FTA­MA­26­5559­08­1
 

DOT­VNTSC­FTA­08­01
 

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Transit

Administration Drug and Alcohol Testing Results

2005 Annual Report

January 2008

Office of Safety and Security
Notice 

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship 

of the Department of Transportation in the interest of 

information exchange. The United States Government 

assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. 

Notice 

The United States Government does not endorse 

products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ 

names appear herein solely because they are 

considered essential to the objective of this report. 
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 

OMB No. 0704-0188 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 

January 2008 

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 

Final Report 

January 2004–December 2005 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 2005 Annual Report 

5. FUNDING NUMBERS 

VT73/EV913 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Mike Redington, Eve Rutyna, Nathan Grace*, and Felicity Shanahan* 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Research and Innovative Technology Administration 

John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

REPORT NUMBER 

DOT-VNTSC-FTA-08-01 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

Federal Transit Administration 

Office of Safety and Security 

Washington, DC 20590 

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING 

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

FTA-MA-26-5559-08-1 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

*Chenega Advanced Solutions and Engineering (CASE) 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, VA 22161. 

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) 

This is the 11th annual report of the results of the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. 

This report summarizes the reporting requirements for calendar year 2005, the requirements of the overall drug and alcohol 

testing program (49 CFR Part 40 and 49 CFR Part 655), the results from the data reported for 2005, and the random drug and 

alcohol violation rates (the percentage of persons selected for a random test who produced a positive specimen or refused to take 

the test) for calendar years 1995 through 2005. 

This report provides a brief overview of the drug and alcohol testing requirements for both safety-sensitive employers and 

employees. The official random rates for 2005 are provided, as well as the official random rate trends over the last 11 years. The 

results of alcohol and drug tests are provided by test type, employee category, and region. The positive testing rates for drugs and 

alcohol are also provided for each test type, employee category, and region. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 

Alcohol testing, drug testing, random testing, safety-sensitive, violation rate 

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

92 

16. PRICE CODE 

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF REPORT 

Unclassified 

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

 OF THIS PAGE 

Unclassified 

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF ABSTRACT 

Unclassified 

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 

Unlimited 

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) 

Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 

298-102 
 

 

 

METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS 

ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH
 LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 

1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 

1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 

1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 

1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 

LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 

1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 

1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 

1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 

1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) 

AREA (APPROXIMATE) 

1 square inch (sq in, in2

) = 6.5 square centimeters 

(cm2

) 

1 square foot (sq ft, ft2

) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 

1 square yard (sq yd, yd2

) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 

1 square mile (sq mi, mi2

) = 2.6 square kilometers 

(km2

) 

1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2

) 

AREA (APPROXIMATE) 

1 square centimeter (cm2

) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) 

1 square meter (m2

) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, 

yd2

) 

1 square kilometer (km2

) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 

10,000 square meters (m2

) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 

MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 

1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 

1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 

1 short ton = 2,000 pounds 

(lb) 

= 0.9 tonne (t) 

MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 

1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 

1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 

1 tonne (t) = 

= 

1,000 kilograms (kg) 

1.1 short tons 

VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 

1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 

1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 

1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 

1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 

1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 

1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3

) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 

1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3

) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 

VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 

1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 

1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 

1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 

1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 

1 cubic meter (m3

) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 

1 cubic meter (m3

) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) 

TEMPERATURE (EXACT) 

[(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C 

TEMPERATURE (EXACT) 

[(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F 

QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION 

0 1 2 3 4 5

Inches 

Centimeters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION 

°F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212°
 

°C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100°
 

For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and 

Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98 

ii 
Table of Contents 

1. Testing Requirements........................................................................................................... 1
 

1.1 Required Testing Program .............................................................................................. 1 

1.2 Regions Required to Test................................................................................................ 2 

1.3 Covered Employees and Employers ............................................................................... 2 

1.4 Percent Positive for Drugs and Alcohol.......................................................................... 3 

2. Random Drug and Alcohol Rates........................................................................................ 5
 

2.1 Official Random Rates for 2005..................................................................................... 5 

2.2 Calculating Positive Rates and Violation Rates.............................................................. 5 

2.3 Official Positive Rate and Violation Rate Trends........................................................... 6 

3. Drug Test Results.................................................................................................................. 7
 

3.1 Drug Test Results by Test Type...................................................................................... 7 

3.1.1 Pre-employment Drug Test Results........................................................................ 7 

3.1.2 Random Drug Test Results ..................................................................................... 8 

3.1.3 Post-Accident Drug Test Results............................................................................ 9 

3.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results ............................................................. 10 

3.1.5 Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results........................................................................ 11 

3.1.6 Follow-up Drug Test Results................................................................................ 12 

3.1.7 Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories ............................ 13 

3.2 Drug Test Results by Employee Category.................................................................... 14 

3.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation .................................................................................. 14 

3.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance .................................................... 15 

3.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch....................................................................... 16 

3.2.4 Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle............................... 17 

3.2.5 Armed Security Personnel .................................................................................... 18
 

iii 
Table of Contents (continued) 

3.2.6 Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories................................................... 19 

3.3 Drug Test Results by Region ........................................................................................ 20 

3.3.1 Drug Test Results for Region 1 ............................................................................ 20 

3.3.2 Drug Test Results for Region 2 ............................................................................ 21 

3.3.3 Drug Test Results for Region 3 ............................................................................ 22 

3.3.4 Drug Test Results for Region 4 ............................................................................ 23 

3.3.5 Drug Test Results for Region 5 ............................................................................ 24 

3.3.6 Drug Test Results for Region 6 ............................................................................ 25 

3.3.7 Drug Test Results for Region 7 ............................................................................ 26 

3.3.8 Drug Test Results for Region 8 ............................................................................ 27 

3.3.9 Drug Test Results for Region 9 ............................................................................ 28 

3.3.10 Drug Test Results for Region 10 .......................................................................... 29 

3.3.11 Drug Test Results for All Regions........................................................................ 30 

3.3.12 Drug Test Results for Transit Employers and Contractors................................... 31 

4. Alcohol Test Results............................................................................................................ 33
 

4.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category ....................................... 33 

4.1.1 Pre-employment Alcohol Test Results ................................................................. 33 

4.1.2 Random Alcohol Test Results .............................................................................. 34 

4.1.3 Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results ..................................................................... 35 

4.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results......................................................... 36 

4.1.5 Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results ................................................................... 37 

4.1.6 Follow-up Alcohol Test Results ........................................................................... 38 

4.1.7 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type........................ 39 

4.2 Alcohol Results by Employee Category....................................................................... 40 

4.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation .................................................................................. 40 

4.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance .................................................... 41 

4.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch....................................................................... 42
 

iv 
Table of Contents (continued) 

4.2.4 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle.................................................................................. 43 

4.2.5 Armed Security Personnel .................................................................................... 44 

4.2.6 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories.............................................. 45 

4.3 Alcohol Test Results by Region ................................................................................... 46 

4.3.1 Alcohol Test Results for Region 1........................................................................ 46 

4.3.2 Alcohol Test Results for Region 2........................................................................ 47 

4.3.3 Alcohol Test Results for Region 3........................................................................ 48 

4.3.4 Alcohol Test Results for Region 4........................................................................ 49 

4.3.5 Alcohol Test Results for Region 5........................................................................ 50 

4.3.6 Alcohol Test Results for Region 6........................................................................ 51 

4.3.7 Alcohol Test Results for Region 7........................................................................ 52 

4.3.8 Alcohol Test Results for Region 8........................................................................ 53 

4.3.9 Alcohol Test Results for Region 9........................................................................ 54 

4.3.10 Alcohol Test Results for Region 10...................................................................... 55 

4.3.11 Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types by Region............................................. 56 

4.4 Transit Employer and Contractor Alcohol Test Results............................................... 57 

4.4.1 Alcohol Test Results for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region......... 57 

4.4.2 Alcohol Test Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region.................... 58 

4.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Each Region.................................................... 59 

4.5.1 Alcohol Test Results for Region 1........................................................................ 59 

4.5.2 Alcohol Test Results for Region 2........................................................................ 60 

4.5.3 Alcohol Test Results for Region 3........................................................................ 61 

4.5.4 Alcohol Test Results for Region 4........................................................................ 62 

4.5.5 Alcohol Test Results for Region 5........................................................................ 63 

4.5.6 Alcohol Test Results for Region 6........................................................................ 64 

4.5.7 Alcohol Test Results for Region 7........................................................................ 65 

4.5.8 Alcohol Test Results for Region 8........................................................................ 66
 

v 
Table of Contents (continued) 

4.5.9 Alcohol Test Results for Region 9........................................................................ 67 

4.5.10 Alcohol Test Results for Region 10...................................................................... 68 

Appendix A. MIS Data Collection Form ................................................................................. 69
 

Appendix B. Contact Information............................................................................................ 73
 

Appendix C. Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................... 75
 

vi 
List of Figures 

Figure 1. The Ten FTA Regions Required to Test for Drugs and Alcohol ................................... 2 

Figure 2. Positive Rate for Random Drug Tests (1995–2005) ...................................................... 5 

Figure 3. Violation Rate for Random Alcohol Tests (1995–2005) ............................................... 6 

Figure 4. Official Positive Rates and Violation Rates (1995–2005) ............................................. 6 

Figure 5. Percent Positive for Pre-employment Drug Tests by Employee Category .................... 7 

Figure 6. Percent Positive for Random Drug Tests by Employee Category ................................. 8 

Figure 7. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Drug Tests by Employee Category ........................ 9 

Figure 8. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Drug Tests by Employee Category.......... 10 

Figure 9. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Drug Tests by Employee Category .................... 11 

Figure 10. Percent Positive for Follow-up Drug Tests by Employee Category .......................... 12 

Figure 11. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type ..................................... 13 

Figure 12. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type ................................. 14 

Figure 13. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

by Test Type ............................................................................................................... 15 

Figure 14. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type ..................... 16 

Figure 15. Percent Positive for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/ Non-Revenue 

Vehicle by Test Type .................................................................................................. 17 

Figure 16. Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type ................................... 18 

Figure 17. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Employee Category...................................... 19 

Figure 18. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 1....................................................... 20 

Figure 19. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 2....................................................... 21 

Figure 20. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 3....................................................... 22 

Figure 21. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 4....................................................... 23 

vii 
List of Figures (continued) 

Figure 22. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 5....................................................... 24 

Figure 23. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 6....................................................... 25 

Figure 24. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 7....................................................... 26 

Figure 25. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 8....................................................... 27 

Figure 26. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 9....................................................... 28 

Figure 27. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 10..................................................... 29 

Figure 28. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region .......................................................... 30 

Figure 29. Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region .................................................... 31 

Figure 30. Percent Positive for Contractors by Region ............................................................... 32 

Figure 31. Percent Positive for Pre-employment Tests by Employee Category.......................... 33 

Figure 32. Percent Positive for Random Tests by Employee Category....................................... 34 

Figure 33. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Tests by Employee Category.............................. 35 

Figure 34. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Tests by Employee Category................. 36 

Figure 35. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Tests by Employee Category............................ 37 

Figure 36. Percent Positive for Follow-up Tests by Employee Category.................................... 38 

Figure 37. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type ..................................... 39 

Figure 38. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Operation Employee Category 

by Test Type ............................................................................................................... 40 

Figure 39. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Employee Category by Test Type............................................................................... 41 

Figure 40. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Control/ Dispatch Employee 

Category by Test Type................................................................................................ 42 

Figure 41. Percent Positive for the CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Employee Category 

by Test Type ............................................................................................................... 43 

Figure 42. Percent Positive for the Armed Security Personnel Employee Category 

by Test Type ............................................................................................................... 44
 

viii 
List of Figures (continued) 

Figure 43. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Employee Category...................................... 45 

Figure 44. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1 ........... 46 

Figure 45. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2 ........... 47 

Figure 46. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3 ........... 48 

Figure 47. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4 ........... 49 

Figure 48. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5 ........... 50 

Figure 49. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6 ........... 51 

Figure 50. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7 ........... 52 

Figure 51. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8 ........... 53 

Figure 52. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9 ........... 54 

Figure 53. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10 ......... 55 

Figure 54. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region ................ 56 

Figure 55. Percent Positive for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region...................... 57 

Figure 56. Percent Positive for Contractors for All Test Types by Region................................. 58 

Figure 57. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 1................ 59 

Figure 58. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 2................ 60 

Figure 59. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 3................ 61 

Figure 60. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 4................ 62 

Figure 61. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 5................ 63 

Figure 62. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 6................ 64 

Figure 63. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 7................ 65 

Figure 64. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 8................ 66 

Figure 65. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 9................ 67 

Figure 66. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 10.............. 68 

ix 
List of Tables 

Table 1. Safety-Sensitive Employee Categories, Test Types, and Drug Types ............................ 1 

Table 2. States and Territories by Region...................................................................................... 2 

Table 3. Number of Covered Employees and Employers by Region............................................ 3 

Table 4. Pre-employment Drug Test Results by Employee Categories......................................... 7 

Table 5. Random Drug Test Results by Employee Categories...................................................... 8 

Table 6. Post-Accident Drug Test Results by Employee Categories............................................. 9 

Table 7. Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results by Employee Categories.............................. 10 

Table 8. Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories.................................. 11 

Table 9. Follow-up Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories.......................................... 12 

Table 10. Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories ................................... 13 

Table 11. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation ..................................................... 14 

Table 12. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance ....................... 15 

Table 13. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch.......................................... 16 

Table 14. Drug Test Results for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle.. 17 

Table 15. Drug Test Results for Armed Security Personnel........................................................ 18 

Table 16. Drug Test Results for All Test Types by Employee Category .................................... 19 

Table 17. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 1 ............................ 20 

Table 18. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 2 ............................ 21 

Table 19. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 3 ............................ 22 

Table 20. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 4 ............................ 23 

Table 21. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 5 ............................ 24 

Table 22. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 6 ............................ 25 

Table 23. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 7 ............................ 26 

Table 24. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 8 ............................ 27
 

x 
List of Tables (continued) 

Table 25. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 9 ............................ 28 

Table 26. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 10 .......................... 29 

Table 27. Drug Test Results for All Regions............................................................................... 30 

Table 28. Drug Test Results for Transit Employers by Region................................................... 31 

Table 29. Drug Test Results for Contractors by Region.............................................................. 32 

Table 30. Pre-employment Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category .................................. 33 

Table 31. Random Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category ............................................... 34 

Table 32. Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category ...................................... 35 

Table 33. Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category.......................... 36 

Table 34. Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category .................................... 37 

Table 35. Follow-up Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category ............................................ 38 

Table 36. Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types ..................................................................... 39 

Table 37. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type................................... 40 

Table 38. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance by Test Type..... 41 

Table 39. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type ....................... 42 

Table 40. Alcohol Results for CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type .................................. 43 

Table 41. Alcohol Results for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type..................................... 44 

Table 42. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type....................................... 45 

Table 43. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1............. 46 

Table 44. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2............. 47 

Table 45. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3............. 48 

Table 46. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4............. 49 

Table 47. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5............. 50 

Table 48. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6............. 51
 

xi 
List of Tables (continued) 

Table 49. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7............. 52 

Table 50. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8............. 53 

Table 51. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9............. 54 

Table 52. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10........... 55 

Table 53. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region.................. 56 

Table 54. Alcohol Results for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region ....................... 57 

Table 55. Alcohol Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region .................................. 58 

Table 56. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 1 ................. 59 

Table 57. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 2 ................. 60 

Table 58. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 3 ................. 61 

Table 59. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 4 ................. 62 

Table 60. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 5 ................. 63 

Table 61. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 6 ................. 64 

Table 62. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 7 ................. 65 

Table 63. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 8 ................. 66 

Table 64. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 9 ................. 67 

Table 65. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 10 ............... 68 

xii 
 

1. Testing Requirements 

1.1 Required Testing Program 

Safety-sensitive employees must undergo testing for five illegal substances with the use of six 

different test types. Employees who perform safety-sensitive functions must also be tested for 

alcohol use in each of those test types, except for pre-employment testing. Employers are 

required to conduct four types of tests of employees who perform safety-sensitive functions and 

are permitted to conduct two other types of tests for drugs and alcohol (return-to-duty and 

follow-up). 

Table 1 lists the employee categories, test types, and drug types that fall under the auspices of the 

FTA Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. For more detailed descriptions of each of these 

categories, refer to the glossary in Appendix C. You may also refer to FTA and DOT drug and 

alcohol regulations on the FTA Office of Safety and Security Web site at http://transitsafety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/datesting/regulations/default.asp. For additional guidance, another 

excellent source is the Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance (ODAPC) Web site 

http://www.dot.gov/ost/dapc/index.html. 

Table 1. Safety-Sensitive Employee Categories, Test Types, and Drug Types 

Safety-Sensitive Employee Categories 

• Revenue Vehicle Operation 

• Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

• Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 

• CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

• Armed Security Personnel 

Test Types 

• Pre-employment 

• Random 

• Post-Accident 

• Reasonable Suspicion 

• Return-to-Duty 

• Follow-up 

Drug Types 

• Marijuana 

• Cocaine 

• Phencyclidine (PCP) 

• Opiates 

• Amphetamines 

1 
1.2 Regions Required to Test 

The FTA comprises 10 regions, which are identified in Figure 1. The data provided by these 

regions have facilitated the comparison of drug and alcohol test results and the identification of 

regional trends. Table 2 lists the states and territories in each FTA region. 

Figure 1. The Ten FTA Regions Required to Test for Drugs and Alcohol 

Table 2. States and Territories by Region 

Region States 

1 Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, 

Vermont 

2 New Jersey, New York, U.S. Virgin Islands 

3 Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West 

Virginia 

4 Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South 

Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico 

5 Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin 

6 Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas 

7 Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska 

8 Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming 

9 American Samoa, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Nevada, Northern 

Mariana Islands 

10 Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington 

1.3 Covered Employees and Employers 

A covered employee is any person, including an applicant, transferee, or volunteer, who 

performs or will perform a safety-sensitive function for an entity subject to 49 Code of Federal 

Regulations (CFR) Part 655. A covered employer is a recipient or other entity that provides a 

mass transportation service or performs a safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other 

entity. This includes Section 5311 State Nonurban subrecipients, Section 5307 Urbanized Area 

Formula grantees, Section 5309 Major Capital Investment recipients, and contractors. Table 3 

provides a list of the number of covered employees and employers in each FTA region. 

2 
Table 3. Number of Covered Employees and Employers by Region 

Region Number of Covered Employees Number of Covered Employers 

1 12,688 197 

2 52,821 222 

3 31,381 178 

4 29,988 542 

5 39,088 616 

6 18,283 237 

7 9,301 336 

8 7,929 165 

9 44,114 379 

10 14,452 219 

Total 260,045 3,091 

1.4 Percent Positive for Drugs and Alcohol 

When testing for drugs, the term “percent positive” refers to the number of verified positive 

results plus the number of refusal results divided by the number of test results. For alcohol tests, 

percent positive is the number of confirmation tests with results of 0.04 or greater plus the 

number of refusal results divided by the number of screening test results. 

3 

2. Random Drug and Alcohol Rates 

2.1 Official Random Rates for 2005 

Figures 2 and 3 show the official rates for random drug and alcohol tests used by the FTA 

Administrator in determining the random rates for 2005. Figure 2 shows the positive rate for 

random drug tests over the last 11 years (1995 through 2005). Figure 3 shows the violation rate 

for random alcohol tests over the same 11-year span. 

2.2 Calculating Positive Rates and Violation Rates 

The positive rate for drugs is calculated by taking the total number of verified positive tests; 

adding the total number of adulterated samples plus the total number of substituted specimens, 

shy bladder instances (those without medical explanation), and other refusals; and dividing by 

the total number of drug test results. The violation rate for alcohol is calculated by taking the 

total number of confirmatory test results greater than or equal to a breath alcohol level of 0.04, 

adding the total number of shy lung instances (those without medical explanation) plus the total 

number of other refusals, and dividing by the total number of screens conducted. 

Positive Rate for Random Drug Tests 

1.76% 1.59% 

1.27% 1.20% 1.14% 1.05% 0.89% 1.03% 0.96% 0.89% 0.79% 

0.0% 

0.5% 

1.0% 

1.5% 

2.0% 

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Year 

Figure 2. Positive Rate for Random Drug Tests (1995–2005) 

5 
Violation Rate for Random Alcohol Tests 

0.25% 0.21% 0.19% 0.20% 0.18% 0.15% 

0.19% 0.17% 

0.11% 0.11% 0.12% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.2% 

0.3% 

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Year 

Figure 3. Violation Rate for Random Alcohol Tests (1995–2005) 

2.3 Official Positive Rate and Violation Rate Trends 

As shown in Figure 4, the official positive rate (drugs) dropped in 2005 to the lowest rate (0.79 

percent) in the last three years. This drop is over 50 percent lower than the random positive rate 

recorded in 1995. The violation rate (alcohol) increased slightly to 0.12 percent in 2005. 

0.00% 

0.20% 

0.40% 

0.60% 

0.80% 

1.00% 

1.20% 

1.40% 

1.60% 

1.80% 

2.00% 

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Year 

Alcohol 

Drugs 

Figure 4. Official Positive Rates and Violation Rates (1995–2005) 

6 
 

3. Drug Test Results 

3.1 Drug Test Results by Test Type 

This section provides drug test results by test type conducted and for each employee category. 

3.1.1 Pre-employment Drug Test Results 

Table 4 provides results of pre-employment drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 5 

illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all pre-employment drug tests. 

Table 4. Pre-employment Drug Test Results by Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 63,637 62,036 1,463 973 401 9 26 87 27 5 15 91 147 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maintenance 

7,699 7,519 156 110 42 3 1 7 3 2 1 18 15 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 2,549 2,519 28 22 3 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 5 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 1,890 1,855 33 23 11 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 

Armed Security 

Personnel 1,313 1,297 12 6 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 

TOTAL 77,088 75,226 1,692 1,134 463 12 29 99 31 7 16 116 170 

Percent Positive for Pre-employment Test 

2.52% 2.34% 

1.18% 

1.85% 

1.22% 

0.00% 

0.50% 

1.00% 

1.50% 

2.00% 

2.50% 

3.00% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 5. Percent Positive for Pre-employment Drug Tests by Employee Category 

7 
 

3.1.2 Random Drug Test Results 

Table 5 provides results of random drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 6 illustrates the 

percent positive by employee category for all random drug tests. 

Table 5. Random Drug Test Results by Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 96,195 95,389 712 374 286 8 23 46 4 3 30 57 184 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maintenance 

27,496 27,300 188 102 66 1 5 23 0 0 3 5 30 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 9,811 9,759 47 18 18 0 5 6 0 0 1 4 16 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 4,040 3,997 39 17 19 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 7 

Armed Security 

Personnel 2,503 2,498 5 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 

TOTAL 140,045 138,943 991 515 390 9 33 79 4 3 34 70 238 

Percent Positive for Random Test 

0.84% 

0.71% 

0.53% 

1.06% 

0.20% 

0.00% 

0.20% 

0.40% 

0.60% 

0.80% 

1.00% 

1.20% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 6. Percent Positive for Random Drug Tests by Employee Category 

8 
3.1.3 Post-Accident Drug Test Results 

Table 6 provides results of post-accident drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 7 

illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all post-accident drug tests. 

Table 6. Post-Accident Drug Test Results by Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 12,857 12,658 175 67 87 4 9 11 4 1 1 18 27 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maintenance 

635 629 6 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 139 139 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 105 102 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 54 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 13,790 13,582 184 73 87 4 9 14 4 1 1 18 27 

Percent Positive for Post-Accident Test 

1.55% 

0.94% 

0.00% 

2.86% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.50% 

1.00% 

1.50% 

2.00% 

2.50% 

3.00% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 7. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Drug Tests by Employee Category 

9 
 

3.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results 

Table 7 provides results of reasonable suspicion drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 8 

illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all reasonable suspicion drug tests. 

Table 7. Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results by Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 445 390 43 13 24 0 1 6 1 1 1 9 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maintenance 

84 69 15 5 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 12 11 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 14 12 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 557 484 61 20 32 0 1 9 1 1 1 9 3 

Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Test 

12.36% 

17.86% 

8.33% 

14.29% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 8. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Drug Tests by Employee Category 

10 
3.1.5 Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results 

Table 8 provides results of return-to-duty drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 9 

illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all return-to-duty drug tests. 

Table 8. Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 762 748 12 7 3 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maintenance 

204 203 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 22 21 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/NonRevenue Vehicle 35 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Armed Security 

Personnel 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 1,028 1,012 14 8 4 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 3 

Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Test 

1.84% 

0.49% 

4.55% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

1.00% 

2.00% 

3.00% 

4.00% 

5.00% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 9. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Drug Tests by Employee Category 

11 
3.1.6 Follow-up Drug Test Results 

Table 9 provides results of follow-up drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 10 illustrates 

the percent positive by employee category for all follow-up drug tests. 

Table 9. Follow-up Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories 

Employee 

Category 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 4,766 4,686 71 27 38 0 1 5 1 0 0 8 6 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

2,006 1,979 25 10 12 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 174 172 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 272 266 6 2 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 7,223 7,108 103 40 53 0 2 8 1 0 2 9 8 

Percent Positive for Follow-up Test 

1.68% 

1.35% 1.15% 

2.21% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.50% 

1.00% 

1.50% 

2.00% 

2.50% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 10. Percent Positive for Follow-up Drug Tests by Employee Category 

12 
3.1.7 Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories 

Table 10 provides drug test results by test type for all employee categories. Figure 11 illustrates 

the percent positive for all employee categories by test type. 

Table 10. Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 77,088 75,226 1,692 1,134 463 12 29 99 31 7 16 116 170 

Random 140,045 13,8943 991 515 390 9 33 79 4 3 34 70 238 

Post-Accident 13,790 13,582 184 73 87 4 9 14 4 1 1 18 27 

Reasonable Suspicion 557 484 61 20 32 0 1 9 1 1 1 9 3 

Return-to-Duty 1,028 1012 14 8 4 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 3 

Follow-up 7,223 7,108 103 40 53 0 2 8 1 0 2 9 8 

TOTAL 239,731 236,355 3,045 1,790 1,029 25 75 211 42 12 55 222 449 

Percent Positive for All Test Types 

2.42% 

0.79% 1.51% 

13.11% 

1.56% 1.59% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

12.00% 

14.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 11. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

13 
3.2 Drug Test Results by Employee Category 

3.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation 

Table 11 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle operation employee category. Figure 

12 illustrates the percent positive for each test type under the revenue vehicle operation 

employee category. 

Table 11. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 63,637 62,036 1,463 973 401 9 26 87 27 5 15 91 147 

Random 96,195 95,389 712 374 286 8 23 46 4 3 30 57 184 

Post-Accident 12,857 12,658 175 67 87 4 9 11 4 1 1 18 27 

Reasonable Suspicion 445 390 43 13 24 0 1 6 1 1 1 9 0 

Return-to-Duty 762 748 12 7 3 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 

Follow-up 4,766 4,686 71 27 38 0 1 5 1 0 0 8 6 

TOTAL 178,662 175,907 2,476 1,461 839 21 61 157 38 10 48 183 365 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation 

2.52% 

0.84% 1.55% 

12.36% 

1.84% 1.68% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

12.00% 

14.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 12. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type 

14 
3.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Table 12 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance employee 

category by test type. Figure 13 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle and 

equipment maintenance employee category by test type. 

Table 12. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 7,699 7,519 156 110 42 3 1 7 3 2 1 18 15 

Random 27,496 27,300 188 102 66 1 5 23 0 0 3 5 30 

Post-Accident 635 629 6 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 84 69 15 5 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 

Return-to-Duty 204 203 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Follow-up 2,006 1,979 25 10 12 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 

TOTAL 38,124 37,699 391 233 127 4 7 36 3 2 5 24 51 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment 

Maintenance 

2.34% 0.71% 0.94% 

17.86% 

0.49% 1.35% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 13. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle 

and Equipment Maintenance by Test Type 

15 
3.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 

Table 13 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch employee category 

by test type. Figure 14 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch 

employee category by test type. 

Table 13. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 2,549 2,519 28 22 3 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 5 

Random 9,811 9,759 47 18 18 0 5 6 0 0 1 4 16 

Post-Accident 139 139 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 12 11 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 22 21 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 174 172 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

TOTAL 12,707 12,621 78 41 23 0 6 9 1 0 2 5 21 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 

1.18% 

0.53% 0.00% 

8.33% 

4.55% 

1.15% 

0.00% 

1.00% 

2.00% 

3.00% 

4.00% 

5.00% 

6.00% 

7.00% 

8.00% 

9.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 14. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type 

16 
3.2.4 Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Table 14 provides drug test results for the commercial driver’s license (CDL)/non-revenue 

vehicle employee category by test type. Figure 15 illustrates the percent positive for the 

CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee category by test type. 

Table 14. Drug Test Results for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 1,890 1,855 33 23 11 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 

Random 4,040 3,997 39 17 19 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 7 

Post-Accident 105 102 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 14 12 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 35 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Follow-up 272 266 6 2 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 6,356 6,267 83 45 33 0 0 8 0 0 0 6 10 

Percent Positive for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/ 

Non-Revenue Vehicle 

1.85% 1.06% 

2.86% 

14.29% 

0.00% 

2.21% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 15. Percent Positive for Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)/ 

Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type 

17 
3.2.5 Armed Security Personnel 

Table 15 provides drug test results for the armed security personnel employee category by test 

type. Figure 16 illustrates the percent positive for the armed security personnel employee 

category by test type. 

Table 15. Drug Test Results for Armed Security Personnel 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 1,313 1,297 12 6 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 

Random 2,503 2,498 5 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 

Post-Accident 54 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,882 3,861 17 10 7 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 2 

Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel 

1.40% 

1.20% 

1.00% 

0.80% 

0.60% 

0.40% 

0.20% 

0.00% 

Pre- Random Post-Accident Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

1.22% 

0.20% 

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

employment Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 16. Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type 

18 
3.2.6 Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories 

Table 16 provides drug test results for all test types by employee category. Figure 17 illustrates 

the percent positive for all test types by employee category. 

Table 16. Drug Test Results for All Test Types by Employee Category 

Employee 

Category 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 178,662 175,907 2,476 1,461 839 21 61 157 38 10 48 183 365 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

38,124 37,699 391 233 127 4 7 36 3 2 5 24 51 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 12,707 12,621 78 41 23 0 6 9 1 0 2 5 21 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 6,356 6,267 83 45 33 0 0 8 0 0 0 6 10 

Armed Security 

Personnel 3,882 3,861 17 10 7 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 2 

TOTAL 239,731 236,355 3,045 1,790 1,029 25 75 211 42 12 55 222 449 

Percent Positive for All Employee Categories 

1.54% 

1.11% 

0.68% 

1.40% 

0.54% 

0.00% 

0.20% 

0.40% 

0.60% 

0.80% 

1.00% 

1.20% 

1.40% 

1.60% 

1.80% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 17. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Employee Category 

19 
3.3 Drug Test Results by Region 

3.3.1 Drug Test Results for Region 1 

Table 17 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 1. Figure 18 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 1. 

Table 17. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 1 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 3,140 3,077 61 47 13 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 

Random 6,601 6,556 42 28 14 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 14 

Post-Accident 477 471 6 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Reasonable Suspicion 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Return-to-Duty 42 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 237 234 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

TOTAL 10,505 10,388 111 81 29 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 20 

Percent Positive for Region 1 

2.01% 

0.68% 

1.26% 

0.00% 0.00% 

1.27% 

0.00% 

0.50% 

1.00% 

1.50% 

2.00% 

2.50% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 18. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 1 

20 
3.3.2 Drug Test Results for Region 2 

Table 18 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 2. Figure 19 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 2. 

Table 18. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 2 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 12,022 11,726 277 185 87 5 6 4 10 0 0 9 17 

Random 27,753 27,591 147 64 81 1 3 1 0 0 5 10 23 

Post-Accident 2,052 2,018 32 12 16 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 3 

Reasonable Suspicion 120 109 10 3 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 145 145 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,684 1,669 14 4 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 

TOTAL 43,776 43,258 480 268 201 6 11 7 11 0 6 21 45 

Percent Positive for Region 2 

10.00% 9.17% 

8.00% 

6.00% 

4.00% 

2.00% 

0.00% 

2.46% 1.66% 

0.58% 0.00% 

0.89% 

Pre- Random Post-Accident Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 19. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 2 

21 
3.3.3 Drug Test Results for Region 3 

Table 19 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 3. Figure 20 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 3. 

Table 19. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 3 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 9,565 9,278 249 172 69 5 6 3 5 1 2 30 24 

Random 16,821 16,679 127 68 49 2 7 4 1 0 1 13 26 

Post-Accident 1,411 1,388 21 9 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 

Reasonable Suspicion 81 67 14 3 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 145 143 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Follow-up 1,249 1,228 19 7 10 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 

TOTAL 29,272 28,783 431 260 148 8 15 9 6 1 4 47 53 

Percent Positive for Region 3 

3.00% 

0.84% 1.63% 

17.28% 

1.38% 1.68% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

Preemployment 

Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 20. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 3 

22 
3.3.4 Drug Test Results for Region 4 

Table 20 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 4. Figure 21 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 4. 

Table 20. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 4 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 10,510 10,285 207 145 67 0 4 1 2 4 0 12 20 

Random 16,448 16,315 118 59 60 1 2 1 2 0 4 9 26 

Post-Accident 2,314 2,286 23 7 16 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 4 

Reasonable Suspicion 44 37 5 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 

Return-to-Duty 185 182 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Follow-up 493 483 9 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

TOTAL 29,994 29,588 365 221 149 1 6 4 5 5 4 27 53 

Percent Positive for Region 4 

2.14% 

0.81% 1.21% 

15.91% 

1.62% 2.03% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

12.00% 

14.00% 

16.00% 

18.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 21. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 4 

23 
3.3.5 Drug Test Results for Region 5 

Table 21 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 5. Figure 22 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 5. 

Table 21. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 5 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 9,758 9,488 252 170 83 1 3 0 6 1 2 9 26 

Random 21,578 21,368 187 101 75 4 4 10 1 2 9 11 27 

Post-Accident 2,467 2,423 36 15 18 1 2 1 1 0 1 6 5 

Reasonable Suspicion 115 106 5 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 

Return-to-Duty 210 205 5 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,209 1,185 23 8 11 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 

TOTAL 35,337 34,775 508 298 191 6 10 16 8 3 13 30 58 

Percent Positive for Region 5 

2.77% 

0.97% 1.78% 

7.83% 

2.38% 1.99% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 22. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 5 

24 
3.3.6 Drug Test Results for Region 6 

Table 22 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 6. Figure 23 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 6. 

Table 22. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 6 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 5,374 5,267 92 64 25 0 2 5 0 0 3 12 19 

Random 10,077 9,998 76 41 33 0 1 4 0 0 2 1 11 

Post-Accident 1,069 1,056 13 6 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Reasonable Suspicion 30 23 7 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 29 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 210 204 6 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 16,789 16,577 194 113 69 2 6 12 0 0 5 13 33 

Percent Positive for Region 6 

1.99% 0.78% 1.22% 

23.33% 

0.00% 

2.86% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

25.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 23. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 6 

25 
3.3.7 Drug Test Results for Region 7 

Table 23 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 7. Figure 24 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 7. 

Table 23. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 7 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 3,011 2,962 42 30 11 0 0 2 0 0 0 7 9 

Random 4,790 4,763 25 16 9 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 25 

Post-Accident 469 463 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 33 27 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Return-to-Duty 45 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Follow-up 155 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 8,503 8,415 76 50 25 0 0 3 0 1 0 11 35 

Percent Positive for Region 7 

18.18% 

15.00% 

10.00% 

5.00% 

0.00% 

Pre- Random Post-Accident Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Suspicion Duty 

20.00% 

1.63% 0.56% 1.28% 0.00% 0.00% 

Test Type 

Figure 24. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 7 

26 
3.3.8 Drug Test Results for Region 8 

Table 24 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 8. Figure 25 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 8. 

Table 24. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 8 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 3,378 3,309 65 39 21 0 0 5 2 0 0 2 4 

Random 4,305 4,265 36 24 9 1 1 1 0 0 1 3 18 

Post-Accident 296 289 6 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 

Reasonable Suspicion 24 19 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 32 30 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 237 231 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 

TOTAL 8,272 8,143 118 74 34 1 1 8 2 0 1 8 25 

Percent Positive for Region 8 

2.04% 0.93% 2.36% 

20.83% 

6.25% 

2.53% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

25.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 25. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 8 

27 
3.3.9 Drug Test Results for Region 9 

Table 25 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 9. Figure 26 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 9. 

Table 25. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 9 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 16,697 16,253 405 256 75 1 5 74 4 1 9 25 40 

Random 24,211 23,984 198 95 54 0 13 47 0 0 8 21 66 

Post-Accident 2,582 2,542 36 10 16 0 2 8 0 0 0 4 5 

Reasonable Suspicion 63 53 8 4 2 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 

Return-to-Duty 165 162 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,404 1,380 21 7 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 2 

TOTAL 45,122 44,374 670 372 160 1 21 135 5 2 17 54 113 

Percent Positive for Region 9 

2.66% 

0.94% 1.55% 

15.87% 

1.82% 1.71% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

Preemployment Random Post-Accident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 26. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 9 

28 
 

3.3.10 Drug Test Results for Region 10 

Table 26 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 10. Figure 27 

illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 10. 

Table 26. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 10 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for

Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

Pre-employment 3,612 3,560 42 26 12 0 2 5 2 0 0 8 9 

Random 7,442 7,405 35 19 6 0 2 10 0 0 2 0 2 

Post-Accident 653 646 6 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 

Reasonable Suspicion 39 35 3 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 30 29 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 345 339 5 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 12,121 12,014 92 53 23 0 4 17 5 0 2 8 14 

Percent Positive for Region 10 

12.00% 

10.00% 

8.00% 

6.00% 

4.00% 

2.00% 

0.00% 

10.26% 

3.33% 

1.44% 

0.50% 1.07% 1.74% 

Pre- Random Post-Accident Reasonable Return-to-Duty Follow-up 

employment Suspicion 

Test Type 

Figure 27. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 10 

29 
3.3.11 Drug Test Results for All Regions 

Table 27 provides drug test results for all test types and drugs detected for each region. Figure 

28 illustrates the percent positive for all test types by region. 

Table 27. Drug Test Results for All Regions 

Region 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

1 10,505 10,388 111 81 29 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 20 

2 43,776 43,258 480 268 201 6 11 7 11 0 6 21 45 

3 29,272 28,783 431 260 148 8 15 9 6 1 4 47 53 

4 29,994 29,588 365 221 149 1 6 4 5 5 4 27 53 

5 35,337 34,775 508 298 191 6 10 16 8 3 13 30 58 

6 16,789 16,577 194 113 69 2 6 12 0 0 5 13 33 

7 8,503 8,415 76 50 25 0 0 3 0 1 0 11 35 

8 8,272 8,143 118 74 34 1 1 8 2 0 1 8 25 

9 45,122 44,374 670 372 160 1 21 135 5 2 17 54 113 

10 12,121 12,014 92 53 23 0 4 17 5 0 2 8 14 

TOTAL 239,691 236,315 3,045 1,790 1,029 25 75 211 42 12 55 222 449 

Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region 

2.00% 

1.50% 

1.00% 

0.50% 

0.00% 

1.11% 1.18% 

1.67% 

1.35% 

1.59% 

1.26% 

1.03% 

1.56% 1.66% 

0.88% 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Region 

Figure 28. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region 

30 
3.3.12 Drug Test Results for Transit Employers and Contractors 

Table 28 provides drug test results for transit employers by region. Figure 29 illustrates the 

percent positive for transit employers by region. Table 29 provides drug test results for 

contractors by region. Figure 30 illustrates the percent positive for contractors by region. 

Table 28. Drug Test Results for Transit Employers by Region 

Region 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

1 8,326 8,242 79 52 26 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 14 

2 33,164 32,925 226 115 112 5 2 2 1 0 6 6 35 

3 21,210 20,981 210 127 67 4 11 6 3 1 2 13 29 

4 22,161 21,940 202 119 85 1 2 3 2 3 1 13 41 

5 26,975 26,674 275 150 110 6 4 11 2 2 9 13 33 

6 12,902 12,795 103 60 35 0 3 7 0 0 2 2 21 

7 7,559 7,494 59 36 21 0 0 2 0 1 0 5 30 

8 4,734 4,678 52 38 12 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 18 

9 24,783 24,538 222 102 71 0 12 50 2 1 4 16 37 

10 8,648 8,595 50 29 10 0 2 9 2 0 0 1 5 

TOTAL 170,462 168,862 1,478 828 549 16 37 92 13 8 27 74 263 

Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region 

1.01% 

0.72% 

1.08% 1.00% 

1.12% 

0.83% 0.86% 

1.18% 

0.99% 

0.61% 

0.00% 

0.20% 

0.40% 

0.60% 

0.80% 

1.00% 

1.20% 

1.40% 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Region 

Figure 29. Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region 

31 
Table 29. Drug Test Results for Contractors by Region 

Region 

Total Number of

Test Results 

Verified Negative 

Results 

Verified Positive 

Results for One or 

More Drugs

Positive for

Marijuana

Positive for

Cocaine 

Positive for PCP 

Positive for Opiates 

Positive for

Amphetamines

Refusals 

Adulterated 

Substituted 

Cancelled Tests 

“Shy Bladder”

with No Medical

Explanation 

Other Refusals 

to Submit to

Testing 

1 2,179 2,146 32 29 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 

2 10,612 10,333 254 153 89 1 9 5 10 0 0 15 10 

3 8,062 7,802 221 133 81 4 4 3 3 0 2 34 24 

4 7,833 7,648 163 102 64 0 4 1 3 2 3 14 12 

5 8,362 8,101 233 148 81 0 6 5 6 1 4 17 25 

6 3,887 3,782 91 53 34 2 3 5 0 0 3 11 12 

7 944 921 17 14 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 5 

8 3,538 3,465 66 36 22 1 1 6 1 0 0 6 7 

9 20,339 19,836 448 270 89 1 9 85 3 1 13 38 76 

10 3,473 3,419 42 24 13 0 2 8 3 0 2 7 9 

TOTAL 69,229 67,453 1,567 962 480 9 38 119 29 4 28 148 186 

Percent Positive for Contractors by Region 

1.51% 

2.63% 

3.23% 

2.36% 

3.12% 

2.70% 

2.44% 

2.06% 

2.47% 

1.55% 

0.00% 

0.50% 

1.00% 

1.50% 

2.00% 

2.50% 

3.00% 

3.50% 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Region 

Figure 30. Percent Positive for Contractors by Region 

32 
4. Alcohol Test Results 

4.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category 

This section provides alcohol test results by test type conducted and for each employee category. 

4.1.1 Pre-employment Alcohol Test Results 

Table 30 provides alcohol results for pre-employment tests for each employee category. Figure 

31 illustrates the percent positive for pre-employment tests by employee category. 

Table 30. Pre-employment Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 8,142 8,129 6 5 0 5 2 5 2 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

1,365 1,362 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 327 327 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 171 171 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 361 360 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 10,366 10,349 9 8 2 6 2 6 4 

Percent Positive for Pre-employment Test 

0.15% 0.15% 

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.02% 

0.04% 

0.06% 

0.08% 

0.10% 

0.12% 

0.14% 

0.16% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 31. Percent Positive for Pre-employment Tests by Employee Category 

33 
4.1.2 Random Alcohol Test Results 

Table 31 provides alcohol results for random tests for each employee category. Figure 32 

illustrates the percent positive for random alcohol tests by employee category. 

Table 31. Random Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 27,536 27,449 77 87 12 23 5 5 29 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

8,261 8,225 36 20 6 10 0 0 3 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 2,829 2,826 3 5 1 1 0 0 2 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 1,134 1,131 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 773 767 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 40,533 40,398 124 114 19 36 5 6 34 

Percent Positive for Random Test 

0.12% 0.12% 

0.04% 

0.26% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.05% 

0.10% 

0.15% 

0.20% 

0.25% 

0.30% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 32. Percent Positive for Random Tests by Employee Category 

34 
4.1.3 Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results 

Table 32 provides alcohol results for post-accident tests for each employee category. Figure 33 

illustrates the percent positive for post-accident tests by employee category. 

Table 32. Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 11,679 11,648 19 23 2 9 1 11 8 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

549 548 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 129 129 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 70 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 49 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 12,476 12,444 20 25 3 9 1 11 8 

Percent Positive for Post-Accident Test 

0.18% 

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.05% 

0.10% 

0.15% 

0.20% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 33. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Tests by Employee Category 

35 
4.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results 

Table 33 provides alcohol results for reasonable suspicion tests for each employee category. 

Figure 34 illustrates the percent positive for reasonable suspicion tests by employee category. 

Table 33. Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 409 323 80 70 14 50 2 4 0 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

76 56 20 19 2 15 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 12 10 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 9 5 4 4 0 3 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 

TOTAL 508 395 107 96 16 71 2 4 0 

Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Test 

13.69% 

19.74% 16.67% 

33.33% 

50.00% 

0.00% 

10.00% 

20.00% 

30.00% 

40.00% 

50.00% 

60.00% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 34. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Tests by Employee Category 

36 
4.1.5 Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results 

Table 34 provides alcohol results for return-to-duty tests for each employee category. Figure 35 

illustrates the percent positive for return-to-duty tests by employee category. 

Table 34. Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 418 417 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

148 148 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 592 591 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Test 

100.00% 

80.00% 

60.00% 

40.00% 

20.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle CDL/Non-Revenue Armed Security 

Operation & Equipment Control/Dispatch Vehicle Personnel 

Maint. 

Employee Category 

Figure 35. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Tests by Employee Category 

37 
4.1.6 Follow-up Alcohol Test Results 

Table 35 provides alcohol results for follow-up tests for each employee category. Figure 36 

illustrates the percent positive for follow-up tests by employee category. 

Table 35. Follow-up Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 3,485 3,473 10 9 4 5 0 2 0 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

1,619 1,612 7 7 1 6 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 116 115 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 129 128 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 5,354 5,333 19 18 6 12 0 2 0 

Percent Positive for Follow-up Test 

0.20% 

0.37% 

0.86% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.20% 

0.40% 

0.60% 

0.80% 

1.00% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 36. Percent Positive for Follow-up Tests by Employee Category 

38 
4.1.7 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

Table 36 provides alcohol results for all employee categories by test type. Figure 37 illustrates 

the percent positive for all employee categories by test type. 

Table 36. Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 10,366 10,349 9 8 2 6 2 6 4 

Random 40,533 40,398 124 114 19 36 5 6 34 

Post-Accident 12,476 12,444 20 25 3 9 1 11 8 

Reasonable Suspicion 508 395 107 96 16 71 2 4 0 

Return-to-Duty 592 591 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 5,354 5,333 19 18 6 12 0 2 0 

TOTAL 69,829 69,510 280 262 47 134 10 29 46 

Percent Positive for All Employee Categories 

0.14% 0.12% 0.17% 

15.16% 

0.00% 0.26% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

12.00% 

14.00% 

16.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 37. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

39 
4.2 Alcohol Results by Employee Category 

This section provides alcohol test results for each employee category by type of test conducted. 

4.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation 

Table 37 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle operation employee category by test 

type. Figure 38 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle operation employee 

category by test type. 

Table 37. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 8,142 8,129 6 5 0 5 2 5 2 

Random 27,536 27,449 77 87 12 23 5 5 29 

Post-Accident 11,679 11,648 19 23 2 9 1 11 8 

Reasonable Suspicion 409 323 80 70 14 50 2 4 0 

Return-to-Duty 418 417 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 3,485 3,473 10 9 4 5 0 2 0 

TOTAL 51,669 51,439 193 195 33 92 10 27 39 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation 

16.00% 

14.00% 

12.00% 

10.00% 

8.00% 

6.00% 

4.00% 

2.00% 

0.00% 

0.15% 0.12% 0.18% 

13.69% 

0.00% 0.20% 

Pre- Random Post- Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Accident Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 38. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Operation 

Employee Category by Test Type 

40 
4.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Table 38 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance employee 

category by test type. Figure 39 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle and 

equipment maintenance employee category by test type. 

Table 38. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 1,365 1,362 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 

Random 8,261 8,225 36 20 6 10 0 0 3 

Post-Accident 549 548 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 76 56 20 19 2 15 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 1,48 148 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,619 1,612 7 7 1 6 0 0 0 

TOTAL 12,018 11,951 66 50 11 32 0 1 3 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment
 

Maintenance
 

25.00% 

20.00% 

15.00% 

10.00% 

5.00% 

0.00% 

0.15% 0.12% 0.00% 

19.74% 

0.00% 0.37% 

Pre- Random Post- Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Accident Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 39. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance 

Employee Category by Test Type 

41 
4.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 

Table 39 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch employee category by 

test type. Figure 40 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch 

employee category by test type. 

Table 39. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 327 327 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Random 2,829 2,826 3 4 1 1 0 0 2 

Post-Accident 129 129 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 12 10 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 116 115 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,423 3,417 6 7 1 4 0 0 4 

Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 

18.00% 

16.00% 

14.00% 

12.00% 

10.00% 

8.00% 

6.00% 

4.00% 

2.00% 

0.00% 

16.67% 

0.00% 0.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.86% 

Pre- Random Post- Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Accident Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 40. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Control/ 

Dispatch Employee Category by Test Type 

42 
4.2.4 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Table 40 provides alcohol results for the CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee category by test 

type. Figure 41 illustrates the percent positive for the CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee 

category by test type. 

Table 40. Alcohol Results for CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 171 171 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 1,134 1,131 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 

Post-Accident 70 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 9 5 4 4 0 3 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 129 128 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 1,526 1,518 7 7 1 5 0 1 0 

Percent Positive for CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

0.00% 0.26% 0.00% 

33.33% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

25.00% 

30.00% 

35.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 41. Percent Positive for the CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 

Employee Category by Test Type 

43 
4.2.5 Armed Security Personnel 

Table 41 provides alcohol results for the armed security personnel employee category by test 

type. Figure 42 illustrates the percent positive for the armed security personnel employee 

category by test type. 

Table 41. Alcohol Results for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 361 360 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Random 773 767 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Post-Accident 49 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 1,193 1,185 8 2 1 1 0 0 0 

Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel 

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

50.00% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

10.00% 

20.00% 

30.00% 

40.00% 

50.00% 

60.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 42. Percent Positive for the Armed Security Personnel 

Employee Category by Test Type 

44 
4.2.6 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories 

Table 42 provides alcohol results for all test types by employee category. Figure 43 illustrates 

the percent positive for all test types by employee category. 

Table 42. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 51,669 51,439 193 195 33 92 10 27 39 

Revenue Vehicle & 

Equipment 

Maintenance 

12,018 11,951 66 50 11 32 0 1 3 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 3,423 3,417 6 7 1 4 0 0 4 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 1,526 1,518 7 7 1 5 0 1 0 

Armed Security 

Personnel 1,193 1,185 8 2 1 1 0 0 0 

TOTAL 69,829 69,510 280 261 47 134 10 29 46 

Percent Positive for All Test Types 

0.25% 0.27% 

0.12% 

0.39% 

0.08% 

0.00% 

0.05% 

0.10% 

0.15% 

0.20% 

0.25% 

0.30% 

0.35% 

0.40% 

0.45% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 43. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Employee Category 

45 
4.3 Alcohol Test Results by Region 

The following section provides alcohol test results for all test types, by each employee category, 

and for every region. 

4.3.1 Alcohol Test Results for Region 1 

Table 43 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 1. 

Figure 44 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 1. 

Table 43. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 1,681 1,676 5 5 0 5 0 0 2 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 376 376 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 100 99 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 36 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 2,213 2,207 6 5 0 5 0 0 2 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 1) 

0.35% 

0.30% 

0.25% 

0.20% 

0.15% 

0.10% 

0.05% 

0.00% 

0.30% 

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle CDL/Non-Revenue Armed Security 

Operation & Equipment Control/Dispatch Vehicle Personnel 

Maint. 

Employee Category 

Figure 44. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1 

46 
4.3.2 Alcohol Test Results for Region 2 

Table 44 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 2. 

Figure 45 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 2. 

Table 44. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 9,072 9,050 18 17 5 7 2 2 1 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 3,650 3,635 14 15 5 8 0 1 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 808 808 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 363 360 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 308 308 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 14,201 14,161 35 35 10 18 2 3 1 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 2) 

0.12% 

0.25% 

0.00% 

0.83% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

0.50% 

0.60% 

0.70% 

0.80% 

0.90% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 45. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2 

47 
4.3.3 Alcohol Test Results for Region 3 

Table 45 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 3. 

Figure 46 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 3. 

Table 45. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 8,447 8,415 26 25 6 14 1 5 8 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 2,075 2,063 12 11 2 8 0 0 1 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 414 414 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 426 426 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 367 365 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 

TOTAL 11,729 11,683 40 38 9 23 1 5 9 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 3) 

0.24% 

0.39% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.27% 

0.00% 

0.05% 

0.10% 

0.15% 

0.20% 

0.25% 

0.30% 

0.35% 

0.40% 

0.45% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 46. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3 

48 
4.3.4 Alcohol Test Results for Region 4 

Table 46 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 4. 

Figure 47 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 4. 

Table 46. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 7,024 6,977 44 59 1 10 0 3 4 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 1,510 1,506 4 8 2 2 0 0 1 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 492 490 2 4 1 1 0 0 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 199 199 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 120 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 9,345 9,292 50 71 4 13 0 3 6 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 4) 

0.19% 

0.13% 

0.20% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.05% 

0.10% 

0.15% 

0.20% 

0.25% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 47. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4 

49 
4.3.5 Alcohol Test Results for Region 5 

Table 47 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 5. 

Figure 48 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 5. 

Table 47. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 7,680 7,643 28 19 5 13 4 5 3 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 1,420 1,413 7 7 0 7 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 466 465 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 107 106 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 45 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 9,718 9,672 37 28 5 22 4 5 4 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 5) 

0.29% 

0.49% 

0.21% 

0.93% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.20% 

0.40% 

0.60% 

0.80% 

1.00% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 48. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5 

50 
4.3.6 Alcohol Test Results for Region 6 

Table 48 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 6. 

Figure 49 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 6. 

Table 48. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 3,553 3,539 13 11 6 5 0 1 0 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 604 602 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 292 292 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 125 124 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Armed Security Personnel 171 171 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 4,745 4,728 15 13 8 5 0 2 0 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 6) 

0.17% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.80% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

0.50% 

0.60% 

0.70% 

0.80% 

0.90% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 49. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6 

51 
4.3.7 Alcohol Test Results for Region 7 

Table 49 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 7. 

Figure 50 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 7. 

Table 49. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 1,563 1,550 12 10 2 7 0 1 1 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 113 113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 44 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 17 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 1,767 1,754 12 10 2 7 0 1 1 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 7) 

0.51% 

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

0.50% 

0.60% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 50. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7 

52 
4.3.8 Alcohol Test Results for Region 8 

Table 50 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 8. 

Figure 51 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 8. 

Table 50. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 1,306 1,296 6 4 0 4 1 3 1 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 246 246 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 105 103 2 2 0 2 0 0 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 47 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 1,708 1,696 8 6 0 6 1 3 3 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 8) 

0.61% 

0.00% 

1.90% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.50% 

1.00% 

1.50% 

2.00% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 51. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8 

53 
4.3.9 Alcohol Test Results for Region 9 

Table 51 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 9. 

Figure 52 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 9. 

Table 51. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 8,952 8,913 31 30 6 23 1 7 19 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 1,659 1,635 24 4 0 4 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 502 502 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 130 128 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 125 119 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 11,368 11,297 63 36 6 28 1 7 20 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 9) 

0.35% 

0.24% 

0.00% 

0.77% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

0.50% 

0.60% 

0.70% 

0.80% 

0.90% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 52. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9 

54 
 

4.3.10 Alcohol Test Results for Region 10 

Table 52 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 10. 

Figure 53 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within
 

Region 10. 

Table 52. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10 

Employee Category 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Revenue Vehicle Operation 2,388 2,377 10 15 2 4 1 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maintenance 364 361 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch 200 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle 79 78 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Armed Security Personnel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,031 3,016 14 19 3 7 1 0 0 

Percent Positive by Employee Category (Region 10) 

0.21% 

0.82% 

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

0.50% 

0.60% 

0.70% 

0.80% 

0.90% 

Revenue Vehicle 

Operation 

Revenue Vehicle 

& Equipment 

Maint. 

Revenue Vehicle 

Control/Dispatch 

CDL/Non-Revenue 

Vehicle 

Armed Security 

Personnel 

Employee Category 

Figure 53. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10 

55 
4.3.11 Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types by Region 

Table 53 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories and test types for all of the 

regions. Figure 54 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories and test types for 

each region. 

Table 53. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region 

Region 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

1 2,213 2,207 6 5 0 5 0 0 2 

2 14,201 14,161 35 35 10 18 2 3 1 

3 11,729 11,683 40 38 9 23 1 5 9 

4 9,345 9,292 50 71 4 13 0 3 6 

5 9,718 9,672 37 28 5 22 4 5 4 

6 4,745 4,728 15 13 8 5 0 2 0 

7 1,767 1,754 12 10 2 7 0 1 1 

8 1,708 1,696 8 6 0 6 1 3 3 

9 11,368 11,297 63 36 6 28 1 7 20 

10 3,031 3,016 14 19 3 7 1 0 0 

TOTAL 69,825 69,506 280 261 47 134 10 29 46 

Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Region 

0.23% 

0.16% 

0.25% 

0.17% 

0.32% 

0.15% 

0.45% 

0.59% 

0.32% 

0.26% 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

0.50% 

0.60% 

0.70% 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Region 

Figure 54. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region 

56 
4.4 Transit Employer and Contractor Alcohol Test Results 

4.4.1 Alcohol Test Results for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region 

Table 54 provides alcohol test results for transit employers for all test types by region. Figure 55 

illustrates the percent positive for transit employers for all test types by region. 

Table 54. Alcohol Results for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region 

Region 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

1 1,733 1,728 5 4 0 4 0 0 2 

2 11,786 11,761 24 28 9 12 0 1 1 

3 9,287 9,259 27 26 7 17 0 1 6 

4 7,935 7,899 34 35 4 11 0 2 6 

5 7,485 7,451 27 22 3 18 3 4 3 

6 4,056 4,041 13 13 8 5 0 2 0 

7 1,575 1,562 12 10 2 7 0 1 1 

8 1,135 1,126 7 5 0 5 1 1 2 

9 8,217 8,172 41 21 5 15 1 3 16 

10 2,351 2,337 14 19 3 7 0 0 0 

TOTAL 55,560 55,336 204 183 41 101 5 15 37 

Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region 

0.23% 

0.11% 

0.19% 0.16% 

0.33% 

0.17% 

0.51% 

0.62% 

0.23% 

0.30% 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

0.50% 

0.60% 

0.70% 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Region 

Figure 55. Percent Positive for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region 

57 
4.4.2 Alcohol Test Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region 

Table 55 provides alcohol test results for contractors for all test types by region. Figure 56 

illustrates the percent positive for contractors for all test types by region. 

Table 55. Alcohol Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region 

Region 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests 

with Results Below 

0.02

Screening Tests 

with Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

1 480 479 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 

2 2,415 2,400 11 7 1 6 2 2 0 

3 2,442 2,424 13 12 2 6 1 4 3 

4 1,410 1,393 16 36 0 2 0 1 0 

5 2,233 2,221 10 6 2 4 1 1 1 

6 689 687 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

7 192 192 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 573 570 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 

9 3,151 3,125 22 15 1 13 0 4 4 

10 680 679 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

TOTAL 14,265 14,170 76 78 6 33 5 14 9 

Percent Positive for Contractors by Region 

0.21% 

0.41% 0.45% 

0.21% 

0.27% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.52% 0.54% 

0.15% 

0.00% 

0.10% 

0.20% 

0.30% 

0.40% 

0.50% 

0.60% 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Region 

Figure 56. Percent Positive for Contractors for All Test Types by Region 

58 
4.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Each Region 

This section provides alcohol test results by test type for all employee categories within each 

region. 

4.5.1 Alcohol Test Results for Region 1 

Table 56 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 1. 

Figure 57 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 1. 

Table 56. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 1 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 105 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 1,436 1,432 4 2 0 2 0 0 2 

Post-Accident 450 450 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 9 7 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 193 193 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 2,213 2,207 6 5 0 5 0 0 2 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 1) 

0.00% 0.14% 0.00% 

33.33% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

25.00% 

30.00% 

35.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 57. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 1 

59 
4.5.2 Alcohol Test Results for Region 2 

Table 57 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 2. 

Figure 58 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 2. 

Table 57. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 2 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 1,602 1,598 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 

Random 9,192 9,179 11 12 6 1 2 0 1 

Post-Accident 1,834 1,833 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 92 76 16 14 3 10 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 80 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,401 1,395 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 

TOTAL 14,201 14,161 35 35 10 18 2 3 1 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 2) 

0.19% 0.03% 0.05% 

10.87% 

0.00% 0.43% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

12.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 58. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 2 

60 
4.5.3 Alcohol Test Results for Region 3 

Table 58 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 3. 

Figure 59 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 3. 

Table 58. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 3 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 3,008 3,001 4 4 1 3 1 2 1 

Random 6,166 6,154 11 10 2 8 0 1 3 

Post-Accident 1,202 1,197 4 4 2 0 0 1 5 

Reasonable Suspicion 79 61 18 17 2 11 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 112 112 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,162 1,158 3 3 2 1 0 1 0 

TOTAL 11,729 11,683 40 38 9 23 1 5 9 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 3) 

16.00% 

14.00% 

12.00% 

10.00% 

8.00% 

6.00% 

4.00% 

2.00% 

0.00% 

0.20% 0.15% 0.08% 

13.92% 

0.00% 0.17% 

Pre- Random Post- Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Accident Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 59. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 3 

61 
4.5.4 Alcohol Test Results for Region 4 

Table 59 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 4. 

Figure 60 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 4. 

Table 59. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 4 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 1,679 1,679 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 5,218 5,182 36 52 2 8 0 0 6 

Post-Accident 2,076 2,067 7 12 1 1 0 2 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 32 24 7 7 1 4 0 1 0 

Return-to-Duty 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 250 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 9,345 9,292 50 71 4 13 0 3 6 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 4) 

18.00% 

16.00% 

14.00% 

12.00% 

10.00% 

8.00% 

6.00% 

4.00% 

2.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 0.15% 0.14% 

15.63% 

0.00% 0.00% 

Pre- Random Post- Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Accident Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 60. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 4 

62 
4.5.5 Alcohol Test Results for Region 5 

Table 60 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 5. 

Figure 61 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 5. 

Table 60. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 5 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 1,132 1,129 2 2 0 2 0 1 1 

Random 5,590 5,574 12 9 3 5 3 1 2 

Post-Accident 2,234 2,228 2 2 0 2 1 3 1 

Reasonable Suspicion 116 100 16 10 1 9 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 105 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 541 536 5 5 1 4 0 0 0 

TOTAL 9,718 9,672 37 28 5 22 4 5 4 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 5) 

9.00% 

8.00% 

7.00% 

6.00% 

5.00% 

4.00% 

3.00% 

2.00% 

1.00% 

0.00% 

7.76% 

0.27% 0.16% 0.27% 0.00% 

0.74% 

Pre- Random Post- Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Accident Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 61. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 5 

63 
4.5.6 Alcohol Test Results for Region 6 

Table 61 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 6. 

Figure 62 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 6. 

Table 61. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 6 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 655 655 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 2,979 2,974 4 4 3 1 0 1 0 

Post-Accident 984 984 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 34 22 11 9 5 4 0 1 0 

Return-to-Duty 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 79 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 4,745 4,728 15 13 8 5 0 2 0 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 6) 

0.00% 0.07% 0.00% 

14.71% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

12.00% 

14.00% 

16.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 62. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 6 

64 
4.5.7 Alcohol Test Results for Region 7 

Table 62 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 7. 

Figure 63 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 7. 

Table 62. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 7 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 109 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 1,028 1,023 5 5 2 2 0 0 1 

Post-Accident 435 431 3 2 0 2 0 1 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 28 25 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 142 141 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 1,767 1,754 12 10 2 7 0 1 1 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 7) 

0.00% 0.19% 0.69% 

10.71% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

2.00% 

4.00% 

6.00% 

8.00% 

10.00% 

12.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 63. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 7 

65 
4.5.8 Alcohol Test Results for Region 8 

Table 63 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 8. 

Figure 64 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 8. 

Table 63. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 8 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 78 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Random 1,188 1,183 3 2 0 2 0 2 3 

Post-Accident 263 261 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 18 13 4 3 0 3 1 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 150 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 1,708 1,696 8 6 0 6 1 3 3 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 8) 

0.00% 0.34% 0.76% 

22.22% 

0.00% 0.00% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

25.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 64. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 8 

66 
4.5.9 Alcohol Test Results for Region 9 

Table 64 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 9. 

Figure 65 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 9. 

Table 64. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 9 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 1,660 1,659 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 

Random 5,886 5,852 33 6 1 5 0 1 16 

Post-Accident 2,385 2,381 1 1 0 1 0 3 2 

Reasonable Suspicion 75 47 25 25 3 20 1 2 0 

Return-to-Duty 128 127 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 1,234 1,231 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 

TOTAL 11,368 11,297 63 36 6 28 1 7 20 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 9) 

0.06% 0.10% 0.17% 

30.67% 

0.00% 0.16% 

0.00% 

5.00% 

10.00% 

15.00% 

20.00% 

25.00% 

30.00% 

35.00% 

Preemployment Random PostAccident Reasonable 

Suspicion 

Return-toDuty Follow-up 

Test Type 

Figure 65. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 9 

67 
0.30% 0.11% 0.16% 0.00% 0.00% 

4.5.10 Alcohol Test Results for Region 10 

Table 65 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 10. 

Figure 66 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within 

Region 10. 

Table 65. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 10 

Test Type 

Total Number of

Screening Test

Results 

Screening Tests with

Results Below 0.02 

Screening Tests with

Results 0.02 or 

Greater

Number of

Confirmation Test

Results 

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.02 to 

0.039

Confirmation Tests

with Results 0.04 or 

Greater

“Shy Lung” with No 

Medical Explanation 

Other Refusals to 

Submit to Testing 

Cancelled Tests 

Pre-employment 338 336 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Random 1,846 1,841 5 11 0 2 0 0 0 

Post-Accident 613 612 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Reasonable Suspicion 25 20 5 5 1 4 0 0 0 

Return-to-Duty 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Follow-up 202 200 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 3,031 3,016 14 19 3 7 1 0 0 

Pre- Random Post- Reasonable Return-to- Follow-up 

employment Accident Suspicion Duty 

Test Type 

Figure 66. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 10 

18.00% 

16.00% 

14.00% 

12.00% 

10.00% 

8.00% 

6.00% 

4.00% 

2.00% 

0.00% 

Percent Positive by Test Type (Region 10) 

16.00% 

68 
Appendix A. MIS Data Collection Form 

69 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING MIS DATA COLLECTION FORM 

Calendar Year Covered by this Report: ________________ OMB No. 2105-0529 

I. Employer: 

Company Name:

 Doing Business As (DBA) Name (if applicable): 

 Address:_______________________________________________________________________________ E-mail: ________________________ 

 Name of Certifying Official: Signature: _________________________________________________ 

 Telephone: (_____)______________________________________ Date Certified: ___________________________________________________ 

 Prepared by (if different): ________________________________________________________ Telephone: (_____)________________________ 

 C/TPA Name and Telephone (if applicable): __________________________________________________ (_____)________________________ 

Check the DOT agency for which you are reporting MIS data; and complete the information on that same line as appropriate: 

___ FMCSA – Motor Carrier: DOT #: ______________________ Owner-operator: (circle one) YES or NO Exempt (Circle One) YES or NO 

___ FAA – Aviation: Certificate # (if applicable): _______________________ Plan / Registration # (if applicable):___________________________ 

___ RSPA – Pipeline: (Check) Gas Gathering__ Gas Transmission__ Gas Distribution__ Transport Hazardous Liquids__ Transport Carbon Dioxide__ 

___ FRA – Railroad: Total Number of observed/documented Part 219 “Rule G” Observations for covered employees: __________________________ 

___ USCG – Maritime: Vessel ID # (USCG- or State-Issued): ______________________________________ (If more than one vessel, list separately.) 

___ FTA – Transit 

II. Covered Employees: (A) Enter Total Number Safety-Sensitive Employees In All Employee Categories: 

(B) Enter Total Number of Employee Categories: 

(C) Employee Category Total Number of Employees

 in this Category 

If you have multiple employee categories, complete Sections I 

and II (A) & (B). Take that filled-in form and make one copy 

for each employee category and complete Sections II (C), III, 

and IV for each separate employee category. 

III. Drug Testing Data: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Type of Test 

Total Number Of Test Results [Should equal the sum of Columns2, 3, 9, 10, 11, and 12]Verified Negative ResultsVerified Positive Results ~ For One Or More Drugs 

Positive For

Marijuana 

Positive For

 Cocaine 

Positive ForPCPPositive For

 Opiates 

Positive For

 Amphetamines

Refusal Results 

AdulteratedSubstituted“Shy Bladder” ~With No MedicalExplanation Other Refusals ToSubmit ToTesting 

Cancelled Results

Pre-Employment 

Random 

Post-Accident 

Reasonable Susp./Cause 

Return-to-Duty 

Follow-Up 

TOTAL 

IV. Alcohol Testing Data: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Type of Test 

Total Number OfScreening TestResults [Should equal the sum of Columns2, 3, 7, and 8]Screening Tests With Results Below 0.02Screening Tests With Results 0.02 OrGreaterNumber OfConfirmation Tests ResultsConfirmation Tests With Results 0.02Through 0.039 Confirmation Tests With Results 0.04 OrGreater

Refusal Results “Shy Lung” ~ With No Medical Explanation Other Refusals To Submit To

Testing Cancelled Results

Pre-Employment 

Random 

Post-Accident 

Reasonable Susp./Cause 

Return-to-Duty 

Follow-Up 

TOTAL 

 13 

 9 
PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT NOTICE (as required by 5 CFR 1320.21) 

According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, no persons are required to respond to a 

collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. The valid OMB 

control number for this information collection is 2105-0529. The Department of Transportation 

estimates that the average burden for this report form is 1.5 hours. You may send comments 

regarding this burden estimate or any suggestions for reducing the burden to: U.S. Department 

of Transportation, Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, Room 10403, 400 

Seventh Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20590; OR Office of Management and Budget, 

Paperwork Reduction Project, 725 Seventeenth Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20503. 

Title 18, USC Section 1001, makes it a criminal offense subject to a maximum fine of $10,000, 

or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, to knowingly and willfully make or cause to 

be made any false or fraudulent statements of representations in any matter within the 

jurisdiction of any agency of the United States. 
Appendix B. Contact Information 

For additional information regarding the FTA’s drug and alcohol testing requirements, please 

contact the following individuals: 

Jerry Powers 

Drug and Alcohol Program Manager 

400 7th Street, SW, FTA TPM-30 

Washington, DC 20590 

gerald.powers@dot.gov 

Mike Redington 

Program Manager/Transportation Industry Analyst 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142 

redington@volpe.dot.gov 

Eve Rutyna 

Transportation Industry Analyst 

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 

55 Broadway 

Cambridge, MA 02142 

rutynae@volpe.dot.gov 

For assistance in accessing the FTA Office of Safety and Security Web site and using the 

Internet reporting system, contact the FTA DAMIS Project Office at (617) 494-6336 or via email at FTA.damis@volpe.dot.gov. Contact the FTA Safety and Security Clearinghouse at 

(617) 494-2116 for additional copies of this report as well as technical assistance materials, 

including the Implementation Guidelines for Drug and Alcohol Regulations in Mass Transit and 

Best Practices Manual: FTA Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. Documents can also be 

obtained from the FTA Safety and Security Clearinghouse Web site at: http://transitsafety.volpe.dot.gov/publications/order/default.asp. You may also send e-mail directly to 

FTA.clearinghouse@volpe.dot.gov. 

73 

 

Appendix C. Glossary of Terms 

Accident: An occurrence associated with the operation of a vehicle, if as a result: 

(1) An individual dies. 

(2) An individual suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical treatment away from 

the scene of the accident. 

(3) With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is a bus, electric bus, 

van, or automobile, one or more vehicles incurs disabling damage and is transported away from 

the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle. 

(4) With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley 

car, trolley bus, or vessel, the mass transit vehicle is removed from revenue service. 

Alcohol Concentration: The alcohol in a volume of breath, expressed in terms of grams of 

alcohol per 210 liters of breath as indicated by a breath test. 

Amphetamines: Includes racemic, amphetamine, extroamphetamine, and methamphetamine. 

These are potent stimulants that can be swallowed, snorted, or injected. They reduce the desire to 

sleep or eat and can induce a sense of aroused euphoria, accompanied by feelings of increased 

power, strength, energy, self-assertion, focus, and motivation. Because the body does not readily 

break down amphetamines, these feelings, which are often intense and ephemeral, may last several 

hours. Severe mental depression and fatigue can set in when the euphoric feelings wear off. 

Armed Security Personnel: Employees who provide security and carry a firearm. 

Canceled or Invalid Test: In drug testing, a drug test that has been declared invalid by a Medical 

Review Officer (MRO). In alcohol testing, a test that is deemed to be invalid. It is neither a 

positive nor a negative test. 

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle: Job category including any transit employee who holds a 

Commercial Driver's License (CDL), performs a function requiring a CDL, and is not included in 

any other job category. 

Cocaine: An addictive substance that comes from coca leaves or is made synthetically. It appears 

as a white powder that is snorted, ingested, injected, freebased (smoked), or applied directly to the 

nasal membrane or gums. Cocaine acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system. It gives the 

user a feeling of exhilaration. The chemicals in cocaine trick the brain into feeling it has 

experienced pleasure when in fact it has not. 

Confirmation (or Confirmatory) Test: In drug testing, a second analytical procedure to identify 

the presence of a specific drug or metabolite that is independent of the screening test and that uses 

a different technique and chemical principle from those of the screening test in order to ensure 

reliability and accuracy. In alcohol testing, a second test following a screening test with a result of 

0.02 or greater that provides quantitative data of alcohol concentration. 

75 
Consortium: An entity, such as a group or association of employers, operators, recipients, 

subrecipients, or contractors, that provides drug testing services and acts on behalf of the 

employer. 

Contractor: A person or organization that provides a service for a recipient, subrecipient, 

employer, or operator consistent with a specific understanding or arrangement. The understanding 

can be a written contract or an informal arrangement that reflects an ongoing relationship between 

the parties. 

Covered Employee: A person, such as an applicant, transferee, or volunteer who perform a 

safety-sensitive function for a recipient, subrecipient, employer, or operator. 

Drug Metabolite: The specific substance produced when the human body metabolizes a given 

prohibited drug as it passes through and is excreted in urine. 

Drug Test: The laboratory analysis of a urine specimen collected in accordance with 49 CFR Part 

40 and analyzed in a Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)-approved laboratory. 

Education: Efforts that include the display and distribution of informational materials, a 

community service hotline telephone number for employee assistance, and the transit entity policy 

regarding drug use and alcohol misuse in the workplace. 

Employee: An individual designated in a Department of Transportation (DOT) agency regulation 

as subject to drug and/or alcohol testing; includes applicants for employment. 

Employer: A recipient or other entity that provides mass transportation services or performs a 

safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other entity. This term includes subrecipients, 

operators, and contractors. 

Follow-up Testing: Drug or alcohol test that is required for an employee who is returned to 

safety-sensitive duty. The employee is subject to at least six unannounced tests for at least 12 

months after returning to duty. The exact number and frequency of tests is prescribed by the 

Substance Abuse Professional (SAP), who may order tests for up to 60 months after return to duty. 

The SAP often requires the employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if only one 

of the tests was at issue. Follow-up testing is separate from and in addition to random testing. Part 

655 incorporates follow-up testing under return-to-duty testing (i.e., return to duty/follow-up 

testing) as one of five required FTA tests. It was previously listed separately as one of six required 

FTA tests. 

Marijuana: Derived from the hemp plant, it comes in a variety of colors such as green, brown, 

and a gray mixture of leaves. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary active chemical 

in marijuana. It is absorbed quickly into fatty tissues and stored for a long time. The potency and 

strength of the chemical causes people to use the drug for the mildly tranquilizing, mood- and 

perception-altering effects it produces. The test for marijuana also includes its metabolites. 

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Opiates: Known as narcotic analgesics, includes heroin, morphine, and codeine. Opiates are 

derived from a sap taken from a seedpod of the plant, papaver somniferum (or poppy plant). 

General effects include sedation, slowed reflexes, raspy speech, sluggish movements, slowed 

breathing, cold skin, and vomiting. The synthetic form of opiates, known as a designer drug, is 

even more deadly and addictive. 

Phencyclidine (PCP): Originally developed as an anesthetic; has adverse side effects that limit 

its medical use to a tranquilizer for large animals. In people, PCP acts as both a depressant and a 

hallucinogen and sometimes as a stimulant. PCP can cause distorted bodily perceptions and a 

feeling of disassociation in which the mind feels separated from the body. These effects can be 

very upsetting to some people, who may panic as a result. 

Positive Rate: The sum of the annual number of verified positive results for random drug tests 

conducted under 49 CFR Part 655 plus the annual number of refusals to submit to a random drug 

test, divided by the total number of test results. 

Post-Accident Testing: Tests required following an accident involving a fatality or following an 

accident that meets any of three other criteria if the employee’s involvement cannot be completely 

discounted as a contributing factor: (1) a person suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives 

medical attention from the scene, (2) when any vehicle involved in the accident incurs damage 

requiring it to be transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle, or (3) the mass 

transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel and is removed from revenue 

service due to the accident. 

Pre-employment Testing: Testing of candidates (including existing non-safety-sensitive 

employees and applicants for employment) for a safety-sensitive position and of employees who 

have not performed a safety-sensitive function for more than 90 consecutive calendar days, 

regardless of the reason, and have been removed from the employer’s random selection pool 

during that time. 

A negative pre-employment test for drugs is required by FTA as a condition for performing safetysensitive duties under these circumstances. Pre-employment alcohol tests are not required but are 

permitted under Part 655, providing that they are performed in accordance with the testing 

procedures in Part 40. The alcohol tests are included in the data presented in Chapter 4 of this 

report because they are conducted per DOT standards and are required by many employers. The 

Omnibus Testing Act required a negative pre-employment alcohol test, but FTA suspended the 

requirement on May 10, 1995, as the result of a U.S. Court of Appeals decision. FTA decided to 

allow but not require pre-employment alcohol testing in Part 655. 

Random Testing: Considered by FTA to be the most effective deterrent to drug use and alcohol 

misuse as well as the most reliable indicator of drug use and alcohol misuse within an employer 

and in the industry as a whole, provided it is unannounced and unpredictable. Selections for 

testing must be based on a scientifically valid random-number selection method, to ensure that all 

safety-sensitive employees have an equal chance of being selected for testing. 

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Random Testing Rate: The number of drug tests equal to at least 50 percent of the total number 

of safety-sensitive employees and, of alcohol tests equal to at least 10 percent of the total number 

of safety-sensitive employees must be conducted each year by this method. 

Reasonable Suspicion Testing: Required when an employer has reasonable suspicion that an 

employee has used a prohibited drug or has misused alcohol as defined in the regulations. Must be 

based on specific, contemporaneous, articulable observations made by a trained supervisor 

concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body odor of a safety-sensitive employee. 

Recipient: An entity receiving federal financial assistance under Section 5307, 5309, or 5311 of 

the Federal Transit Act or under Sections 103(e)(4) of Title 23 of the U.S. Code. 

Refusal to Submit (to an alcohol test): When a covered employee fails to provide adequate 

breath for testing without a valid medical explanation. 

Refusal to Submit (to a drug test): When a covered employee fails to provide a urine sample as 

required by 49 CFR Part 40 without a valid medical explanation after receiving notice of the 

requirement to be tested, or engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the testing process. 

Return-to-Duty Testing: Drug and/or alcohol test that is required for a safety-sensitive employee 

who completes a course of treatment prescribed by a SAP after testing positive for drugs or 

alcohol or refusing to submit to a required test. A negative result for the type (drug or alcohol) of 

positive or refused test is required before the employee can be returned to duty. SAPs often require 

the employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if only one of the tests was at issue. 

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch: Includes employees who control the movement of revenue 

service vehicles. The key consideration is the type of work performed rather than a particular job 

title. FTA decided not to attempt a universal definition of “dispatchers” in Part 655. Instead, each 

employer determines whether its particular dispatcher performs or may perform a safety-sensitive 

function. 

Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance: Includes employees who maintain revenue 

service vehicles or equipment, as well as many maintenance contract employees who perform 

routine, ongoing repair or maintenance for FTA recipients and subrecipients that have employees, 

including supervisors, who perform or could be called upon to perform any of the FTA safetysensitive functions. Maintenance contractors of 5311 funding recipients are not subject to the 

testing regulations. Additionally, recipients that operate in areas with a population of 200,000 or 

less and contract out maintenance services are no longer required to comply. 

Revenue Vehicle Operation: Safety-sensitive job category; includes employees who operate a 

revenue service vehicle, regardless of whether it is in service. 

Safety-Sensitive Function: Any of the following duties: 

• Operating a revenue service vehicle, including when not in revenue service 

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•	 Operating a non-revenue service vehicle that is required to be operated by the holder of a 

CDL 

•	 Controlling dispatch or movement of a revenue service vehicle 

•	 Maintaining a revenue service vehicle or equipment used in revenue service, unless the 

recipient receives Section 5311 funding and contracts out such services 

•	 Providing security and carrying a firearm 

Screening Test (or Initial Test): In drug testing, an immunoassay screen to eliminate negative 

urine specimens from further analysis. In alcohol testing, an analytical procedure to determine 

whether an employee may have a prohibited concentration of alcohol in a breath specimen. 

Transit System: The public entity that receives the federal grant (direct grant recipient), whether 

or not that recipient provides mass transit services directly. 

Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance: Function including any person repairing or maintaining 

revenue service vehicles or other equipment used in revenue service. 

Violation Rate: Refers to the sum of the annual number of results from random alcohol tests 

conducted under 49 CFR Part 655 that have alcohol concentrations of 0.04 or greater plus the 

annual number of refusals to submit to alcohol tests, divided by the sum of the annual number of 

random alcohol tests conducted plus the annual number of refusals to submit to a drug test. 

Verified Negative (drug test result): A drug test result reviewed by an MRO and determined to 

have no evidence of prohibited drug use. 

Verified Positive (drug test result): A drug test result reviewed by an MRO and determined to 

have evidence of prohibited drug use. 

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