Real-World Solutions in Fluid Management:WorldSolutionsinFluidManagement:Supply, Storage, Treatment, Recycling, andDisposal WorkshopDisposalWorkshopNorth East Shale Gas SymosiumpPittsburgh, PAMay 19, 2011ENGINEERING • CONSULTING • TECHNOLOGIESPROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENTContacts:Derek KrivakJohn Robertson, P.EngDirector Unconventional Gas Director, Water – Oil & GasHatch HatchSuite 700, 840 7thAvenue Suite 700, 840 7thAvenueCalgary AB T2P 3G2Calgary AB T2P 3G2Calgary,AB,T2P 3G2Calgary,AB,T2P 3G2Phone: 403-999-5997 Phone: 403-269-9555dkrivak@hatch.cajrobertson@hatch.cal kl lDae Krysinski, PE Aex Zatic, P.EngSenior Associate Senior EngineerPrincipal Project ManagerHatch, Infrastructure-WaterHatch Mott MacDonald2800 Speakman Dr.1600 West Carson Street Mississauga, ON, L5K 2R7Pittsburgh, PA 15219 Phone: 905-403-4267Phone: 412-497-2918azlatic@hatch.caDale.Krysinski@hatchmott.com@AgendaSTART END9:00 9:15 Introductions and Workshop Overview9:15 9:30 Breakout into Group Session: "Generate Hot Topics"9:30 9:45 Present Hot topics9:45 10:00 Break10:00 10:30 Hot Topic #1: Presentation and Discussion10:30 11:00 Hot Topic #2: Presentation and Discussion11:00 11:30 Hot Topic #3: Presentation and Discussion11 3012 00O Di i d::OpenDiscussionandwrap-up12:00 End of WorkshopTypical Marcellus DevelopmentWaterSourceFresh WaterWell PadImpoundment6-10 million gallons3-5 acres3-10 wellsGas GatheringPipelineCourtesy of HMMEmerging Marcellus DevelopmentWaterPumpWaterFlowback WaterT f St tiIntakeStationSourceTransferStationFresh WaterImpoundmentWellPadGas GatheringPipelineWater Supply PipelineCourtesy of HMMWater Treatment•Understanding your treatmentrequirements–Feed water quality–Discharge water quality–Regulatory issues•Quantifying water balance•Modular vs. centralized units•Capital costs•O&M costs•Waste discharge streamWater Treatment Technologies•Analytical Testing•Blending•Filtration•Reclamation / Chemical Treatment•Advanced Treatment Technologies•M h i l V R i (MVR)Mechanical VaporRecompression(MVR)•Reverse Osmosis (RO)•FacilitiesAnalytical Testing – WaterlAnaysis•Water Analysis:–Alkalinities–Hardness–TSSTDS––DO–TPH, oil and grease–Metals–Bacteria–Polymer: Presence or absence–NORMSBlending•Common assumption is that blending only applies to reuse offlowback:–source water + flowback water•Blending may also come into play as part of watersourcing:–surface water –groundwater–deep groundwater –shallow groundwater–surface water –groundwater –produced water•The geochemistry of the blended fluids must beconsidered and adjusted as necessary:–Scale–solids and organicsl–Metas–salinityFiltration•Removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) to meetoperators micron cut(100 to 0.5microns).()•99.9% water recover for reuse•However, filtration does not remove Total DissolvedSolids (TDS)Courtesy of MISWACO•Scale-able/modular operations.•Mobile or fixed operations.•Numerous vendors, including MISWACO, FilterSure,Veolia, GE, Siemens, ....etc.CourtesyofMISWACOReclamation / Chemical Treatment•For removal of heavy metals, hardness and TSS fromflowback water•Heavy metals:Flowback–Fe: Oxidize Fe2+ to Fe 3+ and chemical precipitation at pH 9.0•Fe+3+ 3NaOH -> Fe (OH)3+ Na+; can also use lime–Mn: Chemical oxidation followed by precipitation at pH >7M+2O id tM+4OMOStorage•Mn+2+Oxidant->Mn+4+O2->MnO2–Alternately, Greensand Filtration can be used for both iron andmanganese simultaneously•Hardness:Chem.Precip–Ca: Chemical precipitation at pH to10.3 –10.8 and adding soda ash tothe water.•Ca+ Na2CO -> CaCO3+ 2Na+–Ba and Sr: Some removed by precipitationdd l d h d d d lFiltration–Removedduring calcium treatmentdue to pH ashydroxides andalso ascarbonates–Removed by precipitation as sulfates by addition of Na2SO4•TSS:Testing–Removal by filtrationReclaim/ReuseReclamation System Layout•90-99% recovery•Mobile or fixed setupCourtesyofMISWACO•Adaptable to changing influent characteristicsDesalination•MVRMechanical Vapor Recompression––Treat high TDS water for reuse.Courtesy of MISWACO•Mobile Units–Compact, efficient,–Designed for slickwater–Maximum TDS limit•Fountain Quail, GE Water, Aqua-techAdvanced Treatment**Example configurationReverse Osmosis•Advantages–Increasingly being used in water purification–Low energy consumptionCourtesy of MISWACO–Removes all contaminants to a certain extent•DisadvantagesMore pretreatment and maintenance required–then for MSF plants–Membrane fouling and membrane lifetime areissuesFacilities Overview•Mobile Facilities•Centralized FaciltiesMobile Treatment•5 000 to 10 000 BPD5,000 to 10,000 BPD•Mobile Treatment for single wells•Quick rig up and rig down•Trailer mounted for transportation•Small footprint•Filtration Unit: 35’ x 10’ (11m X 3m)•Reclamation Unit: 120’ x 120’ (37m X37 )mCentral Treatment Systems•Central Treatment Facilities60 000 100 000 BPD ( )•60,000to100,000 BPD (ormore)•Central Facilities for multiple wells in the areaand/or multiple operators•Strategically located, ie. 15 mile radius from drillingactivity•In-line with drilling program requirements•Treatment and re-use of 100% of produced waters•Minimum operating volumes required to justifycapital investmentDisposal•Options include:–Deep well Injection–POTW–Evaporator (Water Treatment)•Reuse of Water•Dispose of Salts•Issues :Discharge Limits––Accessibility (only 7-9 injection wells in PA)–Costs–Delivery/transportDisposal•Upfront characterization and design-–Impoundments–Reservoir characterization–Injection well design–Drilling and Testing–Treat & discharge•Injection well economic optimization•Integration of multiple solutionsDisposal•Disposal quantities:–re-use vs disposal–Interim Storage of disposal volumes•Costs•AccessibilityT i•ransportissues•permittingThe Challenge:•Composition changes regionally and over time(higher salinity with more formation contact).•Scaling tendency is not predictable. Requires bothsimulation and“-on”experiencesimulation and handsexperience.–High Ba& Sr in Marcellus. Low sulfates.•Develop empirical relationships between gasproduction rate/volume and frac water quality.•Need rugged/reliable pre-treatment system for shalegas.•Reducing operating costs is criticalReducing operating costs is critical.