GEC Special Report:

August 2020

Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and 

Propaganda Ecosystem

U.S. DEPARTMENT of STATE
2 Global Engagement Center 

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 3

Background .................................................................................................................................................... 5

The Report .................................................................................................................................................... 7

Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem .............................................. 8

Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem Endnotes ............................ 9

Media Multiplier Effect: How Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Spreads .............. 10

Preface for the Proxy Site Profiles ............................................................................................... 11

Highlights from the Proxy Site Profiles ....................................................................................... 12

Proxy Site Profiles ............................................................................................................................. 14

The Strategic Culture Foundation ................................................................................... 14

New Eastern Outlook ......................................................................................................... 20

Global Research ................................................................................................................... 25

News Front ............................................................................................................................ 31

SouthFront ............................................................................................................................ 37

Geopolitica.ru ....................................................................................................................... 50

Katehon ................................................................................................................................. 55

Digital Media Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 61

Twitter Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 65

References .......................................................................................................................................... 70

Table of Contents
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 3

As the U.S. Government’s dedicated center for 

countering foreign disinformation and propaganda, 

the Global Engagement Center (GEC) at the U.S. 

Department of State has a mandate to expose 

and counter threats from malign actors that 

utilize these tactics. In this field, Russia continues 

to be a leading threat. The Department works 

with interagency and global partners to meet 

this challenge, with the GEC playing a key role 

in coordinating efforts and helping lead a global 

response. 

Introduction 

“Russia’s disinformation 

and propaganda 

ecosystem is the 

collection of official, 

proxy, and unattributed 

communication channels 

and platforms that 

Russia uses to create and 

amplify false narratives.”

Understanding Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem

A central part of this effort is exposing Russia’s 

tactics so that partner and allied governments, civil 

society organizations, academia, the press, and the 

international public can conduct further analysis of 

their own and thereby increase collective resilience 

to disinformation and propaganda.

In line with that goal, this report draws on publicly 

available reporting to provide an overview 

of Russia’s disinformation and propaganda 

ecosystem. Russia’s disinformation and propaganda 

ecosystem is the collection of official, proxy, 

and unattributed communication channels and 

platforms that Russia uses to create and amplify 

false narratives. The ecosystem consists of five 

main pillars: official government communications, 

state-funded global messaging, cultivation of 

proxy sources, weaponization of social media, and 

cyber-enabled disinformation. The Kremlin bears 

direct responsibility for cultivating these tactics 

and platforms as part of its approach to using 

information as a weapon. It invests massively in its 

propaganda channels, its intelligence services and 

its proxies to conduct malicious cyber activity to 

support their disinformation efforts, and it leverages 

outlets that masquerade as news sites or research 

institutions to spread these false and misleading 

narratives. This report also focuses specific attention 

on Russia’s tactic of leveraging proxy voices 

that proliferate pro-Kremlin disinformation and 

propaganda. It includes profiles on a cross section 

of outlets playing this role within the broader 

ecosystem, and it explains how they serve as critical 

connective tissue to the other pillars within the 

broader ecosystem.

The GEC has developed the “ecosystem” concept 

and has broken the ecosystem down into five 

pillars as a way to contextualize the threat posed 

by Russia in this field. A common understanding is 

a necessary prerequisite to developing analytical 

tools to monitor the various threat vectors and 

crafting the policies and procedures that allow for 

countermeasures. While this effort continues, the 
4 Global Engagement Center 

issuance of this report aims to heighten awareness 

of the threat posed by disinformation and further 

the international dialogue among the nations, 

organizations, and individuals who are committed to 

countering these malign efforts.

The disinformation and propaganda ecosystem 

that Russia continues to cultivate does not stand 

unopposed. A thriving counter-disinformation 

community comprised of governments, civil society, 

academia, the press, the private sector, and citizens 

around the world who refuse to tolerate these 

tactics is pushing back. This report is offered by the 

U.S. Department of State as a contribution to these 

joint efforts.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 5

Background

In any analysis of Russia’s disinformation and 

propaganda tactics, it is important to note there are 

multiple terms and concepts that have been used 

to describe the nature of this threat. “Information 

Confrontation” is the term used in Russian 

strategic and military circles to describe their 

approach to the use of information in both 

peacetime and conflict. There is also a rich 

public record of the use of “Active Measures” to 

describe long-standing Russian political warfare 

methods that utilize disinformation and propaganda 

as a core tool. These concepts speak to Russia’s 

strategic formulation that it is in a state of perpetual 

conflict with its perceived adversaries.

Russia’s current disinformation and propaganda 

operations are an integrated tactical manifestation 

of this strategic view. Analyzing this approach in 

a manner that increases resiliency begins with a 

recognition that there is no single media platform 

where propaganda and disinformation are 

distributed. Nor is there uniformity of messages 

among different sources. 

Rather, Russia has operationalized the concept 

of perpetual adversarial competition in the 

information environment by encouraging the 

development of a disinformation and propaganda 

ecosystem that allows for varied and overlapping 

approaches that reinforce each other even when 

individual messages within the system appear 

contradictory. This ecosystem reflects both the 

sources of disinformation and propaganda—official 

government statements, state-funded media 

outlets, proxy websites, bots, false social media 

personas, cyber-enabled disinformation operations, 

etc.—and the different tactics that these channels 

use. 

Russia’s willingness to employ this approach 

provides it with three perceived advantages. First, it 

allows for the introduction of numerous variations 

of the same false narratives. This allows for the 

different pillars of the ecosystem to fine tune their 

disinformation narratives to suit different target 

audiences because there is no need for consistency, 

as there would be with attributed government 

communications. Second, it provides plausible 

deniability for Kremlin officials when proxy sites 

peddle blatant and dangerous disinformation, 

allowing them to deflect criticism while still 

introducing pernicious information. Third, it creates 

a media multiplier effect among the different 

pillars of the ecosystem that boost their reach and 

resonance.

The media multiplier effect can, at times, create 

disinformation storms with potentially dangerous 

effects for those Russia perceives as adversaries 

at the international, national, and local level. In the 

past, Russia has leveraged this dynamic to shield 

itself from criticism for its involvement in malign 

activity. This approach also allows Russia to be 

opportunistic, such as with COVID-19, where it 

has used the global pandemic as a hook to push 

longstanding disinformation and propaganda 

narratives.
6 Global Engagement Center 

This ecosystem approach is also well-suited to 

reinforce Russia’s general aims of questioning the 

value of democratic institutions, and of weakening 

the international credibility and international 

cohesion of the United States and its allies and 

partners. Because some pillars of this ecosystem 

generate their own momentum, as opposed to 

waiting for specific orders from the Kremlin on every 

occasion, they can be responsive to distinct policy 

goals or developing situations, and then pivot back 

to their status quo of generally pouring scorn on 

Russia’s perceived adversaries. 

The perpetual conflict that Russia sees in the 

information environment also means that officials 

and state media may take one side of an issue, while 

outlets with a measure of independence will adopt 

their own variations on similar overarching false 

narratives. The ecosystem approach is fitting for this 

dynamic because it does not require harmonization 

among the different pillars. By simultaneously 

furthering multiple versions of a given story, 

these actors muddy the waters of the information 

environment in order to confuse those trying to 

discern the truth. 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 7

This report provides a visual representation of the ecosystem described above, as well as an example of the 

media multiplier effect it enables. This serves to demonstrate how the different pillars of the ecosystem play 

distinct roles and feed off of and bolster each other. 

The report also includes brief profiles of select proxy sites and organizations that occupy an 

intermediate role between the pillars of the ecosystem with clear links to Russia and those that are meant 

to be fully deniable. The emphasis on these proxy sites is meant to highlight the important role they play, 

which can be overlooked given the attention paid to official Russian voices on one end of the spectrum, and 

the social media manipulation and cyber-enabled threats on the other.

Disclaimer: The GEC cannot vouch for the security of the sites cited within this report.

The Report



Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 11

Preface for the Proxy Site Profiles 

The following profiles focus on some of the proxy outlets and institutions that proliferate Russia’s 

disinformation and propaganda narratives. As the report notes, some of the individuals and institutions 

behind these sites benefit greatly from an association with the Kremlin. Others strive to maintain a veneer 

of separation from Russia, but as our research and analysis show, they serve no other purpose but to push 

pro-Kremlin content.

The GEC’s goal in detailing the nature of these outlets is twofold: to promote a more complete 

understanding of how these outlets operate as an informal network; and to demonstrate how content 

produced and amplified by these sites enables the proliferation of disinformation and propaganda across 

other pillars of the ecosystem. 

 

This collection of profiles is not meant to be exhaustive, nor does it reflect any sort of prioritization or 

ranking. Rather, it is a select cross section drawn from a multitude of similar operations and is meant to 

provide a broad representation of the type of outlets that Russia has cultivated to play an important role in 

its larger disinformation and propaganda ecosystem. 

They cover various geographies and have their own target audiences, though there is considerable overlap 

between some of them largely due to their online presence. While sharing similar practices, they have each 

developed their own styles. In a few cases, these outlets have published or republished articles authored by 

false personas attributed by Facebook to Russian military intelligence.

.
12 Global Engagement Center 

Global Research is a Canadian website that has 

become deeply enmeshed in Russia’s broader 

disinformation and propaganda ecosystem. Its large 

roster of fringe authors and conspiracy theorists 

serves as a talent pool for Russian and Chinese 

websites. Its publications also provide a Western 

voice that other elements of the ecosystem can 

leverage to their advantage.

The Strategic Culture Foundation Global Research

Highlights from the Proxy Site Profiles

The Strategic Culture Foundation is an online journal 

registered in Russia that is directed by Russia’s 

Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and closely 

affiliated with the Russian Ministry of Foreign 

Affairs.

1

 One of its core tactics is to publish Western 

fringe thinkers and conspiracy theorists, giving 

them a broader platform, while trying to obscure 

the Russian origins of the journal. This tactic helps 

the site appear to be an organic voice within its 

target audience of Westerners.

New Eastern Outlook

New Eastern Outlook is a pseudo-academic 

publication of the Russian Academy of Science’s 

Institute of Oriental Studies that promotes 

disinformation and propaganda focused 

primarily on the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. 

It combines pro-Kremlin views of Russian 

academics with anti-U.S. views of Western 

fringe voices and conspiracy theorists. New Eastern 

Outlook appears to want to benefit from the veneer 

of respectability offered by the Russian academics 

it features, while also obscuring its links to statefunded institutions.

News Front is a Crimea-based disinformation and 

propaganda outlet with the self-proclaimed goal of 

providing an “alternative source of information” 

for Western audiences. With reported ties to the 

Russian security services and Kremlin funding, 

it is particularly focused on supporting Russiabacked forces in Ukraine. News Front’s manipulative 

tactics to boost reach led to a near total dismantling 

of its presence on social media in early 2020.

News Front
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 13

Highlights from the Proxy Site Profiles

Katehon is a Moscow-based quasi-think-tank 

that is a proliferator of virulent anti-Western 

disinformation and propaganda via its website, 

which is active in five languages. It is led by 

individuals with clear links to the Russian state 

and the Russian intelligence services. Within 

Russia’s broader disinformation and propaganda 

ecosystem, Katehon plays the role of providing 

supposedly independent, analytical material 

aimed largely at European audiences, with content 

allegedly dedicated to “the creation and defense of 

a secure, democratic and just international system”.

SouthFront Katehon

SouthFront: Analysis and Intelligence

(a.k.a. SouthFront), is a multilingual online 

disinformation site registered in Russia that 

focuses on military and security issues. With 

flashy infographics, maps, and videos, SouthFront

combines Kremlin talking points with detailed 

knowledge of military systems and ongoing 

conflicts. It attempts to appeal to military 

enthusiasts, veterans, and conspiracy theorists, all 

while going to great lengths to hide its connections 

to Russia.

Geopolitica.ru

Geopolitica.ru serves as a platform for Russian 

ultra-nationalists to spread disinformation 

and propaganda targeting Western and other 

audiences. Inspired by the Eurasianist ideology of 

the Russian philosopher and Eurasian imperialist 

Alexander Dugin, Geopolitica.ru views itself as 

caught in a perpetual information war against 

the Western ideals of democracy and liberalism. 

The website’s cooperation with other outlets in 

Russia’s disinformation and propaganda ecosystem 

broadens the reach of its messaging, which seeks 

to destabilize and weaken Western institutions.
14 Global Engagement Center 

Proxy Site Profiles 

An article on Strategic Culture Foundation’s website promoting Russia’s version of history. 

The Strategic Culture Foundation 

Summary

The Strategic Culture Foundation is an online journal registered in Russia, directed by Russia’s Foreign 

Intelligence Service (SVR), and closely affiliated with the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The outlet plays 

a central role among a group of linked websites that proliferate Russian disinformation and propaganda.2

One of its core tactics is to attract authors who are Western fringe thinkers and conspiracy theorists, giving 

them a broader platform and obscuring the Russian origins of the journal. This tactic helps the site appear 

to be an organic voice within its target audience of Westerners. 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 15

The Strategic Culture Foundation (SCF) online journal is a prime example of long-standing Russian tactics to 

conceal direct state involvement in disinformation and propaganda outlets, and to cultivate local voices to 

serve as surrogate messengers. SCF finds obscure Western fringe thinkers and conspiracy theorists and 

gives their typically virulent anti-Western and anti-U.S. views a broad international platform. It does this 

while giving the misleading impression SCF is independent and unaffiliated with the Russian government. 

This approach has several advantages for Russia:

• it gives increased circulation to what would otherwise be fringe voices that suit Russian propaganda 

goals;

• Russia deflects responsibility by obscuring its sponsorship of the site; and 

• the individuals and conspiracy theorists they publish communicate in local idioms and understand their 

home audiences well.

The Strategic Culture Foundation and the Russian State

SCF was founded in 2005.3 Originally it only published its journal in Russian. In September 2010, the online 

journal began to also appear in English.4 This marked SCF’s debut as an instrument for disinformation and 

propaganda on the international stage. 

While SCF’s online journal makes every effort to appear independent, it is directed by Russia’s Foreign 

Intelligence Service (SVR) and closely affiliated with the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.5 There is no 

mention of this affiliation on SCF’s English-language website, nor of any link to Russia—including the fact 

that SCF publishes in Russian.6 However, International Affairs, the flagship journal of the Russian Ministry of 

Foreign Affairs since 1922, states on its website that SCF is its partner.7

SCF’s president is Yuri Prokofiev, who was Moscow Party Chief from 1989 to 1991 and a 

Soviet Politburo Member.

8

 Prokofiev is also one of the founders of the “Russian Organization for Assistance 

to Special Services and Law Enforcement Authorities” (ROSSPO).9 According to its website, ROSSPO works 

closely with Russian security services to support the policies of the Russian state, facilitate cooperation 

between state institutions and civil society, and ensure the social protection of the employees of 

intelligence services and law enforcement authorities.10

SCF’s Director General is Vladimir Maximenko, who is also the director of the no-longer active Russian Unity 

Foundation, which was focused on promoting a “positive image of Russia and Russian culture abroad,” 

especially among the so-called Russian compatriots.11

Introduction
16 Global Engagement Center 

While SCF made some efforts to attract Western authors when it launched its English-language website in 

2010, its writers for years were mostly Russians. This is demonstrated by the preponderance of Russianauthored articles posted on the 2 May 2015 SCF homepage.

12 Some examples include: 

• Yuri Rubtsov (two articles)

• Pyotr Iskenderov

• Dmitry Minin

• Nil Nikandrov

• Nikolai Bobkin

• Alexander Donetsky (two articles)

• Natalia Meden

• Valentin Katasonov

By comparison, on that same day only three non-Russian authors, including Finian Cunningham 

and Pepe Escobar, had articles published on SCF homepage. Five years later, the English version of 

SCF’s online journal has undergone a transformation. On the current SCF homepage, the Russian 

authors have disappeared—replaced by Westerners, although Cunningham and Escobar still remain.13 

Finian Cunningham, who is originally from Belfast and has a background in agricultural chemistry, 

is the second-most prolific author for SCF, publishing more than 550 articles since 2012.14 In one SCF 

article, he refers to the United States as a “lawless rogue state.”15 His other SCF articles include:

• Give North Korea some respect16

• Putin Stands Out as a Real World Leader17

• Washington Choreographing All-Out War with Russia?18

• The Year US-led Capitalism Became Exposed as Root of Global Conflict.19

Cunningham’s work also appears frequently on major Russian state-media outlets RT (237 results), 

Sputnik (330 results), and RIA Novosti (30 results).20 [Article counts compiled on 9 June 2020.]

Retired Russian Colonel Andrei Akulov is the third most-published author on SCF’s Englishlanguage website; however, his most recent article is from 2018. Similarly, longtime SCF Russian authors 

like Dmitry Minin, Valentin Katasonov, Pyotr Iskenderov, and Alexander Mezyaev are still published on 

the Russian-language website, but they stopped appearing on the English-language website in 2017 

or 2018. 

Western Authors on SCF’s Website 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 17

Some of the current Western authors on SCF’s English site are:

• Brian Cloughley, a former Australian defense attaché in Pakistan who has authored 243 articles.

21 

Two of his most recent are: “The Facts About Crimea Should Be Recognised. And So Should Crimea” and 

“Washington Wants an Arctic Circle of Confrontation.”22

• Matthew Ehret, one of the newest Western SCF authors, has written 94 articles since April 2019.23 

He is the founder of the Canadian Patriot Review and the Director of the Rising Tide Foundation.24 

Besides being an author for SCF, he also writes for other disinformation sites in Russia’s ecosystem, 

including Oriental Review and Geopolitica.ru.

25 Ehret and the Canadian Patriot Review are also ardent 

advocates of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which they see as a “force for global progress, poverty 

eradication, and peace.”26

• Cynthia Chung, President of the Rising Tide Foundation, is another new SCF author, 

writing 15 articles since October 2019. One of her recent articles is “A 70-Year War on ‘Propaganda’ 

Built by the CIA.”27

SCF has tried to make its English-language site seem entirely disconnected from Russia. As noted 

above, when it launched its current format in 2010, it combined the writings of Russian academics with 

Westerners, most of whom were those with fringe views or were conspiracy theorists. The inclusion of 

Russian academics was likely aimed at giving the online journal the appearance of academic respectability, 

although most of the Russian academics also took strong anti-Western positions.

For example, a frequent author through 2018, Moscow State Institute of International Finance 

professor Valentin Katasonov, wrote an article entitled, “Anglo-American Money Owners Organized 

World War II.”28 He argued: 

 

The war was not unleashed by frenzied Fuhrer who happened to be ruling Germany at the 

time. WWII is a project created by world oligarchy or Anglo-American “money owners”. Using 

such instruments as the US Federal Reserve System and the Bank of England they started to 

prepare for the next world conflict of global scale right after WWI. The USSR was the target. 

 

Another prolific author through 2017 was Pyotr Iskenderov, senior researcher for the Institute for Slavic 

Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences.29 Some of his articles included: 

• Modern Nazism as the Driving Force of Euro-Atlantic Integration30

Russian Authors Removed from English-Language Site
18 Global Engagement Center 

• The Czech Republic: Doomed without Russia31 

• Estonia: Doomed Without Russia32

• Russia has enough gas for everyone33 

• Brussels and Kiev: a duo of blackmailers34 

Iskenderov and Katasonov continue to write for the Russian-language version of SCF website, although they 

disappeared from the English-language version in 2017 and 2018, respectively. 

Building a Disinformation Network 

In 2010 and 2011, SCF formed explicit partnerships with Global Research, a Canadian website detailed 

in a separate paper in this report, and The 4th Media, an obscure, newly formed Chinese website in 

English that described itself as “an independent media organization based in Beijing.”35 Fringe voices 

and conspiracy theorists that had previously appeared on Global Research soon began to be published by 

SCF and The 4th Media, broadening the reach of their anti-Western views. 

Cross-Fertilization Within the Network

• Global Research has served as a source of “talent” for SCF, The 4th Media, and The 21st Century. In the 

first ten years of its operation between 2001 and 2011, Global Research developed a large pool of 

authors from which other websites could draw. The three currently operational websites—SCF, Global 

Research, and The 21st Century (a successor website to The 4th Media) —appear to have formed a subnetwork within the broader array of disinformation and propaganda sites, although their connections 

have now been obscured.

• SCF: from September 2010 through 8 March 2018, Global Research and The 4th Media were listed as its 

partners or at the bottom of its homepage. On 14 March 2018, no websites were listed.

• Global Research: From 22 September 2012 through 17 February 2018, its “Partner Websites” included 

SCF and The 4th Media. On 18 February 2018, The 21st Century replaced The 4th Media on the Global 

Research website as its only opinion website “partner.” 

• The 4th Media: From 5 August 2011 through 4 March 2019, Global Research and SCF were always 

among the preferred websites listed on its website. Now, The 21st Century has no links to other 

websites.

The reason for this apparently collaborative move to obscure the mutual ties within the network 

is unclear, but public reporting may have played a role. For further discussion on this topic, see the Global 

Research profile in this report.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 19

Strategic Culture Foundation’s Social Media Platforms as of June 2020 

Platform Language Engagement

Facebook English

Russian

28,182 followers 

13,187 followers

Twitter

English

Russian

dormant since 2019; active once on 8 May 

2020 

218 followers; dormant since 2019

YouTube English 491 subscribers

VKontakte Russian 2,590 followers
20 Global Engagement Center 

Proxy Site Profiles 

Screenshot of an article on New Eastern Outlook’s website that promotes Russia’s version of the Skripal poisoning.

New Eastern Outlook

Summary

New Eastern Outlook is a pseudo-academic publication of the Russian Academy of Science’s 

Institute of Oriental Studies that promotes disinformation and propaganda focused primarily on 

the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. It combines pro-Kremlin views of Russian academics with antiU.S. views of Western fringe voices and conspiracy theorists. New Eastern Outlook’s Englishlanguage website does not clearly state that it is a product of the Institute. The site appears to want to 

benefit from the veneer of respectability offered by the Russian academics it features, while also obscuring 

its links to state-funded institutions.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 21

Introduction

The online journal New Eastern Outlook (NEO) first appeared in 2013. Its association 

with the Russian Academy of Science’s Institute of Oriental Studies is not mentioned 

in NEO’s About Us page.

36 The logo of the Institute of Oriental Studies with Cyrillic 

letters (at left) does appear at the bottom of the NEO homepage. It is hyper-linked 

to the Russian language website of the Institute without any explanation of the 

connection between the two, even in Russian. The image and link to the website 

is the only sign of a connection between the organizations visible to visitors of the 

NEO English language site. Confirmation of the links between them can be found on 

the Institute’s website, where NEO is listed as one of its periodical publications.

37

NEO’s Partners

NEO lists four “partners” on its homepage.

38 None are academic institutions or academics--all are Western

conspiracy theorists, fringe groups, or fringe thinkers. One NEO partner has a long history of endorsing 

bizarre anti-Semitic conspiracy theories while another has written glowingly about North Korea.

NEO’s Western Authors 

The Western authors published by NEO write highly anti-U.S. anti-Western articles. One such author, 

Canadian Christopher Black, has written 118 articles for NEO starting in November 2014.39 In February 

2020, he described a U.S. military exercise with NATO allies as a prelude to an attack on Russia, writing:

I have written several times about the continuing NATO preparations for an attack on Russia, 

a second Operation Barbarossa, the code name for the Nazi invasion of the USSR in 1941. 

Circumstances prompt me to write about it again, for as of the last week in January the Americans 

and their gang of lieutenant nations in NATO have commenced the biggest military exercises in 25 

years to take place in Europe. The code name for this operation is Defender-Europe 20 but we can 

interpret that as Attack-Russia 20; in effect a preparation for an attack on Russia comparable to the 

Nazi invasion in 1941.
22 Global Engagement Center 

Other NEO articles by Black Include: 

• Cuban Resistance: An Example for the World40;

• Paris and Volnovakha: The Brutal Face of Nato Terrorism41;

• America Aggression: A Threat To The World42;

• The Skripal Incident-Another Anti-Russian Provocation43;

 and

• War Against Venezuela Is War Against Us All.

44

Another author, Peter Koenig, is a Swiss contributor who has written 52 articles for NEO in the last two 

years.45 On his website, he says that he “writes regularly for Global Research; ICH [Information Clearing 

House]; RT; Sputnik; PressTV; The 21st Century; TeleSUR; The Saker Blog, NEO; and other internet sites.” 

In a 28 February NEO article, Koenig advanced conspiracy theories about COVID-19:

With high probability the virus was man-made in one or several bio-warfare laboratories of which 

the Pentagon and CIA have about 400 around the world .... But such high-security bio-labs also exist 

in Canada, the UK, Israel, and Japan. Western media also are silent about the fact that the virus is 

directed specifically at the Chinese race, meaning, it targets specifically Chinese DNA.

Almost all the deaths or infected people in the 33 countries and territories to which the virus 

spread, are of Chinese origin. ... this is in whatever way you want to turn it, a bio-war against China.46

 

Australian NEO contributor James O’Neill has written 123 articles since 2015.47 Five of his first 15 

articles were on the topic of the downing of Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 in 2014. In these articles, O’Neill 

consistently gives credence to Russian denials of involvement while finding fault with the Dutch-led 

investigation. 

O’Neill also writes for the American Herald Tribune, a website that Facebook and Google officials have 

said is linked to Iranian state media, according to a CNN article.

48 It disingenuously describes itself as 

“genuinely independent online media outlet.” American Herald Tribune also lists as authors Peter Koenig 

and other contributors at NEO, as well as and several contributors from the Russian-state-linked Strategic 

Culture Foundation (SCF), including Finian Cunningham, Frederico Pieraccini, and Pepe Escobar.49

Another frequent NEO author was until recently a member of the tiny, hardline communist Workers World 

Party (WWP). The WWP was “created by the KGB,” according to Lieutenant General Ion Mihai Pacepa, the 

former acting head of Romania’s foreign intelligence service in the 1970s.50 Pacepa, who defected to the 

United States in 1978, writes:

The WWP was created by the Soviet KGB in 1957, with the initial task of helping the Kremlin create a 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 23

The WWP was created by the Soviet KGB in 1957, with the initial task of helping the Kremlin create a 

favorable impression of the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary among the trade unions and “colored” 

population of the United States. It was run by a Soviet-style secretariat whose members were 

secretly indoctrinated and trained by the KGB, which also financed its day-to-day operation.51 

The WWP now supports the regimes in China, North Korea, Cuba, and Russia.

52

Reprints of NEO Articles

In addition to the American Herald Tribune, NEO articles and authors appear in other publications, including: 

• Qoshe, an online publication that says it seeks to provide “diverse points of view and opinions” from 

dozens of worldwide publications.53 Many are respectable publications but RT, Sputnik, TASS, PressTV, 

and China Daily are also included, along with NEO authors such as Viktor Mikhin.54

• Vijayvaani.com, an Indian English-language website that describes itself as “[t]he complete opinions 

forum.”55 It includes articles by:

• James O’Neill, an author at NEO since 2015, debuting on Vijayvaani.com on 18 May 2020 with 

the article, “Devastating Revelations About the Truth Behind the Destruction of MH17,” reprinted 

from NEO.

56

• Viktor Mikhin, including his February 28 2020 NEO article “US Wages Biological Warfare against 

China.”57

• Pepe Escobar, who writes for SCF.58

• Israel Shamir, “a Swedish writer and journalist, known for promoting antisemitism and Holocaust 

denial.”59

• New Age, which describes itself as “The Outspoken Daily”, is published in Bangladesh. It has published 

NEO articles by Yuriy Zinin, Vladimir Terehov, Viktor Mikhin, and others.60

• The Fringe News, which bills itself as “Alternative News Gone Mainstream,” republishes many NEO 

articles.

61 The site contains no information about who runs it. The “About Us” section is completely 

blank. There is also no contact information.62

• CounterCurrents.org, a website in India founded in 2002.63
24 Global Engagement Center 

• OffGuardian, which reprints many articles from NEO authors, including 49 by Christopher Black or 

mentioning him, and James O’Neill.

64 The publication takes its name from the fact that “its founders had 

all been censored on and/or banned from the Guardian’s ‘Comment is Free’ sections.”

• Veterans Today, whose managing editor said NEO has been a “wonderful partner” and described their 

cooperation as “a marriage made in heaven.”65

New Eastern Outlook’s Social Media Platforms as of June 2020

The BBC reported in July 2019 that NEO’s “Facebook and Twitter accounts have been suspended.”66 NEO’s 

other social media platforms are as follows:

Platform Language Engagement

Facebook English 19,432 likes, account suspended.

YouTube English 3,150 subscribers; 390,457 total views

GAB English 45 followers 

Pinterest English 31 followers

VKontakte English 575 followers
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 25

Global Research

Introduction 

Global Research is the name of the website of the Centre for Research on Globalization in 

Canada.67 It launched in August 2001 and has been a steady source of anti-U.S. and anti-Western 

disinformation and propaganda ever since. The Economist referred to it as “a hub for conspiracy theories 

and fake stories.”68 Internet watchdog NewsGuard noted, “[t]his website severely violates basic standards of 

credibility and transparency.”69

A 2006 article in the Western Standard titled “Canada’s Nuttiest Professors” highlighted Global Research’s 

head Michel Chossudovsky:

Global Research article falsely blaming the United States for creating COVID-19.

Summary

Global Research is a home-grown Canadian website that has become deeply enmeshed in Russia’s broader 

disinformation and propaganda ecosystem. Its large roster of fringe authors and conspiracy theorists 

serves as a talent pool for the Russian and Chinese websites with which Global Research has partnered 

since the early 2010s. Its publications also provide a Western voice that other elements of the ecosystem 

can leverage to their advantage. 

Proxy Site Profiles 
26 Global Engagement Center 

Chossudovsky has manufactured a long list of eyebrow-raising accusations that often read more 

like wild-eyed conspiracy theories than serious political discourse: the U.S. had foreknowledge of 

the 9/11 attacks ...; “Washington’s New World Order weapons have the ability to trigger climate 

change”; the U.S. knew in advance about the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, but kept it to 

themselves (apparently so they could ride to the rescue of devastated coastal regions); big banking 

orchestrates the collapse of national economies.70

As an example of Global Research’s work, its 9/11 Reader, edited by Chossudovsky, relies heavily on 9/11 

“truther” claims, including those of French conspiracy theorist Thierry Meyssan.71 The French newspaper 

Liberation called Meyssan’s 2002 book 9/11: The Big Lie “a tissue of wild and irresponsible allegations, 

entirely without foundation.”72

Although the content featured on the site is fringe, Global Research has substantial reach. A 

2017 article in Canada’s The Globe and Mail noted:

The site has posted more than 40,000 of its own pieces since it was launched in 2001, according to 

one long-time contributor. But it does more: It picks up reports from other, often obscure websites, 

thus giving them a Global Research link. Those reports often get cross-posted on a series of other 

sites or aggressively spread across Facebook and Twitter by followers who actively share or retweet 

them, including a number of social botnets, or bots – automated accounts programmed to spread 

certain globalresearch.ca content.73

Michel Chossudovsky

Global Research founder and head Michel Chossudovsky is a retired professor who runs the website from 

his “upscale condo in Old Montreal.”74 Chossudovsky has backed and embraced anti-Western world leaders. 

In 2004, he volunteered to serve as a witness for former Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic at his 

trial for war crimes including genocide and crimes against humanity.75 In 2011, he and the Global Research

team extended warm birthday greetings to “Comandante Fidel” Castro of Cuba, saying, “You are the source 

of tremendous inspiration.” After Chossudovsky met Castro in 2010, he said:

 

I discovered a man of tremendous integrity, with an acute mind and sense of humor, committed in 

the minute detail of his speech to social progress and the advancement of humankind .... 

 

On a daily basis, Fidel spends several hours reading a large number of detailed international press 

reports (As he mentioned to me with a smile, “I frequently consult articles from the Global Research

website” ...)76
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 27

Chossudovsky used to be a regular contributor to the Russian state-funded outlet RT, and Global 

Research often republishes RT’s content.

Collaboration with Strategic Culture Foundation, The 4th 

Media, and SouthFront

Global Research is deeply entwined with other outlets in Russia’s disinformation and propaganda ecosystem. 

As described in the included profile on the Strategic Culture Foundation (SCF), Global Research has 

been a partner of SCF since 2011, and with the Chinese website The 4th Media, and its successor The 

21st Century since 2012. In 2012, not long after The 4th Media had been formed, Chossudovsky was named 

as a member of its international advisory board, becoming its chair in 2015.77

Global Research has served as an author talent pool for SCF, The 4th Media, and The 21st Century. In its first 

ten years of operation from 2001 to 2011, Global Research built a large cadre of authors. Some authors who 

started off writing for Global Research later moved to partner sites. For example, Finian Cunningham 

wrote 187 articles for Global Research from 6 January 2010 to 26 September 2012, close to six articles 

per month, when he suddenly stopped.78 Six weeks later, his first article for SCF was published, and he 

resumed this pace of production writing more than 550 articles through May 2020.79 Similarly, Pepe 

Escobar began writing articles for Global Research in 2005 and ten years later became an SCF author.

80

In addition, Global Research also republishes stories from its partner sites. For example, 

Federico Pieraccini became an SCF author on 23 July 2016.81 On the same day, his initial SCF article 

was republished by Global Research.

82 About 100 of his SCF articles have since been republished by Global 

Research.

83 In 2016 and 2017, these articles were identified as originating on SCF.84 Beginning 

in January 2018, however, his Global Research articles were no longer identified as being republished 

from SCF.

85 

Pieraccini’s SCF articles have also appeared on other proxy websites examined in this report, 

including SouthFront and Geopolitica.ru, as well in the Russian state-funded outlet Sputnik.

86 He has also 

written for Global Times, which is associated with the Chinese Communist Party’s People’s Daily newspaper.87

Global Research frequently publishes articles from other websites in Russia’s disinformation and 

propaganda ecosystem as well. It has published more than 1,200 articles from SouthFront, beginning in April 

2015 when SouthFront was officially formed. In May 2015, SouthFront began to list Global Research as one of 

its partners.

88
28 Global Engagement Center 

Linkages Among Websites Obscured in 2018

As described in the SCF profile, after 17 February 2018, Global Research no longer listed SCF as a partner 

on its website. At exactly the same time, The 21st Century, which revealed no information about its origins, 

became Global Research’s partner, replacing The 4th Media, an anti-western blog with alleged links to China. 

As discussed in the SCF profile, The 21st Century is a continuation of The 4th Media. 

This may have been a collaborative effort by members of the network to obscure their mutual ties. From 

September 2010 through 8 March 2018, SCF listed Global Research and The 4th Media as partners or 

featured them prominently at the bottom of its homepage.89 On 14 March 2018, no websites were listed.90

Similarly, on 5 August 2011 and on 4 March 2019, The 4th Media listed Global Research and SCF as preferred 

websites on its homepage. However, The 21st Century, successor to The 4th Media, did not link to other 

websites. Nevertheless, Global Research continued to list The 21st Century as a partner, indicating they 

maintained ties. Similarly, as discussed above, in January 2018 Global Research began to omit the fact that 

its articles by Federico Pieraccini originated from SCF, although they had acknowledged this before.

As noted in the profile of SCF, the reason for the apparently collaborative move to obscure the mutual ties 

within the network is unclear. However, two media articles looking into the links among the websites in 

November 2017 may have played a role.

In November 2017, Canada’s The Globe and Mail asked Global Research head Michel Chossudovsky about its 

ties with Russia and Syria. They reported:

Mr. Chossudovsky didn’t want to discuss that. He ... declined to speak about how globalresearch.ca

functions and whether it is aligned with Moscow or any other government.91

After the newspaper questioned Chossudovsky further: 

Mr. Chossudovsky responded through a lawyer, Daniel Lévesque. In a letter, Mr. Lévesque said the 

Centre for Research on Globalization denies that it is part of a network of pro-Russia or pro-Assad 

sites or that it is “affiliated with governmental organizations or benefits from their support.”

Just eight days after The Globe and Mail article was published, the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research 

Lab (DFRLab) ran an article on The 4th Media, noting its ties with SCF and Global Research. It stated:
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 29

[The] 4th Media is advertised on the website of a Moscow-based Strategic Culture Foundation (SCF) 

.... The advertisement features the logo of The 4th Media at the bottom of the site, along with the 

logo of GlobalResearch.ca, a media outlet which @DFRLab repeatedly reported on and remains 

involved in spreading pro-Kremlin disinformation.

Similarly, at the bottom of The 4th Media website, several logos are featured including statesponsored media outlets, whose messaging routinely matches that of the governments which fund 

them, as well as the Moscow-based SCF.

... there is no publicly available information about the relationship between The 4th Media and SCF. 

However, The 4th Media reposts a significant amount of content verbatim from SCF.92

Disinformation on COVID-19

Global Research attracted widespread attention on 12 March 2020 when in two tweets, Chinese Ministry of 

Foreign Affairs spokesman Zhao Lijian linked to two articles (now removed) which falsely blamed the United 

States for the COVID-19 outbreak.93 Given Global Research’s longstanding, openly proclaimed partnership 

with Chinese websites, it is perhaps no accident that two of their articles were selected by the Foreign 

Ministry spokesperson. 

The author of the two articles, Lawrence Devlin (Larry) Romanoff, identified as a Canadian writer, has 

pushed false narratives about alleged U.S. bioweapons previously, along with strongly anti-Western views.94

In his Global Research article “Understanding China” he claimed, “Westerners live in an illusionary black and 

white world framed for them by the programming from their Zionist media.”95 He includes Japan as part 

of what he calls the “Zionist West.” Romanoff lives in Shanghai and says he is “writing a series of ten books 

generally related to China and the West.”96

Global Research reacted to the appearance of COVID-19 by seeking to frame it as a Western conspiracy. 

Between 1 March and 10 April 2020, the most popular Global Research articles posted on their Twitter 

account, @CRG_CRM, speculated that the virus originated in the United States and that COVID-19 

was engineered by the global elite to take control of the world.97

Chossudovsky has also written many articles on COVID-19. One of them is “COVID-19 Coronavirus: A 

Fake Pandemic? Who’s Behind It? Global Economic, Social and Geopolitical Destabilization,” published 

on the Global Research site on 1 March 2020.98 This article was republished or linked to by at 

least 70 different websites and publications, including:
30 Global Engagement Center 

• Econews Portal99

• Jamaica Peace Council100

• Tlaxcala101

• The Real Truth Blog102

• Australian National Review103

• SouthFront104

GRU Authors 

Global Research published or republished seven authors attributed by Facebook to be false online personas 

created by The Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, 

popularly known as the GRU. Sophie Mangal, Anna Jaunger, Milko Pejovic, Adomas Abromaitis, Mariam 

al-Hijab, Said al-Khalaki and Mehmet Ersoy were identified by Facebook as false online personas created 

by the GRU, as noted in Potemkin Pages & Personas: Assessing GRU Online Operations, 2014-2019 by 

Renee DiResta and Shelby Grossman, published by the Stanford Internet Observatory in November 2019.105 

Altogether, these seven GRU personas are responsible for 108 articles that appear on Global Research’s 

website.

Global Research’s Social Media Platforms as of June 2020 

Platform Language Engagement

Facebook English 279,291 followers 

Twitter English 37,300 followers 

YouTube English 35,800 subscribers, 4,683,769 views 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 31

Summary

News Front is a Crimea-based disinformation and propaganda outlet with the self-proclaimed goal of 

providing an “alternative source of information” for Western audiences, a branding technique common 

among actors in Russia’s disinformation and propaganda ecosystem. With reported ties to the Russian 

security services and Kremlin funding, it is particularly focused on supporting Russian proxies in Ukraine. 

News Front is one of the most blatant Russian disinformation sites, and its manipulative tactics to boost 

reach led to a near total dismantling of its presence on social media in early 2020.

Introduction – On the Information Front Against Ukraine

The Crimea-based News Front information agency was registered with Roskomnadzor, the Russian 

state agency that oversees mass media, in June 2015.106 News Front’s parent company is Media Group 

News Front, co-founded by Konstantin Knyrik, the head of News Front.

107 According to Knyrik, News 

Front was originally called Crimean Front, and was established to provide informational support for Russia’s 

attempted annexation of the Ukrainian peninsula.108 Following the events of 2014, Crimean Front became 

South-Eastern Front and eventually evolved into News Front.

News Front

Proxy Site Profiles 

Screenshot of a News Front article falsely claiming that the U.S. could have 

created COVID-19.
32 Global Engagement Center 

News Front operates a multi-lingual website, publishing content in Slovak, Georgian, Hungarian, 

French, Serbian, Spanish, German, Bulgarian, English, and Russian and claiming to have editorial 

branches in Bulgaria, Serbia, Germany, France, the UK, Georgia, and Hungary.109 According to a 2018 

article in Coda, News Front had ten employees and at least 100 contributors around the world.110

News Front’s sources of funding remain opaque. Knyrik claimed that his organization was financed solely 

through “donations from his family, friends and income from other business activities,” but a former News 

Front staffer told German publication Zeit that Russian security services allocate funding that makes up 

“a large part of the budget.”111 The Russian independent media outlet Znak reported that in 2016, Global 

Information Technologies, a civil society group founded by Knyrik and News Front’s chief anchor Sergey 

Veselovskiy, received a 3 million ruble (approximately $43,070) Presidential Grant to finance News Front.

112 

Media Group News Front and Global Information Technologies are registered at the same address.

Time magazine questioned Knyrik’s self-proclaimed independence from “government influence,” pointing 

out that News Front reporters have “been granted extraordinary access” to the Russian military and are 

often embedded “with Russian troops and paramilitaries fighting in Syria and eastern Ukraine.”113 According 

to documents from Crimea occupation authority-owned V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Media 

Group News Front is on its list of potential employee options for students graduating in computer 

science.114

Disinformation and Social Media Manipulation

News Front purports to provide “objective coverage,” while Knyrik views the outlet as a “volunteer participant” 

in the information war against the West, claiming that News Front serves as “an alternative source of 

information for people in Europe and the U.S.”115 Various media outlets, however, have described News 

Front as leading “the most aggressive information war against Ukraine,” following a “staunchly proKremlin line;” “rarely even” pretending to “uphold traditional journalistic standards;” and inventing most 

of its content.116 The Atlantic Council’s DFRLab noted News Front’s use of photoshopped content.117 A 

former News Front employee told Zeit that “certain topics...[for News Front’s content are] assigned directly 

from the [Russian] presidential administration.”118

The EU’s counter-disinformation product EUvsDisinfo has documented numerous examples of 

disinformation and propaganda published on News Front’s multi-lingual website.119 Recent false narratives 

include: 

• The United States created the coronavirus as a bioweapon, tested deadly viruses on 

humans in Ukraine and China, developed bacteriological weapons specifically aimed at 

certain ethnic groups, intentionally infected U.S.-based migrants with COVID-19, and transported the 

virus to China.120 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 33

• Cooperation with Europe is a catastrophe for Ukraine. Ukraine has become a colony of the IMF and 

George Soros and its president is a CIA puppet. Ukraine cannot control the coronavirus, as more 

than 1,500 Ukrainian soldiers in Donbas are infected with COVID-19. Nazis are patrolling Kyiv’s streets, 

and a Ukrainian army veteran drove a truck into demonstrators in Minneapolis.121

• The EU is dead, it cannot handle the COVID-19 pandemic, and has abandoned Ukraine. The 

EU is inflaming the war in Donbas and is attempting to destabilize Belarus.122

• NATO did not provide any COVID-19 

assistance to Spain, does not care about 

Montenegro, and spreads the coronavirus 

in the EU.123

• Bill Gates is linked to the COVID-19 

outbreak and uses the pandemic to 

implant microchips “in whole of humanity 

[sic].” COVID-19 vaccines are a fraud 

spearheaded by Gates and Big Pharma.124

In April 2020, Facebook removed a network of accounts, including accounts associated with News Front, 

for “violating... [Facebook’s] policy against foreign interference which is coordinated inauthentic behavior 

on behalf of a foreign entity.”125 The network posted content in Russian, English, German, Spanish, French, 

Hungarian, Serbian, Georgian, Indonesian, and Farsi on “topics such as the military conflict in Ukraine, 

the Syrian civil war, the annexation of Crimea, NATO, US elections, and more recently the coronavirus 

pandemic.” Facebook stated that “the individuals behind this activity relied on a combination of authentic, 

duplicate and fake accounts...posing as independent news entities in the regions they targeted.”126 In 

addition to News Front, Facebook linked the network’s “coordinated inauthentic behavior” to another 

Kremlin-aligned disinformation outlet, SouthFront, which according to Facebook is also based in Crimea.127

(For more information on SouthFront and its connections to News Front, see the SouthFront profile in this 

report).

News Front’s YouTube Takedown Elicits Response from Russian MFA

On 20 May 2020, Knyrik announced on his Facebook page that News Front’s channels had been removed 

from YouTube.128 As of 7 April, News Front’s YouTube channels collectively had more than 484,000 

subscribers and 479,591,989 total views. According to YouTube, the channels were “terminated for a 

violation of YouTube’s Terms of Service.”129 Following the termination, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 

A screenshot of a post from the suspended News Front’s Facebook page.
34 Global Engagement Center 

(MFA) issued a statement condemning YouTube’s decision.130 Twitter also suspended News Front’s accounts 

for violating “the Twitter Rules.”131

DFRLab, which analyzed Facebook’s takedown of pages and accounts affiliated with News Front, found 

that the agency’s Spanish-language pages heavily amplified content from Russian state-controlled media 

outlets RT, Sputnik, TASS, and RIA Novosti. According to DFRLab, the fourth-most amplified source on News 

Front’s Spanish-language web page between December 2019 and April 2020 was the Kremlin-aligned 

disinformation outlet SouthFront.

132 

The International Society for Fair Elections and Democracy (ISFED), a Georgian civil society group, concluded

that News Front’s Facebook activity in the country included theft of platform users’ identities. It detailed 

News Front’s efforts “instigating antagonism and aggression among Georgian Facebook users, dividing 

the society...creating political polarization” and “employing a range of tactics to spread anti-Western, proRussian messages.”133

 

News Front Leadership: Ties to Russia-Backed Proxies in Ukraine and 

Russian Ultra-Nationalists

News Front previously stated that Knyrik was directly involved in the Russian operation to seize Crimea in 

violation of international law, including the organization of the illegitimate 2014 referendum. For his actions, 

he was reportedly awarded a medal from the Russian Ministry of Defense.134 The security services of the 

self-proclaimed Russia-backed “Luhansk People’s Republic” (LPR) awarded Knyrik a medal for cooperation.135 

In a video published in 2014, News Front anchor Veselovskiy claimed that Knyrik was fighting on the front 

lines in the so-called LPR.136 Knyrik is reportedly banned from entering Germany for “working for the Russiasupported rebels in eastern Ukraine.”137

Konstantin Knyrik leads the takeover of the Crimean Center for Investigative Reporting.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 35

In March 2014, Knyrik reportedly led a raid of Russia’s proxy fighters in Crimea to take over the office of the 

“the region’s leading independent news source, the Crimean Center For Investigative Reporting,” declaring 

that the building will now serve as the new headquarters of Crimean Front.

138

Anton Shekhovtsov, a scholar of Russian and European far-right movements, documented Knyrik’s 

ties to Russian philosopher and ultra-nationalist Alexander Dugin and the Eurasian Youth Union, 

both sanctioned by the United States for “actively” recruiting “individuals with military and combat 

experience to fight on behalf of the self-proclaimed [Donetsk People’s Republic] DPR.”139 (For 

more information on Dugin see the Geopolitica.ru and Katehon profiles in this report). In a 2014 

interview, Dugin said he had known Knyrik for more than ten years, describing him as a hero, the “vanguard 

of the Russian spring in Crimea,” and an advocate for the inclusion of Ukraine into the “united Russian 

world.”140 Knyrik stated that his priority was to “focus on the creation of the empire; the first goal is to break 

Crimea away from Ukraine. To join it to the empire first.”141

Knyrik and other News Front leaders, including its General Director Yuriy Fedin and chief 

anchor Sergei Veselovsky, are affiliated with the Russian ultra-nationalist Rodina party, founded by the U.S.-

sanctioned Russian politician Dmitriy Rogozin.142 Knyrik is the Committee Chairman of Rodina’s regional 

branch. Sergei Veselovsky is the branch’s Deputy Chairman. Yuriy Fedin ran on behalf of Rodina in local 

elections. Knyrik’s page on the Russian social media platform VKontakte features many photographs 

of Knyrik and another U.S.-sanctioned Russian politician connected to Rodina, Sergey Glazyev, former 

advisor to President Putin143 (For more information on Glazyev, see the Katehon profiles in this report.) News 

Front’s co-founder Mikhail Sinelin is Glazyev’s brother-in-law, according to the Russian business daily 

Kommersant.

144 RFE/RL reported that Sinelin was a former deputy chairman of the Russian state-owned 

bank Vnesheconombank, and worked for about ten years in the secretariats of the Russian vice prime 

minister and prime minister.145
36 Global Engagement Center 

News Front’s Social Media Platforms as of June 2020: 

Platform Language Engagement

VK 

English

French

Bulgarian

Russian

German

Serbian

Spanish

1,140 members 

1,248 followers

1,200 members

149,089 members

1,739 members

1,091 members

1,619 members

Facebook 

Russian

French

French

English

Georgian

Spanish

German

Bulgarian

Serbian

111 members

621 followers 

516 followers

Account suspended

Account suspended

Account suspended

Account suspended

Account suspended

Account suspended

Twitter 

English

Bulgarian

Russian

German

Serbian

Spanish

All accounts suspended 

YouTube

English

Russian

Russian

German

International

Bulgarian

Serbian

Spanish

Account suspended

7.74K subscribers, last updated 3 years

1.63K subscribers, last updated 4 years ago

Account suspended

Account suspended

Account suspended

Account suspended

Account suspended

Odnoklassniki Russian 14,282 members

Telegram Russian 9,995 members
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 37

Screenshot of the SouthFront logo.

Summary

SouthFront: Analysis and Intelligence (a.k.a. SouthFront), is a multilingual online disinformation site registered 

in Russia that focuses on military and security issues. With flashy infographics, maps, and videos, SouthFront

combines Kremlin talking points with detailed knowledge of military systems and ongoing conflicts. It 

attempts to appeal to military enthusiasts, veterans, and conspiracy theorists, all while going to great 

lengths to hide its connections to Russia. Evidence indicates that SouthFront has connections to News Front, 

another disinformation and propaganda outlet detailed in this report. 

Introduction - Origins

SouthFront: Analysis and Intelligence was first registered as a formal organization to the domain registration 

site Reg.ru on 30 April 2015 in Moscow.146 Currently, SouthFront is hosted in Amsterdam by KoDDoS, a Hong 

Kong-based offshore website hosting and anti-DDoS company.147 Its content is currently available in English, 

Russian, and German, with the website previously featuring content in Arabic, Czech, French, and Farsi at 

various periods in its history. 

SouthFront 

Proxy Site Profiles 
38 Global Engagement Center 

Facebook accounts associated with SouthFront were removed by the platform in April 2020 for “violating... 

[Facebook’s] policy against foreign interference which is coordinated inauthentic behavior on behalf of a 

foreign entity.”148 The network posted content on “topics such as the military conflict in Ukraine, the Syrian 

civil war, the annexation of Crimea, NATO, US elections, and more recently the coronavirus pandemic” 

in Russian, English, German, Spanish, French, Hungarian, Serbian, Georgian, Indonesian, and Farsi. 

Facebook stated that “the individuals behind this activity relied on a combination of authentic, duplicate and 

fake accounts...posing as independent news entities in the regions they targeted.”149

In addition to SouthFront, which Facebook claimed was based in Crimea, the company linked the network’s 

“coordinated inauthentic behavior” to News Front, another Kremlin-aligned Crimea-based disinformation 

outlet covered in this report. While SouthFront claimed that it “has no connection to News Front nor 

operations in Crimea,” there are multiple indications to the contrary.150 In fact, evidence indicates that News 

Front and SouthFront at least began as sister organizations.

According to News Front’s founder and leader Konstantin Knyrik, News Front was originally called Crimean 

Front and was established to provide informational support for the Russian attempted annexation of 

Crimea.151 After 2014, Crimean Front became South-Eastern Front and then evolved into News Front. In a 

2015 online correspondence with one of its initial official partners, the now defunct pro-Russian, proAssad disinformation outlet Syrian Free Press, SouthFront claimed that YouTube removed its channel named 

Crimean Front.

152

An archived 2014 page of the Crimean Front YouTube channel (Крымский Фронт) includes several

links to its affiliated pages on other social media platforms, including a page on the Russian platform

VKontakte titled “События. Интернет ополчение ‘КРЫМ ФРОНТ’” (“Events. Internet militia ‘Crimea 

Front’”).153 The page features several photographs of Sergei Veselovksiy, News Front’s current chief anchor, 

suggesting that he was affiliated with Crimean Front. An archived page from Crimean Front’s website 

showcases Veselovkiy’s program and promotes a YouTube channel named Южный Фронт (Southern Front) 

under the headline “We are on YouTube.”154

Screenshot of a 2015 online correspondence between SouthFront and Syrian Free Press.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 39

Screenshot of a post from the “Events. Internet militia ‘Crimea Front’” archived VKontakte page featuring 

Veselovskiy (on the left).

Screenshot of the Crimea Front website featuring Veselovskiy’s program and linking to SouthFront’s YouTube 

channel.

An archived 2014 VKontakte post from Crimean Front promoted a post from another VKontakte page 

titled Южный Фронт (Southern Front), announcing the creation of a new “internet-militia” called Southern 

Front.

155 According to the post, Crimean Front’s “principles and ideas” served as the “ideological and spiritual 

platform for the warriors of Southern Front.”
40 Global Engagement Center 

Screenshot (translated on the right) from the archived Crimean Front VKontakte page announcing the creation of 

the “Internet-militia ‘Southern Front’”.

Southern Front’s archived VKontakte page titled Донецкая Республика | Русское лето! (Donetsk 

Republic. A Russian summer!) lists its location as Donetsk, Ukraine and links to several social media 

accounts, including a Twitter account still administered today by SouthFront (see below).156

An examination of the archived pages of the Crimean Front YouTube account that SouthFront had claimed as 

its own demonstrates its transformation from Крымский Фронт (Crimean Front) to Южный Фронт (Southern 

Front) to SouthFront. The names of the page change but the YouTube URL remains the same. A screenshot 

of the channel’s ‘About’ page from 2016 confirms this evolution, showing the full SouthFront: Analysis and 

Intelligence name alongside the Crimean Front URL and a description very similar to the ‘About’ page on 

SouthFront’s current website.157

A screenshot of the archived VKontakte page. 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 41

A screenshot of the archived YouTube page Крымский Фронт (Crimean Front).

A screenshot of the archived YouTube page Южный Фронт (Southern Front) showing via the circled 

URL that it is the same as the Крымский Фронт (Crimean Front) page.
42 Global Engagement Center 

A screenshot of the archived YouTube page South Front showing via the circled URL that it is the same as the 

previous Крымский Фронт (Crimean Front) and Южный Фронт (Southern Front) pages.

A screenshot of the channel’s ‘About’ page showing the full SouthFront: Analysis and Intelligence name 

alongside the Crimean Front URL and a description very similar to the ‘About’ page on SouthFront’s current 

website.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 43

Denying Russian Links 

Despite the evidence of its true origins and its Moscow registration, SouthFront goes to great lengths 

to appear not to be Russian. The website’s About page says, “SouthFront: Analysis & Intelligence is a 

public analytical umbrella organization created and maintained by a team of experts and volunteers 

from the four corners of the Earth. ... Everybody can become a volunteer in our organization and share 

their own story and perspective with the world.”158 SouthFront’s PayPal address has a .ru address. The 

anonymous submission of content and reliance on anonymous donations provide additional layers of 

concealment to the site’s managers.159 There is no publicly-known owner or founder of SouthFront, though 

it has previously mentioned having a “Steering Committee.”160 Per a denial issued by SouthFront in 

reaction to a Bellingcat report on the outlet, “SouthFront’s founder is another person and all members 

of SouthFront’s Steering Committee know very well who he is.”161

The metadata for at least the first 20 articles published by the outlet indicate that the same user 

account, uchfka32, is responsible for uploading all of these initial articles as well as many of the articles 

published recently. In addition to user account uchfka32, four other primary accounts appear to 

be the most prolific content uploaders in SouthFront’s metadata: JJsd95, another_try, dim27348, and 9fjapsi_

EE. It is difficult to attribute these user accounts to any of the SouthFront authors given that many articles 

are uploaded without authors or republished from other outlets. One possibility is that these user accounts 

belong to the members of the aforementioned “SouthFront Steering Committee,” a group that is generally 

only mentioned in SouthFront articles pertaining to the ‘censorship’ of SouthFront social media properties 

or exposés on the outlet.162

One person who openly claims to be on the Steering Committee is SouthFront Press Officer Viktor Stoilov, 

a Bulgarian marketer who runs a digital advertising and strategy company based in Sofia.163 As of early 

June 2020, Stoilov had authored 82 articles for SouthFront, with his earliest article dating back to 16 June 

2015. Other authors for SouthFront include J. Hawk, Daniel Deiss and Edwin Watson, who are often referred 

to as members of the “SF Team.”164 In addition to authoring articles on their own and in different group 

configurations, some of these authors also serve as translators. For example, J. Hawk is commonly credited 

as a translator from Russian to English for SouthFront. 
44 Global Engagement Center 

Content

SouthFront focuses primarily 

on issues of military conflict, 

military technology, and 

international relations, with 

more specific topics typically 

tracking Kremlin priorities. 

The below list is a sample of SouthFront’s original content which directly aligns with Kremlin talking points 

and disinformation: 

• “Distraction Tactics: Reports of Chinese and Iranian Hacking, Russians Behind Protests”

165

• “How and Why the US Government Perpetrated the 2014 Coup in Ukraine”

166

• “Documentary on MH17 Reveals 5-Year-Long String of Lies”

167

• “Another Step Towards Ukraine-Like Scenario for Belarus”

168

• “The Venezuela-Iran Axis of Unity and Resistance Stands the Test of Time”

169

• “OPCW Manipulated Chemical Weapons Report On Syria’s Douma by Removing Critical Details”

170

• “Russia Comments on U.S. Accusations Over Aleppo Chemical Attack, Says Washington is Trying to 

Whitewash Actions of Terrorists”

171

SouthFront also republishes official Russian government statements, as well as content from 

official Russian state media outlets, such as TASS and Sputnik.172 By distancing itself from Russia on 

paper, SouthFront aims to build a brand that provides “alternative viewpoints” while consistently pushing 

pro-Kremlin disinformation and propaganda. SouthFront has previously responded to accusations from 

EUvsDisinfo alleging it is a Russian disinformation outlet by citing isolated examples of when it has been 

critical of the Russian government—such as criticizing the Moscow government’s “draconian” response to 

COVID-19—as proof that it is not serving Russian interests.173 This tactic of dispensing a drop of seemingly 

honest water in an ocean of Kremlin-aligned disinformation is a common practice among outlets that aim 

to hide their links to Russia. 

COVID-19 Disinformation

SouthFront’s recent content includes disinformation and dangerous claims related to COVID-19. This 

includes posting articles authored by Peter Koenig of Global Research, an example of how sites in 

the ecosystem leverage each other’s content. SouthFront defends Koenig’s work as the product of an 

A selection of screenshots from SouthFront’s website depicting the “Hot Topics” banner from 

2015 to present (progressing forward from 2015 at the top towards 2020 at the bottom). 

Accessed via the Internet Archive.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 45

individual with great professional experience, yet Koenig’s writing is conspiracy-ridden and often rife with 

controversial rhetoric and praise for authoritarian regimes.

174

The below examples of additional COVID-19 disinformation include both SouthFront-produced 

content and republication of disinformation from other outlets:

• “Phenomena of Coronavirus Crisis:” “Financial circles and governments are using the coronavirus to 

achieve own financial and political goals”175

• COVID-19 -- The Fight for a Cure: One Gigantic Western Pharma Rip-Off: “The real question is – are 

vaccines – or a vaccine – even necessary? Maybe – maybe not. The production of vaccines is pushed for 

profit motives and for an important political agenda for a New World Order”176

• The Coronavirus COVID-19 Pandemic: The Real Danger is ‘Agenda ID2020:’ “There is not the slightest 

trace of a pandemic... If indeed force-vaccination will happen, another bonanza for Big Pharma, people 

really don’t know what type of cocktail will be put into the vaccine, maybe a slow killer, that acts-up 

only in a few years – or a disease that hits only the next generation – or a brain debilitating agent, or a 

gene that renders women infertile .... all is possible – always with the aim of full population control and 

population reduction.”177

• USA Plan: Militarized Control of Population. The ‘National COVID-19 Testing Action Plan:’” “The 

‘pandemic response body’ would above all have the task of controlling the population with military-like 

techniques, through digital tracking and identification systems, in work and study places, in residential 

areas, in public places and when travelling. Systems of this type – the Rockefeller Foundation recalls – 

are made by Apple, Google and Facebook.”178

• Finally! EU Blames ‘Kremlin Disinformation’ for Coronavirus Crisis: “EU bureaucrats and affiliated 

propaganda bodies are doing something that all has expected a long time ago – blaming Russia for the 

crisis over the outbreak of coronavirus.”179

• COVID-19 Crisis in Russia: lockdown Craziness and Opposition Provocations: “Summing up, it becomes 

obvious that anti-government Western-backed forces are trying to use the COVID-19 crisis to 

destabilize the situation in Russia.”180

Weak Lines of Defense

When SouthFront tries to refute claims it is proliferating Russian narratives, it generally falls back 

on two main arguments.181 The first is that SouthFront is an “international team of authors and experts” with 

no ties to any state. This fails to explain why SouthFront refuses to reveal its founder(s), Steering Committee 
46 Global Engagement Center 

members, and main authors. The second line of defense is that SouthFront republishes articles from many 

other likeminded outlets often written by people with “advanced academic degrees.” Leveraging people 

with “advanced academic degrees” is a common tactic used by many outlets in the Russia’s disinformation 

and propaganda ecosystem, as detailed in this report.

Niche Graphics Capabilities

SouthFront also produces professionally designed infographics, maps, detailed “Military Situation” updates, 

and videos focused on troop movements, weapons systems, and conflict zones.182 These videos can now 

be found on SouthFront’s website under the header “SF TV” and on SouthFront’s new YouTube channel, 

iterations of which have been removed by the platform in the past. Native English-speaking voiceover actors 

frequently narrate videos.183

An example of one of SouthFront’s 

infographics depicting A Russian KH-35UE 

anti-ship missile

A SouthFront map depicting the military situation in Libya on 

June 10, 2020.

An example of one of SouthFront’s video “War Reports.”
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 47

Partners in the Ecosystem 

From the beginning, SouthFront has officially partnered with other key players in the Russia’s disinformation 

and propaganda ecosystem. As referenced in the profile on Global Research, SouthFront articles have been 

republished on Global Research’s website more than 1,200 times since mid-2015. As seen below, SouthFront

once openly displayed its list of partners on its homepage and made frequent alterations to it. This changed 

sometime between 31 October 2018 and 6 November 2018 when the “Partners” column was removed 

from the website without explanation. 

In addition to its stated partnership with Global Research, SouthFront has republished content from many 

other disinformation outlets, including the Strategic Culture Foundation and New Eastern Outlook. In many 

cases, this republication of content is mutual. 

From left to right: SouthFront “Partners” columns from June 2015 to December 2015 and the last site screenshot of containing the “partners” 

column from 30 October 2018.
48 Global Engagement Center 

Syrian Free Press - A Window into Coordination 

In an unusual instance of public coordination, SouthFront and one of its initial named partners, the Syrian 

Free Press site visible above, agreed on the latter’s “General-Contacts” page to cooperate and “better 

spread the real news from Ukraine and Novorossia.”184 After this initial exchange from December 

2014 (pictured below), the SouthFront user follows up on 24 April 2015 (immediately before the official 

registration of SouthFront) to ask that Syrian Free Press appeal to YouTube on its behalf to restore its original 

“SouthFront” channel and visit its new channel, “Crimean Front” (referenced earlier for its connections 

to News Front).185 The Syrian Free Press editors reply, saying “Job done. You will receive a private email from 

us.”186

A screenshot from Syrian Free Press’ website showing an exchange between Syrian Free Press and SouthFront regarding potential 

cooperation.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 49

SouthFront’s Social Media Platforms as of June 2020

Platform Language Engagement

Facebook Hungarian

Multiple Accounts

11,483 followers 

Removed April 2020 

Twitter English

German

27,500 followers

178 followers 

YouTube 

English

English, multiple languages

Live - created 5 May 2020 - 7.08K subscribers

Suspended 1 May 2020 

(SouthFront requested that the Russian Foreign 

Ministry appeal on its behalf to no avail.)

187
50 Global Engagement Center 

Summary

Geopolitica.ru serves as a platform for Russian ultra-nationalists to spread disinformation and propaganda 

targeting Western and other audiences. Inspired by the Eurasianist ideology of the Russian philosopher and 

ultranationalist Alexander Dugin, Geopolitica.ru views itself as caught in a perpetual information war against 

the Western ideals of democracy and liberalism. The website’s cooperation with other outlets in the Russia’s 

disinformation and propaganda ecosystem broadens the reach of its messaging, which seeks to destabilize 

and weaken Western institutions. It publishes in English, Russian, Spanish, Italian, Serbian, French, Polish, 

Arabic, and Urdu. 

Introduction - “Carthago Delenda Est” 

Geopolitica.ru is an online portal based in Russia which serves as a megaphone for the ‘Eurasianist’ ideas 

of the prominent ultranationalist Russian philosopher Alexander Dugin.188 Dugin’s ideology is based 

on the belief that “there is an irresolvable confrontation between the Atlanticist world (principally the 

United States and the United Kingdom) and Eurasia (predominantly Russia, Central and Eastern Europe 

Screenshot of a Geopolitica.ru article promoting conspiracy theories around Bill Gates.

Proxy Site Profiles 

Geopolitica.ru
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 51

and Asia) that resists U.S.-led globalization and ethno-cultural universalization.”189 This “resistance” is 

reflected in Geopolitica.ru’s slogan “Carthago delenda est” (Carthage must be destroyed), in which liberal 

democracies are perceived as the “Eternal Carthage” and Russia as the “Eternal Rome.”190

Dugin gained notoriety for propagating fascist views and was reportedly influential in Kremlin circles, 

until falling out of favor for criticizing Russian President Vladimir Putin.191 According to Anton Shekhovstov, 

a scholar of Russian and European far right movements, Dugin was dissatisfied because Putin did not turn 

the 2014 attempted annexation of Crimea into a full conquest of Ukraine.192

To realize its vision of weakening and eventually destroying the Western liberal world order that it posits 

as an enemy, Geopolitca.ru appears to follow the principles of the “program of subversion, destabilization, 

and disinformation” outlined by Dugin in his 1997 book Foundations of Geopolitics. He advocates using the 

Russian intelligence services “to introduce geopolitical disorder into internal American activity, encouraging 

all kinds of separatism and ethnic, social and racial conflicts, actively supporting all dissident movementsextremist, racist, and sectarian groups, thus destabilizing internal political processes in the U.S.”193

Geopolitica.ru has connections with other sites and groups that also serve as proliferators of Russian 

disinformation and propaganda, especially Katehon, as detailed below.194

The “Eurasianist” Approach to a “Multipolar World”

Established in 2008 as a Russian-language website, Geopolitica.ru launched an English-language page in 

2012, and between 2017 and 2019 expanded to include versions in Spanish, Italian, Serbian, French, 

Polish, Arabic, and Urdu.195 The portal describes itself as “a platform for...[the] monitoring of the geopolitical 

situation in the world” following the “Eurasian approach.”196

Geopolitica.ru also claims to “promote a multipolar world,” while rejecting liberalism, 

communism, and fascism. The website’s proclaimed objection to fascism is disingenuous, 

considering Dugin’s reported praise for the projects of the Nazi paramilitary organization Schutzstaffel 

(SS) and its pseudo-research institute, the Ahnenerb.197 The concept of the “multipolar world” championed 

by Geopolitica.ru translates into a Dugin-envisioned world where Russia dominates its neighbors: divides 

Georgia; annexes Ukraine, Finland, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece; and “gives away” Azerbaijan to 

Iran.198

In 2008, Dugin and his followers from the Eurasian Youth Union (a youth wing of Dugin’s Eurasia Party) 

travelled to the Russian-occupied Georgian region of South Ossetia.199
52 Global Engagement Center 

In 2015, Dugin was sanctioned by the United States along with other leaders of the Eurasian Youth Union 

for “actively [recruiting] individuals with military and combat experience to fight on behalf” of Russia-backed 

forces in Ukraine.200

Geopolitica.ru’s Role in Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem

Some of the partners listed by Geopolitica.ru include the International Eurasian Movement (IEM), the Center 

for Geopolitical Expertise, the Center for Conservative Studies, and “some ex-members of the Katehon think 

tank,” all of which are affiliated with Dugin.201 Katehon, where Dugin used to be a member of the supervisory 

board, is a pseudo-think tank with apparent links to the Russian state and intelligence services (see 

Katehon profile in this report). Geopolitica.ru’s listed physical address matched the same address occupied 

by Katehon until April 2019.202 Its chief editor, Leonid Savin, was formerly Katehon’s chief editor.203 Savin is 

affiliated with the IEM and is reportedly a member of the Military-Scientific Society of the Russian 

Ministry of Defense. Dugin is also an associate of Katehon’s sponsor, Konstantin Malofeyev.204 The United 

States sanctioned Malofeyev as “one of the main sources of financing for Russians promoting separatism in 

Crimea” and bankrolling “separatist activities in eastern Ukraine.”205

Geopolitica.ru and other proxy sites that proliferate Russian disinformation and propaganda often 

republish each other’s content. Savin, for example, is a regular contributor to the Strategic Culture 

Foundation (SCF).206 His articles are occasionally posted on Global Research and Fort Russ News. He has 

also been featured on NewsFront and on the Russian state-funded media outlets RT and Sputnik.

207

Geopolitica.ru reprints articles from Fort Russ News including an article with disinformation that the 2016 ISIS 

terrorist attack in Brussels was a false flag operation carried out by the United States and NATO.208 It also 

publishes content from SCF, Global Research, and the New Eastern Outlook.

209 

Geopolitica.ru published 21 articles written by Adomas Abromaitis,

210 a false persona attributed by 

Facebook to Russian Military Intelligence (GRU).
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 53

A sample of recent Geopolitica.ru articles on COVID-19 illustrates the false claims that it attempts 

to spread. They demonize the United States, promote anti-vaccine messaging, sow fear, and portray 

Europe as if it is in a state of collapse.

• “Bill Gates, vaccinations, microchips, and patent 060606” promotes a conspiracy theory attacking Bill

Gates and the Microsoft Corporation for an alleged plot to control humans by inserting microchips

into their bodies. The article suggests a possible link between the Microsoft’s patent number

WO/2020/060606 and the “number of the beast” from the “Book of Revelation.”211

• “Russia and the coronavirus” asserts that Western media spread disinformation about the number of

COVID-19 related deaths in Russia and suggests that “one of the reasons why COVID-19 mortality rates

are very low in Russia is that many Russians do not get flu vaccinations imported from the West.”212

• “New Malthusianism and the misanthrope dynasties” falsely claims that the U.S. government and Bill

Gates aim to reduce the world’s population, also alleging that Gates helped create the Zika virus.213

• “The Coronavirus and hybrid warfare” speculates that COVID-19 is a part of a U.S. strategy “aimed at

undermining the economic growth of both China and other countries” or a “plot by transnational capital

against Donald Trump on the eve of the presidential election.”214

• “Former Putin’s aide: Coronavirus is the US biological weapon” quotes Sergey Glazyev, a member

of Katehon’s supervisory board member, an associate of Dugin, and a former advisor to President

Putin, as claiming that the COVID-19 virus is a U.S. biological weapon targeting “mostly people of the

yellow race” and blaming Great Britain for provoking Hitler at the outbreak of World War II.215

• “Pandemic in the service of globalization”– blames the EU/Atlanticist/Globalist powers for intentionally

inflating the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to “deepen the automation of society” for the

benefit of “corporate capitalism” and the “world government.”216

• “The Italian government at the time of the coronavirus” argues that the coronavirus crisis in

Italy demonstrates that “the values of the Germany-dominated EU are not the values of the Italian

people, and that the EU’s economic recipes have been lethal for Italy.217

• “Pandemic and the survival policy: the horizons of a new form of dictatorship” claims that COVID19-related restrictive measures in Western societies amount to “total surveillance of the population”

and will “gradually become permanent,” spelling the “end of liberal democracies and the establishments

[sic] of dictatorships throughout the world.” This looming “dictatorship” is described as potentially

“harsher than Nazi and Soviet concentration camps.”218
54 Global Engagement Center 

As documented by EUvsDisinfo, a project of the European External Action Service’s East StratCom Task 

Force, additional disinformation narratives promoted by Geopolitca.ru included depicting the Western 

world as “dominated by a handful of perverts,” alleging that genocide was committed against Russians 

in Ukraine, portraying immigrants in Europe as rapists, and trying to discredit Western NGOs by falsely 

accusing them of being CIA agents.219

Geopolitica.ru’s Social Media Platforms as of June 2020

Platform Language Engagement

Facebook

English

Russian

French

Spanish

Portuguese

1,535 followers 

12,642 followers 

1,331 followers 

1,557 followers 

32 followers, dormant since 2019

Instagram Russian 55 followers 

Twitter 

French

Spanish

247 followers, dormant since 2019

5000 followers

YouTube Multilingual

2.86K subscribers 

485,335 views

VKontakte Spanish 239 subscribers 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 55

Summary

Behind the façade of a think-tank operation, Moscow-based Katehon is a proliferator of virulent antiWestern disinformation and propaganda via its website, which is active in five languages. It is led by 

individuals with clear links to the Russian state. Within Russia’s broader disinformation and propaganda 

ecosystem, Katehon plays the role of providing supposedly independent, analytical material aimed largely at 

European audiences, with content dedicated to “the creation and defense of a secure, democratic and just 

international system”.

Introduction - Konstantin Malofeyev’s Mouthpiece

Established in 2016, the Analytical Center Katehon is a subsidiary of Tsargrad, a company founded by 

Konstantin Malofeyev and affiliated with Malofeyev’s pro-Kremlin Tsargrad TV, Russia’s self-described “first 

conservative informational-analytical television channel” and the “voice of the Russian orthodox majority.”220

The website publishes in five languages: English, Spanish, French, German, and Arabic.221 The website also 

used to publish in Russian but has not done so since 2017.222 

Often referred to as the “Orthodox oligarch,” Malofeyev runs one of Russia’s largest private foundations, 

Proxy Site Profiles 

Katehon

 Screenshot of a Katehon article translated from Arabic. 
56 Global Engagement Center 

the St. Basil the Great Charitable Foundation.223 He is also the deputy head of the World Russia People’s 

Council, an international organization led by the Russian Patriarch Kirill.224 Malofeyev is also the head of the 

“pro-Putin monarchist society” the Double-Headed Eagle; and serves on the Advisory Board of the Safe 

Internet League, a state-linked organization ostensibly dedicated to “fighting dangerous Web content” 

but accused by independent Russian media of “frequently blacklisting socio-political content.”225 The 

Chairman of the Safe Internet League’s Advisory Board is Malofeyev’s long-time associate and Putin aide 

Igor Shchegolev. Shchegolov is the Presidential Plenipotentiary Envoy to the Central Federal District and a 

member of the Security Council.

226

According to independent Russian media outlet The Bell, Malofeyev is currently “pursuing his ambition 

to lead a monarchist political party and build up a conservative media empire.”227 In 2014, Malofeyev was 

sanctioned by the United States and the European Union for funding Russia-backed forces in Ukraine.228 

In September 2019, Malofeyev established the International Agency for Sovereign Development (IASD), 

described by Tsargrad TV as the Russian attempt to “de-colonize” Africa and push the West out of the 

continent.229

State and Intelligence Ties

While claiming to be an independent organization, Katehon’s leadership appears to have ties to both 

the Russian state and the Russian intelligence services. It is of note that the German, French and Arabic 

versions of Katehon’s website do not mention the individuals serving on its supervisory board, which in 

addition to Malofeyev include: 230 

• Sergey Glazyev, President Vladimir Putin’s former economic advisor and currently a Minister in charge 

of Integration and Macroeconomics at the Eurasian Economic Commission.

231 Glazyev is under U.S.

sanctions related to Russia’s hostile actions in Ukraine.232

• Andrey Klimov, Deputy Chair of the Russian Federation Council Committee on Foreign Affairs 

and Head of the Council’s Interim Committee for the Defense of State Sovereignty and the Prevention 

of Interference in the Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.233

• Leonid Reshetnikov, a retired Lieutenant-General of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), 

where he led the Analysis and Information Department.234 Until 2017, Reshetnikov was the head of 

the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies (RISS), a Moscow-based think-tank that used to be a part 

of the SVR and now conducts research for the Kremlin.235 According to press reports, RISS research 

has included plans for Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential elections and proposals for 

the Bulgarian Socialist Party to “plant fake news and promote exaggerated polling data” in advance of 

that country’s presidential elections the same year.236 In 2016, RISS and Katehon co-authored a report

allegedly analyzing U.S. ideology.237
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 57

• Alexander Makarov, a retired Lieutenant General of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB).238

Since February 2017, Katehon has been headed by General Director Mikhail Yakushev, a Middle East scholar 

and the Vice President of the St. Basil the Great Charitable Foundation.

239 Yakushev’s career included stints 

at a foundation run by Vladimir Yakunin, who is a U.S.-sanctioned Russian oligarch, former KGB officer, and 

former director of Russian Railways.240 Yakushev also held diplomatic posts in Israel and Tunisia, and was 

Chief of Staff of the Russian Federation Council’s Committee for Foreign Relations.241

Additionally, in 2018, Yakushev founded the obscure Center for International Strategic Initiatives.

242 According 

to its English-language website, which appears to be no longer operational but still accessible through the 

Internet Archive, the mission of the Center for International Strategic Initiatives is “to promote the realization 

of international initiatives in the interests of the public and private sector of Russia and developing 

Asia and Africa.”243 The Center has received almost no coverage in Russian- and English-language press, 

but according to the a 2019 article in Confidentiel Afrique, its President Alexander Grachev, signed a 

memorandum of understanding with the President of the Strategic Center of African Affairs, Abdelmounem

Boussafita, “for economic, social and political development between Russia and all African countries.”244 

Alexander Grigoriyevich Grachev is listed as one of the Center’s leaders in the organization’s registration 

documents and appears to have been Russia’s former Consul General in Odessa, Ukraine and a 

Presidential Administration official responsible for interregional ties.245 In 2009, the Kyiv Post reported that 

the “Ukrainian government had allegedly demanded” Grachev’s expulsion.246 According to the Ukrainian 

information agency UNIAN, Grachev was suspected of intelligence activities, including the recruitment of 

agents. UNIAN cited an article from the British Times claiming Grachev was financing pro-Russian groups in 

Ukraine.247

Conspiratorial Views of Katehon’s Leadership

Katehon’s leaders have promoted a variety of conspiracy theories: 

• Glazyev, for example, claimed that COVID-19 was a U.S.-produced biological weapon; that Ukraine’s 

President Volodymyr Zelensky (in cooperation with the United States and Israel) planned to ethnically 

cleanse the Russian-speaking population of eastern Ukraine and replace it with Israeli Jews; that the 

United States and its European partners have been training supposed Ukrainian neo-Nazis for the past 

15 years; and that “sinister forces of the ‘new world order’ conspired against Russia in the 1990s to 

bring about economic policies that amounted to ‘genocide.’”248

• Reshetnikov’s eccentric worldviews include the conviction that the United States is determined 

to destroy Russia and masterminded World War II through its transnational companies.249 He 

also argued that the United States has created terrorist organizations and that its presidents have been 

selected by “secret powers.”250
58 Global Engagement Center 

• Klimov, who has been obsessed with investigating “foreign agents,” sees a foreign hand in almost 

every domestic Russian affair that challenges the Kremlin’s line.251 Recently, he accused U.S. diplomats, 

YouTube, and a Russian rapper who allegedly holds dual citizenship, of organizing protests against the 

Moscow Duma elections.252 While purporting to be a champion of Russian sovereignty, Klimov headed 

a Cyprus-based company and ran a business with a British offshore company, according to a 

2017 article from the independent Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta.253

Disinformation and Conspiracy Theories Promoted on Katehon’s Website

Katehon is frequently cited as a source of disinformation in the EUvsDisinfo database, a product of the 

European External Action Service’s East StratCom Task Force.254 It promotes false claims ranging from 

conspiracy theories attacking George Soros, the Rothschild family and the Pope, to disinformation and 

propaganda that seeks to undermine the EU, NATO, and trans-Atlantic solidarity. Katehon’s sites have also

spread false allegations regarding COVID-19, including the below narratives catalogued in the EUvsDisinfo 

database:

• the British House of Commons considers the coronavirus a blessing;

• the coronavirus is a French-made virus transferred by the Americans;

• the coronavirus is an ethnic biological weapon;

• the coronavirus is a U.S. tool to disrupt Chinese production;

• the United States owns the coronavirus and its cure;

• the original source of the coronavirus is a U.S. military biological warfare laboratory;

• the United States created coronavirus in 2015; and 

• science doubts the effectiveness of vaccines. 

Katehon also promotes messages aimed at undermining European solidarity, claiming that supposedly 

traditional values are under attack, including:

• Europe is in danger because of Ukraine’s gas;

• Italy is being punished by the European Commission for supporting traditional values;

• the EU has Nazi roots; and 

• Sweden’s feminist government orders not to investigate rapes to protect the immigrants that 

committed them. 

Other disinformation that Katehon has promoted includes: 

• Pope Francis is a servant of George Soros and the global Zionist conspiracy;

• George Soros’ tentacles entangle politics and generate chaos around the world;

• the Luciferian Zionist Rothchild crime family controls the Western mainstream media;
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 59

• the Holocaust was instigated by the evil Rothschilds for creating their own nation state;

• Rasputin was killed by the Anglo-Zionist empire; and 

• the fire at the Notre Dame was a satanic ritual.

Katehon published 17 articles written by Adomas Abromaitis, a false persona attributed by Facebook to 

Russian Military Intelligence (GRU).255

Katehon as a Tool in Pro-Kremlin Campaigns

Katehon appears to have been established to advance the Kremlin’s influence abroad with a specific focus 

on gaining audiences among fringe European elements. Its website features content in Russian, English, 

Spanish, French, German, and Arabic.256 When the website first appeared online in 2015, it also included 

Italian, Portuguese, Greek, Serbian, and Slovenian pages.257 

According to media reports, Malofeyev has served as a proxy for Kremlin priorities in Europe, sponsoring 

meetings and conferences of ultra conservative parties, as well as directly funding politicians and opinion 

makers who criticize liberal values and support the Kremlin’s policies.258 Reportedly, Malofeyev was involved 

in the purported annexation of Crimea, support for the Russian military-backed separatist militancy in 

Donbass, election meddling in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and media acquisition in Greece, Bulgaria, and 

Serbia. Katehon promotes these same overarching goals through its disinformation and propaganda 

activities.259 

Additionally, Bellingcat found “circumstantial evidence” that Malofeyev was involved in the failed 

2016 coup in Montenegro aimed to prevent that country from joining NATO.260 Montenegrin 

officials claimed that Katehon board member Leonid Reshetnikov also played a key role in the organization 

of the coup.261 In 2019, Bulgaria banned Malofeyev and Reshetnikov from entering the country for ten years 

in connection with espionage and money laundering charges against Nikolai Malinov, chairman of the proKremlin Bulgarian National Movement of Russophiles and a recipient of the Order of Friendship award from 

President Putin.262

A prominent Russian philosopher, ultranationalist, and the leader of the International Eurasian 

Movement, Alexander Dugin (see Geopolitica.ru case study) was a Katehon board member and 

the chief editor of Tsargrad TV until 2017.263 Dugin has reportedly been one of the key 

drivers behind Malofeyev’s strategy to establish a network of pro-Kremlin politicians among the ranks 

of European radicals.

264 The U.S. Department of Treasury sanctioned Dugin for “being responsible for 

or complicit in actions or policies that threaten the peace, security, stability, or sovereignty or territorial 

integrity of Ukraine.”265
60 Global Engagement Center 

In 2014, a Russian hacking group Shaltay Boltay (also known as Anonymous International) published email 

correspondence of Georgi Gavrish, an associate of Dugin and former officer at the Russian embassy in 

Athens.266 The released materials included a memorandum, allegedly penned by Dugin, mapping out 

the European far-right into three broad factions: the Christian right, the Neo-Nazis, and the New Right.267 

Dugin predicted that these actors would become “an essential factor...in Russian-European relations,” 

arguing that the “extremely influential” New Right faction—consisting of parties like the French National 

Front, the Austrian Freedom Party, the Italian Northern League, and the Alternative for Germany—would 

be the most suitable partner for Russia, as it “has a sympathy for Orthodoxy, supports Russia and Putin, 

consistently stands on anti-American and anti Atlantist positions.” Dugin also claimed that the CIA and the 

Mossad control the neo-Nazi movements in Europe, which are often led by Jews and homosexuals.268 

Another insightful item from Gavrish’s correspondence was a document containing a list of foreign 

contacts with whom Dugin supposedly discussed creating a pro-Russian “information initiative.”269 The list 

was composed largely of European but also South American, Middle Eastern, and Asian politicians and 

journalists. Christo Grozev and Anton Shekovstsov have suggested that Dugin’s analysis led to the creation 

of Katehon, which began operating shortly after the memorandum was written, and features “many authors” 

from the foreign contacts list.270

Katehon’s Social Media Platforms as of June 2020

Platform Language Engagement

Facebook 

English

Spanish

Arabic

French

German

Russian

12,155 followers 

page currently unavailable 

49,863 followers 

page currently unavailable 

page currently unavailable 

775 followers, not updated since 2016 

Instagram Katehon_news 70 followers 

Twitter 

English

Spanish

French

Arabic

German

Russian

Account suspended

Account suspended

Account suspended 

357 followers 

33 followers, no new posts since 2017 

828 followers, no new posts since 2016 

YouTube

English

Serbian

5.93K subscribers, 1,069,466 views, most recent 

video uploaded 2 years ago 

24 subscribers, most recent video uploaded 4 

years ago 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 61

Digital Media Analysis

Summary: 

Between February and April 2020, the seven Kremlin-aligned disinformation proxy sites and organizations 

profiled in this report amplified narratives critical of the United States and favorable to Russian positions, 

particularly in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak. 

Four of the outlets—Global Research, SouthFront, New Eastern Outlook, and Strategic Culture Foundation— 

were observed publishing one another’s content on 141 occasions, indicative of possible collaboration 

among them. Published content appeared in a variety of languages and was shared across multiple social 

media platforms.

Website Analytics

The Global Engagement Center (GEC) analyzed web traffic to seven Kremlin-aligned proxy sites and 

organizations and their sub-domains between 1 February and 30 April 2020.271 The table below displays the 

number of page visits, the number of articles published, and the average potential readership per article 

for each outlet during this period. As the table shows, Global Research, News Front and SouthFront received 

the most page visits and published the most articles over the three months; however, there were vast 

differences in the potential sizes of their readerships.272 

At more than 350,000 potential readers per article, no other outlet had half as much reach as Global 

Research; in fact, despite authoring the greatest number of articles, News Front had only 12% of the number 

of potential readers per article (nearly 42,000), the third lowest overall. By contrast, Geopolitica.ru authored 

the second fewest articles but had the second highest potential readership per article; at more than 

145,000, it was 41% the size of Global Research’s potential readership. 
62 Global Engagement Center 

Site Number of Page 

Visits A

Number 

of Articles 

Published

Average Potential 

Readership per Article B

Ratio of Potential 

Readers/Article vs. Global 

Research C

Global Research 12,370,000 2,307 351,247 --

News Front 8,950,000 3,617 41,895 0.12

SouthFront 4,300,000 1,546 126,411 0.36

Geopolitica.ru 1,480,000 224 145,304 0.41

Strategic Culture 

Foundation

990,000 420 48,789 0.14

New Eastern Outlook 540,000 402 17,667 0.05

Katehon 225,000 26 17,982 0.05

A

 Page visits data was retrieved from SimilarWeb on 1 July 2020 and includes outlets’ main websites and sub-domains, where 

available.

B

 SimilarWeb potential readership is defined as the number of people who potentially saw an article based on the number of 

unique visitors to the publication’s website.

C

 Values in this column represent the relative rate of potential readership, controlling for number of articles published, 

compared to Global Research, which had 351,247 potential readers per article published between 1 February and 30 April 

2020.

Amplification of Russian Narratives

During the period of analysis, the seven outlets consistently embraced positions reflective of the Russian 

government and state-funded media. They reposted or referenced RT content (92 mentions), reposted or 

referenced Sputnik content (78 mentions), and referenced Russian MFA Spokesperson Mariya Zakharova 

(35 times).273 These articles included opinion pieces, long-reads, and short articles, including some with links 

to videos.

Senior Russian officials and pro-Russian media sought to capitalize on the fear and confusion surrounding 

the COVID-19 pandemic by actively promulgating 

conspiracy theories. For example, they promoted 

conspiracy theories centered around false U.S. 

bioweapon infrastructure. We observed five of the 

seven outlets promoting this narrative across 30 

articles. On 20 February, New Eastern Outlook

published an article in both Russian and English

claiming that the U.S. deployed a biological weapon 

against China.274

 Screenshot from a New Eastern Outlook article.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 63

Then on 22 February, News Front’s Bulgarian language edition published an adapted version of the same 

article.275 On 5 March, RT published an article, titled “Coronavirus May Be a Product of US Biological Attack 

Aimed at Iran and China, IRGC chief claims ” which was re-published by Global Research on 6 March and 

then by News Front’s German edition on 9 March.276 On 16 March, the narrative evolved to suggest the 

U.S. military had used a bioweapon in Cuba, and on 18 March, another Global Research article asserted 

that China considers the virus to be a bioweapon.277 On 20 March, News Front insinuated that a U.S. lab 

in Georgia was involved in the creation of the coronavirus—a narrative News Front continued to promote 

throughout the period examined.278

Cross-Platform Content Amplification

Among the seven media outlets, four were observed frequently re-posting one another’s content. 

Specifically, among Global Research, New Eastern Outlook, SouthFront, and Strategic Culture Foundation, 141 

articles were originally posted by one outlet and later re-posted by another during the three-month period 

of analysis. Of particular note, Global Research re-posted 50 videos originally published by SouthFront.

279 

Because of this pattern of cross-posting content, these four outlets formed an especially interconnected 

set of nodes within the broader network of the seven websites examined. Below is a sample of articles 

that were recycled from one outlet to another, which demonstrates the variety of sources that potentially 

collaborated, the range of topics that were covered, and the varying durations between original and 

republication dates:
64 Global Engagement Center 

These four outlets often re-published their own articles in more than one language. Global Research posted 

in Italian, French, and English,

280 New Eastern Outlook in English and Russian,281 News Front in Bulgarian and 

German,

282 and SouthFront in English and German.283 Although these outlets tended to post one another’s 

content, they did not tend to post translated versions of another site’s content; article translations were 

only observed within each site.

Content Engagement by Shares on Social Media

Among the 8,542 articles published by the seven outlets between 1 February and 30 April, 1,941 (23%) were 

shared on Twitter via 20,670 tweets. A Global Research article titled “China’s Coronavirus: A Shocking Update. 

Did the Virus Originate in the US?” posted on 4 March was among the top-five most shared articles in the 

data set (424 tweets). The article has since been removed by Global Research, but it is still referenced on the 

social media platform Reddit and by fringe media sites.284 A News Front Spanish edition article titled “Hell in 

New York: One Coronavirus Death Every 17 minutes: Doctors Can’t Keep Up” was shared via 388 tweets, 

propelling a narrative aimed at undermining public trust in the U.S. national healthcare system.285 The mostshared Russian-language article (shared via 221 tweets) was published by News Front, and speculated that 

the EU budget under negotiation would substantially decrease support to the Baltic countries.286

In addition to Twitter, 137 articles (1.6%) were shared 15,052 times on Facebook. A News Front Bulgaria 

article praising Russia’s assistance to Serbia during the coronavirus pandemic received the greatest number 

of Facebook shares—a total of 2,000.287 The second-most shared article (1,381 shares) was published 

by News Front Bulgaria and reported that, according to a survey published in Foreign Affairs, residents of 

Crimea were confident that Russia would withstand the pressure of sanctions imposed by the United States 

and other Western countries.288 The third-most shared article on Facebook was published by SouthFront, 

and reported on the killing of a senior al-Qa’ida commander in a Russian airstrike on 12 February in 

Western Aleppo.289

Screenshot from a News Front Serbia article containing the message “From Russia with Love” to underscore Russia’s 

COVID-19 assistance to Serbia.
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 65

Twitter Analysis

Summary

The GEC analyzed Twitter mentions of seven Kremlin-aligned 

proxy sites and organizations: Global Research, News Front, 

SouthFront, Strategic Culture Foundation, Geopolitica.ru, Katehon

and New Eastern Outlook. Twitter mentions included tweets 

and re-tweets that linked to articles published by these outlets, 

either from the outlets’ Twitter accounts or from other users 

linking to the articles. Of these seven outlets, Global Research

and SouthFront have the largest presence on Twitter, as judged 

by the number of Twitter accounts they operate and the number 

of followers on each account. However, in terms of Twitter mentions, all seven outlets had their articles 

disseminated on the platform. Accounts tweeting these articles during the reporting period were geotagged 

to the UK (16%), Russia (9%), and Canada (7%). The most popular hashtags #covid19 and #coronavirus—

along with a manual analysis of most-shared content, suggest that COVID-19 was the primary focus.

Report

From 1 April through 30 June 2020, the GEC identified 173,000 tweets and retweets that included links to 

these outlets. The table displays the number of times each outlet was linked to (mentioned) on Twitter.

Except for Global Research and SouthFront, the examined outlets have a relatively limited Twitter presence—

News Front’s Twitter accounts have all been suspended and New Eastern Outlook does not have an 

active Twitter account. Nevertheless, content from these outlets is still shared widely on the platform. 

Approximately 59,000 accounts globally, excluding those in the United States, shared articles from these 

outlets during the reporting period. However, most of this activity came from a concentrated group of 

active accounts. About 1% of all the accounts in the query tweeted more than 35% of tweets sharing these 

articles, while the top 0.1% of accounts tweeted almost 18% of the tweets in our sample.

Outlet Mentions

Global Research 85,055

News Front 29,955

SouthFront 26,822

Strategic Culture Foundation 17,213

Geopolitica.ru 6,989

New Eastern Outlook 5,116

Katehon 2,099

Account Outlet Followers Last Active

@CRG_CRM Global Research 37.4K Present

@southfronteng SouthFront 27.8K Present

@GRTVnews Global Research 19.8K Nov 2018

@Strateg_Culture Strategic Culture 

Foundation 5.6K May 2020

@Geopoliticaesp Geopolitica.ru 5.0K Present

@geopolitica_FR Geopolitica.ru 262 May 2019

@KatehonA Katehon 368 Present
66 Global Engagement Center 

Of the 0.1% most active accounts, News Front was the sole outlet never tweeted by accounts tweeting 

articles from multiple outlets. Global Research and New Eastern Outlook were the two outlets that were 

most likely to be tweeted by the same account. Several of the most active accounts shared content from 

more than half of the outlets included in our analysis, where articles frequently spread sensationalized or 

questionable content, including outright disinformation. For more information regarding cross-platform 

content amplification among these outlets, please see the Digital Media Analysis section of this report.

According to self-reported locations, accounts tweeting these articles were concentrated in the following 

top ten locations:

1. UK (16%)

2. Russia (9%)

3. Canada (7%)

4. Japan (6%)

5. France (5%)

6. Spain (4%)

7. Chile (4%)

8. Venezuela (4%)

9. Germany (3%)

10. Australia (3%)

Given its prominence in the dataset, many of the overarching topics reflected the narratives promoted by 

Global Research. Across the entire dataset of tweets that amplified articles from the outlets included in this 

report, the most used hashtags were:

1. #covid19 (4,358 tweets)

2. #coronavirus (2,265 tweets)

3. #us (949 tweets)

4. #billgates (867 tweets)

5. #china (718 tweets)

The daily tweet volume was relatively stable across the period examined, except for a dramatic peak on 

30 May. This peak was driven by extensive sharing of a Strategic Culture Foundation article claiming that 

a German official leaked a report denouncing COVID-19 as “A Global False Alarm.”290 This article, which 

contains misinformation downplaying the threat of COVID-19, was the most shared article—tweeted more 

than 15,000 times—during the reporting period. The report at the center of the article was denounced

by the German government as the work of a lone employee who used the German Federal Ministry of 

the Interior (BMI)’s official letterhead to support the employee’s private opinion.291 The Strategic Culture 

Foundation article also references an RT article that includes a press release defending the BMI employee 
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 67

and criticizing the German Federal Ministry.292 Although the central claims of the report have been 

refuted—the report was fact-checked by Health Feedback as “unsupported” and criticized by Der Spiegel 

for exaggerating and citing “dubious blogs”—Strategic Culture Foundation endorsed the false claims.293

While the most widely shared article originated from the Strategic Culture Foundation, Global Research was 

the most prominent outlet, accounting for almost half of all the articles shared on Twitter. Most of Global 

Research’s content included sensationalized coverage or disinformation about COVID-19 and vaccines, often 

featuring false claims about the U.S. government or Bill Gates. Although COVID-19 disinformation was the 

most prominent topic, conspiracy theories were mixed in, many of them making accusations against the 

United States or U.S. citizens. The most widely shared articles included:

• ““Greater Israel”: The Zionist Plan for the Middle East” (2,656 tweets);294

• “US Hospitals Getting Paid More to Label Cause of Death as ‘Coronavirus’” (2,427 tweets);295 and

• “’Mass Sterilization:’ Kenyan Doctors Find Anti-fertility Agent in UN Tetanus Vaccine” (2,127 tweets).296

News Front was the second-most shared outlet on Twitter during the reporting period. Popular content 

from this outlet focused on pro-Russian narratives and geopolitics related to the United States, Eastern 

Europe, and Latin America. Its most popular content was written in Russian and Spanish. The most widely 

shared articles included:

• “Alexander Rogers: Those who betrayed their homeland lose their talent” (1,223 tweets);297

• “Swedish-Palestinian journalist dies just before exposing Soros and Aschberg” (873 tweets);298 and

• “Supreme Court of Brazil asks to suspend Bolsonaro for 180 days due to its inefficiency against the 

coronavirus”(434 tweets).299
68 Global Engagement Center 

The most popular articles from SouthFront, the third-most shared outlet in this analysis, focused on 

conspiracy theories related to COVID-19, conflict in the Middle East, and criticism of the United States. 

Accounts sharing content from this outlet were concentrated in Japan and European nations. Most of the 

Japanese activity was from accounts associated with “QAnon,” a conspiracy theory focused on the “deep 

state.” The most widely shared articles included:

• “THE CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE REAL DANGER IS “AGENDA ID2020”” (881 tweets);300

• “SOUTHFRONT’S YOUTUBE CHANNEL IS BANNED” (760 tweets);301 and

• “U.S. USED $601M SEIZED FROM VENEZUELA TO FUND BORDER WALL WITH MEXICO” (665 

tweets).302

Strategic Culture Foundation was the fourth-most shared outlet in our analysis, with the majority of tweets 

linking to the article mentioned above. Other popular content from the outlet also focused on COVID-19-

related disinformation that made references to the U.S. government and Bill Gates. The most widely shared 

articles included:

• “German Official Leaks Report Denouncing Corona as ‘A Global False Alarm’” (15,020 tweets);303

• “Is It Time to Launch an Investigation Into the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for Possible ‘Crimes 

Against Humanity’?” (418 tweets);304 and

• “What Did U.S. Intel Really Know About the ‘Chinese’ Virus?” (302 tweets).305

Geopolitica.ru, the fifth-most shared outlet, was most popular among accounts in Spanish-speaking 

countries including Chile, Spain, and Venezuela. Popular content from the outlet highlighted criticism of the 

United States, George Soros, and the modern day Western anti-fascism movement. The most widely shared 

articles included:

• “PUTIN: 95% OF WORLD TERRORIST ATTACKS ARE MADE BY THE CIA” (1,963 tweets);306

• “SOCIAL ENGINEERING: GLOBALIST SOROS WANTS ABORTIONS WORLDWIDE” (676 tweets);307 and

• “ANTI (FASCISTS): THE GLOBALISTS’ ARMY OF TERROR” (1,963 tweets).308

New Eastern Outlook, the sixth-most shared outlet, focused on English-language articles related to 

COVID-19. These articles criticized the United States and “big pharma.” The most widely shared articles 

included:

• “Why is Trump Drumbeating a ‘New Cold War’ with China?” (1,078 tweets);309

• “The Remarkable Doctor A. Fauci” (286 tweets);310
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 69

Katehon was the least-shared outlet on Twitter in our analysis. Most of the accounts sharing this content 

were located in Europe. Many of the popular topics focused on criticizing and exposing the global “deep 

state.” The most widely shared articles included:

• “WHO IS ENRICO SASSOON, GODFATHER OF “CASALEGGIO ASSOCIATI” AND “5 STAR MOVEMENT”?” 

(454 tweets);

311

• “THE HUB OF WORLD EVIL: THE BRITISH DEEP STATE” (182 tweets); 312 and

• “EUROPE: ON THE EVE OF THE CIVIL WAR?” (43 tweets).313
70 Global Engagement Center 

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94https://www.wsj.com/articles/canadian-writer-fuels-china-u-s-tiff-over-coronaviruss-origins-11585232018 95https://www.globalresearch.ca/understanding-china/5695479 96https://www.globalresearch.ca/understanding-china/5695479 97https://twitter.com/crg_crm?lang=en 98https://www.globalresearch.ca/covid-19-coronavirus-a-fake-pandemic-whos-behind-it-global-economic-and-geopolitical-destabilization/5705063 99https://ecoterra.info/index.php/en/1671-covid-19-coronavirus-a-fake-pandemic 100https://jamaicapeacecouncil.wordpress.com/2020/03/08/covid-19-coronavirus-a-fake-pandemic-whos-behind-it-global-economic-social-and-geopolitical-destabilization-johnshopkins-coronavirus-simulation-october-2019/

101http://www.tlaxcala-int.org/article.asp?reference=28245 102http://realtruthblog.com/current-quicklinx-3 103https://australiannationalreview.com/?s=chossudovsky 104https://southfront.org/fake-coronavirus-data-fear-campaign-spread-of-the-covid-19-infection/ 105https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/io/publication/potemkin-think-tanks 106https://rkn.gov.ru/mass-communications/reestr/media/p67382/?id=575587&page=67382 107https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/7601209,

https://news-front.info/contacts/

108https://novorosinform.org/402691 109https://news-front.info/,

https://news-front.info/about/

110https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/armed-conflict/meet-the-kremlins-keyboard-warrior-in-crimea/ 111https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/armed-conflict/meet-the-kremlins-keyboard-warrior-in-crimea/,

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112https://www.rusprofile.ru/founders/10433419,

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113https://time.com/4889471/germany-election-russia-fake-news-angela-merkel/
72 Global Engagement Center 

114https://cfuv.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/090203-opop-2017-o.pdf 115https://news-front.info/about/,

https://news-front.info/2016/07/21/kak-dobrovolcy-nezavisimogo-agentstva-news-front-ispugali-professionalov-nemeckogo-gosudarstvennogo-telekanala-ard-konstantin-knyrik/,

https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/armed-conflict/meet-the-kremlins-keyboard-warrior-in-crimea/

116https://ru.krymr.com/a/27871931.html,

https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/armed-conflict/meet-the-kremlins-keyboard-warrior-in-crimea/,

https://time.com/4889471/germany-election-russia-fake-news-angela-merkel/,

https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fdigital%2Finternet%2F2017-02%2Fbundestag-elections-fake-news-manipulation-russia-hackercyberwar%2Fkomplettansicht

117https://medium.com/dfrlab/facebook-removes-propaganda-outlets-linked-to-russian-security-services-51fbe2f6b841 118https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fdigital%2Finternet%2F2017-02%2Fbundestag-elections-fake-news-manipulation-russia-hackercyberwar%2Fkomplettansicht

119https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/?text=News+Front&date=&offset=130 120https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/coronavirus-was-spread-around-the-world-from-the-worldwide-us-biological-laboratories/,

https://de.news-front.info/2020/01/25/massenepidemie-in-china-coronavirus-eine-neue-entwicklung-aus-den-biolaboren-des-pentagon/,

https://news-front.info/2020/01/30/kitajskij-koronavirus-zastavil-vspomnit-o-sobytiyah-na-ukraine-desyatiletnej-davnosti/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/us-tests-ethnic-weapons-against-slavs-in-its-biolabs-in-ukraine/,

https://en.news-front.info/2020/04/06/us-staged-coronavirus-terror-for-illegal-immigrants-migrants-plead-for-deportation/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/us-servicemen-imported-coronavirus-intentionally-into-china/

121https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/?text=News+Front&date=&offset=110,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/?text=News+Front&date=&offset=70,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/cia-ordered-puppet-zelenskyy-extend-sanctions-against-russian-social-media/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/more-than-1500-ukrainian-soldiers-in-donbas-are-infected-with-a-coronavirus/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/kiev-stops-public-transport-nazis-are-patrolling-the-streets/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/an-ukrainian-terrorist-attack-was-perpetrated-in-the-us-a-situation-similar-to-the-2014-coup-in-kyiv/

122https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/eu-is-dead-it-is-incapable-to-take-control-over-the-coronavirus-crisis/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/the-coronavirus-epidemic-proves-that-the-eu-has-abandoned-ukraine/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/kievs-western-protectors-are-inflaming-war-in-the-donbass/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/the-eu-provoked-a-civil-war-in-ukraine-now-it-destabilises-belarus/

123https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/nato-did-not-help-spain-fight-coronavirus/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/nato-does-not-care-about-montenegro-amid-covid-19-pandemic/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/nato-spreads-the-coronavirus-in-the-eu/%20%20%E2%80%A2

124https://news-front.info/2020/03/22/v-ssha-znali-o-gryadushhej-epidemii-davno/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/bill-gates-and-other-globalists-use-the-corona-pandemic-to-implant-microchips-in-the-whole-of-humanity/,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/coronavirus-vaccines-big-pharma-fraud-bill-gates/

125https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/April-2020-CIB-Report.pdf 126https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/April-2020-CIB-Report.pdf 127https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/April-2020-CIB-Report.pdf 128https://www.facebook.com/konstantin.knyrik/posts/550798279162508 129https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCt94dhpYV06IMOTXcGXt3eQ 130https://www.mid.ru/en/diverse/-/asset_publisher/zwI2FuDbhJx9/content/ob-udalenii-video-hostingom-youtube-akkauntov-telekanala-krym-24-informagentstv-anna-news-inews-front-?_101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid.ru%2Fen%2Fdiverse%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_

state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D6

131https://twitter.com/News_Front_info/ 132https://medium.com/dfrlab/facebook-removes-propaganda-outlets-linked-to-russian-security-services-51fbe2f6b841 133https://isfed.ge/eng/blogi/saqartveloshi-politikuri-polarizatsiis-khelshemtskobi-rusuli-sainformatsio-operatsia-feisbuqze-da-masshi-chartuli-araavtenturi-angarishebi 134https://news-front.info/konstantin-sergeevich-knyrik-biografiya/ 135https://vk.com/knyrik?z=photo122769433_457248460%2Fphotos122769433 136https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0ws95DLwn8 137https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fdigital%2Finternet%2F2017-02%2Fbundestag-elections-fake-news-manipulation-russia-hackercyberwar%2Fkomplettansicht

138https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/armed-conflict/meet-the-kremlins-keyboard-warrior-in-crimea/ 139https://anton-shekhovtsov.blogspot.com/2014/08/pro-russian-extremists-in-2006-and-2014.html,

https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl9993.aspx

140https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0ws95DLwn8 141http://anton-shekhovtsov.blogspot.com/2016/01/how-alexander-dugins-neo-eurasianists.html 142https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/7601209 ,

https://en.news-front.info/contact-us/ ,

http://www.rodina.ru/novosti/V-Simferopole-proshla-konferenciya-regionalnogo-otdeleniya-vserossijskoj-politicheskoj-partii-Rodina-v-Respublike-Krym ,

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2012/09/30/rogozins-rodina-party-reinstated-a18170,

https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20140317.aspx

143https://vk.com/knyrik?z=albums122769433 ,

https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20140317.aspx

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-16/putin-s-iconoclastic-economics-guru-to-lose-kremlin-post

144https://www.rusprofile.ru/founders/7601209,

https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/485775

145https://ru.krymr.com/a/27871931.html 146https://www.reg.ru/whois/?dname=southfront.org 147https://koddos.net/ 148https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/April-2020-CIB-Report.pdf 149https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/April-2020-CIB-Report.pdf 150https://southfront.org/antiwar-about-censorship-of-southfront-on-youtube-and-facebook/ 151https://novorosinform.org/402691 152https://syrianfreepress.wordpress.com/about/#comment-30479 153https://web.archive.org/web/20140307190510/https:/www.youtube.com/user/crimeanfront,

https://web.archive.org/web/20140315135947/http:/vk.com/crimeafront 154 https://web.archive.org/web/20140625103752/http:/krimfront.info/category/media/videogalereya/na-samom-dele/ 155https://web.archive.org/web/20140322200213/http:/vk.com/crimeafront 156https://web.archive.org/web/20140803012046/http:/vk.com/ygfront,

https://twitter.com/southfronteng
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 73

157https://southfront.org/about-southfront/ 158https://southfront.org/about-southfront/ 159https://southfront.org/donate/ 160https://southfront.org/appeal-of-southfront-steering-committee-regarding-censorship-on-youtube-and-facebook/ 161https://maps.southfront.org/bellingcats-five-star-investigation-reveals-identity-of-southfront-founder/,

https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/09/30/pro-assad-lobby-group-rewards-bloggers-on-both-the-left-and-the-right/

162https://southfront.org/appeal-of-southfront-steering-committee-regarding-censorship-on-youtube-and-facebook/ 163https://www.facebook.com/ViktorStoilovOfficial/ ,

https://www.facebook.com/markademics

164https://southfront.org/new-red-bloc-russian-chinese-alliance/ 165https://southfront.org/distraction-tactics-reports-of-chinese-and-iranian-hacking-russians-behind-protests/ 166https://southfront.org/how-and-why-the-us-government-perpetrated-the-2014-coup-in-ukraine/ 167https://southfront.org/documentary-on-mh17-reveals-5-year-long-string-of-lies/ 168https://southfront.org/another-step-towards-ukraine-like-scenario-for-belarus/ 169https://southfront.org/the-venezuela-iran-axis-of-unity-and-resistance-stands-the-test-of-time/ 170https://southfront.org/opcw-manipulated-chemical-weapons-report-on-syrias-douma-by-removing-critical-details/ 171https://southfront.org/russia-says-it-has-undeniable-evidence-that-militants-are-responsible-for-chemical-attack-on-aleppo/ 172https://southfront.org/russian-foreign-ministrys-comment-on-fifth-anniversary-of-crimeas-reunification-with-russia/

https://southfront.org/turkey-activates-certain-elements-of-s-400-anti-aircraft-missile-systems/,

https://southfront.org/two-new-disappointments-for-the-coup-planners-in-venezuela/

173https://southfront.org/an-in-depth-look-behind-the-scenes-of-southfront-censorship/ ,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/south-front-russia-hiding-being-russian/ ,

https://southfront.org/self-isolation-sobyanin-style-moscow-authorities-introduce-virus-quarantine-passes-drastically-limiting-freedoms-of-residents/

174https://southfront.org/an-in-depth-look-behind-the-scenes-of-southfront-censorship/ ,

https://english.khamenei.ir/news/4740/Iran-is-a-bright-and-shining-light-for-other-countries-to-follow

175https://southfront.org/phenomena-of-coronavirus-crisis/ 176https://southfront.org/covid-19-the-fight-for-a-cure-one-gigantic-western-pharma-rip-off 177https://southfront.org/the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-the-real-danger-is-agenda-id2020/ 178https://southfront.org/usa-plan-militarized-control-of-population-the-national-covid-19-testing-action-plan/ 179https://southfront.org/finally-eu-blames-kremlin-disinformation-for-coronavirus-crisis/ 180https://southfront.org/covid-19-crisis-in-russia-lockdown-craziness-and-opposition-provocations/ 181https://southfront.org/an-in-depth-look-behind-the-scenes-of-southfront-censorship/ 182https://southfront.org/category/all-articles/products/maps/infographics/,

https://southfront.org/category/all-articles/products/maps/page/1/,

https://southfront.org/search/Military+Situation/,

https://southfront.org/category/southfront-tv/

183https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEV64LEWBVF0h48eUDxI96Q/featured 184https://syrianfreepress.wordpress.com/about/#comment-27585 185https://syrianfreepress.wordpress.com/about/#comment-30479 186https://syrianfreepress.wordpress.com/about/#comment-30485 187https://southfront.org/russian-foreign-ministry-finally-reacted-to-censorship-on-youtube-and-facebook/ 188https://www.geopolitica.ru/ 189https://www.eurozine.com/putins-brain/ 190https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-03-31/putins-brain 191https://tec.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/aleksandr-dugins-foundations-geopolitics ,

https://www.eurozine.com/putins-brain/

192https://www.eurozine.com/putins-brain/ 193https://tec.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/aleksandr-dugins-foundations-geopolitics 194https://katehon.com/ 195https://rkn.gov.ru/mass-communications/reestr/media/p100/?id=337269&page=100,

https://web.archive.org/web/20121120174521/http:/geopolitica.ru/,

https://web.archive.org/web/20171225083859/https:/www.geopolitica.ru/ 196https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/mission 197https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-03-31/putins-brain 198https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/27/geopolitics-russia-mackinder-eurasia-heartland-dugin-ukraine-eurasianism-manifest-destiny-putin/ 199http://anton-shekhovtsov.blogspot.com/2014/02/pro-russian-network-behind-anti.html 200https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl9993.aspx 201http://cge.evrazia.org/about.shtml,

https://vk.com/neokons

202https://www.geopolitica.ru/contact,

https://www.rusprofile.ru/history/10349103

203https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/person/leonid-savin 204https://www.rferl.org/a/greek-syriza-deep-ties-russian-eurasianist-dugin/26818523.html 205https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl9729.aspx 206https://www.fondsk.ru/authors/leonid-savin-33.html 207https://www.globalresearch.ca/author/leonid-savin,

https://rb.gy/x8nrdz,

https://rb.gy/ylendv,

https://rb.gy/vg0re8,

https://rb.gy/gakiku

208https://rb.gy/wulcke,

https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/false-flag-operation-brussels ,

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35869985

209https://rb.gy/r5qnny,

https://rb.gy/nfztel,

https://rb.gy/v7cvtx 

210https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/person/adomas-abromaitis

https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/io/publication/potemkin-think-tanks 211https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/bill-gates-vaccinations-microchips-and-patent-060606 212https://www.geopolitica.ru/it/article/la-russia-e-il-coronavirus
74 Global Engagement Center 

213https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/new-malthusianism-and-misanthrope-dynasties 214https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/coronavirus-and-hybrid-warfare 215https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/news/former-putins-aide-coronavirus-us-biological-weapon,

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/23/ukraine-crimea-what-putin-thinking-russia

216https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/pandemic-service-globalization, 217https://www.geopolitica.ru/node/73750 218https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/pandemic-and-politics-survival-horizons-new-type-dictatorship 219https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/?text=geopolitica.ru&date=&offset=0,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/the-western-world-is-dominated-by-a-handful-of-perverts-and-is-based-on-the-lies-of-woke-ideologies/ ,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/the-genocide-of-the-russians-in-ukraine-began-in-2014-with-the-violation-of-the-rights-of-ukraines-russian-speaking-population/ ,

https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/todays-western-males-are-feminized-semi-men-who-are-not-able-to-protect-their-women-raped-by-immigrants/, https://euvsdisinfo.eu/

disinformation-cases/?text=geopolitica.ru&date=&offset=70

220https://www.rusprofile.ru/founders/10349103 ,

https://www.rusprofile.ru/founders/7548034,

https://tsargrad.tv/pervyi_russkij

221https://katehon.com/ 222https://katehon.com/ru 223https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/06/russia-revolution-tsarist-school-moscow-nicholas-ii ,

https://tsargrad.tv/news/jeto-ne-piar-patriarh-kirill-nazval-blagotvoritelnost-vizitnoj-kartochkoj-cerkvi_215548

224https://tsargrad.tv/news/jeto-ne-piar-patriarh-kirill-nazval-blagotvoritelnost-vizitnoj-kartochkoj-cerkvi_215548 225https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/553502619a79471f3e9554dd,

http://ligainternet.ru/en/liga/about.php,

https://meduza.io/en/feature/2017/07/27/the-kids-aren-t-alright

226http://www.ligainternet.ru/upload/docs/liga-2016-v-17.pdf,

https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2013/02/27/53718-tsenzor-151-dohodnoe-mesto,

http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/persons/65/biography,

http://www.scrf.gov.ru/council/composition/

227https://thebell.io/en/russia-s-orthodox-tycoon-is-bankrolling-a-monarchist-movement-but-where-does-he-get-his-money/ 228https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl9729.aspx ,

https://www.wsj.com/articles/eu-places-sanctions-on-russian-oligarchs-1406749975

229https://tsargrad.tv/news/rossija-namerena-dekolonizirovat-afriku-zapad-vydavlivajut-s-chernogo-kontinenta_222972 230https://katehon.com/about-us 231https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-16/putin-s-iconoclastic-economics-guru-to-lose-kremlin-post,

http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/act/integr_i_makroec/Pages/default.aspx

232https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20140317.aspx 233http://council.gov.ru/en/structure/persons/303/,

http://council.gov.ru/structure/commissions/iccf_def/#personnel

234https://riss.ru/profile/prime/ 235https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-39662290 ,

https://meduza.io/feature/2017/04/20/reuters-obvinil-rossiyskiy-institut-strategicheskih-issledovaniy-vo-vmeshatelstve-v-vybory-prezidenta-ssha-chem-etot-institut-zanimaetsya

236https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-election-exclusive-idUSKBN17L2N3?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=Social ,

https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-does-russia-meddle-in-elections-look-at-bulgaria-1490282352

237https://riss.ru/analitycs/26987/ 238https://www.fontanka.ru/2012/01/27/138/ 239https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/10349103,

http://fondsvv.ru/about

240https://dailystorm.ru/kultura/a-esli-ogon-ne-soydet,

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2018-08-13/treacherous-path-insiders-account-modern-russia

241http://fondsvv.ru/media-article?slug=plita-groba-gospodna-novodel,

http://jerusalem-ippo.org/about/autors/?id=42,

https://katehon.com/person/mihail-yakushev

242https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/11643625 243https://web.archive.org/web/20191222123628/http:/centrisi.com/en/home-2/ 244http://confidentielafrique.com/pouvoir-reseau/russie-afrique-centre-strategique-affaires-africaines-signe-protocole-centre-initiatives-strategique-international-de-moscou/ 245https://www.rusprofile.ru/person/grachev-ag-772270379404 ,

http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/32687 ,

https://zatulin.ru/stenogramma-kruglogo-stola-komiteta-gosudarstvennoj-dumy-po-delam-sodruzhestva-nezavisimyx-gosudarstv-i-svyazyam-s-sootechestvennikami-24-marta-2-

011g/

246https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/foreign-ministry-studying-reports-on-possible-expu-46152.html 247https://www.unian.net/politics/394309-rossiyskiy-genkonsul-pokidaet-odessu.html 248https://tsargrad.tv/news/bioinzhenery-vsjo-rasskazhut-koronavirus-sozdan-rukotvorno-sergej-glazev_242768,

https://zavtra.ru/blogs/glaz_ev_raskol,

https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/interview-sergey-glazyev-10106,

https://books.google.com/books?id=FG-hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=sergey+glazyev+conspiracy+theories&source=bl&ots=3XEG7wIQbM&sig=ACfU3U3XjRGlKWh9UIY

H9GOWkHelMmdL-A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXuY6xtKzpAhUtT98KHWlRBdc4ChDoATAIegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=sergey%20glazyev%20conspiracy%20theories&f=true

249https://aif.ru/politics/world/leonid_reshetnikov_ssha_visyat_na_voloske?utm_source=infox.sg 250https://ruskline.ru/opp/2015/4/8/civilizaciya_rossiya 251https://tjournal.ru/analysis/110993-senator-klimov-delaet-gromkie-zayavleniya-po-lyubomu-povodu-kto-on-takoy-i-pochemu-boitsya-vashingtonskih-podstrekateley?from=yandex

252https://tjournal.ru/analysis/110993-senator-klimov-delaet-gromkie-zayavleniya-po-lyubomu-povodu-kto-on-takoy-i-pochemu-boitsya-vashingtonskih-podstrekateley?from=yandex

253https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/07/13/73101-ofshory-na-glazah 254https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/?text=katehon&date=&offset=10 255https://katehon.com/person/adomas-abromaitis,

https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/potemkin-pages-personas-sio-wp.pdf

256https://katehon.com/ 257https://web.archive.org/web/20150327063341/http://katehon.com/ 258https://www.nationalreview.com/2014/06/wrong-right-robert-zubrin/,

https://theins.ru/politika/2113

259https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hf6K6pjK_Yw,
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem 75

https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2017/03/04/kremlins-balkan-gambit-part/

260https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2017/03/25/balkan-gambit-part-2-montenegro-zugzwang/,

https://www.fpri.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/kraemer-rfp5.pdf

261https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/20/world/europe/putin-trump-election-kremlin.html 262https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-charges-former-lawmaker-with-spying-for-russia/30157289.html

https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-oligarch-malofeyev-banned-bulgaria-10-years-spy-scandal/30159179.html,

https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgarian-accused-of-spying-awarded-russia-s-order-of-friendship/30252738.html

263https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/ideological-platform-eurasian-movement,

https://archive.li/I6ijI,

https://www.ft.com/content/27125702-71ec-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a

264https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/09/03/lega-nords-bedfellows-russians-offering-illicit-funding-to-italian-far-right-party-identified/,

https://theins.ru/politika/2113

265https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl9993.aspx 266https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/07/anonymous-international-hackers-kremlin,

https://cgrozev.wordpress.com/2017/01/02/would-you-like-fries-with-that-conspiracy/

267https://cgrozev.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/the-extreme-right-in-europe.pdf 268https://cgrozev.wordpress.com/2017/01/02/would-you-like-fries-with-that-conspiracy/ 269https://theins.ru/politika/2113,

http://argumentua.com/stati/instrumenty-kremlya-eksklyuzivnyi-spisok-agentov-rossiiskogo-vliyaniya-v-evropeiskikh-stranakh

270https://cgrozev.wordpress.com/2017/01/02/would-you-like-fries-with-that-conspiracy/,

https://books.google.com/books?id=1rA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191&lpg=PT191&dq=Katehon+France&source=bl&ots=vfPDYo5h7R&sig=ACfU3U03L2qWXqM0SCv_

E0n9kmLWtsuAYg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA_ZGE3cDpAhVjmHIEHcD-Cv84ChDoATADegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=Katehon%20France&f=false

271The GEC used an in-house online media analysis tool to analyze all content published by the following sites during the specified time period: Global Research (globalresearch.

ca, mondialisation.ca, globalizaction.ca), News Front (news-front.info, en.news-front.info, bgr.news-front.info, de.news-front.info, es.news-front.info, srb.news-front.info, fr.newsfront.info, hu.news-front.info, ge.news-front.info, sk.news-front.info), SouthFront (southfront.org, de.southfront.org, ru.southfront.org), Geopolitica.ru (geopolitica.ru), The Strategic 

Culture Foundation (strategic-culture.org), New Eastern Outlook (journal-neo.org, ru.journal-neo.org), and Katehon (katehon.com). 272SimilarWeb potential readership is defined as the number of people who potentially saw an article based on the number of unique visitors to the publication’s website. 273https://southfront.org/indestructible-kalashnikov-expert-tries-fails-to-destroy-iconic-wwii-ppsh-41-submachine-gun-video/, 

https://www.globalresearch.ca/russian-indian-oil-deal-unpleasant-surprise-iran-not-us/5703466, 

https://www.globalresearch.ca/leaked-docs-point-no-buk-missile-systems-around-mh17-crash-area-dutch-journo-reveals/5703997, 

https://www.globalresearch.ca/historic-constitutional-changes-russia/5717576, 

https://en.news-front.info/2020/03/19/ukraine-is-preparing-a-provocation-in-the-crimea-zakharova/

274https://ru.journal-neo.org/2020/02/20/biologicheskaya-vojna-ssha-protiv-kitaya/, 

https://journal-neo.org/2020/02/20/us-wages-biological-war-against-china/

275https://bgr.news-front.info/2020/02/22/biologichnata-vojna-na-sashh-sreshhu-kitaj/ 276https://www.rt.com/news/482405-iran-coronavirus-us-biological-weapon/, 

https://www.globalresearch.ca/%d1%81oronavirus-product-us-biological-attack-aimed-iran-china-irgc-chief-claims/5705747,

https://de.news-front.info/2020/03/09/coronavirus-aus-den-weltweiten-us-biolaboren-in-die-welt-verbreitet/

277https://www.globalresearch.ca/covid-19-wuhan-virus-cia-biological-warfare-cuba/5706466, 

https://www.globalresearch.ca/beijing-believes-covid-19-biological-weapon/5706558

278https://bgr.news-front.info/2020/03/20/biolaboratoriyata-na-sashh-v-gruziya-zaplaha-za-koronavirusa-ili-za-horata/ 279https://www.globalresearch.ca/video-turkish-drones-falling-idlib-moderate-rebels-gas-themselves-mistake/5705709 280https://www.globalresearch.ca/30-mila-soldati-dagli-usa-in-europa-senza-mascherina/5705348, 

https://www.mondialisation.ca/30-mille-soldats-arrivent-des-usa-en-europe-sans-masque/5642335, 

https://www.globalresearch.ca/30000-u-s-soldiers-sent-into-europe-without-masks/5706084

281https://journal-neo.org/2020/02/25/defexpo-india-2020-military-cooperation-between-russia-and-india-is-as-good-as-ever/, 

https://ru.journal-neo.org/2020/02/25/defexpo-india-2020-rossijsko-indijskoe-vts-ne-oslabevaet/

282https://bgr.news-front.info/2020/03/21/der-standard-rusiya-dejstva-po-reshitelno-v-borbata-sreshhu-koronavirusa-otkolkoto-es/, 

https://de.news-front.info/2020/03/21/der-standard-russland-hat-wirksamer-auf-die-ausbreitung-des-coronavirus-als-europa-reagiert/

283https://southfront.org/escalation-or-de-escalation-prospects-of-russian-turkish-idlib-agreement/, 

https://de.southfront.org/eskalation-oder-de-eskalation-perspektiven-des-russisch-turkischen-idlib-abkommens/

284https://es.news-front.info/2020/03/29/infierno-en-nueva-york-una-muerte-por-coronavirus-cada-17-minutos-los-medicos-no-pueden-seguir-el-ritmo/,

https://www.reddit.com/r/Hong_Kong/comments/fhu9ij/coronaviruscovid19_originated_outside_china/, 

https://theduran.com/chinas-coronavirus-a-shocking-update-did-the-virus-originate-in-the-us/

285https://es.news-front.info/2020/03/29/infierno-en-nueva-york-una-muerte-por-coronavirus-cada-17-minutos-los-medicos-no-pueden-seguir-el-ritmo/ 286https://news-front.info/2020/02/24/golos-mordora-es-prekrashhaet-kormit-pribaltijskih-tigrov/ 287https://bgr.news-front.info/2020/04/04/11-ruski-samoleta-kacznaha-v-srbiya-v-pomoshh-za-borbata-sreshhu-koronavirusa/ 288https://bgr.news-front.info/2020/04/06/smi-zhitelite-na-krim-sa-uvereni-che-rusiya-shhe-izdrzhi-na-natiska-na-sankcziite/ 289https://southfront.org/russian-airstrike-kills-senior-al-qaeda-commander-in-western-aleppo/ 290https://www.strategic-culture.org/news/2020/05/29/german-official-leaks-report-denouncing-corona-as-global-false-alarm/ 291https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/pressemitteilungen/DE/2020/05/mitarbeiter-bmi-verbreitet-privatmeinung-corona-krisenmanagement.

html;jsessionid=4DC42CAAFEB4B7F0B2CEF08B8EEC12F0.1_cid364

292https://deutsch.rt.com/inland/102396-umstrittene-bmi-analyse-wissenschaftler-kritisieren/ 293https://healthfeedback.org/claimreview/german-ministry-employee-makes-unsupported-claim-that-covid-19-pandemic-is-a-global-false-alarm-in-widely-circulated-yetunsolicited-opinion-article/, 

https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/berlin-fears-populists-will-exploit-protest-movement-a-3a4702b8-6701-401d-b712-6d3e19453a56

294https://www.globalresearch.ca/greater-israel-the-zionist-plan-for-the-middle-east/5324815 295https://www.globalresearch.ca/hospitals-getting-paid-more-label-cause-death-coronavirus/5709720 296https://www.globalresearch.ca/mass-sterilization-kenyan-doctors-find-anti-fertility-agent-in-un-tetanus-vaccine/5431664 297https://news-front.info/2020/04/14/aleksandr-rodzhers-predavshie-rodinu-teryayut-talant/#.XpWnN9IzfO9.twitter 298https://es.news-front.info/2020/01/06/periodista-sueco-palestino-muere-justo-antes-de-exponer-a-soros-y-aschberg/ 299https://es.news-front.info/2020/03/31/corte-suprema-de-brasil-pide-suspender-a-bolsonaro-180-dias-por-su-ineficiencia-contra-el-coronavirus/#.XoRbFgfwmr4.twitter 300https://southfront.org/the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-the-real-danger-is-agenda-id2020/ 301https://southfront.org/southfronts-youtube-channel-is-banned/ 302https://southfront.org/u-s-used-601m-seized-from-venezuela-to-fund-border-wall-with-mexico/ 303https://www.strategic-culture.org/news/2020/05/29/german-official-leaks-report-denouncing-corona-as-global-false-alarm/ 304https://www.strategic-culture.org/news/2020/04/30/is-it-time-to-launch-an-investigation-into-the-bill-melinda-gates-foundation-for-possible-crimes-against-humanity/ 305https://www.strategic-culture.org/news/2020/04/21/what-did-us-intel-really-know-about-chinese-virus/ 306https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/news/putin-95-world-terrorist-attacks-are-made-cia
76 Global Engagement Center 

307https://www.geopolitica.ru/es/news/ingenieria-social-el-mundialista-soros-quiere-abortos-en-todo-el-planeta 308https://www.geopolitica.ru/es/article/antifascistas-el-ejercito-del-terror-de-los-globalistas 309https://journal-neo.org/2020/05/20/why-is-trump-drumbeating-a-new-cold-war-with-china/ 310https://journal-neo.org/2020/04/15/the-remarkable-doctor-a-fauci/ 311https://katehon.com/it/article/chi-e-enrico-sassoon-padrino-di-casaleggio-associati-e-movimento-5-stelle 312https://katehon.com/article/hub-world-evil-british-deep-state 313https://katehon.com/1310-europe-on-the-eve-of-the-civil-war.html
GEC Special Report:

Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda 

Ecosystem

United States Department of State

Global Engagement Center