74800 Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 241 / Tuesday, December 16, 2014 / Notices 

22 17 CFR 200.30–3(a)(12). 

to determine whether the proposed rule 

should be approved or disapproved. 

IV. Solicitation of Comments 

Interested persons are invited to 

submit written data, views, and 

arguments concerning the foregoing, 

including whether the proposed rule 

change is consistent with the Act. 

Comments may be submitted by any of 

the following methods: 

Electronic Comments 

• Use the Commission’s Internet 

comment form (http://www.sec.gov/

rules/sro.shtml); or 

• Send an email to rule-comments@

sec.gov. Please include File Number SR– 

ISE–2014–54 on the subject line. 

Paper Comments 

• Send paper comments in triplicate 

to Brent J. Fields, Secretary, Securities 

and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street 

NE., Washington, DC 20549–1090. 

All submissions should refer to File 

Number SR–ISE–2014–54. This file 

number should be included on the 

subject line if email is used. To help the 

Commission process and review your 

comments more efficiently, please use 

only one method. The Commission will 

post all comments on the Commission’s 

Internet Web site (http://www.sec.gov/

rules/sro.shtml). Copies of the 

submission, all subsequent 

amendments, all written statements 

with respect to the proposed rule 

change that are filed with the 

Commission, and all written 

communications relating to the 

proposed rule change between the 

Commission and any person, other than 

those that may be withheld from the 

public in accordance with the 

provisions of 5 U.S.C. 552, will be 

available for Web site viewing and 

printing in the Commission’s Public 

Reference Room, 100 F Street NE., 

Washington, DC 20549 on official 

business days between the hours of 

10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Copies of such 

filing also will be available for 

inspection and copying at the principal 

office of the Exchange. All comments 

received will be posted without change; 

the Commission does not edit personal 

identifying information from 

submissions. You should submit only 

information that you wish to make 

available publicly. All submissions 

should refer to File Number SR–ISE– 

2014–54, and should be submitted on or 

before January 6, 2015. 

For the Commission, by the Division of 

Trading and Markets, pursuant to delegated 

authority.22

Kevin M. O’Neill, 

Deputy Secretary. 

[FR Doc. 2014–29363 Filed 12–15–14; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 8011–01–P 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 

[Public Notice: 8974] 

Request for Information for the 2015 

Trafficking in Persons Report 

SUMMARY: The Department of State (‘‘the 

Department’’) requests written 

information to assist in reporting on the 

degree to which the United States and 

foreign governments comply with the 

minimum standards for the elimination 

of trafficking in persons (‘‘minimum 

standards’’) that are prescribed by the 

Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 

2000, (Div. A, Pub. L. 106–386) as 

amended (‘‘TVPA’’). This information 

will assist in the preparation of the 

Trafficking in Persons Report (‘‘TIP 

Report’’) that the Department submits 

annually to the U.S. Congress on 

governments’ level of compliance with 

the minimum standards. Foreign 

governments that do not comply with 

the minimum standards and are not 

making significant efforts to do so may 

be subject to restrictions on 

nonhumanitarian, nontrade-related 

foreign assistance from the United 

States, as defined by the TVPA. 

Submissions must be made in writing to 

the Office to Monitor and Combat 

Trafficking in Persons at the Department 

of State by January 20, 2015. Please refer 

to the Addresses, Scope of Interest, and 

Information Sought sections of this 

Notice for additional instructions on 

submission requirements. 

DATES: Submissions must be received by 

5 p.m. on January 30, 2015. 

ADDRESSES: Written submissions and 

supporting documentation may be 

submitted by the following methods: 

Email (preferred): tipreport@state.gov 

for submissions related to foreign 

governments and tipreportUS@state.gov 

for submissions related to the United 

States. 

• Facsimile (fax): 202–312–9637. 

• Mail, Express Delivery, Hand 

Delivery and Messenger Service: U.S. 

Department of State, Office to Monitor 

and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/

TIP), 1800 G Street NW., Suite 2148, 

Washington, DC 20520. Please note that 

materials submitted by mail may be 

delayed due to security screenings and 

processing. 

Scope of Interest: The Department 

requests information relevant to 

assessing the United States’ and foreign 

governments’ compliance with the 

minimum standards for the elimination 

of trafficking in persons in the year 

2014. The minimum standards for the 

elimination of trafficking in persons are 

listed in the Background section. 

Submissions must include information 

relevant and probative of the minimum 

standards for the elimination of 

trafficking in persons and should 

include, but need not be limited to, 

answering the questions in the 

Information Sought section. Only those 

questions for which the submitter has 

direct professional experience should be 

answered and that experience should be 

noted. For any critique or deficiency 

described, please provide a 

recommendation to remedy it. Note the 

country or countries that are the focus 

of the submission. 

Submissions may include written 

narratives that answer the questions 

presented in this Notice, research, 

studies, statistics, fieldwork, training 

materials, evaluations, assessments, and 

other relevant evidence of local, state, 

and federal government efforts. To the 

extent possible, precise dates should be 

included. 

Where applicable, written narratives 

providing factual information should 

provide citations to sources and copies 

of the source material should be 

provided. If possible, send electronic 

copies of the entire submission, 

including source material. If primary 

sources are utilized, such as research 

studies, interviews, direct observations, 

or other sources of quantitative or 

qualitative data, details on the research 

or data-gathering methodology should 

be provided. The Department does not 

include in the Report, and is therefore 

not seeking, information on prostitution, 

human smuggling, visa fraud, or child 

abuse, unless such conduct occurs in 

the context of human trafficking. 

Confidentiality: Please provide the 

name, phone number, and email address 

of a single point of contact for any 

submission. It is Department practice 

not to identify in the Report information 

concerning sources to safeguard those 

sources. Please note, however, that any 

information submitted to the 

Department may be releasable pursuant 

to the provisions of the Freedom of 

Information Act or other applicable law. 

When applicable, portions of 

submissions relevant to efforts by other 

U.S. government agencies may be 

shared with those agencies. 

Response: This is a request for 

information only; there will be no 

response to submissions. 

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Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 241 / Tuesday, December 16, 2014 / Notices 74801 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background 

The TIP Report: The TIP Report is the 

most comprehensive worldwide report 

on governments’ efforts to combat 

trafficking in persons. It represents an 

updated, global look at the nature and 

scope of trafficking in persons and the 

broad range of government actions to 

confront and eliminate it. The U.S. 

government uses the Report to engage in 

diplomacy, to encourage partnership in 

creating and implementing laws and 

policies to combat trafficking, and to 

target resources on prevention, 

protection, and prosecution programs. 

Worldwide, the Report is used by 

international organizations, foreign 

governments, and nongovernmental 

organizations as a tool to examine where 

resources are most needed. Identifying 

victims, preventing trafficking, and 

bringing traffickers to justice are the 

ultimate goals of the Report and of the 

U.S government’s anti-trafficking policy. 

The Department prepares the TIP 

Report using information from across 

the U.S. government, foreign 

government officials, nongovernmental 

and international organizations, 

published reports, and research trips to 

every region. The Report focuses on 

concrete actions that governments take 

to fight trafficking in persons, including 

prosecutions, convictions, and prison 

sentences for traffickers, as well as 

victim protection measures and 

prevention efforts. Each Report narrative 

also includes recommendations for each 

country. These recommendations are 

then used to assist in measuring 

governments’ progress from one year to 

the next and determining whether 

governments comply with the minimum 

standards for the elimination of 

trafficking in persons or are making 

significant efforts to do so. 

The TVPA creates a four tier ranking 

system. Tier placement is based more on 

the extent of government action to 

combat trafficking than on the size of 

the problem, although that is a 

consideration. The Department first 

evaluates whether the government fully 

complies with the TVPA’s minimum 

standards for the elimination of 

trafficking. Governments that fully 

comply are placed on Tier 1. For other 

governments, the Department considers 

the extent of efforts to reach 

compliance. Governments that are 

making significant efforts to meet the 

minimum standards are placed on Tier 

2. Governments that do not fully comply 

with the minimum standards and are 

not making significant efforts to do so 

are placed on Tier 3. Finally, the 

Department considers Special Watch 

List criteria and, when applicable, 

moves Tier 2 countries to Tier 2 Watch 

List. For more information, the 2014 TIP 

Report can be found at http://

www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/

index.htm. 

Since the inception of the TIP Report 

in 2001, the number of countries 

included and ranked has more than 

doubled to include 188 countries in the 

2014 TIP Report. Around the world, the 

TIP Report and the best practices 

reflected therein have inspired 

legislation, national action plans, policy 

implementation, program funding, 

protection mechanisms that 

complement prosecution efforts, and a 

stronger global understanding of this 

crime. 

Since 2003, the primary reporting on 

the United States’ anti-trafficking 

activities has been through the annual 

Attorney General’s Report to Congress 

and Assessment of U.S. Government 

Activities to Combat Human Trafficking 

(‘‘AG Report’’) mandated by section 105 

of the TVPA (22 U.S.C. 7103(d)(7)). 

Since 2010, the United States, through 

a collaborative interagency process, 

includes in the TIP Report an analysis 

of U.S. government anti-trafficking 

efforts in light of the minimum 

standards to eliminate trafficking in 

persons set forth by the TVPA. 

II. Minimum Standards for the 

Elimination of Trafficking in Persons 

The TVPA sets forth the minimum 

standards for the elimination of 

trafficking in persons as follows: 

(1) The government of the country 

should prohibit severe forms of 

trafficking in persons and punish acts of 

such trafficking. 

(2) For the knowing commission of 

any act of sex trafficking involving 

force, fraud, coercion, or in which the 

victim of sex trafficking is a child 

incapable of giving meaningful consent, 

or of trafficking which includes rape or 

kidnapping or which causes a death, the 

government of the country should 

prescribe punishment commensurate 

with that for grave crimes, such as 

forcible sexual assault. 

(3) For the knowing commission of 

any act of a severe form of trafficking in 

persons, the government of the country 

should prescribe punishment that is 

sufficiently stringent to deter and that 

adequately reflects the heinous nature of 

the offense. 

(4) The government of the country 

should make serious and sustained 

efforts to eliminate severe forms of 

trafficking in persons. 

The following factors should be 

considered as indicia of serious and 

sustained efforts to eliminate severe 

forms of trafficking in persons: 

(1) Whether the government of the 

country vigorously investigates and 

prosecutes acts of severe forms of 

trafficking in persons, and convicts and 

sentences persons responsible for such 

acts, that take place wholly or partly 

within the territory of the country, 

including, as appropriate, requiring 

incarceration of individuals convicted 

of such acts. For purposes of the 

preceding sentence, suspended or 

significantly reduced sentences for 

convictions of principal actors in cases 

of severe forms of trafficking in persons 

shall be considered, on a case-by-case 

basis, whether to be considered as an 

indicator of serious and sustained 

efforts to eliminate severe forms of 

trafficking in persons. After reasonable 

requests from the Department of State 

for data regarding investigations, 

prosecutions, convictions, and 

sentences, a government which does not 

provide such data, consistent with the 

capacity of such government to obtain 

such data, shall be presumed not to 

have vigorously investigated, 

prosecuted, convicted, or sentenced 

such acts. The Secretary of State may 

disregard the presumption contained in 

the preceding sentence if the 

government has provided some data to 

the Department of State regarding such 

acts and the Secretary has determined 

that the government is making a good 

faith effort to collect such data. 

(2) Whether the government of the 

country protects victims of severe forms 

of trafficking in persons and encourages 

their assistance in the investigation and 

prosecution of such trafficking, 

including provisions for legal 

alternatives to their removal to countries 

in which they would face retribution or 

hardship, and ensures that victims are 

not inappropriately incarcerated, fined, 

or otherwise penalized solely for 

unlawful acts as a direct result of being 

trafficked, including by providing 

training to law enforcement and 

immigration officials regarding the 

identification and treatment of 

trafficking victims using approaches 

that focus on the needs of the victims. 

(3) Whether the government of the 

country has adopted measures to 

prevent severe forms of trafficking in 

persons, such as measures to inform and 

educate the public, including potential 

victims, about the causes and 

consequences of severe forms of 

trafficking in persons; measures to 

establish the identity of local 

populations, including birth 

registration, citizenship, and 

nationality; measures to ensure that its 

nationals who are deployed abroad as 

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74802 Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 241 / Tuesday, December 16, 2014 / Notices 

part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or 

other similar mission do not engage in 

or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in 

persons or exploit victims of such 

trafficking; a transparent system for 

remediating or punishing such public 

officials as a deterrent; measures to 

prevent the use of forced labor or child 

labor in violation of international 

standards; effective bilateral, 

multilateral, or regional informationsharing and cooperation arrangements 

with other countries; and effective 

policies or laws regulating foreign labor 

recruiters and holding them civilly and 

criminally liable for fraudulent 

recruiting. 

(4) Whether the government of the 

country cooperates with other 

governments in the investigation and 

prosecution of severe forms of 

trafficking in persons and has entered 

into bilateral, multilateral, or regional 

law enforcement cooperation and 

coordination arrangements with other 

countries. 

(5) Whether the government of the 

country extradites persons charged with 

acts of severe forms of trafficking in 

persons on substantially the same terms 

and to substantially the same extent as 

persons charged with other serious 

crimes (or, to the extent such extradition 

would be inconsistent with the laws of 

such country or with international 

agreements to which the country is a 

party, whether the government is taking 

all appropriate measures to modify or 

replace such laws and treaties so as to 

permit such extradition). 

(6) Whether the government of the 

country monitors immigration and 

emigration patterns for evidence of 

severe forms of trafficking in persons 

and whether law enforcement agencies 

of the country respond to any such 

evidence in a manner that is consistent 

with the vigorous investigation and 

prosecution of acts of such trafficking, 

as well as with the protection of human 

rights of victims and the internationally 

recognized human right to leave any 

country, including one’s own, and to 

return to one’s own country. 

(7) Whether the government of the 

country vigorously investigates, 

prosecutes, convicts, and sentences 

public officials, including diplomats 

and soldiers, who participate in or 

facilitate severe forms of trafficking in 

persons, including nationals of the 

country who are deployed abroad as 

part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or 

other similar mission who engage in or 

facilitate severe forms of trafficking in 

persons or exploit victims of such 

trafficking, and takes all appropriate 

measures against officials who condone 

such trafficking. A government’s failure 

to appropriately address public 

allegations against such public officials, 

especially once such officials have 

returned to their home countries, shall 

be considered inaction under these 

criteria. After reasonable requests from 

the Department of State for data 

regarding such investigations, 

prosecutions, convictions, and 

sentences, a government which does not 

provide such data consistent with its 

resources shall be presumed not to have 

vigorously investigated, prosecuted, 

convicted, or sentenced such acts. The 

Secretary of State may disregard the 

presumption contained in the preceding 

sentence if the government has provided 

some data to the Department of State 

regarding such acts and the Secretary 

has determined that the government is 

making a good faith effort to collect 

such data. 

(8) Whether the percentage of victims 

of severe forms of trafficking in the 

country that are non-citizens of such 

countries is insignificant. 

(9) Whether the government has 

entered into effective, transparent 

partnerships, cooperative agreements, or 

agreements that have resulted in 

concrete and measureable outcomes 

with— 

(A) domestic civil society 

organizations, private sector entities, or 

international non-governmental 

organizations, or into multilateral or 

regional arrangements or agreements, to 

assist the government’s efforts to 

prevent trafficking, protect victims, and 

punish traffickers or 

(B) the United States toward agreed 

goals and objectives in the collective 

fight against trafficking. 

(10) Whether the government of the 

country, consistent with the capacity of 

such government, systematically 

monitors its efforts to satisfy the criteria 

described in paragraphs (1) through (8) 

and makes available publicly a periodic 

assessment of such efforts. 

(11) Whether the government of the 

country achieves appreciable progress 

in eliminating severe forms of 

trafficking when compared to the 

assessment in the previous year. 

(12) Whether the government of the 

country has made serious and sustained 

efforts to reduce the demand for (A) 

commercial sex acts; and (B) 

participation in international sex 

tourism by nationals of the country. 

III. Information Sought Relevant to the 

Minimum Standards 

Submissions should include, but need 

not be limited to, answers to relevant 

questions below for which the submitter 

has direct professional experience; that 

experience should be noted. Citations to 

source material should also be provided. 

Note the country or countries that are 

the focus of the submission. Please see 

the Scope of Interest section for detailed 

information regarding submission 

requirements. 

1. How have trafficking methods 

changed in the past 12 months? For 

example, are there victims from new 

countries of origin? Is internal 

trafficking or child trafficking 

increasing? Has sex trafficking changed 

from brothels to private apartments? Is 

labor trafficking now occurring in 

additional types of industries or 

agricultural operations? Is forced 

begging a problem? 

2. In what ways has the government’s 

efforts to combat trafficking in persons 

changed in the past year? What new 

laws, regulations, policies, and 

implementation strategies exist (e.g., 

substantive criminal laws and 

procedures, mechanisms for civil 

remedies, and victim-witness security, 

generally, and in relation to court 

proceedings)? 

3. Please provide observations 

regarding the implementation of 

existing laws and procedures. 

4. Is the government equally vigorous 

in pursuing labor trafficking and sex 

trafficking? 

5. Are the anti-trafficking laws and 

sentences strict enough to reflect the 

nature of the crime? 

6. Do government officials understand 

the nature of trafficking? If not, please 

provide examples of misconceptions or 

misunderstandings. 

7. Do judges appear appropriately 

knowledgeable and sensitized to 

trafficking cases? What sentences have 

courts imposed upon traffickers? How 

common are suspended sentences and 

prison time of less than one year for 

convicted traffickers? 

8. Please provide observations 

regarding the efforts of police and 

prosecutors to pursue trafficking cases. 

9. Are government officials (including 

law enforcement, diplomats, and 

soldiers/peacekeepers) complicit in 

human trafficking by, for example, 

profiting from, taking bribes, or 

receiving sexual services for allowing it 

to continue? Are government officials 

operating trafficking rings or activities? 

If so, have these government officials 

been subject to an investigation and/or 

prosecution? What punishments have 

been imposed? 

10. Has the government vigorously 

investigated, prosecuted, convicted, and 

sentenced nationals of the country 

deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, 

peacekeeping, or other similar mission 

who engage in or facilitate trafficking? 

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Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 241 / Tuesday, December 16, 2014 / Notices 74803 

11. Has the government investigated, 

prosecuted, convicted, and sentenced 

organized crime groups that are 

involved in trafficking? 

12. Is the country a source of sex 

tourists and, if so, what are their 

destination countries? Is the country a 

destination for sex tourists and, if so, 

what are their source countries? 

13. Please provide observations 

regarding government efforts to address 

the issue of unlawful child soldiering. 

14. Does the government make a 

coordinated, proactive effort to identify 

victims? Is there any screening 

conducted before deportation to 

determine whether individuals were 

trafficked? 

15. What victim services are provided 

(legal, medical, food, shelter, 

interpretation, mental health care, 

health care, employment, training, etc.)? 

Who provides these services? If 

nongovernment organizations provide 

the services, does the government 

support their work either financially or 

otherwise? 

16. How could victim services be 

improved? 

17. Are services provided equally and 

adequately to victims of labor and sex 

trafficking? Men, women, and children? 

Citizen and noncitizen? Members of the 

LGBT community? 

18. Do service providers and law 

enforcement work together 

cooperatively, for instance, to share 

information about trafficking trends or 

to plan for services after a raid? What is 

the level of cooperation, 

communication, and trust between 

service providers and law enforcement? 

19. May victims file civil suits or seek 

legal action against their trafficker? Do 

victims avail themselves of those 

remedies? 

20. Does the government repatriate 

victims who wish to return home? Does 

the government assist with third 

country resettlement? Does the 

government engage in any analysis of 

whether victims may face retribution or 

hardship upon repatriation to their 

country of origin? Are victims awaiting 

repatriation or third country 

resettlement offered services? Are 

victims indeed repatriated or are they 

deported? 

21. Does the government 

inappropriately detain or imprison 

identified trafficking victims? 

22. Does the government punish 

trafficking victims for forgery of 

documents, illegal immigration, 

unauthorized employment, or 

participation in illegal activities 

directed by the trafficker? 

23. What efforts has the government 

made to prevent human trafficking? 

24. Has the government entered into 

effective bilateral, multilateral, or 

regional information-sharing and 

cooperation arrangements that have 

resulted in concrete and measureable 

outcomes? 

25. Does the country have effective 

policies or laws regulating foreign labor 

recruiters? 

26. Does the government undertake 

activities that could prevent or reduce 

vulnerability to trafficking, such as 

registering births of indigenous 

populations? 

27. Does the government provide 

financial support to NGOs working to 

promote public awareness or does the 

government implement such campaigns 

itself? Have public awareness 

campaigns proven to be effective? 

28. Please provide additional 

recommendations to improve the 

government’s anti-trafficking efforts. 

29. Please highlight effective 

strategies and practices that other 

governments could consider adopting. 

Dated: December 9, 2014. 

Kari Johnstone, 

Acting Director, Office to Monitor and Combat 

Trafficking in Persons, U.S. Department of 

State. 

[FR Doc. 2014–29472 Filed 12–15–14; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 4710–17–P 

OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES 

TRADE REPRESENTATIVE 

Request for Comments on Israel’s and 

Turkey’s Participation in the 

Environmental Goods Agreement 

Negotiations 

AGENCY: Office of the United States 

Trade Representative. 

ACTION: Request for comments. 

SUMMARY: On March 21, 2014, the 

United States Trade Representative 

notified Congress of the 

Administration’s intention to enter into 

negotiations for a World Trade 

Organization (WTO) Environmental 

Goods Agreement (EGA) with an initial 

group of 13 trading partners. The United 

States Trade Representative has since 

notified Congress of the 

Administration’s intent to join a 

consensus among EGA participants to 

invite the Governments of Israel and 

Turkey to join the EGA negotiations. 

The Office of the U.S. Trade 

Representative, on behalf of the Trade 

Policy Staff Committee (TPSC), is 

seeking public comment regarding U.S. 

interests and priorities with respect to 

this initiative to invite Israel and Turkey 

to join the EGA negotiations. 

DATES: Written comments are due by 

midnight, January 12, 2015. 

ADDRESSES: Comments from the public 

should be submitted electronically at 

www.regulations.gov. If you are unable 

to provide submissions at 

www.regulations.gov, please contact 

Yvonne Jamison, Trade Policy 

Coordination Assistant, at (202) 395– 

3475, to arrange for an alternative 

method of transmission. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For 

procedural questions concerning written 

comments, please contact Yvonne 

Jamison, Trade Policy Coordination 

Assistant, at the above number. All 

other questions regarding this notice 

should be directed to Bill McElnea, 

Director for Environment and Natural 

Resources, at (202) 395–7320. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background 

On March 21, 2014, the United States 

Trade Representative notified Congress 

of the Administration’s intention to 

enter into the EGA negotiations. This 

notification states that the EGA 

negotiations ‘‘are open to all WTO 

Members that are prepared to eliminate 

tariffs on a set of environmental goods, 

building on the list of 54 goods 

endorsed by APEC Leaders as the 

starting point.’’ A copy of the 

notification is available at 

www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/

03212014-Letter-to-Congress.pdf. USTR 

solicited public comments on this 

initiative through a notification 

published in the Federal Register on 

March 28, 2014 (Document number: 

2014–06831). Comments received 

through that process may be reviewed at 

http://www.regulations.gov under 

docket number USTR–2014–0004. 

On July 8, 2014, the United States and 

13 other WTO members, accounting for 

86 percent of global trade in 

environmental goods, launched the EGA 

negotiations in Geneva, Switzerland. In 

addition to the United States, Australia, 

Canada, China, Costa Rica, the European 

Union, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, New 

Zealand, Norway, Singapore, 

Switzerland and Chinese Taipei are 

participating in the negotiations. The 

EGA aims to eliminate tariffs on a set of 

environmental technologies such as 

wind turbines, water treatment filters, 

and solar water heaters. WTO members 

apply tariffs as high as 35 percent on 

environmental goods. 

The Governments of Israel and Turkey 

notified EGA participants of their 

interests in joining these negotiations 

earlier this year. Following these 

notifications of interest, EGA 

participants agreed to begin any relevant 

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