#26748-a-DG

2014 S.D. 26

IN THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE

STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

* * * *

IN THE MATTER OF THE

ESTATE OF EARL W. LONG,

DECEASED.

* * * *

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF

THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT

FALL RIVER COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA

* * * *

THE HONORABLE WALLY EKLUND

Judge

* * * * 

PATRICK M. GINSBACH

Farrell, Farrell & Ginsbach, PC

Hot Springs, South Dakota Attorneys for appellant Brenda 

F. Long-Chafin.

AARON T. GALLOWAY

Lynn, Jackson, Shultz & Lebrun, PC

Rapid City, South Dakota Attorneys for appellee 

Vicky J. Smith.

QUENTIN L. RIGGINS

Gunderson Palmer Nelson &

 Ashmore, LLP

Rapid City, South Dakota Attorneys for appellee

Lynda Davis.

* * * *

CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS 

ON FEBRUARY 18, 2014

OPINION FILED 04/30/14
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GILBERTSON, Chief Justice

[¶1.] Brenda Chafin challenges the validity of her father’s estate plan. After 

a formal probate proceeding, the circuit court determined that the estate plan was 

valid. We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[¶2.] Earl Long passed away at the age of 78 on February 26, 2010. He was 

survived by four daughters: Vicky, Lynda, Diann, and Brenda. Earl’s daughters are 

the only heirs of the estate. 

[¶3.] Prior to his death, Earl and his late wife, Shirley, had operated two 

seasonal resorts. One of the resorts, Long’s Seasonal Resort, was active at the time 

of Earl’s death. Although each daughter worked at the Seasonal Resort, Vicky and 

her husband, Dean, worked there most consistently and for the longest period of 

time.

[¶4.] Earl began the process of planning his estate in 2005. His first step in 

the planning process was a meeting with his attorney, Mark Walters. Three of 

Earl’s daughters also attended the meeting; however, Vicky and Dean did not

attend. Among the topics discussed at the meeting were strategies to reduce 

conflict upon Earl’s death, trust protection for Brenda, gifting of land, and a 

creation of a limited liability company (LLC) to hold property separate from Earl’s 

trust. 

[¶5.] On August 30, 2008, Earl properly executed a “pourover” will. The will 

stated that all property would be distributed to his trust “as amended.” On the 
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same day, Earl executed The Earl W. Long Trust, which was a revocable trust with

Earl appointed as trustee.

[¶6.] Following the execution of his will and trust, Earl began gifting some 

of his assets. On October 3, 2009, Earl executed a memorandum of gifts, which was 

notarized by Walters and witnessed by Vicky and Dean. Earl executed a second 

memorandum of gifts on October 5, which was witnessed by Dean and Lynda. The 

contents of both memorandums were relatively the same. The memorandums 

documented gifts to Earl’s four daughters of approximately $250,000 each. 

[¶7.] In accordance with the memorandums of gifts, Earl acquired land from 

Vicky so that the land could be given to the other three daughters. In return, Earl

deeded Vicky his half interest in the “home place.” Earl intended for the value of 

the home place to be greater than the value of the land deeded by Vicky so that the 

difference in value between the two properties was a gift to Vicky.1 The October 5 

memorandum specified that Vicky acquired the home place subject to a life estate, 

which reserved the income from the Seasonal Resort in favor of Earl. 

[¶8.] Earl next gave property to his other daughters. Diann received a gift 

of land free of encumbrances by warranty deed on October 3. Lynda also received a 

gift of land free of encumbrances on October 3. In July 2007, Earl had purchased 

both a piece of property and a mobile home for Brenda, which became her 

permanent residence. In September 2008, Brenda deeded her half interest as a 

joint tenant in the property to Earl. In exchange, Earl created a trust for Brenda to 

provide for her after his passing. Brenda raised no objection to the trust and she

 

1. The value of the land was based on an appraisal conducted in 2005. 
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continued to live on the property. On October 3, 2009, Earl transferred the property 

into Brenda’s trust. In addition, Earl gave Brenda $100,000 to fund her trust and 

$20,000 cash outside the trust.

[¶9.] Later in the fall of 2009, Earl began assessing which property, apart 

from the property he had already given, would be put into his trust to be distributed 

upon his death. To carry out his estate plan Earl developed color-coded “maps” that 

outlined how the remaining land would be divided. Land allocated to Brenda’s trust 

was colored pink. Land allocated to Diann was green. Lynda’s land was blue; and 

Vicky’s land was yellow. Land in trust, to be distributed at death to the LLC, was 

orange. Lastly, “striped” land represented the land that had previously been given 

to the daughters through the memorandum of gifts. Earl ultimately selected a map, 

which was dated December 12, 2009, and initialed “EWL.”

[¶10.] On January 23, 2010, Earl amended Brenda’s trust so that all income 

from the trust would no longer be distributed to Brenda on a monthly basis. 

Instead, the income would pay for her basic housing expenses and maintenance of 

her residence. Brenda’s amended trust gave discretion to the trustee to pay health, 

dental, and car insurance. 

[¶11.] Earl also amended his trust on January 23. The amendment added 

“Section 6.3,” which referenced the map created on December 12, 2009. The 

amendment also set forth the color-coded property designation. Additionally, the 

amendment stated that the trustee would create an LLC to hold designated land to 

be sold. Vicky was selected to manage the LLC “for the four children equally after 

[Earl was] gone.” 
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[¶12.] Earl died on February 26, 2010. Following his death, Vicky filed the 

Articles of Organization for Long Land Company, LLC on April 13, 2010. After 

Earl’s passing, Brenda executed a document accepting the plan of distribution of the 

color-coded map. Brenda also executed a document consenting to the use of certain 

equipment, machinery, and other personal property for maintaining the lots held by 

the LLC. The four daughters agreed to the sale of two parcels of property by the

LLC and each daughter received an equal share of the sale proceeds. 

[¶13.] In accordance with Earl’s will, Vicky and Dean were named copersonal representatives for the estate. Prior to the closing of the estate under 

informal probate, Brenda filed a petition for formal probate of the will. Brenda and 

Diann had retained counsel to interpret the language of Earl’s trust because they

had concerns about the income from the Seasonal Resort and the restrictive 

language of Brenda’s trust. Brenda also requested that Diann be named as the 

personal representative of the estate. In hopes of limiting conflict between the 

sisters, Vicky did not object to Diann serving as personal representative. 

[¶14.] The formal probate proceeding was conducted on December 5, 6, and 

17, 2012. The circuit court concluded that Earl’s estate plan was valid. The court 

determined: (1) Earl was competent; (2) neither Vicky nor Dean exercised undue 

influence over Earl; (3) the trust documents did not call for an equalization of the 

remaining property; (4) Brenda’s trust was properly amended; and (5) Brenda was 

not entitled to attorney’s fees.

[¶15.] Brenda appeals the decision of the circuit court. She raises the 

following issues on appeal:
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1. Whether Earl lacked the requisite testamentary capacity to 

carry out his estate plan. 

2. Whether Earl’s estate plan was the result of undue influence.

3. Whether Earl’s Trust required the distributions to be

equalized.

 

4. Whether the doctrine of promissory estoppel barred the

modification of Brenda’s trust.

5. Whether Brenda and her attorney are entitled to attorney fees.

Analysis and Decision

[¶16.] 1. Whether Earl lacked the requisite testamentary capacity to carry

out his estate plan. 

[¶17.] Brenda argues that the circuit court erred when it determined that

Earl had the requisite testamentary capacity to carry out the 2009 gifts and the

2010 amendments to his trust. 

[¶18.] Whether Earl possessed the requisite testamentary capacity is a mixed 

question of law and fact, which requires a compound inquiry. Stockwell v. 

Stockwell, 2010 S.D. 79, ¶ 15, 790 N.W.2d 52, 58. Therefore, we are required to not 

only review the circuit court’s findings of fact, but also the court’s application of 

settled law to those facts. Id. For purposes of making a testamentary document, 

one has a sound mind “if, without prompting, he is able to comprehend the nature 

and extent of his property, the persons who are the natural objects of his bounty 

and the disposition that he desires to make of such property.” In re Estate of 

Dokken, 2000 S.D. 9, ¶ 13, 604 N.W.2d 487, 491 (quoting In re Estate of Long, 1998 

S.D. 15, ¶ 21, 575 N.W.2d 254, 257). Additionally, “[t]estamentary capacity is not 

determined by any single moment in time, but must be considered as to the 
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condition of the testator’s mind a reasonable length of time before and after the 

[testamentary document] is executed.” Stockwell, 2010 S.D. 79, ¶ 27, 790 N.W.2d at

62 (citation omitted). Because the 2009 gifts and the 2010 amendments to Earl’s 

trust were executed with a mind toward disposition of the property after death, we 

treat them as testamentary in nature. See In re Estate of Pringle, 2008 S.D. 38, ¶ 

24, 751 N.W.2d 277, 285.

[¶19.] To illustrate that Earl lacked testamentary capacity, Brenda relies on 

Dr. Heather Cwach’s medical evaluation. Dr. Cwach examined Earl on October 6, 

2009, the day after Earl completed a memorandum of gifts. Dr. Cwach

administered a series of tests, including a mini mental-state exam, and found that 

“[Earl] was alert.” She also observed that Earl’s exam score was “common,” but 

showed that he was “mildly impaired.” Dr. Cwach did acknowledge, however, that 

educational background could play a role in the score and that Earl had a 9th grade 

education. Although Dr. Cwach noted “Dementia, probably Alzheimer’s disease” in 

her assessment, she testified that this was not an official diagnosis. 

[¶20.] Beyond Dr. Cwach’s evaluation, however, Brenda’s evidence reveals 

little about Earl’s capacity. In fact, but for that brief moment in time, the evidence 

proved that Earl had the requisite capacity to execute his estate plan. After his 

visit with Dr. Cwach, Earl was seen by Dr. John Knecht and was admitted to the 

Fall River Hospital Swing Bed unit for physical therapy, occupational therapy, and 

respiratory therapy. No mention was made of dementia or Alzheimer’s as a chief 

complaint. Following his urological surgery, Earl was monitored by Dr. Knecht. 

Again, there was no mention in Dr. Knecht’s notes that Earl suffered from 
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confusion, dementia, or Alzheimer’s. Dr. Knecht saw Earl on a number of other 

occasions after Earl was discharged from the hospital. Notably, Dr. Knecht

conducted a mental health examination of Earl, which was recommended by 

Walters.2 After examining Earl on February 9, 2010, Dr. Knecht concluded that 

Earl had performed so well that it was unnecessary to conduct additional testing. 

He also noted that Earl was “absolutely normal as far as his mental health status 

exam today.” Dr. Knecht testified that he never observed any indications that Earl 

suffered from an inability to make decisions for himself. 

[¶21.] The circuit court also heard testimony from a number of other 

individuals who recalled interacting with Earl, both personally and professionally,

during the relevant times in question. None of these individuals believed that Earl 

lacked the mental capacity to make decisions. Some even described him as “sharp 

as a tack.” By contrast, in addition to the testimony of Dr. Cwach, Brenda only

offered testimony from one of her coworkers who did not know Earl personally. The 

circuit court ultimately determined that the evidence overwhelmingly supported 

that Earl was competent to execute his estate plan. In determining testamentary 

capacity we have stressed the importance of giving “due regard to the trial court’s 

opportunity to observe the witnesses and the evidence.” Dokken, 2000 S.D. 9, ¶ 10, 

604 N.W.2d at 491 (quoting In re Estate of Unke, 1998 S.D. 94, ¶ 11, 583 N.W.2d 

145, 148). In light of the evidence presented, the circuit court did not err in 

determining that Earl had the requisite capacity to carry out his estate plan. 

 

2. Walters later testified that it was common for him to recommend that his 

clients receive a mental health exam when he can sense a potential estate 

contest.
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[¶22.] 2. Whether Earl’s estate plan was the result of undue influence.

[¶23.] Brenda next argues that the 2009 gifts and the 2010 amendments to 

Earl’s trust were the result of undue influence. Like testamentary capacity, undue 

influence is a mixed question of fact and law. Stockwell, 2010 S.D. 79, ¶ 15, 790 

N.W.2d at 58.

[¶24.] The circuit court concluded that because of Vicky’s confidential 

relationship with Earl, a presumption of undue influence arose. “A presumption of 

undue influence arises when there is a confidential relationship between the 

testator and a beneficiary who actively participates in preparation and execution of 

the will and unduly profits therefrom.” Id. ¶ 31 (quoting Pringle, 2008 S.D. 38, ¶ 

39, 751 N.W.2d at 289). “A confidential relationship exists whenever a decedent has 

placed trust and confidence in the integrity and fidelity of another.” Id. (quoting In 

re Estate of Duebendorfer, 2006 S.D. 79, ¶ 27, 721 N.W.2d 438, 445). In the instant 

case, the presumption arose in part because Vicky assisted Earl with writing checks 

in his later years, helped with the color-coded maps, and offered advice at several 

meetings.

[¶25.] Once a presumption of undue influence arises, “the burden of going 

forward with the evidence shifts to the beneficiary to show he took no unfair 

advantage of the decedent.” Unke, 1998 S.D. 94, ¶ 13, 583 N.W.2d at 148 (citation 

omitted). However, “[t]he ultimate burden remains on the person contesting the 

will to prove the elements of undue influence by a preponderance of the evidence.” 

Id. (citation omitted). 
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[¶26.] To show the existence of undue influence, the following elements must 

be established: “(1) [the] decedent’s susceptibility to undue influence; (2) [the]

opportunity to exert such influence and effect the wrongful purpose; (3) a 

disposition to do so for an improper purpose; and, (4) a result clearly showing the 

effects of undue influence.” Stockwell, 2010 S.D. 79, ¶ 35, 790 N.W.2d at 64

(citation omitted). “For influence to be undue it must be of such a character as to 

destroy the free agency of the testator and substitute the will of another for that of 

the testator.” Id. (quoting Pringle, 2008 S.D. 38, ¶ 44, 751 N.W.2d at 291). 

[¶27.] Brenda argues that the value of the “home place” property Vicky 

received demonstrates the effects of undue influence. Brenda alleges that the home 

place produces an income of approximately $50,000 a year. Furthermore, Brenda 

contends that Vicky received a property distribution that was valued at $700,550 

more than Brenda’s property distribution. The circuit court determined that 

Brenda failed to establish both Earl’s susceptibility to undue influence and a result 

showing the effects of undue influence. 

[¶28.] Brenda’s evidence did not establish that Vicky exercised undue 

influence because Brenda did not prove that Earl was susceptible to undue 

influence. The circuit court highlighted that Earl was an independent person, a 

rancher, and a businessman. Earl also had the testamentary capacity to carry out 

his estate plan. Brenda offered little evidence to dispute these facts. Therefore, 

because Earl was not susceptible to undue influence, the circuit court was correct in 

determining that the 2009 gifts and the 2010 amendments to the trust were not the 

product of undue influence
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[¶29.] Additionally, Brenda did not prove a result clearly showing the effects 

of undue influence. Brenda fails to account for whether Earl, in choosing how to 

divide his assets, may have considered the role each daughter played in the 

acquisition and maintenance of his land and seasonal resorts. The circuit court 

noted that Vicky worked with Earl more often than the other sisters. She and her 

husband assisted Earl with the Seasonal Resort and with ranching responsibilities. 

While a presumption of undue influence did arise, Vicky has rebutted that 

presumption. The ultimate burden remains with Brenda, who has failed to 

establish by a preponderance of the evidence that Vicky exercised undue influence. 

[¶30.] 3. Whether Earl’s trust required the distributions to be equalized.

[¶31.] Brenda next argues that the circuit court erred by not requiring the 

trustee to equalize all the remaining property under a review of Earl’s entire estate 

plan. “Trust interpretation is a question of law reviewed de novo.” In re Sunray 

Holdings Trust, 2013 S.D. 89, ¶ 11, 841 N.W.2d 271, 274 (citation omitted). When 

interpreting a trust instrument, we must “ensure that the intentions and wishes of 

the [settlor] are honored.” Id. ¶ 14 (quoting In re Florence Y. Wallbaum Revocable 

Living Trust, 2012 S.D. 18, ¶ 20, 813 N.W.2d 111, 117). To carry out the settlor’s 

intentions, “we first ‘look to the language of the trust instrument.’” Id. (quoting In 

re Schwan 1992 Great, Great Grandchildren’s Trust, 2006 S.D. 9, ¶ 12, 709 N.W.2d 

849, 852). “If the language of the trust instrument makes the intention of the 

[settlor] clear, it is our duty to declare and enforce it.” Id. (quoting In re Florence Y. 

Wallbaum Revocable Living Trust, 2012 S.D. 18, ¶ 20, 813 N.W.2d at 117).
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[¶32.] Brenda claims that the circuit court erred by concluding that Earl did 

not intend for Section 7.3.1 to be active at his death.3 She alleges that Earl’s trust 

required all four daughters to receive equal shares of Earl’s estate plan; however,

Vicky received property that was more valuable than the property the other three 

daughters received. Therefore, Brenda requests that the remaining assets in Earl’s 

estate be distributed in a matter that accounts for the property that Vicky received. 

[¶33.] The circuit court concluded that a plain reading of Earl’s trust, the 

2010 amendments to the trust, and the 2009 memorandums of gifts all illustrated 

that Earl did not intend for the contingent language of Section 7.3.1 to be active at 

his death. Additionally, the circuit court noted that Article 7.1 of the trust required 

that “any property remaining in the Trust (Trust Residue) shall be divided into four 

shares, one for each of the Grantor’s children.” But the court observed that the 

trust did not contain language suggesting that these shares must be divided equally 

or redistributed to account for the value of the land Vicky received. 

[¶34.] A plain reading of Earl’s trust supports the circuit court’s conclusion. 

Attorney Walters testified that Section 7.3.1 was intended to be a “catch all” or 

contingency provision. However, it was unnecessary for this contingency language 

to be active at Earl’s death because Earl had already disposed of his property during 

 

3. Section 7.3.1 of Earl’s trust provided in part:

The trustee is hereby directed to make a summary of all 

distributions of the Grantor’s property . . . . The trustee shall 

determine each beneficiary’s total share of the estate and shall 

make adjustments to each beneficiary’s trust distribution, if 

necessary, to achieve the percentage of total distribution to each 

beneficiary as provided for in Article Seven (7) of this trust 

agreement. 
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his life through the memorandum of gifts and subsequent amendment to his trust, 

which divided his property into four shares. 

[¶35.] Brenda maintains, however, that Section 7.3.1 should be used to 

distribute the estate’s remaining property, such as Earl’s life insurance plan, to

account for the fact that Vicky received more valuable land than the other sisters. 

But contrary to Brenda’s position, Article 7 does not contain any percentages of 

total distribution for the four daughters. It is true that Section 7.3.2 requires that 

any distribution “calculation include the value of any property passing as a specific 

bequest as stated in Section 6.2.” And Section 6.2 references any gifts made, 

specifically stating that any gifts to be contemplated are set forth in “Schedule B.” 

But there is no Schedule B. Additionally, none of the memorandums of gifts 

reference a Schedule B. Therefore, it would be inappropriate for this Court to give 

meaning to a nonexistent provision. 

[¶36.] It would also be inconsistent with a plain reading of the trust 

instrument to assume that Earl intended to equalize land he had already 

distributed. This is especially true when Article 7.1 of the trust instrument does 

not require an equalization process to account for the value of the land Vicky 

received. Furthermore, prior to Earl’s death, four shares of property were divided 

among the four daughters referenced in the land map. The remaining property was 

placed in the LLC and held for the four daughters “equally,” as provided in the trust 

instrument. Had Earl intended the result Brenda now requests for the remaining 

property, he would have used language requesting that result. But no such 
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language exists. Therefore, a plain reading of the trust instrument supports the 

circuit court’s conclusion. We affirm the circuit court’s decision.4

[¶37.] KONENKAMP, ZINTER, SEVERSON, and WILBUR, Justices, concur.

 

4. Brenda asserts two additional claims on appeal: promissory estoppel and a 

request for attorney’s fees. We conclude that the circuit court did not err in 

rejecting Brenda’s promissory estoppel claim and request for attorney’s fees. 

Accordingly, we affirm on these issues.