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Filed 3/9/15 In re Wyatt M. CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COPY

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Sutter)

----

In re WYATT M., a Minor. C076580

ALEXA M.,

Petitioner and Respondent,

v.

JENNIFER R.,

Objector and Appellant.

(Super. Ct. No. 

CVAD130019)

Jennifer R. (mother), the biological mother of Wyatt M., a minor, appeals from a 

judgment terminating her parental rights and declaring the minor free from her parental 

control. (Fam. Code, § 7822 et seq.; unless stated otherwise, statutory references that 

follow are to the Family Code.) Mother contends the judgment must be reversed 
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because, in her view, the evidence was insufficient to support the trial court’s finding she 

abandoned the minor within the meaning of section 7822. We affirm the judgment.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

In 2004, mother broke her back. She was prescribed various pain medications 

following back surgery. She eventually became addicted to those prescription 

medications and occasionally used methamphetamine as well. 

In 2006, mother briefly dated Michael M. (father). Their relationship, though 

short-lived, resulted in the birth of the minor in February 2007. At some point prior to 

the minor’s birth, mother tested positive for methamphetamine, codeine, and prescription 

drugs. When the minor was born, she again tested positive for prescription drugs. Father 

did not learn he was the minor’s biological father until 2008. By that time, he was in a 

relationship with Alexa M., the petitioner and the respondent in this appeal, who later 

became his wife. 

In March 2008, Placer County Child Protective Services (CPS) removed the minor 

from mother’s custody due to her criminal history and drug and alcohol abuse. Shortly 

thereafter, father obtained sole legal and physical custody of the minor, who from that 

point on lived with father and Alexa. Mother and father participated in mediation

through Placer County family court services, and the court ordered weekly supervised 

visits which took place at the maternal grandparents’ house in Lincoln or father’s 

apartment in Rocklin. The maternal grandparents had ongoing contact with the minor at 

least once a week. 

Mother continued to struggle with her drug addiction. One week after the minor 

was removed from her custody, she was arrested and charged with driving under the 

influence of methamphetamine and possession of methamphetamine. She participated in 

several drug recovery programs in late-2008 and early-2009. 
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Mother was arrested in 2010 for second degree burglary after she admitted stealing 

prescriptions from a doctor’s office and attempting to write and fill them. While 

involved in those criminal proceedings, she filed a motion in Placer County seeking 

visitation with the minor. She and father continued to participate in mediation through 

family court services and, sometime in late 2010, entered into a stipulated agreement 

whereby mother was allowed weekly supervised visits at Parenting Time in Roseville 

until December 14, 2010, when, “[a]t the completion of [her] criminal court 

proceedings,” mother had the opportunity to “petition the court to have her parenting time 

evaluated.” The agreement also provided the maternal grandparents with weekly 

visitation and “occasional overnights” with the minor. 

Mother attended Parenting Time several times and spoke with the minor on the 

telephone. However, visitation was stopped by the court mediator in December 2010

after mother was again arrested for second degree burglary, a charge for which she was 

later convicted and remained on probation as of the 2014 hearing on Alexa’s petition. 

During the first half of 2011, mother lived in Auburn and Napa. In May 2011, she 

gave birth to her second son, H., who was diagnosed with an immuno-deficiency disease. 

For the next 14 months (through July 2012), H. was quarantined at UCSF Children’s 

Hospital in San Francisco where he received two bone marrow transplants. There were 

no visits between mother and the minor during that 14-month period. 

On June 10, 2013, mother filed a request for order modifying child custody and 

visitation. She and father were again referred to mediation, and supervised visitation was 

ordered through Placer County. 

On August 13, 2013, Alexa filed a petition in Sutter County to terminate parental 

rights of mother and for a stepparent adoption. The court referred the matter to Sutter 

County Social Services for investigation and preparation of a report. 

We note that the report of the social worker was filed on December 6, 2013. 

Although the report was not admitted into evidence, the court referred to its contents, 
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without objection, in cross-examining mother during the evidentiary hearing, and mother 

and mother’s counsel referred to the report on redirect. Mother’s opening brief on appeal 

refers to the contents of the report in detail. 

Mother’s request for dismissal of the petition on jurisdictional grounds in light of 

the pending Placer County case was denied. 

On March 28, 2014, the trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing. Mother, 

father, and Alexa were the only witnesses. They testified in relevant part as follows:

Mother’s Testimony

Mother testified that when she was first in recovery in 2008 and 2009, she called 

the minor “[a]ll the time.” When she called father, he either did not respond or called her 

names and acted inappropriately. Mother stated visitation was based solely on father’s 

availability. While she was in recovery, the maternal grandparents brought the minor to 

see her for a day, a visit mother claimed had been approved by father. 

In late 2010, mother spoke with the minor by telephone. When she did, she called 

herself “Mommy” and father would tell the minor, “Wyatt, come here. Your mom is on 

the phone.” Mother claimed she attended “[c]loser to ten visits [with the minor] or 

maybe seven or eight visits . . . I know it was more than five,” during which she was 

referred to as “Mommy.” She also recalled sending the minor “[a]t least one [card] a 

week” and that she signed the cards “Mommy.” She mailed the cards to the maternal 

grandparents hoping they would give the cards to the minor. Mother testified that, prior 

to filing her 2010 motion for visitation, she attempted to resolve visitation issues with 

father informally, but when she tried to contact him by telephone his phone was turned 

off and she was unable to contact him. 

According to mother, she saw the minor twice prior to H.’s hospital stay when the 

maternal grandparents brought the minor up to Auburn to visit her at a homeless shelter. 

She initially testified that, during the 14-month period H. was quarantined at UCSF, she 
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“never left” the hospital; however, she later conceded she could and did leave the hospital 

because it was determined she was “making some poor lifestyle choices at that time” and 

a “sitter” was brought in to be with H. Nonetheless, she claimed she was at the hospital 

“six days of the week” and left only “occasionally when [H.’s] dad came for a break.” 

During H.’s stay in the hospital, she tried to contact the minor by calling the 

father’s telephone at least once a week and sending cards and letters for the minor to the 

paternal grandparents’ house. She claimed she was told to stop sending those items 

because the minor “doesn’t get them anyway,” so she mailed the cards to the maternal 

grandparents’ home because she believed they had visits with the minor and could give 

the cards to him. 

Once H. was released from the hospital, mother went to live with H.’s father in 

Napa for a year (through June 2013). She testified that, during that time period, she tried 

to contact the minor by calling father’s cell phone or, when his phone was turned off, 

calling the paternal grandparents’ landline. She rarely spoke with father because he 

would either not answer the phone or would answer and say, “You need to speak with my 

attorney.” Father told her he was unwilling to allow any visitation without a court order. 

She left Napa in October or November 2013 and moved in with the maternal 

grandparents in Lincoln. 

Pursuant to the order for supervised visitation following her June 10, 2013, request 

to modify visitation and custody, she attended five or six visits, three in October 2013, 

one in November 2013, one in December 2013, and one final visit in early 2014. She 

claimed one visit was cancelled because she was late and several more visits were 

cancelled by father and Alexa. She further claimed that, at two separate visits, the minor 

told her “he was scared because his mom [Alexa] had told him to be afraid of me because 

I may take him. I may take him away and keep him from his brothers.” Although she 

was not permitted to exchange gifts with the minor, they made arts and crafts together 

during visits. 
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Mother testified her source of income was Social Security and workers’

compensation. She applied in 2012 for the minor to receive her Social Security benefits. 

She claimed she tried “several times” to offer father financial support for the minor but 

was denied. When she contacted father to tell him there was $29 per month available for 

the minor’s care, father said, “he wanted nothing from [her], and he would not take 

anything from [her].” Nonetheless, she deposited some of the money into a savings 

account, a portion of which she spent on clothes, school supplies, and presents for the 

minor. She gave those items to the maternal grandmother to give to father and Alexa. 

Mother stated she is drug tested regularly and has “never given a negative test”

since being placed on probation for her 2011 conviction. However, she admitted her 

other son H. was removed from her custody during that period and, because she made 

“little or no progress” in court-ordered services in that matter, custody of H. was 

eventually awarded to H.’s father. She also conceded that, although she and H.’s father 

never split up and the two lived together, there was a physical altercation while H. was 

present in September 2013 and the matter was again referred to CPS and was still 

pending as of October 24, 2013. 

Father’s Testimony

Father disputed a number of mother’s claims. He testified that, in 2010, mother 

made sporadic efforts to contact him on his cell phone to set up a time to see the minor, 

but father told her she “would have to go through the courts to do so.” 

Supervised visitation at Parenting Time was stopped by court order in 2010. From 

that point on until after mother filed her petition to reinstate visitation in June 2013, there 

were no visits and mother only called “once or twice.” 

In 2013, father obtained a restraining order against the maternal grandfather, who 

had made “threats against my life [and] my two youngest sons.” Shortly thereafter, father 
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obtained a restraining order against the maternal grandmother because she had been 

visiting the minor’s school without his knowledge. 

Shortly after receiving notice of mediation regarding mother’s request for order 

modifying child custody and visitation, father and Alexa filed their petition for 

termination of parental rights and for a stepparent adoption. Although supervised 

visitation was ordered by the court, two visits were cancelled by the mother. Since 

October 2013, mother has participated in some supervised visits with the minor. 

The minor is registered at school with a hyphenated last name that includes 

father’s last name and mother’s last name. However, father instructed the school and the 

teachers to refer to the minor by using only the father’s last name. 

The minor sees Alexa as “Mom,” and mother as a “special friend,” a term first 

introduced by mother and the mediator. When talking in front of the minor, father and 

Alexa have always referred to mother as “friend,” not “mother.” Father stated they have 

done this so as not to “confuse him [the minor]” and denied doing so to insulate the 

minor from mother, something he claimed mother “seemed to be doing . . . on her own.” 

Alexa’s Testimony

Alexa also disputed mother’s claims. She testified that, between 2008 and 2014, 

she saw mother no more than approximately 20 times, less than half of which did not 

involve a court proceeding. Visitation stopped in late 2008 due to mother’s drug use, her 

refusal to drug test, and her criminal convictions. Thereafter, Alexa did not hear from 

mother again until 2010 when they met in court “to establish visitation to modify the 

order.” Mother never called the minor, never offered to send him money, and never sent 

him gifts; she sent just one Easter card in 2012. 

After mother’s petition to reinstate visitation was granted in 2010, the court 

ordered five supervised visits at Parenting Time in Roseville, only three of which actually 

occurred (in November 2010). Visitation stopped in December 2010 pursuant to court 
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order, after which the parties were to go back to mediation to discuss further visitation. 

Alexa and father were instructed by their attorney that mother would have to contact the 

attorney or petition the court for further visitation. After mother gave birth to H. in May 

2011, there were no more visits scheduled and Alexa did not hear from mother again until 

June 2013, when mother filed her request for order modifying custody and visitation. 

Alexa testified that for nearly five years after the minor was placed with father, the 

maternal grandparents had ongoing contact with the minor at least once a week and 

always knew how to reach the father. Alexa and father discussed with the maternal 

grandparents that mother was not allowed to see the minor while he was in the 

grandparents’ care. Although court-ordered grandparent visitation also ended in 2010, 

father and Alexa maintained an amicable relationship with the maternal grandparents and 

facilitated continued visitation on an informal basis until mid-2013, when father obtained 

a restraining order against each of the maternal grandparents. 

Trial Court’s Order

In its written findings and order after the evidentiary hearing, the trial court found 

in part as follows: Mother’s testimony that she was unable to visit the minor due to H.’s 

hospitalization from 2011 through 2012 was not credible and was rebutted by the 

testimony of father and Alexa; mother acknowledged she did not see the minor during the 

year H. was hospitalized; although mother testified she had been “clean” since September 

2012, she waited until June 2013 to file her request for order modifying custody and 

visitation; and, although mother was granted supervised visitation with the minor in 

October 2013, there “is no credible evidence presented . . . that [mother] exercised more 

than 3 visits with [the minor] since that visitation order was made.”

The court further found that, “[b]ased on the credibility of the witnesses, the Court 

can find no reasonable explanation or justification to mitigate the fact that [mother] has 

had virtually no meaningful or court ordered contact with [the minor] since he was 
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removed by Placer County [CPS] and placed with [father] in 2008, nearly six years ago. 

The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that [mother’s] efforts at a relationship 

with [the minor] since 2008 have been token and unsubstantial at best.” 

The court found, by clear and convincing evidence, that mother failed to pay for 

the care, support, and education of the minor for “significantly more than one year” and 

failed to have more than “token communications” with the him pursuant to section 8604, 

subdivisions (b) and (c), and that mother abandoned the minor pursuant to section 7822, 

subdivision (a)(3). The court further found Alexa met her burden to terminate parental 

rights pursuant to sections 7822 and 8604, and to declare the minor free from parental 

control pursuant to sections 7823 and 7824, and ordered that mother’s parental rights 

over the minor terminated and the minor freed from mother’s parental control. 

Mother filed a timely notice of appeal. 

DISCUSSION

Mother contends there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s findings

she “left” the minor in father’s care and custody and intended to abandon the child within 

the meaning of section 7822, subdivision (a)(3). 

A proceeding to free a child from the custody and control of a parent may be 

brought when the child has been left by one parent “in the care and custody of the other 

parent for a period of one year without any provision for the child’s support, or without 

communication from the parent, with the intent on the part of the parent to abandon the 

child.” (§ 7822, subd. (a)(3).) 

In reviewing the trial court’s findings under section 7822, we apply the substantial 

evidence standard of review. (In re Marriage of Jill & Victor D. (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 

491, 503 (Marriage of Jill).) We do not pass on the credibility of witnesses, resolve 

conflicts in the evidence, or determine the weight of the evidence, but simply determine 

whether there is substantial evidence, believed by the trial court, that supports the court’s 
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findings. (Ibid.) “ ‘The questions of abandonment and of intent . . ., including the issue 

of whether the statutory presumption has been overcome satisfactorily, are questions of 

fact for the resolution of the trial court.’ ” (Id. at p. 506.) “ ‘The appellant has the burden 

of showing the finding or order is not supported by substantial evidence.’ [Citation.]” 

(Adoption of Allison C. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1004, 1011.) 

“In determining the threshold issue of whether a parent has ‘left’ . . . her child, the 

focus of the law is ‘on the voluntary nature of a parent’s abandonment of the parental role 

rather than on physical desertion by the parent.’ [Citations.] [¶] Thus, this court has 

held that a parent will not be found to have voluntarily left a child in the care and custody 

of another where the child is effectively ‘taken’ from the parent by court order [citation]; 

however, the parent’s later voluntary inaction may constitute a leaving with intent to 

abandon the child [citation].” (Marriage of Jill, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at pp. 504-505.)

Mother contends that because the threshold “leaving” requirement of section 7822 

can only be established where the parent has voluntarily left the child, not where the child 

is taken against the parent’s wishes or by coercion (In re Amy A. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 

63, 68), the requirement was not met here because the minor was removed from her 

custody by judicial decree, first through dependency proceedings in 2008, and then again 

when visitation was terminated on December 14, 2010. Mother claims she made 

“numerous attempts” to visit and contact the minor but was thwarted by father “at every 

turn.” Acknowledging there was little or no visitation between December 2010 and 

September 2013, she explains she “spent the last half of 2011 and the first half of 2012 

mostly confined to the hospital” with H., and claims she nonetheless attempted to contact 

the minor by telephone and saw him “a couple of times” when the maternal grandparents 

brought him to see her. Relying on this court’s opinion in In re Jacklyn F. (2003) 

114 Cal.App.4th 747 (Jacklyn F.), she argues the “judicial taking” was therefore never 

converted to a “leaving” by her nonaction. (Id. at p. 755.) 
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In Jacklyn F., the mother left her seven-year-old child with the paternal 

grandparents for three days without informing them where she was or when she would 

return. (Jacklyn F., supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at p. 749.) The lower court granted the 

grandparents’ guardianship petition and thereafter the mother had no contact with the 

child for over a year. (Id. at pp. 749-751.) A panel of this court reversed the order 

terminating parental rights. Concluding section 7822 “contemplates that abandonment is 

established only when there is a physical act—leaving the child for the prescribed period 

of time—combined with an intent to abandon, which may be presumed from a lack of 

communication or support” (id. at p. 754), this court found there was no evidence the

minor was “left” by her mother and thus no abandonment. (Id. at pp. 749, 757.) 

We specifically discussed Jacklyn F. and distinguished that opinion in Marriage of 

Jill, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th 491, where we addressed the issue as follows:

“Numerous appellate decisions have long agreed that the leaving-with-intent-toabandon-the-child requirement of section 7822 can be established by evidence of a 

parent’s voluntary inaction after an order granting primary care and custody to the other 

parent. [Citations.]

“Simply stated, ‘nonaction of the parent after a judicial decree removing the child 

may convert a [judicial] “taking” into a “leaving” [of a child by the parent].’ [Citations.]

“In a factual context far different from that in the case now before us, a panel of 

this court expressed its disagreement with the view that ‘evidence of a [parent’s] failure 

to communicate [with] or support [the parent’s child] for the statutory period of [section 

7822] can, in itself, satisfy the separate statutory requirement that the child be “left” for a 

prescribed period of time.’ (Jacklyn F., supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at p. 755.) Concluding 

‘the statute contemplates that abandonment is established only when there is a physical 

act—leaving the child for the prescribed period of time—combined with an intent to 

abandon, which may be presumed from a lack of communication or support’ (id. at p. 
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754), Jacklyn F. found there was no evidence of such leaving in that case . . . . (Id. at pp. 

749-750.)

“Jacklyn F. noted, however, it did ‘not discount the possibility that, under different 

circumstances, it might be proper to conclude that a parent has “left” a child within the 

meaning of section 7822 despite court intervention,’ but found that the matter on review 

was ‘not such a case.’ (Jacklyn F., supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at p. 756.) That was so 

because, ‘[o]nce the guardianship was granted, [the mother] was no longer legally 

entitled to custody of the minor without further court order’ and the mother’s ‘conduct 

following the granting of the guardianship—which included sending “stacks” of letters to 

the minor but failing to visit her—did not constitute “parental nonaction” amounting to a 

leaving.’ (Ibid.)

“Thus, we do not read Jacklyn F. as holding that evidence that a parent has failed 

to communicate with his or her child for a year or has failed to provide any support for 

the child during that time can never be circumstantial evidence that the parent left the 

child and did so with the intent to abandon the child. Otherwise, it would be nearly 

impossible to prove that a parent who does not communicate with or support his or her 

child for a year has done what Jacklyn F. characterized as the ‘physical act’ of leaving 

the child for the statutory period.” (Marriage of Jill, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at pp. 504-

505.)

Here, there is no dispute that the minor was removed from mother’s custody by 

judicial decree in 2008 and has since remained in the custody and care of father. 

However, the evidence shows that, despite such court intervention, mother “left” the 

minor within the meaning of section 7822 by her own nonaction. At the time of removal 

in 2008, mother was entitled by court order to weekly supervised visitation with the 

minor. She participated in some visits until she was arrested for driving under the 

influence of methamphetamine. For the next year, she participated in drug recovery 

programs during which there was at best a single visit facilitated by the maternal 
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grandparents who brought the minor to see her. And while mother claims she called the 

minor “[a]ll the time” during her recovery, Alexa and father disputed that claim. 

According to Alexa, there was no communication from mother to schedule visitation 

from the time of her arrest in late 2008 until 2010, when she filed her motion to reinstate 

visitation. 

In late 2010, the parties entered into a stipulated agreement that provided for 

weekly supervised visits and telephone calls with the minor until December 14, 2010, 

after which date mother could petition the court to reevaluate her parenting time. Even 

so, mother only visited with the minor three times before visitation was terminated prior 

to the December 14, 2010, deadline due to her second burglary arrest. For the next three 

years, and particularly during the year prior to the filing of Alexa’s petition on August 13, 

2013, the critical period for purposes of abandonment under section 7822, subdivisions 

(a)(3) and (b), there was little communication and no visitation between mother and the 

minor. Although mother attested to two visits facilitated by the maternal grandparents 

between December 14, 2010, and May 15, 2011, weekly telephone calls to father’s cell 

phone, and cards and letters regularly sent to the minor via the grandparents, the trial 

court made an explicit determination it did not find her testimony credible. Nor did the 

court find credible mother’s explanation for why she did not once visit the minor during 

the 14 months H. was hospitalized. We do not review the fact finder’s credibility 

determinations. (People v. Ochoa (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206; People v. James (1977) 

19 Cal.3d 99, 107 [“ ‘The power to judge credibility of witnesses, resolve conflicts in 

testimony, [and] weigh evidence . . . is vested in the trial court. On appeal all 

presumptions favor proper exercise of that power’ ”].)

By mother’s own testimony, there were no visits either during or after H.’s stay in 

the hospital. And although father informed her there would be no visitation without a 

court order, a position that appears to be consistent with the parties’ late December 2010,

stipulated agreement, she did not file her request to modify visitation until June 10, 2013. 
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Thereafter, despite yet another order for supervised visitation, she attended only a handful 

of visits. There is substantial evidence to support mother’s nonaction following removal 

of the minor from her custody, and thus to establish that the “judicial taking” was 

converted to a “leaving” for purposes of section 7822.

Mother contends the evidence shows she rebutted the statutory presumption of an 

intent to abandon the minor. She asserts that she offered financial support to the minor 

despite the absence of a demand therefore, and that her attempts to communicate with the 

minor were thwarted by father and Alexa. Acknowledging the trial court did not find 

parental alienation, she emphasizes that father’s resistance to her communication with the 

minor and the fact that he and Alexa deliberately kept her true identity from the minor

and identified her only as a “friend” demonstrate the obstacles she faced in trying to 

maintain a relationship with the minor. We are not persuaded.

“ ‘The questions of abandonment and of intent . . ., including the issue of whether 

the statutory presumption has been overcome satisfactorily, are questions of fact for the 

resolution of the trial court.’ [Citation.] ‘A parent’s “failure to provide support[] or 

failure to communicate” with the child for a period of one year or more “is presumptive 

evidence of the intent to abandon,” and “[i]f the parent [has] made only token efforts to 

support or communicate with the child, the court may declare the child abandoned by the 

parent . . . .” (§ 7822, subd. (b).)’ [Citation.] [¶] ‘When the evidence permits the 

conclusion of only token efforts to communicate with the child,’ the ‘ “findings and order 

of the trial court under subdivision (a) [(1)] must be sustained,” ’ unless ‘ “the 

presumption of abandonment raised by [token efforts to communicate] has been 

overcome as a matter of law . . . .” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Marriage of Jill, supra, 

185 Cal.App.4th at p. 506.)

Mother had numerous opportunities, as previously discussed, to maintain a 

relationship with the minor through regular, consistent visitation and contact. Despite her 

ongoing criminal proceedings and persistent drug-related issues, the court repeatedly 
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ordered that she be allowed supervised visitation and telephone contact. Her 

participation, though sprinkled with token telephone calls and an Easter card, was 

virtually nonexistent during the two to three years prior to the filing of Alexa’s petition. 

Similarly, she made only token efforts to provide financial support to the minor by 

applying for Social Security benefits sometime after the birth of H. and depositing $29 a 

month into an account, “some of” which she claimed to have used to purchase items for 

the minor. In light of the other evidence, mother’s testimony did not overcome the 

presumption of abandonment.

Finally, having concluded the evidence is sufficient to support the finding of

abandonment as discussed above, we need not reach mother’s claim that the trial court 

improperly relied on the best interests of the minor in concluding her parental rights 

should be terminated. 

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

 HULL , Acting P. J.

We concur:

 MAURO , J.

 DUARTE , J.