. Lower left—Lake Pepin, a natural

widening of the Mississippi River, offers many miles of open water for sailing and fishing

enthusiasts. Lower right—Water erosion can be a major concern in many areas because of the

slope, the climate, erodible soil textures, and the cropping requirements for dairy farming.
5

Contents

How To Use This Soil Survey ................................. 3

Foreword ................................................................. 9

How This Survey Was Made ................................... 11

Survey Procedures ............................................. 12

General Nature of the Survey Area......................... 12

History and Development ................................... 13

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage .................... 14

Transportation Facilities and Markets ................. 14

Agriculture and the Conservation Ethic .............. 15

Water Supply ...................................................... 15

Climate ............................................................... 15

Tables:

Temperature and Precipitation ....................... 17

Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ..................... 18

Growing Season ............................................ 18

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 19

1. Pepin-Dorerton-Churchtown Association ..... 19

2. Ella-Orion-Plumcreek Association ............... 20

3. Finchford-Plainfield-Burkhardt

Association ........................................... 22

4. Algansee-Kalmarville-Scotah Association.... 23

5. Urne-Drammen Association ......................... 24

6. Markey-Farrington-Aldo Association ............ 25

7. Norden-Seaton Association ......................... 25

Formation and Classification of the Soils .......... 27

Landscape Evolution .......................................... 27

Factors of Soil Formation ................................... 33

Climate........................................................... 33

Living Organisms ........................................... 33

Landscape Setting ......................................... 34

Parent Material ............................................... 34

Time ............................................................... 34

Classification of the Soils.................................... 36

Tables:

Classification of the Soils ............................... 37

Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the

Soils ...................................................... 38

Soil Series and Detailed Soil Map Units.............. 41

Aldo Series ......................................................... 42

516A—Aldo sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes ............ 42

Algansee Series ................................................. 43

1658A—Algansee-Kalmarville complex, 0 to

3 percent slopes .......................................... 44

Arenzville Series ................................................ 44

626A—Arenzville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 45

Bearpen Series .................................................. 45

318A—Bearpen silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 46

Bellechester Series ............................................ 47

Boguscreek Series ............................................. 47

303A—Boguscreek silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 48

Boone Series...................................................... 48

233C—Boone sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes ....... 49

1224F—Boone-Elevasil complex, 15 to 50

percent slopes ............................................. 50

Boplain Series .................................................... 50

510B—Boplain sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes ........ 51

510C—Boplain sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes...... 51

510F—Boplain sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes .... 52

Brodale Series.................................................... 52

1155F—Brodale-Bellechester-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes ................ 53

Burkhardt Series ................................................ 53

453A—Burkhardt sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 54

453B—Burkhardt sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 55

Chaseburg Series .............................................. 55

616B—Chaseburg silt loam, 1 to 4 percent

slopes .......................................................... 55

Chelsea Series ................................................... 56

502B2—Chelsea fine sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 56

502C2—Chelsea fine sand, 6 to 15 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 57

Churchtown Series ............................................. 57

116C2—Churchtown silt loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded ................................ 58

116D2—Churchtown silt loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded ................................ 59

116E—Churchtown silt loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes ............................................. 59

Dakota Series ..................................................... 59

403A—Dakota silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 60

Dorerton Series .................................................. 61
6

1135F—Dorerton-Elbaville complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ............................................. 62

Drammen Series ................................................ 62

512B—Drammen loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 63

512C—Drammen loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 63

512D—Drammen loamy sand, 12 to 20

percent slopes ............................................. 64

Dunnbot Series .................................................. 64

646A—Dunnbot fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ............................................. 65

Elbaville Series ................................................... 66

Elevasil Series .................................................... 66

224B—Elevasil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 67

224C2—Elevasil sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 68

224D2—Elevasil sandy loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded ................................ 68

Ella Series .......................................................... 69

316B2—Ella silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes,

eroded ......................................................... 69

316C2—Ella silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes,

eroded ......................................................... 70

Ettrick Series ...................................................... 70

629A—Ettrick silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 71

Farrington Series ................................................ 72

508A—Farrington loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 72

Finchford Series ................................................. 73

501A—Finchford loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 74

501B—Finchford loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 74

Forkhorn Series ................................................. 75

433A—Forkhorn sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 75

433B—Forkhorn sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 76

433C2—Forkhorn sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded ................................ 76

Gaphill Series ..................................................... 77

1145F—Gaphill-Rockbluff complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ............................................. 78

Garne Series ...................................................... 78

265B—Garne loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 79

265C—Garne loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 79

Hersey Series..................................................... 80

826B2—Hersey silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 81

826C2—Hersey silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 81

Hixton Series ...................................................... 81

213C2—Hixton silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 82

213D2—Hixton silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 83

213E2—Hixton silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 83

Hoopeston Series ............................................... 84

438A—Hoopeston sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 84

Houghton Series ................................................ 85

Kalmarville Series .............................................. 85

Kevilar Series ..................................................... 86

432A—Kevilar sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 95

432B—Kevilar sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 95

432C2—Kevilar sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 96

Komro Series ..................................................... 96

506A—Komro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 97

2050—Landfill .................................................... 97

Lows Series........................................................ 97

429A—Lows loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........... 98

Markey Series .................................................... 99

11A—Markey muck, flooded, 0 to 1 percent

slopes .......................................................... 99

40A—Markey and Seelyeville mucks, 0 to 1

percent slopes ........................................... 100
7

Medary Series .................................................. 100

326B2—Medary silt loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 101

Meridian Series ................................................ 101

423A—Meridian silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 102

423B2—Meridian silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 103

Mt. Carroll Series .............................................. 103

114B2—Mt. Carroll silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 104

114C2—Mt. Carroll silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 104

M-W—Miscellaneous water .............................. 105

NewGlarus Series ............................................ 105

144B2—NewGlarus silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 106

144C2—NewGlarus silt loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 106

144D2—NewGlarus silt loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 106

144E—NewGlarus silt loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 107

Newson Series ................................................. 107

589A—Newson mucky loamy sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes ........................................... 108

Norden Series .................................................. 108

254B2—Norden silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 109

254C2—Norden silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 110

254D2—Norden silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 110

254E2—Norden silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 111

254F—Norden silt loam, 30 to 45 percent

slopes ........................................................ 111

Northbend Series ............................................. 111

1648A—Northbend-Ettrick silt loams, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 112

Orion Series ..................................................... 113

628A—Orion silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 113

Palms Series .................................................... 114

20A—Palms and Houghton mucks, 0 to 1

percent slopes ........................................... 115

21A—Palms muck, flooded, 0 to 1 percent

slopes ........................................................ 115

Pepin Series ..................................................... 116

125B2—Pepin silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 116

125C2—Pepin silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 117

125D2—Pepin silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 117

125E2—Pepin silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 118

2013—Pits, gravel ............................................ 118

2014—Pits, quarry, hard bedrock ..................... 118

Plainfield Series ............................................... 119

511A—Plainfield sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 119

511B—Plainfield sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes ........................................................ 120

511C—Plainfield sand, 6 to 15 percent

slopes ........................................................ 120

511F—Plainfield sand, 15 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 120

Plumcreek Series ............................................. 121

313D2—Plumcreek silt loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 122

313F—Plumcreek silt loam, 20 to 45 percent

slopes ........................................................ 122

Prissel Series ................................................... 122

546A—Prissel loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 123

546B—Prissel loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes ........................................................ 124

546F—Prissel loamy sand, 15 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 124

Rasset Series ................................................... 125

413A—Rasset sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 126

413B—Rasset sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes ........................................................ 126

2003A—Riverwash, nearly level ....................... 127
8

Rockbluff Series ............................................... 127

Rusktown Series .............................................. 128

436A—Rusktown sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 128

Scotah Series ................................................... 129

656A—Scotah loamy fine sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 129

Seaton Series................................................... 130

115B2—Seaton silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 131

115C2—Seaton silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 131

115D2—Seaton silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 131

Seelyeville Series ............................................. 132

Tarr Series ........................................................ 132

561B—Tarr sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes ........... 133

Tint Series ........................................................ 133

566A—Tint sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes............ 134

2040—Udipsamments, dredge material ........... 134

Urne Series ...................................................... 134

255B2—Urne fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 135

255C2—Urne fine sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 135

255D2—Urne fine sandy loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 136

255E—Urne fine sandy loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 136

255F—Urne fine sandy loam, 30 to 45

percent slopes ........................................... 137

W—Water ......................................................... 137

References .......................................................... 139

Glossary .............................................................. 141

Issued 2001
9

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in

Pepin County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey

also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to

overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and

agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed

for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers,

developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites

for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance.

Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users

identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The

landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and

regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are

poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil

poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

Patricia S. Leavenworth

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword
11

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.

The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil.

The profile extends from the surface down into the

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other

biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind

or segment of the landscape. By observing the soils

and miscellaneous areas in the survey area and

relating their position to specific segments of the

landscape, soil scientists develop a concept, or model,

of how the soils were formed. Thus, during mapping,

this model enables the soil scientists to predict with a

considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or

miscellaneous area at a specific location on the

landscape.

Individual soils on the landscape commonly merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate map, however, soil

scientists must determine the boundaries between the

soils. They can observe only a limited number of soil

profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soilvegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to

verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

soil reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.

Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement

of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area generally are collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

Soil Survey of

Pepin County, Wisconsin, Subset

of Major Land Resource Area 105

By Theron A. Meyer, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Roger A. Dahl, Donna E. Ferren, Theron A. Meyer, and Larry L. Natzke,

Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with the Pepin County Land Conservation Department and the Research

Division of the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin
12 Soil Survey of

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and

tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and

the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all

of the soils are field tested through observation of the

soils in different uses and under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only

on soil properties but also on such variables as

climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are

predictable over long periods of time, but they are not

predictable from year to year. For example, soil

scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of

accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table

within certain depths in most years, but they cannot

predict that a high water table will always be at a

specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating

boundaries accurately.

In some parts of the survey area, the soil scientists

were denied access. The reliability of information on

the maps in these areas is limited, since the soil lines

were projected using remote sensing techniques.

These areas are outlined on the maps and labeled as

“Reduced Reliability, Access Denied.”

The descriptions, names, and delineations of the

soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those

of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are

the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications

in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of

mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey

areas.

Survey Procedures

This soil survey updates the survey of Pepin County

published in 1964 (USDA, 1964). It is the first updated

subset of a project that will update all of Major Land

Resource Area 105 (MLRA 105), The Northern

Mississippi Valley Loess Hills. The majority of MLRA

105 occurs in Wisconsin (fig. 1). It consists of all or

parts of 21 counties in western Wisconsin, 7 counties

in southeastern Minnesota, 9 counties in northeastern

Iowa, and 4 counties in northwestern Illinois.

This updated soil survey provides additional and

more accurate soil information and has larger maps,

which show the soils in greater detail. The soil names

may differ from those in the earlier survey because of

a change in soil series concepts and a better

knowledge of the soils. The maps and soil descriptions

in the 1964 survey were used as a reference of soil

map units and to plan map unit transects. Before the

fieldwork was begun, both black-and-white and color

aerial photographs taken in the spring of 1992 and

enlarged to a scale of 1:12,000 were studied. Soil

scientists studied U.S. Geological Survey topographic

maps to relate land and image features. Sample areas

were selected to represent the major landscapes in

the county. These areas were investigated more

closely than the rest of the county. Extensive notes

were taken on the composition of map units in these

preliminary study areas.

Some areas required remapping, especially where

the previous depth of observation did not describe

important underlying soil materials, including bedrock,

perched and apparent water tables, and contrasting

textures. Adjustments of slope lines were made

because of improvements in aerial photography and

because some slope class ranges used in the past

were too wide for current uses.

General Nature of the Survey Area

Betty A. Plummer, county conservationist, Pepin County Land

Conservation Department, helped prepare this section.

Pepin County is located along the western border of

Wisconsin (fig. 1). Two major rivers form part of its

boundaries. The Mississippi River is on the southwest

and separates the county from the State of Minnesota.

The Chippewa River forms part of the eastern

boundary.

The county has a total surface area of

approximately 159,000 acres, which includes about

11,000 acres of water. Durand, the county seat, is

along the Chippewa River near the center of the

county. Durand is about 62 miles southeast of St. Paul,

Minnesota, and 170 miles northwest of Madison,

Wisconsin.

Dairy farming is the main livestock enterprise in the

county. Beef operations also are important. Specialty

crops, such as potatoes, sweet corn, beans, squash,

melons, and strawberries, are grown on some of the

sandy soils and support a fair amount of truck farms.

Small industries include a tire retread operation, a
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 13

cheese factory, sawmills, and logging. Woodland

makes up about one-third of the land area.

History and Development

The Chippewa and Sioux Indians alternately

occupied the land that makes up the survey area. The

last battle fought between these two tribes occurred in

1851.

Lake Pepin appears for the first time on a map of

New France in 1703. While being held prisoner on the

shores of the lake, Father Louis Hennepin called it

“Lake of Tears” when some of the Sioux captors wept

all night because their comrades would not permit the

death of their captives.

In 1845, John McCain laid out a claim and built a

log cabin, which was the first settlement in the county

and today is known as the Village of Pepin. The first

school was built in 1853 and had 20 students. Louisa

Ingalls was the first teacher; she was the aunt of

Figure 1.—Location of Pepin County and MLRA 105 in Wisconsin.
14 Soil Survey of

author Laura Ingalls Wilder, who was born on

February 7, 1867, in a log cabin near Pepin,

Wisconsin. In 1976, the Little House Wayside was

created along County Highway CC. A log cabin was

constructed on the site to replicate the one that Wilder

wrote about in her first book, “Little House in the Big

Woods,” published in 1932 (Anderson, 1990).

Between the years of 1849 to 1857, settlements

sprang up in Stockholm, Waterville, Frankfort, Lima,

Durand, and Waubeek. In 1856, the City of Durand

was surveyed and platted out by Miles Durand Prindle.

In 1857, a ferry was started across the Chippewa

River. It was a pole ferry propelled by two horses

walking up a revolving plank platform or treadmill. In

1884, a wood and steel toll bridge was built across the

river at a cost of $15,000. The toll charge was 25 cents

for a team and 5 cents for foot passengers.

The first settlers established creameries, feed

grinding mills, sawmills, and a furniture factory in the

Village of Arkansaw. Lumbering was quite important; in

1852 at Waubeek, a sawmill was erected that

employed 100 people. With the development of the

lumber industry, Pepin occupied a strategic position.

This area grew with the lumber industry, and in 1860

Pepin became the first incorporated village in the

county. Pepin also became an important port.

Fourteen years after the first settlement, the

population had grown to 2,392. The population rose

steadily until 1900, when it reached a peak of 7,905.

The 1993 census estimated 7,156 people living in the

county.

Early agriculture in the county consisted mainly of

growing wheat. The production declined after 1880,

and dairying became the main source of income on

the farm. Most of the crops are used for feed and

livestock purposes.

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

In the western and southern parts of Pepin County,

the terrain is some of the most rugged in Wisconsin.

The most striking topographic features in the county

are along the major rivers that drain the county—the

Mississippi, Chippewa, and Eau Galle Rivers. Glacial

meltwater streams were responsible for the creation of

Lake Pepin. As ice melted, the Chippewa River

deposited more sand and gravel at its mouth than the

Mississippi River could transport. As a result, a delta

was built at the mouth of the Chippewa River, partially

damming the Mississippi and creating Lake Pepin.

Lake Pepin is 2.5 miles wide and 22 miles long. It has

a maximum depth of 56 feet and an average depth of

25 to 35 feet.

The great gorge of the Mississippi River west of

Lake Pepin is bounded on both sides by very steep

bluffs that rise 300 to 500 feet above the level of the

river. Near its confluence with the Mississippi, the

Chippewa River valley is deep and wide. In many

places relief ranges from 200 to 400 feet from the

sandy flood plain to the summits of the hills.

In contrast, the northern and eastern parts of the

county typically have a much less rugged landscape

typified by sandstone hills rising a maximum of about

150 feet above a nearly level to undulating valley train.

Multiple levels of terraces and steep terrace risers

emerge above the present flood plains along the major

rivers. The terraces were formed by the entrenchment

of these rivers, which cut deep into the previous flood

plains.

Bear, Arkansaw, and Plum Creeks, which are

tributaries of the Chippewa River, also drain the

county. In addition, Bogus Creek and Lost Creek flow

south into Lake Pepin.

It is probable that Bear Creek once provided the

main channel for the Buffalo River, which now flows

southward at Mondovi in Buffalo County. The

headwaters of the Buffalo River formerly were a part

of Bear Creek and flowed westward to the Chippewa

River (Martin, 1932). One theory that has been

advanced as the reason for the change in the course

of the Buffalo River is that, during the glacial period,

the mouth of Bear Creek was blocked by glacial drift

and outwash and the water was forced to take a more

southward course. Another theory is that a smaller,

northward-flowing tributary, through the process of

headwater erosion, intercepted the Buffalo River.

Transportation Facilities and Markets

Pepin and Stockholm are served by the BurlingtonNorthern main railway line.

U.S. Highway 10 dissects the northern part of the

county. State Highway 35 runs along the south and

west borders along the Mississippi River. State

Highway 25 runs along the east border along the

Chippewa River. State Highway 85 is the connecting

highway from Durand to Eau Claire.

Pepin County has numerous county highways that

service rural areas. Generally, livestock is taken by

truck to South St. Paul and other livestock markets in

the general area.

About 85 percent of the milk produced in the county

is used for cheese products within the State, and 15

percent is used as powdered milk, butter, and ice

cream products.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 15

Agriculture and the Conservation Ethic

The average size of a farm in Pepin County is 216

acres. Hay crops, corn, soybeans, and some rye and

oats are grown, along with specialty crops, such as

snap beans, sweet corn, kidney beans, potatoes,

melons, squash, and strawberries.

Citizens of Pepin County have developed a strong

conservation ethic that dates back to the 1930’s. In

1933, camps of the Civilian Conservation Corps were

located in Pepin County. Much of the topography in

Pepin County is rolling and rough, and workers from

these camps completed a number of dams and

planted trees to control erosion. In 1939, the Pepin

County Soil Conservation District was established to

promote soil conservation. In the early 1980’s, Soil and

Water Conservation Districts were converted to the

present Land Conservation Committee structure,

which resulted in the growth of the conservation

workforce and enhanced local decision making.

Watershed structures were constructed during the

years 1958 to 1967 in the Lost Creek, Bogus Creek,

and Plum Creek Valleys. These watersheds were

organized to assist landowners in conserving their

soils and to control gullies.

Resource conservation plans were implemented to

encourage management of the soils through proper

rotations. Pasture improvement, contour stripcropping,

waterways, and diversions were among the practices

used widely throughout the county. Grazing of

woodlots and steep marginal lands is being reduced

as landowners realize the benefits of erosion control

and forest management. As a result, woodlots have

improved and the vegetation of the marginal areas has

provided better food and cover for wildlife.

In the 1980’s, conservation tillage was adopted.

This tillage system is used extensively throughout the

county.

Water Supply

Dan Simonson, Chippewa River Basin Team, Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources, prepared this section.

Ground water supplies most of the water for human

consumption in Pepin County. Surface water and

ground water are used for livestock. Since most of

Pepin County was glaciated, with the exception of the

extreme southeast corner of the county, glacial

materials are present to various depths and provide

the dominant ground-water sources. Windblown loess

also covers much of the landscape and is quite deep

in places. About 44 percent of the county has bedrock

within 10 feet of the surface. Shallow ground water in

Pepin County is contained mainly in glacial deposits

as an unconfined aquifer.

Selected well drilling records for relatively recent

wells (1977 to 1994) indicate that most water supply

comes from drilled wells that terminate in sandstone

with some mixture of sandstone and shale. The

unconfined sand and gravel aquifers supply water for

20 percent of the wells in the county. A smaller

percentage of wells are in dolostone. Some older wells

are in the unconsolidated glacial sand and gravel

aquifer.

Because a high proportion of the county has soils

of poor contaminant attenuation capacity (47 percent),

occurrences of nitrate concentrations exceeding

10mg/l are not uncommon. Sampling reports indicate

that 15 to 20 percent of the wells in the glacial material

aquifer exceed the 10mg/l standard, a rate which is

significantly higher than in other areas in Wisconsin.

Nitrate levels are much lower in the bedrock aquifer

and are almost 10 times higher in the unconsolidated

aquifer of the Village of Pepin. Many of the wells in the

unconfined aquifer extend to depths of 160 feet

(WDNR, 1996).

Wells drilled into the sandstone or dolostone

bedrock aquifer are likely to find water quality that

reflects a need for the removal of iron and manganese.

This removal is currently being accomplished in the

City of Durand. The Village of Pepin uses a 163-foot

well terminating in the unconsolidated aquifer but

requiring no treatment. Both iron and manganese are

less concentrated in this aquifer than in the bedrock

aquifer used by the City of Durand.

Climate

The three tables at the end of this section

(“Temperature and Precipitation,” “Freeze Dates in

Spring and Fall,” and “Growing Season”) provide

climate data for the survey area as recorded at

Mondovi in the period 1961 to 1990.

In winter, the average temperature is 16.6 degrees

F and the average daily minimum temperature is 6.1

degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which

occurred at Mondovi on January 30, 1951, is -45

degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 69

degrees and the average daily maximum temperature

is 81 degrees. The highest temperature, which

occurred at Mondovi on August 24, 1948, is 104

degrees.

Growing degree days are equivalent to “heat units.”

During the month, growing degree days accumulate by

the amount that the average temperature each day

exceeds a base temperature (50 degrees F). The
16 Soil Survey of

normal monthly accumulation is used to schedule

single or successive plantings of a crop between the

last freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is 31.86 inches. Of

this, 19.55 inches, or about 61 percent, usually falls in

May through September. The growing season for most

crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day

rainfall during the period of record was 6.3 inches at

Mondovi on September 16, 1992. Thunderstorms

occur on about 37 days each year, and most occur in

July.

The average seasonal snowfall is 44.4 inches. The

greatest snow depth at any one time during the period

of record was 30 inches recorded on February 5,

1971. An average of 72 days per year have at least 1

inch of snow on the ground. The heaviest 1-day

snowfall on record was 11.5 inches recorded on

December 1, 1985.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 59 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 78 percent. The sun shines

about 68 percent of the time possible in summer and

51 percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the

northwest. Average windspeed is highest, 12.3 miles

per hour, in April.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 17

Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Mondovi, Wisconsin)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

 | Temperature | Precipitation

 | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| |

 | | | | 10 will have-- | | | will have-- | | _______________________ _____________

 Month |Average|Average|Average| | | Average |Average| | | Average |Average

 | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum |number of| | Less | More |number of|snowfall

 |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| growing | |than--|than--|days with|

 | | | | higher | lower | degree | | | |0.10 inch|

 | | | | than-- | than-- | days* | | | | or more | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | oF | oF | oF | oF | oF | Units | In | In | In | | In

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 January----| 23.1 | 1.8 | 12.5 | 47 | -33 | 0 | 0.86 | 0.30| 1.38| 3 | 10.2

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 February---| 30.0 | 7.3 | 18.7 | 53 | -29 | 0 | .84 | .19| 1.36| 2 | 7.7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 March------| 41.7 | 20.8 | 31.2 | 71 | -13 | 7 | 2.00 | 1.22| 2.69| 5 | 9.1

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 April------| 59.0 | 34.3 | 46.7 | 85 | 12 | 77 | 3.03 | 1.79| 4.15| 6 | 1.8

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 May--------| 71.3 | 45.2 | 58.2 | 89 | 25 | 263 | 3.83 | 2.24| 5.25| 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 June-------| 78.9 | 54.4 | 66.6 | 94 | 36 | 478 | 3.81 | 2.26| 5.20| 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 July-------| 83.6 | 59.5 | 71.6 | 96 | 43 | 652 | 4.18 | 2.24| 5.89| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 August-----| 80.6 | 56.9 | 68.8 | 94 | 39 | 565 | 3.70 | 1.71| 5.40| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 September--| 71.1 | 48.4 | 59.7 | 90 | 28 | 295 | 4.03 | 2.23| 5.62| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 October----| 60.4 | 37.5 | 48.9 | 83 | 16 | 99 | 2.54 | 1.12| 3.75| 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 November---| 42.7 | 24.4 | 33.6 | 67 | -4 | 7 | 1.74 | .61| 2.68| 4 | 4.8

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 December---| 27.6 | 9.3 | 18.4 | 54 | -26 | 0 | 1.30 | .61| 1.98| 3 | 10.9

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average---| 55.8 | 33.3 | 44.6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Extreme---| --- | --- | --- | 97 | -34 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2,444 | 31.86 | 23.48| 35.81| 60 | 44.4

 | | | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the

maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which

growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F).
18

Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Mondovi, Wisconsin)

_____________________________________________________________

 |

 | Temperature |__________________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | or lower | or lower | or lower _____________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | May 2 | May 15 | May 28

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 27 | May 10 | May 23

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 18 | May 1 | May 14

 | | |

First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 4 | Sept. 24 | Sept. 17

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 9 | Sept. 29 | Sept. 20

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 19 | Oct. 8 | Sept. 27

 | | | _____________________________________________________________

Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Mondovi,

 Wisconsin)

__________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily minimum temperature

 | during growing season

 |___________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 o __________________________________________________ F

 | Days | Days | Days

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 160 | 142 | 120

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 168 | 148 | 126

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 183 | 161 | 138

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 198 | 174 | 149

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 205 | 181 | 155

 | | | __________________________________________________
19

The general soil map in this publication shows

broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils,

relief, and drainage. These areas are called

associations. Each association on the general soil

map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it

consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous

areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It

is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas.

The soils or miscellaneous areas making up one

association can occur in another but in a different

pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils or miscellaneous areas can be

identified on the map. Likewise, areas that are not

suitable can be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or building or other structure.

The soils in any one association differ from place to

place in slope, depth, drainage, and other

characteristics that affect management.

1. Pepin-Dorerton-Churchtown

Association

Setting

Landform: Hills

Slope range: 2 to 60 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 36

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 2):

Pepin and similar soils—45 percent

Dorerton and similar soils—26 percent

Churchtown soils—19 percent

Minor components—10 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

Pepin

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Slope range: 2 to 30 percent

Dorerton

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: Backslopes

Dominant parent material: Loamy colluvium over

loamy residuum

Texture of the surface layer: Loam

Slope range: 30 to 60 percent

Churchtown

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: Footslopes

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

loess

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Slope range: 12 to 30 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Brodale soils on shoulders and backslopes

• Elbaville and Gaphill soils on backslopes

• Hersey, Seaton, Mt. Carroll, and NewGlarus soils on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills

Contrasting components:

• Bellechester soils on backslopes

• Norden soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

• Rockbluff soils and Rock outcrop on shoulders and

nose slopes

• Pits, quarry, hard bedrock, on summits and

shoulders

Use and Management

Major uses: Dorerton—forest land and pasture;

Pepin—cropland; Churchtown—cropland, forest

land, and pasture

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

General Soil Map Units
20 Soil Survey of

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

2. Ella-Orion-Plumcreek Association

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Slope range: 0 to 45 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 16

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 3):

Ella and similar soils—54 percent

Orion and similar soils—23 percent

Plumcreek and similar soils—12 percent

Minor components—11 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

Ella

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Position on the landform: Treads

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over silty to

sandy slackwater deposits

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Slope range: 1 to 12 percent

Orion

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Position on the landform: Drainageways

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Figure 2.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Pepin-Dorerton-Churchtown association.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 21

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Plumcreek

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: Risers

Dominant parent material: Silty and loamy slope

alluvium over silty to sandy slackwater deposits

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Slope range: 12 to 45 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Arenzville soils in drainageways on stream terraces

• Bearpen and Medary soils on treads of stream

terraces

• Chaseburg soils on toeslopes of hills

• Churchtown soils on footslopes of hills

• Seaton soils on shoulders and backslopes of hills

Contrasting components:

• Ettrick, Houghton, and Palms soils in depressions

and drainageways on stream terraces

• Plainfield soils on treads and risers of valley trains

Use and Management

Major uses: Ella—cropland; Orion—cropland, forest

land, and pasture; Plumcreek—forest land and

pasture

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Figure 3.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Ella-Orion-Plumcreek association.
22 Soil Survey of

3. Finchford-Plainfield-Burkhardt

Association

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Slope range: 0 to 60 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 15

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 4):

Finchford and similar soils—41 percent

Plainfield and similar soils—25 percent

Burkhardt and similar soils—19 percent

Minor components—15 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

Finchford

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Position on the landform: Treads

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Plainfield

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Position on the landform: Treads and risers

Figure 4.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Finchford-Plainfield-Burkhardt and Algansee-Kalmarville-Scotah

associations.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 23

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Slope range: 0 to 60 percent

Burkhardt

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Position on the landform: Treads

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Aldo, Dakota, Komro, and Rasset soils on treads of

valley trains

• Boplain soils on sand sheets and risers of valley

trains

• Chelsea soils on dunes

• Prissel soils on treads and risers of valley trains

Contrasting components:

• Boguscreek soils in drainageways of valley trains

• Farrington, Hoopeston, Meridian, and Rusktown

soils on treads of valley trains

• Forkhorn soils on treads and risers of valley trains

• Pits, gravel, on valley trains

Use and Management

Major uses: Finchford—cropland; Plainfield—cropland,

forest land, and pasture; Burkhardt—cropland

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

4. Algansee-Kalmarville-Scotah

Association

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 7

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 4):

Algansee and similar soils—50 percent

Kalmarville and similar soils—28 percent

Scotah and similar soils—14 percent

Minor components—8 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

Algansee

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Position on the landform: Low flats

Dominant parent material: Thin mantle of loamy

alluvium over sandy alluvium

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Kalmarville

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Position on the landform: Depressions and

drainageways

Dominant parent material: Silty and loamy alluvium

over sandy alluvium

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Scotah

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Position on the landform: High flats and natural levees

Dominant parent material: Sandy alluvium

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy fine sand

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Ettrick soils in depressions and drainageways of

flood plains

• Northbend soils on low flats of flood plains

• Dunnbot soils on high flats and natural levees of

flood plains

Contrasting components:

• Markey and Palms soils in backswamps of flood

plains

• Riverwash

• Water

Use and Management

Major uses: Algansee—forest land and wildlife habitat;

Kalmarville—forest land and wildlife habitat;

Scotah—cropland, forest land, and wildlife habitat

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

• “Wildlife Habitat” section
24 Soil Survey of

5. Urne-Drammen Association

Setting

Landform: Hills and sand sheets

Slope range: 1 to 45 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 14

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 5):

Urne and similar soils—48 percent

Drammen and similar soils—42 percent

Minor components—10 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

Urne

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

loamy residuum

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Drammen

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands and/or sandy

alluvium

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Slope range: 1 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Boone soils on shoulders of hills

Figure 5.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Urne-Drammen and Markey-Farrington-Aldo associations.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 25

• Elevasil soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of hills

• Garne soils on sand sheets

Contrasting components:

• Churchtown soils on footslopes of hills

• Hoopeston soils on treads of valley trains

• Kevilar soils on valley trains

• Norden and Seaton soils on summits, shoulders,

and backslopes of hills

• Plainfield and Prissel soils on treads of valley trains

Use and Management

Major uses: Cropland, forest land, and pasture

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

6. Markey-Farrington-Aldo Association

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 6

Extent of the components in the association (fig. 5):

Markey and similar soils—50 percent

Farrington soils—28 percent

Aldo soils—18 percent

Minor components—4 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

Markey

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Position on the landform: Depressions

Dominant parent material: Organic materials over

sandy and gravelly outwash

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Farrington

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Position on the landform: Treads

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Slope range: 1 to 3 percent

Aldo

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Position on the landform: Treads

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Komro soils on treads of valley trains

• Lows soils in drainageways of valley trains

• Newson soils in depressions and drainageways of

valley trains

• Seelyeville soils in depressions of valley trains

Contrasting components:

• Finchford and Plainfield soils on treads of valley

trains

Use and Management

Major uses: Markey—wetland wildlife habitat;

Farrington and Aldo—cropland

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Wildlife Habitat” section

7. Norden-Seaton Association

Setting

Landform: Hills

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 6

Extent of the components in the association:

Norden soils—54 percent

Seaton soils—42 percent

Minor components—4 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

Norden

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy residuum

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent
26

Seaton

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: Summits, shoulders, and

backslopes

Dominant parent material: Loess

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Slope range: 2 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Churchtown soils on footslopes of hills

• Hixton soils on shoulders and backslopes of hills

Contrasting components:

• Elevasil and Urne soils on shoulders and

backslopes of hills

Use and Management

Major uses: Cropland, forest land, and pasture

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section
27

In this section, the evolution of the general

landscape of the survey area is described and the

soils in the survey area are related to the major factors

of soil formation. Also, the system of soil classification

is described.

Landscape Evolution

Robert W. Baker, Ph.D., geologist, University of Wisconsin-River

Falls, and Kent M. Syverson, Ph.D., geologist, University of

Wisconsin-Eau Claire, helped prepare this section.

The ridge-and-valley landscape of Pepin County is

the eroded remnants of an ancient plain that covered

Wisconsin and the adjacent states. The development

of the ridges and valleys from the ancient plain has

spanned eons of time. Geologists divide this time

frame based on rock mineralogy and fossils. A

sequence of events through these eons of time

shaped the presentday landscape.

Ancient Seas

About 540 million years ago, a series of shallow

seas began to invade or transgress the low-lying parts

of the continent. The onset of this invasion marks the

beginning of the Cambrian Period, the earliest part of

the Paleozoic Era.

Later, during the Ordovician Period of the Paleozoic

Era, another invasion of the sea took place and about

70 percent of North America was under water. During

Cambrian and Ordovician time, streams carried

upland sediment to the seas. The kinds of minerals

and particle size of the sediment were dependent

upon the chemical and physical makeup of the upland

material and on the nearness to the mineral source.

The source probably varied with time as surrounding

lands were elevated or lowered by subsidence or

erosion (Austin, 1972). During the Cambrian,

dominantly sandy sediment was deposited. Clastic

sediment supply decreased during the Ordovician

Period, so the sediment was characterized dominantly

by the deposition of limy mud, a mixture of minerals

and the remains of teeming plant and animal life.

Mollusks, brachiopods, corals, and crinoids, animals

that build calcium-carbonate skeletons, were common.

The sediment was cemented and compressed into

rock. The sandy sediment formed sandstone, and the

limy mud formed limestone, dolostone, or shale.

Pre-Illinoian Ice Age

The Pleistocene Epoch, known as the ice age, is a

more recent major geological event that helped to

shape the presentday landscape. During this period,

ice fields formed in the polar and mountainous regions

and glaciers advanced several times into western

Wisconsin (Attig, 1993). This pre-Illinoian glacial

history is sketchy because of erosion and truncation of

deposits by later glacial events, postglacial erosion,

and limited exposures of glacial deposits. The earliest

known glacial advance in western Wisconsin was from

the west and has been called the Reeve Advance

(Johnson, 1986). During the Reeve Advance, the Des

Moines Lobe flowed eastward from Minnesota into

western Wisconsin. The minimum extent of the ice is

defined by the eastern boundary of tills of the Pierce

Formation (fig. 6). In the western part of Pepin County,

a thin mantle of till persists. This till is formally known

as the Hersey Member of the Pierce Formation. In the

unweathered state, typically below the depths of

observation in Pepin County, the Hersey Member is

consistently dark gray to black loam and is strongly

calcareous. The weathered till is typically

noncalcareous, yellowish brown, dark yellowish brown,

light olive brown, or olive brown loam or clay loam. The

calcareous nature, color, texture, and lithology of the

unweathered Hersey Member are typical of glacial

deposits in Iowa and Minnesota that have

northwestern (Manitoba) sources. The Reeve Advance

occurred during pre-Illinoian time at least 460,000

years ago and possibly as much as 770,000 years ago

(Baker and others, 1983). Hersey soils are associated

with these till remnants.

Recent research in Wisconsin and Minnesota

indicates that the deeply incised valley of the Upper

Mississippi River and its adjacent tributaries were in

Formation and Classification of the Soils
28 Soil Survey of

existence well before mid-Pleistocene time.

Stratigraphic relationships and Uranium-series and

paleomagnetic dating strongly suggest that the deep

landscape incision had already occurred prior to the

occurrence of the first glaciers in this region (Baker

and others, 1997).

Illinoian and Wisconsinan Glaciation

The next glacial units observed in west-central

Wisconsin were deposited by the Superior and

Chippewa Lobes during the Illinoian or Early

Wisconsinan Glaciations and are found as far south as

Figure 6.—A map showing the glaciation of Wisconsin. (Lee Clayton, John W. Attig, David M. Mickelson, and Mark D. Johnson,

University of Wisconsin-Extension Educational Series 36, revised 1992)
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 29

Pierce and Dunn Counties. This glacial sediment is

part of the River Falls Formation (fig. 7) and was

deposited by the Baldwin Advance of the Superior

Lobe and the Dallas Advance of the Chippewa Lobe

(Johnson, 1986). These units probably were deposited

during the Late Illinoian or Early Wisconsinan

Glaciations, but no accurate dates have been obtained

(Attig and others, 1988). It is not known whether these

units extended south into Pepin County.

This major episode of glacial advance was followed

by glacial retreat, a period of weathering, and then

several episodes of Late Wisconsinan Glaciation,

which terminated more than 20 miles north of Pepin

County.

Glaciers may have covered all of Pepin County,

based on glacial evidence found in other counties

(Clayton and others, 1991). Recent research has

uncovered evidence 3 to 5 km into an area in Eau

Claire County formerly considered part of the Driftless

Area. Lithology of the erratics suggest a northern

Wisconsin source and an ice advance from the

northeast during pre-Wisconsinan time. This proposed

ice margin is within 15 miles of the Pepin-Eau Claire

County line (Bement and Syverson, 1995).

Even if these later ice advances never reached

Pepin County, the frigid glacial climate undoubtedly

accelerated erosional processes in the area.

Permafrost is believed to have persisted in central

Wisconsin during the last part of the Wisconsinan

Glaciation when the Laurentide Ice Sheet stood at its

maximum extent. Permafrost resulted in arrested soil

development and accelerated erosion of the

landscape well beyond the ice sheet. Since the end of

permafrost, the landscape has been relatively stable.

The landscape continued to be modified, however, by

many geomorphic processes (Attig, 1993). Valleys

continued to widen, deepen, and lengthen. Streams

continued to carve their way headward into the

landscape. They intercepted many solution cavities in

the dolostone layers. Rock was easily removed from

these settings. Gravitational forces along with water

carried the rock downslope, reducing the fragments

from stones and boulders to cobbles and pebbles. This

cobbly loamy colluvium is coarser textured and thinner

near the shoulder slope and is finer and thicker where

deposited near the footslopes. Dorerton soils are

associated with loamy colluvium derived from

dolostone on steep backslopes.

Resultant Bedrock Landscape

The remaining bedrock-controlled plain, or Prairie

du Chien surface, is the largest upland surface in the

county. The only remaining member of the Prairie du

Chien Group, the Oneota dolostone, forms the

bedrock surface at the highest elevations on the

landscape.

The Prairie du Chien surface is thinly mantled with

a dominantly reddish, clayey pedisediment that is

thickest on the ridgetops and becomes thinner

downslope. The pedisediment is believed to be derived

from the weathering and associated erosion of the

bedrock surfaces above the Prairie du Chien during

the long period of time between the retreat of the seas

and the onset of the glacial age. It is likely that

glaciation has altered and contributed to this clayey

material in Pepin County. Texture is extremely variable,

ranging from sandy to very clayey. The sediment

contains an abundance of chert channers and

flagstones. NewGlarus and Pepin soils are associated

with the dolostone and the clayey pedisediment.

The Oneota Formation and the underlying Upper

Cambrian sandstones and siltstones—the Jordan, St.

Lawrence, Lone Rock, and Wonewoc Formations—are

the influential bedrock types in the county (fig. 8).

Where ridges are thinly capped by the more resistant

Oneota dolostone and underlain by the softer Jordan

sandstone, the tops are narrow, craggy, and

castellated and the valleys tend to be V-shaped.

Gaphill and Rockbluff soils are associated with the

Jordan sandstone. Where the ridges are capped by

the relatively soft Lone Rock sandstone and siltstone,

the crests are broad and well rounded and the valleys

are a mile or more in width. Norden and Urne soils are

associated with the Lone Rock sandstone and

siltstone.

Sandstone of the Wonewoc Formation is found at

the lower elevations on hills and at various depths

underlying the valley trains. Soils associated with the

Wonewoc sandstone formation are Boone and Elevasil

soils on hills and Boplain soils on sand sheets and

valley trains.

Dry Winds

Another significant landscape modifier was wind.

During the latter stages of the most recent ice age,

called the Wisconsin stage, intense winds carried

loess onto the landscapes. On hillslopes the Peoria

Formation, deposited between about 12,000 and

26,000 years before present (Ruhe, 1969), is typically

the only loess unit present. The mostly silt-sized

particles were deposited on the deeply dissected land

surface much like a blanket of snow during winter

storms. The unweathered basal portion of the Peorian

Formation is massive and calcareous, and the

weathered upper portion is leached and

noncalcareous (Leigh and Knox, 1994). Loess is
30 Soil Survey of

Figure 7.—Distribution of Pleistocene lithographic units in Wisconsin. In this illustration, formations are separated by solid lines

and members are separated by dashed lines. Only the extent of fairly continuous till in each member is shown; scattered

small patches of till and meltwater-stream and glacial-lake sediment are not shown. (Lee Clayton, John W. Attig, David M.

Mickelson, and Mark D. Johnson, University of Wisconsin-Extension Educational Series 36, revised 1992)
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 31

Figure 8.—Stratigraphic column showing the sequence of bedrock formations in the

survey area and their general lithology.
32 Soil Survey of

generally coarsest and thickest near large river

valleys, and it becomes finer and thinner with

increasing distance from the valleys. The main source

of the loess was the valley floors of the Mississippi

River and its tributaries (Ruhe, 1969). The loess is as

much as 10 feet thick, or even thicker, on the broader

summits near the main sources and becomes thinner

as ridges narrow and slope increases. Seaton and Mt.

Carroll soils formed in very deep loess. Where slope

gradient and width of ridges are equal, the loess is

thinnest on northwest aspects and thickest on

southeast aspects.

Wind also was able to move coarser particles of

sand size into dunes in places on the valley trains

where air currents were able to generate sufficient

energy. Chelsea soils formed in eolian sand on dunes.

East of the Chippewa River and to the east of the

valley train, many valleys have a surficial mantle of

eolian sand that lacks both the coarser sands and

gravel common to the valley train and the discernible

slip faces that are common with dunes. Drammen soils

formed in eolian sand on sand sheets.

Melting Ice

During the latter stages of the Pleistocene, which

ended about 9,500 years ago, massive ice fields to the

north and west melted. Torrential flows of meltwater

swelled streams that served as meltwater outlets. The

Mississippi, Chippewa, and Eau Galle Rivers and Bear

and Plum Creeks carried the meltwater from receding

ice sheets. Large quantities of gravel and sand carried

from the ice fields were deposited as outwash, forming

the valley trains. Later successive river incisement left

these coarse textured materials as terraces. Finchford

and Burkhardt soils are associated with these valley

train terraces. The oldest terraces may be covered by

younger sand dunes and thick eolian sand sheets in

the main valley.

In some smaller tributaries, terraces at similar

elevations formed from much finer material through a

unique process. Sediment aggradation from glacial

meltwaters in the adjacent major river channels

hydraulically dammed tributary mouths. This damming

resulted in periodic flooding of the lower reaches of the

tributaries, between about 18,000 and 13,000 years

before present, creating slackwater conditions. During

this same period the loess blanket covering the

sediment on the ridges and footslopes was partially

stripped by erosion. Much of the eroded loess was

deposited in valleys below as a thin layer, mostly of

silt. Also during this period, large floods produced by

glacial lake outbursts passed down the valley

repeatedly, backflooding the lower reaches of

tributaries and adding to the slackwater conditions in

the tributaries (Bettis and others, 1992). SuperiorBasin source floods carried distinctive reddish brown

silty clays, but western-source floodwaters did not.

Alluvial deposits underlying the tributary-valley

terraces are predominantly laminated and thinly

bedded silt that, in areas closer to the major river

channel, is interbedded with sand. The dominance of

silt reflects the significant contributions from local

loess deposition on adjacent landscapes and slope

erosion as well as the large silt load of the glacier-fed

rivers. Beds of reddish brown clay are commonly

interstratified with the silt. These clays may be a result

of the Superior-Basin source floods, the clayey

pedisediment present on the nearby ridgetops, or

both. Ella, Bearpen, Medary, and Plumcreek soils are

underlain by slackwater deposits.

The lower younger terraces are dominantly sandy

and gravelly outwash in the Mississippi Valley and

correlative terraces in some tributaries. Some swales

and paleochannels on the terrace surface have a

veneer of finer textured sediment that may be

overbank deposits from later floods (Bettis and others,

1992).

Stream Cutting

When the glacial ice retreated and the sedimentladen, torrential flows ceased, the water level in the

Mississippi River and its tributaries fell and a new

incisement cycle, enhanced by a much-reduced

sediment load, began in the valleys. Tributary streams

cut into their flood plains, adjusting to the lowered

water level of the Mississippi River. In a relatively short

time period, a large portion of the flood plains of

glacial times was removed. Narrow, dissected

terraces, mere remnants of the original valley train, are

all that remain. Plainfield soils formed on the narrow,

very steep, elongated terrace risers.

Recent Deposition

During the past 9,500 years, sediment has

continually been deposited on the floor of flood plains.

However, a dramatic change in the environment took

place about 150 years ago. Agricultural practices of

the European settlers destroyed the protective

covering of sod and forest litter and accelerated

erosion processes. In some drainageways this postsettlement alluvium is quite significant. Deposits of 2 to

more than 5 feet of alluvium are common. Arenzville,

Orion, and Ettrick soils formed in post-settlement silty

alluvium.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 33

Factors of Soil Formation

The characteristics and properties of soil are a

result of interactions, over time, of climate, living

organisms, parent material, and landscape setting.

The interaction of these factors generates complex

physical, chemical, and biological processes. These

processes, working over time, form definite layers, or

horizons, in the soil. These layers—surface layer,

subsurface layer, subsoil, and substratum—are

defined in the Glossary.

Climate

Climate influences soil formation by providing

moisture and heat necessary for the weathering of

parent material. Water dissolves soluble materials and

transfers nutrients to the lower parts of the soil. Water

also is needed to alter minerals to clay and transfer

the clay to the lower layers. Reaction, or pH, is largely

influenced by climate. Temperature affects the rate at

which chemical reactions proceed. Chemical reactions

are slower at freezing than at a higher temperature.

Moisture and temperature affect the kinds of plants

that grow on the soil. Further organic matter

accumulation and decomposition are influenced by

moisture and temperature and by vegetation.

The effects of climate are modified by landscape

setting and parent material. Relatively large amounts

of water are available for soil-forming processes in

loess on the hill summits. Little is available for plants in

outwash on the valley trains, where much of the

rainfall passes through the soil rapidly or where slopes

are steep and water runs off quickly. Climate may not

remain constant throughout the development of the

soil. When drastic climate changes take place, soilforming processes most likely are altered and a new

cycle of soil formation begins. These climate changes

can modify the time factor, as the age of the new soil

development must be measured from the beginning of

the climatic change. Pepin County’s oldest landscapes

have most likely seen several climatic changes and

gone through several cycles of soil formation.

Wind can affect the development of soil by adding

or removing fine particles of soil or organic matter. It

affects the moisture content of soils by influencing the

rate of evaporation.

Climate can also have more localized effects. For

example, north- and east-facing slopes tend to be

cooler and wetter than south- and west-facing slopes.

Depressional areas generally have cooler

temperatures for a longer part of the year than

summits and slopes of hills.

Pepin County has a cool, subhumid continental

climate that favors the growth of trees and the

formation of leached, acid soils with a thin, dark

surface layer and a clay-enriched subsoil. Present

climatic differences within the county are too small to

have resulted in major differences among the soils.

Living Organisms

Living organisms, both plants and animals, affect

soil formation by providing organic matter and

transferring nutrients from the lower layers of the soil

to the upper layers. Plants influence the development

of specific layers in the soil. Vegetation influences the

rate at which clay is transferred from the surface layer

to the subsoil. Plants and animals are related to other

factors of soil formation, such as soil microclimate,

parent material, and landscape setting, all of which

collectively can determine the vegetation that grows

on a soil.

At the time of settlement, forests covered most of

Pepin County. Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to

grow trees on any of the soils; however, natural fires

on some soils, such as Burkhardt soils, were common

and helped to maintain the grass vegetation. Native

Americans who lived in the area and used these soils

also used fire to maintain grass vegetation for ease of

cultivation and for attracting game animals. When

protected from fire, these soils would follow a

succession from grass and forbs to shrubs and finally

to oak and pine forest. Many soils on the broad valley

trains of the Chippewa and Mississippi Rivers formed

under tall grass prairie. Areas between the prairies and

the deciduous forests were called savannas.

The most striking feature of a prairie or savanna soil

profile is the deep layer of organic matter

accumulation—commonly 20 inches or more—and the

somewhat darkened subsoil beneath. Examples of this

process are the thick, darkened A and AB horizons in

the Finchford soils. Prairie soils contain as much as

120 tons of organic matter per acre, compared with 70

tons per acre for forested soils. A dense network of

grass roots fills the profile, and most of the roots

extend to a depth of 5 to 7 feet. Forb roots of various

shapes and lengths are interspersed; some penetrate

to a depth of 20 feet. In contrast to forest soils, where

organic matter enters the soil from the surface and

must be “plowed in” by earthworms, the organic matter

deeply incorporated in prairie soils comes from the

roots as they decay in place. There is little input from

litter at the surface.

Mound-building ants play an important role in the

development of prairie soils. They mix and aerate the
34 Soil Survey of

soil as they build their tunnels and bring up nutrients

and clay particles from the subsoil. Their activities

increase potassium and phosphorus levels in the

topsoil.

When a prairie burns, nitrogen in the litter is

oxidized and escapes from the prairie ecosystem.

Nitrogen is returned to the system through nitrogenfixing bacteria in the root nodules of the plentiful prairie

legumes and also through free-living nitrogen-fixing

bacteria in the root zones of the prairie grasses.

It was the deep, rich prairie soils that eventually led

to the nearly total conversion of tall grass prairie to

agricultural crops (Packard and Mutel, 1997).

Landscape Setting

The term landscape setting involves many facets.

Landscape setting indicates the broad location of the

soil, such as hills, stream terraces, valley trains, or

flood plains (fig. 9). It also includes such

characteristics as slope gradient, length, shape,

uniformity, and aspect. Landscape setting interrelates

with climate by affecting runoff, which influences the

amount of moisture available for the soil-forming

processes and the removal of material by erosion.

Where runoff is very rapid, as on a steep nose slope,

soil formation proceeds slowly. Where runoff is slow,

moisture may be abundant and soil formation

proceeds at a faster rate.

Parent Material

Parent material largely determines the physical and

chemical properties of the soil, such as the capacity or

ability of the soil to store water and nutrients for plants

and the rate at which water can pass through the soil.

In Pepin County the soils formed in a wide variety of

parent materials. The soils on hills formed in loess, till,

pedisediment, residuum, slope alluvium, and

colluvium. The soils on valley trains formed dominantly

in outwash with influence from alluvium, eolian sands,

and organic materials. The soils on stream terraces

and flood plains formed in alluvium, slackwater

deposits, and organic materials.

Time

Time is required by climate, by plants, and by

animals to form soil from the parent material. Various

soils have developed over periods of time ranging from

a few years to many thousands of years. The effect of

time on soil is modified by all the other factors of soil

formation.

The length of time in which soils are exposed at the

surface is a modifying factor in soil formation. Soils

can be no older than the age of the landscape surface

upon which they form (Ruhe, 1975). Not all the soils

that form the surface of the landscape in Pepin County

are the same age. Landscapes erode back from their

base level along streams and rivers to near the

landscape summit. The summit remains stable, little

affected by erosive forces. Where carbonates were

present in the loess, they are typically deeply leached,

and the soils are well developed and are relatively

older than the soils downslope. Downslope erosion

over long periods of time has exposed fresh material.

The Lone Rock sandstone, for example, was exposed

to weathering much later in time than the sediment

overlying the Oneota dolostone formation several

hundred feet higher on the landscape. Urne soils

formed in the Lone Rock Formation and are therefore

younger than the Pepin soils that formed in the Oneota

Formation.

Another factor modifying the effects of time is the

rate at which parent material can be transformed into

soils. The small particles in loess, for example,

weather relatively rapidly. On the other hand, the larger

particles in sandstone bedrock and in outwash on

valley trains have a high proportion of slowly

weatherable minerals, such as quartz, and are

transformed very slowly into soils that have distinct

layers.

Landscape setting modifies the time factor because

rainfall runs rapidly off steep slopes. Only a small

amount of water enters the soil to form clay or leach

carbonates and other soluble material.

Time is also modified by the effects of climate. The

soils of Pepin County formed in a climate that has

varied during their formation. During the early stages

of soil formation, the climate was cold because of the

proximity to glacial ice to the west, north, and east.

The early vegetation consisted of conifers followed

briefly by oaks. These species were short lived

following the retreat of glacial ice northward. The

ensuing climate was warmer and drier and caused

prairie plants to migrate eastward (Borchart, 1950).

About 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, the climate

became cooler and more moist. The big woods spread

westward once again. Aspect and topography were

also factors in the expansion of the woodland. Timber

probably became established first on the sheltered

north- and east-facing footslopes. Trees may have

even persisted here during the eastward migration of

the prairie. From these sheltered sites, timber spread

out onto the silty and loamy terraces and upward onto

the ridgetops. Except for very steep south- and west-
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 35

facing slopes along the Mississippi River and broad

sandy areas along major rivers, the county at the time

of settlement was covered with woodland.

The character of the soils encroached upon by

woodland changed in response to processes

generated by the timber. Forests produce little organic

matter, most of which accumulates on the soil surface.

In contrast, the prairie soils build up large amounts of

organic matter and form a thick dark surface layer.

The organic matter produced by the decay of

leaves, limbs, and trunks is more acid than that

produced by prairie vegetation. The strong acids

formed by water percolating through the surface litter

and into the soil increased the mobility of clay, organic

matter, and oxides and allowed them to be leached

away or to accumulate in the subsoil. The dark surface

layer of soils that had previously formed under prairie

vegetation gradually became thinner. As clay and

organic matter were removed, a thin bleached

subsurface layer began to form just below the thinning

surface layer. Clay and organic matter accumulated as

thin waxy films on blocky peds in the subsoil and along

cracks and pores formerly occupied by roots. Fully

developed forest soils, such as Seaton and Norden

soils, have a black or very dark brown surface layer 2

to 4 inches thick; an ashy, grayish subsurface layer

that is low in clay and organic matter and is 5 to 10

inches thick; and a subsoil with structural development

and clay and organic matter on blocky structural

surfaces. When the land was cleared and cultivated,

the thin surface and subsurface layers were commonly

lost to erosion, and in many places tillage mixed the

remaining upper layers with material from the upper

part of the subsoil.

Some soils, such as Mt. Carroll soils, reflect the

influence of both prairie and woodland because

Figure 9.—Cross section showing the geology and the associated soils in Pepin County.
36 Soil Survey of

woodland did not persist long enough to alter the

prairie soils completely.

Assuming all other factors are equal, soils form

more rapidly in warmer, more humid conditions than

the present climate affecting Pepin County. Soils are

frozen to some depth and the soil-forming process is

drastically reduced for much of the year in a cool,

subhumid continental climate.

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(USDA, 1999). Beginning with the broadest, these

categories are the order, suborder, great group,

subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on

soil properties observed in the field or inferred from

those observations or from laboratory measurements.

The table “Classification of the Soils” in Parts I and II

of this publication shows the classification of the soils

in the survey area. The categories are defined in the

following paragraphs.

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Alfisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or

properties that reflect the most important variables

within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a

suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud,

meaning dry, plus alf, from Alfisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into

great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; and base status. Each great group is

identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix

that indicates a property of the soil. An example is

Hapludalfs (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus

udalfs, the suborder of the Alfisols that has a udic

moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the

great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive.

Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders,

or great groups. Extragrades have some properties

that are not representative of the great group but do

not indicate transitions to any other known kind of soil.

Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives

preceding the name of the great group. The adjective

Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great

group. An example is Typic Hapludalfs.

FAMILY. Families are established within a

subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical

properties and other characteristics that affect

management. Generally, the properties are those of

horizons below plow depth where there is much

biological activity. Among the properties and

characteristics considered are particle-size class,

mineral content, temperature regime, thickness of the

root zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, slope,

and permanent cracks. A family name consists of the

name of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate

soil properties. An example is fine-silty, mixed,

superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs.

SERIES. The series consists of soils that have

similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are

similar in color, texture, structure, reaction,

consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and

arrangement in the profile. The texture of the surface

layer or of the substratum can differ within a series.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 37

Classification of the Soils

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Aldo---------------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments

 Algansee-----------------|Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments

 Arenzville---------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvents

 Bearpen------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls

 Bellechester-------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludolls

 Boguscreek---------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Udifluvents

 Boone--------------------|Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Boplain------------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments

 Brodale------------------|Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, mesic Entic Hapludolls

 Burkhardt----------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludolls

 Chaseburg----------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvents

 Chelsea------------------|Mixed, mesic Argic Udipsamments

 Churchtown---------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Dakota-------------------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls

 Dorerton-----------------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Drammen------------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Lamellic Hapludalfs

 Dunnbot------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Udifluvents

 Elbaville----------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Glossoboric Hapludalfs

 Elevasil-----------------|Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Ella---------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Ettrick------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls

 Farrington---------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludolls

 Finchford----------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludolls

 Forkhorn-----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Gaphill------------------|Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Garne--------------------|Sandy over loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludolls

 Hersey-------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Hixton-------------------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Hoopeston----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludolls

 Houghton-----------------|Euic, mesic Typic Medisaprists

 Kalmarville--------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Fluvaquents

 Kevilar------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Komro--------------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludolls

 Lows---------------------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Mollic

 | Endoaquepts

 Markey-------------------|Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists

 Medary-------------------|Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs

 Meridian-----------------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Mt. Carroll--------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 NewGlarus----------------|Fine-silty over clayey, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Newson-------------------|Mixed, frigid Humaqueptic Psammaquents

 Norden-------------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Northbend----------------|Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic

 | Dystrochrepts

 Orion--------------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Aquic Udifluvents

 Palms--------------------|Loamy, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Medisaprists

 Pepin--------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Plainfield---------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments

 Plumcreek----------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Prissel------------------|Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Arenic Hapludalfs

 Rasset-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls

 Rockbluff----------------|Mesic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Rusktown-----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Scotah-------------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments

 Seaton-------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Seelyeville--------------|Euic Typic Borosaprists

 Tarr---------------------|Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Tint---------------------|Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Udipsamments-------------|Udipsamments

 Urne---------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Eutrochrepts

 | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
38 Soil Survey of

Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

11A |Markey muck, flooded, 0 to 1 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 564 | 0.4

20A |Palms and Houghton mucks, 0 to 1 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 256 | 0.2

21A |Palms muck, flooded, 0 to 1 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 78 | *

40A |Markey and Seelyeville mucks, 0 to 1 percent slopes----------------------------------| 2,828 | 1.8

114B2 |Mt. Carroll silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 581 | 0.4

114C2 |Mt. Carroll silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------| 556 | 0.3

115B2 |Seaton silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 1,806 | 1.1

115C2 |Seaton silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 5,481 | 3.4

115D2 |Seaton silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 4,299 | 2.7

116C2 |Churchtown silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 465 | 0.3

116D2 |Churchtown silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------| 3,046 | 1.9

116E |Churchtown silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 3,868 | 2.4

125B2 |Pepin silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------------| 2,013 | 1.3

125C2 |Pepin silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 8,195 | 5.2

125D2 |Pepin silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 4,463 | 2.8

125E2 |Pepin silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 283 | 0.2

144B2 |NewGlarus silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------------------| 156 | 0.1

144C2 |NewGlarus silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 1,183 | 0.7

144D2 |NewGlarus silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 1,840 | 1.2

144E |NewGlarus silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 585 | 0.4

213C2 |Hixton silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 60 | *

213D2 |Hixton silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 136 | 0.1

213E2 |Hixton silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 351 | 0.2

224B |Elevasil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 68 | *

224C2 |Elevasil sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 68 | *

224D2 |Elevasil sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 62 | *

233C |Boone sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------------------| 721 | 0.5

254B2 |Norden silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 175 | 0.1

254C2 |Norden silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 377 | 0.2

254D2 |Norden silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 1,004 | 0.6

254E2 |Norden silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 3,800 | 2.4

254F |Norden silt loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 384 | 0.2

255B2 |Urne fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 1,062 | 0.7

255C2 |Urne fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 1,806 | 1.1

255D2 |Urne fine sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------| 3,121 | 2.0

255E |Urne fine sandy loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 761 | 0.5

255F |Urne fine sandy loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 3,158 | 2.0

265B |Garne loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 539 | 0.3

265C |Garne loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 753 | 0.5

303A |Boguscreek silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 104 | 0.1

313D2 |Plumcreek silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 88 | 0.1

313F |Plumcreek silt loam, 20 to 45 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 2,604 | 1.6

316B2 |Ella silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------------| 7,076 | 4.5

316C2 |Ella silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------------| 497 | 0.3

318A |Bearpen silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 1,562 | 1.0

326B2 |Medary silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 96 | 0.1

403A |Dakota silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 107 | 0.1

413A |Rasset sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 302 | 0.2

413B |Rasset sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 37 | *

423A |Meridian silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 752 | 0.5

423B2 |Meridian silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 502 | 0.3

429A |Lows loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------------| 233 | 0.1

432A |Kevilar sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 507 | 0.3

432B |Kevilar sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 318 | 0.2

432C2 |Kevilar sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------------------| 67 | *

433A |Forkhorn sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 181 | 0.1

433B |Forkhorn sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 126 | 0.1

433C2 |Forkhorn sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 86 | 0.1

436A |Rusktown sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 25 | *

438A |Hoopeston sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 404 | 0.3

453A |Burkhardt sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 3,514 | 2.2

453B |Burkhardt sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 382 | 0.2

 | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 39

Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

501A |Finchford loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 3,007 | 1.9

501B |Finchford loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 3,237 | 2.0

502B2 |Chelsea fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 1,781 | 1.1

502C2 |Chelsea fine sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 546 | 0.3

506A |Komro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 1,419 | 0.9

508A |Farrington loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 2,472 | 1.6

510B |Boplain sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------------| 202 | 0.1

510C |Boplain sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------------------| 17 | *

510F |Boplain sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes------------------------------------------------| 41 | *

511A |Plainfield sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 663 | 0.4

511B |Plainfield sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 832 | 0.5

511C |Plainfield sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 758 | 0.5

511F |Plainfield sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 2,206 | 1.4

512B |Drammen loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 4,673 | 2.9

512C |Drammen loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 2,520 | 1.6

512D |Drammen loamy sand, 12 to 20 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 333 | 0.2

516A |Aldo sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------------| 1,518 | 1.0

546A |Prissel loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 751 | 0.5

546B |Prissel loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 212 | 0.1

546F |Prissel loamy sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 264 | 0.2

561B |Tarr sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------------| 84 | 0.1

566A |Tint sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------------| 92 | 0.1

589A |Newson mucky loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 1,358 | 0.9

616B |Chaseburg silt loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 2,359 | 1.5

626A |Arenzville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 1,695 | 1.1

628A |Orion silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 2,157 | 1.4

629A |Ettrick silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 1,031 | 0.6

646A |Dunnbot fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 319 | 0.2

656A |Scotah loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 1,060 | 0.7

826B2 |Hersey silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 3,027 | 1.9

826C2 |Hersey silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 134 | 0.1

1135F |Dorerton-Elbaville complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes----------------------------------| 10,979 | 6.9

1145F |Gaphill-Rockbluff complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 5,495 | 3.5

1155F |Brodale-Bellechester-Rock outcrop complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes-------------------| 712 | 0.4

1224F |Boone-Elevasil complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 351 | 0.2

1648A |Northbend-Ettrick silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------| 2,878 | 1.8

1658A |Algansee-Kalmarville complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------| 6,137 | 3.9

2003A |Riverwash, nearly level--------------------------------------------------------------| 193 | 0.1

2013 |Pits, gravel-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 76 | *

2014 |Pits, quarry, hard bedrock-----------------------------------------------------------| 98 | 0.1

2040 |Udipsamments, dredge material--------------------------------------------------------| 12 | *

2050 |Landfill-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 17 | *

W |Water--------------------------------------------------------------------------------| 10,679 | 6.7

M-W |Miscellaneous water------------------------------------------------------------------| 8 | *

 | |___________|________

 | Total---------------------------------------------------------------------------| 158,925 | 100.0

 | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
41

In this section, arranged in alphabetical order, each

soil series recognized in the survey area is described.

Each series description is followed by descriptions of

the associated detailed soil map units.

Characteristics of the soil and the material in which

it formed are identified for each soil series. A pedon, a

small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of

the series in the survey area is described. The detailed

description of each soil horizon follows standards in

the “Soil Survey Manual” (USDA, 1993). Many of the

technical terms used in the descriptions are defined in

“Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1999). Unless otherwise

stated, colors in the descriptions are for moist soil.

Following the pedon description is the range of

important characteristics of the soils in the series.

The map units on the detailed soil maps in this

survey represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in

the survey area. The map unit descriptions in this

section, along with the maps, can be used to

determine the suitability and potential of a unit for

specific uses. They also can be used to plan the

management needed for those uses. More information

about each map unit is given in Part II of this survey.

A map unit delineation on the detailed soil maps

represents an area on the landscape and consists of

one or more soils or miscellaneous areas. A map unit

is identified and named according to the taxonomic

classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic

class there are precisely defined limits for the

properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, the

soils and miscellaneous areas are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of

some observed properties may extend beyond the

limits defined for a taxonomic class.

Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if

ever, can be mapped without including areas of other

taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is

made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which

it is named and some “included” areas that belong to

other taxonomic classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to those

of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may

or may not be mentioned in the map unit description.

Other included soils and miscellaneous areas,

however, have properties and behavioral

characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to

require different management. These are called

contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally

are in small areas and could not be mapped

separately because of the scale used. Some small

areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous

areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps.

The included areas of contrasting soils or

miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit

descriptions. A few included areas may not have been

observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in

the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous

areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in no

way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data.

The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into segments that have similar use and

management requirements. The delineation of such

landscape segments on the map provides sufficient

information for the development of resource plans, but

if intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite

investigation is needed to define and locate the soils

and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit. The principal hazards and

limitations to be considered in planning for specific

uses are described in Part II of this survey.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer or of the underlying layers, all the soils of

a series have major horizons that are similar in

composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer or of the underlying layers. They also can

differ in slope, stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree of

erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use.

On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

Soil Series and Detailed Soil Map Units
42 Soil Survey of

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example,

Plainfield sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes, is a phase of

the Plainfield series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

complexes or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. Dorerton-Elbaville complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes, is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or

more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be

mapped individually but are mapped as one unit

because similar interpretations can be made for use

and management. The pattern and proportion of the

soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not

uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the

major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made

up of all of them. Markey and Seelyeville mucks, 0 to 1

percent slopes, is an undifferentiated group in this

survey area.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. Riverwash, nearly level, is an example.

The table “Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the

Soils” in Parts I and II of this survey gives the acreage

and proportionate extent of each map unit. Other

tables (see Contents) give properties of the soils and

the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many

uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms used in

describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

Aldo Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Aldo series, 1,740 feet north and

1,615 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 3, T. 25

N., R. 12 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sand, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—7 to 13 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common fine roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw2—13 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sand;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very

friable; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw3—23 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) sand; single grain; loose; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C1—42 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C2—51 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand; single grain; loose; many medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

516A—Aldo sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Aldo and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 43

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.8 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Farrington and similar soils

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Soils that have loamy textures in the substratum

• Soils that have sandstone within a depth of 60

inches

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Algansee Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Algansee

fine sandy loam in Pepin County is NW1/4NW1/4 sec.

27, T. 23 N., R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the

Algansee series is 2,475 feet north and 1,120 feet

west of the southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 26 N., R. 11

W., Dunn County, Wisconsin:

A—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam,

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure; very friable; common

very fine to coarse roots; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw1—4 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loamy

fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine to

medium roots; few thin strata of black (10YR 2/1)

fine sandy loam and loamy fine sand; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—16 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) fine

sand; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine

roots; common medium prominent pale brown

(10YR 6/3) and few fine prominent light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) redox depletions; few thin strata of

black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam and loamy fine

sand; few fine and medium dark red (2.5YR 3/6)

iron concretions; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C1—31 to 38 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sand;

single grain; loose; common medium faint grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) redox depletions; many thin

strata of loamy fine sand and fine sandy loam;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—38 to 57 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

sand; single grain; loose; many medium prominent

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redox concentrations;

many thin strata of loamy fine sand, fine sandy

loam, and sand; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cg—57 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

gravelly sand; single grain; loose; 20 percent

gravel; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—fine sandy loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, or

loamy sand (thin strata of finer textures are

common)

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, coarse

sand, loamy sand, or the gravelly analogs of

sand or coarse sand (thin strata of finer

textures are common)

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent
44 Soil Survey of

1658A—Algansee-Kalmarville complex, 0

to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Algansee and similar soils: About 60 percent

Kalmarville and similar soils: About 30 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Algansee—low flats on flood plains;

Kalmarville—depressions and drainageways on

flood plains

Slope range: Algansee—0 to 3 percent; Kalmarville—0

to 1 percent

Component Description

Algansee

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Thin mantle of loamy

alluvium over sandy alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Frequent (fig. 10)

Depth to the water table: 1.0 to 2.5 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 4.7 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 3

percent (moderate)

Kalmarville

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Frequent

Water table depth: At the surface to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 8.3 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Dunnbot and similar soils

• Markey and similar soils

• Scotah and similar soils

• Riverwash

• Water

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Arenzville Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Arenzville

silt loam in Pepin County is NE1/4NE1/4 sec. 20, T. 25

N., R. 14 W. The typical pedon for the Arenzville series

is 745 feet south and 1,250 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 23, T. 23 N., R. 13 W., Buffalo County,

Wisconsin:

A—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam with thin strata of yellowish brown (10YR

5/4) and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

medium granular structure; friable; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

C—10 to 25 inches; stratified brown (10YR 5/3), dark

grayish brown (10YR 4/2), and very dark grayish

brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; massive breaking to

medium plates along depositional strata; friable;

few thin lenses of very fine sand; slightly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Ab—25 to 40 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam; weak

medium and thick platy structure parting to weak

medium granular; friable; few fine prominent dark

brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulations;

slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C ́—40 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silt loam stratified with a few thin lenses of fine and

very fine sand; massive breaking to thick plates

along depositional strata; friable; common medium

prominent dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) and dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/4) masses of iron

accumulation and common medium distinct

grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to a buried A horizon: 20 to 60 inches

Other features: Some pedons have a Bwb or Btb

horizon.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 45

A or Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5 (thin strata with darker colors are

common)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam (thin strata of coarser material

are common)

C horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4 (thin strata with lighter or darker

colors are common)

Texture—dominantly silt loam (thin strata of

coarser material are common)

Ab horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—dominantly silt loam or silty clay loam

(thin strata of coarser material are common)

C ́ horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—typically silt loam (thin strata of coarser

material are common)

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

626A—Arenzville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Arenzville and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Drainageways on stream terraces

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.7 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Chaseburg and similar soils

• Orion and similar soils

• Soils that have sandy textures below a depth of 40

inches

• Soils that are not subject to flooding

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Bearpen Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these soils. The thick dark surface layer is a result

of a combination of accumulation from erosional and

depositional processes, both natural and postsettlement, and fire. Natural fires helped to maintain

grass vegetation, which contributed to the thick, dark,

humus-rich upper horizons. The Native Americans

who lived in the area and used these soils also used

fire to maintain the grass vegetation for ease of

cultivation and for attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Bearpen series, 15 feet north

and 665 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 9, T.

23 N., R. 15 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

coarse and medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; neutral;

clear smooth boundary.

A—8 to 18 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; neutral;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt—18 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;
46 Soil Survey of

few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation and few prominent

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of iron

depletion; few faint patchy brown (10YR 5/3) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores and few

distinct discontinuous pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt

coatings on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Btg—30 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; common fine

and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation; few faint patchy

brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt—41 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam with strata of yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

fine sand and sandy loam; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; breaks to

weak thick plates along depositional strata; many

fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; few faint patchy

brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2C1—50 to 57 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) and reddish

brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay loam with strata of

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand; massive; friable;

breaks to weak thick plates along depositional

strata; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

2C2—57 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy

loam with strata of silt loam and fine sand;

massive; friable; breaks to weak thick plates along

depositional strata; common fine and medium

prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulations; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches

Depth to slackwater deposits: 40 to 80 inches

Depth to carbonates: 60 to more than 80 inches

Other features: Some pedons have a 2Btg horizon,

and some have a 2Cg horizon.

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Btg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—stratified silty clay loam to sandy loam

(very thin strata of coarser material are

common)

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—stratified silty clay loam to sandy loam

(very thin strata of coarser material are

common)

318A—Bearpen silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Bearpen and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over silty to

sandy slackwater deposits

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Depth to the water table: 1.0 to 2.5 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 11.4 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 3

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 47

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Ella and similar soils

• Poorly drained soils

• Soils that have a sandy substratum

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Bellechester Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these droughty soils. The very steep south- and

west-facing slopes result in a very dry environment

conducive to grass and scattered small trees and

shrubs. Natural fires helped to maintain the grass

vegetation, which produced the dark, humus-rich

upper horizons. The Native Americans who lived in the

area and used these soils also may have used fire to

maintain the grass vegetation for attracting game

animals.

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Bellechester

sand in Pepin County is NW1/4SW1/4 sec. 17, T. 23 N.,

R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the Bellechester series

is 330 feet south and 790 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 11, T. 112 N., R. 13 W., Goodhue

County, Minnesota:

A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand,

dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; single grain; loose;

many roots; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

A2—7 to 16 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sand,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; single grain;

loose; many roots; slightly alkaline; clear irregular

boundary.

BA—16 to 23 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) and

dark brown (10YR 4/3) sand, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) rubbed; single grain; loose; common

roots; about 5 percent rock fragments consisting

mostly of hard dolostone channers; slightly

alkaline; clear irregular boundary.

Bw—23 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand with some masses of dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2), dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

rubbed; single grain; loose; about 10 percent

flagstones consisting mostly of sandstone and

dolostone; moderately alkaline; slight

effervescence; clear wavy boundary.

BC—28 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sand; single grain; loose; stone line in the upper

part and about 10 percent flagstones consisting

mostly of sandstone and dolostone in the lower

part; slightly alkaline; slight effervescence; clear

wavy boundary.

Cr—42 inches; white (10YR 8/1), soft sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandstone: 40 to 70 inches

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 24 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an AB or BA

horizon, and some have a C horizon.

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand

Content of channers—0 to 10 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—sand, loamy sand, or the channery or

flaggy analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 10 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 20 percent

Boguscreek Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Boguscreek series, 1,000 feet

north and 1,300 feet east of the southwest corner of

sec. 24, T. 23 N., R. 15 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A1—9 to 18 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;
48 Soil Survey of

few thin brown (10YR 5/3) strata; gradual smooth

boundary.

A2—18 to 27 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt

loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine and fine roots; few very thin brown (10YR 5/3)

strata; gradual smooth boundary.

A3—27 to 45 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; few very

thin brown (10YR 5/3) strata; clear smooth

boundary.

A4—45 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bw—50 to 57 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

silt loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; gradual smooth boundary.

2C—57 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; single grain; loose.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: More than 24 inches

Depth to outwash: 40 to 80 inches

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam, loam, or sandy loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—3 to 6 or multicolored

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

303A—Boguscreek silt loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Boguscreek and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Drainageways on valley trains

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.8 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 3

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Chaseburg and similar soils

• Dakota and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Boone Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Boone sand

in Pepin County is SW1/4NW1/4 sec. 8, T. 25 N., R. 11

W. The typical pedon for the Boone series is 1,280 feet

north and 2,000 feet west of the southeast corner of

sec. 24, T. 19 N., R. 6 W., Jackson County, Wisconsin:

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material consisting of a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 45

percent fiber, 20 percent rubbed; weak thin platy
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 49

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine

and fine roots; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clean sand

grains throughout; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—3 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sand, pale brown

(10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; about 14 percent sandstone channers;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw—8 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine roots; about 13 percent

sandstone channers; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—21 to 35 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sand;

single grain; loose; few fine roots; about 10 percent

sandstone channers; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Cr—35 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2), weakly

cemented sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 5

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine

sand, or the channery analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine

sand, or the channery analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, or the channery analogs

of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

233C—Boone sand, 6 to 15 percent

slopes

Composition

Boone and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders

Slope range: 6 to 15 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy slope alluvium over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 2.4 inches (very low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

0.75 percent (low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Tarr and similar soils

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

sandstone

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

sandstone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land
50 Soil Survey of

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

1224F—Boone-Elevasil complex, 15 to 50

percent slopes

Composition

Boone and similar soils: About 60 percent

Elevasil and similar soils: About 30 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Boone—shoulders;

Elevasil—backslopes and shoulders

Slope range: 15 to 50 percent

Component Description

Boone

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy slope alluvium over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 2.4 inches (very low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

0.75 percent (low)

Elevasil

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.5 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Tarr and similar soils

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Boplain Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Boplain series, 1,430 feet south

and 700 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 11, T.

25 N., R. 13 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

fine and medium roots; 2 percent gravel; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

sand; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; very friable; many fine and

medium roots; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw2—15 to 27 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sand;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; 2 percent gravel; neutral; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bw3—27 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

coarse sand; single grain; loose; 2 percent gravel;

neutral; clear smooth boundary.

2C—32 to 37 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

sand; single grain; loose; 5 percent sandstone

channers; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Cr—37 to 44 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

sandstone bedrock; gradual wavy boundary.

2R—44 inches; 40 percent brownish yellow (10YR

6/8), 40 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and

20 percent yellow (10YR 7/6) sandstone bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 51

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

2C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand or fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

510B—Boplain sand, 0 to 6 percent

slopes

Composition

Boplain and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Sand sheets

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands or sandy

outwash over sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 2.6 inches (very low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Aldo and similar soils

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

510C—Boplain sand, 6 to 15 percent

slopes

Composition

Boplain and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 6 to 15 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands or sandy

outwash over sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 2.6 inches (very low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent or

less than 6 percent
52 Soil Survey of

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

510F—Boplain sand, 15 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Boplain and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 15 to 60 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy outwash over sandy

residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 2.6 inches (very low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Poorly drained seep areas

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Brodale Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these soils. The very steep south- and west-facing

slopes result in a very dry environment conducive to

grass and scattered small trees and shrubs. Natural

fires helped to maintain the grass vegetation, which

produced the dark, humus-rich upper horizons. The

Native Americans who lived in the area and used

these soils also may have used fire to maintain the

grass vegetation for attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Brodale very

flaggy loam in Pepin County is NW1/4SW1/4 sec. 17, T.

23 N., R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the Brodale

series is 132 feet south and 1,160 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 22, T. 112 N., R. 14 W.,

Goodhue County, Minnesota:

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

flaggy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; common

roots; many very fine and medium pores; about 45

percent coarse fragments, mostly flagstones

(about 15 percent stones and a few flat

fragments); strong effervescence; moderately

alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.

C1—6 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

flaggy very fine sandy loam; massive; friable;

common roots; about 40 percent coarse

fragments, mostly flagstones (about 15 percent

stones and some flat fragments); many coatings of

lime ranging from 2 to 5 mm in thickness on the

undersides of rock fragments; strong

effervescence; moderately alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

C2—10 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

flaggy very fine sandy loam; massive; friable;

about 50 percent coarse fragments, mostly

flagstones (about 20 percent stones and a few flat

fragments); strong effervescence; moderately

alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

R—50 inches; weathered dolostone bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 20 inches (after

mixing)

Depth to dolostone: 40 to 80 inches

Depth to carbonates: Typically, carbonates are
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 53

throughout the profile, but some pedons are

leached of free carbonates to a depth of as much

as 12 inches.

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—very flaggy loam

Content of rock fragments—35 to 60 percent

C horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—the flaggy, very flaggy, extremely flaggy,

cobbly, very cobbly, or extremely cobbly

analogs of very fine sandy loam, sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, or loam

Content of rock fragments—35 to 70 percent

1155F—Brodale-Bellechester-Rock

outcrop complex, 60 to 90 percent

slopes

Composition

Brodale and similar soils: About 40 percent

Bellechester and similar soils: About 30 percent

Rock outcrop: About 15 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Brodale—backslopes and

shoulders; Bellechester—backslopes; Rock

outcrop—shoulders

Slope range: Brodale—60 to 80 percent;

Bellechester—60 to 90 percent; Rock outcrop—60

to 90 percent

Component Description

Brodale

Texture of the surface layer: Very flaggy loam

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 80 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy colluvium over

loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.4 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

3.5 percent (moderate)

Bellechester

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 70 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy colluvium over sandy

residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 2.8 inches (very low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

Rock outcrop

General description: Weathered bedrock

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Dolostone and sandstone

bedrock

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included for the Brodale and

Bellechester soils, in alphabetical order, in this section.

Additional information specific to this map unit, such

as horizon depth and textures, is available in the “Soil

Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Elbaville and similar soils

• Churchtown and similar soils

• Tarr and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 60 percent

• Talus slopes

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

Burkhardt Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these soils. Natural fires were common and helped

to maintain the grass vegetation, which produced the

thick, dark, humus-rich upper horizons. The Native

Americans who lived in the area and used these soils

also used fire to maintain the grass vegetation for

ease of cultivation and for attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Burkhardt series (fig. 11), 100
54 Soil Survey of

feet north and 300 feet east of the southwest corner of

sec. 24, T. 25 N., R. 14 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable;

many fine fibrous roots; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt—10 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few

faint clay bridges between sand grains; content of

clay similar to that in the horizon above; few fine

fibrous roots; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

2BC—17 to 19 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; dark

stains from organic matter on faces of some peds;

very friable; about 12 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

2C1—19 to 29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and

brown (7.5YR 4/4), stratified sand and gravelly

coarse sand; single grain; loose; about 20 percent

gravel as an average; moderately acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

2C2—29 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6),

stratified sand and gravelly coarse sand; single

grain; loose; about 25 percent gravel as an

average; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to outwash: 10 to 20 inches

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an AB horizon,

and some have a 2Bt horizon.

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—sandy loam or loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

2BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loamy sand, sand, loamy coarse sand,

coarse sand, or the gravelly or very gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 60 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—coarse sand, sand, or the gravelly or

very gravelly analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 60 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

453A—Burkhardt sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Burkhardt and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.6 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Finchford and similar soils

• Rasset and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 55

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

453B—Burkhardt sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes

Composition

Burkhardt and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.6 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Finchford and similar soils

• Rasset and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Chaseburg Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Chaseburg series, 300 feet north

and 300 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 22, T.

25 N., R. 14 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

thin platy structure; friable; common fine fibrous

roots and pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C1—4 to 24 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam with thin very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

lenses; massive with thin weak strata that resulted

largely from stratification during deposition; friable;

common fine fibrous roots; neutral; gradual wavy

boundary.

C2—24 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silt loam; massive with weak thin and medium

strata that resulted largely from stratification

during deposition; friable; slightly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

C3—32 to 42 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

massive with weak medium strata that resulted

largely from stratification during deposition; friable;

slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C4—42 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; massive with weak medium strata that

resulted largely from stratification during

deposition; friable; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

C horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam (very thin layers of coarser

textures or different colors are common)

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

616B—Chaseburg silt loam, 1 to 4 percent

slopes

Composition

Chaseburg and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent
56 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Toeslopes

Slope range: 1 to 4 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty slope alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.1 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Arenzville and similar soils

• Soils that are not subject to flooding

• Soils that have slopes of more than 4 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Chelsea Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Chelsea fine

sand in Pepin County is SE1/4NE1/4 sec. 25, T. 23 N., R.

15 W. The typical pedon for the Chelsea series is 150

feet north and 1,820 feet east of the southwest corner

of sec. 35, T. 18 N., R. 8 W., La Crosse County,

Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sand,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common very fine to

medium roots between peds; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots between peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw2—21 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots

between peds; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E&Bt—30 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sand

(E); very friable; lamellae of brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine

sand (Bt); weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots

between peds; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

clay films between sand grains; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—fine sand

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—fine sand or loamy fine sand

E part of E&Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—fine sand, sand, or loamy fine sand

Bt part of E&Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—fine sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam,

or loamy fine sand

502B2—Chelsea fine sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Chelsea and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes on valley trains

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 57

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 4.2 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

0.75 percent (low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Finchford and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

502C2—Chelsea fine sand, 6 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Chelsea and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes on valley trains

Slope range: 6 to 15 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 4.2 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

0.75 percent (low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Churchtown Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Churchtown

silt loam in Pepin County is NE1/4NE1/4 sec. 20, T. 23

N., R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the Churchtown

series is 1,400 feet east and 180 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 31, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., La

Crosse County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; few faint

discontinuous dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on

faces of peds; few distinct discontinuous light gray

(10YR 7/2 dry) silt coatings on faces of peds;

neutral; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—17 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; few

faint discontinuous dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay

films on faces of peds; few distinct discontinuous
58 Soil Survey of

light gray (10YR 7/2 dry) silt coatings on faces of

peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt3—26 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; few

faint discontinuous brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds; common distinct discontinuous light

gray (10YR 7/2 dry) silt coatings on faces of peds;

few faint discontinuous dark brown (10YR 3/3)

organic coatings on faces of peds; neutral; gradual

smooth boundary.

2Bt4—31 to 46 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots;

common faint discontinuous brown or dark brown

(10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct

discontinuous light gray (10YR 7/2 dry) silt

coatings on faces of peds; few faint discontinuous

dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings on faces

of peds; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.

2Bt5—46 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak medium prismatic structure; friable; few

very fine roots; few faint discontinuous brown (10YR

4/3) clay films on faces of peds; very few distinct

discontinuous light gray (10YR 7/2 dry) silt coatings

on faces of peds; very few distinct discontinuous

dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings on faces of

peds; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.

2BC—63 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; very

friable; very few faint discontinuous yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) clay films in root channels

and/or pores; very few distinct continuous pale

brown (10YR 6/3) silt coatings in root channels

and/or pores; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to carbonates: More than 60 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Content of channers—0 to 10 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam or loam

Content of channers—0 to 10 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

2Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

2BC or 2C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam

116C2—Churchtown silt loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Churchtown and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Footslopes

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

loess

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.2 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Norden and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 59

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

116D2—Churchtown silt loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Churchtown and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Footslopes

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

loess

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.2 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Norden and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

116E—Churchtown silt loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Churchtown and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Footslopes

Slope range: 20 to 30 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Slope alluvium over loess

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.2 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Norden and similar soils

• Soils that are stony or bouldery at the surface

• Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent or

less than 20 percent

• Soils that have sandy textures in the upper part of

the solum

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Dakota Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these soils. The thick dark surface layer is a result

of a combination of accumulation from erosional and

depositional processes, both natural and post-
60 Soil Survey of

settlement, and fire. Natural fires were common and

helped to maintain grass vegetation, which contributed

to the thick, dark, humus-rich upper horizons. The

Native Americans who lived in the area and used

these soils also used fire to maintain the grass

vegetation for ease of cultivation and for attracting

game animals.

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Dakota silt

loam in Pepin County is SW1/4SW1/4 sec. 23, T. 23 N.,

R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the Dakota series is 250

feet south and 1,025 feet west of the northeast corner

of sec. 6, T. 24 N., R. 17 E., Pierce County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

and moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine and

few medium roots; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

AB—10 to 13 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt

loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

and fine roots; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—13 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;

common faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—20 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;

common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt3—35 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loamy sand; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common faint dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films between

sand grains; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

2C—38 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sand; single

grain; loose; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 18 inches

Depth to outwash: 20 to 40 inches

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

AB or BA horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam, loam, or sandy clay loam

Content of gravel—0 to 10 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, sandy

clay loam, or sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 10 percent

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—loamy sand, coarse sand, sand, loamy

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—3 to 6 or multicolored

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

403A—Dakota silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Dakota and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 61

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 7.6 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

3.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Rasset and similar soils

• Soils that have loamy textures in the substratum

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Dorerton Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Dorerton

loam (fig. 12) in Pepin County is NE1/4NW1/4 sec. 13, T.

23 N., R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the Dorerton

series is 800 feet north and 1,700 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 11, T. 108 N., R. 14 W.,

Olmsted County, Minnesota:

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine

granular structure; very friable; abundant roots;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E1—3 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

wormcasts; many very fine to medium tubular

pores; common roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E2—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam;

weak medium platy structure; very friable; many

very fine to large tubular pores; common roots;

strongly acid; clear irregular boundary.

BE—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; many very fine to medium tubular pores;

few roots; many thin coatings of clean silt and

sand particles on faces of peds; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—15 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common medium tubular pores; many faint

dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of

peds; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt2—18 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very

channery clay loam; strong medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; about 50 percent dolostone

fragments of pebble to flagstone size; many

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on

faces of peds; slightly acid; clear irregular

boundary.

2C—30 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)

extremely flaggy loamy sand; single grain; loose;

about 75 percent dolostone fragments of pebble to

flagstone size; slightly alkaline; strong

effervescence.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to dolostone: 45 to 70 inches

Depth to carbonates: 16 to 45 inches

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam

Content of channers—0 to 10 percent

E and BE horizons:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or

silt loam

Content of channers—0 to 10 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay

loam

Content of channers—0 to 10 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—the very channery, extremely channery,
62 Soil Survey of

very flaggy, or extremely flaggy analogs of loam

or clay loam

Content of channers—20 to 50 percent

Content of flagstones—10 to 35 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—the very flaggy, extremely flaggy, very

channery, or extremely flaggy analogs of loamy

sand, sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

Content of channers—20 to 50 percent

Content of flagstones—10 to 35 percent

1135F—Dorerton-Elbaville complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Dorerton and similar soils: About 60 percent

Elbaville and similar soils: About 25 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Dorerton—backslopes;

Elbaville—shoulders

Slope range: Dorerton—30 to 60 percent; Elbaville—

30 to 45 percent

Component Description

Dorerton

Texture of the surface layer: Loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy colluvium over

loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.8 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

Elbaville

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy colluvium

and loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 8.3 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Dorerton soils that have a surface layer of very

stony loam

• Churchtown and similar soils

• Gaphill and similar soils

• Norden and similar soils

• Rockbluff and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Drammen Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Drammen series, 2,325 feet east

and 2,615 feet south of the northwest corner of sec.

18, T. 25 N., R. 11 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; many fine and medium roots; neutral;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—15 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine roots; neutral; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bw3—21 to 44 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) sand; single grain; loose; neutral; gradual

wavy boundary.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 63

E&Bt—44 to 65 inches; about 75 percent yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) sand (E); single grain; loose;

slightly acid; lamellae of brown (7.5YR 4/4) and

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loamy sand and sand

(Bt) (2 to 7.5 cm thick; more than 15 cm total

thickness); weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/3)

clay bridges between sand grains; 3 percent

sandstone channers; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—65 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand;

single grain; loose; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to lamellae: 40 to more than 60 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—loamy sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or loamy

fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

E part of E&Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, or

loamy sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bt part of E&Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine

sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand or coarse sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

512B—Drammen loamy sand, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Composition

Drammen and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Sand sheets (fig. 13)

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands and/or sandy

alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.4 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Garne and similar soils

• Prissel and similar soils

• Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over

sandstone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

512C—Drammen loamy sand, 6 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Drammen and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent
64 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Sand sheets

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands and/or sandy

alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.4 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Boone and similar soils

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

512D—Drammen loamy sand, 12 to 20

percent slopes

Composition

Drammen and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Sand sheets

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands and/or sandy

alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.4 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Boone and similar soils

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Dunnbot Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these soils. The thick dark surface layer is

dominantly a result of accumulation from erosional

and depositional processes, both natural and postsettlement, and partly a result of fire. Natural fires

were common and helped to maintain the grass

vegetation, which contributed to the thick, dark,

humus-rich upper horizons. The Native Americans

who lived in the area and used these soils also used

fire to maintain the grass vegetation for ease of

cultivation and for attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Dunnbot series, 1,650 feet south

and 1,570 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 7,

T. 25 N., R. 13 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 65

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

slightly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary.

A1—9 to 18 inches; mostly stratified very dark brown

(10YR 2/2) very fine sandy loam, dark grayish

brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure parting to weak thick platy along

depositional strata; very friable; few very fine and

fine roots; few thin strata of brown (10YR 5/3) silt

loam and very fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR

6/3) dry; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.

A2—18 to 28 inches; about 60 percent thinly stratified

very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very fine sandy loam,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry, and 40 percent

brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3)

dry; weak thin platy structure; very friable; few very

fine and fine roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy

boundary.

A3—28 to 36 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; neutral; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw—36 to 45 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

C—45 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sand; single grain; loose; many fine prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 40 inches

Depth to sandy alluvium: 30 to 60 inches

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—fine sandy loam (strata and subhorizons

of very fine sandy loam, silt loam, sandy loam,

or loam)

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—2 to 8

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—fine sand, sand, coarse sand, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

646A—Dunnbot fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Dunnbot and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: High flats and natural levees on flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 8.3 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Algansee and similar soils

• Kalmarville and similar soils

• Scotah and similar soils

• Rusktown and similar soils

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section
66 Soil Survey of

Elbaville Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Elbaville silt

loam (fig. 14) in Pepin County is NE1/4NW1/4 sec. 13, T.

23 N., R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the Elbaville

series is 75 feet south and 800 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 107 N., R. 15 W.,

Olmsted County, Minnesota:

Oe—0 to 1 inch; moderately decomposed plant

material.

A—1 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark

grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak very fine

granular structure; very friable; neutral; abrupt

wavy boundary.

E1—5 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; weak thin platy structure; very friable; many

black (10YR 2/1) wormcasts; neutral; clear

irregular boundary.

E2—8 to 11 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt, light

gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; neutral; clear irregular

boundary.

B/E—11 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam (Bt);

many interfingerings of grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

silt (E), light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

very fine to medium tubular pores; neutral; clear

irregular boundary.

Bt1—17 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many

very fine to medium tubular pores; neutral; abrupt

wavy boundary.

2Bt2—21 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) silty

clay; strong very fine angular blocky structure;

firm; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many

faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of

peds; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

3Bt3—26 to 37 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

flaggy silty clay loam; strong very fine angular

blocky structure; friable; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds; about 50 percent coarse fragments,

mostly flagstones and some channers; slightly

alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

3C—37 to 61 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

flaggy sandy loam; massive; friable; about 70

percent coarse fragments, mostly flagstones and

some channers; slight effervescence; slightly

alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loess: 15 to 30 inches

Depth to dolostone: 60 to more than 80 inches

Depth to carbonates: 30 to 70 inches

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam

E horizon and E part of B/E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or silt

Bt horizon and Bt part of B/E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silty clay, silty clay loam, clay, or clay

loam

Content of channers—0 to 10 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 10 percent

3Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—the very flaggy, extremely flaggy, very

channery, or extremely channery analogs of

silty clay loam, loam, clay loam, clay, or silty

clay

Content of channers—15 to 50 percent

Content of flagstones—10 to 50 percent

3C horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—the very flaggy, extremely flaggy, very

channery, or extremely channery analogs of

sandy loam, sand, fine sand, loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, or loam

Content of channers—15 to 50 percent

Content of flagstones—10 to 50 percent

Elevasil Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Elevasil

sandy loam in Pepin County is NE1/4NW1/4 sec. 3, T. 25
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 67

N., R. 11 W. The typical pedon for the Elevasil series is

1,000 feet east and 1,300 feet south of the northwest

corner of sec. 30, T. 19 N., R. 6 W., Jackson County,

Wisconsin:

Oe—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

mucky peat (hemic material consisting of a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 45

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; nonsticky; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—1 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—3 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam, weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds; strongly acid; abrupt irregular

boundary.

Bt2—9 to 27 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine to medium

roots; few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay

films on faces of peds; about 5 percent sandstone

channers in the lower part of the horizon; very

strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

2BC—27 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

loamy sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine roots; about 10

percent sandstone channers; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

2C—31 to 39 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) sand;

single grain; loose; about 14 percent sandstone

channers; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Cr—39 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4),

weakly cemented sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or the channery

analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

2Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, fine

sand, or the channery analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

2BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, fine

sand, or the channery analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, or the channery analogs

of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

224B—Elevasil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Composition

Elevasil and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Summits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.5 inches (low)
68 Soil Survey of

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Boone and similar soils

• Hixton and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

224C2—Elevasil sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Elevasil and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Backslopes and shoulders

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.5 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Boone and similar soils

• Hixton and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

224D2—Elevasil sandy loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Elevasil and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Backslopes and shoulders

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.5 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Boone and similar soils

• Hixton and similar soils
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 69

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Ella Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Ella series, 2,600 feet south and

1,250 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 13, T.

25 N., R. 14 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam,

gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate medium granular

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;

slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few

faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—25 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; common faint

brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—43 to 55 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint brown (10YR 4/3)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; many

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; neutral; gradual smooth

boundary.

2Bt4—55 to 64 inches; mostly brown (7.5YR 4/3),

stratified silt loam and sandy loam with thin strata

of brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sand; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

breaks to weak thick plates along depositional

strata; friable and loose; few faint brown (7.5YR

4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

many prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; neutral; gradual smooth

boundary.

2Bt5—64 to 72 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam

with strata of brown (7.5YR 5/4) fine sand; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; breaks to weak thick plates along

depositional strata; few faint brown (7.5YR 4/3)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

2C—72 to 80 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam with

very thin strata of silt and very fine sand; massive;

friable; breaks to weak thick plates along

depositional strata; common fine irregular very

pale brown (10YR 8/2), soft threads of calcium

carbonate; slightly effervescent; moderately

alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to slackwater deposits: 40 to 80 inches

Depth to carbonates: 60 to more than 80 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—stratified silty clay loam to sand

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—stratified silty clay loam to sand

316B2—Ella silt loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Ella and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent
70 Soil Survey of

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over silty to

sandy slackwater deposits

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.4 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Arenzville and similar soils

• Bearpen and similar soils

• Ella soils that are well drained

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 1 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

316C2—Ella silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Ella and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over silty to

sandy slackwater deposits

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.4 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Arenzville and similar soils

• Ella soils that are well drained

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Ettrick Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these soils. The thick dark surface layer is

dominantly a result of accumulation from erosional

and depositional processes, both natural and postsettlement.

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Ettrick silt

loam in Pepin County is SE1/4NW1/4 sec. 3, T. 25 N., R.

14 W. The typical pedon for the Ettrick series is 166

feet north and 1,642 feet west of the southeast corner

of sec. 33, T. 15 N., R. 2 W., Monroe County,

Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

medium granular and weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 71

A—10 to 16 inches; black (N 2/0) silt loam, dark gray

(10YR 4/1) dry; moderate medium granular and

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine roots; few very fine and fine

pores; few prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

masses of iron depletion; about 1 percent black

(10YR 2/1), soft accumulations of iron and

manganese oxides; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bg1—16 to 20 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; few very fine

pores; many root channels coated with black

(10YR 2/1) soil; few fine prominent brown (7.5YR

4/4) masses of iron accumulation; about 1 percent

black (10YR 2/1), soft accumulations of iron and

manganese oxides; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bg2—20 to 26 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silt loam; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine roots; few fine pores; common

fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; about 1 percent black (10YR

2/1) and some strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), soft

accumulations of iron and manganese oxides;

krotovina filled with black (10YR 2/1) silt loam;

neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bg3—26 to 31 inches; silt loam, 50 percent gray (5Y

5/1) and 50 percent yellowish red (5YR 4/6); weak

coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse

subangular blocky; friable; few very fine roots;

about 5 percent, by volume, yellowish red (5YR

4/6) and some strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

segregated iron as pipe stems; neutral; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bg4—31 to 35 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silt loam; weak

coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse

subangular blocky; friable; common very fine and

few fine roots; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) masses of

iron accumulation radiate from old root channels

for a distance of 2 mm; few rounded and tubular

concretions (iron oxides); neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg—35 to 60 inches; gray (N 5/0) silt loam; massive;

friable; common fine and very fine roots; slightly

alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—10YR or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—silt loam

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or neutral

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—typically silt loam (thin strata or

subhorizons of silty clay loam)

Cg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or neutral

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—0 to 6

Texture—typically silt loam (thin strata of coarser

textures are common)

629A—Ettrick silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

Composition

Ettrick and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Depressions and drainageways on stream

terraces

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Frequent

Water table depth: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 14.2 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 8

percent (very high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Orion and similar soils

• Palms and similar soils

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture
72 Soil Survey of

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Farrington Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these droughty soils. The thick dark surface layer is

a result of a combination of accumulation from

erosional and depositional processes, both natural and

post-settlement, and fire. Natural fires were common

and helped to maintain the grass vegetation, which

contributed to the thick, dark, humus-rich upper

horizons. The Native Americans who lived in the area

and used these soils also used fire to maintain the

grass vegetation for ease of cultivation and for

attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Farrington series, 200 feet north

and 600 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 7, T.

25 N., R. 12 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy

sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few very fine and fine roots; 1 percent gravel;

neutral; clear smooth boundary.

A—9 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few very fine and fine roots; 1 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear irregular boundary.

AB—14 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy

sand, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; very friable; few very

fine and fine roots; 1 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—18 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

common fine and medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and

common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

iron depletions; 1 percent gravel; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—23 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sand;

single grain; loose; common coarse faint strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation

and common fine prominent grayish brown (10YR

5/2) iron depletions; 1 percent gravel; strongly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C—41 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

coarse sand; single grain; loose; common coarse

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation and common fine prominent grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; 1 percent

gravel; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches

Other features: Some pedons have a Cg horizon.

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loamy sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

AB horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loamy sand, sand, coarse sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loamy sand, sand, coarse sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bg horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy coarse sand,

or loamy sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—coarse sand or sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

508A—Farrington loamy sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Farrington and similar soils: About 90 percent
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 73

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 1.0 to 2.5 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.9 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Komro and similar soils

• Newson and similar soils

• Farrington soils that have a loamy substratum

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Finchford Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these droughty soils. Natural fires were common

and helped to maintain the grass vegetation, which

contributed to the thick, dark, humus-rich upper

horizons. The Native Americans who lived in the area

and used these soils also used fire to maintain the

grass vegetation for ease of cultivation and for

attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Finchford

loamy sand in Pepin County is SE1/4NW1/4 sec. 17, T.

25 N., R. 13 W. The typical pedon for the Finchford

series is 1,560 feet north and 1,255 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 26 N., R. 12 W., Dunn

County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand,

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine and fine roots; 1 percent rounded mixed

gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

A—10 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy

sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

friable; common very fine and fine roots; 1 percent

rounded mixed gravel; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

AB—15 to 19 inches; very dark brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

very fine and fine roots; 1 percent rounded mixed

gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—19 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; common very fine and fine roots; 10

percent rounded mixed gravel; neutral; gradual

wavy boundary.

C1—26 to 49 inches; multicolored gravelly coarse

sand; single grain; loose; 30 percent rounded

mixed gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—49 to 80 inches; multicolored sand; single grain; 3

percent rounded mixed gravel; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loamy sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

AB horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand,

or coarse sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—sand, loamy sand, coarse sand, loamy
74 Soil Survey of

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6 or multicolored

Texture—coarse sand, sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

501A—Finchford loamy sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Finchford and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 4.1 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Chelsea and similar soils

• Prissel and similar soils

• Rasset and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

501B—Finchford loamy sand, 2 to 6

percent slopes

Composition

Finchford and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 4.1 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Burkhardt and similar soils

• Chelsea and similar soils

• Prissel and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 75

Forkhorn Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Forkhorn series, 1,850 feet north

and 1,780 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 4,

T. 25 N., R. 13 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; many very fine to medium roots; 3 percent

gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; many very fine and fine roots; few faint

brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; common fine very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

wormcasts; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt2—17 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

common faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel;

slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

2Bt3—25 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

gravelly loamy sand; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; very friable; few very fine and fine

roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay

bridges; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

2BC—32 to 46 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6),

stratified gravelly coarse sand; single grain; loose;

about 25 percent gravel as an average; slightly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

2C—46 to 72 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) and

multicolored, stratified sand and coarse sand;

single grain; loose; about 10 percent gravel as an

average; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to outwash: 20 to 40 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loamy sand, coarse sand, sand, loamy

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

2BC and 2C horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—3 to 6 or multicolored

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

433A—Forkhorn sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Forkhorn and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.1 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Kevilar and similar soils
76 Soil Survey of

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

433B—Forkhorn sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes

Composition

Forkhorn and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.1 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Kevilar and similar soils

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

433C2—Forkhorn sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Forkhorn and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.1 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Kevilar and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 77

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Gaphill Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Gaphill series, 1,500 feet south

and 2,300 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 32,

T. 24 N., R. 14 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Oe—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) mucky

peat (hemic material consisting of a mat of

partially decomposed forest litter); about 55

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; very friable; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A—2 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, dark

gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium

roots; about 1 percent dolostone flagstones; about

1 percent dolostone channers; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—5 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak thick platy structure;

friable; many fine and medium roots; about 1

percent dolostone channers; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—11 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and medium roots; few faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 1 percent

dolostone channers; slightly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt2—17 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and medium roots; common faint brown (10YR

4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

about 1 percent dolostone channers; neutral;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—24 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; about 1 percent dolostone

channers; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

2BC—32 to 50 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots; about

2 percent sandstone channers; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

2C—50 to 56 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots; about 5

percent sandstone channers; moderately acid;

gradual irregular boundary.

2Cr—56 to 66 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and

5/8) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loamy slope alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to sandstone: 40 to 80 inches

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

2BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine

sand, or the channery or flaggy analogs of

these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand, fine sand, or the channery or

flaggy analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent
78 Soil Survey of

1145F—Gaphill-Rockbluff complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Gaphill and similar soils: About 50 percent

Rockbluff and similar soils: About 35 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Gaphill—backslopes;

Rockbluff—shoulders

Slope range: 30 to 60 percent

Component Description

Gaphill

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.9 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 6

percent (high)

Rockbluff

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 80 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy slope alluvium over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.7 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 6

percent (high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Churchtown and similar soils

• Dorerton and similar soils

• Gaphill soils that have a surface layer of very flaggy

sandy loam

• Rock outcrop

• Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Garne Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these droughty soils. Natural fires were common

and helped to maintain the grass vegetation, which

contributed to the thick, dark, humus-rich upper

horizons. The Native Americans who lived in the area

and used these soils also used fire to maintain the

grass vegetation for ease of cultivation and for

attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Garne series, 2,000 feet north

and 2,330 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 18,

T. 25 N., R. 12 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand,

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common very fine and fine roots; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

A—10 to 18 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy

sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine and fine

roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

AB—18 to 23 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) sand,

brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common very fine

and fine roots; slightly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bw1—23 to 27 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common very fine and fine roots; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

2Bw2—27 to 34 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) very fine sandy

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; 10

percent sandstone channers; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

2Cr—34 to 48 inches; olive (70 percent 5Y 4/4 and 30

percent 5Y 5/4), weakly cemented, fine grained

glauconitic sandstone; gradual wavy boundary.

2R—48 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4), weakly cemented,

fine grained glauconitic sandstone.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 79

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches

Thickness of the sandy mantle: 15 to 35 inches

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loamy sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loamy sand, sand, fine sand, or loamy

fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

AB horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy

fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy

fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

2Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5G

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

loam, or the channery analogs of these textures

265B—Garne loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Composition

Garne and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Sand sheets

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands over loamy

residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.8 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Drammen and similar soils

• Finchford and similar soils

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

265C—Garne loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Garne and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Sand sheets

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Eolian sands over loamy

residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet
80 Soil Survey of

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.8 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Drammen and similar soils

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Hersey Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Hersey series, 300 feet south

and 1,900 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 1,

T. 23 N., R. 15 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine to medium

roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; few faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; few distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt coatings on vertical

faces of peds; common dark brown (10YR 3/3)

wormcasts; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—15 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;

common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; few distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt coatings on vertical

faces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt3—22 to 36 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films

on faces of peds and in pores; few distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt coatings on vertical

faces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt4—36 to 58 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; common distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt coatings on vertical

faces of peds; few medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation

and few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

2Bt5—58 to 88 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

clay loam; moderate very coarse subangular

blocky structure; firm; common faint dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds;

common distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silt coatings on vertical faces of peds; about 3

percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

2Bt6—88 to 115 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

loam; weak very coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; few faint olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay

films on faces of peds; about 3 percent gravel;

slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to till: 40 to 80 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 81

Content of gravel—2 to 15 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

826B2—Hersey silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Hersey and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Position on the landform: Summits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy till

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.6 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Pepin and similar soils

• Seaton and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

• Soils that have a water table above a depth of 3.5

feet

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

826C2—Hersey silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Hersey and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Position on the landform: Backslopes and shoulders

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy till

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.6 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Pepin and similar soils

• Seaton and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Hixton Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Hixton series, 500 feet south and

625 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 36, T. 25

N., R. 11 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:
82 Soil Survey of

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; many very fine to medium roots; slightly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; many very fine to medium roots; few faint

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; common very dark

grayish brown (10YR 3/2) wormcasts; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—13 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores and few faint yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) silt coatings on faces of peds

and in pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt3—20 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

common faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

2Bt4—25 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; few very fine and fine

roots; few faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent

sandstone channers; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

3C—32 to 37 inches; 50 percent very pale brown

(10YR 7/3) and 50 percent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) channery sand; single grain; loose; few very

fine roots; 20 percent sandstone channers;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

3Cr—37 to 55 inches; 50 percent very pale brown

(10YR 7/3) and 50 percent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8), weathered bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loess: 8 to 25 inches

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or

the channery analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

3C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand, fine sand, or the channery analogs

of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

213C2—Hixton silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Hixton and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Backslopes and shoulders

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.3 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Elevasil and similar soils

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

sandstone
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 83

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

213D2—Hixton silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Hixton and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Backslopes and shoulders

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.5 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Elevasil and similar soils

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

sandstone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

213E2—Hixton silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Hixton and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders

Slope range: 20 to 30 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.5 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Elevasil and similar soils

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

sandstone

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

sandstone

• Soils that have slopes of less than 20 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section
84 Soil Survey of

Hoopeston Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these soils. The thick dark surface layer is a result

of a combination of accumulation from erosional and

depositional processes, both natural and postsettlement, and fire. In many areas, natural fires were

common and helped to maintain the grass vegetation,

which contributed to the thick, dark, humus-rich upper

horizons. The Native Americans who lived in the area

and used these soils also used fire to maintain the

grass vegetation for ease of cultivation and for

attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Hoopeston

sandy loam in Pepin County is NW1/4NW1/4 sec. 25, T.

25 N., R. 13 W. The typical pedon for the Hoopeston

series is 1,000 feet north and 615 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 13, T. 27 N., R. 12 W., Dunn

County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; many very fine to medium roots;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A—9 to 13 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; many very fine to medium roots; slightly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—13 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium

roots; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation and few prominent

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; common very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

wormcasts; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—22 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few fine and medium roots;

few prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses

of iron accumulation; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw3—28 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

loamy sand; single grain; loose; common faint

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

2C—37 to 72 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sand; single grain; loose; many prominent grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion and

common faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; few thin (less than 1 inch thick)

strata of brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loamy sand

and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine sand; strongly

acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches

Depth to outwash: 20 to 40 inches

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 10 percent

Bw, Bg, Bt, or Btg horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—fine sandy loam, loamy sand, loam,

sandy loam, or sand

Content of gravel—0 to 10 percent

2C or 2Cg horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—sand, loamy sand, or fine sand (thin

strata of finer textures are common)

Content of gravel—0 to 10 percent

438A—Hoopeston sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Hoopeston and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 1.0 to 2.5 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.9 inches (low)
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 85

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Lows and similar soils

• Rusktown and similar soils

• Hoopeston soils that have a loamy substratum

• Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over

sandstone

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Houghton Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Houghton

muck in Pepin County is NW1/4SE1/4 sec. 36, T. 25 N.,

R. 11 W. The typical pedon for the Houghton series is

1,240 feet south and 2,000 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 22, T. 22 N., R. 6 W., Jackson County,

Wisconsin:

Oa1—0 to 4 inches; muck (sapric material), very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) broken face and rubbed; about

30 percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed; nonsticky;

many very fine to medium roots; slightly acid (pH

6.4 in water); clear smooth boundary.

Oa2—4 to 16 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 20

percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; nonsticky; common

very fine and fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.5 in

water); gradual wavy boundary.

Oa3—16 to 22 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 35

percent fiber, 10 percent rubbed; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; nonsticky; few very

fine and fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.5 in water);

clear wavy boundary.

Oe—22 to 28 inches; mucky peat (hemic material),

dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) broken face and rubbed;

about 80 percent fiber, 20 percent rubbed;

massive and weak thick platy structure; nonsticky;

strongly acid (pH 5.5 in water); clear wavy

boundary.

O ́a1—28 to 40 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 40

percent fiber, 10 percent rubbed; massive;

nonsticky; strongly acid (pH 5.1 in water); clear

wavy boundary.

O ́a2—40 to 60 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 40

percent fiber, 10 percent rubbed; massive;

nonsticky; strongly acid (pH 5.1 in water).

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the organic material: More than 51

inches

Kind of organic material: Primarily herbaceous

Surface tier:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—dominantly muck; thin layers of mucky

peat or peat

Subsurface and bottom tiers:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 3

Texture—dominantly muck; thin layers of mucky

peat (up to 10 inches total thickness) or peat

(up to 5 inches total thickness)

Kalmarville Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Kalmarville

silt loam in Pepin County is NW1/4NW1/4 sec. 27, T. 23

N., R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the Kalmarville

series is 1,000 feet south and 2,200 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 19 N., R. 5 W., Jackson

County, Wisconsin:

A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak coarse

granular structure; friable; many very fine to

medium roots; few fine prominent dark red (2.5YR

3/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 37 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) very fine

sandy loam with common thin strata of grayish
86 Soil Survey of

brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR

4/2) silt loam and fine sandy loam; massive

breaking to medium plates along depositional

strata; friable; common very fine to medium roots;

few coarse prominent dark red (2.5YR 3/6)

masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Cg1—37 to 42 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

fine sandy loam with a few thin strata of grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) very fine sandy loam and silt

loam; massive breaking to thick plates along

depositional strata; friable; few medium prominent

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Cg2—42 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loamy alluvium: 40 to 60 inches

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—typically silt loam or loam in the upper

part and stratified silt loam, loam, very fine

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in

the lower part

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

Cg or C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—commonly stratified very fine sandy

loam, silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy

loam; thin strata of coarser texture in some

pedons

Content of gravel—0 to 10 percent

2Cg or 2C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—sand, fine sand, or coarse sand

Content of gravel—0 to 10 percent

Kevilar Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Kevilar series, 2,250 feet south

and 100 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 31, T.

25 N., R. 12 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; many

fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium

roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films

on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt2—23 to 29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy

loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;

common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

2BC1—29 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine

roots; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

2BC2—43 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; single grain; loose; common prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.

3Bt—50 to 80 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam with thin strata of dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) loam and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; breaks to weak thick plates along

depositional strata; common faint brown (7.5YR

4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation and few coarse

prominent brown (7.5YR 5/2) masses of iron

depletion; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loamy alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon, and

some have a 4C horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 87

Figure 10.—The ice shelf in this area of Algansee-Kalmarville complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, indicates a recent high-water mark

from spring flooding. These soils are in a forested area on the flood plains.
88 Soil Survey of

Figure 11.—Profile of a Burkhardt soil. The thick, dark, humus-rich surface layer is a result of the

decomposition of deep-rooted prairie grasses. Fires helped to keep these droughty soils from

reverting to trees and shrubs. Depth is marked in centimeters.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 89

Figure 12.—Profile of a Dorerton soil. These soils are on very steep, wooded slopes. The lower part of the profile averages more

than 35 percent dolostone fragments.
90 Soil Survey of

Figure 13.—Drammen soils typically are on footslopes and toeslopes of sand sheets. During past periods of dry climate, sand was

blown from the glacial-meltwater deposits near major rivers and filled the many narrow valleys that interfinger into the

bedrock-controlled uplands.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 91

Figure 14.—Profile of an Elbaville soil. These soils are on very steep, wooded slopes. They have a

thin, silty surface layer with an accumulation of organic matter underlain by clayey and loamy

colluvium mixed with flagstones and channers of dolostone. Depth is marked in feet.
92 Soil Survey of

Figure 15.—Spring flooding in a backswamp area of Markey muck, flooded, 0 to 1 percent slopes.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 93

Figure 16.—Profile of a Mt. Carroll soil. These soils formed in thick deposits of loess. They have a

clay-enriched subsoil and are leached of carbonates to a depth of 5 feet or more. Depth is

marked in feet.
94 Soil Survey of

Figure 17.—Oneota dolostone is exposed in this rock quarry.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 95

2BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or loamy

fine sand

3Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or loam (thin strata of finer

or coarser textures are common)

432A—Kevilar sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Kevilar and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

alluvium over stratified loamy and sandy alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 7.5 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Hoopeston and similar soils

• Kevilar soils that are well drained

• Prissel and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

432B—Kevilar sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Composition

Kevilar and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

alluvium over stratified loamy and sandy alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 7.5 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Kevilar soils that are well drained

• Prissel and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning
96 Soil Survey of

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

432C2—Kevilar sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Kevilar and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

alluvium over stratified loamy and sandy alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 7.5 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Drammen and similar soils

• Kevilar soils that are well drained

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Komro Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these droughty soils. Natural fires were common

and helped to maintain grass vegetation, which

contributed to the thick, dark, humus-rich upper

horizons. The Native Americans who lived in the area

and used these soils also used fire to maintain the

grass vegetation for ease of cultivation and for

attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Komro series, 1,500 feet south

and 100 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 7, T.

25 N., R. 12 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy

sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable;

few very fine and fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

A—10 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few very fine and fine roots; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

AB—14 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sand,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; few very fine and fine

roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—18 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—32 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sand; single grain; loose; few very fine and

fine roots; few medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 2

percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—38 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand;

single grain; loose; common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; 2 percent gravel; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loamy sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 97

AB horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy coarse sand,

or loamy sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy

coarse sand, or, in some subhorizons, the

gravelly analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6 or multicolored

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

506A—Komro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Komro and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 4.0 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Finchford and similar soils

• Farrington and similar soils

• Komro soils that have a loamy substratum

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

2050—Landfill

Composition

Landfill: 100 percent

Component Description

• This map unit consists of areas where accumulated

waste products of human habitation have been

deposited. The areas can be above or below the

ground.

Lows Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Lows loam

in Pepin County is NE1/4SE1/4 sec. 7, T. 25 N., R. 12 W.

The typical pedon for the Lows series is 800 feet north

and 2,240 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 32,

T. 27 N., R. 12 W., Dunn County, Wisconsin:

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam,

gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine fibrous roots; many

medium fine and very fine and few continuous,

mostly exped dendritic pores; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Eg—6 to 13 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam, light gray

(10YR 7/1) dry; common fine distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 4/3) mottles; weak medium platy structure;

friable; common fine fibrous roots; common fine
98 Soil Survey of

and very fine and few medium and coarse,

continuous, inped and exped dendritic pores;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg1—13 to 16 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; many

coarse and medium prominent yellowish red (5YR

4/6) mottles; weak very fine subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; common fine

and very fine and few medium and coarse,

continuous, inped and exped dendritic pores;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg2—16 to 23 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; many

fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine fibrous roots; common medium, fine,

and very fine, continuous, obliquely oriented,

mostly exped pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bg3—23 to 26 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam with a

relatively high percentage of fine sand; many fine

prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) mottles; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and very fine and few

medium, continuous, obliquely oriented, inped and

exped pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg4—26 to 28 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; many

medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and very fine,

continuous, vertically oriented, inped and exped

pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

2Cg—28 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sand with

few thin (1/2 inch to 2 inches thick) bands of

finer textured sediments at widely spaced (12- to

14-inch) intervals; single grain; loose; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandy alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

Eg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam, silt loam, or sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

Bg horizon and BCg horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or sandy

clay loam

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

2Cg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or coarse

sand (commonly stratified at widely spaced

intervals with finer textured material)

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

429A—Lows loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Composition

Lows and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Drainageways on valley trains

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Water table depth: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 7.1 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 4

percent (high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Hoopeston and similar soils

• Lows soils that have a loamy substratum

• Markey and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 99

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Markey Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Markey

muck in Pepin County is NW1/4SE1/4 sec. 7, T. 25 N., R.

12 W. The typical pedon for the Markey series is 650

feet north and 2,050 feet west of the southeast corner

of sec. 13, T. 23 N., R. 3 W., Clark County, Wisconsin:

Oa1—0 to 2 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face, black (N 2/0) rubbed;

about 40 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak

thin platy structure; nonsticky; common very fine

and fine roots; primarily herbaceous fibers;

strongly acid (pH 5.3 in water 1:1); abrupt wavy

boundary.

Oa2—2 to 18 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 5 percent

fiber, trace rubbed; weak medium platy structure;

nonsticky; few very fine and fine roots; primarily

herbaceous fibers; strongly acid (pH 5.3 in water

1:1); gradual wavy boundary.

Oa3—18 to 27 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 1 percent

fiber, trace rubbed; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; primarily herbaceous fibers;

about 30 percent mineral material; moderately

acid (pH 5.8 in water 1:1); abrupt wavy boundary.

Cg—27 to 60 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1), stratified

coarse sand and gravelly coarse sand; single

grain; loose; about 10 percent gravel as an

average; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the organic material: 16 to 51 inches

Kind of organic material: Primarily herbaceous

Surface tier:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—0 to 3

Texture—dominantly muck with thin layers of

mucky peat

Subsurface and bottom tiers:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—0 to 3

Texture—dominantly muck with thin layers of

mucky peat (up to 10 inches total thickness) or

peat (up to 5 inches total thickness)

Cg or C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or neutral

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—0 to 4

Texture—stratified loamy sand, fine sand, sand,

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

11A—Markey muck, flooded, 0 to 1

percent slopes

Composition

Markey and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Backswamps on flood plains (fig. 15)

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Organic materials over

sandy alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Frequent

Water table depth: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Very long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.7 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

79.5 percent (very high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Algansee and similar soils

• Kalmarville and similar soils

• Markey soils that have a loamy substratum

Major Uses of the Unit

• Wildlife habitat
100 Soil Survey of

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Wildlife Habitat” section

40A—Markey and Seelyeville mucks, 0 to

1 percent slopes

Composition

Markey: 0 to 90 percent

Seelyeville: 0 to 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Depressions on valley trains

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Component Description

Markey

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Organic materials over

sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Water table depth: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Very long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.6 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

79.5 percent (very high)

Seelyeville

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Organic materials

Flooding: None

Water table depth: 2.0 feet above to 0.5 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Very long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 24.0 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

79.5 percent (very high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Lows and similar soils

• Markey soils that have a loamy substratum

• Newson and similar soils

• Water

Major Uses of the Unit

• Wildlife habitat

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Wildlife Habitat” section

Medary Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Medary silt

loam in Pepin County is NE1/4NE1/4 sec. 19, T. 23 N.,

R. 14 W. The typical pedon for the Medary series is

2,640 feet west and 400 feet north of the southeast

corner of sec. 31, T. 9 N., R. 2 W., Richland County,

Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak very fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine

fibrous roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BE—7 to 14 inches; reddish brown (7.5YR 5/3) silt

loam; moderate medium platy structure parting to

moderate fine subangular blocky; friable; many

wormcasts; common fine fibrous roots; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt1—14 to 20 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty

clay loam; strong medium angular blocky

structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; many faint

reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt2—20 to 30 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) silty

clay; strong medium angular blocky structure; very

firm; few fine fibrous roots; many faint reddish

brown (2.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2C1—30 to 36 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; common

fine and medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; few small spots of

iron-manganese stains; very weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very firm; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

2C2—36 to 60 inches; variegated yellowish red (5YR

4/8), reddish brown (5YR 5/4), and pinkish gray

(5YR 6/2) clay that grades to clay stratified with

thin seams of very fine sand and silt at a depth of

50 inches; few small streaks of iron-manganese
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 101

stains; massive; slightly acid in the upper part,

near neutral at a depth of 60 inches.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to slackwater deposits: 7 to 20 inches

Depth to carbonates: 40 to more than 60 inches

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

BE horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—stratified clay to silty clay loam (very thin

strata of coarser textures are common)

2C horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—stratified clay to silt loam (very thin strata

of coarser textures are common)

326B2—Medary silt loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Medary and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over silty to

clayey slackwater deposits

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 2.5 to 3.5 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 9.8 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Ella and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 1 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Meridian Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Meridian series, 150 feet north

and 2,300 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 6,

T. 25 N., R. 13 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

very fine and fine roots throughout; 1 percent

gravel and 1 percent cobbles; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots

throughout; few faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films

between sand grains; 1 percent gravel and 1

percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—15 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots

throughout; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 1 percent

gravel and 1 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.
102 Soil Survey of

Bt3—22 to 28 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots throughout;

many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 1 percent gravel and 1 percent

cobbles; very strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt4—28 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy

loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; many distinct brown

(10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 3 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles;

very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2BC—32 to 41 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy

coarse sand; single grain; loose; 3 percent gravel

and 1 percent cobbles; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

2C1—41 to 50 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand;

single grain; loose; moderately acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

2C2—50 to 72 inches; multicolored coarse sand;

single grain; loose; 3 percent gravel and 1 percent

cobbles; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to outwash: 20 to 40 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy

clay loam, or sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

2BC horizon and 2Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—loamy coarse sand, coarse sand, sand,

loamy sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—6 or 7

Chroma—3 to 6 or multicolored

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

423A—Meridian silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Meridian and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 7.9 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Forkhorn and similar soils

• Kevilar and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 103

423B2—Meridian silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Meridian and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 7.9 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Forkhorn and similar soils

• Kevilar and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Mt. Carroll Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Mt. Carroll

silt loam (fig. 16) in Pepin County is SW1/4NW1/4 sec. 6,

T. 23 N., R. 15 W. The typical pedon for the Mt. Carroll

series is 1,020 feet south and 2,530 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 17, T. 15 N., R. 5 W., La

Crosse County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; some mixing

of brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam (E) caused by

erosion; moderate fine granular structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots

between peds; common medium rounded black

(10YR 2/1) wormcasts; neutral; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—9 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3, exterior) silt

loam; moderate thin platy structure; friable;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots

between peds; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—12 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine, fine, and

medium roots between peds; few distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) silt coatings on faces of peds;

many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—19 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots between

peds; many distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—27 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots

between peds; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt4—37 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots between

peds; common distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation and few distinct pale

brown (10YR 6/3) masses of iron depletion in

pores and root channels; common faint dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

BC—46 to 61 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common very fine and fine roots

between peds; common distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and

common distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses of
104 Soil Survey of

iron depletion in pores and root channels; very few

faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films in

root channels and/or pores; slightly acid; diffuse

wavy boundary.

C—61 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; massive; very friable; few very fine and fine

roots; common distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3)

masses of iron depletion and common prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation in pores and root channels; slightly

acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to carbonates: More than 60 inches

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—silt loam or silt

114B2—Mt. Carroll silt loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Mt. Carroll and similar soils: 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Summits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.8 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

114C2—Mt. Carroll silt loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Mt. Carroll and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.8 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

2.5 percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 105

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

M-W—Miscellaneous water

Composition

Miscellaneous water: 100 percent

Component Description

• Small manmade areas that are used for industrial,

sanitary, or mining applications and that contain water

most of the year

NewGlarus Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of NewGlarus

silt loam in Pepin County is NE1/4NW1/4 sec. 10, T. 24

N., R. 14 W. The typical pedon for the NewGlarus

series is 990 feet north and 1,925 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 2, T. 2 N., R. 6 E., Green

County, Wisconsin:

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate very fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam;

moderate thin platy structure; friable; many fine

roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

BE—8 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—13 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty

clay loam; moderate fine angular and subangular

blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots; faint

continuous clay films on all faces of peds; slightly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt2—23 to 35 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR

3/4) clay; moderate fine angular and subangular

blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots; faint

continuous clay films on all faces of peds; slightly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

3R—35 inches; partially weathered dolostone that is

shattered in the upper part and has clay in the

narrow and widely spaced joints.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loess: 12 to 30 inches

Depth to dolostone: 20 to 40 inches

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

E and BE horizons:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—clay, clay loam, silty clay, silty clay loam,

or the rock fragment analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 30 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 20 percent

3Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—clay loam, loam, sandy loam, or the rock

fragment analogs of these textures

Content of channers—5 to 40 percent

Content of flagstones—1 to 20 percent
106 Soil Survey of

144B2—NewGlarus silt loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

NewGlarus and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Summits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.2 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Pepin and similar soils

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

dolostone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

144C2—NewGlarus silt loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

NewGlarus and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.2 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Pepin and similar soils

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

dolostone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

144D2—NewGlarus silt loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

NewGlarus and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 107

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.2 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Pepin and similar soils

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

dolostone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

144E—NewGlarus silt loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

NewGlarus and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 20 to 30 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.2 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Elbaville and similar soils

• Pepin and similar soils

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

dolostone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent or

less than 20 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Newson Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Newson

mucky loamy sand in Pepin County is SW1/4SW1/4 sec.

7, T. 25 N., R. 12 W. The typical pedon for the Newson

series is 1,050 feet south and 700 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 5, T. 20 N., R. 5 E., Juneau

County, Wisconsin:

A1—0 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky loamy

sand, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak very

fine and fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; common very fine to coarse roots; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 8 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand, very

dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

very fine to coarse roots; extremely acid; abrupt

irregular boundary.
108 Soil Survey of

Bg—8 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few very fine and fine roots; few fine

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; black (10YR 2/1) soil in some

root channels; extremely acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

BCg—16 to 22 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots; few fine

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; few medium faint dark

grayish brown (10YR 4/2) masses of iron

depletion; extremely acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

C—22 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; single grain; loose; many medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—mucky loamy sand, loamy sand, or

loamy fine sand (mucky loamy sand in the A1

horizon)

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or

loamy coarse sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

BCg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—sand, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand,

or coarse sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

C or Cg horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—1 to 6 (3 to 6 in the C horizon, 1 or 2 in

the Cg horizon)

Texture—sand, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand,

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

589A—Newson mucky loamy sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes

Composition

Newson and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Depressions and drainageways on valley

trains

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Mucky loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy alluvium and/or

sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Water table depth: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 4.2 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

15 percent (very high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Farrington and similar soils

• Markey and similar soils

• Newson soils that have a loamy substratum

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Norden Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Norden silt
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 109

loam in Pepin County is NE1

/4SW1/4 sec. 15, T. 25 N.,

R. 14 W. The typical pedon for the Norden series is

1,150 feet south and 350 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 32, T. 18 N., R. 5 W., La Crosse County,

Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and

medium roots; some mixing of dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam as a result of plowing;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;

common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—11 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many very fine and fine roots;

common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent channers;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

2Bt3—20 to 25 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) loam; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; common faint

olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; 3

percent channers; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

2Bt4—25 to 33 inches; 50 percent brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) and 50 percent dark greenish gray (5G

4/1) fine sandy loam; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; common

prominent brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds; 10 percent channers; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

2Bt5—33 to 37 inches; 50 percent brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) and 50 percent dark greenish gray

(5GY 4/1) fine sandy loam; moderate coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine and fine roots; very few prominent yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; 10

percent channers; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

2Cr—37 inches; 90 percent dark greenish gray (5G

4/1) and 10 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6),

weathered bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the loess: 8 to 25 inches

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3 in the A horizon; 3 to 5 in the Ap

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam, loam, or silt clay loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, 5GY, 10GY, or 5G

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, sandy

loam, very fine sandy loam, clay loam, loam, or

the channery analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

254B2—Norden silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Norden and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Summits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.6 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of more than

40 inches
110 Soil Survey of

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

254C2—Norden silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Norden and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.6 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of more than

40 inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

254D2—Norden silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Norden and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.6 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of more than

40 inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 111

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

254E2—Norden silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Norden and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 20 to 30 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.6 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Churchtown and similar soils

• Urne and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of more than

40 inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent or

less than 20 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

254F—Norden silt loam, 30 to 45 percent

slopes

Composition

Norden and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 30 to 45 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.6 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Urne and similar soils

• Churchtown and similar soils

• Norden soils that have a surface layer of very stony

silt loam

• Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Northbend Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Northbend

silt loam in Pepin County is NW1/4NE1/4 sec. 30, T. 25

N., R. 13 W. The typical pedon for the Northbend
112 Soil Survey of

series is 900 feet north and 1,000 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 19 N., R. 6 W., Jackson

County, Wisconsin:

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium granular

structure; friable; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots; extremely acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

Bw1—7 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine and fine and few medium roots;

few medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw2—19 to 34 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few very fine and fine roots; few fine prominent

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; common fine prominent light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of iron

depletion; few thin (less than 1

/8 inch thick)

discontinuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

strata of silt loam; extremely acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2BC—34 to 36 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy

fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation and light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of iron

depletion; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C1—36 to 44 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single

grain; loose; common medium prominent yellowish

red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C2—44 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

sand; single grain; loose; common medium

prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; few thin (less than 1

/2 inch thick)

discontinuous dark brown (7.5YR 6/3) strata of

loamy sand; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandy alluvium: 20 to 40 inches

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy

loam, or very fine sandy loam (thin strata of

finer or coarser textures are common)

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

2BC horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—loamy fine sand or loamy sand

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—1 to 8

Texture—typically sand or fine sand (thin strata of

finer textures are common)

Content of gravel—0 to 5 percent

1648A—Northbend-Ettrick silt loams, 0 to

3 percent slopes

Composition

Northbend and similar soils: About 60 percent

Ettrick and similar soils: About 30 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Northbend—low flats on flood plains;

Ettrick—depressions and drainageways on flood

plains

Slope range: Northbend—0 to 3 percent; Ettrick—0 to

2 percent

Component Description

Northbend

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Silty and loamy alluvium

over sandy alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Frequent

Depth to the water table: 1 to 2 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 8.0 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 3

percent (moderate)

Ettrick

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 113

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Frequent

Water table depth: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 14.2 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 8

percent (very high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Palms soils that are subject to flooding

• Dunnbot and similar soils

• Water

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Orion Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Orion silt

loam in Pepin County is NW1/4NW1/4 sec. 3, T. 25 N.,

R. 14 W. The typical pedon for the Orion series is

1,040 feet south and 2,340 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 8, T. 19 N., R. 6 E., Jackson County,

Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine to coarse roots; slightly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

C—8 to 32 inches; stratified brown (10YR 4/3) and

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam with thin

strata of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very fine

sand; massive breaking to thick plates along

depositional strata; friable; common very fine and

fine roots; few medium prominent dark reddish

brown (5YR 3/4) masses of iron accumulation and

few medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

masses of iron depletion; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Ab—32 to 40 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure breaking to

very thick plates along depositional strata; friable;

common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR

5/2) masses of iron depletion; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Cg—40 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silt loam; massive; friable; common coarse

prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to a buried A horizon: 20 to 60 inches

Other features: Some pedons have a Bgb horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 6 (value of 3 moist is 6 or more dry;

thin strata of darker colors are common)

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam (thin strata of coarser textures

are common)

C horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 or 3 (thin strata of lighter or darker

colors are common)

Texture—dominantly silt loam (thin strata of

coarser textures are common)

Ab horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—dominantly silt loam or silty clay loam

(thin strata of coarser textures are in some

pedons)

Cg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, 5GY, 5G, 5BG, 5B, or

neutral

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—typically silt loam (thin strata of coarser

textures are common)

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

628A—Orion silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Orion and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent
114 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Drainageways on stream terraces

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Silty alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Depth to the water table: 1.0 to 2.5 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.5 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Arenzville and similar soils

• Ettrick and similar soils

• Orion soils that have a sandy substratum

• Soils that are not subject to flooding

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Palms Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Palms muck

in Pepin County is SE1/4 sec. 24, T. 25 N., R. 11 W. The

typical pedon for the Palms series is 300 feet south

and 2,350 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 22,

T. 22 N., R. 6 W., Jackson County, Wisconsin:

Oa1—0 to 4 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 70 percent

fiber, about 12 percent rubbed; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; nonsticky; primarily

herbaceous fibers; many fine to coarse roots;

strongly acid (pH 5.5 in water); clear smooth

boundary.

Oa2—4 to 22 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 35 percent

fiber, about 5 percent rubbed; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; nonsticky; primarily

herbaceous fibers; many fine to coarse roots;

moderately acid (pH 5.8 in water); clear wavy

boundary.

Oa3—22 to 32 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 75

percent fiber, about 7 percent rubbed; weak thick

platy structure; nonsticky; primarily herbaceous

fibers; moderately acid (pH 5.8 in water); clear

smooth boundary.

Oa4—32 to 40 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 20

percent fiber, about 3 percent rubbed; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; nonsticky;

primarily herbaceous fibers; 10 to 15 percent

mineral material; moderately acid (pH 5.8 in

water); abrupt smooth boundary.

Cg—40 to 60 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam;

massive; friable; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the organic material: 16 to 51 inches

Kind of organic material: Primarily herbaceous

Surface tier:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—dominantly muck with thin layers of

mucky peat

Subsurface and bottom tiers:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—0 to 3

Texture—dominantly muck with thin layers of

mucky peat (up to 10 inches total thickness) or

peat (up to 5 inches total thickness)

Cg or C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, 5GY, or neutral

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—0 to 4

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, loam, or very fine sandy loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 115

20A—Palms and Houghton mucks, 0 to 1

percent slopes

Composition

Palms: 0 to 90 percent

Houghton: 0 to 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Depressions on stream terraces

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Component Description

Palms

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Organic material over

loamy alluvium

Flooding: None

Water table depth: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Very long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 19.4 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

79.5 percent (very high)

Houghton

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Organic material

Flooding: None

Water table depth: 2.0 feet above to 0.5 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Very long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 24.0 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

79.5 percent (very high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Ettrick and similar soils

• Water

Major Uses of the Unit

• Wildlife habitat

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Wildlife Habitat” section

21A—Palms muck, flooded, 0 to 1 percent

slopes

Composition

Palms and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Backswamps on flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 1 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Muck

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Dominant parent material: Organic material over

loamy alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Frequent

Water table depth: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the

surface

Kind of water table: Apparent

Ponding duration: Very long

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 19.4 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

79.5 percent (very high)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Ettrick and similar soils

• Kalmarville and similar soils

• Water

Major Uses of the Unit

• Wildlife habitat

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Wildlife Habitat” section
116 Soil Survey of

Pepin Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Pepin series, 750 feet north and

400 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 32, T. 24

N., R. 14 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and

medium roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few

faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; common distinct pale brown (10YR

6/3) silt coatings on vertical faces of some peds;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—14 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; few distinct pale brown

(10YR 6/3) silt coatings on vertical faces of some

peds; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—30 to 41 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; common faint

brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt

coatings on vertical faces of some peds; slightly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt4—41 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; few faint dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

2Bt5—48 to 58 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

clay; strong coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; many faint dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; about 5

percent chert channers; about 3 percent dolostone

and chert flagstones; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

3Bt6—58 to 66 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) very flaggy loam; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint

brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; thin (less than 1

/4 inch thick) residual

layer of very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay

surrounding dolostone fragments; thin (less than 1

inch thick) layer of very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay near the bedrock contact; about 30

percent dolostone channers; about 10 percent

dolostone flagstones; neutral; abrupt irregular

boundary.

3R—66 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dolostone

bedrock with fractures more than 4 inches apart.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to dolostone: 45 to 60 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—clay loam, clay, silty clay, or the rock

fragment analogs of these textures

Content of channers—5 to 40 percent

Content of flagstones—1 to 20 percent

3Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—sandy loam, clay loam, loam, or the rock

fragment analogs of these textures

Content of channers—5 to 40 percent

Content of flagstones—1 to 20 percent

125B2—Pepin silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Pepin and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Summits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 45 to 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 117

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 11.7 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Hersey and similar soils

• NewGlarus and similar soils

• Seaton and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

125C2—Pepin silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Pepin and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 45 to 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 11.7 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Hersey and similar soils

• NewGlarus and similar soils

• Seaton and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

125D2—Pepin silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Pepin and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 45 to 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 11.7 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)
118 Soil Survey of

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• NewGlarus and similar soils

• Seaton and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

125E2—Pepin silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Pepin and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 20 to 30 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: 45 to 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess over clayey

pedisediment over loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 11.7 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• NewGlarus and similar soils

• Seaton and similar soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent or

less than 20 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

2013—Pits, gravel

Composition

Pits, gravel: 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads and risers

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand and gravel

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Dominant parent material: Outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Inclusions

• Burkhardt and similar soils

• Finchford and similar soils

• Plainfield and similar soils

2014—Pits, quarry, hard bedrock

Composition

Pits, quarry: 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and summits

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Variable

Drainage class: Well drained
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 119

Dominant parent material: Dolostone (fig. 17) and

sandstone bedrock

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Inclusions

• Boone and Urne soils (below an elevation of 1,000

feet)

• NewGlarus and Pepin soils (above an elevation of

1,000 feet)

Plainfield Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Plainfield

sand in Pepin County is SE1/4NE1/4 sec. 7, T. 25 N., R.

13 W. The typical pedon for the Plainfield series is 600

feet south and 2,400 feet east of the northwest corner

of sec. 5, T. 26 N., R. 11 W., Dunn County, Wisconsin:

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand,

very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak

medium granular structure; very friable; many fine

and medium roots; 5 percent gravel; moderately

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sand; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine roots; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—12 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few fine roots; 10 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—32 to 80 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sand; single

grain; loose; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Some pedons have an E horizon.

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand or loamy sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

511A—Plainfield sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Plainfield and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.2 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Aldo and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section
120 Soil Survey of

511B—Plainfield sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Composition

Plainfield and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.2 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

511C—Plainfield sand, 6 to 15 percent

slopes

Composition

Plainfield and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 6 to 15 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.2 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

511F—Plainfield sand, 15 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Plainfield and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 15 to 60 percent
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 121

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.2 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Boplain and similar soils

• Soils with seeps

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Plumcreek Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Plumcreek series, 2,275 feet

south and 2,250 feet west of the northeast corner of

sec. 21, T. 24 N., R. 14 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

A—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark gray

(10YR 4/1) dry; moderate medium and coarse

granular structure; very friable; common very fine

to medium and few coarse roots; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

E—4 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale

brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium platy

structure; friable; common very fine to medium

and few coarse roots; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—7 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine to medium

roots; few faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—17 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine to medium roots;

common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid; abrupt

irregular boundary.

2Bt3—28 to 36 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam with many thin strata of dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) loamy fine sand and very fine sand;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

breaks to weak thick and thin plates along

depositional strata; few very fine and fine roots;

few faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; slightly acid; abrupt irregular

boundary.

2C1—36 to 55 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sand

with many thin (less than 2 inches thick) strata of

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam,

silt, loamy fine sand, and very fine sand; single

grain; loose; massive and friable in the silty and

loamy strata; breaks to weak thick and thin plates

along depositional strata; few very fine and fine

roots; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary.

2C2—55 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam

with common thin strata of silt and very fine sand;

massive; friable; breaks to weak thick plates along

depositional strata; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to slackwater deposits: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to carbonates: More than 60 inches

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam, loam, or sandy loam

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 or 5
122 Soil Survey of

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—stratified silty clay loam to sand

2C horizon:

Hue—5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—stratified silty clay loam to sand

313D2—Plumcreek silt loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Plumcreek and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty and loamy slope

alluvium over silty to sandy slackwater deposits

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 9.9 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Ella and similar soils

• Plumcreek soils that have a sandy substratum

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

313F—Plumcreek silt loam, 20 to 45

percent slopes

Composition

Plumcreek and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 20 to 45 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Silty and loamy slope

alluvium over silty to sandy slackwater deposits

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 9.9 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Plumcreek soils that have a sandy substratum

• Soils with seeps

• Soils that have slopes of less than 20 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Prissel Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Prissel series, 1,150 feet north

and 1,150 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 30,

T. 25 N., R. 12 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 123

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common very fine to medium roots; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

loamy sand; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—16 to 44 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw3—44 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sand;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; loose;

few very fine and fine roots; common medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt1—48 to 52 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam

with very thin strata of yellowish brown (7.5YR

5/6) fine sand; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; breaks to

weak thick plates along depositional strata; few

very fine roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/3)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common

fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

2Bt2—52 to 56 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

loam with very thin strata of yellowish brown

(7.5YR 5/6) fine sand; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; breaks to

weak thick plates along depositional strata; few

faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; many fine and medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of

iron accumulation and few medium prominent

brown (7.5YR 5/2) iron depletions; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

3BC—56 to 67 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) sand with very thin strata of yellowish brown

(7.5YR 5/6) fine sand; single grain; loose; common

fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation and few medium

prominent brown (7.5YR 5/2) iron depletions;

slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

3C—67 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to stratified loamy alluvium: 40 to 60 inches

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs)

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—loamy sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sand or loamy sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—loamy sand, sand, fine sand, or loamy

fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—stratified silt loam to sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

3BC and 3C horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand or fine sand (widely spaced strata

of finer textures are common)

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

546A—Prissel loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Prissel and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy alluvium over

stratified silty to sandy alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched
124 Soil Survey of

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.8 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Hoopeston and similar soils

• Kevilar and similar soils

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

546B—Prissel loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Composition

Prissel and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy alluvium over

stratified silty to sandy alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.8 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Kevilar and similar soils

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

546F—Prissel loamy sand, 15 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Prissel and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Risers

Slope range: 15 to 60 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy alluvium over

stratified silty to sandy alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Perched

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.8 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 125

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Plainfield and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

• Soils with seeps

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Rasset Series

Mean annual precipitation is sufficient to grow trees

on these droughty soils. Natural fires were common

and helped to maintain the grass vegetation, which

contributed to the thick, dark, humus-rich upper

horizons. The Native Americans who lived in the area

and used these soils also used fire to maintain the

grass vegetation for ease of cultivation and for

attracting game animals.

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Rasset series, 650 feet south

and 200 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T.

25 N., R. 15 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable;

many very fine and fine and few medium roots;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A—10 to 14 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

AB—14 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

few very fine and fine roots; slightly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt1—18 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

sandy loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint continuous dark

yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt2—30 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) loamy sand; moderate coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; few faint discontinuous

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

2Bt3—37 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few faint discontinuous dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

2BC—42 to 50 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; very few faint patchy dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films between

sand grains; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

2C—50 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to outwash: 20 to 40 inches

Ap and A horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

AB horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—sandy loam or loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—sandy loam or loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

2Bt and 2BC horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand,

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures
126 Soil Survey of

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

2C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, coarse sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

413A—Rasset sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Rasset and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.2 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 3

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Dakota and similar soils

• Finchford and similar soils

• Rasset soils that have a loamy substratum

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

413B—Rasset sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Composition

Rasset and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 6.2 inches (moderate)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 3

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Burkhardt and similar soils

• Finchford and similar soils

• Rasset soils that have a loamy substratum

• Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 127

2003A—Riverwash, nearly level

Composition

Riverwash: 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand and gravel

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Dominant parent material: Alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Frequent

Depth to the water table: 1 to 6 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 0.0 inches (very low)

Inclusions

• Algansee and similar soils

• Kalmarville and similar soils

• Water

Major Uses of the Unit

• Wildlife habitat

For general information concerning these uses, see

Part II of this publication:

• “Wildlife Habitat” section

Rockbluff Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Rockbluff series, 1,500 feet

south and 2,360 feet east of the northwest corner of

sec. 32, T. 24 N., R. 14 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Oe—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) mucky peat (hemic material consisting of a

mat of partially decomposed forest litter); about 50

percent fiber, 25 percent rubbed; weak thin platy

structure; very friable; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

A—2 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand, dark

gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; about 1 percent dolostone channers; about

1 percent dolostone flagstones; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

E—4 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand, pale

brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak thick platy structure;

very friable; many fine and medium roots; about 1

percent dolostone channers and 2 percent

sandstone channers; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw—9 to 35 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common fine and medium roots; about 3 percent

dolostone channers and 3 percent sandstone

channers; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C—35 to 52 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) sand; single

grain; loose; few very fine and fine roots; about 5

percent sandstone channers; neutral; gradual

irregular boundary.

Cr—52 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), and yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandstone: 40 to 80 inches

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 5

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—loamy sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—loamy sand, sand, fine sand, or loamy

fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine

sand, or the channery or flaggy analogs of

these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—sand, fine sand, or the channery or

flaggy analogs of these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

Content of flagstones—0 to 5 percent
128 Soil Survey of

Rusktown Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Rusktown

sandy loam in Pepin County is SW1/4NE1/4 sec. 34, T.

24 N., R. 14 W. The typical pedon for the Rusktown

series is 2,500 feet south and 250 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 28 N., R. 12 W., Dunn

County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine and fine roots throughout;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; common faint

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—18 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

common faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; neutral; gradual wavy

boundary.

2Bt3—25 to 38 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few very fine and fine roots; few faint brown

(7.5YR 4/3) bridges between sand grains; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

2BC—38 to 45 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

coarse sand; single grain; loose; about 1 percent

gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C—45 to 72 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) coarse

sand; single grain; loose; common fine and

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses

of iron accumulation; about 1 percent gravel;

moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to outwash: 20 to 40 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loamy sand, coarse sand, sand, loamy

coarse sand, or the gravelly analogs of these

textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

2BC and 2C horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—3 to 6 or multicolored

Texture—coarse sand, sand, or the gravelly

analogs of these textures

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

436A—Rusktown sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Rusktown and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Valley trains

Position on the landform: Treads

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy alluvium over sandy

and gravelly outwash

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.4 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About 2

percent (moderate)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 129

Inclusions

• Forkhorn and similar soils

• Hoopeston and similar soils

• Kevilar and similar soils

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Scotah Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Scotah

loamy fine sand in Pepin County is NE1/4NE1/4 sec. 11,

T. 24 N., R. 14 W. The typical pedon for the Scotah

series is 1,500 feet west and 650 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 1, T. 26 N., R. 12 W., Dunn

County, Wisconsin:

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy

fine sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak

medium and coarse granular structure; very

friable; common very fine to medium roots; neutral;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common very fine to

medium roots; slightly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bw2—11 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/6) fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C1—22 to 46 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

sand; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine

roots; few thin strata of very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

loamy fine sand and fine sand in the upper part;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C2—46 to 57 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4), stratified fine sand, sand, and loamy fine

sand; single grain; loose; common medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron

accumulations; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C3—57 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

gravelly coarse sand; loose; few medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron

accumulations; single grain; about 25 percent

gravel; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—loamy fine sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or loamy

fine sand

Content of gravel—0 to 15 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—strata of coarse sand, sand, gravelly

coarse sand, gravelly sand, fine sand, or loamy

fine sand

Content of gravel—0 to 35 percent

Content of cobbles—0 to 5 percent

656A—Scotah loamy fine sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Scotah and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: High flats and natural levees on flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Loamy fine sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy alluvium

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.9 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.75 percent (moderately low)
130 Soil Survey of

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Algansee and similar soils

• Kalmarville and similar soils

• Aldo and similar soils

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Seaton Series

Typical Pedon

Typical pedon for the Seaton series, 1,230 feet north

and 500 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 29, T.

24 N., R. 15 W., Pepin County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; some mixing of

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam caused by

plowing; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine to medium

roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

BE—8 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 dry)

silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine to medium

roots; few faint patchy brown (10YR 4/3) clay films

on faces of peds and in pores and common faint

discontinuous pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt coatings

on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—13 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine to medium roots;

common faint discontinuous brown (10YR 4/3)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores and few

faint discontinuous pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt

coatings on faces of peds and in pores; neutral;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—34 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;

common faint discontinuous brown (10YR 4/3)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores and

common faint discontinuous pale brown (10YR

6/3) silt coatings on faces of peds and in pores;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—43 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; few fine and

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron

concentrations; few faint discontinuous brown

(10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores, common faint discontinuous pale brown

(10YR 6/3) silt coatings on faces of peds and in

pores, and very few prominent patchy black (N

2/0) manganese or iron-manganese stains on

faces of peds and in pores; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

BC—55 to 80 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few very fine roots; very few distinct

continuous brown (10YR 4/3) clay films in root

channels and/or pores and few distinct continuous

pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt coatings in root

channels and/or pores; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to carbonates: More than 60 inches

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

BE horizon and E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam

BC horizon and C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—silt loam or silt
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 131

115B2—Seaton silt loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Seaton and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Summits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.9 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

115C2—Seaton silt loam, 6 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Seaton and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.9 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

115D2—Seaton silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded

Composition

Seaton and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Silt loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loess

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet
132 Soil Survey of

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 12.9 inches (high)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Seelyeville Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Seelyeville

muck in Pepin County is SW1/4NE1/4 sec. 7, T. 25 N., R.

12 W. The typical pedon for the Seelyeville series is

1,480 feet north and 1,950 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 36, T. 26 N., R. 11 W., Dunn County,

Wisconsin:

Oa1—0 to 12 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed; about 25

percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Oa2—12 to 35 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 5 percent

fiber unrubbed and rubbed; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Oa3—35 to 43 inches; muck (sapric material), very

dark gray (10YR 3/1) broken face and rubbed;

about 40 percent fiber, about 10 percent rubbed;

massive; very friable; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Oa4—43 to 72 inches; muck (sapric material), black

(N 2/0) broken face and rubbed; about 5 percent

fiber unrubbed and rubbed; massive; very friable;

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the organic material: More than 51

inches

Kind of organic material: Primarily herbaceous

material

Surface tier:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—dominantly muck with thin layers of

mucky peat

Subsurface and bottom tiers:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—0 to 3

Texture—dominantly muck with thin layers of

mucky peat (up to 10 inches total thickness) or

peat (up to 5 inches total thickness)

Tarr Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Tarr sand in

Pepin County is NE1/4NW1/4 sec. 12, T. 25 N., R. 11 W.

The typical pedon for the Tarr series is 100 feet north

and 2,000 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 32,

T. 19 N., R. 4 W., Monroe County, Wisconsin:

Oe—0 to 2 inches; mucky peat; partially decomposed

roots, leaves, and twigs.

A—2 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—6 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—34 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sand;

single grain; loose; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Some pedons have an E horizon.

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 133

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—sand or fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—sand or fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

561B—Tarr sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes

Composition

Tarr and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Position on the landform: Toeslopes

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy pedisediment over

sandy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.8 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Boone and similar soils

• Tint and similar soils

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

Tint Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Tint sand in

Pepin County is SW1/4NE1/4 sec. 6, T. 25 N., R. 11 W.

The typical pedon for the Tint series is 1,980 feet

south and 245 feet east of the northwest corner of sec.

5, T. 21 N., R. 5 W., Jackson County, Wisconsin:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

very fine and fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bw1—9 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common very fine and fine roots;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—17 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sand; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—24 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sand; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine

roots; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—34 to 38 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

sand; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine

roots; common medium prominent reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; slightly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C2—38 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sand; single grain; loose; many medium distinct

yellow (10YR 7/8) masses of iron accumulation;

slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Note: Some pedons have an E horizon.

Ap or A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent
134 Soil Survey of

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—sand or fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 to 8

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—sand or fine sand

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

566A—Tint sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Tint and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Pediments

Position on the landform: Toeslopes

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sand

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Dominant parent material: Sandy pedisediment

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Kind of water table: Apparent

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 3.7 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.25 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Tarr and similar soils

• Soils that have a water table at a depth of less than

4 feet

• Soils that have sandstone at a depth of less than 60

inches

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

2040—Udipsamments, dredge material

Composition

Udipsamments and similar soils: About 95 percent

Inclusions: About 5 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Alluvium

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Inclusions

• Algansee and similar soils

• Kalmarville and similar soils

• Scotah and similar soils

Major Uses of the Unit

• Wildlife habitat

For general information concerning these uses, see

Part II of this publication:

• “Wildlife Habitat” section

Urne Series

Typical Pedon

The location of a representative pedon of Urne fine

sandy loam in Pepin County is SW1/4NE1/4 sec. 26, T.

25 N., R. 13 W. The typical pedon for the Urne series

is 700 feet south and 2,440 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 29, T. 22 N., R. 6 W., Jackson County,

Wisconsin:

A—0 to 2 inches; black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam,

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate medium

granular structure; very friable; common very fine

to coarse roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bw1—2 to 7 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) fine sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine to medium

roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 135

Bw2—7 to 28 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine

sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—28 to 36 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Cr—36 to 60 inches; strata of olive brown (2.5Y 4/4)

and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6), weakly cemented,

fine grained glauconitic sandstone; a few thin

(1

/8 inch thick) yellowish red (5YR 5/6) strata.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to sandstone: 20 to 40 inches

Other features: Some pedons have an E horizon.

A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—fine sandy loam

Content of channers—0 to 15 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5G

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, very

fine sandy loam, or the channery analogs of

these textures

Content of channers—0 to 35 percent

255B2—Urne fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Urne and similar soils: About 90 percent

Inclusions: About 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Summits

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Loamy slope alluvium over

loamy residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.6 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Drammen and similar soils

• Garne and similar soils

• Norden and similar soils

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

sandstone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 6 percent or

less than 2 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

255C2—Urne fine sandy loam, 6 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Urne and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Backslopes and shoulders

Slope range: 6 to 12 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Slope alluvium over

sandstone residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.6 inches (low)
136 Soil Survey of

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Drammen and similar soils

• Norden and similar soils

• Soils that are shallower over sandstone

• Soils that have sandy surface textures

• Soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent or

less than 6 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

255D2—Urne fine sandy loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes, eroded

Composition

Urne and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Backslopes and shoulders

Slope range: 12 to 20 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Slope alluvium over

sandstone residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.6 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Drammen and similar soils

• Norden and similar soils

• Soils that are shallower over sandstone

• Soils that have sandy surface textures

• Soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent or

less than 12 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Cropland

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

255E—Urne fine sandy loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Urne and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and nose slopes

Slope range: 20 to 30 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Slope alluvium over

sandstone residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.6 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 137

Inclusions

• Norden and similar soils

• Soils that are deeper or shallower over sandstone

• Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent or

less than 20 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Hayland

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

255F—Urne fine sandy loam, 30 to 45

percent slopes

Composition

Urne and similar soils: About 85 percent

Inclusions: About 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Position on the landform: Shoulders and nose slopes

Slope range: 30 to 45 percent

Component Description

Texture of the surface layer: Fine sandy loam

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Dominant parent material: Slope alluvium over

sandstone residuum

Flooding: None

Depth to the water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Available water capacity to 60 inches or root-limiting

layer: About 5.6 inches (low)

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: About

1.5 percent (moderately low)

A typical soil series description with range in

characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this

section. Additional information specific to this map unit,

such as horizon depth and textures, is available in the

“Soil Properties” section in Part II of this publication.

Inclusions

• Gaphill and similar soils

• Norden and similar soils

• Rockbluff and similar soils

• Soils that are shallower over sandstone

• Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

Major Uses of the Unit

• Pasture

• Forest land

For general and detailed information concerning

these uses, see Part II of this publication:

• “Agronomy” section

• “Forest Land” section

W—Water

Composition

Water: 100 percent

Component Description

• Naturally occurring basins of surface water
139

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1998.

Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and

testing. 19th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1998. Standard classification of

soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487.

Anderson, William. 1990. Laura Ingalls Wilder country.

Attig, John W. 1993. Pleistocene geology of Taylor County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin

Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 90.

Attig, J.W., L. Clayton, and D.M. Mickelson. 1988. Pleistocene stratigraphic units of

Wisconsin 1984-1987. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Information

Circular 62.

Austin, G.S. 1972. Summation of the lithic environment during the deposition of

Paleozoic seas. In Geology of Minnesota: A centennial volume. Minnesota Geological

Survey, pages 471 and 472.

Baker, R.W., J.F. Diehl, T.W. Simpson, S. Beske-Diehl, and L.W. Zelazny. 1983. PreWisconsinan glacial stratigraphy, chronology, and paleomagnetics of west-central

Wisconsin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94: 1442-1449.

Baker, R.W., J.C. Knox, R.S. Lively, and B.M. Olson. 1997. Evidence for entrenchment

of the upper Mississippi Valley by early Pleistocene time. Minnesota Geological Survey.

Bement, P.J., and K.M. Syverson. 1995. Evidence for a pre-late Wisconsin ice-margin

position in the northern “driftless area,” Eau Claire County, Wisconsin. Geological

Society of America Abstracts with Programs (North-Central Section), volume 27,

number 3.

Bettis, E.A. III, R.G. Baker, W.R. Green, M.K. Whelan, and D.W. Benn. 1992. Late

Wisconsinan and Holocene alluvial stratigraphy, paleoecology, and archaeological

geology of east-central Iowa. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Guidebook

Series 12, pages 33-35.

Borchart, J.R. 1950. The climate of the central North American grassland. Annals of the

Association of American Geographers 67(3): 323-342.

Clayton, L., J.W. Attig, D.M. Mickelson, and M.D. Johnson. 1991. Glaciation of

Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Educational Series 36.

Johnson, M.D. 1986. Pleistocene geology of Barron County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin

Geological and Natural History Survey Information Circular 55.

References
140

Knox, James C. 1977. Human impacts of Wisconsin stream channels. Annals of the

Association of American Geographers 67(3): 323-342.

Kotar, John, and T.L. Burger. 1996. A guide to forest communities and habitat types of

central and southern Wisconsin. Department of Forestry, University of WisconsinMadison.

Leigh, David S., and James C. Knox. 1994. Loess of the upper Mississippi Valley

driftless area. Quaternary Research 42, pages 30-40.

Martin, Lawrence. 1932. The physical geography of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological

and Natural History Survey Bulletin 36.

Packard, Stephen, and Cornelia F. Mutel. 1997. The tallgrass restoration handbook for

prairies, savannas, and woodlands.

Ruhe, Robert V. 1969. Quaternary landscapes in Iowa.

Ruhe, Robert V. 1975. Geomorphology.

Simon, Marvin J. 1965. Pioneers forever.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S.

Department of Agriculture Handbook 210.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1964. Soil survey of Pepin County, Wisconsin.

Series 1958, number 29.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation

Service, Soil Survey Division Staff. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil

classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources

Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). 1996. Lower Chippewa River

basin, water quality management plan.
141

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from

the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is

similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a

poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in

carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods

are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in

1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the

presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A

positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic

feature.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous

areas geographically associated in a characteristic

repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a

single map unit.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ............................................................ 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high .............................................. more than 12

Backslope. The position that forms the steepest and

generally linear, middle portion of a hillslope. In

profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a

convex shoulder above and a concave footslope

below.

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the

ice.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the

underlying bedrock.

Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most

of the soil material has been removed by the wind.

A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a

resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or

cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is

exposed.

Blowout (map symbol). A small saucer, cup, or

trough-shaped hollow or depression formed by

wind erosion on a preexisting sand deposit. The

areas are typically less than 3 acres in size.

Borrow pit (map symbol). An open excavation from

which soil and underlying material have been

removed, usually for construction purposes. The

areas are typically less than 3 acres in size.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Glossary
142 Soil Survey of

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium

carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with

cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a

landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent

material but have different characteristics as a

result of differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Channery soil material. Soil material that has, by

volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of

sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as

much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the

longest axis. A single piece is called a channer.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clastic. Pertaining to rock or sediment composed

mainly of fragments derived from preexisting rocks

or minerals and moved from their place of origin.

The term indicates sediment sources that are both

within and outside the depositional basin.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese

and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that

contains much more clay than the horizons above

it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and

plastic or stiff when wet.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded

rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material

has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and

extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60

percent.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning

or establishing terraces, diversions, and other

water-control structures on a complex slope is

difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane. They typically take the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 143

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of

puddled soil material; and the manner in which the

soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Coulee. A dry or intermittent stream valley or wash,

especially a long, steep-walled gorge representing

a Pleistocene overflow channel that carried

meltwater from an ice sheet.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the

living branches and their foliage.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cut and fill (map symbol). An area where the original

soil profile has been altered by the addition or

removal of more than about a foot of soil material.

The area is typically less than 3 acres in size.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that

has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per

cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of

digging and can affect filling and compacting.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Dolomite (mineral). A common rock-forming

rhombohedral carbonate mineral—CaMg(CO3

)2.

Dolomite (rock). A carbonate sedimentary rock

consisting chiefly (more than 50 percent by weight

or by areal percentages under the microscope) of

the mineral dolomite. Compare: dolostone.

Dolostone. A term proposed for the sedimentary rock

dolomite in order to avoid confusion with the

mineral of the same name. Compare: dolomite.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized—

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and

very poorly drained. These classes are defined in

the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Eolian deposits. Earthy parent material accumulated

through wind action; commonly refers to sandy
144 Soil Survey of

material in dunes or to loess in blankets on the

surface.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Escarpment, bedrock (map symbol). A relatively

continuous and steep slope or cliff produced by

erosion or faulting, breaking the general continuity

of more gently sloping land surfaces. Exposed

material is hard or soft bedrock.

Escarpment, other than bedrock (map symbol). A

relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff that is

generally produced by erosion but can be

produced by faulting, breaking the general

continuity of more gently sloping land surfaces.

Exposed nonbedrock material is nonsoil or very

shallow, poorly developed soil.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of

all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has

the lowest bulk density and the highest water

content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Flaggy soil material. Material that has, by volume, 15

to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material

has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely

flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent

flagstones.

Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone,

slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to

38 centimeters) long.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Flood-plain step. An essentially flat, alluvial surface

within a valley that is frequently covered by

floodwater from the present stream; any

approximately horizontal surface frequently

modified by scour and/or deposition. May occur

individually or as a series of steps.

Footslope. The position that forms the inner, gently

inclined surface at the base of a hillslope. In

profile, footslopes are commonly concave. A

footslope is a transition zone between upslope

sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and

backslopes) and downslope sites of deposition

(toeslopes).

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Geomorphology. The science that treats the general

configuration of the earth’s surface; specifically the

study of the classification, description, nature,

origin, and development of landforms and their

relationships to underlying structures, and the

history of geologic changes as recorded by these

surface features. The term is especially applied to

the genetic interpretation of landforms.

Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly

stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater.

Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift

consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders

transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers

and subsequently sorted and deposited by
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 145

streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits

are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas,

and outwash plains.

Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine

clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited

in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many

deposits are interbedded or laminated.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Gravelly spot (map symbol). An area of soil in which

the surface layer has more than 35 percent, by

volume, rock fragments that are mostly less than 3

inches in diameter. The area is typically less than

3 acres in size.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground moraine. An extensive, fairly even layer of till

having an uneven or undulating surface; a deposit

of rock and mineral debris dragged along, in, on,

or beneath a glacier and emplaced by processes

including basal lodgment and release from

downwasting stagnant ice by ablation.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully (map symbol). A very small channel with steep

sides cut by running water and through which

water ordinarily runs only after a rain or an ice or

snow melt. Generally is an obstacle to wheeled

vehicles and is too deep to be obliterated by

ordinary tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated

except by blasting or by the use of special

equipment that is not commonly used in

construction.

Head slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of a laterally concave area of a hillside,

especially at the head of a drainageway. The

overland waterflow is converging.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition

between the less decomposed fibric material and

the more decomposed sapric material.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well defined outline; hillsides generally have

slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction

between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is

dependent on local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation

of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey

Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4)

a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the

letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil.

The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but

it can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those
146 Soil Survey of

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a seasonal high water table, the

infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged

wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable

layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not

considered but are separate factors in predicting

runoff.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which

water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of

conditions.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial

rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ......................................... moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Interfluve. An elevated area between two

drainageways that sheds water to those

drainageways.

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or other

surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron concentrations. High-chroma zones having a

high content of iron and manganese oxide

because of chemical oxidation and accumulation,

but having a clay content similar to that of the

adjacent matrix. A type of redoximorphic

concentration.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation are:

Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level

plains surrounded by levees or dikes.

Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a

strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled

by small earth ridges called border dikes, or

borders.

Controlled flooding.—Water is released at

intervals from closely spaced field ditches and

distributed uniformly over the field.

Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely

spaced furrows or ditches in fields of closegrowing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only

one direction.

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and

under low pressure to the surface of the soil or

into the soil through such applicators as emitters,

porous tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made

by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for

tree and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface

through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.

Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or

tile lines until the water table is raised enough to

wet the soil.

Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled

distribution.

Island (map symbol). Any island within a body of

water and above the normal water level. The

island should be a relatively permanent feature.

The areas are typically less than 3 acres in size.

Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by

limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus

forming numerous depressions or small basins.

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water

and exposed when the water level is lowered or

the elevation of the land is raised.

Landfill (map symbol). An area of accumulated waste

products of human habitation. Can be above or

below natural ground level. The area is typically

less than 3 acres in size.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or

saturated. The speed and distance of movement,

as well as the amount of soil and rock material,

vary greatly.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 147

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Levee (map symbol). An embankment built to confine

or control water, especially one built along the

banks of a river to prevent overflow onto lowlands.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized

particles, deposited by wind.

Low-chroma zones. Zones having chroma of 2 or

less. Typical color in areas of iron depletions.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide

or manganese oxide generally are considered a

type of redoximorphic concentration.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Mine or quarry (map symbol). An open excavation

from which soil and underlying material are

removed, exposing the bedrock. Also used to

denote surface openings to underground mines.

The areas are typically less than 3 acres in size.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface

horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation

and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the

upper part of the subsoil.

Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other

debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are

terminal, lateral, medial, and ground.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic

soil material. (See Sapric soil material.)

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is

a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma

of 4.

Natural levee. A long, broad, low ridge or

embankment of sand and coarse silt, built up by a

stream on its flood plain and along both sides of

its channel. Consists of wedge-shaped deposits of

the coarsest suspended-load material and slopes

gently away from the stream.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nose slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of the projecting end (laterally convex

area) of a hillside. The overland waterflow is

predominantly divergent.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low ................................... less than 0.5 percent

Low ................................................ 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low .............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ....................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High ............................................... 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent
148 Soil Survey of

Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse

textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An

outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted,

it generally is low in relief.

Paddock. A fenced area commonly used to confine

livestock for grazing.

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the

movement of water and the growth of roots. For

example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan,

and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed

organic matter, that has accumulated under

excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedisediment. A thin layer of alluvial material that

mantles an erosion surface and has been

transported to its present position from higher

lying areas of the erosion surface.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Percolation. The movement of water through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Perennial water (map symbol). Small natural or

manmade lake, pond, or pit that contains water

most of the year. The areas are typically less than

3 acres in size.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or

pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil

directly below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid

permeability, the soil may not adequately filter

effluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content

of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

no properties restricting the penetration of roots to

this depth.

Prairie. A fire-maintained natural community

dominated by grasses and with few or no trees.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for

specific management purposes, under the

appropriate conditions of weather and soil

moisture and at the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 149

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Riser. The vertical or steeply sloping surface,

commonly one of a series, of natural steplike

landforms, as those of a glacial stairway or of

successive stream terraces.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rock outcrop (map symbol). An exposure of bedrock

at the surface of the earth. Not used where the

named soils of the surrounding map unit are

shallow over bedrock. The areas are typically less

than 3 acres in size.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a

soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more

sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sand sheet. A large, irregularly shaped, commonly

thin surficial mantle of eolian sand that lacks

the discernible slip faces that are common on

dunes.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Sandy spot (map symbol). An area of soil in which the

surface layer contains more than 75 percent sand

and where the named soils of the surrounding

map unit have less than about 25 percent sand.

The area is typically less than 3 acres in size.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has

the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk

density, and the lowest water content at saturation

of all organic soil material.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Savanna. A fire-maintained natural community

dominated by grasses or sedges but with

scattered fire-tolerant species of trees. Hazelnut is

a major shrub.
150 Soil Survey of

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon

and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Short steep slope (map symbol). A narrow area that

has slopes at least two slope classes steeper than

the slope class of the surrounding map unit. The

area is typically less than 3 acres in size.

Shoulder. The position that forms the uppermost

inclined surface near the top of a hillslope. It is a

transition from backslope to summit. The surface

is dominantly convex in profile and erosional in

origin.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Shrub-carrs. Plant communities composed of tall,

deciduous shrubs growing on saturated or

seasonally flooded soils. They are usually

dominated by willow and/or redosier dogwood

and, in some places, silky dogwood. Shrub-carrs

typically retain some of the forbs, grasses, and

sedges of the inland fresh meadows. It should be

noted that several alien shrub species are

invading shrub-carrs, especially where

disturbances, such as drainage and grazing, have

occurred.

Side slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of a laterally planar area of a hillside.

The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Sinkhole (map symbol). A closed depression formed

either by solution of the surficial rock or by

collapse of underlying caves. Complexes of

sinkholes in carbonate-rock terrain are the main

components of karst topography. The areas are

typically less than 3 acres in size.

Slackwater. A quiet part of a body of water or a still

body of water in a stream.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds,

resulting from restricted permeability in the soil.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part I 151

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Spoil area (map symbol). Piles of earthy materials,

either smoothed or uneven, resulting from human

activity. The areas are typically less than 3 acres

in size.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.

Summit. The topographically highest position of a

hillslope. It has a nearly level (planar or only

slightly convex) surface.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a

series recognized in the classification system.

Such soils are named for a series they strongly

resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to

that series because they differ in ways too small to

be of consequence in interpreting their use and

behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only

when one or more of their characteristics are

slightly outside the range defined for the family of

the series for which the soils are named.

Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that

generally marks the termination of important

glacial advances.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a

field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift consisting of

clay, silt, sand, and boulders transported and

deposited by glacial ice.

Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to

undulating soils underlain by glacial till.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The position that forms the gently inclined

surface at the base of a hillslope. Toeslopes in

profile are commonly gentle and linear and are

constructional surfaces forming the lower part of a

hillslope continuum that grades to valley or closeddepression floors.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Tread. The flat or gently sloping surface of natural

steplike landforms, commonly one of a series,

such as successive stream terraces.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Valley train. A long narrow body of outwash confined
152

within a valley beyond a glacier; it may or may not

emerge from the valley and join an outwash plain.

Very stony spot (map symbol). An area in which

more than 3 percent of the surface is covered with

rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter.

The area is typically less than 3 acres in size.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wet spot (map symbol). An area of somewhat poorly

drained to very poorly drained soils at least two

drainage classes wetter than the named soils in

the surrounding map unit. The area is typically

less than 3 acres in size.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by

the wind.
United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

Soil Survey of

Pepin County,

Wisconsin

In cooperation with

the Research Division,

College of Agricultural and

Life Sciences, University of

Wisconsin

Part II

Subset of MLRA 105
155

This survey is divided into three parts. Part I includes general information about the

survey area; descriptions of the general soil map units, detailed soil map units, and soil

series in the area; and a description of how the soils formed. Part II describes the use

and management of the soils and the major soil properties. This part may be updated

as further information about soil management becomes available. Part III includes the

maps.

On the general soil map, the survey area is divided into groups of associated soils

called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management

of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify

the name of the map units in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the

section General Soil Map Units in Part I of this survey for a general description of the

soils in your area.

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small

areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map

Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet, and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in

that area. Turn to the Contents in Part I of this survey, which lists the map units and

shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents in Part II shows which table has data on a specific land use for each

detailed soil map unit. Also, see the Contents in Part I and Part II for other sections of

this publication that may address your specific needs.

How To Use This Soil Survey
156

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1996. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1997. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Research

Division of the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin. It is

part of the technical assistance furnished to the Pepin County Land Conservation

Department, which helped finance the fieldwork.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of

its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Cover: Upper left—Dead Lake Prairie is a prime agricultural area. It is bordered on the east by

Silver Birch Lake and the Chippewa River flood plain. Upper right—An area of Urne soils.

Maintaining a permanent cover, including mixed conifer plantings, is a requirement in highly

erodible areas enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program. Lower left—Lake Pepin, a natural

widening of the Mississippi River, offers many miles of open water for sailing and fishing

enthusiasts. Lower right—Water erosion can be a major concern in many areas because of the

slope, the climate, erodible soil textures, and the cropping requirements for dairy farming.
157

Contents

How To Use This Soil Survey ............................. 155

Tables:

Classification of the Soils ............................. 160

Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the

Soils .................................................... 161

Agronomy............................................................ 163

Crops and Pasture ........................................... 163

Erosion......................................................... 163

Conservation Tillage .................................... 164

Contour Farming .......................................... 164

Terraces and Diversions............................... 164

Flooding and Wetness .................................. 165

Soil Fertility .................................................. 166

Soil Tilth ....................................................... 166

Irrigation ....................................................... 167

Managing Pasture ........................................ 167

Cropland Management Considerations ............ 168

Crop Yield Estimates ........................................ 169

Pasture and Hayland Interpretations ............ 170

Land Capability Classification ........................... 170

Prime Farmland ................................................ 171

Erosion Factors ................................................ 171

Wind Erodibility Groups................................ 172

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings ........ 172

Tables:

Cropland Management Considerations ........ 173

Land Capability and Yields per Acre of

Crops and Pasture............................... 187

Prime Farmland ........................................... 195

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings .... 196

Forest Land ......................................................... 211

Forest Land Management Considerations ........ 211

Forest Habitat Types......................................... 213

Tables:

Forest Land Harvest Equipment

Considerations .................................... 217

Forest Haul Road Considerations ................ 224

Forest Log Landing Considerations.............. 231

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting

Considerations .................................... 238

Forest Habitat Types .................................... 245

Recreation ........................................................... 251

Table:

Recreational Development ............................... 253

Wildlife Habitat.................................................... 263

Table:

Wildlife Habitat ............................................. 267

Engineering......................................................... 275

Building Site Development ................................ 275

Sanitary Facilities ............................................. 276

Waste Management ......................................... 277

Construction Materials ..................................... 278

Water Management .......................................... 279

Tables:

Building Site Development ........................... 280

Sanitary Facilities ......................................... 289

Construction Materials ................................. 299

Water Management...................................... 308

Soil Properties .................................................... 321

Engineering Index Properties ........................... 321

Engineering Index Test Data ............................. 322

Physical and Chemical Properties .................... 322

Water Features ................................................. 324

Soil Features .................................................... 326

Tables:

Engineering Index Properties ....................... 327

Engineering Index Test Data ........................ 355

Physical Properties of the Soils .................... 356

Chemical Properties of the Soils .................. 367

Water Features ............................................ 378

Soil Features ................................................ 384

References .......................................................... 391

Glossary .............................................................. 393

Issued 2001
159

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,

highways and other transportation systems, and parks

and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.

It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations

of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent

construction failures caused by unfavorable soil

properties.

Interpretive ratings help engineers, planners, and

others understand how soil properties influence

important nonagricultural uses, such as building site

development and construction materials. The ratings

indicate the most restrictive soil features affecting the

suitability of the soils for these uses.

Soils are rated in their natural state. No unusual

modification of the soil site or material is made other

than that which is considered normal practice for the

rated use. Even though soils may have limitations, it is

important to remember that engineers and others can

modify soil features or can design or adjust the plans

for a structure to compensate for most of the

limitations. Most of these practices, however, are

costly. The final decision in selecting a site for a

particular use generally involves weighing the costs of

site preparation and maintenance.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern in harmony with the

natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use

it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very

firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

The classification and extent of the soils in this

survey area are shown in the tables “Classification of

the Soils” and “Acreage and Proportionate Extent of

the Soils,” which are at the end of this section.

Soil Survey of

Pepin County, Wisconsin, Subset of Major

Land Resource Area 105—Part II
160 Soil Survey of

Classification of the Soils

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Aldo---------------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments

 Algansee-----------------|Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments

 Arenzville---------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvents

 Bearpen------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls

 Bellechester-------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludolls

 Boguscreek---------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Udifluvents

 Boone--------------------|Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Boplain------------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments

 Brodale------------------|Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, mesic Entic Hapludolls

 Burkhardt----------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludolls

 Chaseburg----------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvents

 Chelsea------------------|Mixed, mesic Argic Udipsamments

 Churchtown---------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Dakota-------------------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls

 Dorerton-----------------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Drammen------------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Lamellic Hapludalfs

 Dunnbot------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Udifluvents

 Elbaville----------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Glossoboric Hapludalfs

 Elevasil-----------------|Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Ella---------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Ettrick------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls

 Farrington---------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludolls

 Finchford----------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludolls

 Forkhorn-----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Gaphill------------------|Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Garne--------------------|Sandy over loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludolls

 Hersey-------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Hixton-------------------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Hoopeston----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludolls

 Houghton-----------------|Euic, mesic Typic Medisaprists

 Kalmarville--------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Fluvaquents

 Kevilar------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Komro--------------------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludolls

 Lows---------------------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Mollic

 | Endoaquepts

 Markey-------------------|Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists

 Medary-------------------|Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs

 Meridian-----------------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Mt. Carroll--------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 NewGlarus----------------|Fine-silty over clayey, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Newson-------------------|Mixed, frigid Humaqueptic Psammaquents

 Norden-------------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Northbend----------------|Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic

 | Dystrochrepts

 Orion--------------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Aquic Udifluvents

 Palms--------------------|Loamy, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Medisaprists

 Pepin--------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Plainfield---------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments

 Plumcreek----------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Prissel------------------|Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Arenic Hapludalfs

 Rasset-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls

 Rockbluff----------------|Mesic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Rusktown-----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

 Scotah-------------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments

 Seaton-------------------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Seelyeville--------------|Euic Typic Borosaprists

 Tarr---------------------|Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Tint---------------------|Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Udipsamments-------------|Udipsamments

 Urne---------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Eutrochrepts

 | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 161

Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

11A |Markey muck, flooded, 0 to 1 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 564 | 0.4

20A |Palms and Houghton mucks, 0 to 1 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 256 | 0.2

21A |Palms muck, flooded, 0 to 1 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 78 | *

40A |Markey and Seelyeville mucks, 0 to 1 percent slopes----------------------------------| 2,828 | 1.8

114B2 |Mt. Carroll silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 581 | 0.4

114C2 |Mt. Carroll silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------| 556 | 0.3

115B2 |Seaton silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 1,806 | 1.1

115C2 |Seaton silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 5,481 | 3.4

115D2 |Seaton silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 4,299 | 2.7

116C2 |Churchtown silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 465 | 0.3

116D2 |Churchtown silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------| 3,046 | 1.9

116E |Churchtown silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 3,868 | 2.4

125B2 |Pepin silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------------| 2,013 | 1.3

125C2 |Pepin silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 8,195 | 5.2

125D2 |Pepin silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 4,463 | 2.8

125E2 |Pepin silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 283 | 0.2

144B2 |NewGlarus silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------------------| 156 | 0.1

144C2 |NewGlarus silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 1,183 | 0.7

144D2 |NewGlarus silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 1,840 | 1.2

144E |NewGlarus silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 585 | 0.4

213C2 |Hixton silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 60 | *

213D2 |Hixton silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 136 | 0.1

213E2 |Hixton silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 351 | 0.2

224B |Elevasil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 68 | *

224C2 |Elevasil sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 68 | *

224D2 |Elevasil sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 62 | *

233C |Boone sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------------------| 721 | 0.5

254B2 |Norden silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 175 | 0.1

254C2 |Norden silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 377 | 0.2

254D2 |Norden silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 1,004 | 0.6

254E2 |Norden silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 3,800 | 2.4

254F |Norden silt loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 384 | 0.2

255B2 |Urne fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 1,062 | 0.7

255C2 |Urne fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 1,806 | 1.1

255D2 |Urne fine sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------| 3,121 | 2.0

255E |Urne fine sandy loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 761 | 0.5

255F |Urne fine sandy loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 3,158 | 2.0

265B |Garne loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 539 | 0.3

265C |Garne loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 753 | 0.5

303A |Boguscreek silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 104 | 0.1

313D2 |Plumcreek silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 88 | 0.1

313F |Plumcreek silt loam, 20 to 45 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 2,604 | 1.6

316B2 |Ella silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------------| 7,076 | 4.5

316C2 |Ella silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------------| 497 | 0.3

318A |Bearpen silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 1,562 | 1.0

326B2 |Medary silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 96 | 0.1

403A |Dakota silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 107 | 0.1

413A |Rasset sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 302 | 0.2

413B |Rasset sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 37 | *

423A |Meridian silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 752 | 0.5

423B2 |Meridian silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 502 | 0.3

429A |Lows loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------------| 233 | 0.1

432A |Kevilar sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 507 | 0.3

432B |Kevilar sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 318 | 0.2

432C2 |Kevilar sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------------------| 67 | *

433A |Forkhorn sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 181 | 0.1

433B |Forkhorn sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 126 | 0.1

433C2 |Forkhorn sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 86 | 0.1

436A |Rusktown sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 25 | *

438A |Hoopeston sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 404 | 0.3

453A |Burkhardt sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 3,514 | 2.2

453B |Burkhardt sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 382 | 0.2

 | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
162

Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

501A |Finchford loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 3,007 | 1.9

501B |Finchford loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 3,237 | 2.0

502B2 |Chelsea fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 1,781 | 1.1

502C2 |Chelsea fine sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------------| 546 | 0.3

506A |Komro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 1,419 | 0.9

508A |Farrington loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 2,472 | 1.6

510B |Boplain sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------------| 202 | 0.1

510C |Boplain sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------------------| 17 | *

510F |Boplain sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes------------------------------------------------| 41 | *

511A |Plainfield sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 663 | 0.4

511B |Plainfield sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 832 | 0.5

511C |Plainfield sand, 6 to 15 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 758 | 0.5

511F |Plainfield sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 2,206 | 1.4

512B |Drammen loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 4,673 | 2.9

512C |Drammen loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 2,520 | 1.6

512D |Drammen loamy sand, 12 to 20 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 333 | 0.2

516A |Aldo sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------------| 1,518 | 1.0

546A |Prissel loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 751 | 0.5

546B |Prissel loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 212 | 0.1

546F |Prissel loamy sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 264 | 0.2

561B |Tarr sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------------| 84 | 0.1

566A |Tint sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------------| 92 | 0.1

589A |Newson mucky loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 1,358 | 0.9

616B |Chaseburg silt loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 2,359 | 1.5

626A |Arenzville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 1,695 | 1.1

628A |Orion silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------| 2,157 | 1.4

629A |Ettrick silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 1,031 | 0.6

646A |Dunnbot fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 319 | 0.2

656A |Scotah loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 1,060 | 0.7

826B2 |Hersey silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------------| 3,027 | 1.9

826C2 |Hersey silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------------| 134 | 0.1

1135F |Dorerton-Elbaville complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes----------------------------------| 10,979 | 6.9

1145F |Gaphill-Rockbluff complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 5,495 | 3.5

1155F |Brodale-Bellechester-Rock outcrop complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes-------------------| 712 | 0.4

1224F |Boone-Elevasil complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 351 | 0.2

1648A |Northbend-Ettrick silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------| 2,878 | 1.8

1658A |Algansee-Kalmarville complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------| 6,137 | 3.9

2003A |Riverwash, nearly level--------------------------------------------------------------| 193 | 0.1

2013 |Pits, gravel-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 76 | *

2014 |Pits, quarry, hard bedrock-----------------------------------------------------------| 98 | 0.1

2040 |Udipsamments, dredge material--------------------------------------------------------| 12 | *

2050 |Landfill-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 17 | *

W |Water--------------------------------------------------------------------------------| 10,679 | 6.7

M-W |Miscellaneous water------------------------------------------------------------------| 8 | *

 | |___________|________

 | Total---------------------------------------------------------------------------| 158,925 | 100.0

 | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
163

General management needed for crops and for hay

and pasture is suggested in this section. The system

of land capability classification used by the Natural

Resources Conservation Service is explained, the

estimated yields of the main crops and hay and

pasture plants are listed for each soil, and prime

farmland is described.

Most of the corn, alfalfa and other grass-legume

hay mixtures, and oats produced in the county is fed to

dairy cattle herds. On the wetter soils, red clover and

timothy are common substitutes for bromegrass-alfalfa

hay. Corn and soybeans also are commonly grown as

cash crops. Forage species for improved pasture are

generally the same as for hay. Forage species are

green-chopped and hauled to feeding areas.

Permanent pasture is mostly bluegrass.

The soils in Pepin County vary in their suitability for

vegetables and other specialty crops. Special

management generally is needed for these crops,

which are most commonly grown in areas of nearly

level and gently sloping, somewhat excessively

drained and excessively drained, sandy soils.

Management for potato production, for example,

includes the basic management techniques used for

the commonly grown crops plus intensive

management for applications of irrigation water,

herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide. Some of the other

vegetable and specialty crops grown in Pepin County

are sweet corn, beans, squash, melons, pumpkins,

and strawberries.

The potential of the soils in Pepin County for

increased production of food is good. Most areas that

are suitable for crops and pasture are presently used

for these purposes, but production could generally be

increased by applying the latest crop production

technology to all of the cropland in the county.

Crops and Pasture

John W. Pingry, agronomist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped prepare this section.

The major management concerns in the county are

slope, water erosion and wind erosion, potential for

surface-water and ground-water contamination, limited

available water capacity, depth to rock, wetness, and

flooding.

Management systems needed on cropland are

those that protect or improve the soil, help to control

erosion, and minimize water contamination caused by

soil particles, animal waste, and plant nutrients.

Erosion

Water erosion can be a major hazard on many of

the soils used for crops in Pepin County where the

surface layer is silt loam, slopes are more than 4

percent, and slope length is more than 100 feet. Pepin,

Seaton, and NewGlarus soils, for example, are

potentially susceptible to water erosion. As the slope

increases, the hazard of erosion and the difficulty in

controlling erosion also increase.

Soils suitable for cultivation on the hills in Pepin

County have gently sloping to moderately steep

slopes. The soils are easily eroded because they

have a high content of silt, which can be easily

dislodged by the impact of rainfall and easily

transported by surface runoff. Severe erosion can

occur in areas where the erodibility of the soil

resulting from the silty texture is further affected by

steepness and length of slope.

Loss of the surface layer through water erosion is

damaging for several reasons. First, productivity is

reduced as the surface layer is lost and part of the

subsurface layer or subsoil is incorporated into the

plow layer. The surface layer contains more organic

matter than other parts of the soil. Loss of the surface

layer is especially damaging on soils that have a layer

in or below the subsoil that limits the depth of the root

zone, such as the clayey subsoil in the NewGlarus

soils and the bedrock in the Hixton soils. Second,

incorporation of material from the subsurface layer or

subsoil can result in poor tilth and crusting, which in

turn can result in poor seed germination or poor

seedling emergence. Finally, erosion can result in the

sedimentation and contamination of streams.

Controlling erosion helps to prevent this contamination

and improves water quality for farm and municipal use,

for recreation, and for fish and wildlife.

In Pepin County, water erosion occurs mainly as

Agronomy
164 Soil Survey of

concentrated flow erosion, referred to as gully erosion,

and as sheet and rill erosion.

After the survey area was settled, the soils were

cropped with little or no protection from erosion. The

erosion process was accelerated, and gullies became

common. Many former gullies in areas of cropland

have been filled, shaped, and seeded as grassed

waterways. Many small dams have been constructed

at the heads of steep gullies to reduce the hazard of

erosion in cropped areas.

Sheet erosion is most intense on the convex parts

of the steeper slopes. The soils on these convex

slopes have lost all or part of the surface layer. Many

cropped fields and some pastures, however, show

evidence that much of the original surface layer

remains, even though severe gullies may be a few feet

away. Generally, the nearly level to gently sloping

cultivated soils and soils that have not been cultivated

have experienced the least soil loss.

Extensive erosion probably took place in the area

from about 1860 to 1940. During this period, hills and

valley slopes were cleared and plowed for the first

time. Corn was planted up and down the slope and

was commonly cross-cultivated. Some areas that were

cultivated with horse-drawn equipment cannot be

farmed with presentday machinery. Some fields may

have been cultivated as many as eight or nine times in

a season (Simon, 1965). As oxidation of organic

matter and excessive tillage reduced the size of soil

particles, raindrops could more easily break down the

clusters into finer particles. These particles filled pores

and voids in the surface soil, producing the familiar

puddled soil that forms a crust as it dries. The rates of

runoff and erosion increased dramatically. Individual

particles of soil that were no longer bound together

were carried away. Much of this erosional, mostly silty

sediment was deposited on the floor of valleys to an

average thickness of about 2 to 5 feet (Knox, 1977).

Arenzville, Chaseburg, Boguscreek, and Orion soils

formed in this recent silty alluvium.

Since the latter part of the 1930’s, the application

of soil conservation practices has significantly

reduced the rate of soil loss. Erosion-control measures

provide a protective surface cover, reduce the runoff

rate, and increase the rate of water infiltration. A

cropping system that keeps a plant cover on the

surface for extended periods can help to hold soil

losses to an amount that does not reduce the

productivity of the soil. On livestock farms, where

pasture and hay are needed, including grasses and

legumes in the cropping system not only provides

nitrogen and improves tilth but also reduces the

hazard of erosion.

Conservation Tillage

Conservation tillage systems are very effective in

controlling runoff and erosion and increasing the rate

of water infiltration. The use of a chisel plow, disk, or

other conservation tillage equipment can leave 30 to

50 percent of the surface covered with plant residue.

This residue helps to prevent the displacement and

movement of soil particles. No-till planting (fig. 18) is

even more effective in controlling erosion because

only a small slot is opened where the seed is planted,

and a residue cover of 50 to 90 percent is possible.

Conservation tillage systems can be used on most of

the soils in the county.

Contour Farming

In Pepin County, contour farming and contour

stripcropping combined with grassed waterways

(fig. 19) are the main practices used to control erosion

on soils that have slopes of 4 to 20 percent. Contour

strips consist of alternating fields of corn, soybeans, or

small grain with fields of hay. They effectively reduce

the runoff rate, help to control erosion, and increase

the rate of water infiltration. Grassed waterways

remove excess surface water and reduce the hazard

of erosion along natural drainageways. Shallow

drainageways crossing sloping soils can easily

develop into gullies unless the drains are shaped,

seeded, and maintained in grass. Contour farming,

contour stripcropping, and grassed waterways are

suitable for most soils and for the feed grain-hay

rotations that are common with dairy farming in Pepin

County.

Terraces and Diversions

Terraces and diversions reduce the hazard of

erosion by reducing the length of slopes. They are not

commonly used in Pepin County because they are

most practical on deep or very deep, well drained or

moderately well drained soils that have uniform slopes.

Terraces and diversions are less effective on soils that

have irregular slopes, would be excessively wet in the

terrace channels, have a clayey subsoil that would be

exposed in the terrace channels, or have bedrock

within a depth of 40 inches. Only a few areas in the

county, mainly areas of Seaton and Mt. Carroll soils,

are suitable for terraces.

Wind erosion is a major hazard on sandy soils,

such as Finchford (fig. 20), Drammen, and Chelsea

soils. It occurs mostly in the fall or early spring, when

the soils are bare of vegetation. Wind erosion removes
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 165

valuable organic matter and nutrients and tends to

increase droughtiness. It can damage or destroy

plants in a few hours if winds are strong and the soils

are dry and have no protective cover. Maintaining a

cover of vegetation or crop residue on the surface,

stripcropping, and planting field windbreaks help to

control wind erosion.

Flooding and Wetness

Wetness is a major management concern on some

of the soils in the county, such as Lows and Newson

soils. Frequent flooding and wetness are major

concerns in areas of the Ettrick soils. On some soils,

such as Algansee and Kalmarville soils, frequent

flooding and wetness essentially preclude cultivation.

Some very poorly drained organic soils, such as

Houghton, Markey, Palms, and Seelyeville soils,

typically do not have suitable outlets and remain so

wet throughout the year, even where they are

artificially drained, that in most years a successful

harvest of the common crops is very difficult. The

somewhat poorly drained soils, such as Bearpen,

Hoopeston, Farrington, and Orion soils, are wet

enough that spring planting is delayed and crops are

damaged during most years unless a drainage system

is installed. Occasional flooding limits the production

and harvesting of crops during wet years in

unprotected areas of Chaseburg, Arenzville, and Orion

soils.

For the successful production of row crops, a

combination of surface and subsurface drains is

needed in most areas where wetness is a major

concern. In areas where the soils are underlain by

stratified silt and very fine sand or fine sand, such as

Ettrick and Bearpen soils, special covering is needed

over the drainage tile. This covering helps to keep

substratum material from filling and clogging the tile.

If organic soils are used as cropland, special

management measures are necessary. These soils

oxidize and subside when water is removed from the

pores and the pores are filled with air. Drainage

Figure 18.—No-till planting is very effective in reducing the hazard of erosion in this area of Pepin silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes,

eroded.
166 Soil Survey of

systems that control the depth and period of drainage

are needed. Keeping the water table at the level

required for crop growth during the growing season

and raising it to the surface during other parts of the

year can minimize the oxidation and subsidence of

these soils.

Dikes and diversions can help to prevent flooding.

Diversions on the adjacent upland soil or field ditches

at the base of adjacent uplands help to intercept and

control runoff.

Soil Fertility

Soil fertility varies in the soils of Pepin County,

depending on natural fertility and the cropping history.

Most of the soils are naturally acid. Applications of

lime are needed to neutralize the acidity of these soils

to the level required by the crop. Available phosphorus

and potassium levels are naturally low or medium in

most of the soils. On all soils, additions of lime or

fertilizer should be based on the results of soil tests,

the needs of the crop, and the desired level of yields.

Organic matter is an important source of nitrogen

for plants. Dairy cattle provide large amounts of

organic matter in the form of manure. The manure is

mostly applied to cropland. In addition to improving

fertility, it increases the rate of water infiltration,

minimizes surface crusting, and reduces soil losses

resulting from erosion.

Soil Tilth

Soil tilth is an important factor affecting the

germination of seeds, the emergence of seedlings,

and the infiltration of water into the soils. Soils that

have good tilth are granular and porous. Tilling and

Figure 19.—A grassed waterway in an area of Seaton soils.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 167

grazing during wet periods can result in poor tilth in

areas of Ella and Seaton soils and in areas of other

soils that have a surface layer of silt loam. If the soil is

bare, a surface crust can form during periods of heavy

rainfall. This crust reduces the rate of water infiltration

and increases the runoff rate and the hazard of

erosion. Maintaining tilth is especially difficult on

eroded soils because they have a lower content of

organic matter than soils that have not been subject to

erosion. Returning crop residue to the soil, growing

green manure crops, and regularly adding manure

improve tilth and minimize crusting.

Irrigation

In most years, irrigation can greatly increase crop

yields on soils that have a very low to moderate

available water capacity. For example, irrigation in

areas of Finchford, Burkhardt, Plainfield, and Chelsea

soils helps to maintain a sufficient amount of available

water for vegetables and other specialty crops.

Because of the rapid and very rapid permeability in

these soils, however, proper scheduling of irrigation is

necessary to prevent the leaching of plant nutrients

and other chemicals out of the root zone and

eventually into the ground water.

Managing Pasture

Brian Pillsbury, grazing land specialist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped prepare this section.

Pasture management is needed to establish and

maintain highly productive forage grasses and

legumes. Management can include a fertilization

program, rotation grazing, proper stocking rates,

deferred grazing during wet periods, bush and weed

control, and provision for a full-season grazing system.

Full-season grazing systems may combine coolseason grasses for early season and late season

grazing and warm-season grasses for grazing during

the warmer, drier summer months. Planting the cooland warm-season grasses in different pastures and

Figure 20.—Wind erosion in an area of Finchford soils. Maintaining a cover of vegetation or crop residue on the surface,

stripcropping, and planting field windbreaks can minimize crop damage and help to prevent the loss of soil, organic matter,

and nutrients from the surface layer.
168 Soil Survey of

using a rotation grazing system result in the maximum

utilization of the forage produced.

Soils that are poorly suited to cultivated crops

because of the slope, a low available water capacity,

or wetness are typically used for pasture. Some areas

of soils that are suitable for many other land uses are

used as pasture because of the economic benefits of

managing intensive grazing on small or medium-sized

farms or those with less capital in machinery and

housing.

Kentucky bluegrass, in varying levels of condition, is

the main pasture species in most parts of the county.

Many areas of pasture are brushy or weedy. Brush

and weeds should be removed in these areas.

Livestock should be rotated through paddocks for a

duration of not more than a few days. Including rest

periods can encourage even grass growth and taller

grass species.

Continuous mob stocking reduces the quality of the

pastures because it does not allow the plants to

recover after grazing. Managed or rotation grazing is

necessary to match livestock nutritional needs with the

growth of the plant. Pastures should be alternately

grazed and rested to allow for adequate regrowth of

the plants.

Other techniques can be used to improve pasture

health and the quality and quantity of the forage. For

example, interseeding legumes in predominantly grass

pastures can increase digestibility and production

during the midsummer heat. Fertilizers should be

applied according to the results of soil tests. Split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer may be needed in

stands that are predominantly grass.

Mechanical harvesting of excess forage is

necessary on full-season pastures. This method keeps

plants in a vegetative growing state and thus helps to

maximize production.

Deferring grazing during wet periods can minimize

soil compaction, rutting, and damage to growing

plants.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider obtaining specific

information from the local office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative

Extension Service.

Cropland Management

Considerations

The management concerns affecting the use of the

detailed soil map units in the survey area for crops are

shown in the table “Cropland Management

Considerations.” The main concerns in managing

nonirrigated cropland are conserving moisture,

controlling wind erosion and water erosion, and

maintaining soil fertility.

Conserving moisture consists primarily of reducing

the evaporation and runoff rates and increasing the

water infiltration rate. Applying conservation tillage and

conservation cropping systems, farming on the

contour, stripcropping, establishing field windbreaks,

and leaving crop residue on the surface conserve

moisture.

Generally, a combination of several practices is

needed to control wind erosion and water erosion.

Conservation tillage, stripcropping, field windbreaks,

contour farming, conservation cropping systems, crop

residue management, terraces, diversions, and

grassed waterways help to prevent excessive soil loss.

Measures that are effective in maintaining soil

fertility include applying fertilizer, both organic and

inorganic, including manure; incorporating crop

residue or green manure crops into the soil; and using

proper crop rotations. Controlling erosion helps to

prevent the loss of organic matter and plant nutrients

and thus helps to maintain productivity, although the

level of fertility can be reduced even in areas where

erosion is controlled. All soils used for nonirrigated

crops respond well to applications of fertilizer.

Some of the considerations shown in the table

cannot be easily overcome. These are channels,

flooding, gullies, and ponding.

Additional considerations are as follows:

Lime content, limited available water capacity,

potential poor tilth and compaction, and restricted

permeability.—These limitations can be minimized by

incorporating green manure crops, manure, or crop

residue into the soil; applying a system of conservation

tillage; and using conservation cropping systems. Also,

crops may respond well to additions of phosphate

fertilizer to soils that have a high content of lime.

Potential for ground-water contamination.—The

proper use of nutrients and pesticides can reduce the

risk of ground-water contamination.

Potential for surface-water contamination.—The risk

of surface-water contamination can be reduced by the

proper use of nutrients and pesticides and by

conservation farming practices that reduce the runoff

rate.

Surface crusting.—This limitation retards seedling

development after periods of heavy rainfall.

Surface rock fragments.—This limitation causes

rapid wear of tillage equipment. It cannot be easily

overcome.

Surface stones.—Stones or boulders on or near the

surface can hinder normal tillage unless they are

removed.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 169

Salt content.—In areas where this is a limitation,

only salt-tolerant crops should be grown.

On irrigated soils the main management concerns

are efficient water use, nutrient management, control

of erosion, pest and weed control, and timely planting

and harvesting for a successful crop. An irrigation

system that provides optimum control and distribution

of water at minimum cost is needed. Overirrigation

wastes water, leaches plant nutrients, and causes

erosion. Also, it can create drainage problems, raise

the water table, and increase soil salinity.

Explanation of Criteria

Acid soil.—The pH is less than 6.1.

Channeled.—The word “channeled” is included in

the map unit name.

Dense layer.—The bulk density is 1.80 g/cc or

greater within the soil profile.

Depth to rock.—The depth to bedrock is less than

40 inches.

Eroded.—The word “eroded” is included in the map

unit name.

Excessive permeability.—Permeability is 6 inches

per hour or more within the soil profile.

Flooding.—Flooding is occasional or frequent.

Gullied.—The word “gullied” is included in the map

unit name.

High content of organic matter.—The surface layer

has more than 20 percent organic matter.

Lime content.—The pH is 7.4 or more in the surface

layer, or the wind erodibility group is 4L.

Limited available water capacity.—The available

water capacity calculated to a depth of 60 inches or to

a root-limiting layer is 6 inches or less.

Limited content of organic matter.—The content of

organic matter is 2 percent or less in the surface layer.

Ponding.—Ponding duration is assigned to the map

unit component. The water table is above the surface.

Potential poor tilth and compaction.—The content of

clay is 27 percent or more in the surface layer.

Potential for ground-water contamination (by

nutrients or pesticides).—Depth to the water table is 4

feet or less, the permeability of any layer is more than

6.0 inches per hour, or the depth to bedrock is less

than 60 inches.

Potential for surface-water contamination (by

nutrients or pesticides).—The map unit component is

occasionally flooded or frequently flooded, is subject

to ponding, is assigned to hydrologic group C or D and

has a slope of more than 2 percent, is assigned to

hydrologic group A and has a slope of more than 6

percent, or is assigned to hydrologic group B, has a

slope of 3 percent or more, and has a K factor of more

than 0.17.

Restricted permeability.—Permeability is less than

0.06 inch per hour within the soil profile.

Salt content.—The electrical conductivity is 4 or

more in the surface layer or 8 or more within a depth

of 30 inches.

Slope (equipment limitation).—The slope is more

than 15 percent.

Surface crusting.—The content of clay is 27 percent

or more and the content of organic matter is 2 percent

or less in the surface layer.

Surface rock fragments (equipment limitation).—

The terms describing the texture of the surface layer

include any rock fragment modifier, except for gravelly,

channery, stony, very stony, extremely stony, bouldery,

very bouldery, and extremely bouldery.

Surface stones (equipment limitation).—The word

“stony” or “bouldery” is included in the map unit name

or in the description of the surface layer.

Water erosion.—Either the slope is 6 percent or

more, or the slope is more than 3 percent and less

than 6 percent and the surface layer is not sandy.

Water table.—A water table is within 2.5 feet of the

surface.

Wind erosion.—The wind erodibility group is 1, 2, 3,

or 4L.

Crop Yield Estimates

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in the table “Land Capability

and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture.” In any

given year, yields may be higher or lower than those

indicated in the table because of variations in rainfall

and other climatic factors. The land capability

classification of the map units in the survey area also

is shown in the table.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations also are

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the

proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.
170 Soil Survey of

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in the table are

grown in the survey area, but estimated yields are not

listed because the acreage of such crops is small. The

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service or of the Cooperative Extension Service can

provide information about the management and

productivity of the soils for those crops.

Pasture and Hayland Interpretations

Under good management, proper grazing is

essential for the production of high-quality forage,

stand survival, and erosion control. Proper grazing

helps plants to maintain sufficient and generally

vigorous top growth during the growing season. Brush

control is essential in many areas, and weed control

generally is needed. Rotation grazing and renovation

also are important management practices.

Yield estimates are often provided in animal unit

months (AUM), or the amount of forage or feed

required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse,

one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days.

The local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or of the Cooperative Extension

Service can provide information about forage yields

other than those shown in the table “Land Capability

and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture.”

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops.

Crops that require special management are excluded.

The soils are grouped according to their limitations for

field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for

crops, and the way they respond to management. The

criteria used in grouping the soils do not take into

account major and generally expensive landforming

that would change slope, depth, or other

characteristics of the soils, nor do they include

possible but unlikely major reclamation projects.

Capability classification is not a substitute for

interpretations designed to show suitability and

limitations of groups of soils for woodland or for

engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils generally are grouped

at three levels: capability class, subclass, and unit

(USDA, 1961). These categories indicate the degree

and kinds of limitations affecting mechanized farming

systems that produce the more commonly grown field

crops, such as corn, small grain, cotton, hay, and fieldgrown vegetables. Only class and subclass are used

in this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The numerals

indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower

choices for practical use.

If properly managed, soils in classes 1, 2, 3, and 4

are suitable for the mechanized production of

commonly grown field crops and for pasture and

woodland. The degree of the soil limitations affecting

the production of cultivated crops increases

progressively from class 1 to class 4. The limitations

can affect levels of production and the risk of

permanent soil deterioration caused by erosion and

other factors.

Soils in classes 5, 6, and 7 are generally not suited

to the mechanized production of commonly grown field

crops without special management, but they are

suitable for plants that provide a permanent cover,

such as grasses and trees. The severity of the soil

limitations affecting crops increases progressively

from class 5 to class 7.

Areas in class 8 are generally not suitable for crops,

pasture, or woodland without a level of management

that is impractical. These areas may have potential for

other uses, such as recreational facilities and wildlife

habitat.

Capability subclasses identify the dominant kind of

limitation in the class. They are designated by adding a

small letter, e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for

example, 2e. The letter e shows that the main hazard

is the risk of erosion unless a close-growing plant

cover is maintained; w shows that water in or on the

soil interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some

soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial

drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used

in only some parts of the United States, shows that the

chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry.

There are no subclasses in class 1 because the

soils of this class have few limitations. Class 5

contains only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c

because the soils in class 5 are subject to little or no

erosion. They have other limitations that restrict their

use mainly to pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife

habitat, or recreation.

The capability classification of the map units in the

survey area is given in the table “Land Capability and

Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture” at the end of

this section.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 171

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is of major importance in meeting

the Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. The acreage of high-quality farmland is limited,

and the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that government at local, State, and Federal levels, as

well as individuals, must encourage and facilitate the

wise use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland soils, as defined by the U.S.

Department of Agriculture, are soils that are best

suited to food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops.

Such soils have properties that favor the economic

production of sustained high yields of crops. The soils

need only to be treated and managed by acceptable

farming methods. An adequate moisture supply and a

sufficiently long growing season are required. Prime

farmland soils produce the highest yields with minimal

expenditure of energy and economic resources, and

farming these soils results in the least damage to the

environment.

Prime farmland soils may presently be used for

cropland, pasture, or woodland or for other purposes.

They either are used for food and fiber or are available

for these uses. Urban or built-up land, public land, and

water areas cannot be considered prime farmland.

Urban or built-up land is any contiguous unit of land 10

acres or more in size that is used for such purposes

as housing, industrial, and commercial sites, sites for

institutions or public buildings, small parks, golf

courses, cemeteries, railroad yards, airports, sanitary

landfills, sewage treatment plants, and water-control

structures. Public land is land not available for farming

in National forests, National parks, military

reservations, and State parks.

Prime farmland soils commonly receive an

adequate and dependable supply of moisture from

precipitation or irrigation. The temperature and growing

season are favorable, and the level of acidity or

alkalinity and the content of salts and sodium are

acceptable. The soils have few, if any, rocks and are

permeable to water and air. They are not excessively

erodible or saturated with water for long periods, and

they are not frequently flooded during the growing

season or are protected from flooding. Slopes range

mainly from 0 to 6 percent.

Soils that have a high water table or are subject

to flooding may qualify as prime farmland where

these limitations are overcome by drainage

measures or flood control. Onsite evaluation is

necessary to determine the effectiveness of

corrective measures. More information about the

criteria for prime farmland can be obtained at the

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service.

A recent trend in land use has been the conversion

of prime farmland to urban and industrial uses. The

loss of prime farmland to other uses puts pressure on

lands that are less productive than prime farmland.

About 26,301 acres, or nearly 17 percent of the

survey area, meets the requirements for prime

farmland.

The map units in the survey area that meet the

requirements for prime farmland are listed in the table

“Prime Farmland” at the end of this section. On some

soils included in the table, measures that overcome

limitations are needed. The need for these measures

is indicated in parentheses after the map unit name.

The location of each map unit is shown on the detailed

soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use and

management are described in the section “Soil Series

and Detailed Soil Map Units.” This list does not

constitute a recommendation for a particular land use.

Erosion Factors

Soil erodibility (K) and soil-loss tolerance (T) factors

are used in an equation that predicts the amount of

soil lost through water erosion in areas of cropland.

The procedure for predicting soil loss is useful in

guiding the selection of soil and water conservation

practices. The erosion factors for the soils in the

survey area are listed in the table “Physical Properties

of the Soils.”

Soil Erodibility (K) Factor

The soil erodibility (K) factor indicates the

susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by

water. The soil properties that influence erodibility are

those that affect the infiltration rate, the movement of

water through the soil, and the water storage capacity

of the soil and those that allow the soil to resist

dispersion, splashing, abrasion, and the transporting

forces of rainfall and runoff. The most important soil

properties are the content of silt plus very fine sand,

the content of sand coarser than very fine sand, the

content of organic matter, soil structure, and

permeability.

Fragment-Free Soil Erodibility (Kf) Factor

This is one of the factors used in the revised

Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). It shows the

erodibility of the fine-earth fraction, or the material less

than 2 millimeters in size.
172 Soil Survey of

Soil-Loss Tolerance (T) Factor

The soil-loss tolerance (T) factor is an estimate of

the maximum annual rate of soil erosion that can

occur over a sustained period without affecting crop

productivity. The rate is expressed in tons of soil loss

per acre per year. Ratings of 1 to 5 are used,

depending on soil properties and prior erosion. The

criteria used in assigning a T factor to a soil include

maintenance of an adequate rooting depth for crop

production, potential reduction of crop yields,

maintenance of water-control structures affected by

sedimentation, prevention of gullying, and the value of

nutrients lost through erosion.

Wind Erodibility Groups

Wind erodibility is directly related to the percentage

of dry, nonerodible surface soil aggregates larger than

0.84 millimeter in diameter. From this percentage, the

wind erodibility index (I) factor is determined. This

factor is an expression of the stability of the soil

aggregates, or the extent to which they are broken

down by tillage and the abrasion caused by windblown

soil particles. Soils are assigned to wind erodibility

groups (WEG) having similar percentages of dry soil

aggregates larger than 0.84 millimeter. The wind

erodibility groups and wind erodibility index are listed

in the table “Physical Properties of the Soils.”

Additional information about wind erodibility groups

and K, Kf, T, and I factors can be obtained from local

offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service

or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Windbreaks and Environmental

Plantings

Windbreaks protect livestock, buildings, and yards

from wind and snow. They also protect fruit trees and

gardens, and they furnish habitat for wildlife. Several

rows of low- and high-growing broadleaf and

coniferous trees and shrubs provide the most

protection.

Field windbreaks are narrow plantings made at right

angles to the prevailing wind and at specific intervals

across the field. The interval depends on the erodibility

of the soil. Field windbreaks protect cropland and

crops from wind, help to keep snow on the fields, and

provide food and cover for wildlife.

Environmental plantings help to beautify and screen

houses and other buildings and to abate noise. The

plants, mostly evergreen shrubs and trees, are closely

spaced. To ensure plant survival, a healthy planting

stock of suitable species should be planted properly

on a well prepared site and maintained in good

condition.

Windbreaks are often planted on land that did not

originally support trees. Knowledge of how trees

perform on such land can be gained only by observing

and recording the performance of trees that have been

planted and have survived. Many popular windbreak

species are not indigenous to the areas in which they

are planted.

Each tree or shrub species has certain climatic and

physiographic limits. Within these parameters, a tree

or shrub may grow well or grow poorly, depending on

the characteristics of the soil. Each tree or shrub has

definable potential heights in a given physiographic

area and under a given climate. Accurate definitions of

potential heights are necessary when a windbreak is

planned and designed.

The table “Windbreaks and Environmental

Plantings” shows the height that locally grown trees

and shrubs are expected to reach in 20 years on

various soils. The estimates in this table are based on

measurements and observation of established

plantings that have been given adequate care. They

can be used as a guide in planning windbreaks and

screens. Additional information on planning

windbreaks and screens and planting and caring for

trees and shrubs can be obtained from local offices of

the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the

Cooperative Extension Service or from a nursery.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 173

Cropland Management Considerations

 (See text for a description of the considerations listed in this table)

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

11A: |

 Markey-------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Flooding

 | High content of organic matter

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

20A: |

 Palms--------------------| High content of organic matter

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

 Houghton-----------------| High content of organic matter

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

21A: |

 Palms--------------------| Flooding

 | High content of organic matter

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

40A: |

 Markey-------------------| Excessive permeability

 | High content of organic matter

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

 Seelyeville--------------| High content of organic matter

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

114B2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

114C2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |
174 Soil Survey of

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

115B2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

115C2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

115D2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

116C2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

116D2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

116E: |

 Churchtown---------------| Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

125B2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

125C2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

125D2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

125E2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 175

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

144B2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

144C2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

144D2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

144E: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

213C2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

213D2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

213E2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |
176 Soil Survey of

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

224B: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

224C2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

224D2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

233C: |

 Boone--------------------| Depth to rock

 | Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

254B2: |

 Norden-------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

254C2: |

 Norden-------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

254D2: |

 Norden-------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 177

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

254E2: |

 Norden-------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

254F: |

 Norden-------------------| Depth to rock

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

255B2: |

 Urne---------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

255C2: |

 Urne---------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

255D2: |

 Urne---------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

255E: |

 Urne---------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

255F: |

 Urne---------------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |
178 Soil Survey of

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

265B: |

 Garne--------------------| Depth to rock

 | Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

265C: |

 Garne--------------------| Depth to rock

 | Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

303A: |

 Boguscreek---------------| Excessive permeability

 | Flooding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 |

313D2: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

313F: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

316B2: |

 Ella---------------------| Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

316C2: |

 Ella---------------------| Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

318A: |

 Bearpen------------------| Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 |

326B2: |

 Medary-------------------| Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

403A: |

 Dakota-------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 179

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

413A: |

 Rasset-------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

413B: |

 Rasset-------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

423A: |

 Meridian-----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 |

423B2: |

 Meridian-----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

429A: |

 Lows---------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Flooding

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 |

432A: |

 Kevilar------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

432B: |

 Kevilar------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

432C2: |

 Kevilar------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

433A: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

433B: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |
180 Soil Survey of

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

433C2: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

436A: |

 Rusktown-----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

438A: |

 Hoopeston----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

453A: |

 Burkhardt----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

453B: |

 Burkhardt----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

501A: |

 Finchford----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

501B: |

 Finchford----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

502B2: |

 Chelsea------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Wind erosion

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 181

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

502C2: |

 Chelsea------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

506A: |

 Komro--------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

508A: |

 Farrington---------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

510B: |

 Boplain------------------| Depth to rock

 | Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

510C: |

 Boplain------------------| Depth to rock

 | Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

510F: |

 Boplain------------------| Depth to rock

 | Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

511A: |

 Plainfield---------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |
182 Soil Survey of

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

511B: |

 Plainfield---------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

511C: |

 Plainfield---------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

511F: |

 Plainfield---------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

512B: |

 Drammen------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

512C: |

 Drammen------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

512D: |

 Drammen------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

516A: |

 Aldo---------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 183

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

546A: |

 Prissel------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

546B: |

 Prissel------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

546F: |

 Prissel------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

561B: |

 Tarr---------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

566A: |

 Tint---------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Limited content of organic matter

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

589A: |

 Newson-------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

616B: |

 Chaseburg----------------| Flooding

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water erosion

 |

626A: |

 Arenzville---------------| Flooding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 |

628A: |

 Orion--------------------| Flooding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 |
184 Soil Survey of

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

629A: |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 |

646A: |

 Dunnbot------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Flooding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

656A: |

 Scotah-------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Flooding

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Wind erosion

 |

826B2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

826C2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Previously eroded

 | Water erosion

 |

1135F: |

 Dorerton-----------------| Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

 Elbaville----------------| Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

1145F: |

 Gaphill------------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

 Rockbluff----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 185

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

1155F: |

 Brodale------------------| Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Surface rock fragments

 | Water erosion

 |

 Bellechester-------------| Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

 Rock outcrop. |

 |

1224F: |

 Boone--------------------| Depth to rock

 | Excessive permeability

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

 Elevasil-----------------| Depth to rock

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wind erosion

 |

1648A: |

 Northbend----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Flooding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Ponding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 |

1658A: |

 Algansee-----------------| Excessive permeability

 | Flooding

 | Limited available water capacity

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 | Wind erosion

 |

 Kalmarville--------------| Excessive permeability

 | Flooding

 | Potential for ground-water contamination

 | Potential for surface-water contamination

 | Water table

 |
186 Soil Survey of

Cropland Management Considerations--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Cropland management

 and | considerations

 soil name | ___________________________________________________________________________

 |

2003A: |

 Riverwash. |

 |

2013: |

 Pits, gravel. |

 |

2014: |

 Pits, quarry. |

 |

2040: |

 Udipsamments. |

 |

2050: |

 Landfill. |

 | ___________________________________________________________________________
Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture (Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated areas. 

 indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | |  Map symbol | Land | Corn | Corn silage | Soybeans | Oats | Wheat | Alf and soil name | capability | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | 

 | | | | | | | 11A--------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Markey | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 20A--------------| 7w | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Palms and | | | | | | |  Houghton | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 21A--------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Palms | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 40A--------------| 7w | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Markey and | | | | | | |  Seelyeville | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 114B2------------| 2e | 155 | 25 | 51 | 95 | 57 |  Mt. Carroll | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 114C2------------| 3e | 145 | 24 | 48 | 85 | 53 |  Mt. Carroll | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 115B2------------| 2e | 145 | 24 | 48 | 85 | 51 |  Seaton | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 115C2------------| 3e | 135 | 22 | 45 | 75 | 47 |  Seaton | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 115D2------------| 4e | 125 | 20 | 41 | 65 | 43 |  Seaton | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 116C2------------| 3e | 135 | 22 | 45 | 75 | 47 |  Churchtown | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 116D2------------| 4e | 130 | 20 | 41 | 65 | 43 |  Churchtown | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 116E-------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Churchtown | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 125B2------------| 2e | 145 | 24 | 48 | 85 | 51 |  Pepin | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 125C2------------| 3e | 135 | 22 | 45 | 75 | 47 |  Pepin | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |  Map symbol | Land | Corn | Corn silage | Soybeans | Oats | Wheat | Alf and soil name | capability | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | 

 | | | | | | | 125D2------------| 4e | 125 | 20 | 41 | 65 | 43 |  Pepin | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 125E2------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Pepin | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 144B2------------| 2e | 110 | 16 | 33 | 65 | 39 |  NewGlarus | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 144C2------------| 3e | 100 | 15 | 31 | 55 | 35 |  NewGlarus | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 144D2------------| 4e | 95 | 14 | 29 | 50 | 31 |  NewGlarus | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 144E-------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  NewGlarus | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 213C2------------| 3e | 95 | 15 | 31 | 65 | 37 |  Hixton | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 213D2------------| 4e | 85 | 14 | 28 | 55 | 33 |  Hixton | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 213E2------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Hixton | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 224B-------------| 3s | 90 | 15 | 28 | 65 | 39 |  Elevasil | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 224C2------------| 3e | 80 | 13 | 26 | 55 | 35 |  Elevasil | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 224D2------------| 4e | 70 | 11 | 23 | 45 | 31 |  Elevasil | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 233C-------------| 6s | 40 | 6 | 13 | 30 | 31 |  Boone | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 254B2------------| 2e | 110 | 18 | 36 | 75 | 45 |  Norden | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 254C2------------| 3e | 100 | 16 | 33 | 65 | 41 |  Norden | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 254D2------------| 4e | 95 | 15 | 29 | 55 | 37 |  Norden | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |  Map symbol | Land | Corn | Corn silage | Soybeans | Oats | Wheat | Alf and soil name | capability | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | 

 | | | | | | | 254E2------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Norden | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 254F-------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Norden | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 255B2------------| 3s | 85 | 14 | 27 | 60 | 38 |  Urne | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 255C2------------| 3e | 75 | 12 | 25 | 50 | 34 |  Urne | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 255D2------------| 4e | 65 | 11 | 21 | 40 | 30 |  Urne | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 255E-------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Urne | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 255F-------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Urne | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 265B-------------| 3s | 85 | 13 | 25 | 70 | 42 |  Garne | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 265C-------------| 4e | 80 | 12 | 23 | 65 | 39 |  Garne | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 303A-------------| 2w | 150 | 25 | 50 | 85 | 51 |  Boguscreek | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 313D2------------| 4e | 125 | 20 | 41 | 65 | 43 |  Plumcreek | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 313F-------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Plumcreek | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 316B2------------| 2e | 140 | 23 | 46 | 75 | 45 |  Ella | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 316C2------------| 3e | 130 | 21 | 43 | 65 | 41 |  Ella | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 318A-------------| 2w | 135 | 22 | 45 | 70 | 42 |  Bearpen | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |  Map symbol | Land | Corn | Corn silage | Soybeans | Oats | Wheat | Alf and soil name | capability | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | 

 | | | | | | | 326B2------------| 2e | 100 | 16 | 31 | 70 | 37 |  Medary | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 403A-------------| 2s | 110 | 18 | 36 | 70 | 42 |  Dakota | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 413A-------------| 3s | 100 | 15 | 31 | 55 | 37 |  Rasset | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 413B-------------| 3e | 100 | 15 | 31 | 55 | 37 |  Rasset | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 423A-------------| 2s | 105 | 16 | 35 | 65 | 39 |  Meridian | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 423B2------------| 2e | 105 | 16 | 35 | 65 | 39 |  Meridian | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 429A-------------| 2w | 105 | 17 | 35 | --- | --- |  Lows | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 432A-------------| 3s | 100 | 16 | 31 | 60 | 37 |  Kevilar | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 432B-------------| 3e | 100 | 16 | 31 | 60 | 37 |  Kevilar | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 432C2------------| 3e | 90 | 15 | 28 | 50 | 33 |  Kevilar | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 433A-------------| 3s | 95 | 15 | 31 | 60 | 37 |  Forkhorn | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 433B-------------| 3e | 95 | 15 | 31 | 60 | 37 |  Forkhorn | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 433C2------------| 3e | 85 | 14 | 28 | 50 | 33 |  Forkhorn | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 436A-------------| 3s | 95 | 15 | 31 | 60 | 37 |  Rusktown | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 438A-------------| 3w | 95 | 15 | 30 | 60 | 37 |  Hoopeston | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 453A-------------| 3s | 75 | 12 | 25 | 60 | 33 |  Burkhardt | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |  Map symbol | Land | Corn | Corn silage | Soybeans | Oats | Wheat | Alf and soil name | capability | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | 

 | | | | | | | 453B-------------| 3e | 75 | 12 | 25 | 60 | 33 |  Burkhardt | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 501A-------------| 4s | 65 | 10 | 21 | 55 | 28 |  Finchford | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 501B-------------| 4s | 65 | 10 | 21 | 55 | 28 |  Finchford | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 502B2------------| 4s | 60 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 24 |  Chelsea | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 502C2------------| 6s | 55 | 9 | 18 | 40 | 22 |  Chelsea | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 506A-------------| 4s | 65 | 10 | 21 | 55 | 28 |  Komro | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 508A-------------| 4w | 75 | 12 | 25 | 60 | 30 |  Farrington | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 510B-------------| 4s | 45 | 7.0 | 15 | 35 | 19 |  Boplain | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 510C-------------| 6s | 40 | 6 | 13 | 30 | 17 |  Boplain | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 510F-------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Boplain | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 511A-------------| 4s | 55 | 9 | 18 | 45 | 23 |  Plainfield | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 511B-------------| 4s | 55 | 9 | 18 | 45 | 23 |  Plainfield | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 511C-------------| 6s | 50 | 8 | 16 | 40 | 21 |  Plainfield | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 511F-------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Plainfield | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 512B-------------| 3s | 65 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 25 |  Drammen | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |  Map symbol | Land | Corn | Corn silage | Soybeans | Oats | Wheat | Alf and soil name | capability | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | 

 | | | | | | | 512C-------------| 4s | 60 | 10 | 18 | 45 | 23 |  Drammen | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 512D-------------| 6s | 55 | 9 | 18 | 40 | 21 |  Drammen | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 516A-------------| 4s | 55 | 9 | 18 | 45 | 23 |  Aldo | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 546A-------------| 3s | 65 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 25 |  Prissel | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 546B-------------| 3s | 65 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 25 |  Prissel | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 546F-------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Prissel | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 561B-------------| 4s | 45 | 7 | 15 | 35 | 19 |  Tarr | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 566A-------------| 4s | 45 | 7 | 15 | 35 | 19 |  Tint | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 589A-------------| 6w | 60 | 10 | 20 | --- | --- |  Newson | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 616B-------------| 2e | 125 | 20 | 41 | 75 | 45 |  Chaseburg | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 626A-------------| 2w | 135 | 22 | 45 | 80 | 47 |  Arenzville | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 628A-------------| 2w | 125 | 20 | 41 | 75 | 45 |  Orion | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 629A-------------| 6w | 125 | 20 | 41 | --- | --- |  Ettrick | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 646A-------------| 3w | 95 | 15 | 31 | 60 | 37 |  Dunnbot | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 656A-------------| 4w | 55 | 9 | 18 | 45 | 23 |  Scotah | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |  Map symbol | Land | Corn | Corn silage | Soybeans | Oats | Wheat | Alf and soil name | capability | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | 

 | | | | | | | 826B2------------| 2e | 145 | 24 | 48 | 85 | 51 |  Hersey | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 826C2------------| 3e | 135 | 22 | 45 | 75 | 47 |  Hersey | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 1135F------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Dorerton- | | | | | | |  Elbaville | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 1145F------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Gaphill---------| 7e | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  Rockbluff-------| 7s | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 1155F------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Brodale---------| 7s | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  Bellechester----| 7s | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop----| 8s | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 1224F------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Boone-----------| 7s | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  Elevasil--------| 7e | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 1648A------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Northbend- | | | | | | |  Ettrick | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 1658A------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Algansee- | | | | | | |  Kalmarville | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 2003A------------| 8w | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Riverwash | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 2013-------------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Pits, gravel | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 2014-------------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Pits, quarry | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |  Map symbol | Land | Corn | Corn silage | Soybeans | Oats | Wheat | Alf and soil name | capability | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | 

 | | | | | | | 2040-------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Udipsamments | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 2050-------------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  Landfill | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Animal unit month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horsesheep, or five goats) for 30 days.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 195

Prime Farmland

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Map | Soil name

symbol| ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

114B2 |Mt. Carroll silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

115B2 |Seaton silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

125B2 |Pepin silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

144B2 |NewGlarus silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

254B2 |Norden silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

303A |Boguscreek silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

316B2 |Ella silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

318A |Bearpen silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

326B2 |Medary silt loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

403A |Dakota silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

413A |Rasset sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

413B |Rasset sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

423A |Meridian silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

423B2 |Meridian silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

429A |Lows loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained)

432A |Kevilar sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

432B |Kevilar sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

433A |Forkhorn sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

433B |Forkhorn sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

436A |Rusktown sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

438A |Hoopeston sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

616B |Chaseburg silt loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes

626A |Arenzville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

628A |Orion silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (where drained)

629A |Ettrick silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained and either protected from flooding or not

 | frequently flooded during the growing season)

646A |Dunnbot fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

826B2 |Hersey silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded

 | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
196 Soil Survey of

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings

(Only the soils that are suitable for windbreaks and environmental plantings are listed. Absence of an entry

 indicates that trees generally do not grow to the given height)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

114B2: | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | redosier dogwood,| hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | lilac. | Russian-olive, | |

 | | | eastern redcedar,| |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

114C2: | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | redosier dogwood,| hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | lilac. | Russian-olive, | |

 | | | eastern redcedar,| |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

115B2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, red | ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | pine, eastern |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | white pine. |

 | | lilac, northern | eastern redcedar.| |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

115C2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, red | ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | pine, eastern |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | white pine. |

 | | lilac, northern | eastern redcedar.| |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

115D2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, red | ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | pine, eastern |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | white pine. |

 | | lilac, northern | eastern redcedar.| |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

116C2: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Eastern redcedar |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | lilac. | Russian-olive, | |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

116D2: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Eastern redcedar |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | lilac. | Russian-olive, | |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 197

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

116E: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Eastern redcedar |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | lilac. | Russian-olive, | |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

125B2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | |

 | | lilac. | eastern redcedar,| |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

125C2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | |

 | | lilac. | eastern redcedar,| |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

125D2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | |

 | | lilac. | eastern redcedar,| |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

125E2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | |

 | | lilac. | eastern redcedar,| |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

144B2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

144C2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
198 Soil Survey of

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

144D2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

144E: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

213C2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

213D2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

213E2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

224B: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac. | | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 199

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

224C2: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac. | | |

 | | | | |

224D2: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac. | | |

 | | | | |

233C: | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

254B2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

254C2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

254D2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
200 Soil Survey of

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

254E2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

254F: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

255B2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

255C2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

255D2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

255E: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 201

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

255F: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

265B: | | | | |

 Garne-----------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce, |Silver maple, | ---

 | | Siberian | white spruce, | green ash, red |

 | | peashrub, silky | Black Hills | pine, eastern |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | spruce. | white pine. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |

265C: | | | | |

 Garne-----------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce, |Silver maple, | ---

 | | Siberian | white spruce, | green ash, red |

 | | peashrub, silky | Black Hills | pine, eastern |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | spruce. | white pine. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum. | | |

 | | | | |

303A: | | | | |

 Boguscreek------| --- |Amur maple, gray |Norway spruce, |Red maple, white | ---

 | | dogwood, lilac, | white spruce, | ash, red pine, |

 | | northern | Black Hills | eastern white |

 | | whitecedar, | spruce. | pine. |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

313D2: | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | |

 | | lilac. | eastern redcedar,| |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

313F: | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, eastern| ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | white pine. |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | |

 | | lilac. | eastern redcedar,| |

 | | | blue spruce, | |

 | | | northern | |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

318A: | | | | |

 Bearpen---------| --- |Silky dogwood, |White spruce------|Red maple, silver | ---

 | | redosier dogwood,| | maple, white ash,|

 | | common ninebark, | | eastern white |

 | | lilac, northern | | pine. |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
202 Soil Survey of

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

326B2: | | | | |

 Medary----------| --- |Amur maple, |White spruce------|Red maple, white | ---

 | | alternateleaf | | ash, red pine, |

 | | dogwood, silky | | eastern white |

 | | dogwood, gray | | pine. |

 | | dogwood, lilac, | | |

 | | northern | | |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

403A: | | | | |

 Dakota----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

413A: | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Hedge cotoneaster |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, | ---

 | | eastern redcedar,| hackberry, | thornless |

 | | Persian lilac. | Russian-olive, | honeylocust, |

 | | | Norway spruce, | eastern white |

 | | | red pine. | pine. |

 | | | | |

413B: | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Hedge cotoneaster |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, | ---

 | | eastern redcedar,| hackberry, | thornless |

 | | Persian lilac. | Russian-olive, | honeylocust, |

 | | | Norway spruce, | eastern white |

 | | | red pine. | pine. |

 | | | | |

423A: | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

423B2: | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 203

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

429A: | | | | |

 Lows------------| --- |Silky dogwood, |Balsam fir, white |Red maple, silver | ---

 | | redosier dogwood,| spruce. | maple, white ash,|

 | | common ninebark, | | green ash. |

 | | northern | | |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

432A: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

432B: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

432C2: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

433A: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

433B: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
204 Soil Survey of

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

433C2: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

436A: | | | | |

 Rusktown--------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

438A: | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------| --- |Redosier dogwood, |Amur maple, white |Red maple, |Silver maple.

 | | lilac, northern | spruce. | hackberry, white |

 | | whitecedar, | | ash, green ash, |

 | | nannyberry | | eastern white |

 | | viburnum. | | pine. |

 | | | | |

453A: | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

453B: | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

501A: | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Siberian peashrub,|Eastern redcedar, |Russian-olive, |Eastern white pine| ---

 | lilac. | sargent | green ash, jack | |

 | | crabapple. | pine, Austrian | |

 | | | pine, red pine, | |

 | | | Siberian elm. | |

 | | | | |

501B: | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Siberian peashrub,|Eastern redcedar, |Russian-olive, |Eastern white pine| ---

 | lilac. | sargent | green ash, jack | |

 | | crabapple. | pine, Austrian | |

 | | | pine, red pine, | |

 | | | Siberian elm. | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 205

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

502B2: | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Siberian peashrub,|Eastern redcedar |Jack pine, |Eastern white pine| ---

 | lilac. | | Austrian pine, | |

 | | | red pine. | |

 | | | | |

502C2: | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Siberian peashrub,|Eastern redcedar |Jack pine, |Eastern white pine| ---

 | lilac. | | Austrian pine, | |

 | | | red pine. | |

 | | | | |

506A: | | | | |

 Komro-----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

508A: | | | | |

 Farrington------| --- |Silky dogwood, |White spruce------|Red maple, silver | ---

 | | redosier dogwood,| | maple, white ash,|

 | | lilac, northern | | red pine, eastern|

 | | whitecedar, | | white pine. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

510B: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

510C: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

510F: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
206 Soil Survey of

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

511A: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

511B: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

511C: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

511F: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

512B: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

512C: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 207

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

512D: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

516A: | | | | |

 Aldo------------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

546A: | | | | |

 Prissel---------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

546B: | | | | |

 Prissel---------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

546F: | | | | |

 Prissel---------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

561B: | | | | |

 Tarr------------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
208 Soil Survey of

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

566A: | | | | |

 Tint------------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

589A: | | | | |

 Newson----------| --- |Silky dogwood, |Balsam fir, white |Red maple, silver | ---

 | | redosier dogwood,| spruce. | maple, white ash,|

 | | common ninebark, | | green ash. |

 | | northern | | |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

616B: | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------| --- |Silky dogwood, |White spruce------|Red maple, silver | ---

 | | gray dogwood, | | maple, white ash,|

 | | lilac, northern | | red pine, eastern|

 | | whitecedar, | | white pine. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

626A: | | | | |

 Arenzville------| --- |Silky dogwood, |White spruce------|Red maple, white |Silver maple.

 | | redosier dogwood,| | ash, red pine, |

 | | lilac, northern | | eastern white |

 | | whitecedar, | | pine. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

628A: | | | | |

 Orion-----------| --- |Silky dogwood, |White spruce------|Red maple, silver | ---

 | | redosier dogwood,| | maple, white ash,|

 | | common ninebark, | | eastern white |

 | | lilac, northern | | pine. |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

646A: | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------| --- |Silver maple, |White spruce------|Red maple, white | ---

 | | silky dogwood, | | ash, red pine, |

 | | redosier dogwood,| | eastern white |

 | | lilac, northern | | pine. |

 | | whitecedar, | | |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 209

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

656A: | | | | |

 Scotah----------| --- |Silky dogwood, |Manchurian |Green ash, Norway |Imperial Carolina

 | | Amur privet, | crabapple, white | spruce, eastern | poplar.

 | | common ninebark, | spruce, northern | white pine. |

 | | nannyberry | whitecedar. | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

826B2: | | | | |

 Hersey----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, red | ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | pine, eastern |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | white pine. |

 | | lilac, northern | eastern redcedar.| |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

826C2: | | | | |

 Hersey----------| --- |Siberian peashrub,|Amur maple, |Green ash, red | ---

 | | gray dogwood, | hackberry, | pine, eastern |

 | | redosier dogwood,| Russian-olive, | white pine. |

 | | lilac, northern | eastern redcedar.| |

 | | whitecedar. | | |

 | | | | |

1135F: | | | | |

 Dorerton--------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, gray | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

 Elbaville-------|Siberian peashrub,|Hackberry, silky |Russian-olive, | --- | ---

 | lilac. | dogwood, eastern | green ash, | |

 | | redcedar, | honeylocust, jack| |

 | | Manchurian | pine, eastern | |

 | | crabapple. | white pine, bur | |

 | | | oak. | |

 | | | | |

1145F: | | | | |

 Gaphill---------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac. | | |

 | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

1155F: | | | | |

 Brodale---------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac. | | |

 | | | | |
210

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | | | | |

 and soil name | <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

1155F: | | | | |

 Bellechester----|Siberian peashrub,|Eastern redcedar |Jack pine, |Eastern white pine| ---

 | Tatarian | | Austrian pine, | |

 | honeysuckle, | | red pine. | |

 | lilac. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

1224F: | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Manyflower |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | cotoneaster. | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| --- |Amur maple, |Norway spruce-----|Jack pine, red | ---

 | | Siberian | | pine, eastern |

 | | peashrub, silky | | white pine. |

 | | dogwood, gray | | |

 | | dogwood, eastern | | |

 | | redcedar, lilac. | | |

 | | | | |

1648A: | | | | |

 Northbend-------| --- |Silky dogwood, |White spruce------|Red maple, white |Silver maple.

 | | redosier dogwood,| | ash, red pine, |

 | | lilac, northern | | eastern white |

 | | whitecedar, | | pine. |

 | | nannyberry | | |

 | | viburnum, | | |

 | | American | | |

 | | cranberrybush. | | |

 | | | | |

 Ettrick. | | | | |

 | | | | |

1658A: | | | | |

 Algansee--------| --- |Silky dogwood, |Amur maple, |Red maple, green |Imperial Carolina

 | | lilac, American | Manchurian | ash, Norway | poplar.

 | | cranberrybush. | crabapple, white | spruce, eastern |

 | | | spruce, northern | white pine. |

 | | | whitecedar. | |

 | | | | |

 Kalmarville. | | | | |

 | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
211

Chris Widstrand, forester, Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources, helped prepare this section.

Pepin County has approximately 54,700 acres of

forest land. Of this total, about 54,200 acres is

considered commercial forest. The majority of the 500

acres of noncommercial forest land lies in the

Chippewa River corridor and is reserved from

harvesting because of environmental or endangered

resource concerns. Nearly 91 percent of the forest

land, approximately 50,000 acres, is privately owned.

Ownership of the remaining 4,700 acres is divided

between the State and the county. The largest portion

of this area is the Tiffany Wildlife Area. Other areas

include Nine Mile Island Natural Area, Lake Pepin

State Park (undeveloped), Arkansaw County Park,

and Silver Birch/Holden County Park.

Hardwoods cover 94 percent of the forest land in

Pepin County. Oak is the dominant cover type and

makes up 59 percent of the acreage. Northern

hardwoods, such as sugar maple, basswood, and

upland ashes, make up 12 percent; upland aspen and

birch make up 12 percent; and bottom-land

hardwoods, such as cottonwood, willow, silver maple,

green ash, and hackberry, make up 11 percent.

Conifers make up the remaining 6 percent of the

forest. Plantations of Norway pine and white pine

account for the majority of this acreage. Remnant

stands of natural white pine, primarily along the Eau

Galle and Chippewa Rivers, and native cedars along

the steep west- and south-facing slopes above Lake

Pepin also are included. There is one stand of native

tamarack, the sole representative of lowland conifer

forest in the county.

Current trends indicate that the growth of both

hardwood and softwood is exceeding harvest by 20 to

30 percent. Acreage also is increasing at a rate of 50

to 100 acres per year. Approximately half of this

increase is a result of reforestation. Mixtures of white

pine or Norway spruce and ashes or oaks are

currently being planted on silty and loamy sites, and

white pine and red pine, in pure or mixed stands, are

being planted on sandy sites. The other half of the

annual increase is from natural forest succession into

former pasture land or marginal cropland no longer

under cultivation. Low-value species, such as box

elder, elm, aspen, and birch, are the most common.

The majority of existing oak volume is in sawtimber

size classes, and harvests are exceeding growth by

nearly 40 percent for this valuable species. Quality of

the harvested volume is also declining as a result of

the widespread practice of “high grading” that occurred

throughout the 1960’s and 1970’s. Oaks are being

replaced on many sites by less valuable species, such

as cherry, elm, hackberry, red maple, and basswood,

as private landowners are unwilling to maintain oak

through even-age management. Markets for most

other species of hardwood logs remain strong. Aspen,

birch, and hardwood pulp of all species are currently

underutilized because of the lack of local markets and

the prohibitive cost of trucking to existing markets.

Softwood markets have improved dramatically in

recent years, and all species, except white pine, are

well utilized.

Forest Land Management

Considerations

Information about the hazards and limitations that

should be considered in areas used as forest land are

given in the tables “Forest Land Harvest Equipment

Considerations,”“Forest Haul Road Considerations,”

“Forest Log Landing Considerations,” and “Forest Land

Site Preparation and Planting Considerations.”

Forest Land Harvest Equipment

Considerations

For most soils spring is the most limiting season.

Alternate thawing and freezing during snowmelt cause

saturation and low strength of the surface soil layers.

When thawing is complete, saturation continues for

short periods in well drained soils to nearly all year in

very poorly drained depressional soils. Degrees of

wetness are generally proportionate to water table

height and duration. The water table generally is lower

in the summer during the heavy use of moisture by

vegetation and is nearer the surface during periods

when absorbed precipitation is greater than the

Forest Land
212 Soil Survey of

vegetation requires. Harvesting during periods of

saturation usually results in severe soil damage,

except when the soil is frozen. The preferred season

for timber harvest on many soils is winter, when

wetness and low soil strength can be overcome by

freezing.

Considerations shown in the table are as follows:

Slope.—The upper slope limit is more than 15

percent.

Flooding.—The map unit component is frequently

flooded.

Wetness.—The map unit component is somewhat

poorly drained, poorly drained, or very poorly drained

or has a perched water table (any drainage class).

Depth to hard rock.—The depth to hard bedrock is

less than 10 inches.

Rubbly surface.—The word “rubbly” is in the map

unit name.

Surface stones.—The words “extremely stony” are

in the map unit name.

Surface boulders.—The word “bouldery” is in the

map unit name.

Areas of rock outcrop.—The words “Rock outcrop”

are in the map unit name.

Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage (low

strength).—The AASHTO classification is A-6, A-7, or

A-8 in any layer at a depth of 20 inches or less.

Poor traction (loose sandy material).—The USDA

texture includes sands or loamy sands in any layer at

a depth of 10 inches or less.

Forest Haul Road Considerations

Haul roads serve as transportation routes from log

landings to primary roads. Generally, haul roads are

unpaved, but some are graveled.

Considerations shown in the table are as follows:

Slope.—The slope is 8 percent or more.

Flooding.—The map unit component is frequently

flooded.

Wetness.—The map unit component is somewhat

poorly drained, poorly drained, or very poorly

drained or has a perched water table (any drainage

class).

Depth to hard rock.—The depth to hard bedrock is

less than 20 inches.

Depth to soft rock.—The depth to soft bedrock is

less than 20 inches.

Surface boulders.—The word “bouldery” is in the

map unit name.

Areas of rock outcrop.—The words “Rock outcrop”

are in the map unit name.

Low bearing strength.—The AASHTO classification

is A-6, A-7, or A-8 in any layer at a depth of 20 inches

or less.

Rubbly surface.—The word “rubbly” is in the map

unit name.

Forest Log Landing Considerations

Log landings are areas where logs are assembled

for transportation. Areas that require little or no cutting,

filling, or surface preparation are desired.

Considerations shown in the table are as follows:

Slope.—The slope is more than 3 percent.

Flooding.—The map unit component is occasionally

flooded or frequently flooded.

Wetness.—The map unit component is somewhat

poorly drained, poorly drained, or very poorly drained

or has a perched water table (any drainage class).

Surface boulders.—The word “bouldery” is in the

map unit name.

Areas of rock outcrop.—The words “Rock outcrop”

are in the map unit name.

Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage (low

strength).—The AASHTO classification is A-6, A-7, or

A-8 in any layer at a depth of 20 inches or less.

Rubbly surface.—The word “rubbly” is in the map

unit name.

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting

Considerations

Considerations shown in this table are as follows:

Slope.—The upper slope limit is more than 15

percent.

Flooding.—The map unit component is frequently

flooded.

Wetness.—The map unit component is somewhat

poorly drained, poorly drained, or very poorly drained

or has a perched water table (any drainage class).

Depth to hard rock.—The depth to hard bedrock is

less than 20 inches.

Surface stones.—The word “stony” is in the map

unit name.

Surface boulders.—The word “bouldery” is in the

map unit name.

Areas of rock outcrop.—The words “Rock outcrop”

are in the map unit name.

Water erosion.—The slope is 8 percent or more.

Potential poor tilth and compaction.—The AASHTO

classification is A-6 or A-7 in the upper 10 inches.

Rubbly surface.—The word “rubbly” is in the map

unit name.

Cobbly surface.—The word “cobbly” is in the map

unit name.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 213

Forest Habitat Types

John Kotar, senior scientist, Department of Forestry, University

of Wisconsin-Madison, helped prepare this section.

Modern forest management requires site

classification that is based on ecological principles. It

is not adequate to simply provide information on the

trees that are suitable for planting on a particular soil

map unit. Most trees, if planted, can grow on a wide

range of soils under intensive management. Intensive

management is costly, however, and in the U.S. is

practiced only under special conditions. Also, other

natural attributes of forests, such as wildlife (including

nongame species), recreation, esthetics, and

biodiversity, are becoming increasingly more

important.

Classifying sites or landscape units according to

their biological potential helps to address these

concerns. Such classification should be in terms of

potential vegetation, which includes all plant species,

and not only in terms of productivity of the

commercially important tree species. Such a system,

known as the Habitat Type Classification System, has

been developed for Wisconsin’s forests and is in wide

use by forest managers. The forest habitat types of

Pepin County are derived from “A Guide to Forest

Communities and Habitat Types of Central and

Southern Wisconsin,” which was published in 1996

(Kotar and Burger, 1996).

A habitat type is any land unit that is capable of

supporting a particular type of climax plant community.

Habitat types are identified by the presence of groups

of so-called diagnostic species. The fully developed

climax association need not be present for habitat type

identification.

Although soil map units do not coincide exactly with

habitat types, strong correlations between them do

exist. Therefore, habitat types can provide valuable

interpretation of soil map units for forest resource

management.

The field guide for central and southern Wisconsin

provides the following information: (1) Keys to habitat

identification, based on presence and absence of

diagnostic understory species; (2) a description of

each habitat type in terms of understory species

composition, prevalent forest cover types

(successional stages), and expected successional

trends; and (3) a summary of management

implications of each habitat type. This summary, in

combination with various tables and diagrams,

identifies species best suited for management on a

particular habitat type. This information takes into

account the potential influence of competing

vegetation as well as the inherent site capability. A

short summary of principal ecological characteristics

of selected tree species is included.

The nature of forest vegetation of central and

southern Wisconsin differs considerably from that in

the north. In many areas, forests have been under

continuous disturbance since, and in many cases prior

to, Euro-American settlement. Disturbance included

fires, grazing and other uses, and logging. For these

reasons the application of the classification to specific

sites can be difficult, particularly the use of the

identification keys in the field guide. As much floristic

and descriptive information as possible was included,

however, so that users should be able to interpret the

major management implications of most communities

and sites (Kotar and Burger, 1996).

Not every community and site type is included in

these classifications. The habitat types described are

based on stands or woodlots that had acceptable

conditions for sampling. For example, recently grazed

or otherwise disturbed stands or low-density stands

were not sampled. In some areas, the most productive

soils are used entirely for agriculture and no forest was

available for sampling. Particularly lacking were

communities on the poorest sites, such as steep

slopes and ridges with shallow soils, because these

sites tend to be the most disturbed. Some of the

habitat types that are described in this survey may not

have been sampled in Pepin County.

Habitat types have been determined for most of the

soils in Pepin County. Presently, habitat types have not

been developed for the poorly drained and very poorly

drained soils or the frequently flooded soils. The

vegetation on many of the very poorly drained soils,

such as Markey soils, consists of grasses, sedges,

and brush and only a few patches of poorly formed

trees. The frequently flooded soils, such as Algansee

soils, commonly are forested, but sufficient information

to place them in a habitat type classification is not

available at this time.

Where two habitat types are associated with a soil

map unit, they are identified as primary and

secondary. The primary habitat type is one that is most

common on the map unit. The secondary habitat type

is less common.

Habitat types for the detailed soil map units in the

county are shown in the table “Forest Habitat Types.”

The following paragraphs briefly describe the habitat

types in the county. The types are listed generally in

order from the poorest and least productive to the

most productive.

PVGy—Pinus strobus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

The common name is White pine/Low sweet

blueberry-Huckleberry. This habitat type is classified
214 Soil Survey of

as very dry or dry/poor nutrient. It is typically on flats

and the lower slopes. On the steep upper slopes,

south and southwest aspects, and narrow ridges, a

xeric subtype is recognized. Although no specific

plants reflect these severely dry conditions, tree

growth is strongly limited.

Various mixtures of pines (jack pine, red pine, white

pine), pin oak, black oak, and white oak occur. Pines

exhibit normal growth, but oaks attain only small

stature and poor form. Red maple occurs mostly as

saplings. In the literature these communities are

commonly referred to as pine and oak barrens.

Shrubs and small trees are poorly developed or do

not occur. Serviceberry, black cherry, blackberries, and

raspberries are common but have low coverage. Red

maple and black cherry are typically dominant.

Except for brackenfern, herbs are largely absent or

sparsely distributed. Most common are common

milkweed, whorled loosestrife, and wild lily of the

valley.

All tree species occurring on this type are adapted

to fire disturbance. In the absence of fire, white pine

appears to be best suited for reproduction in the

understory and could be expected to dominate

undisturbed stands. White oak also appears to

regenerate well enough to remain as a permanent

associate. Red pine, jack pine, and black oak would be

less common. Red maple and black cherry are

generally well represented in the sapling layer but

attain only small tree size and can be expected to

persist as understory associates.

PVHa—Pinus strobus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

The common name is White pine/Low sweet

blueberry-Witchhazel. This habitat type is classified as

dry/poor or medium nutrient. It is perhaps the most

productive of the habitat types that are typical of sandy

soils.

Species composition is similar to that of the PVRh

habitat type. White pine, red maple, and pin oak are

most common, but white oak, red oak, and aspen also

occur. Quality varies greatly, reflecting differences in

past use, but all of these species show good growth in

some stands.

The shrub and small tree layer is generally not

dense. Serviceberry, huckleberry, mapleleaf viburnum,

black cherry, blackberries, raspberries, witchhazel,

and beaked hazel are most common. Mapleleaf

viburnum and, especially, witchhazel are strong

indicators of this habitat type.

Common ground flora species are blueberries,

wintergreen, sessile bellwort, and bigleaf aster.

Starflower, swamp dewberry, partridgeberry, and

winterberry occur in scattered areas.

White pine is regenerating in all cover types if a

seed source is present. This species is therefore

considered as a potential permanent and dominant

component of any forest type. Red maple is probably

the strongest potential associate but only in the

secondary canopy layer. White oak and, especially, red

oak are likely to decrease in importance without largescale disturbance.

PVCr—Pinus strobus/Vaccinium-Cornus racemosa

The common name is White pine/Low sweet

blueberry-Gray dogwood. This habitat type is classified

as dry/medium nutrient.

Mixtures of white oak, black oak, and pin oak and

white pine are the most common trees. Jack pine also

is common. Red oak generally does not occur. Red

maple is common. This species grows better in areas

of this habitat type than in areas of the PVGy habitat

type but less well than in areas of the ArDe-V habitat

type. Black cherry is almost always present as

saplings but does not develop well into a larger size

class.

The shrub and small tree layer is much better

represented in areas of this habitat type than in areas

of the PVGy habitat type. Most diagnostic in this

respect are gray dogwood and chokecherry. Black

cherry is also better represented in the PVCr habitat

type. Other important species are blackberries,

raspberries, hazel, and serviceberry.

The herbaceous layer is poorly developed. A few

species are better represented in areas of this habitat

type than in areas of the PVGy habitat type and are

useful for identification. These are wild sarsaparilla,

true Solomons seal, and Virginia creeper.

All tree species are adapted to fire disturbance. The

relative frequency and intensity of fire probably

controlled community composition in presettlement

time. There is no evidence to suggest that in the

absence of fire the same species, with the exception

of jack pine, could not maintain themselves on this

type. White pine, because of its much larger stature

and longer life span than other species, is presumed

to be a potential dominant species.

PVRh—Pinus strobus/Vaccinium-Rubus hispidus

The common name is White pine/Low sweet

blueberry-Dewberry. This habitat type is classified as

dry-mesic/poor nutrient.

White pine, red maple, and pin oak, in various

mixtures, are the most common dominant species in

current stands. White oak and jack pine are common

associates, but red oak does not normally occur.

The shrub and small tree layer is generally absent

or poorly developed. Huckleberry is conspicuous, but
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 215

other species have low coverage. The species that

generally occur are black cherry, serviceberry, and

winterberry. Winterberry is best represented in areas

of this habitat type. Conspicuously rare are gray

dogwood, chokecherry, and hazel. All of these species

are typically well represented on dry and dry-mesic

sites.

Partridgeberry, swamp dewberry, starflower, ground

pine, goldthread, bunchberry, and yellow beadlily have

only moderate occurrence but readily distinguish this

type from others. These species are characteristically

members of northern forests and are rarely found in

southern habitat types. Cinammon fern may dominate

the herb layer, especially where ground water is

nearer the surface.

White pine was the dominant presettlement species

in areas of this habitat type. Red maple and pin oak

were probably always present, but these species

assumed dominance after white pine was logged off.

Since then, the white pine seed source has slowly

increased, and white pine regeneration is now

common in many stands.

ArDe-V—Acer rubrum/Desmodium, Vaccinium

variant

The common name is Red maple/Pointed-leaf tick

trefoil, Low sweet blueberry variant. This habitat type is

classified as a transition between dry and dry-mesic.

White oak and red maple are the most common

dominant species in stands that were sampled, but red

oak can also occur. Pin oak and black oak are much

less common in areas of this habitat type than in areas

of the PVCr habitat type. White pine also is common.

The shrub and small tree layer is generally well

represented. Major species, in decreasing order of

average coverage, are hazel, blackberries and

raspberries, serviceberry, black cherry, gray dogwood,

and bush honeysuckle. Red maple saplings commonly

dominate this layer.

Total herb coverage and number of species are

higher than on other dry habitat types of this region.

Blueberry occurs with small coverage and helps to

distinguish ArDe-V from ArCi and other dry-mesic and

mesic types. The species that best distinguishes this

type from the drier types is pointed-leaf tick trefoil.

Other diagnostic species with lower occurrences are

sweet cicely, wild geranium, and hog peanut. The best

represented species are brackenfern, bigleaf aster,

tick trefoil, wild sarsaparilla, and Virginia creeper.

The presettlement fire regime favored the

development of oak communities. Red oak is not

reproducing adequately in current stands, even when

this species is dominant in the overstory. White oak,

however, shows some ability to persist. Red maple is

the most shade-tolerant species that is well adapted to

these sites and is presumed to be a climax species. It

is also possible that white pine can again become a

permanent member of communities in areas of this

habitat type once it can be established as a seed

source.

ArCi and ArCi-Ph—Acer rubrum/Circaea and Acer

rubrum/Circaea, Phryma variant

The common names are Red maple/Nightshade

and Red maple/Nightshade, Lopseed variant. Both of

these community types are classified as dry-mesic/

medium or rich nutrient. ArCi is commonly in areas of

loamy soils, and ArCi-Ph is in areas where the soils

have a mantle of silt loam. Red oak, white oak, and

red maple, in relatively pure stands or in mixtures, are

most common. Hardwoods that are more commonly

associated with soils higher in natural fertility and with

a more favorable moisture regime, such as sugar

maple, basswood, and white ash, are in scattered

areas in some stands of the ArCi-Ph type.

Regardless of the composition of tree species in

current stands, the ArCi community type can be

identified by strong representation of any of the

following ground flora species: nightshade, Virginia

creeper, sweet cicely, wild geranium, and

gooseberries. Both community types are distinguished

from the drier habitat types in the county by a general

absence of blueberry and huckleberry. Similarly, they

are distinguished from the more moist habitat types by

a general absence of the blue cohosh ecological

species group. ArCi-Ph is typically distinguishable from

ArCi by the occurrence of lopseed (Phryma). Other

floristic differences between the two community types

are subtle.

The climax nature of ArCi and ArCi-Ph has not

been adequately studied. Red maple is presently the

most common species capable of reproducing in

existing oak stands. For these reasons, ArCi and ArCiPh are referred to as “community types” rather than as

habitat types. Red maple can perhaps be viewed as a

“pseudo-climax” species until a sugar maple seed

source once again becomes common on sites where

fire once controlled the plant community dynamics.

AArVb—Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

acerifolium

The common name is Sugar Maple-red maple/

mapleleaf viburnum. This habitat type is classified as

dry-mesic/medium nutrient.

Areas of this habitat type are dominantly used as

cropland, and a limited number of sites are available

for sampling. Stands that were sampled are dominated

by red oak and white oak, but red maple and sugar
216 Soil Survey of

maple also are common. Most characteristic in the

shrub and small tree layer is mapleleaf viburnum.

Other species, in order of decreasing average

coverage, include hazel, black cherry, chokecherry, fly

honeysuckle, and bush honeysuckle, but ironwood and

red maple typically dominate this layer.

Species typical of dry-mesic habitats prevail in the

understory. These include mapleleaf viburnum, hazel,

bigleaf aster, wild sarsaparilla, pointed-leaf tick trefoil,

and brackenfern. The occurrence of blueberry is also

noteworthy because it underscores the trend toward a

drier site type.

Maps of presettlement vegetation show a complex

pattern in the area where this habitat type was

identified. Oak, pine, prairie, and maple-basswood

communities were found. It is clear that fire has played

a major role. In the absence of fire, oak stands readily

succeed to either red maple or sugar maple. Sugar

maple does not appear to be outcompeting red maple

in areas of this habitat type; therefore, both species

are included in the habitat type name.

ATiCa-La and ATiSa-De—Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum,

Laportea variant, and Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria,

Desmodium variant

The common names are Sugar maple-Basswood/

Blue cohosh, Wood nettle variant, and Sugar mapleBasswood/Bloodroot, Pointed-leaf tick trefoil variant.

These habitat types are classified as mesic/very rich

nutrient.

Most areas of these habitat types have been

converted to agricultural use. ATiCa-La is

predominantly on the less sloping broader summits or

on the steeper slopes that have north and east

aspects. ATiSa-De is more common on the steeper

slopes that have south and west aspects.

Both habitat types are typically dominated by sugar

maple and basswood. Red oak and bitternut hickory

are common associates. White oak, ironwood, and red

maple are more common in areas of the ATiSa-De

variant. White ash is rare in comparison with areas of

mesic/very rich nutrient sites in other regions.

The shrub layer is not well developed on either of

these two variants when the tree canopy is closed.

The most common species are gooseberry,

chokecherry, and alternate-leaf dogwood. Ironwood is

abundant in areas of the ATiSa-De variant.

The mesic/rich nutrient species group is well

represented in both variants, although total herb

coverage tends to be low. The species that are most

characteristic are bloodroot, blue cohosh, sharp-lobed

hepatica, wild ginger, and trillium. Wood nettle was

found in only about half of the study stands of the

ATiCa-La variant, but coverage levels were high (10 to

20 percent). Pointed-leaf tick trefoil, wild geranium,

bigleaf aster, black snakeroot, green briar, and zig-zag

goldenrod are much better represented in areas of the

ATiSa-De variant.

In presettlement time these sites were dominated

by sugar maple-basswood forest and were surrounded

by oak openings, oak savanna, or prairie. There are no

consistent soil differences among these presettlement

vegetation types to account for the variation. Fire

history appears to be the primary cause. Maplebasswood forests appear to be stable on these habitat

types. Stands dominated by any other species,

especially oaks, are also being replaced by maplebasswood wherever adequate seed sources exist.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 217

Forest Land Harvest Equipment Considerations

(See text for a description of the considerations listed in this table)

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest land harvest equipment

 soil name | considerations _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

11A: |

 Markey-------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

20A: |

 Palms--------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

 Houghton-----------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

21A: |

 Palms--------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

40A: |

 Markey-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

 Seelyeville--------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

114B2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

114C2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

115B2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

115C2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

115D2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

116C2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

116D2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

116E: |

 Churchtown---------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

125B2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

125C2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |
218 Soil Survey of

Forest Land Harvest Equipment Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest land harvest equipment

 soil name | considerations _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

125D2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

125E2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

144B2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

144C2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

144D2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

144E: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

213C2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

213D2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

213E2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

224B: |

 Elevasil-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

224C2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

224D2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

233C: |

 Boone--------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

254B2: |

 Norden-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

254C2: |

 Norden-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

254D2: |

 Norden-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

254E2: |

 Norden-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

254F: |

 Norden-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 219

Forest Land Harvest Equipment Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest land harvest equipment

 soil name | considerations _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

255B2: |

 Urne---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

255C2: |

 Urne---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

255D2: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255E: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255F: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

265B: |

 Garne--------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

265C: |

 Garne--------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

303A: |

 Boguscreek---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

313D2: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

313F: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

316B2: |

 Ella---------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

316C2: |

 Ella---------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

318A: |

 Bearpen------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

326B2: |

 Medary-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

403A: |

 Dakota-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

413A: |

 Rasset-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

413B: |

 Rasset-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

423A: |

 Meridian-----------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

423B2: |

 Meridian-----------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |
220 Soil Survey of

Forest Land Harvest Equipment Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest land harvest equipment

 soil name | considerations _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

429A: |

 Lows---------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

432A: |

 Kevilar------------------| Wetness

 |

432B: |

 Kevilar------------------| Wetness

 |

432C2: |

 Kevilar------------------| Wetness

 |

433A: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

433B: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

433C2: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

436A: |

 Rusktown-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

438A: |

 Hoopeston----------------| Wetness

 |

453A: |

 Burkhardt----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

453B: |

 Burkhardt----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

501A: |

 Finchford----------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

501B: |

 Finchford----------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

502B2: |

 Chelsea------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

502C2: |

 Chelsea------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

506A: |

 Komro--------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

508A: |

 Farrington---------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Wetness

 |

510B: |

 Boplain------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

510C: |

 Boplain------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

510F: |

 Boplain------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Slope

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 221

Forest Land Harvest Equipment Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest land harvest equipment

 soil name | considerations _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

511A: |

 Plainfield---------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

511B: |

 Plainfield---------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

511C: |

 Plainfield---------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

511F: |

 Plainfield---------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Slope

 |

512B: |

 Drammen------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

512C: |

 Drammen------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

512D: |

 Drammen------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Slope

 |

516A: |

 Aldo---------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

546A: |

 Prissel------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Wetness

 |

546B: |

 Prissel------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Wetness

 |

546F: |

 Prissel------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Slope

 | Wetness

 |

561B: |

 Tarr---------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

566A: |

 Tint---------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

589A: |

 Newson-------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Wetness

 |

616B: |

 Chaseburg----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

626A: |

 Arenzville---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

628A: |

 Orion--------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

629A: |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |
222 Soil Survey of

Forest Land Harvest Equipment Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest land harvest equipment

 soil name | considerations _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

646A: |

 Dunnbot------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

656A: |

 Scotah-------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 |

826B2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

826C2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

1135F: |

 Dorerton-----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

 Elbaville----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

1145F: |

 Gaphill------------------| Slope

 |

 Rockbluff----------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Slope

 |

1155F: |

 Brodale------------------| Areas of rock outcrop

 | Slope

 |

 Bellechester-------------| Areas of rock outcrop

 | Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Slope

 |

 Rock outcrop. |

 |

1224F: |

 Boone--------------------| Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Slope

 |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

1648A: |

 Northbend----------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

1658A: |

 Algansee-----------------| Flooding

 | Poor traction (loose sandy material)

 | Wetness

 |

 Kalmarville--------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

2003A: |

 Riverwash. |

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 223

Forest Land Harvest Equipment Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest land harvest equipment

 soil name | considerations _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

2013: |

 Pits, gravel. |

 |

2014: |

 Pits, quarry. |

 |

2040: |

 Udipsamments. |

 |

2050: |

 Landfill. |

 | _____________________________________________________________________________
224 Soil Survey of

Forest Haul Road Considerations

(See text for a description of the considerations listed in this table)

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest haul road considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

11A: |

 Markey-------------------| Flooding

 | Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

20A: |

 Palms--------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

 Houghton-----------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

21A: |

 Palms--------------------| Flooding

 | Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

40A: |

 Markey-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

 Seelyeville--------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

114B2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Low bearing strength

 |

114C2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

115B2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Low bearing strength

 |

115C2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

115D2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

116C2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

116D2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

116E: |

 Churchtown---------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

125B2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Low bearing strength

 |

125C2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 225

Forest Haul Road Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest haul road considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

125D2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

125E2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

144B2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Low bearing strength

 |

144C2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

144D2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

144E: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

213C2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

213D2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

213E2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

224B: |

 Elevasil-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

224C2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

224D2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

233C: |

 Boone--------------------| Slope

 |

254B2: |

 Norden-------------------| Low bearing strength

 |

254C2: |

 Norden-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

254D2: |

 Norden-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

254E2: |

 Norden-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |
226 Soil Survey of

Forest Haul Road Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest haul road considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

254F: |

 Norden-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

255B2: |

 Urne---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

255C2: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255D2: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255E: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255F: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

265B: |

 Garne--------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

265C: |

 Garne--------------------| Slope

 |

303A: |

 Boguscreek---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

313D2: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

313F: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

316B2: |

 Ella---------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

316C2: |

 Ella---------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 | Wetness

 |

318A: |

 Bearpen------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

326B2: |

 Medary-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

403A: |

 Dakota-------------------| Low bearing strength

 |

413A: |

 Rasset-------------------| Low bearing strength

 |

413B: |

 Rasset-------------------| Low bearing strength

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 227

Forest Haul Road Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest haul road considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

423A: |

 Meridian-----------------| Low bearing strength

 |

423B2: |

 Meridian-----------------| Low bearing strength

 |

429A: |

 Lows---------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

432A: |

 Kevilar------------------| Wetness

 |

432B: |

 Kevilar------------------| Wetness

 |

432C2: |

 Kevilar------------------| Slope

 | Wetness

 |

433A: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

433B: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

433C2: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| Slope

 |

436A: |

 Rusktown-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

438A: |

 Hoopeston----------------| Wetness

 |

453A: |

 Burkhardt----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

453B: |

 Burkhardt----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

501A: |

 Finchford----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

501B: |

 Finchford----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

502B2: |

 Chelsea------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

502C2: |

 Chelsea------------------| Slope

 |

506A: |

 Komro--------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

508A: |

 Farrington---------------| Wetness

 |

510B: |

 Boplain------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

510C: |

 Boplain------------------| Slope

 |
228 Soil Survey of

Forest Haul Road Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest haul road considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

510F: |

 Boplain------------------| Slope

 |

511A: |

 Plainfield---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

511B: |

 Plainfield---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

511C: |

 Plainfield---------------| Slope

 |

511F: |

 Plainfield---------------| Slope

 |

512B: |

 Drammen------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

512C: |

 Drammen------------------| Slope

 |

512D: |

 Drammen------------------| Slope

 |

516A: |

 Aldo---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

546A: |

 Prissel------------------| Wetness

 |

546B: |

 Prissel------------------| Wetness

 |

546F: |

 Prissel------------------| Slope

 | Wetness

 |

561B: |

 Tarr---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

566A: |

 Tint---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

589A: |

 Newson-------------------| Wetness

 |

616B: |

 Chaseburg----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

626A: |

 Arenzville---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

628A: |

 Orion--------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

629A: |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

646A: |

 Dunnbot------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 229

Forest Haul Road Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest haul road considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

656A: |

 Scotah-------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

826B2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

826C2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 | Wetness

 |

1135F: |

 Dorerton-----------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

 Elbaville----------------| Low bearing strength

 | Slope

 |

1145F: |

 Gaphill------------------| Slope

 |

 Rockbluff----------------| Slope

 |

1155F: |

 Brodale------------------| Areas of rock outcrop

 | Slope

 |

 Bellechester-------------| Areas of rock outcrop

 | Slope

 |

 Rock outcrop. |

 |

1224F: |

 Boone--------------------| Slope

 |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

1648A: |

 Northbend----------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Low bearing strength

 | Wetness

 |

1658A: |

 Algansee-----------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

 Kalmarville--------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

2003A: |

 Riverwash. |

 |

2013: |

 Pits, gravel. |

 |

2014: |

 Pits, quarry. |

 |
230 Soil Survey of

Forest Haul Road Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest haul road considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

2040: |

 Udipsamments. |

 |

2050: |

 Landfill. |

 | _____________________________________________________________________________
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 231

Forest Log Landing Considerations

(See text for a description of the considerations listed in this table)

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest log landing considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

11A: |

 Markey-------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

20A: |

 Palms--------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

 Houghton-----------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

21A: |

 Palms--------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

40A: |

 Markey-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

 Seelyeville--------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

114B2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

114C2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

115B2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

115C2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

115D2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

116C2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

116D2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

116E: |

 Churchtown---------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

125B2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |
232 Soil Survey of

Forest Log Landing Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest log landing considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

125C2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

125D2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

125E2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

144B2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

144C2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

144D2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

144E: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

213C2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

213D2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

213E2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

224B: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

224C2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

224D2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

233C: |

 Boone--------------------| Slope

 |

254B2: |

 Norden-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

254C2: |

 Norden-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

254D2: |

 Norden-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 233

Forest Log Landing Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest log landing considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

254E2: |

 Norden-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

254F: |

 Norden-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

255B2: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255C2: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255D2: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255E: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

255F: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 |

265B: |

 Garne--------------------| Slope

 |

265C: |

 Garne--------------------| Slope

 |

303A: |

 Boguscreek---------------| Flooding

 |

313D2: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

313F: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

316B2: |

 Ella---------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

316C2: |

 Ella---------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

318A: |

 Bearpen------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

326B2: |

 Medary-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

403A: |

 Dakota-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |
234 Soil Survey of

Forest Log Landing Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest log landing considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

413A: |

 Rasset-------------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

413B: |

 Rasset-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

423A: |

 Meridian-----------------| Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

423B2: |

 Meridian-----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

429A: |

 Lows---------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

432A: |

 Kevilar------------------| Wetness

 |

432B: |

 Kevilar------------------| Slope

 | Wetness

 |

432C2: |

 Kevilar------------------| Slope

 | Wetness

 |

433A: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

433B: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| Slope

 |

433C2: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| Slope

 |

436A: |

 Rusktown-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

438A: |

 Hoopeston----------------| Wetness

 |

453A: |

 Burkhardt----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

453B: |

 Burkhardt----------------| Slope

 |

501A: |

 Finchford----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

501B: |

 Finchford----------------| Slope

 |

502B2: |

 Chelsea------------------| Slope

 |

502C2: |

 Chelsea------------------| Slope

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 235

Forest Log Landing Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest log landing considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

506A: |

 Komro--------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

508A: |

 Farrington---------------| Wetness

 |

510B: |

 Boplain------------------| Slope

 |

510C: |

 Boplain------------------| Slope

 |

510F: |

 Boplain------------------| Slope

 |

511A: |

 Plainfield---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

511B: |

 Plainfield---------------| Slope

 |

511C: |

 Plainfield---------------| Slope

 |

511F: |

 Plainfield---------------| Slope

 |

512B: |

 Drammen------------------| Slope

 |

512C: |

 Drammen------------------| Slope

 |

512D: |

 Drammen------------------| Slope

 |

516A: |

 Aldo---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

546A: |

 Prissel------------------| Wetness

 |

546B: |

 Prissel------------------| Slope

 | Wetness

 |

546F: |

 Prissel------------------| Slope

 | Wetness

 |

561B: |

 Tarr---------------------| Slope

 |

566A: |

 Tint---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

589A: |

 Newson-------------------| Wetness

 |

616B: |

 Chaseburg----------------| Flooding

 | Slope

 |
236 Soil Survey of

Forest Log Landing Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest log landing considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

626A: |

 Arenzville---------------| Flooding

 |

628A: |

 Orion--------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

629A: |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

646A: |

 Dunnbot------------------| Flooding

 |

656A: |

 Scotah-------------------| Flooding

 |

826B2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

826C2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |

1135F: |

 Dorerton-----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

 Elbaville----------------| Slope

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 |

1145F: |

 Gaphill------------------| Slope

 |

 Rockbluff----------------| Slope

 |

1155F: |

 Brodale------------------| Areas of rock outcrop

 | Slope

 |

 Bellechester-------------| Areas of rock outcrop

 | Slope

 |

 Rock outcrop. |

 |

1224F: |

 Boone--------------------| Slope

 |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 |

1648A: |

 Northbend----------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Susceptible to rutting and wheel slippage

 | Wetness

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 237

Forest Log Landing Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Forest log landing considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

1658A: |

 Algansee-----------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

 Kalmarville--------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

2003A: |

 Riverwash. |

 |

2013: |

 Pits, gravel. |

 |

2014: |

 Pits, quarry. |

 |

2040: |

 Udipsamments. |

 |

2050: |

 Landfill. |

 | _____________________________________________________________________________
238 Soil Survey of

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting Considerations

(See text for a description of the considerations listed in this table)

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Site preparation and planting considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

11A: |

 Markey-------------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

20A: |

 Palms--------------------| Wetness

 |

 Houghton-----------------| Wetness

 |

21A: |

 Palms--------------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

40A: |

 Markey-------------------| Wetness

 |

 Seelyeville--------------| Wetness

 |

114B2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

114C2: |

 Mt. Carroll--------------| Water erosion

 |

115B2: |

 Seaton-------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

115C2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Water erosion

 |

115D2: |

 Seaton-------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

116C2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Water erosion

 |

116D2: |

 Churchtown---------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

116E: |

 Churchtown---------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

125B2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 |

125C2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Water erosion

 |

125D2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 239

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Site preparation and planting considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

125E2: |

 Pepin--------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

144B2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 |

144C2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Water erosion

 |

144D2: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

144E: |

 NewGlarus----------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

213C2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Water erosion

 |

213D2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

213E2: |

 Hixton-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

224B: |

 Elevasil-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

224C2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Water erosion

 |

224D2: |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

233C: |

 Boone--------------------| Water erosion

 |

254B2: |

 Norden-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 |

254C2: |

 Norden-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Water erosion

 |

254D2: |

 Norden-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |
240 Soil Survey of

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Site preparation and planting considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

254E2: |

 Norden-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

254F: |

 Norden-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

255B2: |

 Urne---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

255C2: |

 Urne---------------------| Water erosion

 |

255D2: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

255E: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

255F: |

 Urne---------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

265B: |

 Garne--------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

265C: |

 Garne--------------------| Water erosion

 |

303A: |

 Boguscreek---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

313D2: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

313F: |

 Plumcreek----------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

316B2: |

 Ella---------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Wetness

 |

316C2: |

 Ella---------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Water erosion

 | Wetness

 |

318A: |

 Bearpen------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Wetness

 |

326B2: |

 Medary-------------------| Wetness

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 241

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Site preparation and planting considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

403A: |

 Dakota-------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 |

413A: |

 Rasset-------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

413B: |

 Rasset-------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

423A: |

 Meridian-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

423B2: |

 Meridian-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

429A: |

 Lows---------------------| Wetness

 |

432A: |

 Kevilar------------------| Wetness

 |

432B: |

 Kevilar------------------| Wetness

 |

432C2: |

 Kevilar------------------| Water erosion

 | Wetness

 |

433A: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

433B: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

433C2: |

 Forkhorn-----------------| Water erosion

 |

436A: |

 Rusktown-----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

438A: |

 Hoopeston----------------| Wetness

 |

453A: |

 Burkhardt----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

453B: |

 Burkhardt----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

501A: |

 Finchford----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

501B: |

 Finchford----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

502B2: |

 Chelsea------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

502C2: |

 Chelsea------------------| Water erosion

 |

506A: |

 Komro--------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |
242 Soil Survey of

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Site preparation and planting considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

508A: |

 Farrington---------------| Wetness

 |

510B: |

 Boplain------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

510C: |

 Boplain------------------| Water erosion

 |

510F: |

 Boplain------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

511A: |

 Plainfield---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

511B: |

 Plainfield---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

511C: |

 Plainfield---------------| Water erosion

 |

511F: |

 Plainfield---------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

512B: |

 Drammen------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

512C: |

 Drammen------------------| Water erosion

 |

512D: |

 Drammen------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

516A: |

 Aldo---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

546A: |

 Prissel------------------| Wetness

 |

546B: |

 Prissel------------------| Wetness

 |

546F: |

 Prissel------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 | Wetness

 |

561B: |

 Tarr---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

566A: |

 Tint---------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

589A: |

 Newson-------------------| Wetness

 |

616B: |

 Chaseburg----------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 243

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Site preparation and planting considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

626A: |

 Arenzville---------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

628A: |

 Orion--------------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Wetness

 |

629A: |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

646A: |

 Dunnbot------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

656A: |

 Scotah-------------------| No major considerations or hazards

 |

826B2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Wetness

 |

826C2: |

 Hersey-------------------| Water erosion

 | Wetness

 |

1135F: |

 Dorerton-----------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

 Elbaville----------------| Potential poor tilth and compaction

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

1145F: |

 Gaphill------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

 Rockbluff----------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

1155F: |

 Brodale------------------| Areas of rock outcrop

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

 Bellechester-------------| Areas of rock outcrop

 | Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

 Rock outcrop. |

 |

1224F: |

 Boone--------------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

 Elevasil-----------------| Slope

 | Water erosion

 |

1648A: |

 Northbend----------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

 Ettrick------------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |
244 Soil Survey of

Forest Land Site Preparation and Planting Considerations--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |

 and | Site preparation and planting considerations

 soil name | _____________________________________________________________________________

 |

1658A: |

 Algansee-----------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

 Kalmarville--------------| Flooding

 | Wetness

 |

2003A: |

 Riverwash. |

 |

2013: |

 Pits, gravel. |

 |

2014: |

 Pits, quarry. |

 |

2040: |

 Udipsamments. |

 |

2050: |

 Landfill. |

 | _____________________________________________________________________________
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 245

Forest Habitat Types

(See text for a description of terms used in this table)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map | | Habitat | |

symbol| Soil name(s) | symbol | Dominance | Short scientific name ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

11A | Markey-------------------------| Norg | Primary | N/A (organic soils)

 | | | |

20A | Palms, Houghton----------------| Norg | Primary | N/A (organic soils)

 | | | |

21A | Palms--------------------------| Norg | Primary | N/A (organic soils)

 | | | |

40A | Markey, Seelyeville------------| Norg | Primary | N/A (organic soils)

 | | | |

114B2 | Mt. Carroll--------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

114C2 | Mt. Carroll--------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

115B2 | Seaton-------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

115C2 | Seaton-------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

115D2 | Seaton-------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

116C2 | Churchtown---------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

116D2 | Churchtown---------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

116E | Churchtown---------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

125B2 | Pepin--------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

125C2 | Pepin--------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

125D2 | Pepin--------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

125E2 | Pepin--------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

144B2 | NewGlarus----------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

144C2 | NewGlarus----------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

144D2 | NewGlarus----------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

144E | NewGlarus----------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

213C2 | Hixton-------------------------| ArDe-V | Primary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | ArCi | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | | |

213D2 | Hixton-------------------------| ArDe-V | Primary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | ArCi | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | | |

213E2 | Hixton-------------------------| ArDe-V | Primary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | ArCi | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | | |

224B | Elevasil-----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | ArDe-V | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | | |

224C2 | Elevasil-----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | ArDe-V | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | | |
246 Soil Survey of

Forest Habitat Types--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map | | Habitat | |

symbol| Soil name(s) | symbol | Dominance | Short scientific name ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

224D2 | Elevasil-----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | ArDe-V | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | | |

233C | Boone--------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

254B2 | Norden-------------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ArCi | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | | |

254C2 | Norden-------------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ArCi | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | | |

254D2 | Norden-------------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ArCi | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | | |

254E2 | Norden-------------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ArCi | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | | |

254F | Norden-------------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ArCi | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | | |

255B2 | Urne---------------------------| ArCi | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | ArDe-V | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | | |

255C2 | Urne---------------------------| ArCi | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | ArDe-V | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | | |

255D2 | Urne---------------------------| ArCi | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | ArDe-V | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | | |

255E | Urne---------------------------| ArCi | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | ArDe-V | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | | |

255F | Urne---------------------------| ArCi | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | ArDe-V | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Desmodium (Vaccinium)

 | | | |

265B | Garne--------------------------| PVHa | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

 | | | |

265C | Garne--------------------------| PVHa | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

 | | | |

303A | Boguscreek---------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

313D2 | Plumcreek----------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

313F | Plumcreek----------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

316B2 | Ella---------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

316C2 | Ella---------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

318A | Bearpen------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

326B2 | Medary-------------------------| ArCi-Ph | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | ATiSa-De| Secondary | Acer-Tilia/Sanguinaria (Desmodium)

 | | | |

403A | Dakota-------------------------| AArVb | Primary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |

413A | Rasset-------------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | AArVb | Secondary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |

413B | Rasset-------------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | AArVb | Secondary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |

423A | Meridian-----------------------| AArVb | Primary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 247

Forest Habitat Types--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map | | Habitat | |

symbol| Soil name(s) | symbol | Dominance | Short scientific name ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

423B2 | Meridian-----------------------| AArVb | Primary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |

429A | Lows---------------------------| Nmin | Primary | N/A (wet mineral upland soils)

 | | | |

432A | Kevilar------------------------| AArVb | Primary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

432B | Kevilar------------------------| AArVb | Primary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

432C2 | Kevilar------------------------| AArVb | Primary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

433A | Forkhorn-----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | AArVb | Secondary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |

433B | Forkhorn-----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | AArVb | Secondary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |

433C2 | Forkhorn-----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | AArVb | Secondary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |

436A | Rusktown-----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | AArVb | Secondary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | | |

438A | Hoopeston----------------------| PVRh | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Rubus

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

453A | Burkhardt----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

453B | Burkhardt----------------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

501A | Finchford----------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

501B | Finchford----------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

502B2 | Chelsea------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

502C2 | Chelsea------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

506A | Komro--------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

508A | Farrington---------------------| PVRh | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Rubus

 | | PVGy | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | | |

510B | Boplain------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

510C | Boplain------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

510F | Boplain------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

511A | Plainfield---------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

511B | Plainfield---------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |
248 Soil Survey of

Forest Habitat Types--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map | | Habitat | |

symbol| Soil name(s) | symbol | Dominance | Short scientific name ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

511C | Plainfield---------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

511F | Plainfield---------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

512B | Drammen------------------------| PVHa | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

 | | PVGy | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | | |

512C | Drammen------------------------| PVHa | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

 | | PVGy | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | | |

512D | Drammen------------------------| PVHa | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

 | | PVGy | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | | |

516A | Aldo---------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

546A | Prissel------------------------| PVHa | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

 | | | |

546B | Prissel------------------------| PVHa | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

 | | | |

546F | Prissel------------------------| PVHa | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis

 | | | |

561B | Tarr---------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

566A | Tint---------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

589A | Newson-------------------------| Nmin | Primary | N/A (wet mineral upland soils)

 | | | |

616B | Chaseburg----------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

626A | Arenzville---------------------| Noth | Primary | N/A (other map units)

 | | | |

628A | Orion--------------------------| Noth | Primary | N/A (other map units)

 | | | |

629A | Ettrick------------------------| Nmin | Primary | N/A (wet mineral upland soils)

 | | | |

646A | Dunnbot------------------------| AArVb | Primary | Acer saccharum-Acer rubrum/Viburnum

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

656A | Scotah-------------------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

826B2 | Hersey-------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

826C2 | Hersey-------------------------| ATiCa-La| Primary | Acer-Tilia/Caulophyllum (Laportea)

 | | | |

1135F | Dorerton, Elbaville------------| ArCi | Primary | Acer rubrum/Circaea

 | | ArCi-Ph | Secondary | Acer rubrum/Circaea (Phryma)

 | | | |

1145F | Gaphill, Rockbluff-------------| PVCr | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | PVGy | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | | |

1155F | Brodale, Bellechester----------| Noth | Primary | N/A (other map units)

 | | | |

1224F | Boone, Elevasil----------------| PVGy | Primary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Gaylussacia

 | | PVCr | Secondary | Pinus/Vaccinium-Cornus

 | | | |

1648A | Northbend, Ettrick-------------| Nflp | Primary | N/A (wet mineral flood-plain soils)

 | | | |

1658A | Algansee, Kalmarville----------| Nflp | Primary | N/A (wet mineral flood-plain soils)

 | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 249

Forest Habitat Types--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Map | | Habitat | |

symbol| Soil name(s) | symbol | Dominance | Short scientific name ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

2003A | Riverwash----------------------| Nflp | Primary | N/A (wet mineral flood-plain soils)

 | | | |

2013 | Pits---------------------------| Noth | Primary | N/A (other map units)

 | | | |

2014 | Pits---------------------------| Noth | Primary | N/A (other map units)

 | | | |

2040 | Udipsamments-------------------| Noth | Primary | N/A (other map units)

 | | | |

2050 | Landfill-----------------------| Noth | Primary | N/A (other map units)

 | | | |

W | Water--------------------------| Nwat | Primary | N/A (water)

 | | | |

M-W | Miscellaneous water------------| Nwat | Primary | N/A (water)

 | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
251

Pepin County offers a wide variety of outdoor

recreational opportunities. Hunting, fishing, camping,

canoeing, hiking, snowmobiling, and wildlife viewing

are among the most popular.

There are few natural lakes in Pepin County. Rivers,

sloughs, and streams are the major areas for waterrelated recreation. The Mississippi and Chippewa

Rivers provide miles of scenic water for canoeing and

boating and for fishing for most warm-water species. A

number of small streams contain populations of trout.

Additionally, Lake Pepin, a natural widening of the

Mississippi River, offers many square miles of open

water for sailing and other boating enthusiasts.

Bluffs, coulees, and river bottoms provide diverse

terrain for hunting, wildlife viewing, hiking, and

mushroom picking. Hunting for whitetail deer, turkey,

grouse, and waterfowl is popular in the Tiffany Wildlife

Area, which is along the Chippewa River near its

confluence with the Mississippi River. More than 4,700

acres of public lands, including Nine Mile Natural Area

and Lake Pepin State Park, are accessible to the

public for a wide range of uses. Arkansaw County Park

and Silver Birch/Holden County Park also are popular

areas for camping, and city and village parks have

facilities for picnicking.

Winter sports are available in the form of more than

100 miles of groomed snowmobile trails and many

miles of rustic cross-country ski trails. Ice fishing also

is popular on lakes and in remote sloughs.

The soils of the survey area are rated in the table

“Recreational Development” according to limitations

that affect their suitability for recreation. The ratings

are based on restrictive soil features, such as

wetness, slope, and texture of the surface layer.

Susceptibility to flooding is considered. Not considered

in the ratings, but important in evaluating a site, are

the location and accessibility of the area, the size and

shape of the area and its scenic quality, the ability of

the soil to support vegetation, access to water,

potential water impoundment sites, and either access

to public sewer lines or the capacity of the soil to

absorb septic tank effluent. Soils subject to flooding

are limited, in varying degrees, for recreational uses

by the duration of flooding and the season when it

occurs. Onsite assessment of the height, duration,

intensity, and frequency of flooding is essential in

planning recreational facilities.

Camp areas are tracts of land used intensively as

sites for tents, trailers, and campers and for outdoor

activities that accompany such sites. These areas

require site preparation, such as shaping and leveling

the tent and parking areas, stabilizing roads and

intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities

and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to heavy foot

traffic and some vehicular traffic. The soils are rated on

the basis of soil properties that influence the ease of

developing camp areas and performance of the areas

after development. Also considered are the soil

properties that influence trafficability and promote the

growth of vegetation after heavy use.

Picnic areas are natural or landscaped tracts of

land that are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The soils are rated on the basis of soil

properties that influence the cost of shaping the site,

trafficability, and the growth of vegetation after

development. The surface of picnic areas should

absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot

traffic, and not be dusty when dry.

Playgrounds are areas used intensively for

baseball, football, or similar activities. These areas

require a nearly level soil that is free of stones and that

can withstand heavy foot traffic and maintain an

adequate cover of vegetation. The soils are rated on

the basis of soil properties that influence the cost of

shaping the site, trafficability, and the growth of

vegetation. Slope and stoniness are the main

concerns in developing playgrounds. The surface of

the playgrounds should absorb rainfall readily, remain

firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when

dry.

Paths and trails are areas used for hiking and

horseback riding. The areas should require little or no

cutting and filling during site preparation. The soils are

rated on the basis of soil properties that influence

trafficability and erodibility. Paths and trails should

remain firm under foot traffic and not be dusty when

dry.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

Recreation
252 Soil Survey of

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.

The interpretive ratings in this table help engineers,

planners, and others to understand how soil properties

influence recreational uses. Ratings for proposed uses

are given in terms of limitations. Only the most

restrictive features are listed. Other features may limit

a specific recreational use.

The degree of soil limitation is expressed as slight,

moderate, or severe.

Slight means that soil properties are favorable for

the rated use. The limitations are minor and can be

easily overcome. Good performance and low

maintenance are expected.

Moderate means that soil properties are moderately

favorable for the rated use. The limitations can be

overcome or modified by special planning, design, or

maintenance. During some part of the year, the

expected performance may be less desirable than that

of soils rated slight.

Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable

for the rated use. Examples of limitations are slope,

bedrock near the surface, flooding, and a seasonal

high water table. These limitations generally require

major soil reclamation, special design, or intensive

maintenance. Overcoming the limitations generally is

difficult and costly.

The information in the table “Recreational

Development” can be supplemented by other

information in this survey, for example, interpretations

for dwellings without basements and for local roads

and streets in the table “Building Site Development”

and interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in

the table “Sanitary Facilities.”
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 253

Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no

 rating is applicable)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

11A: | | | | |

 Markey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding, | excess humus. | flooding,

 | excess humus. | | flooding. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

20A: | | | | |

 Palms-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Houghton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

21A: | | | | |

 Palms-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding, | excess humus. | flooding,

 | excess humus. | | flooding. | | excess humus.

 | | | | |

40A: | | | | |

 Markey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

 Seelyeville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding,

 | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus.

 | | | | |

114B2: | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

114C2: | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

115B2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | | | slope. | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

115C2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

115D2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

116C2: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

116D2: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |
254 Soil Survey of

Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

116E: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

125B2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | | | slope. | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

125C2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

125D2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

125E2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

144B2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

144C2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

144D2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

144E: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

213C2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

213D2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

213E2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

224B: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Severe:

 | | | slope, | | too acid.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

224C2: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | too acid.

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 255

Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

224D2: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

233C: | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | slope, | too sandy. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too sandy, | | droughty.

 | | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

254B2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

254C2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

254D2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

254E2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

254F: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

255B2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | droughty,

 | | | small stones, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

255C2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

255D2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

255E: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

255F: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

265B: | | | | |

 Garne-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty,

 | | | too sandy, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |
256 Soil Survey of

Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

265C: | | | | |

 Garne-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | too sandy. | droughty,

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

303A: | | | | |

 Boguscreek------|Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

313D2: | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

313F: | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

316B2: | | | | |

 Ella------------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

316C2: | | | | |

 Ella------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

318A: | | | | |

 Bearpen---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | |

326B2: | | | | |

 Medary----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

403A: | | | | |

 Dakota----------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

413A: | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

413B: | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

423A: | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | | |

423B2: | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

429A: | | | | |

 Lows------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding.

 | ponding. | | | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 257

Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

432A: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

432B: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

432C2: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

433A: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | | | small stones. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

433B: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | droughty.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

433C2: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

436A: | | | | |

 Rusktown--------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | | | small stones. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

438A: | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

453A: | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | | | small stones. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

453B: | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | droughty.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

501A: | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

501B: | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

502B2: | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

502C2: | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty,

 | | | too sandy. | | slope.

 | | | | |
258 Soil Survey of

Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

506A: | | | | |

 Komro-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | small stones, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

508A: | | | | |

 Farrington------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | droughty.

 | | too sandy. | | too sandy. |

 | | | | |

510B: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

510C: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

510F: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy, | droughty,

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

511A: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

511B: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

511C: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

511F: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy, | droughty,

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

512B: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

512C: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | too sandy. | droughty,

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | slope.

 | | | | |

512D: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy, | slope.

 | | | | slope. |

 | | | | |

516A: | | | | |

 Aldo------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 259

Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

546A: | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | small stones, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

546B: | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

546F: | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

561B: | | | | |

 Tarr------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too acid.

 | | | | |

566A: | | | | |

 Tint------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

589A: | | | | |

 Newson----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | too acid,

 | | | | | ponding,

 | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

616B: | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------|Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | flooding. | | slope. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

626A: | | | | |

 Arenzville------|Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

628A: | | | | |

 Orion-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | | | flooding.

 | | | | |

629A: | | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

646A: | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------|Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

656A: | | | | |

 Scotah----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | flooding. | too sandy. | small stones, | too sandy. | droughty,

 | | | too sandy. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

826B2: | | | | |

 Hersey----------|Slight------------|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight.

 | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

826C2: | | | | |

 Hersey----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |
260 Soil Survey of

Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

1135F: | | | | |

 Dorerton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Elbaville-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

1145F: | | | | |

 Gaphill---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

1155F: | | | | |

 Brodale---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope, | small stones,

 | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | small stones. | droughty,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Bellechester----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy, | droughty,

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

1224F: | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy, | too acid,

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | slope. | droughty,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too acid,

 | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | | slope.

 | | | | |

1648A: | | | | |

 Northbend-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding, | too acid. | wetness, | wetness, | too acid,

 | wetness, | | flooding, | flooding. | flooding.

 | too acid. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

1658A: | | | | |

 Algansee--------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding.

 | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | |

 Kalmarville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

2003A: | | | | |

 Riverwash-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | small stones,

 | wetness, | small stones. | flooding, | small stones. | flooding.

 | small stones. | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 261

Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and trails | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

2013: | | | | |

 Pits, gravel----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones,

 | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

2014: | | | | |

 Pits, quarry----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | | | depth to rock. | small stones. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

2040: | | | | |

 Udipsamments----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy, | too sandy. | droughty,

 | | | slope. | | slope.

2050: | | | | |

 Landfill. | | | | |

 | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
263

Robert D. Weihrouch, biologist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, and John Cole, wildlife biologist, Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources, helped prepare this section.

Soils affect wildlife diversity and abundance by

influencing natural vegetative diversity and

abundance, the availability of water, and possible land

uses. The landscape and soils in Pepin County

produce an interspersion of agricultural land with

upland and flood-plain forest, which can be managed

for forest products and wildlife. Forest wildlife habitat in

the county is quite diverse and abundant, but

grassland and wetland wildlife habitat is in need of

improvement. The potential for grassland and wetland

wildlife is still excellent if the habitats are improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, restoring or

enhancing wetlands, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants.

The characteristics of the seven soil associations in

Pepin County that affect wildlife habitat are described

in the following paragraphs. These associations are

described under the heading “General Soil Map Units”

in Part I of this survey.

Association 1.—A significant portion of the PepinDorerton-Churchtown association is made up of very

steep forest land. South- and west-facing slopes along

the Mississippi River support oak clumps surrounding

“goat prairies,” which are dry, grassy areas with a

variety of forbs. The less sloping ridgetops are used as

cropland or pasture. Major tree species in areas of

ungrazed forest are northern red oak, white oak, sugar

maple, basswood, and upland ash. Eastern redcedar

is scattered throughout the steep prairies. The forest

land provides excellent habitat for many wildlife

species, including whitetail deer, fox squirrel, gray

squirrel, gray fox, coyote, wild turkey, ruffed grouse,

great horned owl, and pileated woodpecker. Rock

outcrops along the river bluffs have provided nesting

sites for peregrine falcons in the past and are currently

used by turkey vultures. These areas also harbor the

timber rattlesnake. The Mississippi River is the major

migration corridor in the North American midsection

for raptors, waterfowl, and neotropical birds.

Association 2.—Cropland makes up most of the

Ella-Orion-Plumcreek association, but areas of this

association are dissected by steeper, forested terrace

risers. Tree and shrub species along the drainageways

are red maple, American elm, green ash, box elder,

willows, beaked hazel, gray dogwood, and roundleaved dogwood. This association provides excellent

summer food and cover for such wildlife species as

whitetail deer, turkey, coyote, red fox, gray fox,

cottontail rabbit, red squirrel, gray squirrel, opossum,

raccoon, and striped skunk. Deer and turkey feed in

areas of this association during the winter, but they

escape to areas of association 1 for cover.

Association 3.—The majority of the FinchfordPlainfield-Burkhardt association is sandy outwash

soils of the valley train treads and risers along the

Chippewa and Mississippi Rivers. Irrigated cropland is

common in this association. A few small, scattered

woodlots contain jack pine and northern pin oak.

There are also Norway pine plantations and

windbreaks. Brittle prickly pear cactus (fig. 21), lupine,

butterfly weed, big bluestem, little bluestem, and other

native prairie plants are scattered throughout the

association on prairie remnants. The federally

endangered Karner blue butterfly can be found in

lupine areas. Other wildlife, such as whitetail deer,

turkey, and Canada goose, feed in areas of this

association. Because of a lack of habitat, however,

wildlife species are not as diverse or abundant as in

the other associations.

Association 4.—Most of the Algansee-KalmarvilleScotah association is flood-plain forest with scattered

savannas, prairies, and wetlands. The Nine Mile Island

Natural Area and the Tiffany Wildlife Area are in this

association. Tree and shrub species include river

birch, silver maple, red maple, swamp white oak,

northern pin oak, cottonwood, black ash, American

elm, redosier dogwood, and speckled alder. This

association provides excellent nesting habitat for many

bird species, including the bald eagle and such cavity

nesters as wood duck, hooded merganser, and redbellied woodpecker. The Chippewa River is an

important migration corridor to the Mississippi River for

neotropical warblers and migratory raptors, such as

red-shouldered hawk, goshawk, peregrine falcon,

osprey, bald eagle, and Cooper’s hawk. The

endangered Massasauga rattlesnake and threatened

Blanding’s turtle also inhabit the area. The Chippewa

Wildlife Habitat
264 Soil Survey of

River, sloughs, oxbows, and tributaries provide habitat

for migrating waterfowl and shorebirds and for mink,

otter, fisher, muskrat, and beaver. The flood plain,

prairie, and savanna are good habitats for whitetail

deer, gray fox, gray squirrel, opossum, raccoon,

coyote, turkey, ruffed grouse, and woodcock.

Association 5.—Most areas of the Urne-Drammen

association are cropland valleys and ridgetops

dissected by steeper, forested hillslopes. Major tree

species include northern red oak, white oak, cherry,

red maple, white ash, white pine, and paper birch. Oak

management practices include selective and

shelterwood (more than 60 percent canopy removal)

cuts. Clearings contain quaking aspen, northern pin

oak, and staghorn sumac. Because of the

interspersion of forest land and cropland, the

association provides excellent habitat for many wildlife

species, including whitetail deer (fig. 22), ruffed

grouse, turkey, coyote, red fox, gray fox, cottontail

rabbit, fox squirrel, gray squirrel, opossum, raccoon,

and striped skunk.

Association 6.—Drained cropland with scattered

wetlands and wet drainageways dominate the MarkeyFarrington-Aldo association. The Big Swamp Wildlife

Area, along Bear Creek, is in this association. Tree

species along the wet drainageways are silver maple,

red maple, American elm, green ash, and box elder.

Wet-ground shrub communities, or shrub-carrs,

contain willows, redosier dogwood, and speckled

alder. The better drained sites support mainly northern

pin oak and scattered Norway pine and white pine

plantations. Wetlands with surrounding cropped or

grassy uplands provide excellent habitat for waterfowl,

muskrat, mink, shorebirds, and sandhill crane. Wetland

areas fringed with trees support beaver, otter,

woodcock, raccoon, opossum, ruffed grouse, gray fox,

Figure 21.—Brittle prickly pear cactus, a threatened native Wisconsin plant species, grows in some areas of Plainfield sand, 15 to 60

percent slopes.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 265

coyote, turkey, and whitetail deer. Shrub-carrs and

cattail marshes provide good winter cover for remnant

populations of ring-necked pheasant.

Association 7.—Most areas of the Norden-Seaton

association are used as cropland. Areas that are too

steep or sandy to be plowed are generally used for

pasture or left as forest land. Attempts have been

made to drain or fill nearly all wetland areas. Northern

red oak and sugar maple are the major tree species;

white pine, white ash, red maple, and quaking aspen

are less common. Drainageways contain willows and

speckled alder. The mixture of oak woodlots, wet

areas, and cropland provides excellent habitat for

whitetail deer, ruffed grouse, wild turkey, fox squirrel,

gray squirrel, raccoon, badger, striped skunk,

opossum, coyote, red fox, and cottontail rabbit.

Excessive grazing has degraded forest-land habitat in

some locations and thus has reduced the diversity and

abundance of wildlife. Shrub-carrs and cattail marsh

areas provide winter cover for the few wild pheasants

that currently inhabit areas of this association.

The potential of the soils in Pepin County for

providing important habitat elements and various kinds

of wildlife habitat is given in the table “Wildlife Habitat”

at the end of this section.

Elements of Wildlife Habitat

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and

seed-producing herbaceous plants used by wildlife.

Examples are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and

barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes planted for wildlife

food and cover. Examples are bromegrass, timothy,

orchardgrass, clover, alfalfa, wheatgrass, and birdsfoot

trefoil.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds, that

provide food and cover for wildlife. Examples are

Figure 22.—Habitat diversity in the Urne-Drammen association provides for a thriving whitetail deer population.
266 Soil Survey of

bluestems, indiangrass, blueberry, goldenrod,

lambsquarters, dandelions, blackberry, ragweed,

wheatgrass, and nightshade.

The major soil properties affecting the growth of

grain and forage crops and wild herbaceous plants are

depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, the

amount of water available to plants, wetness, salinity,

and flooding. The length of the growing season also is

important.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce

nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and

foliage that wildlife eat. Examples are oak, poplar, box

elder, birch, maple, green ash, willow, and American

elm. Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are

suitable for planting on soils that have good potential

for these plants are hawthorn, honeysuckle, American

plum, redosier dogwood, chokecherry, highbush

cranberry, elderberry, gooseberry, serviceberry, silver

buffaloberry, and crabapple.

Coniferous plants are cone-bearing trees, shrubs,

or ground cover that provide habitat or supply food in

the form of browse, seed, or fruit-like cones. Examples

are pine, spruce, cedar, and tamarack.

The major soil properties affecting the growth of

hardwood and coniferous trees and shrubs are depth

of the root zone, the amount of water available to

plants, and wetness.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded.

Wetland plants produce food or cover for wetland

wildlife. Examples of these plants are smartweeds,

wild millet, rushes, sedges, bulrushes, wild rice,

arrowhead, waterplantain, cattail, prairie cordgrass,

bluejoint grass, asters, and beggarticks.

The major soil properties affecting wetland plants

are texture of the surface layer, wetness, acidity or

alkalinity, and slope.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. They are useful as habitat for some wildlife

species. They are naturally wet areas or are created

by dams, levees, or water-control measures in

marshes or streams. Examples are waterfowl feeding

areas, wildlife watering developments, beaver ponds,

and other wildlife ponds.

The major soil properties affecting shallow water

areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, surface

stoniness, slope, and permeability.

Kinds of Wildlife Habitat

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with

grasses, herbs, and shrubs. These areas produce

grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild

herbaceous plants. The wildlife attracted to these

areas include Hungarian partridge, ring-necked

pheasant, bobwhite quail, sharp-tailed grouse,

meadowlark, field sparrow, killdeer, cottontail rabbit,

and red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

hardwoods or conifers or a mixture of these and

associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous

plants. The wildlife attracted to this habitat include wild

turkey, ruffed grouse, thrushes, woodpeckers, owls,

tree squirrels, porcupine, raccoon, whitetail deer, black

bear, and moose.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy

or swampy shallow water areas, bogs, or flood plains

that support water-tolerant plants. The wildlife attracted

to this habitat include ducks, geese, herons, bitterns,

rails, kingfishers, muskrat, otter, mink, and beaver.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 267

Wildlife Habitat

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- __________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |

 and soil name | and |Grasses| herba-| Hard- | Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land | Wetland

 | seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild-

 | crops |legumes| plants| trees | plants| | areas | life | life | life ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

11A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Markey----------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good.

 | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | poor. |

 | | | | | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Palms-----------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghton--------|Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good.

 | poor. | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. |

 | | | | | | | | | |

21A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Palms-----------|Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good.

 | poor. | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. |

 | | | | | | | | | |

40A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Markey----------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Seelyeville-----|Very |Poor |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

114B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

114C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

115B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

115C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

115D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

116C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

116D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

116E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

125B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

125C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
268 Soil Survey of

Wildlife Habitat--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- __________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |

 and soil name | and |Grasses| herba-| Hard- | Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land | Wetland

 | seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild-

 | crops |legumes| plants| trees | plants| | areas | life | life | life ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

125D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

125E2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

144B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

144C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

144D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

144E: | | | | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

213C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

213D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

213E2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

224B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

224C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

224D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

233C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

254B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

254C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

254D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 269

Wildlife Habitat--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- __________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |

 and soil name | and |Grasses| herba-| Hard- | Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land | Wetland

 | seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild-

 | crops |legumes| plants| trees | plants| | areas | life | life | life ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

254E2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

254F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

255B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

255C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

255D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

255E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

255F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

265B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Garne-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

265C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Garne-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

303A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boguscreek------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

313D2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

313F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

316B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ella------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

316C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ella------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

318A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Bearpen---------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

326B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Medary----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
270 Soil Survey of

Wildlife Habitat--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- __________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |

 and soil name | and |Grasses| herba-| Hard- | Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land | Wetland

 | seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild-

 | crops |legumes| plants| trees | plants| | areas | life | life | life ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

403A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dakota----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

413A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

413B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

423A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

423B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

429A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lows------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

432A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

432B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

432C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

433A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

433B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

433C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

436A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rusktown--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

438A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

453A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

453B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 271

Wildlife Habitat--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- __________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |

 and soil name | and |Grasses| herba-| Hard- | Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land | Wetland

 | seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild-

 | crops |legumes| plants| trees | plants| | areas | life | life | life ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

501A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

501B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

502B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

502C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Very |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

506A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Komro-----------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

508A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Farrington------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

510B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

510C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

510F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

511A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

511B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

511C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

511F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

512B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

512C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

512D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
272 Soil Survey of

Wildlife Habitat--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- __________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |

 and soil name | and |Grasses| herba-| Hard- | Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land | Wetland

 | seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild-

 | crops |legumes| plants| trees | plants| | areas | life | life | life ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

516A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Aldo------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

546A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

546B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

546F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

561B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tarr------------|Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

566A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tint------------|Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

589A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson----------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

616B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

626A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Arenzville------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

628A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Orion-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

629A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Good |Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

646A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

656A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Scotah----------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

826B2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hersey----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

826C2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hersey----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

1135F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dorerton--------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Elbaville-------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 273

Wildlife Habitat--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- __________________________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |

 and soil name | and |Grasses| herba-| Hard- | Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land | Wetland

 | seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild-

 | crops |legumes| plants| trees | plants| | areas | life | life | life ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

1145F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Gaphill---------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

1155F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brodale---------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Bellechester----|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

1224F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

1648A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Northbend-------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Good |Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

1658A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Algansee--------|Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair.

 | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Kalmarville-----|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

2003A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Riverwash. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

2013: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits, gravel. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

2014: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits, quarry. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

2040: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udipsamments. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

2050: | | | | | | | | | |

 Landfill. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
275

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in the “Engineering” section is intended

for land use planning, for evaluating land use

alternatives, and for planning site investigations prior

to design and construction. The information, however,

has limitations. For example, estimates and other data

generally apply only to that part of the soil within a

depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small

areas of different soils may be included within the

mapped areas of a specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal

high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural

soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were

collected about the kinds of clay minerals, the

mineralogy of the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds

of adsorbed cations. Estimates were made for

erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, and other

behavioral characteristics affecting engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

The table “Building Site Development” shows the

degree and kind of soil limitations that affect shallow

excavations, dwellings with and without basements,

small commercial buildings, local roads and streets,

and lawns and landscaping. The limitations are

considered slight if soil properties and site features

generally are favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required. Special feasibility studies may be required

where the soil limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

Engineering
276 Soil Survey of

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense

layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time

of the year that excavations can be made is affected

by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the

susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of

the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is

affected by soil texture and depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock, large stones, and flooding affect the ease of

excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading

that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are

not considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills generally are

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large

stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and

grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering

classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential,

potential for frost action, and depth to a high water

table affect the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock, the available water capacity in the upper 40

inches, and the content of salts affect plant growth.

Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount

of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface layer

affect trafficability after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

The table “Sanitary Facilities” shows the degree and

the kind of soil limitations that affect septic tank

absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary

landfills. It also shows the suitability of the soils for use

as a daily cover for landfill.

Soil properties are important in selecting sites for

sanitary facilities and in identifying limiting soil

properties and site features to be considered in

planning, design, and installation. Soil limitation ratings

of slight, moderate, or severe are given for septic tank

absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and trench and

area sanitary landfills. Soil suitability ratings of good,

fair, and poor are given for daily cover for landfill.

A rating of slight or good indicates that the soils

have no limitations or that the limitations can be easily

overcome. Good performance and low maintenance

can be expected. A rating of moderate or fair indicates

that the limitations should be recognized but generally

can be overcome by good management or special

design. A rating of severe or poor indicates that

overcoming the limitations is difficult or impractical.

Increased maintenance may be required.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

subsurface systems of tile or perforated pipe distribute

effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil. The

centerline of the tile is assumed to be at a depth of 24

inches. Only the part of the soil between depths of 24

and 60 inches is considered in making the ratings. The

soil properties and site features considered are those

that affect the absorption of the effluent, those that

affect the construction and maintenance of the

system, and those that may affect public health.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and

flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones

and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with

installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can

be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of

the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field

to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances

require that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted, relatively impervious soil material.

Aerobic lagoons generally are designed to hold the

sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Relatively

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 277

is desirable to minimize seepage and contamination of

local ground water.

The table gives ratings for the natural soil that

makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and,

generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface

layer are excavated to provide material for the

embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,

permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock,

flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid

permeability in the soil or a water table that is high

enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter

is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon

because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope and bedrock

can cause construction problems, and large stones

can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor.

Trench sanitary landfill is an area where solid waste

is disposed of by placing refuse in successive layers in

an excavated trench. The waste is spread, compacted,

and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is

excavated from the trench. When the trench is full, a

final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed

over the landfill. Soil properties that influence the risk

of pollution, the ease of excavation, trafficability, and

revegetation are the major considerations in rating the

soils.

Area sanitary landfill is an area where solid waste is

disposed of by placing refuse in successive layers on

the surface of the soil. The waste is spread,

compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil

that is imported from a source away from the site. A

final cover of soil at least 2 feet thick is placed over the

completed landfill. Soil properties that influence

trafficability, revegetation, and the risk of pollution are

the main considerations in rating the soils for area

sanitary landfills.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. The ratings in the table are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Permeability, depth to

bedrock, a high water table, slope, and flooding affect

both types of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders,

highly organic layers, soil reaction, and content of salts

affect trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the

ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth

of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated

slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite

investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

The suitability of a soil for use as cover is based on

properties that affect workability and the ease of

digging, moving, and spreading the material over the

refuse daily during both wet and dry periods.

Soil texture, wetness, rock fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the material

during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that

are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy

and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to

wind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock or the water table to permit

revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a

landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer

generally has the best workability, more organic

matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from

the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the

final cover.

Waste Management

Soil properties are important when organic waste

is applied as fertilizer and wastewater is applied in

irrigated areas. They also are important when the

soil is used as a medium for the treatment and

disposal of the organic waste and wastewater.

Unfavorable soil properties can result in

environmental damage.

The use of organic waste and wastewater as

production resources results in energy and resource

conservation and minimizes the problems associated

with waste disposal. If disposal is the goal, applying a

maximum amount of the organic waste or the

wastewater to a minimal area holds costs to a

minimum and environmental damage is the main

hazard. If reuse is the goal, a minimum amount should

be applied to a maximum area and environmental

damage is unlikely.

Interpretations developed for waste management

may include ratings for manure- and food-processing

waste, municipal sewage sludge, use of wastewater

for irrigation, and treatment of wastewater by slow

rate, overland flow, and rapid infiltration processes.

Specific information regarding waste management

is available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension

Service.
278 Soil Survey of

Construction Materials

The table “Construction Materials” gives information

about the soils as a source of roadfill, sand, gravel,

and topsoil. The soils are rated good, fair, or poor as a

source of roadfill and topsoil. They are rated as a

probable or improbable source of sand and gravel.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In the table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs

in place after it has been compacted and drained is

determined by its strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell

potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel, or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized

particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10.

They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water

table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have one or more

of the following characteristics: a plasticity index of

more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, many

stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are

wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 1

foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but the

material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In the table, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity in or

below the soil is evaluated. The suitability of the

material for specific purposes is not evaluated, nor are

factors that affect excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

as much as 12 percent silty fines. This material must

be at least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by

weight, large stones. All other soils are rated as an

improbable source. Fragments of soft bedrock, such

as shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand

and gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by

slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones

and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes

of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of

soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to

fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15

percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is

difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes

of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high

water table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils generally is

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 279

Water Management

The table “Water Management” gives information on

the soil properties and site features that affect water

management. The degree and kind of soil limitations

are given for pond reservoir areas; embankments,

dikes, and levees; and aquifer-fed excavated ponds.

The limitations are considered slight if soil properties

and site features generally are favorable for the

indicated use and limitations are minor and are easily

overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features

are not favorable for the indicated use and special

planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil

properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increase in construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In the table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth even more than the height of the embankment

can affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts

that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth

below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds

that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment

ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the

original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by

depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the

aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the

salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of

large stones affect the ease of excavation.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water

movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or

depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding;

slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic

layers; and the potential for frost action. Excavating

and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected

by depth to bedrock, large stones, slope, and the

hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil

after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity

or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts.

Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the

ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is

affected by the depth of the root zone, the amount of

salts, and soil reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff.

Slope, wetness, large stones, and depth to bedrock

affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A

restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind

erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse

texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect

maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect

the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of

wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted

rooting depth, toxic substances (such as salts), and

restricted permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.
280 Soil Survey of

Building Site Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no

 rating is applicable)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

11A: | | | | | |

 Markey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | excess humus, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | flooding,

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | |

 Palms-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus.

 | | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Houghton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus.

 | | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

21A: | | | | | |

 Palms-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | flooding,

 | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding. | excess humus.

 | | | | | |

40A: | | | | | |

 Markey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus.

 | ponding. | low strength. | | low strength. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Seelyeville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding,

 | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus.

 | | low strength. | low strength. | low strength. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

114B2: | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, |

 | | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

114C2: | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

115B2: | | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, |

 | | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

115C2: | | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

115D2: | | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 281

Building Site Development--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

116C2: | | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength, | large stones,

 | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | frost action. | slope.

 | | | | | |

116D2: | | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

116E: | | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

125B2: | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength, |

 | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

125C2: | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | frost action. |

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

125D2: | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

125E2: | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

144B2: | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | depth to rock.

 | | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

144C2: | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength, | slope,

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | frost action. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

144D2: | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

144E: | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |
282 Soil Survey of

Building Site Development--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

213C2: | | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | frost action. | slope,

 | | slope. | slope. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

213D2: | | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

213E2: | | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

224B: | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | depth to rock.| slope. | frost action. | too acid.

 | | | | | |

224C2: | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | too acid.

 | | | slope. | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

224D2: | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

233C: | | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | | | slope. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

254B2: | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | | shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | frost action. | depth to rock.

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

254C2: | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | frost action. | slope,

 | | slope. | slope. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

254D2: | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

254E2: | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

254F: | | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

255B2: | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | frost action. | droughty,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 283

Building Site Development--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

255C2: | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | droughty,

 | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

255D2: | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

255E: | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

255F: | | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

265B: | | | | | |

 Garne-----------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | depth to rock.| slope. | | droughty,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

265C: | | | | | |

 Garne-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | | | slope. | | | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

303A: | | | | | |

 Boguscreek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

313D2: | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

313F: | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

316B2: | | | | | |

 Ella------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell. | low strength, |

 | | | shrink-swell. | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

316C2: | | | | | |

 Ella------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness, | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | | frost action. |

 | | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

318A: | | | | | |

 Bearpen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

326B2: | | | | | |

 Medary----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | wetness. | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |
284 Soil Survey of

Building Site Development--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

403A: | | | | | |

 Dakota----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

413A: | | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

413B: | | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

423A: | | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

423B2: | | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | frost action. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

429A: | | | | | |

 Lows------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | ponding.

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

432A: | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

432B: | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

432C2: | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | slope. | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

433A: | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

433B: | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

433C2: | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | droughty,

 | | | | | frost action. | slope.

 | | | | | |

436A: | | | | | |

 Rusktown--------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | frost action. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

438A: | | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 285

Building Site Development--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

453A: | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

453B: | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

501A: | | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

501B: | | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

502B2: | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

502C2: | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

506A: | | | | | |

 Komro-----------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

508A: | | | | | |

 Farrington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | droughty.

 | wetness. | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

510B: | | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | depth to rock.| | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

510C: | | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | droughty.

 | | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

510F: | | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

511A: | | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

511B: | | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

511C: | | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

511F: | | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |
286 Soil Survey of

Building Site Development--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

512B: | | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

512C: | | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

512D: | | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

516A: | | | | | |

 Aldo------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

546A: | | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

546B: | | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

546F: | | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

561B: | | | | | |

 Tarr------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | | too acid.

 | | | | | |

566A: | | | | | |

 Tint------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

589A: | | | | | |

 Newson----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | too acid,

 | ponding. | | | | | ponding,

 | | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

616B: | | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

626A: | | | | | |

 Arenzville------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding.

 | flooding. | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

628A: | | | | | |

 Orion-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 287

Building Site Development--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

629A: | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | ponding,

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding, | flooding.

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

646A: | | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

656A: | | | | | |

 Scotah----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty,

 | | | | | | flooding.

 | | | | | |

826B2: | | | | | |

 Hersey----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell, | low strength, |

 | | | shrink-swell. | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

826C2: | | | | | |

 Hersey----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness, | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | | frost action. |

 | | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

1135F: | | | | | |

 Dorerton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Elbaville-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

1145F: | | | | | |

 Gaphill---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

1155F: | | | | | |

 Brodale---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Bellechester----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope,

 | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |
288 Soil Survey of

Building Site Development--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

1224F: | | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too acid,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

1648A: | | | | | |

 Northbend-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too acid,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | ponding,

 | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding, | flooding.

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

1658A: | | | | | |

 Algansee--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | | |

 Kalmarville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

2003A: | | | | | |

 Riverwash-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | small stones,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding.

 | | | | | |

2013: | | | | | |

 Pits, gravel----|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | | | small stones,

 | | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

2014: | | | | | |

 Pits, quarry----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope,

 | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

2040: | | | | | |

 Udipsamments----|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

2050: | | | | | |

 Landfill. | | | | | |

 | | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 289

Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no

 rating is applicable)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

11A: | | | | |

 Markey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy,

 | ponding. | excess humus. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding.

 | | | | |

20A: | | | | |

 Palms-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | ponding, | seepage, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus.

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | | |

 | | | | |

 Houghton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | excess humus.

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | excess humus. | |

 | | | | |

21A: | | | | |

 Palms-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding,

 | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | seepage, | excess humus.

 | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus. | ponding. |

 | | | | |

40A: | | | | |

 Markey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | too sandy,

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | too sandy. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 Seelyeville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | subsides, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding,

 | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding. | excess humus.

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | excess humus. | |

 | | | | |

114B2: | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Slight------------|Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight------------|Good.

 | | seepage, | | |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

114C2: | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

115B2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------------|Slight------------|Good.

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | | |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

115C2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

115D2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |
290 Soil Survey of

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

116C2: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

116D2: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

116E: | | | | |

 Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

125B2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | | | thin layer.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

125C2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly. | slope. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | | | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

125D2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | depth to rock, | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

125E2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | depth to rock, | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

144B2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

144C2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

144D2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | slope. | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

144E: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | slope. | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

213C2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 291

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

213D2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

213E2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

224B: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | | |

224C2: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

224D2: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

233C: | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

254B2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

254C2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

254D2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

254E2: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

254F: | | | | |

 Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

255B2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |
292 Soil Survey of

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

255C2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

255D2: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

255E: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

255F: | | | | |

 Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

265B: | | | | |

 Garne-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | poor filter. | depth to rock. | | seepage. |

 | | | | |

265C: | | | | |

 Garne-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | | seepage. |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

303A: | | | | |

 Boguscreek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding. | thin layer.

 | | flooding. | seepage. | |

 | | | | |

313D2: | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | slope.

 | | | | |

313F: | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | slope.

 | | | | |

316B2: | | | | |

 Ella------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------------|Fair:

 | wetness. | seepage, | wetness, | | too clayey.

 | | slope, | too clayey. | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

316C2: | | | | |

 Ella------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | slope, | | slope.

 | | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

318A: | | | | |

 Bearpen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 293

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

326B2: | | | | |

 Medary----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage, | too clayey. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

403A: | | | | |

 Dakota----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

413A: | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

413B: | | | | |

 Rasset----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

423A: | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

423B2: | | | | |

 Meridian--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

429A: | | | | |

 Lows------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | ponding, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy,

 | poor filter. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding.

 | | | | |

432A: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

432B: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

432C2: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

433A: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |
294 Soil Survey of

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

433B: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

433C2: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

436A: | | | | |

 Rusktown--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | wetness, | | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

438A: | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

453A: | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

453B: | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

501A: | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

501B: | | | | |

 Finchford-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

502B2: | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

502C2: | | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

506A: | | | | |

 Komro-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | wetness, | | too sandy.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 295

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

508A: | | | | |

 Farrington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

510B: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

510C: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

510F: | | | | |

 Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

511A: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

511B: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

511C: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

511F: | | | | |

 Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | slope.

 | | | | |

512B: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

512C: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

512D: | | | | |

 Drammen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | slope.

 | | | | |
296 Soil Survey of

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

516A: | | | | |

 Aldo------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | wetness, | | too sandy.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

546A: | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

546B: | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

546F: | | | | |

 Prissel---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy,

 | slope. | | too sandy. | | slope.

 | | | | |

561B: | | | | |

 Tarr------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

566A: | | | | |

 Tint------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | wetness, | | too sandy.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

589A: | | | | |

 Newson----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | ponding, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | ponding. | ponding. | too sandy,

 | | | | | ponding.

 | | | | |

616B: | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | |

626A: | | | | |

 Arenzville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. |

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

628A: | | | | |

 Orion-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

629A: | | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too sandy,

 | ponding, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding.

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. |

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 297

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

646A: | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer.

 | wetness. | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

656A: | | | | |

 Scotah----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. | too sandy,

 | poor filter. | | wetness. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

826B2: | | | | |

 Hersey----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------------|Good.

 | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | slope, | | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

826C2: | | | | |

 Hersey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope.

 | percs slowly. | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

1135F: | | | | |

 Dorerton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones,

 | | | large stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Elbaville-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy,

 | | | too sandy. | | large stones.

 | | | | |

1145F: | | | | |

 Gaphill---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope,

 | slope. | slope. | seepage, | slope. | thin layer.

 | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | seepage, | slope. | too sandy,

 | | | slope. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

1155F: | | | | |

 Brodale---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | slope, | seepage, | slope. | slope.

 | | large stones. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Bellechester----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | seepage, | slope. | too sandy,

 | | | slope. | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |
298 Soil Survey of

Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

1224F: | | | | |

 Boone-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

1648A: | | | | |

 Northbend-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness,

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too acid.

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too sandy,

 | ponding, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | ponding.

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. |

 | | | | |

1658A: | | | | |

 Algansee--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too sandy,

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | wetness.

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Kalmarville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

2003A: | | | | |

 Riverwash-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy,

 | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones.

 | | | | |

2013: | | | | |

 Pits, gravel----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage,

 | | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

2014: | | | | |

 Pits, quarry----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

2040: | | | | |

 Udipsamments----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

2050: | | | | |

 Landfill. | | | | |

 | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 299

Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no

 rating is applicable)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

11A: | | | |

 Markey----------|Poor: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

20A: | | | |

 Palms-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Houghton--------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

21A: | | | |

 Palms-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

40A: | | | |

 Markey----------|Poor: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Seelyeville-----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

114B2: | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

114C2: | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

115B2: | | | |

 Seaton----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

115C2: | | | |

 Seaton----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

115D2: | | | |

 Seaton----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

116C2: | | | |

 Churchtown------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

116D2: | | | |

 Churchtown------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

116E: | | | |

 Churchtown------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |
300 Soil Survey of

Construction Materials--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

125B2: | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim.

 | | | |

125C2: | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

125D2: | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

125E2: | | | |

 Pepin-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

144B2: | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength. | | | large stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

144C2: | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength. | | | large stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

144D2: | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

144E: | | | |

 NewGlarus-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | low strength, | | |

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

213C2: | | | |

 Hixton----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

213D2: | | | |

 Hixton----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

213E2: | | | |

 Hixton----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

224B: | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

224C2: | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 301

Construction Materials--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

224D2: | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

233C: | | | |

 Boone-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

254B2: | | | |

 Norden----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

254C2: | | | |

 Norden----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

254D2: | | | |

 Norden----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

254E2: | | | |

 Norden----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

254F: | | | |

 Norden----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

255B2: | | | |

 Urne------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

255C2: | | | |

 Urne------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

255D2: | | | |

 Urne------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

255E: | | | |

 Urne------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

255F: | | | |

 Urne------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

265B: | | | |

 Garne-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |
302 Soil Survey of

Construction Materials--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

265C: | | | |

 Garne-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

303A: | | | |

 Boguscreek------|Fair: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength. | | too sandy. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

313D2: | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

313F: | | | |

 Plumcreek-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

316B2: | | | |

 Ella------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

316C2: | | | |

 Ella------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

318A: | | | |

 Bearpen---------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

326B2: | | | |

 Medary----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

403A: | | | |

 Dakota----------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

413A: | | | |

 Rasset----------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

413B: | | | |

 Rasset----------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

423A: | | | |

 Meridian--------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

423B2: | | | |

 Meridian--------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

429A: | | | |

 Lows------------|Poor: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | wetness.

 | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 303

Construction Materials--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

432A: | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Good-------------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | thin layer. | too sandy. | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

432B: | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Good-------------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | thin layer. | too sandy. | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

432C2: | | | |

 Kevilar---------|Good-------------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | thin layer. | too sandy. | small stones,

 | | | | thin layer,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

433A: | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

433B: | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

433C2: | | | |

 Forkhorn--------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

436A: | | | |

 Rusktown--------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

438A: | | | |

 Hoopeston-------|Fair: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | small stones.

 | | | |

453A: | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

453B: | | | |

 Burkhardt-------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

501A: | | | |

 Finchford-------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

501B: | | | |

 Finchford-------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |
304 Soil Survey of

Construction Materials--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

502B2: | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

502C2: | | | |

 Chelsea---------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

506A: | | | |

 Komro-----------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

508A: | | | |

 Farrington------|Fair: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

510B: | | | |

 Boplain---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

510C: | | | |

 Boplain---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

510F: | | | |

 Boplain---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

511A: | | | |

 Plainfield------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

511B: | | | |

 Plainfield------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

511C: | | | |

 Plainfield------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

511F: | | | |

 Plainfield------|Poor: |Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | slope. | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

512B: | | | |

 Drammen---------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

512C: | | | |

 Drammen---------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 305

Construction Materials--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

512D: | | | |

 Drammen---------|Fair: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

516A: | | | |

 Aldo------------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

546A: | | | |

 Prissel---------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

546B: | | | |

 Prissel---------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

546F: | | | |

 Prissel---------|Poor: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

561B: | | | |

 Tarr------------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

566A: | | | |

 Tint------------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

589A: | | | |

 Newson----------|Poor: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

616B: | | | |

 Chaseburg-------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

626A: | | | |

 Arenzville------|Good-------------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

628A: | | | |

 Orion-----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer.

 | | | |

629A: | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

646A: | | | |

 Dunnbot---------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 | | | too sandy. | area reclaim.

 | | | |

656A: | | | |

 Scotah----------|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |
306 Soil Survey of

Construction Materials--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

826B2: | | | |

 Hersey----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

826C2: | | | |

 Hersey----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

1135F: | | | |

 Dorerton--------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Elbaville-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | area reclaim,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

1145F: | | | |

 Gaphill---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Rockbluff-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

1155F: | | | |

 Brodale---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Bellechester----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy,

 | | | | large stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | thin layer. | depth to rock.

 | thin layer, | | |

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

1224F: | | | |

 Boone-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | thin layer. | too sandy,

 | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Elevasil--------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

1648A: | | | |

 Northbend-------|Fair: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | area reclaim,

 | | | | too acid.

 | | | |

 Ettrick---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 307

Construction Materials--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

1658A: | | | |

 Algansee--------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Kalmarville-----|Poor: |Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | | too sandy. | wetness.

 | | | |

2003A: | | | |

 Riverwash-------|Fair: |Improbable: |Probable---------------|Poor:

 | wetness. | small stones. | | small stones.

 | | | |

2013: | | | |

 Pits, gravel----|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Probable---------------|Poor:

 | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

2014: | | | |

 Pits, quarry----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines, | excess fines, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | thin layer. | thin layer. | area reclaim.

 | | | |

2040: | | | |

 Udipsamments----|Good-------------------|Probable---------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy. | too sandy.

 | | | |

2050: | | | |

 Landfill. | | | |

 | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Water Management (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for ons

 See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is a____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 11A: | | | | | |  Markey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding,  | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| flooding, | soil blowing, | too sandy | | piping, | | subsides. | flooding. | soil blow | | ponding. | | | |  | | | | | | 20A: | | | | | |  Palms-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding,  | seepage. | excess humus, | slow refill. | subsides, | soil blowing. | soil blow | | ponding. | | frost action. | |  | | | | | |  Houghton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding--------|Ponding-- | seepage. | excess humus, | slow refill. | subsides, | |  | | ponding. | | frost action. | |  | | | | | | 21A: | | | | | |  Palms-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding,  | seepage. | excess humus, | slow refill. | flooding, | soil blowing, | soil blow | | ponding. | | subsides. | flooding. |  | | | | | | 40A: | | | | | |  Markey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding,  | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| subsides, | soil blowing. | too sandy | | piping, | | frost action. | | soil blow | | ponding. | | | |  | | | | | |  Seelyeville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding,  | seepage. | excess humus, | slow refill. | subsides, | soil blowing. | soil blow | | ponding. | | frost action. | |  | | | | | | 114B2: | | | | | |  Mt. Carroll-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes eas | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.|  | slope. | | | | |  | | | | | | 114C2: | | | | | |  Mt. Carroll-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 115B2: | | | | | |  Seaton----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes eas | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.|  | slope. | | | | |  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 115C2: | | | | | |  Seaton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 115D2: | | | | | |  Seaton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 116C2: | | | | | |  Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 116D2: | | | | | |  Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 116E: | | | | | |  Churchtown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 125B2: | | | | | |  Pepin-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes eas | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | percs slowly, |  | depth to rock,| | | | erodes easily.|  | slope. | | | | |  | | | | | | 125C2: | | | | | |  Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | percs slowly, | erodes ea | | | | | erodes easily.|  | | | | | | 125D2: | | | | | |  Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | percs slowly, | erodes ea | | | | | erodes easily.|  | | | | | | 125E2: | | | | | |  Pepin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | percs slowly, | erodes ea | | | | | erodes easily.|  | | | | | | 144B2: | | | | | |  NewGlarus-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to r | seepage, | thin layer, | no water. | | percs slowly, | erodes ea | slope. | piping. | | | depth to rock.|  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 144C2: | | | | | |  NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | thin layer, | no water. | | percs slowly, | depth to  | | piping. | | | depth to rock.| erodes ea | | | | | | 144D2: | | | | | |  NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | thin layer, | no water. | | percs slowly, | depth to  | | piping. | | | depth to rock.| erodes ea | | | | | | 144E: | | | | | |  NewGlarus-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | thin layer, | no water. | | percs slowly, | area recl | | piping. | | | depth to rock.| erodes ea | | | | | | 213C2: | | | | | |  Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock,| depth to  | slope. | | | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 213D2: | | | | | |  Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock,| depth to  | slope. | | | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 213E2: | | | | | |  Hixton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock,| depth to  | slope. | | | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 224B: | | | | | |  Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to r | seepage. | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | soil blow | | | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 224C2: | | | | | |  Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | slope. | | | | soil blowing. | soil blow | | | | | | 224D2: | | | | | |  Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | slope. | | | | soil blowing. | soil blow | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 233C: | | | | | |  Boone-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | too sandy | | | | | | 254B2: | | | | | |  Norden----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to r | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock,| erodes ea | depth to rock,| | | | erodes easily.|  | slope. | | | | |  | | | | | | 254C2: | | | | | |  Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock,| depth to  | | | | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 254D2: | | | | | |  Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock,| depth to  | | | | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 254E2: | | | | | |  Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock,| depth to  | | | | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 254F: | | | | | |  Norden----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | depth to rock,| depth to  | | | | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | 255B2: | | | | | |  Urne------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to r | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | droughty, |  | depth to rock,| | | | depth to rock.|  | slope. | | | | |  | | | | | | 255C2: | | | | | |  Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock.|  | | | | | | 255D2: | | | | | |  Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock.|  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 255E: | | | | | |  Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock.|  | | | | | | 255F: | | | | | |  Urne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock.|  | | | | | | 265B: | | | | | |  Garne-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | depth to  | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 265C: | | | | | |  Garne-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | slope,  | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | depth to  | | | | | | 303A: | | | | | |  Boguscreek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding-------|Favorable | seepage. | piping. | no water. | | |  | | | | | | 313D2: | | | | | |  Plumcreek-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | too sandy | | | | | | 313F: | | | | | |  Plumcreek-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | | too sandy | | | | | | 316B2: | | | | | |  Ella------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes eas | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.|  | slope. | | | | |  | | | | | | 316C2: | | | | | |  Ella------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | |  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 318A: | | | | | |  Bearpen---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Frost action---|Wetness--------|Erodes eas | seepage. | piping. | no water. | | | wetness.  | | | | | | 326B2: | | | | | |  Medary----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Erodes eas | slope. | hard to pack, | no water. | frost action, | wetness, | wetness.  | | wetness. | | slope. | percs slowly. |  | | | | | | 403A: | | | | | |  Dakota----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes eas | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | |  | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 413A: | | | | | |  Rasset----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | soil blow | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 413B: | | | | | |  Rasset----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | soil blowing. | soil blow | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 423A: | | | | | |  Meridian--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Erodes easily |Erodes eas | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | too sandy | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 423B2: | | | | | |  Meridian--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes eas | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | erodes easily.| too sandy | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 429A: | | | | | |  Lows------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Ponding, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| ponding, | flooding. | ponding.  | | piping, | | flooding. | |  | | ponding. | | | |  | | | | | | 432A: | | | | | |  Kevilar---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | | soil blow | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 432B: | | | | | |  Kevilar---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | soil blowing. | soil blow | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 432C2: | | | | | |  Kevilar---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | soil blowing. | too sandy | slope. | piping. | | | | soil blow | | | | | | 433A: | | | | | |  Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Soil blowi | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | soil blowing. |  | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 433B: | | | | | |  Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowi | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, |  | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 433C2: | | | | | |  Forkhorn--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | soil blow | slope. | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 436A: | | | | | |  Rusktown--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Soil blowi | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| | soil blowing. |  | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 438A: | | | | | |  Hoopeston-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Frost action---|Wetness, |Wetness,  | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| | soil blowing. | soil blow | | piping, | | | |  | | wetness. | | | |  | | | | | | 453A: | | | | | |  Burkhardt-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | soil blowing. | soil blow | | piping. | | | |  | | | | | | 453B: | | | | | |  Burkhardt-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 501A: | | | | | |  Finchford-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 501B: | | | | | |  Finchford-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 502B2: | | | | | |  Chelsea---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 502C2: | | | | | |  Chelsea---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | too sandy | slope. | piping. | | | soil blowing. | soil blow | | | | | | 506A: | | | | | |  Komro-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 508A: | | | | | |  Farrington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Wetness,  | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| | droughty, | too sandy | | piping, | | | fast intake. | soil blow | | wetness. | | | |  | | | | | | 510B: | | | | | |  Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Depth to r | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | too sandy | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 510C: | | | | | |  Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | too sandy | | | | | | 510F: | | | | | |  Boplain---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | too sandy | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 511A: | | | | | |  Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 511B: | | | | | |  Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 511C: | | | | | |  Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | too sandy | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | soil blow | | | | | | 511F: | | | | | |  Plainfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | too sandy | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | soil blow | | | | | | 512B: | | | | | |  Drammen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 512C: | | | | | |  Drammen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | too sandy | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | soil blow | | | | | | 512D: | | | | | |  Drammen---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | too sandy | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | soil blow | | | | | | 516A: | | | | | |  Aldo------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 546A: | | | | | |  Prissel---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 546B: | | | | | |  Prissel---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 546F: | | | | | |  Prissel---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | too sandy | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | soil blow | | | | | | 561B: | | | | | |  Tarr------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | no water. | | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 566A: | | | | | |  Tint------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 589A: | | | | | |  Newson----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding,  | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| cutbanks cave.| droughty, | too sandy | | piping, | | | fast intake. | soil blow | | ponding. | | | |  | | | | | | 616B: | | | | | |  Chaseburg-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes eas | seepage. | piping. | no water. | | |  | | | | | | 626A: | | | | | |  Arenzville------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Erodes easily, |Erodes eas | seepage. | piping. | deep to water,| | flooding. |  | | | slow refill. | | |  | | | | | | 628A: | | | | | |  Orion-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness--------|Erodes eas | seepage. | piping, | cutbanks cave.| frost action. | | wetness.  | | wetness. | | | |  | | | | | | 629A: | | | | | |  Ettrick---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding-- | seepage. | piping, | slow refill. | flooding, | flooding. |  | | ponding. | | frost action. | |  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 646A: | | | | | |  Dunnbot---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Soil blowi | seepage. | piping. | cutbanks cave.| | flooding. |  | | | | | | 656A: | | | | | |  Scotah----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| | fast intake, | soil blow | | piping. | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | | 826B2: | | | | | |  Hersey----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes eas | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.|  | slope. | | | | |  | | | | | | 826C2: | | | | | |  Hersey----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | slope. | piping. | no water. | | erodes easily.| erodes ea | | | | | |  | | | | | | 1135F: | | | | | |  Dorerton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage. | no water. | | large stones. | large sto | slope. | | | | | too sandy | | | | | |  Elbaville-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage. | no water. | | large stones. | large sto | slope. | | | | | erodes ea | | | | | | 1145F: | | | | | |  Gaphill---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | soil blow | slope. | | | | soil blowing. |  | | | | | |  Rockbluff-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | too sandy | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | soil blow | | | | | | 1155F: | | | | | |  Brodale---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | large stones, | large sto | slope. | large stones. | | | droughty. |  | | | | | |  Bellechester----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | large stones, | large sto | slope. | piping. | | | droughty. | too sandy | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 1155F: | | | | | |  Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water, |Slope, |Slope,  | depth to rock,| thin layer. | no water, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.| depth to  | slope. | | depth to rock.| slope. | |  | | | | | | 1224F: | | | | | |  Boone-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | seepage, | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | slope. | piping. | | | fast intake. | too sandy | | | | | |  Elevasil--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope,  | seepage, | piping. | no water. | | droughty, | depth to  | slope. | | | | soil blowing. | soil blow | | | | | | 1648A: | | | | | |  Northbend-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Flooding, |Erodes eas | seepage. | piping, | cutbanks cave.| frost action, | too acid. | wetness.  | | wetness. | | too acid. | |  | | | | | |  Ettrick---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding,  | seepage. | piping, | slow refill, | flooding, | flooding. | too sandy | | ponding. | cutbanks cave.| frost action. | |  | | | | | | 1658A: | | | | | |  Algansee--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness,  | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| cutbanks cave.| droughty, | too sandy | | piping, | | | soil blowing. | soil blow | | wetness. | | | |  | | | | | |  Kalmarville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness-- | seepage. | piping, | cutbanks cave.| frost action. | flooding. |  | | wetness. | | | |  | | | | | | 2003A: | | | | | |  Riverwash-------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Cutbanks cave, |Wetness, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage. | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | droughty, | large sto | | | | | flooding. | wetness.  | | | | | | 2013: | | | | | |  Pits, gravel----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Fast intake, |Too sandy | seepage. | seepage. | no water. | deep to water.| droughty. |  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 
Water Management--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting- __________________________________________________________________________________________ Map symbol | Pond | Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terrace and soil name | reservoir | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | and  | areas | levees | ponds | | | diversio____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | 2014: | | | | | |  Pits, quarry----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water, |Slope, |Slope,  | depth to rock,| thin layer. | no water, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.| depth to  | slope. | | depth to rock.| slope. | |  | | | | | | 2040: | | | | | |  Udipsamments----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Fast intake, |Too sandy | seepage, | seepage. | cutbanks cave,| deep to water,| slope, | slope,  | slope. | | no water. | slope. | droughty. | soil blow | | | | | | 2050: | | | | | |  Landfill. | | | | | |  | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
321

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are

made and examined to identify and classify the soils

and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are

taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine grain-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers of

each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

The table “Engineering Index Properties” gives

estimates of the engineering classification and of the

range of index properties for the major layers of each

soil in the survey area. Most soils have layers of

contrasting properties within the upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given in the

series descriptions in Part I of this survey.

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that

is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less

than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as 15 percent, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified classification system (ASTM, 1998) and

the system adopted by the American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO,

1998).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, SP-SM.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and

A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b,

A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an

additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as

subgrade material can be indicated by a group index

number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the

best subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest.

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter

and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a

percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The

percentages are estimates determined mainly by

converting volume percentage in the field to weight

percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3

Soil Properties
322 Soil Survey of

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit,

and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Engineering Index Test Data

The table “Engineering Index Test Data” shows

laboratory test data for several pedons sampled at

carefully selected sites in the survey area. The pedons

are representative of the series described in the

section “Soil Series and Detailed Soil Map Units” in

Part I of this survey. The soil samples were tested by

the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Division

of Highways and Transportation Facilities.

The testing methods generally are those of the

American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

The tests and methods are AASHTO

classification—M 145 (AASHTO), D 3282 (ASTM);

Unified classification—D 2487 (ASTM); Mechanical

analysis—T 88 (AASHTO), D 422 (ASTM), D 2217

(ASTM); Liquid limit—T 89 (AASHTO), D 4318

(ASTM); and Plasticity index—T 90 (AASHTO), D

4318 (ASTM).

Physical and Chemical Properties

The tables “Physical Properties of the Soils” and

“Chemical Properties of the Soils” show estimates of

some characteristics and features that affect soil

behavior. These estimates are given for the major

layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates

are based on field observations and on test data for

these and similar soils.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given in the

series descriptions in Part I of this survey.

Clay as a soil separate, or component, consists of

mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002

millimeter in diameter. The estimated clay content of

each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by

weight, of the soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations.

In the table “Physical Properties of the Soils,” moist

bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per unit

volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at field

moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at 1/3-

bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after

drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In the table, the

estimated moist bulk density of each major soil

horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of

soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

downward movement of water when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of

soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil

layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil

properties that affect the retention of water and the

depth of the root zone. The most important properties

are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk

density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is

an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to

be grown and in the design and management of

irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an

estimate of the quantity of water actually available to

plants at any given time.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 323

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume

change occurs mainly because of the interaction of

clay minerals with water and varies with the amount

and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the

load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in

soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling

of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling

of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For

others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind

and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on

measurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special

design is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The

classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;

moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, 6 to 9 percent; and

very high, more than 9 percent.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the

table, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil. Organic matter affects the available water

capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of

nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil

to sheet and rill erosion. Factor K is one of six factors

used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to

predict the average rate of soil loss by sheet and rill

erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are

based primarily on percentage of silt, very fine sand,

sand, and organic matter (as much as 4 percent) and

on soil structure and permeability. The estimates are

modified by the presence of rock fragments. Values of

K range from 0.02 to 0.69. The higher the value, the

more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion.

Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fineearth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in

size.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average rate of soil erosion by wind or water that can

occur without affecting crop productivity over a

sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year.

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that

have similar properties affecting their resistance to

wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate

the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. Soils are

grouped according to the following distinctions:

1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine

sands. These soils generally are not suitable for crops.

They are extremely erodible, and vegetation is difficult

to establish.

2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine

sands, loamy very fine sands, and sapric soil material.

These soils are very highly erodible. Crops can be

grown if intensive measures to control wind erosion

are used.

3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy

loams, and very fine sandy loams. These soils are

highly erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive

measures to control wind erosion are used.

4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and

silty clay loams that have more than 5 percent finely

divided calcium carbonate. These soils are highly

erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive measures to

control wind erosion are used.

4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams,

and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent

clay. These soils are moderately erodible. Crops can

be grown if measures to control wind erosion are

used.

5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy

clays, and hemic soil material. These soils have less

than 5 percent finely divided calcium carbonate. They

are moderately erodible. Crops can be grown if

measures to control wind erosion are used.

6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay

loams that are less than 35 percent clay. These soils

have less than 5 percent finely divided calcium

carbonate. They are moderately erodible. Crops can

be grown if ordinary measures to control wind erosion

are used.

7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are

less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material.

These soils have less than 5 percent finely divided

calcium carbonate. They are very slightly erodible.

Crops can be grown if ordinary measures to control

wind erosion are used.

8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion

because of rock fragments on the surface or because

of surface wetness.

The wind erodibility index is a number that is

determined based on the percentage of dry,

nonerodible surface soil aggregates larger than 0.84

millimeter in diameter. It is an expression of the

stability of the soil aggregates, or the extent to which

they are broken down by tillage and the abrasion

caused by windblown soil particles.

In the table “Chemical Properties of the Soils,”

cation-exchange capacity is the total amount of
324 Soil Survey of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams

of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH

value. Soils having a low cation-exchange capacity

hold fewer cations and may require more frequent

applications of fertilizer than soils having a high cationexchange capacity. Soils having a high cationexchange capacity can retain cations. The ability to

retain cations helps to prevent the pollution of ground

water.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and

is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH

of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For

many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for

fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of

corrosion.

Calcium carbonate equivalent is the percent of

carbonates, by weight, in the fraction of the soil less

than 2 millimeters in size. The availability of plant

nutrients is influenced by the amount of carbonates in

the soil. Incorporating nitrogen fertilizer into calcareous

soils helps to prevent nitrite accumulation and

ammonium-N volatilization.

Water Features

The table “Water Features” gives estimates of

several important water features used in land use

planning that involves engineering considerations.

These features are described in the following

paragraphs.

Hydrologic soil groups are groups of soils that,

when saturated, have the same runoff potential under

similar storm and ground cover conditions. The soil

properties that affect the runoff potential are those that

influence the minimum rate of infiltration in a bare soil

after prolonged wetting and when the soil is not frozen.

These properties include the depth to a seasonal high

water table, the infiltration rate, permeability after

prolonged wetting, and the depth to a very slowly

permeable layer. The influences of ground cover and

slope are treated independently and are not taken into

account in hydrologic soil groups.

In the definitions of the hydrologic soil groups, the

infiltration rate is the rate at which water enters the soil

at the surface and is controlled by surface conditions.

The transmission rate is the rate at which water moves

through the soil and is controlled by properties of the

soil layers.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

chiefly of very deep, well drained to excessively

drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a

high rate of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have a moderately fine to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils that have a moderately fine or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clayey soils that have a high shrinkswell potential, soils that have a permanent high water

table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near

the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly

impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate

of water transmission.

If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in the

table, the first letter is for drained areas and the

second is for undrained areas.

Flooding, the temporary covering of the soil surface

by flowing water, is caused by overflow from streams

or by runoff from adjacent slopes. Shallow water

standing or flowing for short periods after rainfall or

snowmelt is not considered flooding. Standing water in

marshes and swamps or in closed depressions is

considered to be ponding.

The table gives the frequency and duration of

flooding and the time of year when flooding is most

likely to occur. Frequency, duration, and probable

dates of occurrence are estimated. Frequency

generally is expressed as none, rare, occasional, or

frequent. None means that flooding is not probable;

rare that it is unlikely but is possible under unusual

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is nearly 0

percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional that it

occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions

(the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year);

and frequent (fig. 23) that it occurs often under normal

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 50

percent or more in any year).

Duration is expressed as very brief (less than 2

days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 to 30 days), and very

long (more than 30 days). The time of year that

flooding is most likely to occur is expressed in months.

About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding occurs

during the stated period.

The information on flooding is based on evidence in

the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt,
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 325

or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in

organic matter content with increasing depth; and little

or no horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and level of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is a zone of saturation

at the highest average depth during the wettest

season. It is at least 6 inches thick, persists in the soil

for more than a few weeks, and is within 6 feet of the

surface. Indicated in the table are the depth to the

seasonal high water table, the kind of water table, and

the months of the year when the water table usually is

highest.

An apparent water table is indicated by the level at

which water stands in a freshly dug, unlined borehole

after adequate time for adjustments in the surrounding

soil.

A perched water table is one that is above an

unsaturated zone in the soil. The basis for determining

that a water table is perched may be general

knowledge of the area. The water table is proven to be

perched if the water level in a borehole is observed to

fall when the borehole is extended.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to the

water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Figure 23.—Algansee and Kalmarville soils are frequently flooded for long periods. The flooding is most likely to occur from March

through June.
326 Soil Survey of

Soil Features

The table “Soil Features” gives estimates of several

important soil features used in land use planning that

involves engineering considerations. These features

are described in the following paragraphs.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 60 inches. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping. The

rock is specified as either soft or hard. If the rock is

soft or fractured, excavations can be made with

trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the

rock is hard or massive, blasting or special equipment

generally is needed for excavation.

Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of

saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence

generally results from either desiccation and

shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or both,

following drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually,

usually over a period of several years. The table shows

the expected initial subsidence, which usually is a

result of drainage, and total subsidence, which results

from a combination of factors.

Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or

lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of

segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the

subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on

thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves

into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture,

density, permeability, content of organic matter, and

depth to the water table are the most important factors

considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It

is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation

or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly

structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in

winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well

drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least

susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during

thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other

rigid structures.

A low potential for frost action indicates that the soil

is rarely susceptible to the formation of ice lenses; a

moderate potential indicates that the soil is susceptible

to formation of ice lenses, resulting in frost heave and

the subsequent loss of soil strength; and a high

potential indicates that the soil is highly susceptible to

formation of ice lenses, resulting in frost heave and the

subsequent loss of soil strength.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate content,

texture, moisture content, and acidity of the soil.

Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil

layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation

extract.
Engineering Index Properties

(Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 11A: | | | | | | | | |  Markey----------| 0-27 |Muck-----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  | 27-60 |Sand, loamy |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 | 100 |85-100|50-75  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 20A: | | | | | | | | |  Palms-----------| 0-40 |Muck-----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  | 40-60 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |85-100|80-100|70-95  | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |  Houghton--------| 0-16 |Muck, mucky |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  | | peat. | | | | | | |  | 16-60 |Muck-----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  | | | | | | | | | 21A: | | | | | | | | |  Palms-----------| 0-40 |Muck-----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  | 40-60 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |85-100|80-100|70-95  | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 40A: | | | | | | | | |  Markey----------| 0-27 |Muck-----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  | 27-60 |Sand, gravelly |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0 |95-100|50-100|15-75  | | loamy sand, | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |  Seelyeville-----| 0-12 |Muck-----------|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  | 12-72 |Muck, mucky |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  | | peat. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 114B2: | | | | | | | | |  Mt. Carroll-----| 0-12 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 12-46 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 46-80 |Silt loam, silt|CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | | | | | | | | 114C2: | | | | | | | | |  Mt. Carroll-----| 0-12 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 12-46 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 46-80 |Silt loam, silt|CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 115B2: | | | | | | | | |  Seaton----------| 0-13 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 13-55 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 55-80 |Silt loam, silt|CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | | | | | | | | 115C2: | | | | | | | | |  Seaton----------| 0-13 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 13-55 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 55-80 |Silt loam, silt|CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | | | | | | | | 115D2: | | | | | | | | |  Seaton----------| 0-13 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 13-55 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 55-80 |Silt loam, silt|CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | | | | | | | | 116C2: | | | | | | | | |  Churchtown------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 | 0-10 |90-100|90-100|80-10 | 9-26 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 | 0-10 |90-100|90-100|65-95  | 26-60 |Silt loam------|CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | | | | | | | | 116D2: | | | | | | | | |  Churchtown------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 | 0-10 |90-100|90-100|80-10 | 9-26 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 | 0-10 |90-100|90-100|65-95  | 26-60 |Silt loam------|CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | | | | | | | | 116E: | | | | | | | | |  Churchtown------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 | 0-10 |90-100|90-100|80-10 | 5-26 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 | 0-10 |90-100|90-100|65-95  | 26-60 |Silt loam------|CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | | | | | | | | 125B2: | | | | | | | | |  Pepin-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 9-48 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 48-58 |Clay, flaggy |CL, CH, GC, |A-7, A-2-7 | 0-10 | 1-20 |50-100|45-95 |35-95  | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | |  | | channery silty| | | | | | |  | | clay. | | | | | | |  | 58-66 |Very flaggy |GC, SC, CL, |A-4, A-6, | 1-20 | 2-30 |50-100|45-95 |25-95  | | loam, clay | CL-ML | A-2, A-1-b | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 66 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 125C2: | | | | | | | | |  Pepin-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 9-48 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 48-58 |Clay, flaggy |CL, CH, GC, |A-7, A-2-7 | 0-10 | 1-20 |50-100|45-95 |35-95  | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | |  | | channery silty| | | | | | |  | | clay. | | | | | | |  | 58-66 |Very flaggy |GC, SC, CL, |A-4, A-6, | 1-20 | 2-30 |50-100|45-95 |25-95  | | loam, clay | CL-ML | A-2, A-1-b | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 66 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 125D2: | | | | | | | | |  Pepin-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 9-48 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 48-58 |Clay, flaggy |CL, CH, GC, |A-7, A-2-7 | 0-10 | 1-20 |50-100|45-95 |35-95  | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | |  | | channery silty| | | | | | |  | | clay. | | | | | | |  | 58-66 |Very flaggy |GC, SC, CL, |A-4, A-6, | 1-20 | 2-30 |50-100|45-95 |25-95  | | loam, clay | CL-ML | A-2, A-1-b | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 66 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 125E2: | | | | | | | | |  Pepin-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | 9-48 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100  | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 48-58 |Clay, flaggy |CL, CH, GC, |A-7, A-2-7 | 0-10 | 1-20 |50-100|45-95 |35-95  | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | |  | | channery silty| | | | | | |  | | clay. | | | | | | |  | 58-66 |Very flaggy |GC, SC, CL, |A-4, A-6, | 1-20 | 2-30 |50-100|45-95 |25-95  | | loam, clay | CL-ML | A-2, A-1-b | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 66 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 144B2: | | | | | | | | |  NewGlarus-------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-23 |Silty clay |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-7, A-4| 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-10 | | loam, silt | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 23-35 |Clay, silty |CH, CL, GC, |A-7, A-2-7 | 0-10 | 1-20 |50-95 |45-95 |35-95  | | clay. | SC | | | | | |  | 35 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 144C2: | | | | | | | | |  NewGlarus-------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-23 |Silty clay |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-7, A-4| 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-10 | | loam, silt | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 23-35 |Clay, silty |CH, CL, GC, |A-7, A-2-7 | 0-10 | 1-20 |50-95 |45-95 |35-95  | | clay. | SC | | | | | |  | 35 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 144D2: | | | | | | | | |  NewGlarus-------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-23 |Silty clay |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-7, A-4| 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-10 | | loam, silt | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 23-35 |Clay, silty |CH, CL, GC, |A-7, A-2-7 | 0-10 | 1-20 |50-95 |45-95 |35-95  | | clay. | SC | | | | | |  | 35 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 144E: | | | | | | | | |  NewGlarus-------| 0-3 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 3-23 |Silty clay |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-7, A-4| 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-10 | | loam, silt | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 23-35 |Clay, silty |CH, CL, GC, |A-7, A-2-7 | 0-10 | 1-20 |50-95 |45-95 |35-95  | | clay. | SC | | | | | |  | 35 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 213C2: | | | | | | | | |  Hixton----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-25 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95  | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 25-32 |Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|30-80  | | loam, channery| | A-1-b | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 32-37 |Channery sand, |SP |A-3, A-1-b | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-85  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | 37-55 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 213D2: | | | | | | | | |  Hixton----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-25 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95  | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 25-32 |Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|30-80  | | loam, channery| | A-1-b | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 32-37 |Channery sand, |SP |A-3, A-1-b | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-85  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | 37-55 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 213E2: | | | | | | | | |  Hixton----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-25 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95  | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 25-32 |Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|30-80  | | loam, channery| | A-1-b | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 32-37 |Channery sand, |SP |A-3, A-1-b | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-85  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | 37-55 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 224B: | | | | | | | | |  Elevasil--------| 0-3 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 3-27 |Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|30-80  | | loam, channery| CL, CL-ML | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 27-31 |Loamy sand, |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|15-70  | | loamy fine | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 31-39 |Sand, fine |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|10-60  | | sand, channery| | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 39-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 224C2: | | | | | | | | |  Elevasil--------| 0-3 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 3-27 |Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|30-80  | | loam, channery| CL, CL-ML | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 27-31 |Loamy sand, |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|15-70  | | loamy fine | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 31-39 |Sand, fine |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|10-60  | | sand, channery| | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 39-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 224D2: | | | | | | | | |  Elevasil--------| 0-3 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 3-27 |Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|30-80  | | loam, channery| CL, CL-ML | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 27-31 |Loamy sand, |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|15-70  | | loamy fine | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 31-39 |Sand, fine |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|10-60  | | sand, channery| | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 39-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 233C: | | | | | | | | |  Boone-----------| 0-8 |Sand-----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|40-80  | 8-35 |Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM, SP|A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|20-75  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 35-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 254B2: | | | | | | | | |  Norden----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-20 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95  | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 20-37 |Loam, fine |SM, SC, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | sandy loam, | CL | | | | | |  | | channery sandy| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 37 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 254C2: | | | | | | | | |  Norden----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-20 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95  | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 20-37 |Loam, fine |SM, SC, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | sandy loam, | CL | | | | | |  | | channery sandy| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 37 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 254D2: | | | | | | | | |  Norden----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-20 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95  | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 20-37 |Loam, fine |SM, SC, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | sandy loam, | CL | | | | | |  | | channery sandy| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 37 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 254E2: | | | | | | | | |  Norden----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-20 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95  | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 20-37 |Loam, fine |SM, SC, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | sandy loam, | CL | | | | | |  | | channery sandy| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 37 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 254F: | | | | | | | | |  Norden----------| 0-3 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 3-20 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95  | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 20-37 |Loam, fine |SM, SC, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-3 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | sandy loam, | CL | | | | | |  | | channery sandy| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 37 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 255B2: | | | | | | | | |  Urne------------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, SC |A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|55-90  | 9-36 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, CL, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | loam, very | SC | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 255C2: | | | | | | | | |  Urne------------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, SC |A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|55-90  | 9-36 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, CL, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | loam, very | SC | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 255D2: | | | | | | | | |  Urne------------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, SC |A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|55-90  | 9-36 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, CL, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | loam, very | SC | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 255E: | | | | | | | | |  Urne------------| 0-2 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, SC |A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|55-90  | 2-36 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, CL, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | loam, very | SC | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 255F: | | | | | | | | |  Urne------------| 0-2 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, SC |A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|55-90  | 2-36 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, CL, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | loam, very | SC | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam, channery| | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 265B: | | | | | | | | |  Garne-----------| 0-10 |Loamy sand-----|SM |A-2-4, A-1-b | 0 | 0 |90-100|75-100|40-90  | 10-23 |Loamy sand, |SM |A-2-4, A-1-b | 0 | 0 |90-100|75-100|40-90  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 23-27 |Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0 |90-100|75-100|30-70  | | fine sand, | | A-1-b, A-3 | | | | |  | | loamy sand. | | | | | | |  | 27-34 |Very fine sandy|SM, SC, ML, |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-10 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | loam, channery| CL | A-1-b | | | | |  | | loam, fine | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 34-48 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | 48 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 265C: | | | | | | | | |  Garne-----------| 0-10 |Loamy sand-----|SM |A-2-4, A-1-b | 0 | 0 |90-100|75-100|40-90  | 10-23 |Loamy sand, |SM |A-2-4, A-1-b | 0 | 0 |90-100|75-100|40-90  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 23-27 |Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0 |90-100|75-100|30-70  | | fine sand, | | A-1-b, A-3 | | | | |  | | loamy sand. | | | | | | |  | 27-34 |Very fine sandy|SM, SC, ML, |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-10 |55-100|50-100|35-95  | | loam, channery| CL | A-1-b | | | | |  | | loam, fine | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 34-48 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | 48 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 303A: | | | | | | | | |  Boguscreek------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-95  | 9-50 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|60-95  | 50-57 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|50-10 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, SM | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 57-80 |Sand, coarse |SP |A-1, A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|50-100|15-35  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 313D2: | | | | | | | | |  Plumcreek-------| 0-4 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |80-10 | 4-7 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-10 | 7-28 |Silt loam, |CL, SC |A-6, A-2-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-10 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 28-36 |Stratified silt|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-10 | | loam to sandy | SM | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Stratified sand|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-10 | | to silty clay | SM | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 313F: | | | | | | | | |  Plumcreek-------| 0-4 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |80-10 | 4-7 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-10 | 7-28 |Silt loam, |CL, SC |A-6, A-2-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-10 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 28-36 |Stratified silt|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-10 | | loam to sandy | SM | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Stratified sand|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-10 | | to silty clay | SM | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 316B2: | | | | | | | | |  Ella------------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-55 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 55-72 |Stratified |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-90  | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam to sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 72-80 |Stratified |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-90  | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam to sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 316C2: | | | | | | | | |  Ella------------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-55 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 55-72 |Stratified |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-90  | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam to sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 72-80 |Stratified |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-90  | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam to sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 318A: | | | | | | | | |  Bearpen---------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-10 | 8-18 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-10 | 18-41 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-10 | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 41-50 |Stratified |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |55-95  | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM | A-2-4, A-2-6| | | | |  | | loam to sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 50-60 |Stratified |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |55-95  | | silty clay | SC, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam to sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 326B2: | | | | | | | | |  Medary----------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 7-14 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 14-30 |Stratified clay|CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | to silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 30-60 |Stratified clay|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | to silt loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 403A: | | | | | | | | |  Dakota----------| 0-10 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-10 | 10-13 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-10 | 13-35 |Silt loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|50-90  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 35-38 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-1, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|20-75  | | loamy coarse | | A-3 | | | | |  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | 38-60 |Sand, gravelly |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-1, A-3, A-2| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|20-75  | | coarse sand, | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 413A: | | | | | | | | |  Rasset----------| 0-18 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM, SC|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|75-100|50-70  | 18-30 |Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM, SC|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|75-100|50-80  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 30-42 |Loamy sand, |SP, SP-SM, SM|A-1, A-2, A-3| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-100|50-100|40-80  | | loamy coarse | | | | | | |  | | sand, sand. | | | | | | |  | 42-60 |Sand, coarse |SP, SP-SM |A-1, A-2, A-3| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-100|50-100|25-75  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 413B: | | | | | | | | |  Rasset----------| 0-18 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM, SC|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|75-100|50-70  | 18-30 |Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM, SC|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|75-100|50-80  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 30-42 |Loamy sand, |SP, SP-SM, SM|A-1, A-2, A-3| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-100|50-100|40-80  | | loamy coarse | | | | | | |  | | sand, sand. | | | | | | |  | 42-60 |Sand, coarse |SP, SP-SM |A-1, A-2, A-3| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-100|50-100|25-75  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 423A: | | | | | | | | |  Meridian--------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, CL-ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |80-10 | 9-28 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|70-10 | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 28-32 |Sandy loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|55-95  | | loam. | SC-SM, CL-ML| | | | | |  | 32-72 |Loamy coarse |SM, SP, |A-1-b, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |75-100|50-100|15-75  | | sand, sand, | SP-SM, GM | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 423B2: | | | | | | | | |  Meridian--------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, CL-ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |80-10 | 9-28 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|70-10 | | loam, silty | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 28-32 |Sandy loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|55-95  | | loam. | SC-SM, CL-ML| | | | | |  | 32-72 |Loamy coarse |SM, SP, |A-1-b, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |75-100|50-100|15-75  | | sand, sand, | SP-SM, GM | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 429A: | | | | | | | | |  Lows------------| 0-6 |Loam-----------|ML, CL, CL-ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-95  | 6-13 |Loam, sandy |ML, CL, SM, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-95  | | loam, silt | SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 13-28 |Loam, silt |CL, SC |A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-95  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | 28-60 |Sand, loamy |SM, SP, SP-SM|A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 | 100 |75-100|20-70  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 432A: | | | | | | | | |  Kevilar---------| 0-9 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 9-29 |Loam, sandy |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | loam, fine | SM | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 29-50 |Sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | sand, loamy | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 50-80 |Stratified loam|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | to sand. | SM | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 432B: | | | | | | | | |  Kevilar---------| 0-9 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 9-29 |Loam, sandy |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | loam, fine | SM | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 29-50 |Sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | sand, loamy | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 50-80 |Stratified loam|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | to sand. | SM | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 432C2: | | | | | | | | |  Kevilar---------| 0-9 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 9-29 |Loam, sandy |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | loam, fine | SM | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 29-50 |Sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | sand, loamy | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 50-80 |Stratified loam|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | to sand. | SM | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 433A: | | | | | | | | |  Forkhorn--------| 0-9 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 9-25 |Sandy loam, |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | fine sandy | SM | | | | | |  | | loam, loam. | | | | | | |  | 25-32 |Gravelly loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-75  | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand, sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-46 |Stratified sand|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-75  | | to very | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | gravelly | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | 46-72 |Stratified sand|SM, SP |A-3, A-1-b | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-70  | | to very | | | | | | |  | | gravelly | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 433B: | | | | | | | | |  Forkhorn--------| 0-9 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 9-25 |Sandy loam, |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | fine sandy | SM | | | | | |  | | loam, loam. | | | | | | |  | 25-32 |Gravelly loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-75  | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand, sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-46 |Stratified sand|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-75  | | to very | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | gravelly | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | 46-72 |Stratified sand|SM, SP |A-3, A-1-b | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-70  | | to very | | | | | | |  | | gravelly | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 433C2: | | | | | | | | |  Forkhorn--------| 0-9 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 9-25 |Sandy loam, |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | fine sandy | SM | | | | | |  | | loam, loam. | | | | | | |  | 25-32 |Gravelly loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-75  | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand, sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-46 |Stratified sand|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-75  | | to very | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | gravelly | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | 46-72 |Stratified sand|SM, SP |A-3, A-1-b | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-98 |15-70  | | to very | | | | | | |  | | gravelly | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 436A: | | | | | | | | |  Rusktown--------| 0-9 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 9-25 |Loam, fine |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | sandy loam, | SM | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 25-38 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-75  | | coarse sand, | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | gravelly sand.| | | | | | |  | 38-45 |Coarse sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-75  | | loamy sand, | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | gravelly sand.| | | | | | |  | 45-72 |Coarse sand, |SM, SP |A-3, A-1-b, | 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-70  | | sand, gravelly| | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 438A: | | | | | | | | |  Hoopeston-------| 0-13 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM, SC|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|70-90  | 13-22 |Sandy loam, |SM, SC, SC-SM|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|60-85  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam. | | | | | | |  | 22-72 |Loamy sand, |SP-SM, SM, |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|50-80  | | sand, fine | SC, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 453A: | | | | | | | | |  Burkhardt-------| 0-10 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-8 |85-100|75-100|55-70  | 10-17 |Sandy loam, |SM, ML, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-8 |85-100|75-100|50-95  | | loam. | CL | | | | | |  | 17-60 |Loamy sand, |SP, SP-SM, |A-1 | 0 | 0-8 |50-85 |45-85 |20-35  | | gravelly | GP, GP-GM | | | | | |  | | coarse sand, | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 453B: | | | | | | | | |  Burkhardt-------| 0-10 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-8 |85-100|75-100|55-70  | 10-17 |Sandy loam, |SM, ML, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-8 |85-100|75-100|50-95  | | loam. | CL | | | | | |  | 17-60 |Loamy sand, |SP, SP-SM, |A-1 | 0 | 0-8 |50-85 |45-85 |20-35  | | gravelly | GP, GP-GM | | | | | |  | | coarse sand, | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 501A: | | | | | | | | |  Finchford-------| 0-10 |Loamy sand-----|SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3 | 0 | 0-8 |85-100|75-100|35-75  | 10-19 |Loamy sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3 | 0 | 0-8 |85-100|75-100|30-75  | | sand, coarse | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 19-26 |Sand, loamy |SW-SM, SP-SM |A-1-b | 0 | 0-8 |80-100|50-95 |25-70  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 26-80 |Gravelly coarse|SW, SW-SM, |A-1-b | 0 | 0-8 |75-100|50-95 |20-60  | | sand, sand, | SP, SP-SM | | | | | |  | | gravelly sand.| | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 501B: | | | | | | | | |  Finchford-------| 0-10 |Loamy sand-----|SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3 | 0 | 0-8 |85-100|75-100|35-75  | 10-19 |Loamy sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3 | 0 | 0-8 |85-100|75-100|30-75  | | sand, coarse | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 19-26 |Sand, loamy |SW-SM, SP-SM |A-1-b | 0 | 0-8 |80-100|50-95 |25-70  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 26-80 |Gravelly coarse|SW, SW-SM, |A-1-b | 0 | 0-8 |75-100|50-95 |20-60  | | sand, sand, | SP, SP-SM | | | | | |  | | gravelly sand.| | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 502B2: | | | | | | | | |  Chelsea---------| 0-9 |Fine sand------|SP, SP-SM, SM|A-3, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-95  | 9-60 |Fine sand, |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-80  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 502C2: | | | | | | | | |  Chelsea---------| 0-9 |Fine sand------|SP, SP-SM, SM|A-3, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-95  | 9-60 |Fine sand, |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-80  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 506A: | | | | | | | | |  Komro-----------| 0-10 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|30-75  | | | | A-1-b | | | | |  | 10-18 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|20-75  | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 18-38 |Sand, gravelly |SM, SP, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |70-100|65-100|20-75  | | coarse sand, | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | loamy sand. | | | | | | |  | 38-72 |Sand, gravelly |SM, SP, SP-SM|A-3, A-1-b | 0 | 0-9 |70-100|65-100|20-70  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 508A: | | | | | | | | |  Farrington------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-1-b | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|40-75  | 9-18 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-75  | | sand, coarse | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 18-41 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-75  | | coarse sand, | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 41-72 |Coarse sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-1-b | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 510B: | | | | | | | | |  Boplain---------| 0-9 |Sand-----------|SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-1-a | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|20-70  | 9-32 |Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-2-4, | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|20-75  | | sand, loamy | | A-1-a | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-37 |Sand, fine sand|SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-1-a | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|20-70  | 37-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 510C: | | | | | | | | |  Boplain---------| 0-9 |Sand-----------|SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-1-a | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|20-70  | 9-32 |Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-2-4, | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|20-75  | | sand, loamy | | A-1-a | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-37 |Sand, fine sand|SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-1-a | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|20-70  | 37-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 510F: | | | | | | | | |  Boplain---------| 0-9 |Sand-----------|SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-1-a | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|20-70  | 9-32 |Sand, coarse |SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-2-4, | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|20-75  | | sand, loamy | | A-1-a | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-37 |Sand, fine sand|SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-1-a | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|20-70  | 37-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 511A: | | | | | | | | |  Plainfield------| 0-4 |Sand-----------|SP-SM, SM, SP|A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|20-55  | 4-32 |Sand, loamy |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|20-55  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-80 |Sand, coarse |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0-9 |75-100|50-100|15-70  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 511B: | | | | | | | | |  Plainfield------| 0-4 |Sand-----------|SP-SM, SM, SP|A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|20-55  | 4-32 |Sand, loamy |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|20-55  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-80 |Sand, coarse |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0-9 |75-100|50-100|15-70  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 511C: | | | | | | | | |  Plainfield------| 0-4 |Sand-----------|SP-SM, SM, SP|A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|20-55  | 4-32 |Sand, loamy |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|20-55  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-80 |Sand, coarse |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0-9 |75-100|50-100|15-70  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 511F: | | | | | | | | |  Plainfield------| 0-4 |Sand-----------|SP-SM, SM, SP|A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|20-55  | 4-32 |Sand, loamy |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|20-55  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-80 |Sand, coarse |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0-9 |75-100|50-100|15-70  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 512B: | | | | | | | | |  Drammen---------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-90  | 9-44 |Sand, loamy |SP-SM, SM, SP|A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-80  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 44-65 |Sand, loamy |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-70  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 65-72 |Sand, coarse |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-90  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 512C: | | | | | | | | |  Drammen---------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-90  | 9-44 |Sand, loamy |SP-SM, SM, SP|A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-80  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 44-65 |Sand, loamy |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-70  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 65-72 |Sand, coarse |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-90  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 512D: | | | | | | | | |  Drammen---------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-90  | 9-44 |Sand, loamy |SP-SM, SM, SP|A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-80  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 44-65 |Sand, loamy |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-70  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 65-72 |Sand, coarse |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-1, A-2| 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|40-90  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 516A: | | | | | | | | |  Aldo------------| 0-7 |Sand-----------|SP |A-2 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|20-70  | 7-42 |Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|75-100|20-75  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 42-80 |Sand, coarse |SP |A-1, A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|50-100|15-35  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 546A: | | | | | | | | |  Prissel---------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|30-75  | 9-48 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 48-56 |Stratified loam|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | to sand. | SM | | | | | |  | 56-72 |Sand, fine sand|SP, SM, SP-SM|A-1-b, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | | | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 546B: | | | | | | | | |  Prissel---------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|30-75  | 9-48 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 48-56 |Stratified loam|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | to sand. | SM | | | | | |  | 56-72 |Sand, fine sand|SP, SM, SP-SM|A-1-b, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | | | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 546F: | | | | | | | | |  Prissel---------| 0-9 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|30-75  | 9-48 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 48-56 |Stratified loam|CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | to sand. | SM | | | | | |  | 56-72 |Sand, fine sand|SP, SM, SP-SM|A-1-b, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | | | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 561B: | | | | | | | | |  Tarr------------| 0-6 |Sand-----------|SM, SP-SM |A-1, A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70  | 6-34 |Sand, fine sand|SP, SP-SM |A-1, A-3, A-2| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 34-62 |Sand, fine sand|SP, SP-SM |A-1, A-3, A-2| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | | | | | | | | | 566A: | | | | | | | | |  Tint------------| 0-9 |Sand-----------|SM, SP |A-1, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-70  | | | | A-2-4 | | | | |  | 9-34 |Sand, fine sand|SM, SP |A-1, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | | | A-2-4 | | | | |  | 34-60 |Sand, fine sand|SM, SP |A-1, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-85  | | | | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 589A: | | | | | | | | |  Newson----------| 0-8 |Mucky loamy |SM, SP-SM, SP|A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|40-80  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 8-25 |Sand, coarse |SM, SP-SM, SP|A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|20-75  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 25-64 |Coarse sand, |SM, SP-SM, SP|A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0 |80-100|50-100|15-75  | | gravelly | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand, | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 616B: | | | | | | | | |  Chaseburg-------| 0-4 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 4-60 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML, CL|A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|85-100|85-10 | | | | | | | | | 626A: | | | | | | | | |  Arenzville------| 0-25 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML, CL|A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-10 | 25-40 |Silt loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 40-60 |Stratified silt|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |75-100|75-100|75-10 | | loam to very | | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 628A: | | | | | | | | |  Orion-----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-10 | 8-32 |Stratified silt|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | loam to very | | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | 32-40 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-10 | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 40-60 |Stratified silt|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|80-100|80-10 | | loam to very | | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 629A: | | | | | | | | |  Ettrick---------| 0-16 |Silt loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 16-35 |Silt loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 35-60 |Stratified silt|CL, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-10 | | loam to fine | SC, SC-SM | A-6, A-7 | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 646A: | | | | | | | | |  Dunnbot---------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam|SM, SC-SM, |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-90  | | | ML, CL-ML | | | | | |  | 9-36 |Very fine sandy|ML, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |55-90  | | loam, silt | SM, SC-SM | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-45 |Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-90  | | fine sandy | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 45-72 |Fine sand, |SP |A-1, A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|50-100|15-40  | | sand, coarse | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 656A: | | | | | | | | |  Scotah----------| 0-4 |Loamy fine sand|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|55-95  | 4-22 |Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, A-1-b,| 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|20-95  | | sand, loamy | | A-3 | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 22-60 |Sand, fine |SP-SM, SP, SM|A-1-b, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |85-100|50-100|15-85  | | sand, gravelly| | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 826B2: | | | | | | | | |  Hersey----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-36 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 36-58 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |80-10 | 58-115|Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML, SC|A-4, A-6, A-2| 0 | 0-9 |85-100|75-95 |45-95  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 826C2: | | | | | | | | |  Hersey----------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 8-36 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 36-58 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |80-10 | 58-115|Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML, SC|A-4, A-6, A-2| 0 | 0-9 |85-100|75-95 |45-95  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | |  | | clay loam. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 1135F: | | | | | | | | |  Dorerton--------| 0-3 |Loam-----------|ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|70-95  | 3-10 |Loam, sandy |ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|55-90  | | loam, fine | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 10-18 |Loam, clay |CL, ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|70-95  | | loam, silt | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 18-30 |Very channery |GC, SC, SC-SM|A-2, A-1 | 0 |20-55 |40-75 |30-65 |20-45  | | clay loam, | | | | | | |  | | very channery | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 30-60 |Extremely |GW-GM, SM, GM|A-1, A-2 | 0 |20-55 |40-75 |30-65 |15-40  | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | |  | | sand, very | | | | | | |  | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |  Elbaville-------| 0-4 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML, CL|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 4-16 |Silt loam, silt|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 16-20 |Silty clay |CL |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-10 | | loam, silt | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam. | | | | | | |  | 20-25 |Silty clay, |CL, CH, MH, |A-7 | 0 | 0-20 |90-100|80-100|75-10 | | silty clay | ML | | | | | |  | | loam, clay. | | | | | | |  | 25-36 |Very flaggy |GC, GM, SC, |A-2, A-4, | 0-10 |20-70 |35-75 |30-70 |25-65  | | silty clay | SM | A-6, A-7 | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | |  | | flaggy silt | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | |  | | flaggy loam. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Very flaggy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1 | 0-10 |20-70 |35-75 |30-70 |15-50  | | sandy loam, | GP-GM, SP-SM| | | | | |  | | very flaggy | | | | | | |  | | loamy sand, | | | | | | |  | | very flaggy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 1145F: | | | | | | | | |  Gaphill---------| 0-5 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 5-11 |Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | fine sandy | ML, CL-ML | | | | | |  | | loam, loam. | | | | | | |  | 11-32 |Sandy loam, |SM, SC, ML, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-3 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-95  | | fine sandy | CL | | | | | |  | | loam, loam. | | | | | | |  | 32-50 |Sand, loamy |SM, SP |A-2-4, A-3, | 0-5 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-75  | | sand, channery| | A-1-b | | | | |  | | loamy sand. | | | | | | |  | 50-56 |Sand, channery |SM, SP |A-3, A-1-b | 0-5 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-70  | | sand, flaggy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 56-66 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |  Rockbluff-------| 0-4 |Loamy sand-----|SM |A-1-b | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|30-75  | 4-9 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-1-a | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|20-75  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 9-35 |Sand, channery |SM, SP |A-3, A-1-a | 0-3 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-75  | | loamy sand, | | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | 35-52 |Sand, channery |SM, SP |A-3, A-1-a | 0-5 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|15-70  | | sand, flaggy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 52-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 1155F: | | | | | | | | |  Brodale---------| 0-6 |Very flaggy |SM, SP-SM, |A-2, A-1 | 0 | 7-30 |30-65 |20-55 |15-45  | | loam. | SC, GM | | | | | |  | 6-50 |Very flaggy |SM, SC, |A-2, A-1 | 0 |20-50 |45-80 |40-75 |25-50  | | very fine | SC-SM, GM | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | |  | | flaggy silt | | | | | | |  | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 50 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 1155F: | | | | | | | | |  Bellechester----| 0-16 |Sand-----------|SP-SM |A-3 | 0 | 0-10 |90-100|85-100|70-90  | 16-42 |Flaggy sand----|SP, SP-SM |A-3, A-2 | 0 | 0-45 |85-100|70-100|50-90  | 42 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop----| 0-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock, | | | | | | |  | | unweathered | | | | | | |  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 1224F: | | | | | | | | |  Boone-----------| 0-3 |Sand-----------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|40-80  | 3-8 |Sand, channery |SM, SP-SM, SP|A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|25-75  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | 8-35 |Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM, SP|A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0-9 |55-100|50-100|20-75  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 35-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |  Elevasil--------| 0-3 |Sandy loam-----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|75-100|45-80  | 3-27 |Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2-4, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|30-80  | | loam, channery| CL, CL-ML | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 27-31 |Loamy sand, |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|15-70  | | loamy fine | | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand, channery| | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 31-39 |Sand, fine |SP, SM, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-3, | 0 | 0-9 |80-100|50-100|10-60  | | sand, channery| | A-1-b | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 39-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 1648A: | | | | | | | | |  Northbend-------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|55-10 | 7-34 |Silt loam, |ML, CL, SM, |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|45-10 | | loam, sandy | SC | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 34-36 |Loamy fine |SM |A-1 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|35-95  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Sand, fine sand|SP, SP-SM, SM|A-1, A-3 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|25-85  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 1648A: | | | | | | | | |  Ettrick---------| 0-16 |Silt loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | 16-35 |Silt loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-10 | | silty clay | | | | | | |  | | loam. | | | | | | |  | 35-60 |Stratified silt|CL, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-10 | | loam to fine | SC, SC-SM | A-6, A-7 | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 1658A: | | | | | | | | |  Algansee--------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam|SM, SC-SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-90  | 4-31 |Loamy fine |SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|25-95  | | sand, fine | | | | | | |  | | sand, sand. | | | | | | |  | 31-60 |Fine sand, |SM, GM |A-1-b, A-3, | 0 | 0 |65-100|50-100|15-95  | | sand, gravelly| | A-2-4 | | | | |  | | sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |  Kalmarville-----| 0-6 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, CL-ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-10 | 6-42 |Very fine sandy|ML, SM, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-85  | | loam, silt | SC-SM, CL-ML| | | | | |  | | loam, fine | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam. | | | | | | |  | 42-60 |Coarse sand, |SP, SM, SW, |A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|40-80  | | sand, loamy | SP-SM | | | | | |  | | fine sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 2003A: | | | | | | | | |  Riverwash-------| 0-60 |Extremely |GW, GP |A-1-a | 0 | 0-50 | 5-35 | 5-35 | 5-30  | | gravelly | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 2013: | | | | | | | | |  Pits, gravel----| 0-60 |Sand and gravel|GP, SP, |A-1-a | 0 | 0-10 | 0 | 0 | 0  | | | GP-GM, SP-SM| | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 2014: | | | | | | | | |  Pits, quarry----| 0-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | bedrock, | | | | | | |  | | unweathered | | | | | | |  | | bedrock. | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | 
Engineering Index Properties--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage pass Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | 2040: | | | | | | | | |  Udipsamments----| 0-60 |Loamy fine sand|SP, SP-SM, SM|A-1, A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 |85-100|85-100|30-80  | | | | | | | | | 2050: | | | | | | | | |  Landfill. | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Engineering Index Test Data

(LL means liquid limit; PI means plasticity index)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Percentage | Percentage | |  | | | | | passing sieve*-- | smaller than*-- | |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and | Parent | Report |Horizon|Depth |No.| No.| No. | No. | 0.05| 0.02|0.005|0.002| LL | P location | material | number | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | mm | mm | mm | mm | | 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | In | | | | | | | | | Pct | 

 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hersey silt loam:|Loess over till|S93WI-091-| | | | | | | | | | | |  About 1,900 ft. | | 9-3 | Bt2 |15-22 |100|100 | 100 | 99 | 91 | 55 | 28 | 23 | 35.3| 1 east and 300 ft.| | 9-5 | Bt4 |36-58 |100|100 | 100 | 98 | 92 | 48 | 23 | 18 | 33.4| 9 south of the | | 9-6 | 2Bt5 |58-88 | 98| 97 | 83 | 54 | 48 | 35 | 23 | 18 | 27.9| 1 northwest corner| | | | | | | | | | | | | |  of sec. 1, T. 23| | | | | | | | | | | | | |  N., R. 15 W. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hersey silt loam:|Loess over till|S93WI-091-| | | | | | | | | | | |  About 1,950 ft. | | 11-3 | Bt2 |15-33 |100|100 | 100 | 99 | 89 | 51 | 27 | 22 | 36.0| 1 east and 600 ft.| | 11-5 | Bt4 |47-54 |100|100 | 100 | 98 | 93 | 40 | 19 | 14 | 29.8| 5 south of the | | 11-6 | 2Bt5 |54-88 | 99| 98 | 91 | 70 | 62 | 45 | 27 | 22 | 31.8| 1 northwest corner| | | | | | | | | | | | | |  of sec. 1, T. 23| | | | | | | | | | | | | |  N., R. 15 W. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pepin silt loam: |Loess over |S93WI-091-| | | | | | | | | | | |  About 925 ft. | pedisediment | 17-3 | Bt2 |14-24 |100|100 | 100 | 99 | 93 | 55 | 32 | 27 | 39.3| 1 north and 250 | underlain by | 17-8 | 2Bt7 |58-80 | 95| 92 | 88 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 79 | 77 | 83.0| 3 ft. west of the | dolostone | | | | | | | | | | | | |  southeast corner| residuum. | | | | | | | | | | | | |  of sec. 32, T. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  24 N., R. 14 W. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pepin silt loam: |Loess over |S93WI-091-| | | | | | | | | | | |  About 775 ft. | pedisediment | 21-4 | Bt3 |33-43 |100|100 | 100 | 99 | 94 | 56 | 31 | 27 | 39.6| 1 north and 275 | underlain by | 21-6 | 2Bt5 |47-54 | 82| 78 | 72 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 49 | 47 | 77.2| 4 ft. west of the | dolostone | | | | | | | | | | | | |  southeast corner| residuum. | | | | | | | | | | | | |  of sec. 32, T. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  24 N., R. 14 W. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Mechanical analysis according to the AASHTO designation T88-57. Results from this procedure can differ someobtained by the soil survey procedure of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. In the AASHTO procedure, the analyzed by hydrometer method and the various grain-size fractions are calculated on the basis of all material up 3 inches in diameter. In the Natural Resources Conservation Service soil survey procedure, the fine material is apipette method and the material coarser than 2 millimeters in diameter is excluded from the calculation of grain-mechanical analysis data used in this table are not suitable for use in naming textural classes of soils.
356 Soil Survey of

Physical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and

 "Wind erodibility index" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not

 estimated)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

11A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Markey----------| 0-27 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.20-6.00 |0.35-0.48|Low------| 60-99 | --- | --- | 2 | 2 | 134

 | 27-60 | 0-10|1.40-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Palms-----------| 0-40 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.20-6.00 |0.35-0.45|Low------| 60-99 | --- | --- | 2 | 2 | 134

 | 40-60 | 10-30|1.45-1.75| 0.20-2.00 |0.12-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghton--------| 0-16 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.20-6.00 |0.35-0.45|Low------| 60-99 | --- | --- | 3 | 2 | 134

 | 16-60 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.20-6.00 |0.35-0.45|Low------| 60-99 | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

21A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Palms-----------| 0-40 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.20-6.00 |0.35-0.45|Low------| 60-99 | --- | --- | 2 | 2 | 134

 | 40-60 | 10-30|1.45-1.75| 0.20-2.00 |0.12-0.22|Moderate |2.0-15 | 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

40A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Markey----------| 0-27 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.20-6.00 |0.35-0.45|Low------| 60-99 | --- | --- | 2 | 2 | 134

 | 27-60 | 0-10|1.40-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Seelyeville-----| 0-12 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.20-6.00 |0.35-0.45|Low------| 60-99 | --- | --- | 3 | 2 | 134

 | 12-72 | --- |0.15-0.45| 0.20-6.00 |0.35-0.45|Low------| 60-99 | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

114B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| 0-12 | 12-22|1.10-1.20| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-4.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 12-46 | 18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.2-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 46-80 | 12-18|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

114C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| 0-12 | 18-27|1.10-1.20| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-4.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 12-46 | 18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.2-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 46-80 | 12-18|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

115B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| 0-13 | 12-22|1.10-1.20| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 13-55 | 18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 55-80 | 10-25|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

115C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| 0-13 | 12-22|1.10-1.20| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 13-55 | 18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 55-80 | 10-25|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

115D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| 0-13 | 12-22|1.10-1.20| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 13-55 | 18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 55-80 | 10-25|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

116C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| 0-9 | 12-22|1.35-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 9-26 | 18-27|1.35-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.5-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 26-60 | 10-25|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

116D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| 0-9 | 12-22|1.35-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 9-26 | 18-27|1.35-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.5-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 26-60 | 10-25|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 357

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

116E: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| 0-5 | 12-22|1.35-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 5-26 | 18-27|1.35-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.5-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 26-60 | 10-25|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

125B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 0-9 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 9-48 | 18-30|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 48-58 | 35-80|1.25-1.45| 0.06-0.20 |0.10-0.15|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 58-66 | 12-30|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.05-0.12|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.32| | |

 | 66 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

125C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 0-9 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 9-48 | 18-30|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 48-58 | 35-80|1.25-1.45| 0.06-0.20 |0.10-0.15|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 58-66 | 12-30|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.05-0.12|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.32| | |

 | 66 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

125D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 0-9 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 9-48 | 18-30|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 48-58 | 35-80|1.25-1.45| 0.06-0.20 |0.10-0.15|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 58-66 | 12-30|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.05-0.12|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.32| | |

 | 66 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

125E2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 0-9 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 9-48 | 18-30|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 48-58 | 35-80|1.25-1.45| 0.06-0.20 |0.10-0.15|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 58-66 | 12-30|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.05-0.12|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.32| | |

 | 66 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

144B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 0-8 | 12-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-23 | 18-35|1.25-1.45| 0.20-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 23-35 | 35-80|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.20 |0.09-0.13|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.32| | |

 | 35 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

144C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 0-8 | 12-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-23 | 18-35|1.25-1.45| 0.20-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 23-35 | 35-80|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.20 |0.09-0.13|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.32| | |

 | 35 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

144D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 0-8 | 12-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.49| 0.49| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-23 | 18-35|1.25-1.45| 0.20-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 23-35 | 35-80|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.20 |0.09-0.13|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.32| | |

 | 35 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

144E: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 0-3 | 12-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.49| 0.49| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 3-23 | 18-35|1.25-1.45| 0.20-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 23-35 | 35-80|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.20 |0.09-0.13|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.32| | |

 | 35 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

213C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 0-8 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-25 | 18-30|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 25-32 | 10-17|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.18|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 32-37 | 2-6 |1.55-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.03-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 37-55 | --- | --- | 0.20-0.60 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
358 Soil Survey of

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

213D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 0-8 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-25 | 18-30|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.19|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 25-32 | 10-17|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.18|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 32-37 | 2-6 |1.55-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.03-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 37-55 | --- | --- | 0.20-0.60 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

213E2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 0-8 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-25 | 18-30|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.19|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 25-32 | 10-17|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.18|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 32-37 | 2-6 |1.55-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.03-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 37-55 | --- | --- | 0.20-0.60 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

224B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13|1.40-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.16|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.24| 0.24| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 3-27 | 10-17|1.45-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.06-0.14|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 27-31 | 2-10|1.50-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.03-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 31-39 | 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.02-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 39-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

224C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13|1.40-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.16|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.28| 0.28| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 3-27 | 10-17|1.45-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.06-0.14|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 27-31 | 2-10|1.50-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.03-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 31-39 | 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.02-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 39-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

224D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13|1.40-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.16|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.28| 0.28| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 3-27 | 10-17|1.45-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.06-0.14|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 27-31 | 2-10|1.50-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.03-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 31-39 | 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.02-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 39-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

233C: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------| 0-8 | 2-3 |1.55-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.07-0.10|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.02| 0.02| 3 | 1 | 250

 | 8-35 | 0-3 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.02-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 35-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

254B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-8 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-20 | 18-30|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 20-37 | 10-18|1.45-1.55| 0.20-2.00 |0.09-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 37 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

254C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-8 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-20 | 18-30|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 20-37 | 10-18|1.45-1.55| 0.20-2.00 |0.09-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 37 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

254D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-8 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-20 | 18-30|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 20-37 | 10-18|1.45-1.55| 0.20-2.00 |0.09-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 37 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

254E2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-8 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 8-20 | 18-30|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 20-37 | 10-18|1.45-1.55| 0.20-2.00 |0.09-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 37 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 359

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

254F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-3 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 3-20 | 18-30|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 20-37 | 10-18|1.45-1.55| 0.20-2.00 |0.09-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 37 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

255B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-9 | 10-18|1.35-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.18|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.32| 0.32| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 9-36 | 10-18|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

255C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-9 | 10-18|1.35-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.18|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.32| 0.32| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 9-36 | 10-18|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

255D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-9 | 10-18|1.35-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.18|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.32| 0.32| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 9-36 | 10-18|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

255E: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-2 | 10-18|1.35-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.18|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.32| 0.32| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 2-36 | 10-18|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

255F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-2 | 10-18|1.35-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.18|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.32| 0.32| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 2-36 | 10-18|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

265B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Garne-----------| 0-10 | 1-8 |1.35-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.05| 0.05| 3 | 2 | 134

 | 10-23 | 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 23-27 | 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 27-34 | 8-18|1.35-1.75| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 34-48 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | 48 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

265C: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Garne-----------| 0-10 | 1-8 |1.35-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.05| 0.05| 3 | 2 | 134

 | 10-23 | 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 23-27 | 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 27-34 | 8-18|1.35-1.75| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 34-48 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | 48 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

303A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boguscreek------| 0-9 | 8-18|1.25-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|2.0-4.0| 0.32| 0.32| 4 | 5 | 56

 | 9-50 | 8-18|1.25-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|2.0-4.0| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 50-57 | 8-18|1.35-1.50| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.22|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 57-80 | 1-4 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

313D2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| 0-4 | 10-25|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 4-7 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | 7-28 | 18-27|1.45-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 28-36 | 8-25|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 36-60 | 8-30|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
360 Soil Survey of

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

313F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| 0-4 | 10-25|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 4-7 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | 7-28 | 18-27|1.45-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 28-36 | 8-25|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 36-60 | 8-30|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

316B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ella------------| 0-8 | 10-25|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.37| 0.37| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 8-55 | 18-30|1.40-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 55-72 | 10-30|1.50-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 72-80 | 10-30|1.50-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

316C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ella------------| 0-8 | 10-25|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.37| 0.37| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 8-55 | 18-30|1.40-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 55-72 | 10-30|1.50-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 72-80 | 10-30|1.50-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

318A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Bearpen---------| 0-8 | 10-25|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|2.0-4.0| 0.32| 0.32| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 8-18 | 12-22|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-4.0| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 18-41 | 18-30|1.45-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 41-50 | 10-30|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 50-60 | 10-18|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.16|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

326B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Medary----------| 0-7 | 15-27|1.35-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.43| 0.43| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 7-14 | 15-40|1.55-1.65| 0.20-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Moderate |0.5-1.0| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | 14-30 | 35-60|1.55-1.70| 0.06-0.20 |0.11-0.20|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | 30-60 | 25-60|1.30-1.70| 0.06-0.20 |0.09-0.20|High-----|0.0-0.5| 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

403A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dakota----------| 0-10 | 12-22|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|2.0-5.0| 0.28| 0.28| 4 | 5 | 56

 | 10-13 | 12-22|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.24|Low------|1.0-4.0| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | 13-35 | 18-30|1.30-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Moderate |0.5-1.0| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 35-38 | 4-11|1.55-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | 38-60 | 1-4 |1.55-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

413A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rasset----------| 0-18 | 6-15|1.35-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|2.0-4.0| 0.17| 0.17| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 18-30 | 10-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.20| 0.20| | |

 | 30-42 | 2-10|1.45-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 42-60 | 1-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-40.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

413B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rasset----------| 0-18 | 6-15|1.35-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|2.0-4.0| 0.17| 0.17| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 18-30 | 10-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.20| 0.20| | |

 | 30-42 | 2-10|1.45-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 42-60 | 1-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-40.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

423A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Meridian--------| 0-9 | 8-20|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.37| 0.37| 4 | 5 | 56

 | 9-28 | 18-30|1.40-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 28-32 | 15-25|1.55-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 32-72 | 1-4 |1.55-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

423B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Meridian--------| 0-9 | 8-20|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.37| 0.37| 4 | 5 | 56

 | 9-28 | 18-30|1.40-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 28-32 | 15-25|1.55-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 32-72 | 1-4 |1.55-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 361

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

429A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lows------------| 0-6 | 12-22|1.20-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|3.0-5.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 5 | 56

 | 6-13 | 10-22|1.20-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 13-28 | 18-27|1.55-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.16-0.19|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 28-60 | 2-8 |1.75-1.85| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

432A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 9-29 | 6-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 29-50 | 1-6 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 50-80 | 8-18|1.55-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

432B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 9-29 | 6-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 29-50 | 1-6 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 50-80 | 8-18|1.55-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

432C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 9-29 | 6-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 29-50 | 1-6 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 50-80 | 8-18|1.55-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

433A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 9-25 | 6-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 25-32 | 3-10|1.50-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.17| | |

 | 32-46 | 2-8 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.05| 0.10| | |

 | 46-72 | 1-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.01-0.05|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.05| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

433B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 9-25 | 6-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 25-32 | 3-10|1.50-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.17| | |

 | 32-46 | 2-8 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.05| 0.10| | |

 | 46-72 | 1-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.01-0.05|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.05| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

433C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 9-25 | 6-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 25-32 | 3-10|1.50-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.17| | |

 | 32-46 | 2-8 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.05| 0.10| | |

 | 46-72 | 1-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.01-0.05|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.05| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

436A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rusktown--------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.15|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 9-25 | 6-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 25-38 | 3-10|1.50-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | 38-45 | 2-8 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | 45-72 | 1-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.01-0.05|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.05| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

438A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------| 0-13 | 8-18|1.35-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.20| 0.20| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 13-22 | 12-18|1.45-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.17|Low------|0.2-1.0| 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | 22-72 | 2-10|1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.10|Low------|0.1-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

453A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------| 0-10 | 5-13|1.35-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.17| 0.17| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 10-17 | 8-18|1.55-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 17-60 | 1-6 |1.50-1.80| 6.00-20.00|0.02-0.04|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
362 Soil Survey of

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

453B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------| 0-10 | 5-13|1.35-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.15|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.17| 0.17| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 10-17 | 8-18|1.55-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 17-60 | 1-6 |1.50-1.80| 6.00-20.00|0.02-0.04|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

501A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Finchford-------| 0-10 | 5-10|1.50-1.55| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.05| 0.05| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 10-19 | 5-10|1.50-1.55| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 19-26 | 2-8 |1.50-1.60| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.10|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | 26-80 | 2-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

501B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Finchford-------| 0-10 | 5-10|1.50-1.55| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.05| 0.05| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 10-19 | 5-10|1.50-1.55| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 19-26 | 2-8 |1.50-1.60| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.10|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | 26-80 | 2-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

502B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------| 0-9 | 3-8 |1.50-1.55| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.08|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.05| 0.05| 5 | 1 | 310

 | 9-60 | 5-10|1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

502C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------| 0-9 | 3-8 |1.50-1.55| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.08|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.05| 0.05| 5 | 1 | 310

 | 9-60 | 5-10|1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

506A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Komro-----------| 0-10 | 3-10|1.40-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.05| 0.05| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 10-18 | 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.04-0.12|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 18-38 | 2-8 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 38-72 | 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

508A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Farrington------| 0-9 | 3-10|1.40-1.60| 2.00-20.00|0.08-0.12|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.05| 0.05| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 9-18 | 2-8 |1.45-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.04-0.12|Low------|1.0-2.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 18-41 | 2-8 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 41-72 | 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.06|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.05| 0.05| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

510B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 0-9 | 1-6 |1.35-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.07-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 3 | 1 | 220

 | 9-32 | 1-10|1.45-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 32-37 | 0-7 |1.45-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 37-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

510C: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 0-9 | 1-6 |1.35-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.07-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 3 | 1 | 220

 | 9-32 | 1-10|1.45-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 32-37 | 0-7 |1.45-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 37-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

510F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 0-9 | 1-6 |1.35-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.07-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 3 | 1 | 220

 | 9-32 | 1-10|1.45-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 32-37 | 0-7 |1.45-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 37-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

511A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| 0-4 | 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 5 | 1 | 250

 | 4-32 | 1-7 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.07|Low------|0.1-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 32-80 | 0-4 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.07|Low------|0.1-0.2| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 363

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

511B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| 0-4 | 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 5 | 1 | 250

 | 4-32 | 1-7 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.07|Low------|0.1-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 32-80 | 0-4 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.07|Low------|0.1-0.2| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

511C: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| 0-4 | 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 5 | 1 | 250

 | 4-32 | 1-7 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.07|Low------|0.1-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 32-80 | 0-4 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.07|Low------|0.1-0.2| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

511F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| 0-4 | 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 5 | 1 | 250

 | 4-32 | 1-7 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.07|Low------|0.1-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 32-80 | 0-4 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.07|Low------|0.1-0.2| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

512B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| 0-9 | 1-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.09-0.12|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.10| 0.10| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 9-44 | 1-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 44-65 | 1-10|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.07-0.12|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 65-72 | 0-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

512C: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| 0-9 | 1-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.09-0.12|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.10| 0.10| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 9-44 | 1-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 44-65 | 1-10|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.07-0.12|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 65-72 | 0-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

512D: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| 0-9 | 1-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.09-0.12|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.10| 0.10| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 9-44 | 1-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 44-65 | 1-10|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.07-0.12|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 65-72 | 0-5 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

516A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Aldo------------| 0-7 | 2-5 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.07-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 5 | 1 | 250

 | 7-42 | 2-7 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.03-0.11|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 42-80 | 1-4 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

546A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| 0-9 | 1-6 |1.30-1.50| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.10| 0.10| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 9-48 | 1-6 |1.40-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 48-56 | 8-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 56-72 | 1-6 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

546B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| 0-9 | 1-6 |1.30-1.50| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.10| 0.10| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 9-48 | 1-6 |1.40-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 48-56 | 8-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 56-72 | 1-6 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

546F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| 0-9 | 1-6 |1.30-1.50| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.10| 0.10| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 9-48 | 1-6 |1.40-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 48-56 | 8-18|1.45-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 56-72 | 1-6 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

561B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Tarr------------| 0-6 | 3-5 |1.35-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.08-0.10|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 5 | 1 | 250

 | 6-34 | 3-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 34-62 | 3-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
364 Soil Survey of

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

566A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Tint------------| 0-9 | 4-8 |1.35-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.09|Low------|0.5-2.0| 0.02| 0.02| 5 | 1 | 250

 | 9-34 | 0-5 |1.45-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 34-60 | 0-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

589A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Newson----------| 0-8 | 2-10|1.35-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.10|Low------| 10-20 | 0.05| 0.05| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 8-25 | 1-4 |1.70-1.80| 6.00-20.00|0.05-0.11|Low------|0.1-2.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 25-64 | 1-4 |1.70-1.80| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

616B: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------| 0-4 | 12-16|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.37| 0.37| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 4-60 | 10-18|1.55-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Low------|0.0-2.0| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

626A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Arenzville------| 0-25 | 10-18|1.20-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.24|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.37| 0.37| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 25-40 | 10-30|1.25-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Low------|0.0-2.0| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | 40-60 | 10-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

628A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Orion-----------| 0-8 | 10-18|1.20-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.37| 0.37| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 8-32 | 10-18|1.20-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|1.0-3.0| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | 32-40 | 10-30|1.25-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Low------|3.0-8.0| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | 40-60 | 10-18|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

629A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------| 0-16 | 15-27|1.25-1.35| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.29|Low------|4.0-12 | 0.32| 0.32| 5 | 6 | 48

 | 16-35 | 20-35|1.30-1.45| 0.20-0.60 |0.18-0.29|Moderate |0.5-2.0| 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | 35-60 | 8-27|1.30-1.50| 0.60-6.00 |0.20-0.25|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

646A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------| 0-9 | 8-18|1.20-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.16-0.18|Low------|1.0-4.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 9-36 | 8-18|1.45-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.22|Low------|1.0-4.0| 0.20| 0.20| | |

 | 36-45 | 8-18|1.55-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.18|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 45-72 | 1-6 |1.60-1.70| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

656A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Scotah----------| 0-4 | 2-15|1.30-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|0.5-3.0| 0.05| 0.05| 5 | 2 | 134

 | 4-22 | 0-10|1.35-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.07-0.12|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 22-60 | 0-10|1.45-1.60| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

826B2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hersey----------| 0-8 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 8-36 | 18-27|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 36-58 | 12-27|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 58-115| 12-30|1.55-1.65| 0.20-2.00 |0.12-0.17|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

826C2: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hersey----------| 0-8 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.24|Low------|2.0-3.0| 0.43| 0.43| 5 | 5 | 56

 | 8-36 | 18-27|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 36-58 | 12-27|1.40-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 58-115| 12-30|1.55-1.65| 0.20-2.00 |0.12-0.17|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.37| 0.37| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

1135F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dorerton--------| 0-3 | 10-18|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.24|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.32| 0.32| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 3-10 | 5-15|1.30-1.40| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.19|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 10-18 | 18-35|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.19|Moderate |0.5-1.0| 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | 18-30 | 20-35|1.20-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.14|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.32| | |

 | 30-60 | 2-25|1.20-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.03-0.09|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 365

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

1135F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elbaville-------| 0-4 | 10-27|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.24|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.43| 0.43| 4 | 5 | 56

 | 4-16 | 10-20|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.22|Low------|0.5-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 16-20 | 18-35|1.35-1.50| 0.20-2.00 |0.16-0.19|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 20-25 | 35-50|1.25-1.35| 0.20-0.60 |0.13-0.16|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.32| 0.32| | |

 | 25-36 | 20-35|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.14|Moderate |0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.43| | |

 | 36-60 | 5-18|1.40-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

1145F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Gaphill---------| 0-5 | 8-15|1.35-1.65| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.15|Low------|4.0-8.0| 0.24| 0.24| 4 | 3 | 86

 | 5-11 | 5-12|1.40-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.09-0.19|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 11-32 | 8-17|1.40-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.09-0.19|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 32-50 | 2-8 |1.45-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 50-56 | 1-6 |1.50-1.75| 6.00-20.00|0.02-0.06|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 56-66 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------| 0-4 | 2-6 |1.55-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.10-0.12|Low------|4.0-8.0| 0.10| 0.10| 4 | 2 | 134

 | 4-9 | 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.07-0.12|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.10| 0.10| | |

 | 9-35 | 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.03-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 35-52 | 0-3 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.03-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 52-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

1155F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Brodale---------| 0-6 | 5-18|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.06-0.12|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.20| 0.28| 3 | 5 | 56

 | 6-50 | 5-18|1.20-1.35| 0.60-6.00 |0.04-0.09|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.20| 0.24| | |

 | 50 | --- | --- | 2.00-20.00| --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Bellechester----| 0-16 | 1-3 |1.45-1.60| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.09|Low------|1.0-4.0| 0.02| 0.02| 4 | 1 | 220

 | 16-42 | 2-8 |1.50-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.08|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 42 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop----| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-0.60 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- |---| 8 | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

1224F: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------| 0-3 | 2-3 |1.55-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.07-0.10|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.02| 0.02| 3 | 1 | 250

 | 3-8 | 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.03-0.12|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 8-35 | 0-3 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.02-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 35-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13|1.40-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.16|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.24| 0.24| 3 | 3 | 86

 | 3-27 | 10-17|1.45-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.06-0.14|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.24| 0.24| | |

 | 27-31 | 2-10|1.50-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.03-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 31-39 | 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 2.00-20.00|0.02-0.08|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | 39-60 | --- | --- | 0.20-2.00 | --- |---------| --- | --- | --- | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

1648A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Northbend-------| 0-7 | 10-14|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.24|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.37| 0.37| 4 | 5 | 56

 | 7-34 | 5-17|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.22|Low------|0.1-1.0| 0.43| 0.43| | |

 | 34-36 | 4-8 |1.45-1.70| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.13|Low------|0.1-1.0| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 36-60 | 2-5 |1.55-1.70| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.10|Low------|0.1-1.0| 0.15| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------| 0-16 | 15-27|1.25-1.35| 0.60-2.00 |0.22-0.29|Low------|4.0-12 | 0.32| 0.32| 5 | 6 | 48

 | 16-35 | 20-35|1.30-1.45| 0.20-0.60 |0.18-0.29|Moderate |0.5-2.0| 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | 35-60 | 8-27|1.30-1.50| 0.60-6.00 |0.20-0.25|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.28| 0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

1658A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Algansee--------| 0-4 | 5-15|1.35-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.18|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.24| 0.24| 5 | 3 | 86

 | 4-31 | 0-15|1.40-1.65| 6.00-20.00|0.06-0.11|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.17| 0.17| | |

 | 31-60 | 0-10|1.40-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.10|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.15| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kalmarville-----| 0-6 | 13-23|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.24|Low------|3.0-7.0| 0.32| 0.32| 4 | 5 | 56

 | 6-42 | 8-18|1.40-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.13-0.18|Low------|0.0-1.0| 0.20| 0.20| | |

 | 42-60 | 2-5 |1.55-1.65| 6.00-60.00|0.06-0.09|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.10| 0.10| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |
366 Soil Survey of

Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |Wind

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Shrink- |Organic|_______________|erodi-|erodi-

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water | swell | matter| | | |bility|bility

 | | | density | |capacity |potential| | K | Kf | T |group |index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | | Pct | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

2003A: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Riverwash-------| 0-60 | 0-3 |1.35-1.65|20.00-60.00|0.02-0.05|Low------| --- | 0.02| 0.02| 5 | 8 | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

2013: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits, gravel----| 0-60 | 0-2 | --- | 6.00-60.00|0.02-0.07|Low------| --- | 0.02| 0.02| 5 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

2014: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits, quarry----| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- |Low------| --- | --- | --- | 1 | 8 | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

2040: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udipsamments----| 0-60 | 1-15|1.35-1.65| 0.60-20.00|0.05-0.17|Low------|0.0-0.5| 0.15| 0.15| 5 | 1 | 180

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

2050: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Landfill. | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 367

Chemical Properties of the Soils

 (Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

11A: | | | | |

 Markey----------| 0-27 | --- | 110-180 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 27-60 | 0-10| 2.0-8.0 | 5.6-8.4 | 0-10

 | | | | |

20A: | | | | |

 Palms-----------| 0-40 | --- | 150-200 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 40-60 | 10-30| 5.0-60.0| 6.1-8.4 | 0-20

 | | | | |

 Houghton--------| 0-16 | --- | 150-230 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 16-60 | --- | 150-230 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

21A: | | | | |

 Palms-----------| 0-40 | --- | 150-200 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 40-60 | 10-30| 5.0-60.0| 6.1-8.4 | 0-20

 | | | | |

40A: | | | | |

 Markey----------| 0-27 | --- | 150-230 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 27-60 | 0-10| 1.0-3.0 | 5.1-6.5 | 0-5

 | | | | |

 Seelyeville-----| 0-12 | --- | 140-200 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 12-72 | --- | 140-200 | 4.5-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

114B2: | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| 0-12 | 12-22|15.0-24.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 12-46 | 18-27|11.0-17.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 46-80 | 12-18| 7.0-11.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-15

 | | | | |

114C2: | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| 0-12 | 18-27|15.0-24.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 12-46 | 18-27|11.0-17.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 46-80 | 12-18| 7.0-11.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-15

 | | | | |

115B2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------| 0-13 | 12-22|10.0-18.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 13-55 | 18-27|10.0-18.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 55-80 | 10-25|10.0-15.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-15

 | | | | |

115C2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------| 0-13 | 12-22|10.0-18.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 13-55 | 18-27|10.0-18.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 55-80 | 10-25|10.0-15.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-15

 | | | | |

115D2: | | | | |

 Seaton----------| 0-13 | 12-22|10.0-18.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 13-55 | 18-27|10.0-18.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 55-80 | 10-25|10.0-15.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-15

 | | | | |

116C2: | | | | |

 Churchtown------| 0-9 | 12-22|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-26 | 18-27|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 26-60 | 10-25|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

116D2: | | | | |

 Churchtown------| 0-9 | 12-22|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-26 | 18-27|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 26-60 | 10-25|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |
368 Soil Survey of

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

116E: | | | | |

 Churchtown------| 0-5 | 12-22|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 5-26 | 18-27|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 26-60 | 10-25|20.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

125B2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 0-9 | 10-20| 4.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-48 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 48-58 | 35-80| 7.0-50.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 58-66 | 12-30| 2.0-25.0| 5.6-7.8 | 0-15

 | 66 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

125C2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 0-9 | 10-20| 4.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-48 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 48-58 | 35-80| 7.0-50.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 58-66 | 12-30| 2.0-25.0| 5.6-7.8 | 0-15

 | 66 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

125D2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 0-9 | 10-20| 4.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-48 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 48-58 | 35-80| 7.0-50.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 58-66 | 12-30| 2.0-25.0| 5.6-7.8 | 0-15

 | 66 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

125E2: | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 0-9 | 10-20| 4.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-48 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 48-58 | 35-80| 7.0-50.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 58-66 | 12-30| 2.0-25.0| 5.6-7.8 | 0-15

 | 66 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

144B2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 0-8 | 12-27| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-23 | 18-35| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 23-35 | 35-80| --- | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 35-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

144C2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 0-8 | 12-27| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-23 | 18-35| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 23-35 | 35-80| --- | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

144D2: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 0-8 | 12-27| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-23 | 18-35| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 23-35 | 35-80| --- | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

144E: | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 0-3 | 12-27| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 3-23 | 18-35| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 23-35 | 35-80| --- | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

213C2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 0-8 | 12-16| 4.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-25 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 25-32 | 10-17| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-37 | 2-6 | 0.0-6.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 37-55 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 369

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

213D2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 0-8 | 12-16| 4.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-25 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 25-32 | 10-17| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-37 | 2-6 | 0.0-6.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 37-55 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

213E2: | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 0-8 | 12-16| 4.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-25 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 25-32 | 10-17| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-37 | 2-6 | 0.0-6.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 37-55 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

224B: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13| 4.0-15.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 3-27 | 10-17| 2.0-15.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 27-31 | 2-10| 0.0-9.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 31-39 | 1-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 39-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

224C2: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13| 4.0-15.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 3-27 | 10-17| 2.0-15.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 27-31 | 2-10| 0.0-9.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 31-39 | 1-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 39-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

224D2: | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13| 4.0-15.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 3-27 | 10-17| 2.0-15.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 27-31 | 2-10| 0.0-9.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 31-39 | 1-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 39-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

233C: | | | | |

 Boone-----------| 0-8 | 2-3 | 0.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 8-35 | 0-3 | 0.0-3.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 35-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

254B2: | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-8 | 12-16| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-20 | 18-30| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 20-37 | 10-18| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 37 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

254C2: | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-8 | 12-16| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-20 | 18-30| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 20-37 | 10-18| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 37 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

254D2: | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-8 | 12-16| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-20 | 18-30| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 20-37 | 10-18| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 37 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

254E2: | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-8 | 12-16| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-20 | 18-30| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 20-37 | 10-18| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 37 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |
370 Soil Survey of

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

254F: | | | | |

 Norden----------| 0-3 | 12-16| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 3-20 | 18-30| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 20-37 | 10-18| --- | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 37 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

255B2: | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-9 | 10-18| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-36 | 10-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

255C2: | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-9 | 10-18| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-36 | 10-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

255D2: | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-9 | 10-18| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-36 | 10-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

255E: | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-2 | 10-18| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 2-36 | 10-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

255F: | | | | |

 Urne------------| 0-2 | 10-18| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 2-36 | 10-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

265B: | | | | |

 Garne-----------| 0-10 | 1-8 | 2.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 10-23 | 1-8 | 2.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 23-27 | 1-8 | 1.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 27-34 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 34-48 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 48 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

265C: | | | | |

 Garne-----------| 0-10 | 1-8 | 2.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 10-23 | 1-8 | 2.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 23-27 | 1-8 | 1.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 27-34 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 34-48 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | 48 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

303A: | | | | |

 Boguscreek------| 0-9 | 8-18| 7.0-30.0| 5.6-7.8 | ---

 | 9-50 | 8-18| 4.0-25.0| 5.6-7.8 | ---

 | 50-57 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 57-80 | 1-4 | 0.0-4.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

313D2: | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| 0-4 | 10-25|10.0-35.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 4-7 | 10-20| 2.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 7-28 | 18-27| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 28-36 | 8-25| 2.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-60 | 8-30| 2.0-20.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-20

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 371

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

313F: | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| 0-4 | 10-25|10.0-35.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 4-7 | 10-20| 2.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 7-28 | 18-27| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 28-36 | 8-25| 2.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-60 | 8-30| 2.0-20.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-20

 | | | | |

316B2: | | | | |

 Ella------------| 0-8 | 10-25| 6.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-55 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 55-72 | 10-30| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 72-80 | 10-30| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-15

 | | | | |

316C2: | | | | |

 Ella------------| 0-8 | 10-25| 6.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-55 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 55-72 | 10-30| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 72-80 | 10-30| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-8.4 | 0-15

 | | | | |

318A: | | | | |

 Bearpen---------| 0-8 | 10-25| 6.0-30.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-18 | 12-22| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 18-41 | 18-30| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 41-50 | 10-30| 2.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 50-60 | 10-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.8 | ---

 | | | | |

326B2: | | | | |

 Medary----------| 0-7 | 15-27| 5.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 7-14 | 15-40| 6.0-35.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 14-30 | 35-60| 7.0-50.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 30-60 | 25-60| 5.0-50.0| 5.1-7.8 | 0-15

 | | | | |

403A: | | | | |

 Dakota----------| 0-10 | 12-22| 7.0-30.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 10-13 | 12-22| 7.0-30.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 13-35 | 18-30| 5.0-30.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 35-38 | 4-11| 1.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 38-60 | 1-4 | 0.0-4.0 | 5.1-6.5 | 0-15

 | | | | |

413A: | | | | |

 Rasset----------| 0-18 | 6-15| 5.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 18-30 | 10-18| 7.0-13.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 30-42 | 2-10| 2.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 42-60 | 1-5 | 1.0-3.0 | 5.1-7.8 | ---

 | | | | |

413B: | | | | |

 Rasset----------| 0-18 | 6-15| 5.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 18-30 | 10-18| 7.0-13.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 30-42 | 2-10| 2.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 42-60 | 1-5 | 1.0-3.0 | 5.1-7.8 | ---

 | | | | |

423A: | | | | |

 Meridian--------| 0-9 | 8-20| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-28 | 18-30| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 28-32 | 15-25| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-72 | 1-4 | 1.0-6.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

423B2: | | | | |

 Meridian--------| 0-9 | 8-20| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-28 | 18-30| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 28-32 | 15-25| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-72 | 1-4 | 1.0-6.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |
372 Soil Survey of

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

429A: | | | | |

 Lows------------| 0-6 | 12-22|10.0-25.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 6-13 | 10-22| 5.0-12.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 13-28 | 18-27| 9.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 28-60 | 2-8 | 1.0-6.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

432A: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| 0-9 | 5-15| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-29 | 6-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 29-50 | 1-6 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 50-80 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

432B: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| 0-9 | 5-15| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-29 | 6-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 29-50 | 1-6 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 50-80 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

432C2: | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| 0-9 | 5-15| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-29 | 6-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 29-50 | 1-6 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 50-80 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

433A: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| 0-9 | 5-15| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-25 | 6-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 25-32 | 3-10| 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-46 | 2-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 46-72 | 1-5 | 0.0-5.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

433B: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| 0-9 | 5-15| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-25 | 6-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 25-32 | 3-10| 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-46 | 2-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 46-72 | 1-5 | 0.0-5.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

433C2: | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| 0-9 | 5-15| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-25 | 6-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 25-32 | 3-10| 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-46 | 2-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 46-72 | 1-5 | 0.0-5.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

436A: | | | | |

 Rusktown--------| 0-9 | 5-15| 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-25 | 6-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 25-38 | 3-10| 1.0-9.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 38-45 | 2-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 45-72 | 1-5 | 0.0-5.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

438A: | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------| 0-13 | 8-18| 9.0-17.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 13-22 | 12-18| 7.0-13.0| 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | 22-72 | 2-10| 1.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-20

 | | | | |

453A: | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------| 0-10 | 5-13| 5.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 10-17 | 8-18| 4.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 17-60 | 1-6 | 0.0-6.0 | 5.6-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 373

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

453B: | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------| 0-10 | 5-13| 5.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 10-17 | 8-18| 4.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 17-60 | 1-6 | 0.0-6.0 | 5.6-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

501A: | | | | |

 Finchford-------| 0-10 | 5-10|10.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 10-19 | 5-10|10.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 19-26 | 2-8 | 5.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 26-80 | 2-5 | 5.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

501B: | | | | |

 Finchford-------| 0-10 | 5-10|10.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 10-19 | 5-10|10.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 19-26 | 2-8 | 5.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 26-80 | 2-5 | 5.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

502B2: | | | | |

 Chelsea---------| 0-9 | 3-8 | 5.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-60 | 5-10| 5.0-10.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

502C2: | | | | |

 Chelsea---------| 0-9 | 3-8 | 5.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-60 | 5-10| 5.0-10.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

506A: | | | | |

 Komro-----------| 0-10 | 3-10| 3.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 10-18 | 2-8 | 1.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 18-38 | 2-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 38-72 | 1-5 | 0.0-5.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

508A: | | | | |

 Farrington------| 0-9 | 3-10| 3.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-18 | 2-8 | 2.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 18-41 | 2-8 | 1.0-7.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 41-72 | 1-5 | 1.0-5.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

510B: | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 0-9 | 1-6 | 3.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-32 | 1-10| 0.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 32-37 | 0-7 | 0.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 37-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

510C: | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 0-9 | 1-6 | 3.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-32 | 1-10| 0.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 32-37 | 0-7 | 0.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 37-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

510F: | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 0-9 | 1-6 | 3.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-32 | 1-10| 0.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 32-37 | 0-7 | 0.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 37-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

511A: | | | | |

 Plainfield------| 0-4 | 2-5 | 1.0-8.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 4-32 | 1-7 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-80 | 0-4 | 0.0-1.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |
374 Soil Survey of

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

511B: | | | | |

 Plainfield------| 0-4 | 2-5 | 1.0-8.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 4-32 | 1-7 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-80 | 0-4 | 0.0-1.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

511C: | | | | |

 Plainfield------| 0-4 | 2-5 | 1.0-8.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 4-32 | 1-7 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-80 | 0-4 | 0.0-1.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

511F: | | | | |

 Plainfield------| 0-4 | 2-5 | 1.0-8.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 4-32 | 1-7 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 32-80 | 0-4 | 0.0-1.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

512B: | | | | |

 Drammen---------| 0-9 | 1-8 | 2.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-44 | 1-8 | 1.0-8.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 44-65 | 1-10| 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 65-72 | 0-5 | 0.0-1.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

512C: | | | | |

 Drammen---------| 0-9 | 1-8 | 2.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-44 | 1-8 | 1.0-8.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 44-65 | 1-10| 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 65-72 | 0-5 | 0.0-1.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

512D: | | | | |

 Drammen---------| 0-9 | 1-8 | 2.0-10.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-44 | 1-8 | 1.0-8.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 44-65 | 1-10| 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 65-72 | 0-5 | 0.0-1.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

516A: | | | | |

 Aldo------------| 0-7 | 2-5 | 3.0-6.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 7-42 | 2-7 | 4.0-6.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 42-80 | 1-4 | 2.0-5.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

546A: | | | | |

 Prissel---------| 0-9 | 1-6 | 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-48 | 1-6 | 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 48-56 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 56-72 | 1-6 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

546B: | | | | |

 Prissel---------| 0-9 | 1-6 | 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-48 | 1-6 | 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 48-56 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 56-72 | 1-6 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

546F: | | | | |

 Prissel---------| 0-9 | 1-6 | 5.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-48 | 1-6 | 2.0-15.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 48-56 | 8-18| 2.0-15.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 56-72 | 1-6 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

561B: | | | | |

 Tarr------------| 0-6 | 3-5 | 2.0-8.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 6-34 | 3-8 | 1.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 34-62 | 3-8 | 1.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 375

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

566A: | | | | |

 Tint------------| 0-9 | 4-8 | 2.0-10.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 9-34 | 0-5 | 0.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 34-60 | 0-5 | 0.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

589A: | | | | |

 Newson----------| 0-8 | 2-10|20.0-50.0| 3.5-6.5 | ---

 | 8-25 | 1-4 | 1.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 25-64 | 1-4 | 0.0-4.0 | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

616B: | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------| 0-4 | 12-16| 7.0-20.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 4-60 | 10-18|10.0-35.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

626A: | | | | |

 Arenzville------| 0-25 | 10-18| --- | 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 25-40 | 10-30| --- | 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 40-60 | 10-20| --- | 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

628A: | | | | |

 Orion-----------| 0-8 | 10-18| 7.0-20.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 8-32 | 10-18| 7.0-20.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 32-40 | 10-30|10.0-35.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 40-60 | 10-18| 5.0-15.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

629A: | | | | |

 Ettrick---------| 0-16 | 15-27|10.0-45.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 16-35 | 20-35| 4.0-30.0| 6.1-8.4 | ---

 | 35-60 | 8-27| 2.0-25.0| 6.1-8.4 | ---

 | | | | |

646A: | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------| 0-9 | 8-18| 8.0-21.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 9-36 | 8-18| 8.0-21.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 36-45 | 8-18| 7.0-15.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 45-72 | 1-6 | 1.0-5.0 | 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

656A: | | | | |

 Scotah----------| 0-4 | 2-15| 3.0-15.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 4-22 | 0-10| 4.0-8.0 | 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 22-60 | 0-10| 1.0-2.0 | 5.6-7.8 | ---

 | | | | |

826B2: | | | | |

 Hersey----------| 0-8 | 10-20| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-36 | 18-27| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-58 | 12-27| 3.0-25.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 58-115| 12-30| 2.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

826C2: | | | | |

 Hersey----------| 0-8 | 10-20| 6.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 8-36 | 18-27| 4.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 36-58 | 12-27| 3.0-25.0| 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | 58-115| 12-30| 2.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

1135F: | | | | |

 Dorerton--------| 0-3 | 10-18| 7.0-13.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 3-10 | 5-15| 7.0-13.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 10-18 | 18-35|10.0-20.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 18-30 | 20-35|10.0-19.0| 5.6-7.3 | 1-10

 | 30-60 | 2-25| 1.0-14.0| 7.4-8.4 | 1-15

 | | | | |
376 Soil Survey of

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

1135F: | | | | |

 Elbaville-------| 0-4 | 10-27| 9.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 4-16 | 10-20| 9.0-25.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 16-20 | 18-35|13.0-26.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 20-25 | 35-50|25.0-36.0| 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 25-36 | 20-35|10.0-26.0| 6.6-7.8 | 0-5

 | 36-60 | 5-18| 3.0-10.0| 6.6-7.8 | 0-10

 | | | | |

1145F: | | | | |

 Gaphill---------| 0-5 | 8-15|10.0-30.0| 4.5-7.3 | ---

 | 5-11 | 5-12| 1.0-10.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 11-32 | 8-17| 2.0-15.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 32-50 | 2-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 50-56 | 1-6 | 0.0-6.0 | 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 56-72 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------| 0-4 | 2-6 | 8.0-20.0| 4.5-7.3 | ---

 | 4-9 | 1-5 | 0.0-6.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 9-35 | 1-5 | 0.0-5.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 35-52 | 0-3 | 0.0-3.0 | 5.1-7.3 | ---

 | 52-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

1155F: | | | | |

 Brodale---------| 0-6 | 5-18| 7.0-19.0| 6.6-8.4 | 0-20

 | 6-50 | 5-18| 3.0-11.0| 7.4-8.4 | 40-60

 | 50 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

 Bellechester----| 0-16 | 1-3 | 2.0-6.0 | 6.1-8.4 | ---

 | 16-42 | 2-8 | 1.0-6.0 | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | 42 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

1224F: | | | | |

 Boone-----------| 0-3 | 2-3 | 0.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 3-8 | 1-5 | 0.0-6.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 8-35 | 0-3 | 0.0-3.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 35-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 0-3 | 8-13| 4.0-15.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 3-27 | 10-17| 2.0-15.0| 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 27-31 | 2-10| 0.0-9.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 31-39 | 1-8 | 0.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.5 | ---

 | 39-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

1648A: | | | | |

 Northbend-------| 0-7 | 10-14|10.0-45.0| 3.5-6.5 | ---

 | 7-34 | 5-17| 8.0-40.0| 3.5-6.5 | ---

 | 34-36 | 4-8 | 1.0-8.0 | 4.5-7.3 | ---

 | 36-60 | 2-5 | 1.0-4.0 | 4.5-7.3 | ---

 | | | | |

 Ettrick---------| 0-16 | 15-27|10.0-45.0| 6.1-7.8 | ---

 | 16-35 | 20-35| 4.0-30.0| 6.1-8.4 | ---

 | 35-60 | 8-27| 2.0-25.0| 6.1-8.4 | ---

 | | | | |

1658A: | | | | |

 Algansee--------| 0-4 | 5-15| 6.0-15.0| 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 4-31 | 0-15| 1.0-4.0 | 5.6-7.3 | ---

 | 31-60 | 0-10| 1.0-4.0 | 5.6-7.8 | ---

 | | | | |

 Kalmarville-----| 0-6 | 13-23|11.0-24.0| 5.6-7.8 | ---

 | 6-42 | 8-18| 6.0-15.0| 5.6-7.8 | ---

 | 42-60 | 2-5 | 1.0-5.0 | 5.6-7.8 | ---

 | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 377

Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Cation- | Soil | Calcium

 and soil name | | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | | |capacity | | ______________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct |meq/100g | pH | Pct

 | | | | |

2003A: | | | | |

 Riverwash-------| 0-60 | 0-3 | --- | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

2013: | | | | |

 Pits, gravel----| 0-60 | 0-2 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

2014: | | | | |

 Pits, quarry----| 0-60 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

2040: | | | | |

 Udipsamments----| 0-60 | 1-15| --- | 5.1-6.5 | ---

 | | | | |

2050: | | | | |

 Landfill. | | | | |

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________
378 Soil Survey of

Water Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that

 the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table ________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| | | | Water | |

 and soil name | logic| Frequency | Duration | Months | table | Kind of | Months

 |group | | | | depth |water table| _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | |

 | | | | | | |

11A: | | | | | | |

 Markey----------| D |Frequent---|Long------| Mar-Jun |+1.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | | |

 Palms-----------| A/D |None-------| --- | --- |+1.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

 Houghton--------| A/D |None-------| --- | --- |+2.0-0.5 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

21A: | | | | | | |

 Palms-----------| D |Frequent---|Long------| Mar-Jun |+1.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

40A: | | | | | | |

 Markey----------| A/D |None-------| --- | --- |+1.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

 Seelyeville-----| A/D |None-------| --- | --- |+2.0-0.5 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

114B2: | | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

114C2: | | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

115B2: | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

115C2: | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

115D2: | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

116C2: | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

116D2: | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

116E: | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

125B2: | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

125C2: | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

125D2: | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

125E2: | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

144B2: | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

144C2: | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

144D2: | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 379

Water Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table ________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| | | | Water | |

 and soil name | logic| Frequency | Duration | Months | table | Kind of | Months

 |group | | | | depth |water table| _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | |

 | | | | | | |

144E: | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

213C2: | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

213D2: | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

213E2: | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

224B: | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

224C2: | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

224D2: | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

233C: | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

254B2: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

254C2: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

254D2: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

254E2: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

254F: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

255B2: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

255C2: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

255D2: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

255E: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

255F: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

265B: | | | | | | |

 Garne-----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

265C: | | | | | | |

 Garne-----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

303A: | | | | | | |

 Boguscreek------| B |Occasional |Very brief| Mar-Jul | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |
380 Soil Survey of

Water Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table ________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| | | | Water | |

 and soil name | logic| Frequency | Duration | Months | table | Kind of | Months

 |group | | | | depth |water table| _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | |

 | | | | | | |

313D2: | | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

313F: | | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

316B2: | | | | | | |

 Ella------------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

316C2: | | | | | | |

 Ella------------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

318A: | | | | | | |

 Bearpen---------| C |Rare-------| --- | --- | 1.0-2.5 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

326B2: | | | | | | |

 Medary----------| C |None-------| --- | --- | 2.5-3.5 |Perched----| Mar-Jul

 | | | | | | |

403A: | | | | | | |

 Dakota----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

413A: | | | | | | |

 Rasset----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

413B: | | | | | | |

 Rasset----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

423A: | | | | | | |

 Meridian--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

423B2: | | | | | | |

 Meridian--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

429A: | | | | | | |

 Lows------------| B/D |Occasional |Brief-----| Oct-Jun |+1.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

432A: | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

432B: | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

432C2: | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

433A: | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

433B: | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

433C2: | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

436A: | | | | | | |

 Rusktown--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

438A: | | | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 1.0-2.5 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

453A: | | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 381

Water Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table ________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| | | | Water | |

 and soil name | logic| Frequency | Duration | Months | table | Kind of | Months

 |group | | | | depth |water table| _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | |

 | | | | | | |

453B: | | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

501A: | | | | | | |

 Finchford-------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

501B: | | | | | | |

 Finchford-------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

502B2: | | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

502C2: | | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

506A: | | | | | | |

 Komro-----------| A |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

508A: | | | | | | |

 Farrington------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 1.0-2.5 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

510B: | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

510C: | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

510F: | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

511A: | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

511B: | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

511C: | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

511F: | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

512B: | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

512C: | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

512D: | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

516A: | | | | | | |

 Aldo------------| A |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

546A: | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

546B: | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

546F: | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| A |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |
382 Soil Survey of

Water Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table ________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| | | | Water | |

 and soil name | logic| Frequency | Duration | Months | table | Kind of | Months

 |group | | | | depth |water table| _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | |

 | | | | | | |

561B: | | | | | | |

 Tarr------------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

566A: | | | | | | |

 Tint------------| A |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

589A: | | | | | | |

 Newson----------| A/D |None-------| --- | --- |+1.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

616B: | | | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------| B |Occasional | --- | Mar-Jul | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

626A: | | | | | | |

 Arenzville------| B |Occasional |Brief-----| Mar-Jul | 3.5-6.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

628A: | | | | | | |

 Orion-----------| C |Occasional |Brief-----| Mar-Jul | 1.0-2.5 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

629A: | | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------| B/D |Frequent---|Long------| Mar-Jul |+1.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

646A: | | | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------| B |Occasional |Brief-----| Mar-Jun | 3.5-6.0 |Apparent---| Mar-Jun

 | | | | | | |

656A: | | | | | | |

 Scotah----------| A |Occasional |Brief-----| Mar-Jun | 3.5-6.0 |Apparent---| Mar-Jun

 | | | | | | |

826B2: | | | | | | |

 Hersey----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Mar-Jul

 | | | | | | |

826C2: | | | | | | |

 Hersey----------| B |None-------| --- | --- | 3.5-6.0 |Perched----| Mar-Jul

 | | | | | | |

1135F: | | | | | | |

 Dorerton--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

 Elbaville-------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

1145F: | | | | | | |

 Gaphill---------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

1155F: | | | | | | |

 Brodale---------| C |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

 Bellechester----| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop----| D |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

1224F: | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| B |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

1648A: | | | | | | |

 Northbend-------| C |Frequent---|Brief-----| Mar-Jul | 1.0-2.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------| D |Frequent---|Long------| Mar-Jul |+1.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 383

Water Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table ________________________________________________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| | | | Water | |

 and soil name | logic| Frequency | Duration | Months | table | Kind of | Months

 |group | | | | depth |water table| _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | |

 | | | | | | |

1658A: | | | | | | |

 Algansee--------| B |Frequent---|Long------| Mar-Jun | 1.0-2.5 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

 Kalmarville-----| D |Frequent---|Long------| Mar-Jun | 0.0-1.0 |Apparent---| Oct-Jun

 | | | | | | |

2003A: | | | | | | |

 Riverwash-------| A |Frequent---|Long------| Mar-Jul | 1.0-6.0 |Apparent---| Jan-Dec

 | | | | | | |

2013: | | | | | | |

 Pits, gravel----| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

2014: | | | | | | |

 Pits, quarry----| C |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

2040: | | | | | | |

 Udipsamments----| A |None-------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | |

2050: | | | | | | |

 Landfill. | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________
384 Soil Survey of

Soil Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that

 the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Bedrock | Subsidence | | Risk of corrosion ________________________________ _________________________

 Map symbol | | | | | Potential | Uncoated |

 and soil name | Depth |Hardness|Initial| Total |frost action| steel | Concrete _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

11A: | | | | | | |

 Markey----------| >60 | --- | 8-25 | 25-50 |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | | |

 Palms-----------| >60 | --- | 8-25 | 25-50 |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

 Houghton--------| >60 | --- | 25-30 | 40-60 |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

21A: | | | | | | |

 Palms-----------| >60 | --- | 8-25 | 25-50 |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

40A: | | | | | | |

 Markey----------| >60 | --- | 8-25 | 25-50 |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

 Seelyeville-----| >60 | --- | 25-30 | 40-60 |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

114B2: | | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

114C2: | | | | | | |

 Mt. Carroll-----| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

115B2: | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

115C2: | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

115D2: | | | | | | |

 Seaton----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

116C2: | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

116D2: | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

116E: | | | | | | |

 Churchtown------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

125B2: | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 45-80 | Hard | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

125C2: | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 45-80 | Hard | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

125D2: | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 45-80 | Hard | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

125E2: | | | | | | |

 Pepin-----------| 45-80 | Hard | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

144B2: | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 20-40 | Hard | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

144C2: | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 20-40 | Hard | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

144D2: | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 20-40 | Hard | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 385

Soil Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Bedrock | Subsidence | | Risk of corrosion ________________________________ _________________________

 Map symbol | | | | | Potential | Uncoated |

 and soil name | Depth |Hardness|Initial| Total |frost action| steel | Concrete _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

144E: | | | | | | |

 NewGlarus-------| 20-40 | Hard | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

213C2: | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

213D2: | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

213E2: | | | | | | |

 Hixton----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

224B: | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

224C2: | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

224D2: | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

233C: | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

254B2: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

254C2: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

254D2: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

254E2: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

254F: | | | | | | |

 Norden----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

255B2: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

255C2: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

255D2: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

255E: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

255F: | | | | | | |

 Urne------------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

265B: | | | | | | |

 Garne-----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

265C: | | | | | | |

 Garne-----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

303A: | | | | | | |

 Boguscreek------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Low.

 | | | | | | |
386 Soil Survey of

Soil Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Bedrock | Subsidence | | Risk of corrosion ________________________________ _________________________

 Map symbol | | | | | Potential | Uncoated |

 and soil name | Depth |Hardness|Initial| Total |frost action| steel | Concrete _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

313D2: | | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

313F: | | | | | | |

 Plumcreek-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

316B2: | | | | | | |

 Ella------------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

316C2: | | | | | | |

 Ella------------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

318A: | | | | | | |

 Bearpen---------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

326B2: | | | | | | |

 Medary----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

403A: | | | | | | |

 Dakota----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

413A: | | | | | | |

 Rasset----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

413B: | | | | | | |

 Rasset----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

423A: | | | | | | |

 Meridian--------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

423B2: | | | | | | |

 Meridian--------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

429A: | | | | | | |

 Lows------------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

432A: | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

432B: | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

432C2: | | | | | | |

 Kevilar---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

433A: | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

433B: | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

433C2: | | | | | | |

 Forkhorn--------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

436A: | | | | | | |

 Rusktown--------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

438A: | | | | | | |

 Hoopeston-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

453A: | | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 387

Soil Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Bedrock | Subsidence | | Risk of corrosion ________________________________ _________________________

 Map symbol | | | | | Potential | Uncoated |

 and soil name | Depth |Hardness|Initial| Total |frost action| steel | Concrete _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

453B: | | | | | | |

 Burkhardt-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

501A: | | | | | | |

 Finchford-------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

501B: | | | | | | |

 Finchford-------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

502B2: | | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

502C2: | | | | | | |

 Chelsea---------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

506A: | | | | | | |

 Komro-----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

508A: | | | | | | |

 Farrington------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

510B: | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

510C: | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

510F: | | | | | | |

 Boplain---------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

511A: | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

511B: | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

511C: | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

511F: | | | | | | |

 Plainfield------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

512B: | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

512C: | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

512D: | | | | | | |

 Drammen---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

516A: | | | | | | |

 Aldo------------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

546A: | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

546B: | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

546F: | | | | | | |

 Prissel---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |
388 Soil Survey of

Soil Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Bedrock | Subsidence | | Risk of corrosion ________________________________ _________________________

 Map symbol | | | | | Potential | Uncoated |

 and soil name | Depth |Hardness|Initial| Total |frost action| steel | Concrete _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

561B: | | | | | | |

 Tarr------------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|High.

 | | | | | | |

566A: | | | | | | |

 Tint------------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|High.

 | | | | | | |

589A: | | | | | | |

 Newson----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|High--------|High.

 | | | | | | |

616B: | | | | | | |

 Chaseburg-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

626A: | | | | | | |

 Arenzville------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|High.

 | | | | | | |

628A: | | | | | | |

 Orion-----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Low.

 | | | | | | |

629A: | | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Low.

 | | | | | | |

646A: | | | | | | |

 Dunnbot---------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Moderate----|Low.

 | | | | | | |

656A: | | | | | | |

 Scotah----------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Low.

 | | | | | | |

826B2: | | | | | | |

 Hersey----------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|High.

 | | | | | | |

826C2: | | | | | | |

 Hersey----------| >80 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|High.

 | | | | | | |

1135F: | | | | | | |

 Dorerton--------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

 Elbaville-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

1145F: | | | | | | |

 Gaphill---------| 40-80 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

 Rockbluff-------| 40-80 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

1155F: | | | | | | |

 Brodale---------| 40-80 | Hard | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Low.

 | | | | | | |

 Bellechester----| 40-70 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop----| 0-4 | Hard | --- | --- |Low---------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

1224F: | | | | | | |

 Boone-----------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Low---------|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

 Elevasil--------| 20-40 | Soft | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

1648A: | | | | | | |

 Northbend-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

 Ettrick---------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Low.

 | | | | | | |

1658A: | | | | | | |

 Algansee--------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Low---------|Low.

 | | | | | | |

 Kalmarville-----| >60 | --- | --- | --- |High--------|High--------|Low.

 | | | | | | |
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 389

Soil Features--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Bedrock | Subsidence | | Risk of corrosion ________________________________ _________________________

 Map symbol | | | | | Potential | Uncoated |

 and soil name | Depth |Hardness|Initial| Total |frost action| steel | Concrete _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

2003A: | | | | | | |

 Riverwash-------| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Moderate----|Moderate----|Low.

 | | | | | | |

2013: | | | | | | |

 Pits, gravel----| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Moderate----|Low.

 | | | | | | |

2014: | | | | | | |

 Pits, quarry----| 0-4 | Hard | --- | --- |Low---------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

2040: | | | | | | |

 Udipsamments----| >60 | --- | --- | --- |Low---------|Moderate----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | |

2050: | | | | | | |

 Landfill--------| | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________
391

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1998.

Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and

testing. 19th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1998. Standard classification of

soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487.

Anderson, William. 1990. Laura Ingalls Wilder country.

Attig, John W. 1993. Pleistocene geology of Taylor County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin

Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 90.

Attig, J.W., L. Clayton, and D.M. Mickelson. 1988. Pleistocene stratigraphic units of

Wisconsin 1984-1987. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Information

Circular 62.

Austin, G.S. 1972. Summation of the lithic environment during the deposition of

Paleozoic seas. In Geology of Minnesota: A centennial volume. Minnesota Geological

Survey, pages 471 and 472.

Baker, R.W., J.F. Diehl, T.W. Simpson, S. Beske-Diehl, and L.W. Zelazny. 1983. PreWisconsinan glacial stratigraphy, chronology, and paleomagnetics of west-central

Wisconsin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94: 1442-1449.

Baker, R.W., J.C. Knox, R.S. Lively, and B.M. Olson. 1997. Evidence for entrenchment

of the upper Mississippi Valley by early Pleistocene time. Minnesota Geological Survey.

Bement, P.J., and K.M. Syverson. 1995. Evidence for a pre-late Wisconsin ice-margin

position in the northern “driftless area,” Eau Claire County, Wisconsin. Geological

Society of America Abstracts with Programs (North-Central Section), volume 27,

number 3.

Bettis, E.A. III, R.G. Baker, W.R. Green, M.K. Whelan, and D.W. Benn. 1992. Late

Wisconsinan and Holocene alluvial stratigraphy, paleoecology, and archaeological

geology of east-central Iowa. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Guidebook

Series 12, pages 33-35.

Borchart, J.R. 1950. The climate of the central North American grassland. Annals of the

Association of American Geographers 67(3): 323-342.

Clayton, L., J.W. Attig, D.M. Mickelson, and M.D. Johnson. 1991. Glaciation of

Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Educational Series 36.

Johnson, M.D. 1986. Pleistocene geology of Barron County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin

Geological and Natural History Survey Information Circular 55.

References
392

Knox, James C. 1977. Human impacts of Wisconsin stream channels. Annals of the

Association of American Geographers 67(3): 323-342.

Kotar, John, and T.L. Burger. 1996. A guide to forest communities and habitat types of

central and southern Wisconsin. Department of Forestry, University of WisconsinMadison.

Leigh, David S., and James C. Knox. 1994. Loess of the upper Mississippi Valley

driftless area. Quaternary Research 42, pages 30-40.

Martin, Lawrence. 1932. The physical geography of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological

and Natural History Survey Bulletin 36.

Packard, Stephen, and Cornelia F. Mutel. 1997. The tallgrass restoration handbook for

prairies, savannas, and woodlands.

Ruhe, Robert V. 1969. Quaternary landscapes in Iowa.

Ruhe, Robert V. 1975. Geomorphology.

Simon, Marvin J. 1965. Pioneers forever.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S.

Department of Agriculture Handbook 210.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1964. Soil survey of Pepin County, Wisconsin.

Series 1958, number 29.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation

Service, Soil Survey Division Staff. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil

classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources

Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). 1996. Lower Chippewa River

basin, water quality management plan.
393

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from

the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is

similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a

poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in

carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods

are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in

1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the

presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A

positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic

feature.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous

areas geographically associated in a characteristic

repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a

single map unit.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ............................................................ 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high .............................................. more than 12

Backslope. The position that forms the steepest and

generally linear, middle portion of a hillslope. In

profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a

convex shoulder above and a concave footslope

below.

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the

ice.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the

underlying bedrock.

Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most

of the soil material has been removed by the wind.

A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a

resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or

cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is

exposed.

Blowout (map symbol). A small saucer, cup, or

trough-shaped hollow or depression formed by

wind erosion on a preexisting sand deposit. The

areas are typically less than 3 acres in size.

Borrow pit (map symbol). An open excavation from

which soil and underlying material have been

removed, usually for construction purposes. The

areas are typically less than 3 acres in size.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Glossary
394 Soil Survey of

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium

carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with

cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a

landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent

material but have different characteristics as a

result of differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Channery soil material. Soil material that has, by

volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of

sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as

much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the

longest axis. A single piece is called a channer.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clastic. Pertaining to rock or sediment composed

mainly of fragments derived from preexisting rocks

or minerals and moved from their place of origin.

The term indicates sediment sources that are both

within and outside the depositional basin.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese

and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that

contains much more clay than the horizons above

it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and

plastic or stiff when wet.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded

rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material

has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and

extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60

percent.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning

or establishing terraces, diversions, and other

water-control structures on a complex slope is

difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane. They typically take the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 395

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of

puddled soil material; and the manner in which the

soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Coulee. A dry or intermittent stream valley or wash,

especially a long, steep-walled gorge representing

a Pleistocene overflow channel that carried

meltwater from an ice sheet.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the

living branches and their foliage.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cut and fill (map symbol). An area where the original

soil profile has been altered by the addition or

removal of more than about a foot of soil material.

The area is typically less than 3 acres in size.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that

has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per

cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of

digging and can affect filling and compacting.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Dolomite (mineral). A common rock-forming

rhombohedral carbonate mineral—CaMg(CO3

)2.

Dolomite (rock). A carbonate sedimentary rock

consisting chiefly (more than 50 percent by weight

or by areal percentages under the microscope) of

the mineral dolomite. Compare: dolostone.

Dolostone. A term proposed for the sedimentary rock

dolomite in order to avoid confusion with the

mineral of the same name. Compare: dolomite.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized—

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and

very poorly drained. These classes are defined in

the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Eolian deposits. Earthy parent material accumulated

through wind action; commonly refers to sandy
396 Soil Survey of

material in dunes or to loess in blankets on the

surface.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Escarpment, bedrock (map symbol). A relatively

continuous and steep slope or cliff produced by

erosion or faulting, breaking the general continuity

of more gently sloping land surfaces. Exposed

material is hard or soft bedrock.

Escarpment, other than bedrock (map symbol). A

relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff that is

generally produced by erosion but can be

produced by faulting, breaking the general

continuity of more gently sloping land surfaces.

Exposed nonbedrock material is nonsoil or very

shallow, poorly developed soil.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of

all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has

the lowest bulk density and the highest water

content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Flaggy soil material. Material that has, by volume, 15

to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material

has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely

flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent

flagstones.

Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone,

slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to

38 centimeters) long.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Flood-plain step. An essentially flat, alluvial surface

within a valley that is frequently covered by

floodwater from the present stream; any

approximately horizontal surface frequently

modified by scour and/or deposition. May occur

individually or as a series of steps.

Footslope. The position that forms the inner, gently

inclined surface at the base of a hillslope. In

profile, footslopes are commonly concave. A

footslope is a transition zone between upslope

sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and

backslopes) and downslope sites of deposition

(toeslopes).

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Geomorphology. The science that treats the general

configuration of the earth’s surface; specifically the

study of the classification, description, nature,

origin, and development of landforms and their

relationships to underlying structures, and the

history of geologic changes as recorded by these

surface features. The term is especially applied to

the genetic interpretation of landforms.

Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly

stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater.

Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift

consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders

transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers

and subsequently sorted and deposited by
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 397

streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits

are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas,

and outwash plains.

Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine

clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited

in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many

deposits are interbedded or laminated.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Gravelly spot (map symbol). An area of soil in which

the surface layer has more than 35 percent, by

volume, rock fragments that are mostly less than 3

inches in diameter. The area is typically less than

3 acres in size.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground moraine. An extensive, fairly even layer of till

having an uneven or undulating surface; a deposit

of rock and mineral debris dragged along, in, on,

or beneath a glacier and emplaced by processes

including basal lodgment and release from

downwasting stagnant ice by ablation.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully (map symbol). A very small channel with steep

sides cut by running water and through which

water ordinarily runs only after a rain or an ice or

snow melt. Generally is an obstacle to wheeled

vehicles and is too deep to be obliterated by

ordinary tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated

except by blasting or by the use of special

equipment that is not commonly used in

construction.

Head slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of a laterally concave area of a hillside,

especially at the head of a drainageway. The

overland waterflow is converging.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition

between the less decomposed fibric material and

the more decomposed sapric material.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well defined outline; hillsides generally have

slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction

between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is

dependent on local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation

of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey

Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4)

a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the

letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil.

The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but

it can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those
398 Soil Survey of

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a seasonal high water table, the

infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged

wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable

layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not

considered but are separate factors in predicting

runoff.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which

water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of

conditions.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial

rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ......................................... moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Interfluve. An elevated area between two

drainageways that sheds water to those

drainageways.

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or other

surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron concentrations. High-chroma zones having a

high content of iron and manganese oxide

because of chemical oxidation and accumulation,

but having a clay content similar to that of the

adjacent matrix. A type of redoximorphic

concentration.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation are:

Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level

plains surrounded by levees or dikes.

Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a

strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled

by small earth ridges called border dikes, or

borders.

Controlled flooding.—Water is released at

intervals from closely spaced field ditches and

distributed uniformly over the field.

Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely

spaced furrows or ditches in fields of closegrowing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only

one direction.

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and

under low pressure to the surface of the soil or

into the soil through such applicators as emitters,

porous tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made

by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for

tree and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface

through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.

Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or

tile lines until the water table is raised enough to

wet the soil.

Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled

distribution.

Island (map symbol). Any island within a body of

water and above the normal water level. The

island should be a relatively permanent feature.

The areas are typically less than 3 acres in size.

Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by

limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus

forming numerous depressions or small basins.

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water

and exposed when the water level is lowered or

the elevation of the land is raised.

Landfill (map symbol). An area of accumulated waste

products of human habitation. Can be above or

below natural ground level. The area is typically

less than 3 acres in size.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or

saturated. The speed and distance of movement,

as well as the amount of soil and rock material,

vary greatly.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 399

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Levee (map symbol). An embankment built to confine

or control water, especially one built along the

banks of a river to prevent overflow onto lowlands.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized

particles, deposited by wind.

Low-chroma zones. Zones having chroma of 2 or

less. Typical color in areas of iron depletions.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide

or manganese oxide generally are considered a

type of redoximorphic concentration.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Mine or quarry (map symbol). An open excavation

from which soil and underlying material are

removed, exposing the bedrock. Also used to

denote surface openings to underground mines.

The areas are typically less than 3 acres in size.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface

horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation

and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the

upper part of the subsoil.

Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other

debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are

terminal, lateral, medial, and ground.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic

soil material. (See Sapric soil material.)

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is

a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma

of 4.

Natural levee. A long, broad, low ridge or

embankment of sand and coarse silt, built up by a

stream on its flood plain and along both sides of

its channel. Consists of wedge-shaped deposits of

the coarsest suspended-load material and slopes

gently away from the stream.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nose slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of the projecting end (laterally convex

area) of a hillside. The overland waterflow is

predominantly divergent.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low ................................... less than 0.5 percent

Low ................................................ 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low .............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ....................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High ............................................... 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent
400 Soil Survey of

Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse

textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An

outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted,

it generally is low in relief.

Paddock. A fenced area commonly used to confine

livestock for grazing.

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the

movement of water and the growth of roots. For

example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan,

and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed

organic matter, that has accumulated under

excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedisediment. A thin layer of alluvial material that

mantles an erosion surface and has been

transported to its present position from higher

lying areas of the erosion surface.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Percolation. The movement of water through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Perennial water (map symbol). Small natural or

manmade lake, pond, or pit that contains water

most of the year. The areas are typically less than

3 acres in size.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or

pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil

directly below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid

permeability, the soil may not adequately filter

effluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content

of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

no properties restricting the penetration of roots to

this depth.

Prairie. A fire-maintained natural community

dominated by grasses and with few or no trees.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for

specific management purposes, under the

appropriate conditions of weather and soil

moisture and at the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 401

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Riser. The vertical or steeply sloping surface,

commonly one of a series, of natural steplike

landforms, as those of a glacial stairway or of

successive stream terraces.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rock outcrop (map symbol). An exposure of bedrock

at the surface of the earth. Not used where the

named soils of the surrounding map unit are

shallow over bedrock. The areas are typically less

than 3 acres in size.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a

soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more

sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sand sheet. A large, irregularly shaped, commonly

thin surficial mantle of eolian sand that lacks

the discernible slip faces that are common on

dunes.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Sandy spot (map symbol). An area of soil in which the

surface layer contains more than 75 percent sand

and where the named soils of the surrounding

map unit have less than about 25 percent sand.

The area is typically less than 3 acres in size.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has

the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk

density, and the lowest water content at saturation

of all organic soil material.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Savanna. A fire-maintained natural community

dominated by grasses or sedges but with

scattered fire-tolerant species of trees. Hazelnut is

a major shrub.
402 Soil Survey of

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon

and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Short steep slope (map symbol). A narrow area that

has slopes at least two slope classes steeper than

the slope class of the surrounding map unit. The

area is typically less than 3 acres in size.

Shoulder. The position that forms the uppermost

inclined surface near the top of a hillslope. It is a

transition from backslope to summit. The surface

is dominantly convex in profile and erosional in

origin.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Shrub-carrs. Plant communities composed of tall,

deciduous shrubs growing on saturated or

seasonally flooded soils. They are usually

dominated by willow and/or redosier dogwood

and, in some places, silky dogwood. Shrub-carrs

typically retain some of the forbs, grasses, and

sedges of the inland fresh meadows. It should be

noted that several alien shrub species are

invading shrub-carrs, especially where

disturbances, such as drainage and grazing, have

occurred.

Side slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of a laterally planar area of a hillside.

The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Sinkhole (map symbol). A closed depression formed

either by solution of the surficial rock or by

collapse of underlying caves. Complexes of

sinkholes in carbonate-rock terrain are the main

components of karst topography. The areas are

typically less than 3 acres in size.

Slackwater. A quiet part of a body of water or a still

body of water in a stream.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds,

resulting from restricted permeability in the soil.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of
Pepin County, Wisconsin—Part II 403

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Spoil area (map symbol). Piles of earthy materials,

either smoothed or uneven, resulting from human

activity. The areas are typically less than 3 acres

in size.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.

Summit. The topographically highest position of a

hillslope. It has a nearly level (planar or only

slightly convex) surface.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a

series recognized in the classification system.

Such soils are named for a series they strongly

resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to

that series because they differ in ways too small to

be of consequence in interpreting their use and

behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only

when one or more of their characteristics are

slightly outside the range defined for the family of

the series for which the soils are named.

Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that

generally marks the termination of important

glacial advances.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a

field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift consisting of

clay, silt, sand, and boulders transported and

deposited by glacial ice.

Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to

undulating soils underlain by glacial till.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The position that forms the gently inclined

surface at the base of a hillslope. Toeslopes in

profile are commonly gentle and linear and are

constructional surfaces forming the lower part of a

hillslope continuum that grades to valley or closeddepression floors.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Tread. The flat or gently sloping surface of natural

steplike landforms, commonly one of a series,

such as successive stream terraces.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Valley train. A long narrow body of outwash confined
404

within a valley beyond a glacier; it may or may not

emerge from the valley and join an outwash plain.

Very stony spot (map symbol). An area in which

more than 3 percent of the surface is covered with

rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter.

The area is typically less than 3 acres in size.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wet spot (map symbol). An area of somewhat poorly

drained to very poorly drained soils at least two

drainage classes wetter than the named soils in

the surrounding map unit. The area is typically

less than 3 acres in size.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by

the wind.