Ground-Based Applications 

Field results from published studies that measured deposition of materials applied by ultra low volume equipment for cofrom trucks. ND = Not Detected. Pyrethrins – truck fogging 

Field Results 

In ppb 

(=μg/L) 

Time 

sampled 

Product Reference Sample Type No

ND 1 hr Pyrocide Jensen et al. 1999 Water column No significant mortality in 

mosquitofish or invertebra(20 ppb detection limit) 

Ave 4.9 0-33.1 ppb After Spray #5 Ave 3.2 0-34.5 ppb after spray # 11 

w/in 12 hr Pyrenone 

25-5 

Lawler et. al, 2008 Sediment only 23 & 33 ppb in 2 of 6 tank

34.5 ppb in 1 of 6 tanks afNo accumulation of pyreth

Permethrin– truck fogging 

Field Results 

 In ppb 

(=μg/L) 

Time 

sampled 

Product Reference Sample Type No

ND @ 20 cm ND 

2-4 hrs 12 hrs 

Permanone Pierce et al, 2005 Filters on 

H2O Surf H2O column 

5.1 to 9.4 ppb in surface mdetected at 20 cm Droplet size not characteri

ND 1 hr Biomist Jensen et al, 1999 Water column No significant mortality in 

mosquitofish or invertebra

Resmethrin - truck fogging 

Field Results 

In ppb 

(=μg/L) 

Time Sampled Product Reference Sample Type No

ND 15 min to 2 hrs Scourge Abbene et al., 2005 Water column 7 spray events at 5 sites 
D phenothrin (Sumithrin) - truck fogging 

Field Results 

In ppb 

(=μg/L) 

Time 

Sampled 

Product Reference Sample Type No

0.000001 ppb 0 @ 1hr 0@2hr 

Immed. 1 hr 2 hr 

Anvil Zulkowsky, 2005 Water column 1.1 ng/L (ppt) immediately 

No detect @ 1 hr post app

0-0.08 ppb w/in 12 hrs 

to 1 week of application 

8 biwkly applics product not named 

Amweg et al. 2006 Sediment Peak sediment conc were f

synergistic concentration Colusa MAD sprays 2004 

0.000001 ppb 0 @ 1hr 

Immed. Anvil Zulkowsky, 2005 

No detected @ 1 hr post @ 
PBO (with pyrethrins)- truck fogging 

Field Results 

In ppb 

(=μg/L)

Time 

Sampled 

Product Reference Sample Type No

Ave 4.76 0-14.9 after spray #5 Ave 0.37 0-2.55 after spray #11 

w/in 12 hr Pyrenone 

25-5 

Lawler et. al, 2008 Sediment only No accumulation of PBO i

No effects on survival of D

sentinels 

Ave 0.01 0-0.08 ppb ND 

12 hrs post  1 week after last applic 

Pyrenone 25-5 

Amweg et al 2006 Water 8 biwkly applics, no accum

PBO detected in H2O afte0.04,0.06, 0.08 ppb on 3 oreturned to baseline by 1 w

Ave 0.392 0 - 3.27 ppb ND 

12 hrs post 1 week after last applic 

Pyrenone 25-5 

Amweg et al 2006 Sediment 8 biwkly applics, no accum

PBO detected in sediment 3.27 ppb in 2 of 18 samplePeak sediment conc. were synergistic conc. returned to baseline by 1 w

PBO (with resmethrin) - truck fogging 

Field Results 

In ppb 

(=μg/L) 

Time 

Samp

led 

Product Reference Sample Type No

Ave 0.0036 ppb (range 0-0.017ppb) 

<1 to 2 hrs 

Scourge Abbene et al., 2005 Water column Testing after 7 application 

For 5 out of 7 events,,no P1 sample had 0.017 ppb @ one had 0.008ppb @ 15 m
Naled – truck fogging 

Field Results 

In ppb 

(=μg/L) 

Time 

Sampled 

Product Reference Sample Type No

0.71 ppb peak ND 

<1 hr 12 hrs 

Dibrom Tucker et al, 1987 Water column No mortality in copepods 

No detect @ 12 hrs 

Malathion – truck fogging 

Field Results 

In ppb 

(=μg/L) 

Time 

Sampled 

Product Reference Sample Type No

1.3 – 5 ppb 1-5 hrs Cythion Tucker et al, 1987 Water column 6 ppb 1 hr Cythion Jensen et al, 1999 Water column 

References 

Abbene, I.J., S.C. Fisher, and S.A. Terracciano (U.S. Geological Survey). 2005. Concentrations of insecticides in selecte

Suffolk County, New York, before and after mosquito spraying, 2002-04. Open-File Report 2005- 1384. New Yor

Amweg, EL, DP Weston, CS Johnson, J You and MJ Lydy. 2006. Effect of piperonyl butoxide on permethrin toxicity in 

azteca. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25 (7):1817-1825 

Jensen T, Lawler SP, Dritz DA. 1999. Effects of ultralow-volume pyrethrin, malathion, and permethrin on nontarget inv

mosquitoes, and mosquitofish in seasonally impounded wetlands. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15:330–338. 

Lawler, S.P., D.A. Dritz, C.S. Johnson, and M. Wolder. 2008. Does synergized pyrethrin applied over wetlands for mosq

magna zooplankton or Callibaetis californicus mayflies? Pest Manag Sci 64: 843-847. 
Pierce, R.H., M.S. Henry, T.C. Blum, and E.M. Mueller. 2005. Aerial and tidal transport of mosquito control pesticides 

National Marine Sanctuary. Revista De Biologia Tropical 53: 117-12 

Tucker, J.W., C.Q. Thompson, T.C. Wang, and R.A. Lenahan. 1987. Toxicity of organophosphorous insecticides to estu

fish after field applications. Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association 58: 1-6. 

Zulkowsky, AM, J.P. Ruggieri, SA Terraciano, BJ Brownawell and AE McElroy, 2005. Acute toxicity of resmethrin, m

larval and juvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus) and analysis of pesticide levels in surface waters afteAltosid application. Journal of Shellfish Research 24: 795-804.