Form 4952 Investment Interest Expense Deduction 

Department of the Treasury 

Internal Revenue Service 

Attach to your tax return. 

Go to www.irs.gov/Form4952 for the latest information.

OMB No. 1545-0191 

Attachment 

Sequence No. 51 

2023

Name(s) shown on return Identifying number 

Part I Total Investment Interest Expense 

1 Investment interest expense paid or accrued in 2023 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . 1 

2 Disallowed investment interest expense from 2022 Form 4952, line 7 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

3 Total investment interest expense. Add lines 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Part II Net Investment Income 

4 a Gross income from property held for investment (excluding any net gain from

the disposition of property held for investment) . . . . . . . . . . 4a 

b Qualified dividends included on line 4a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4b 

c Subtract line 4b from line 4a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4c 

d Net gain from the disposition of property held for investment . . . . . . 4d 

e Enter the smaller of line 4d or your net capital gain from the disposition

of property held for investment. See instructions . . . . . . . . . . 4e 

f Subtract line 4e from line 4d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4f 

g Enter the amount from lines 4b and 4e that you elect to include in investment income. See instructions 4g

h Investment income. Add lines 4c, 4f, and 4g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4h 

5 Investment expenses (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

6 Net investment income. Subtract line 5 from line 4h. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . 6 

Part III Investment Interest Expense Deduction 

7 Disallowed investment interest expense to be carried forward to 2024. Subtract line 6 from line 

3. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

8 Investment interest expense deduction. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 6. See instructions . . 8 

For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see page 4. Cat. No. 13177Y Form 4952 (2023)
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Form 4952 (2023) Page 3 

Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code unless otherwise 

noted. 

Future Developments

For the latest information about developments related to Form 4952 and 

its instructions, such as legislation enacted after they were published, 

go to www.irs.gov/Form4952.

General Instructions 

Purpose of Form 

Use Form 4952 to figure the amount of investment interest expense you 

can deduct for 2023 and the amount you can carry forward to future 

years. Your investment interest expense deduction is limited to your net 

investment income. 

For more information, see Pub. 550, Investment Income and 

Expenses. 

Who Must File 

If you are an individual, estate, or a trust, you must file Form 4952 to 

claim a deduction for your investment interest expense. 

Exception. You don’t have to file Form 4952 if all of the following apply. 

• Your investment income from interest and ordinary dividends minus 

any qualified dividends is more than your investment interest expense. 

• You don’t have any other deductible investment expenses. 

• You don’t have any carryover of disallowed investment interest 

expense from 2022. 

Allocation of Interest Expense 

If you paid or accrued interest on a loan and used the loan proceeds for 

more than one purpose, you may have to allocate the interest. This is 

necessary because different rules apply to investment interest, personal 

interest, trade or business interest, home mortgage interest, and passive 

activity interest. See Temporary Regulations section 1.163-8T, 

Regulations section 1.163-15, and Notice 89-35, 1989-1 C.B. 675.

Specific Instructions 

Part I—Total Investment Interest Expense 

Line 1 

Enter the investment interest expense paid or accrued during the tax 

year, regardless of when you incurred the indebtedness. Investment 

interest expense is interest paid or accrued on a loan or part of a loan 

that is allocable to property held for investment (as defined later). 

Include investment interest expense reported to you on Schedule K-1 

from a partnership or an S corporation. Include amortization of bond 

premium on taxable bonds purchased after October 22, 1986, but 

before January 1, 1988, unless you elected to offset amortizable bond 

premium against the interest payments on the bond. A taxable bond is a 

bond on which the interest is includible in gross income.

Investment interest expense doesn’t include any of the following. 

• Personal interest under section 163(h), including qualified residence 

interest.

• Interest expense that is properly allocable to a passive activity. 

Generally, a passive activity is any trade or business activity in which 

you don’t materially participate and any rental activity. See the 

Instructions for Form 8582, Passive Activity Loss Limitations, for details. 

• Any interest expense that is capitalized, such as construction interest 

subject to section 263A. 

• Interest expense related to tax-exempt interest income under 

section 265. 

• Interest expense, disallowed under section 264, on indebtedness with 

respect to life insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts issued after 

June 8, 1997, even if the proceeds were used to purchase any property 

held for investment.

Property held for investment. Property held for investment includes 

property that produces income, not derived in the ordinary course of a 

trade or business, from interest, dividends, annuities, or royalties. It also 

includes property that produces gain or loss, not derived in the ordinary 

course of a trade or business, from the disposition of property that 

produces these types of income or is held for investment. However, it 

doesn’t include an interest in a passive activity.

Exception. A working interest in an oil or gas property that you held 

directly or through an entity that didn’t limit your liability is property held 

for investment, but only if you didn’t materially participate in the activity.

Part II—Net Investment Income

Line 4a

Gross income from property held for investment includes income, 

unless derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business, from 

interest, ordinary dividends (except Alaska Permanent Fund dividends), 

annuities, and royalties. Include investment income reported to you on 

Schedule K-1 from a partnership or an S corporation. Also include net 

investment income from an estate or a trust. 

Also include on line 4a (or 4d, if applicable) net passive income from a 

passive activity of a publicly traded partnership (as defined in section 

469(k)(2)). See Regulations sections 1.469-10 and 1.7704-1 (including 

the transition rule of section 1.7704-1(l)) for details. 

Net income from certain passive activities, such as rental of 

substantially nondepreciable property, may have to be recharacterized 

and included on line 4a. For details, see Pub. 925, Passive Activity and 

At-Risk Rules, or Regulations section 1.469-2(f)(10). 

If you are filing Form 8814, Parents’ Election To Report Child’s 

Interest and Dividends, part or all of your child’s income may be 

included on line 4a. See the instructions for Form 8814 and Pub. 550 for 

details. 

▲!

CAUTION

Don’t include on line 4a any net gain from the disposition of 

property held for investment. Instead, enter it on line 4d. 

Line 4b 

Enter the portion of ordinary dividends included on line 4a that are 

qualified dividends. For the definition of qualified dividends, see the 

instructions for Form 1040, line 3a (or Form 1041, line 2b). 

Line 4d 

Net gain from the disposition of property held for investment is the 

excess, if any, of your total gains over your total losses from the 

disposition of property held for investment. When figuring this amount, 

include capital gain distributions from mutual funds and capital loss 

carryovers. 

Line 4e 

Net capital gain from the disposition of property held for investment is 

the excess, if any, of your net long-term capital gain over your net shortterm capital loss from the disposition of property held for investment. 

Capital gain distributions from mutual funds are treated as long-term 

capital gains. 

Note: If line 4e is more than zero and you enter an amount on line 4g, 

see the Note in the line 4g instructions, later.

Line 4g 

In general, qualified dividends and net capital gain from the disposition 

of property held for investment are excluded from investment income. 

But you can elect to include part or all of these amounts in investment 

income. 

▲!

CAUTION

The qualified dividends and net capital gain that you elect to 

include in investment income on line 4g aren’t eligible to be 

taxed at the qualified dividends or capital gains tax rates. 

You should consider the tax effect of using the qualified 

dividends and capital gains tax rates before making this 

election. Once made, the election can be revoked only with IRS consent. 

To make the election, enter on line 4g the amount you elect to include 

in investment income (don’t enter more than the sum of lines 4b and 4e). 

Also enter this amount on whichever of the following applies. 

• The Schedule D Tax Worksheet, line 3. 

• Schedule D (Form 1041), line 25. 

• The Qualified Dividends Tax Worksheet, line 3, in the Instructions for 

Form 1041. 

TIP

If you file Form 1040 or 1040-SR and enter an amount on 

line 4g, use the Schedule D Tax Worksheet in the 

Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040) to figure the amount 

to enter on Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 16. If you file Form 

1041 and enter amounts on lines 4e and 4g, use the Schedule D Tax 

Worksheet in the Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1041) to figure the 

amount to enter on Form 1041, Schedule G, line 1a.
Form 4952 (2023) Page 4 

Don’t reduce the amount of qualified dividends on Form 1040 or 

1040-SR, line 3a (or Form 1041, line 2b(2)), by any part of the amount on 

line 4g.

Note: The amount on line 4g is generally treated as being attributable 

first to net capital gain from property held for investment (line 4e), and 

then to qualified dividends (line 4b). This treatment results in the least 

tax being figured for Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 16 (or Form 1041, 

Schedule G, line 1a). However, you can treat less of the amount on line 

4e as attributable to line 4g and more to line 4b. You may want to do 

this if you are filing Form 1116, Foreign Tax Credit, as your tax after 

credits may be lower in certain cases. To do so, enter on the dotted line 

next to line 4e “Elec.” and the part of line 4e that you elect to treat as 

being attributable to line 4g (don’t enter less than the excess of line 4g 

over line 4b). You will use this smaller amount instead of the amount on 

line 4e when figuring your tax. 

Generally, you must make this election on a timely filed return, 

including extensions. However, if you timely filed your return without 

making the election, you can make the election on an amended return 

filed within 6 months of the due date of your return (excluding 

extensions). Write “Filed pursuant to section 301.9100-2” on the 

amended return and file it at the same place you filed the original return. 

Line 5 

Investment expenses are your allowed deductions, other than interest 

expense, directly connected with the production of investment income. 

For example, depreciation or depletion allowed on assets that produce 

investment income is an investment expense. 

Include investment expenses incurred directly by you or reported to 

you on Schedule K-1 from a partnership, or by an S corporation, but 

only if you are allowed a deduction on your return for the expense. 

Investment expenses don’t include any deductions used in 

determining your income or loss from a passive activity. 

▲!

CAUTION

Don’t include any miscellaneous itemized deductions, which 

aren’t allowed deductions in tax years beginning after 

December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026. 

Part III—Investment Interest Expense Deduction 

Line 8 

Individuals. Generally, enter the amount from line 8 (excluding any 

amount included on Form 6198, line 4—see later) on Schedule A (Form 

1040), line 9, even if all or part of it is attributable to a partnership or an

S corporation. However, if any part of the interest expense is attributable

to royalties, enter that part on Schedule E (Form 1040). Also, if any part 

of the interest is attributable to a trade or business that isn’t a passive 

activity, enter that part on the schedule where you report other 

expenses for that trade or business. 

Estates and trusts. Enter the amount from line 8 (excluding any amount 

included on Form 6198, line 4—see below) on Form 1041, line 10. 

However, if any part of the interest is attributable to a trade or business 

that isn’t a passive activity, enter that part on the schedule where you 

report other expenses for that trade or business. 

Form 6198. If any of your deductible investment interest expense is 

attributable to an activity for which you aren’t at risk, you must also use 

Form 6198, At-Risk Limitations, to figure your deductible investment 

interest expense. Include the part attributable to the at-risk activity on 

Form 6198, line 4. 

Alternative minimum tax (AMT). Deductible interest expense may be 

an adjustment for the AMT. For details, see Form 6251, Alternative 

Minimum Tax—Individuals, or Schedule I (Form 1041). 

Paperwork Reduction Act Notice. We ask for the information on this 

form to carry out the Internal Revenue laws of the United States. You 

are required to give us the information. We need it to ensure that you are

complying with these laws and to allow us to figure and collect the right 

amount of tax. 

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returns and return information are confidential, as required by section 

6103. 

The time needed to complete and file this form will vary depending on 

individual circumstances. The estimated burden for individual taxpayers 

filing this form is approved under OMB control number 1545-0074 and 

is included in the estimates shown in the instructions for their individual 

income tax return. The estimated burden for all other taxpayers who file 

this form is: Recordkeeping, 39 min.; Learning about the law or the 

form, 12 min.; Preparing the form, 24 min.; and Copying, 

assembling, and sending the form to the IRS, 13 min. 

If you have comments concerning the accuracy of these time 

estimates or suggestions for making this form simpler, we would be 

happy to hear from you. See the instructions for the tax return with 

which this form is filed.