SECTION 4.0 - SAMPLE RESULTS

All commodities were screened for selected organochlorine, organophosphate, and
organonitrogen compounds. The advanced analytical technology utilized by PDP laboratories
allows for the detection of residues present at very low concentrations. As a result, a
significant number of samples tested were found to contain residues--albeit, at low levels,
and substantially below tolerances.

Table 4.0 provides a summary of all residue detections per commodity. These results are
explained in further detail in Tables 4.1 and 4.2, and shown graphically in Figure 4.0.
Table 4.1 compares the mean residue concentration of selected pesticides to established
tolerances (pesticides detected in less than ten percent of the samples are not included). Of
the 40 pesticide/commodity pairs listed in Table 4.1, only 5 pairs resulted in a mean
concentration which exceeded 10 percent of the tolerance: thiabendazole/bananas,
imazalil/grapefruit, dimethoate/grapes, myclobutanil/grapes, and acephate/green beans. Five
pairs (DDE/carrots, permethrins/celery, captan/grapes, iprodione/grapes, and captan/peaches)
had mean concentrations below 1 percent of the established tolerance. Table 4.2 shows the
number of residues found in different concentration ranges, from 1-9 parts per billion (ppb)
to greater than 1 part per million (ppm). As seen in this table, approximately 56 percent of
the residues found in all commodities were below 0.1 ppm, and 8.5 percent of the detections
were below 10 ppb. Figure 4.0 shows in more detail the distribution of residues for
commodity-pesticide pairs with at least 10 percent detections.

4.1 Discussion of Results

As Appendix 5 shows, 5,592 samples were analyzed for all PDP compounds except benomyl
and 2,4-D which were tested only in selected commodities. Of these, 61.2 percent were
found to contain detectable residues. The percentage of samples with residues varied from
88.5 percent for apples to 35.3 percent for broccoli. The number of different pesticides
detected per commodity ranged from 4 in bananas to 25 in apples. Additional samples of
apples (51 samples), bananas (51), and green beans (56) were collected for benomyl and
thiabendazole analyses only, bringing the total to 5,750. Benomy] and thiabendazole results,
including these additional samples, are discussed in section 4.2. Pesticides detected included
insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and growth regulators (see Appendix 6). Also detected
were DDT and its metabolites, although their presence is due to environmental
contamination, not the result of crop application.

Appendix 7 gives the distribution of residue occurrences by pesticide. The appendix shows
all pesticides detected by PDP divided into three parts as follows: (A) EPA-targeted
pesticides; (B) additional EPA-targeted pesticides; and (C) other pesticides. The EPA-
targeted pesticides, listed in section A, are those included in the program from its inception
through May 1992. Pesticides in section B, although already monitored by PDP, were added
to EPA’s targeted pesticide list in November 1992. Section C lists other pesticides included
in the program. Listed below each pesticide are these commodities in which the pesticide
was detected and the States where the samples were collected. Appendix 7 also gives a

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Number of Occurrences

360 samples tested
168 detections (46.7%)
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originated from either California or Florida. Figure 2.0 shows the percentage of imported
versus domestic samples per commodity. Figure 2.1 gives the geographic origin of domestic
samples.

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breakdown of number and percentage of imported versus domestic. As Appendix 3
indicates, 1,114 (19.4 percent) of the samples were imported, and 4,636 (80.6 percent) were
domestic. Celery, green beans, and peaches were not included in the program until
February; therefore, their sample totals are lower. The same applies to broccoli and carrots,
which were added to the program in October. Additionally, a great degree of seasonal
variability was noted in the number of import versus domestic samples for both grapes and

peaches.

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APPENDIX 5

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY COMMODITY

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PERCENT OF
COMMODITY/PESTICIDE SAMPLES SAMPLES WITH SAMPLES WITH
ANALYZED RESIDUES DETECTED} RESIDUES DETECTED,

APPLES.
Azinphos—Methy! 567 178 31.4
Benomy! 406 49 124
Captan 567 45 7.9
Carbaryl 567 3 05
Chlorothalonil (V—1) 567 1 0.2
Chlorpropham (V-1) 567 1 0.2
Chlorpyrifos 567 100 17.6
DDE 567 1 0.2
Diazinon 567 14 25
Dicofol 567 9 1.6
Dimethoate 567 29 51
Diphenylamine 567 173 30.5
Endosulfans 567 75 13.2
Ethion 567 19 3.4
Iprodione (V-1) 567 1 0.2
Methoxychlor 567 3 05
Myclobutanil 567 1 0.2
O-Phenylphenol (CA only) 154 7 45
Omethoate 567 17 3.0
Parathion 567 11 1.9
Parathion—Methyl 567 46 8.1
Phosalone 567 2 0.4
Phosmet 567 7 3.0
Thiabendazole* 519 293 56.5
Vinclozolin (V-1) 567 1 0.2

Total Residues Detected: 1096

Total number of samples analyzed: 567 ** + 51 (benomyl/thiabendazole results only) =618

Total number of samples with positive findings: 502

Percent of samples with residues detected: 88.5

Number of different pesticides detected: 25

BANANAS
Benomyl 406 3 07
Ethoprop (NY only) 99 1 1.0
Imazalil K-1) 564 23 41
Thiabendazole (X—4)* 518 194 37.5

Total Residues Detected: 221

Total number of samples analyzed: 564 ** + 51 (benomyl/thiabendazole results only)=615
Total number of samples with positive findings: 209
Percent of samples with residues detected: 37.1
Number of different pesticides detected: 4

Page 1 of 7



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APPENDIX 5

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY COMMODITY

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PERCENT OF
COMMODITY/PESTICIDE SAMPLES SAMPLES WITH SAMPLES WITH
ANALYZED RESIDUES DETECTED! RESIDUES DETECTED,

LETTUCE
Acephate 565 36 6.4
Chlorothalonil (V-1) 565 1 0.2
Chlorpyrifos (V—3) 565 3 0.5
Cypermethrin 565 2 0.4
DCPA 565 25 4.4
DDE 565 12 21
DDT 565 1 02
Diazinon 565 10 18
Dicloran 565 2 0.4
Dimethoate 565 44 7.8
Disulfoton Sulfone (CA only) 154 3 19
Endosulfans (X-1) 565 63 41.2
Iprodione 565 3 0.5
Methamidophos 565 15 27
Methoxychlor 565 5 0g
Mevinphos 565 5 09
Omethoate 565 4 0.7
Parathion—Methyl 565 1 0.2
Permethrins 565 62 11.0

Total Residues Detected: 297

Total number of samples analyzed: 565

Total number of samples with positive findings: 201

Percent of samples with residues detected: 35.6

Number of different pesticides detected: 19

ORANGES
2,4-D 215 2 09
Chlorpyrifos 569 18 3.2
Diazinon 569 3 05
Dicofol 569 2 0.4
Dimethoate 569 4 0.7
Ethion 569 14 25
Imazalil 569 167 29.3
Methidathion 569 16 28
O-Phenylphenol (CA only) 154 5 3.2
Omethoate 569 1 0.2
Thiabendazole* 392 250 63.8

Total Residues Detected: 482

Total number of samples analyzed: 569

Total number of samples with positive findings: 329
Percent of samples with residues detected: 57.8
Number of different pesticides detected: 11

Page 5 of 7



APPENDIX 6 PESTICIDES DETECTED BY PDP AND THEIR CHEMICAL ACTIONS

PESTICIDE

Dimethoate

CHEMICAL ACTIONS

Insecticide/Acaricide
Cholinesterase Inhibitor

Diphenylamine

Pre- and Post-Harvest Fungicide

Disulfoton Sulfone

Insecticide/Acaricide
Cholinesterase Inhibitor
(Oxidized to Sulfone in plants)

Endosulfans Insecticide/Acaricide, contact action
Ethion Insecticide/Acaricide, contact action

Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Ethoprop Nematocide/Insecticide (soil insecticide)
Imazalil Post-Harvest Fungicide
Tprodione Fungicide
Lindane Herbicide, Gamma isomer of BHC
Malathion Insecticide, Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Methamidophos Insecticide/Acaricide

Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Methidathion Fungicide, contact action
Methoxychlor Insecticide/Acaricide

food storage control spray
Mevinphos Insecticide/Acaricide

Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Myclobutanil Fungicide
Omethoate Insecticide/Acaricide

Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Parathion Insecticide/Acaricide

Cholinesterase Inhibitor

Parathion-Methyl

Insecticide/Acaricide
Cholinesterase Inhibitor

Page 2 of 3


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APP

ENDIX 7

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY PESTICIDE

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
STATES WHERE NUMBER’ SAMPLES WITH RESIDUES DETECTED:
COMMODITIES SAMPLES WERE OF NUMBER %, Minimum =| Maximum:
COLLECTED. SAMPLES. Value Value
C. OTHER PESTICIDES
PROPARGITE
PEACHES [FL l 41] 3] 7.3|.74M [1.3M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 3
TDE * (Degradation product of DDT)
CARROTS [FL I 153] 1 0.7/28 [28
{_ Total # of samples with residues detected = 1
THIABENDAZOLE
APPLES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 519 293 56.5 | 15B 4.8M
BANANAS CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 518 194 37.5 |10B 1.5M
CARROTS MI 153 1 0.7 |12B 12B
GRAPEFRUIT CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 389 210 54.0|10B 1.6M
GRAPES FL 388 1 0.3 |.22M 22M
ORANGES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA. 392 250 63.8 /6B 1.6M
PEACHES Ml 230 1 0.4|95B 95B
POTATOES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 363 50 13.8 | 4B 2.7M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 1000
TRIFLURALIN
CARROTS [CA 42| 29] 69.0[25B [12M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 2
VINCLOZOLIN
APPLES NY 567 1 0.2|30B 30B.
GREEN BEANS NY 466 5 1.1|29B .25M
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 552 130 23.6|3B 2.3M
PEACHES FL, MI, NY 360 5 1.4/18B 41M

Total # of samples with residues detected = 141

‘TOTAL NUMBER OF DIFFERENT RESIDUES DETECTED:

49

‘TOTAL NUMBER OF SAMPLES ANALYZED:

5750

Page 8 of 8



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In May 1991, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) implemented the Pesticide Data
Program (PDP) to collect comprehensive data on pesticide residues in selected fresh fruits
and vegetables. PDP is a multi-agency program with planning, policy, and procedural
efforts coordinated among USDA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Day-to-day program operations are managed by the
Science Division of USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS). Data produced by PDP
is collected as close to the consumer as possible, with samples prepared as if for human
consumption (washed, peeled, cored, etc.). PDP data is available to EPA to determine
dietary exposure to pesticide residues, and thus better estimate risk to the consumer.
Commodities were chosen for inclusion in the program based on their level of consumption
by the American public. Pesticides targeted for data collection were selected by EPA in
consultation with USDA and were chosen based on dietary exposure considerations. The
EPA list of pesticides consists of compounds with acute and chronic endpoints, including
suspected carcinogens. PDP data is also available for use by EPA to address pesticide
reregistration and special review needs. An overview of program management and
operations is shown in Figure A. Pesticides in PDP are shown in Figure B.

Agreements were established with agencies in six States (California, Florida, Michigan, New
York, Texas, and Washington) to collect and analyze PDP samples. These States were
selected because they represent diverse geographic areas of the country, approximately 40
percent of the Nation’s population, and a large percentage of the fresh fruits and vegetables
grown in the United States. Participating States were assigned a number of samples to
collect per commodity each month, which was based on the State’s population. This number
was the same for all commodities and remained constant throughout the year. To allow for
collection as close to the consumer level as possible, samples were gathered at sites such as
terminal markets and large distribution centers. Sampling at these locations also provided
information on the origin of the sample, the use of post-harvest fungicides, and pesticide
degradation that occurred during transit and storage.

Sampling guidelines, written by AMS and provided to all participating States, required that
sampling dates and sites be selected at random. Also included in the guidelines were specific
sampling techniques to be utilized by the sample collectors. Strict adherence to the
guidelines and uniformity of sampling techniques were emphasized. Participating States were
responsible for providing AMS with quarterly sampling plans indicating the dates and sites to
be sampled for each month of the quarter. Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
criteria, which are based on EPA’s Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs), were established by
AMS for the participating laboratories. To facilitate meeting these criteria, each laboratory
was provided with similar instrumentation and training on instrument use.

Presented in this summary are the PDP findings for calendar year 1992. The number of
commodities included in the program increased from 7 to 10 in February, and once again

vii


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Number of Occurrences

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Concentration

466 samples tested

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min 3 ppb - max 1.0 ppm

50

Number of Occurrences

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ppb - parts per billion
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imum concentration detected
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55


analyzed in 46 of the samples only). The total number of residues found was 854. This
total includes multiple residues detected in single samples, which ranged from 2 samples
containing 6 different residues to 127 samples containing 2 residues. Violations were
reported for 18 domestic samples containing residues of DCPA (11), quintozene (3),
chlorpyrifos (2), and iprodione (2), for which no tolerance has been established for celery.

rapefrui

Out of 567 samples analyzed, 260 (45.9 percent) had at least 1 detectable residue. Nine
different pesticides were found. Thiabendazole and imazalil, both post-harvest fungicides,
were the most frequently detected. The total number of residues found, including multiple
residues, was 332. No tolerance violations were reported.

Grapes

Out of 552 samples analyzed, 381 (69.0 percent) were found to contain at least 1 detectable
residue. Twenty-one different pesticides were detected. Most frequently found were
iprodione, captan, vinclozolin, and myclobutanil. The total number of residues found was
756. This total includes multiple residues detected in single samples, which ranged from 1
sample containing 6 different residues to 113 samples containing 2 residues. Violations were
Teported for five samples, one domestic and four imported commodities. Two of these
violations were for residues for which no tolerance has been established for grapes
(diphenylamine and methamidophos), and 3 for residues exceeding the tolerance level
(parathion-1, chlorpyrifos-1, dimethoate-1).

Green Beans

Out of 466 samples analyzed, 279 (59.9 percent) were found to contain at least 1 detectable
residue. Twenty four different pesticides were detected. Most frequently found were
methamidophos, endosulfans, and acephate. The total number of residues found was 576.
This total includes multiple residues detected in single samples, which ranged from 7 samples
containing 5 different residues to 84 samples containing 2 residues. Violations were reported
for 22 samples, 15 domestic and 7 imported commodities. Twenty-one of these violations
were for residues for which no tolerance has been established for green beans
(methamidophos-18, permethrins-3), and 1 for residues exceeding the tolerance level
(acephate-methamidophos combined).

Lettuce

Of 565 samples analyzed, 201 (35.6 percent) had at least 1 detectable residue. Nineteen
different pesticides were found. The most frequently found pesticides were permethrins and
endosulfans. The total number of residues found, including multiple residues, was 297.
Multiple residues found in single samples ranged from 1 containing 5 different residues to 42
which had 2 residues. Violations were reported for 5 domestic samples. Of these, 4 were

27


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4.7 Tolerance Violations

Tolerances, which are the maximum amount of residue that is allowed in or on a food crop,
are established by EPA. A violation occurs when a residue is found which exceeds tolerance
levels, or when a residue is found for which there is no tolerance for that particular crop.
With the exception of meat, poultry, and egg products, for which USDA is responsible,
tolerances for all other foods are enforced by FDA. In order to take prompt corrective
action, samples collected under enforcement programs have to be analyzed within hours of
collection. Since PDP samples are not collected for this purpose, emphasis is placed on
searching for residues at the lowest detectable levels rather than on quick sample turnaround.
In fact, because of the complexity of the sample analysis requirements and the data review
process, it may take 1 month or longer to complete a sample set.

During 1992, 63 samples were found to contain 66 violative residues (double violations were
found in 3 of the samples), 15 of which were detected in imported commodities. As
Appendix 9 indicates, 53 samples found in violation had residues where no tolerance was
established by EPA for that pesticide/commodity pair, and 10 had residues which exceeded
the tolerance. Under the Memorandum of Understanding signed by USDA, EPA, and FDA,
the Pesticide Data Program is required to inform FDA of any violative residues found. PDP
data may assist FDA by pinpointing areas where closer surveillance may be required.

31


565 amples tested

82 detections (11.0%) Lettuce/Permethrins

min 6 ppb - max 1.9 ppm

30

Number of Occurrences

10-25B 26-50 B 51-99B . 0.10-0.5M 0.51-10M 1.1-9.9M
Concentration

569 samples tested

167 detections (29.3%) Oranges/Imazalil

min 10 ppb - max 0.94 ppm

90

80

70

Number of Occurrences
8 8

19B 10-25B 26-50 B 0.10-0.5 M 0.51-1.0M.

ppb - parts per billion

ppm - parte per million

min - minimum concentration Gatected
max - maximum concentration detected

57


SECTION 3.0 - LABORATORY OVERVIEW

During 1992, PDP laboratories performed analyses on 5,750 samples. Most of the pesticides
in the program were analyzed using general multiresidue methods (MRMs), which are
capable of detecting several compounds simultaneously. Benomyl, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D,
which are not detectable by MRMs, were analyzed by USDA’s Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) laboratory using selective multiresidue methods.

3.1 Quality Assurance Program

To achieve data equivalency among participating laboratories, PDP required adherence to
rigorous quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) criteria. To demonstrate the suitability
of analytical methods, as well as the proficiency of the technical staff, laboratories were
required to perform method validation studies for each pesticide/commodity pair.

PDP’s quality assurance program encompasses five elements:

e Proficiency Check Samples - All facilities were required to participate in the PDP
Check Sample Program. Periodically (approximately every 4 months), three to four
prepared commodities, containing several pesticides of known quantities, were sent to
the participating laboratories and tested under the same conditions as routine samples.
The resulting data were used to determine performance equivalency among the testing
laboratories, and to evaluate individual laboratory performance.

e Quality Control - Since quality control requirements are the same for one sample as
for several samples, it is more economical and efficient to collect and process the
samples as a set. Laboratories were permitted to refrigerate incoming samples of the
same commodity for up to 72 hours, to allow for different sample arrival times from
the collection sites. PDP quality control guidelines require that samples be tested as
part of an analytical set, which includes the sample set and the following components:

1. Reagent Blank: An amount of distilled water, equivalent to the natural moisture
content of the commodity, is run through the entire analytical process to determine
glassware cleanliness and system integrity.

2. Matrix Blank: A previously analyzed sample of the same commodity, which
contains either very low concentrations of known residues or no detectable residues,
is divided into two portions. The first portion is used to give background information
on naturally occurring chemicals, and the second one is used to prepare a matrix
spike.

3. Matrix Spike(s): A portion(s) of matrix blank is spiked with all pesticides of

interest to PDP prior to extraction. The matrix spike is used to determine the
accuracy of the analyst and instrument performance.

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APPENDIX 5

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY COMMODITY

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PERCENT OF
COMMODIT Y/PESTICIDE SAMPLES SAMPLES WITH SAMPLES WITH
ANALYZED. RESIDUES DETECTED! RESIDUES DETECTED|
POTATOES
2,4-D 216 6 28
Azinphos—Methyl 568 1 0.2
Chlorpropham 568 337 59.3
DDE 568 56 9.9
DDT 568 8 1.4
Diazinon 568 1 0.2
Dicloran 568 5 09
Dimethoate 568 1 0.2
Endosulfans 568 45 79
Methamidophos 568 6 11
Methidathion 568 1 0.2
Methoxychlor 568 2 0.4
Pentachlorobenzene 465 5 Ww
Phorate Sulfone (NY only) 99 3 3.0
Quintozene 568 3 05
Thiabendazole* 363 50 13.8
Total Residues Detected: 530
Total number of samples analyzed: 568
Total number of samples with positive findings: 404
Percent of samples with residues detected: 71.1
Number of different pesticides detected: 16
GRAND TOTALS
ee 2s SAMPLES.
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT NUMBER NUMBER WITH PERCENT WITH
PESTICIDES DETECTED ANALYZED *",*** | RESIDUES DETECTED} RESIDUES DETECTED)
49 5592 3423 61.2
+ 158 (benomyl & thiabendazole results only) = 5750
NUMBER OF RESIDUES
DETECTED
6029

(V) Residue was found where no tolerance was established by EPA.
(%) Residue was found which exceeds EPA tolerance.
* Implementation of Thiabendazole analysis was delayed in California.
** Number shown as total excludes August samples for which only Benomyl analysis was performed.
*** Some samples were discarded due to poor condition upon arrival at one of the testing facilities.

Page 7 of 7


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196 detoctione (38.8%) Celery/Permethrins

min 8 ppb - max 0.69 ppm

70

Number of Occurrences

26-50 B 51-99 B 0.10-0.5 M 0,51-1.0M
Concentration

567 samples tested

87 detections (15.3%) Grapefruit/Imazalil

min 16 ppb - max 0.33 ppm

35

Number of Occurrences

19B 10-25B 26-50B | 5199B 0.10-0.5 M
Concentration

ppb - parts per billion
ppm - parte per million
min nium concentration detected

max - maximum concentration detected

51


APPENDIX 7

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY PESTICIDE

SUMMARY. OF RESULTS
STATES WHERE NUMBER SAMPLES WITH RESIDUES DETECTED.
COMMODITIES SAMPLES WERE OF NUMBER: To. Minimum Maximum
COLLECTED SAMPLES Value ‘Value

B. ADDITIONAL EPA — TARGETED PESTICIDES

ETHION
APPLES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 567 19 3.4/6B 1.7M
GREEN BEANS MI 466 1 0.2|5B 5B
GRAPEFRUIT CA, FL, MI, NY, TX 567 15 2.6 | 2B 273
ORANGES FL, MI, NY, TX 569 14 2.5|4B 2538
Total # of samples with residues detected = 49

METHIDATHION

ORANGES CA, MI, NY, TX 569 16 2.8 /4B 43B
POTATOES TM 568 1 0.2/16B 16B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 7
MEVINPHOS
CELERY CA 508 2 0.4|5B 20B
GRAPES NY 552 1 0.2|15B 15B
LETTUCE CA, WA 565, 5 0.9|5B 13M
PEACHES NY 360 3 0.8|.10M 18M
Total # of samples with residues detected = a

PARATHION— METHYL

APPLES CA, MI, NY, TX 567 46 8.1/1B 81B
CELERY FL, MI 508 3 0.6/31B 62B
CARROTS MI 153 2 1.3|8B 8B
GREEN BEANS MI, NY. 466 2 0.4|8B 16M
GRAPES CA, NY 552 2 0.4/15B 32B
LETTUCE WA 565, 1 0.2|.21M .21M
PEACHES CA, FL, Mi, NY, TX 360 42 11.7|4B 12M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 98

Page 4 of 8



APPENDIX 7

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY PESTICIDE

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
STATES WHERE NUMBER SAMPLES. wT RESIDUES DETECTED
‘COMMODITIES SAMPLES WERE OF NUMBER Minimum =| Maximum
COLLECTED __ SAMPLES Value. Value
C. OTHER PESTICIDES
DDT
CELERY NY 508 1 0.2/10B 10B
LETTUCE NY 565 1 0.2/27B 27B
PEACHES NY 360 1 0.3|10B 10B
POTATOES CA, NY. 568 8 1.4|5B 38B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 1
DEMETON
GREEN BEANS INY T 89] iT 7.1 | 878 [87B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 1
DEMETON—SULFONE
GREEN BEANS [NY [ 89] 2] 22/118 [138
Total # of samples with residues detected = 2
DIMETHOATE
APPLES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX 567 2 5.1/10B 27M
CELERY NY, TX 508 2 0.4/14B 44B
CARROTS TM 153 1 0.7 | 108 10B
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, MI, NY, TX 466 30 6.4|5B 1.2M
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA. 552 55 10.0/4B 1.5M
LETTUCE CA, MI, NY, TX 565 44 7.8/4B .21M
ORANGES FL, MI, NY, TX 569 4 0.7 |10B 18B
PEACHES MI 360 1 0.3/10B 10B
POTATOES TM 568 1 0.2/10B 10B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 167
DIPHENYLAMINE
APPLES CA, FL, MI, NY, WA 567 173 30.5/13B 3.7M
GRAPES CA 552 1 0.2] 15B 158
Total # of samples with residues detected = 174
ETHOPROP
BANANAS [NY [ 99] 1] 1.0[38 [3B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 1
IMAZALIL.
BANANAS CA, MI, NY, TX 564 23 4.1) 15B 24M
GRAPEFRUIT. CA, FL, MI, NY, TX 567 87 15.3|15B 33M
ORANGES CA, FL, Ml, NY, TX, WA 569 167 29.3/10B 94M.
Total # of samples with residues detected = 277

Page 6 of 8



APPENDIX 7

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY PESTICIDE

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
STATES WHERE NUMBER. SAMPLES WITH RESIDUES DETECTED.
COMMODITIES SAMPLES WERE OF NUMBER % Minimum = [ Maximiim’
COLLECTED SAMPLES. Value Value.
C. OTHER PESTICIDES
MYCLOBUTANIL
APPLES 567 1 0.2|25B 258
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 552 94 17.0[12B 53M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 95
O—PHENYLPHENOL
APPLES CA 154 7 4.5 |15B 12M
GRAPEFRUIT CA 154 1 0.6 /15B 15B
ORANGES CA 154 5 3.2|15B 58B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 13
OMETHOATE
APPLES FL, MI, NY 567 7 3.0/8B 38M
CELERY NY 508 1 0.2 | 228 2238
GREEN BEANS FL, MI, NY 466 18 3.9/8B 49M
GRAPES FL, Mi, NY 552 24 4.3|8B 52M
LETTUCE CA, MI, NY 565 4 0.7 |16B 88B
ORANGES NY 569 1 0.2|75B 75B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 65
PARATHION
APPLES CA, NY. 567 1 1.9/5B 75B
CELERY NY 508 3 0.6 /3B 68B
CARROTS NY 153. 3 2.0/3B 12B
GREEN BEANS NY, TX 466 2 0.4 [368 11M
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY 552 4 0.7 |27B 2.7M
PEACHES FL, MI, NY 360 11 3.1/6B 10M
Total # of samples with residues detected = Ezy
PHORATE SULFONE
POTATOES [NY [ 99] 3[ 3.0/13B [12M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 3
PHOSALONE
APPLES [FL, NY [ 567| 2] 0.4[.43M [54M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 2
PHOSMET
APPLES CA, MI, NY, TX 567 7 3.0/11B .26M
GRAPEFRUIT TM 567 2 0.4 |40B 40B
GRAPES CA, MI, NY, TX 552 5 0.9/58B .25M
PEACHES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 360 51 14.2]15B 2.9M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 7

Page 7 of 8



567 samples tested
76 detections (13.2%)
min 3 ppb - max 0.28 ppm

Apples/Endosulfans

35

Number of Occurrences

26-50B 51-99 B
Concentration

519 samples tested

293 detections (56.5%) 1
min 18 ppb- max 48 ppm Apples/Thiabendazole
150
¢
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; 100 F
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19B 10-25B 26-50 B 51-99B . 0.10-0.5M 0.51-1.0M 1.1-9.9M
ppb - parte per billion Concentration

per million
um concentration detected
‘max - maximum concentration detected

45


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Figure B

Pesticides in PDP

HEB Original EPA List (16)

2,4-D
Acephate
Atrazine*
Benomyl
Bromoxynil*
Chlorpyrifos
Dicloran
Dicofol

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)*

Iprodione

Lindane
Methamidophos
Methoxychlor
Pentachlorobenzene
Permethrins
Quintozene (PCNB)

* Not detected

48.0%

Additional EPA List (12)

Azinphos-methyl
Chlorothalonil
Diazinon
Dichlorvos
Disulfoton sulfone
Endosulfans
Ethion
Fenamiphos*
Malathion*
Methidathion
Mevinphos
Parathion-methyl

2 other (26)

Anilazine
Captan
Carbaryl
Chlorpropham
Cypermethrin
DCPA
DDE+DDT+TDE
Demeton
Demeton-S Sulfone
Dimethoate
Diphenylamine
Ethoprop
Imazalil
Myclobutanil
O-phenyphenol
Omethoate
Parathion
Phorate Sulfone
Phosalone
Phosmet
Propargite
Thiabendazole
Trifluralin
Vinclozolin

XI


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3.3 Sample Analysis

Variations of the Luke extraction procedures developed by FDA were used by Florida,
Michigan, New York, and Texas. California and Washington used the multiresidue method
developed by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). Sample
extraction and cleanup preparation procedures, to achieve the levels of detection required by
the program, were based on organic solvent/partition procedures.

Various types of chromatography were used for the initial identification and quantitation of
pesticides. Confirmation was accomplished by mass spectrometry or by alternate detection
systems when applicable. Confirmation was deemed necessary due to the complexity of
commodity matrices and the low concentration levels of detected residues. The confirmatory
analysis provided an extra measure of confidence in both the identification of the pesticide
tesidue and its concentration.

Average limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) for testing laboratories
are shown in Appendix 4.

23


In January 1993, AMS established agreements with Colorado, North Carolina, and Ohio to
begin collecting samples for PDP. Under these agreements, all samples collected by these
three States would be sent to one or more of the other participating laboratories for analysis.
With the addition of these States, the segment of the Nation’s population represented by PDP
sampling was increased to approximately 50 percent, including produce directly distributed to
nearby States such as New Mexico and Wyoming.

Testing for five N-methyl carbamates began in January. Formetanate analysis for apples and
peaches started in July 1993, and for oranges in October.


TABLE 4.1 CONCENTRATION DETECTED vs. ESTABLISHED TOLERANCES
(Pesticides detected in less than ten percent of the samples are not included)

Commodity/ Tolerance Percentage of Mean of Percent of
Pesticide (ppm) Samples with Residues Found Tolerance
Detected Residues (ppm)

APPLES

Azinphos-Methyl 2.0 31.4 0.083 4.2

Benomyl 7.0 12.1 0.11 1.6

Chlorpyrifos 1.5 17.6 0.043 2.9

Diphenylamine 10 30.5 0.67 6.7

Endosulfans 2.0 13.2 0.022 11

Thiabendazole 10 56.5 0.62 6.2

BANANAS

Thiabendazole 0.4 37.5 0.090 22.5

BROCCOLI

DCPA (Dacthal) 5 23.5 0.37 1.4

CARROTS

DDE*- 3 26.8 0.018 0.60

Diazinon 0.75 12.4 0.010 1.3

Iprodione 5.0 28.8 0.083 1.7

CELERY

Acephate 10 26.8 0.12 1.2

Chlorothalonil 15 32.3 0.24 1.6

Diazinon 0.7 13.2 0.040 5.7

Dicloran 15 27.6 0.25 1.7
psi 1 11.4 0.024 2.4

Permethrins 20.0 38.6 0.087 0.44

GRAPEFRUIT

Imazalil 10 15.3 1.06 10.6

Thiabendazole 10 54.0 0.14 1.4

35


Pesticide Data Program (PDP)
Summary of 1992 Data

U.S. Department of Agriculture ¢ Agricultural Marketing Service
April 1994


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APPENDIX 5

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY COMMODITY

NUMBER -OF NUMBER OF PERCENT OF
COMMODITY /PESTICIDE SAMPLES. SAMPLES WITH SAMPLES WITH
ANALYZED RESIDUES DETECTED! RESIDUES DETECTED.
PEACHES
Acephate (V-2) 360 2 06
Azinphos— Methyl 360 45 12.5
Captan 360 51 14.2
Carbaryl 360 3 08
Chlorpyrifos 360 31 86
DDT 360 1 03
Diazinon 360 27 75
Dichlorvos (CA only) 110 1 09
Dicloran 360 168 46.7
Dimethoate (V-1) 360 1 03
Endosulfans 360 20 5.6
Iprodione 360 196 54.4
Methamidophos (V-2) 360 2 06
Methoxychlor 360 3 08
Mevinphos 360 3 08
Parathion 360 W 3.1
Parathion—Methyl 360 42 11.7
Permethrins 360 10 28
Phosmet 360 51 14.2
Propargite (FL only) 41 3 73
Thiabendazole (V—1)* 230 1 0.4
Vinclozolin 360 5 1.4
Total Residues Detected: 677

Total number of samples analyzed: 360

Total number of samples with positive findings: 307
Percent of samples with residues detected: 85.3
Number of different pesticides detected: 22

Page 6 of 7



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E08 samples tested
184 detections (32.3%)
min 2 ppb - max 6.9 ppm

Celery/Chlorothalonil

50

30

Number of Occurrences

10

°
10-25B 26-50 B 51-99 B , 0:100.5M 0.51.
Concentration
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25
20

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Number of Occurrences

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ppm - parte per million Concentration

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163 samples tested

41 detections (26.8%) Carrots / D D E

min 2 ppb - max 0.13 ppm

35
30
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8
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a
sk
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1-9B 26-50B . 51-99 B 0.10-0.5M
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19 detecti 2.4%) 1 1
19 detections (12.4%) Carrots/Diazinon
15
E 10
3
§
g 5
a
0
ppb - parte per billion 198 10258 26-50B
ppm - parts per million Concentration

min - minimum concentration detected
max - maximum concentration detected

47


APPENDIX 7

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY PESTICIDE

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
STATES WHERE NUMBER SAMPLES: ue RESIDUES DETECTED
COMMODITIES SAMPLES WERE ‘OF NUMBER Minimum | Maximum.
COLLECTED. SAMPLES Value Value
B. ADDITIONAL EPA — TARGETED PESTICIDES
AZINPHOS— METHYL
APPLES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 567 178 31.4/9B .62M
CELERY MI 508 2 0.4/48B -11M
GREEN BEANS FL, Ml, NY, TX 466 16 3.4|40B .38M
GRAPES NY, TX 552 4 0.7|40B .57M
PEACHES CA, MI, NY, TX 360 45 12.5/4B .74M
POTATOES TM% 568 1 0.2|40B 40B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 246
CHLOROTHALONIL
APPLES FL 567 1 0.2/23B 23B
BROCCOLI TM% 153 2 1.3] 12B 37B
CELERY CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 508 164 32.3/2B 5.9M
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, NY, TX, WA 466 33 7.1|5B 1.6M
LETTUCE FL 565 1 0.2|.23M .23M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 201
DIAZINON
APPLES CA, NY, TX 567 14 2.5/5B 73B
CELERY CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA. 508 67 13.2|5B .27M
CARROTS CA, FL, MI, NY, WA 153 19 12.4|5B 27B
GREEN BEANS TX, WA 466 4 0.9|6B 99B
GRAPEFRUIT TM 567 10 1.8/3B 28B
GRAPES NY, TX ss2 1 2.0/6B 14B
LETTUCE CA, Mi, TX 565 10 1.8|5B 63B
ORANGES TM 569 3 0.5|6B 6B
PEACHES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX 360 27 7.5|5B -40M
POTATOES CA 568 1 0.2|11B 11B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 166
DICHLORVOS
PEACHES [CA [ 110] 1] 0.9[59B [598
Total # of samples with residues detected = 1
DISULFOTON SULFONE
LETTUCE [CA I 154] 3] 1.9[42B [16M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 3
ENDOSULFANS
APPLES CA, FL, Mi, NY, TX, WA 567 75 13.2|3B .28M
BROCCOLI CA, NY, TX, WA 153 10 6.5|2B 12M
CELERY MI, NY, TX, WA 508 9 1.8/4B 1.0M
CARROTS MI, WA 153 4 2.6/2B 43B
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 466 126 27.0|3B 1.0M
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX 552 22 4.0/3B 11M
LETTUCE CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 565 63 11.2[2B 4.2M
PEACHES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 360 20 5.6|3B 97B
POTATOES CA, FL, Ml, NY, TX, WA 568 45 7.9/4B 97M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 874

Page 3 of 8



SECTION 1.0 - INTRODUCTI

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) implemented the Pesticide Data Program
(PDP) in May 1991 to collect data on pesticide residues in selected fresh fruits and
vegetables. Overall program planning and policy procedures are coordinated among USDA,
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
PDP residue data, which is collected as close to the consumer as possible, is available to
EPA to determine dietary exposure to pesticide residues, and thus better estimate risk to the
consumer. PDP also assists EPA in addressing pesticide reregistration and special review
needs by providing residue data needed to complete these processes.

USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) was charged with the implementation and
day-to-day management of PDP activities with the cooperating state agencies. This includes
all residue sampling and testing procedures, development and maintenance of the automated
information management system, and reporting of residue data. AMS also consults with
EPA and FDA to determine data needs and program planning.

Additionally, three other USDA agencies participate in PDP operations: National
Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Economic Research Service (ERS), and Human
Nutrition Information Service (HNIS). NASS provides agricultural chemical usage data and
support of the PDP sampling protocol; ERS analyzes NASS and AMS data and assesses the
economic implications of alternative pest control; and, HNIS conducts surveys of food intake
to provide information for EPA’s risk assessment studies.

To implement the Pesticide Data Program, AMS established agreements with Departments of
Agriculture in six States: California, Florida, Michigan, New York, Texas, and
Washington. These States were selected because they represent diverse geographic areas of
the country, approximately 40 percent of the Nation’s population, and a large percentage of
the fresh fruits and vegetables grown in the United States. Participating States were assigned
a number of samples to collect per commodity each month, which was based on the State’s
population. This number was the same for all commodities and remained constant
throughout the year.

There are other States to which a significant amount of produce is distributed through the
participating States. They are: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Nevada, New
Jersey, and Vermont. Although these States are not participating in the program, PDP data
will apply to a significant portion of their population as well. Figure 1.0 shows the location
of the participating States and their geographical distribution areas.

AMS works with EPA to develop the list of pesticides and commodities targeted for data
collection by PDP. Commodities chosen for inclusion in the program are among those most
prevalently consumed by the American public. The EPA list consists of pesticides whose
toxicity is under evaluation by this Agency (i.e., pesticides with acute and chronic endpoints
including suspected carcinogens). The list is revised periodically to address current EPA
data needs. Program operations were designed so these revisions in the testing profile can be


Dicloran

Dicloran, a fungicide with pre- and post-harvest use on fruits and vegetables, was analyzed
for in all 5,592 samples. Residues were found in 355 (6.3 percent) of the samples

tested, although most of the occurrences were in celery and peaches. Concentrations
detected ranged from 5 ppb to 4.1 ppm. None of the residues found exceeded the tolerance
level.

Diphenylamine

Analysis of this fungicide was performed in 4,762 samples and residues were found in 174
(3.7 percent) of the samples. Almost all residues were detected in apples, in concentrations
ranging from 13 ppb to 3.7 ppm. A violation was found in 1 grape sample for residues
where no tolerance was established.

Thiabendazole

Thiabendazole is a fungicide with registered uses on fruits and vegetables. Although this
compound is not an EPA-targeted pesticide, PDP added thiabendazole to its testing profile
because it was being detected frequently in the organonitrogen screen. A total of 4,812
samples were tested for this fungicide in 1992, with residues detected in 1,000 (20.8 percent)
of the samples. The rate of occurrence, however, was mainly localized to four commodities,
with residues detected in 293 of the apple samples tested, 194 of the bananas, 210 of the
grapefruit, and 250 of the oranges. Since most thiabendazole applications are done post-
harvest, these results appear to indicate that this compound penetrates the peelings of
bananas, grapefruit, and oranges because they were removed prior to analysis. Detected
residues ranged from a low of 4 ppb to a high of 4.8 ppm. Violative residues were found in
five samples, four of which were for residues exceeding the tolerance level, and one for
residues where no tolerance was established.

4.3 Environmental Contaminants

DDT, DDE, and TDE

A total of 5,592 samples were screened for DDT and its metabolites DDE and TDE. Use of
DDT has been prohibited in the United States since 1972. However, due to the persistence
of this chemical in the environment, residues of this insecticide, and/or its metabolites, were
found in apples, broccoli, celery, carrots, green beans, lettuce, peaches, and potatoes. DDT
residues were found in 11 samples, 8 of which were potatoes. DDT residues were detected
in concentrations ranging from 5 ppb to 38 ppb. DDE residues were found in 149 samples,
with most positives detected in potatoes (56 positives), carrots (41), and celery (28). DDE
residues were detected in concentrations ranging from 2 ppb to 0.13 ppm. TDE residues
were found in one carrot sample at 2 ppb.

29


APPENDIX 5

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY COMMODITY

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PERCENT OF
COMMODITY/PESTICIDE SAMPLES SAMPLES WITH SAMPLES WITH
ANALYZED RESIDUES DETECTED! RESIDUES DETECTED,

GRAPES
Azinphos—Methy! 552 4 0.7
Captan 552 154 27.9
Carbaryl 552 1 0.2
Chlorpyrifos (X—1) 552 24 4.3
Diazinon 552 abl 2.0
Dicloran 552 35 63
Dicofol 552 23 42
Dimethoate (X-1) 552 55 10.0
Diphenylamine (V-1) 552 1 02
Endosulfans 552 22 4.0
\prodione 552 161 29.2
Methamidophos (V—1) 552 1 02
Methoxychlor 552 3 05
Mevinphos 552 1 0.2
Myclobutanil 552 94 17.0
Omethoate 552 24 43
Parathion (X—1) 552 4 0.7
Parathion—Methyl 552 2 0.4
Phosmet 552 5 0.9
Thiabendazole* 388 1 0.3
Vinclozolin 552 130 23.6

Total Residues Detected: 756

Total number of samples analyzed: 552

Total number of samples with positive findings: 381

Percent of samples with residues detected: 69.0

Number of different pesticides detected: 21

GREEN BEANS
Acephate (X-1) 466 118 25.3
Azinphos—Methyl 466 16 3.4
Benomyl 376 34 9.0
Captan 466 1 0.2
Carbaryl 466 2 0.4
Chlorothalonil 466 33 7A
Chiorpyrifos 466 1 0.2
DCPA 466 24 5.2
DDE 466 10 21
Demeton (NY only) 89 1 11
Demeton-S (NY only) 89 2 22
Diazinon 466 4 09
Dicloran 466 5 Ww
Dimethoate 466 30 6.4
Endosulfans 466 126 27.0
Ethion 466 1 02
Iprodione 466 2 0.4
Methamidophos (V-18) 466 129 27.7
Omethoate 466 18 3.9
Parathion 466 2 0.4
Parathion—Methyl 466 2 0.4
Permethrins (V-3) 466 3 0.6
Quintozene 466 7 .e)
Vinclozolin 466 5 11

Total Residues Detected: 576

Total number of samples analyzed: 466 **, *** + 56 (benomyl/thiabendazole results only) =522
Total number of samples with positive findings: 279
Percent of samples with residues detected: 59.9
Number of different pesticides detected: 24

Page 4 of 7


The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its
programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political
beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program
information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of
Communications at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or (202) 720-7808 (TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202)720-1127
(TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

# U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994 300-121/00011


APPENDIX 7

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY PESTICIDE

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
STATES WHERE NUMBER: SAMPLES WITH RESIDUES DETECTED:
COMMODITIES SAMPLES WERE OF NUMBER %o Minimum © |; Maximum.
COLLECTED SAMPLES ‘Value Value
A. EPA ~ TARGETED PESTICIDES
2,4-D
GRAPEFRUIT. FL, MI, TX 252 5 2.0|10B 10B
ORANGES NY 215 2 0.9/10B 10B
POTATOES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX 216 6 2.8(35B 70B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 13
ACEPHATE
CELERY CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA. 508 136 26.8|5B 1.7M
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 466 118 25.3|5B 3.3M
LETTUCE CA, FL, Ml, NY, TX 565 36 6.4|6B TM
PEACHES NY 360 2 0.6 |6B 24B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 292
BENOMYL
APPLES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA. 406 49 12.1 |50B 42M
BANANAS CA, FL, MI 406 3 0.7 |50B 12M
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 376 34 9.0|50B 89M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 86
CHLORPYRIFOS
APPLES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 567 100 17.6 | 4B. 64M
BROCCOLI TX 153 8 5.2|10B 14M
CELERY FL, NY 508 2 0.4 |5B 5B
GREEN BEANS WA 466 1 0.2/13B 13B
GRAPEFRUIT TMX 567 1 0.2/10B 10B
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 552 24 4.3|5B 77M
LETTUCE NY, TX 565, 3 0.5/10B 91B
ORANGES CA, Mi, NY, TX, WA 569 18 3.2|5B 138.
PEACHES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA. 360 31 8.6/4B 66B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 188
DICLORAN
CELERY CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 508 140 27.6 |5B 4.1M
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, TX, WA 466 5 1.1|5B 55M
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA. 552 35 6.3|8B 1.1M
LETTUCE CA, WA 565 2 0.4/[5B 53B
PEACHES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 360 168 46.7 |5B 23M
POTATOES CA, FL, MI, NY, WA 568 5 0.9/5B 20M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 355
DICOFOL
APPLES FL, MI, NY, TX 567 9 1.6/11B 9M
GRAPEFRUIT NY 567 1 0.2|30B 308
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 552 23 4.2|8B 4.0M
ORANGES NY, TX 569 2 0.4|30B 36B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 35

Page 1 of 8



APPENDIX 1
SAMPLING REGIONS BY STATE

NUMBER PERCENT NUMBER PERCENT.
REGION. OF SITES SITES OF SAMPLES SAMPLES.
CALIFORNIA
AVENAL 1 04 5 0.3
BAKERSFIELD 3 141 18 11
BYRON 1 0.4 0 0.0
CHICO 1 04 5 03
COLTON 1 0.4 3 0.2
DELANO, 1 0.4 0 0.0
EAST BAY (OAKLAND) 31 10.9 293 18.7
FAIRFIELD 2 07 3 0.2
FRESNO 10 35 57 3.6
LAKE TAHOE 1 04 3 0.2
LOS ANGELES BASIN 119 41.9 632 40.3
MADERA 1 0.4 9 06
MERCED 1 0.4 1 07
MONTEREY BAY AREA 4 14 12 08
OXNARD AREA 2 07 0 0.0
REDDING 2 07 8 05
SACRAMENTO 28 9.9 92 5.9
SAN DIEGO AREA "1 3.9 23 15
SAN JOSE 1 0.4 13 08
SAN LUIS OBISPO AREA 2 07 6 0.4
STOCKTON AREA 6 21 20 13
UKIAH 1 04 2 0.1
VISALIA 1 0.4 4 0.3
WEST BAY (SAN FRAN) 52 18.3 347 22.1
YUBA CITY AREA 1 0.4 2 0.1
SROTAL: 284 100.0: 1568 100.0%
FLORIDA
GREEN COVE SPRINGS 1 4.2 38 44
JACKSONVILLE 5 20.8 226 26.0
LAKELAND 1 4.2 51 5.9
MIAMI 3 125 43 5.0
ORLANDO 2 8.3 91 10.5
PLANT CITY 2 8.3 45 5.2
POMPANO BEACH 5 20.8 181 20.9
TAMPA/ST. PETERSBURG 5 20.8 193 22.2
PEOTAL: 24 100.0 868 100.0%
MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR AREA 4 83 59 75
BATTLE CREEK 1 21 20 25
BAY CITY AREA 1 21 7 22
BRIGHTON 1 21 25 3.2
CADILLAC 1 24 29 37
DECATUR 1 21 21 27
DETROIT AREA 18 37.5 275 34.9
FLINT 2 42 21 27
GRAND RAPIDS 7 14.6 130 16.5
KALAMAZOO 1 24 14 18
LANSING 6 125 98 12.4
NILES 1 24 25 3.2
SAGINAW 1 24 35 44
STANDISH 1 24 19 24
TRAVERSE CITY 2 42 0 0.0
TOTAL: 48 100.0 188 100.0

Page 1 of 2



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APPENDIX 1

SAMPLING REGIONS BY STATE

NUMBER PERCENT NUMBER PERCENT
REGION OF SITES SITES OF SAMPLES SAMPLES
NEW YORK
ALBANY 13 6.9 123 121
ALBION 1 05 0 0.0
BUFFALO 28 14.8 142 13.9
BYRON 1 0.5 0 0.0
CANASTOTA 3 1.6 3 0.3
CASTILE 1 0.5 0 0.0
CHITTENANGO 2 1 0 0.0
HORSEHEADS 1 0.5 12 1.2
ITHACA 1 0.5 13 13
JAMESTOWN 4 24 32 3.1
LOCKPORT/BATAVIA 1 0.5 1 0.1
LONG ISLAND 13 6.9 66 65
MARION 2 14 1 01
NEW YORK CITY 80 42.3 395 38.8
NORWICH 1 0.5 14 14
ONTARIO 1 0.5 0 0.0
OSWEGO 3 16 0) 0.0
PLATTSBURG AREA 1 05 0 0.0
ROCHESTER 9 48 78 77
SCHOHARIE 1 0.5 1 0.41
SOUTHEAST NEW YORK 13 6.9 54 5.3
SYRACUSE 8 4.2 73 7.2
WILLSBORO 1 0.5 10 1.0
TOTAL: 189 100.00 7018 100.0
TEXAS
AMARILLO 1 341 37 37
BRENHAM 1 34 42 43
DALLAS/FORT WORTH 8 25.0 289 29.3
EL PASO 1 3.1 44 45
HOUSTON 8 25.0 290 29.4
LUBBOCK 2 63 61 6.2
LUFKIN 3 9.4 37 37
SAN ANTONIO 7 21.9 153 15.5
TYLER 1 3.1 35 3.5
[TOTAL: 22 100.0 988 700.0
WASHINGTON
SEATTLE/TACOMA 14 778 414 79.6
SPOKANE 3 16.7 65 12.5
YAKIMA 1 5.6 4 7.9
TOTAL: 18 100.6 620 100.0
TOTAL: 395 5750

Page 2 of 2



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Figure 4.0 Index
Distribution of Residue Concentrations for Selected Commodities

Commodity/Pesticide Pair Tolerance (ppm) Page No.
Apples/Azinphos-Methyl 2.0 43
Apples/Benomyl 7.0 43
Apples/Chlorpyrifos 1.5 44
Apples/Diphenylamine 10 44
Apples/Endosulfans 2.0 45
Apples/Thiabendazole 10 45
Bananas/Thiabendazole 0.4 46
Broccoli/DCPA (Dacthal) 5 46
Carrots/DDE*" 3 47
Carrots/Diazinon 0.75 47
Carrots/Iprodione 5.0 48
Celery/Acephate 10 48
Celery/Chlorothalonil 15 49
Celery/Diazinon 0.7 49
Celery/Dicloran 15 50
Celery/Methamidophos 1 50
Celery/Permethrins 20.0 51
Grapefruit/Imazalil 10 51
Grapefmuit/Thiabendazole 10 52
Grapes/Captan 50 52
Grapes/Dimethoate 1 53
Grapes/Iprodione 60.0 53
Grapes/Myclobutanil 1.0 54
Grapes/Vinclozolin 6.0 54
Green Beans/Acephate 3 55
Green Beans/Endosulfans 2.0 55

Green Beans/Methamidophos NT 56


APPENDIX 5

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY COMMODITY

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PERCENT OF
COMMODITY/PESTICIDE SAMPLES SAMPLES WITH SAMPLES WITH
i ee ANALYZED. RESIDUES DETECTED] RESIDUES DETECTED)

CELERY
Acephate 508 136 26.8
Anilazine (WA & CA only) 46 10 21.7
Azinphos—Methyl 508 2 0.4
Chlorothalonil 508 164 32.3
Chlorpyrifos (V—2) 508 2 0.4
DCPA (V-11) 508 "1 22
DDE 508 28 5.5
DDT 508 1 0.2
Diazinon 508 67 13.2
Dicloran 508 140 27.6
Dimethoate 508 2 0.4
Endosulfans 508 9 1.8
Iprodione (V-2) 508 13 26
Lindane 508 3 06
Methamidophos 508 58 11.4
Mevinphos 508 2 0.4
Omethoate 508 1 0.2
Parathion 508 3 0.6
Parathion— Methyl 508 3 0.6
Permethrins 508 196 38.6
Quintozene (V-3) 508 3 0.6

Total Residues Detected: 854

Total number of samples analyzed: 508

Total number of samples with positive findings: 409

Percent of samples with residues detected: 80.5

Number of different pesticides detected: 21

GRAPEFRUIT
2,4-D 252 5 2.0
Chlorpyrifos 567 1 0.2
Diazinon 567 10 1.8
Dicofol 567 1 02
Ethion 567 15 26
Imazalil 567 87 15.3
O-—Phenylphenol (CA only) 154 1 0.6
Phosmet 567 2 0.4
Thiabendazole* 389 210 54.0

Total Residues Detected: 332

Total number of samples analyzed: 567

Total number of samples with positive findings: 260
Percent of samples with residues detected: 45.9
Number of different pesticides detected: 9

Page 3 of 7



APPENDIX

7

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY PESTICIDE

SUMMARY OF RESULTS:
STATES WHERE NUMBER SAMPLES: ay RESIDUES DETECTED.
COMMODITIES SAMPLES WERE OF NUMBER ‘Minimum: | Maximum:
COLLECTED. SAMPLES Value Value
A. EPA - TARGETED PESTICIDES
IPRODIONE
APPLES NY 567 1 0.2]25B 258
CELERY CA, NY, TX, WA 508 13 2.6/25B 29M
CARROTS CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 153 44 28.8/25B “35M
GREEN BEANS NY, 1X 466 2 0.4/25B 88M
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 552 161 29.2|14B 3.0M
LETTUCE. CA, NY, WA 565 3 0.5(25B 1.2M
PEACHES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 360 196 54.4[14B 16M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 420
LINDANE
CELERY [CA, NY, WA I 508 | 3] 0.6[10B. 34M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 3
METHAMIDOPHOS
BROCCOLI TM 153 4 2.6[20B -10M
CELERY CA, FL, Mil, NY, TX, WA 508 58 11.4/4B 27M
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, Ml, NY, TX, WA 466 129 27.7|4B 1.8M
GRAPES NY 552 1 02/88 8B
LETTUCE CA, Mi, NY, TX 565 15 2.7/4B 458
PEACHES NY 360 2 0.6|4B 4B
POTATOES CA, TX 568 6 1.1[5B 138
Total # of samples with residues detected = 215
METHOXYCHLOR
APPLES CA, FL, NY 567 3 0.5]498 58M
GRAPES CA, TX 552 3 0.5|25B. 4.0M
LETTUCE CA 565 5 0.9/25B 58B
PEACHES CA 360 3 0.8/22B 258
POTATOES CA 568 2 0.4/25B, 258
Total # of samples with residues detected = 16
PENTACHLOROBENZENE
POTATOES [CA, WA I 465] 5] 1.1/5B 1148
‘Total # of samples with residues detected = 5
PERMETHRINS
BROCCOLI NY 153 2 7.3[6B 476
CELERY CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 508 196 38.6/8B 59M
GREEN BEANS CA, MI 466 3 0.6/23B .85M
LETTUCE CA, FL, Mi, NY, TX, WA 565 62 11.0|/5B 19M
PEACHES CA, FL, Ml, NY 360 10 2.8/8B :24M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 273
QUINTOZENE
CELERY TX, WA 508 3 0.6[5B 148
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, Ml, TX, WA 466 7 1.5/5B 8B
POTATOES CA, FL 568 3 0.5|5B 19B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 13

Page 2 of 8



LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND APPENDICES

FIGURES/TABLES

Figure A. Overview of PDP Management and Operations

Figure B. Pesticides in PDP

Figure 1.0 Participating States and Their Geographical Distribution Areas

Table 1.0 Frequency of Occurrence of EPA-Targeted Pesticides in PDP Commodities

Table 2.0 Samples Collected Per Commodity by Each Participating State

Figure 2.0 Commodity Distribution Percentages (Imported vs. Domestic)

Figure 2.1 Origin of Domestic Samples

Table 4.0 Summary of Residue Detections Per Commodity

Table 4.1 Concentration Detected vs. Established Tolerances

Table 4.2 Distribution of Pesticide Residue Concentrations by Commodity

Figure 4.0 Distribution of Residue Concentrations for Selected Commodities

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Sampling Regions by State

Appendix 2 Sample Profile by Origin (Domestic/Import)

Appendix 3. Sampling Period and Distribution by Commodity

Appendix 4 Average LODs and LOQs Reported by PDP Testing Facilities for Samples
Analyzed in 1992

Appendix 5 Distribution of Residues Detected by Commodity

Appendix 6 Pesticides Detected by PDP and Their Chemical Actions

Appendix 7 Distribution of Residues Detected by Pesticide

Appendix 8 Multiple Pesticide Residues Detected

Appendix 9 Tolerance Violations Reported to FDA

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APPENDIX 7

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY PESTICIDE

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
: STATES WHERE NUMBER SAMPLES WITH RESIDUES DETECTED —~
COMMODITIES |. SAMPLES WERE OF NUMBER % Minimum = | Maximum
: COLLECTED SAMPLES : Value. Value

C. OTHER PESTICIDES

ANILAZINE
CELERY [CA, WA I 46] 70] 21.7 |.83M [22M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 10
CAPTAN
APPLES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 567 45 7.9|10B 19M
GREEN BEANS, CA 466 1 0.2/25B 258
GRAPES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 552 154 27.9(5B 3.4M
PEACHES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 360 51 14.2|5B 2.2M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 251
CARBARYL
APPLES FL, WA 567 3 0.5 |80B 27M
GREEN BEANS NY 466 2 0.4 |.29M 69M
GRAPES CA 552 1 0.2|.13M 13M.
PEACHES FL, NY 360 3 0.8 |33B 2.3M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 9
CHLORPROPHAM
APPLES NY 567 1 0.2|28B 28B
POTATOES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 568 337 59.3/13B 9.6M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 338
CYPERMETHRIN
LETTUCE IMI, TX I 565 [ 2] 0.4].18M [.34M.
Total # of samples with residues detected = 2
DCPA
BROCCOLI CA, FL, MI, TX, WA 153 36 23.5 | 2B 34B
CELERY CA, FL, TX, WA 508 11 2.2|5B 41B
GREEN BEANS CA, FL, TX, Wi, 466 24 5.2/2B 13M
LETTUCE CA, MI, TX, WA 565 25 44[2B 12M
Total # of samples with residues detected = 96
DDE * (Degradation product of DDT)
APPLES FL 567 1 0.2/21B 21B
BROCCOLI FL 153 1 0.7/4B 4B
CELERY CA, FL, MI, NY, TX 508 28 5.5/4B 31B
CARROTS CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 153 41 26.8 | 2B -13M
GREEN BEANS CA, TX, WA 466 10 2.1/2B 13B
LETTUCE CA, MI, NY, WA 565 12 2.1/2B 17B
POTATOES CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA 568 56 9.9[2B 53B
Total # of samples with residues detected = 149

Page 5 of 8



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15


APPENDIX 5

DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DETECTED BY COMMODITY

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PERCENT OF
COMMODITY/PESTICIDE SAMPLES. SAMPLES WITH. SAMPLES WITH,
ANALYZED. RESIDUES DETECTED] RESIDUES DETECTED

BROCCOLI
Chlorothalonil 153 2 1.3
Chlorpyrifos 153 8 5.2
DCPA 153 36 23.5
DDE 153 1 0.7
Endosulfans 153 10 6.5
Methamidophos 153 4 2.6
Permethrins 153 2 1.3

Total Residues Detected: 63

Total number of samples analyzed; 153

Total number of samples with positive findings: 54

Percent of samples with residues detected: 35.3

Number of different pesticides detected: 7

CARROTS
DDE 153 4 26.8
Diazinon 153 19 12.4
Dimethoate (V- 1) 153 1 07
Endosulfans 153 4 26
Iprodione 153 44 28.8
Parathion 153 3 2.0
Parathion—Methyl 153 2 1.3
TDE 153 1 0.7
Thiabendazole 153 1 0.7
Trifluralin (CA only) 42 29 69.0

Total Residues Detected: 145

Total number of samples analyzed: 153

Total number of samples with positive findings: 88
Percent of samples with residues detected: 57.5
Number of different pesticides detected: 10

Page 2 of7



APPENDIX 6 PESTICIDES DETECTED BY PDP AND THEIR CHEMICAL ACTIONS

PESTICIDE

CHEMICAL ACTIONS

_

2,4-D

Pre- and Post-Harvest Herbicide

Acephate Insecticide, weak Cholinesterase Inhibitor
(the metabolite is Methamidophos)
Anilazine Fungicide, leaf action

Azinphos-Methyl

Insecticide, Cholinesterase Inhibitor

Benomyl Pre- and Post-Harvest Fungicide
Captan Protectant Pre- and Post-Harvest Fungicide
Carbaryl Insecticide, weak Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Chlorothalonil Fungicide, leaf action
Chloropropham Herbicide/Growth Regulator

Pre- and Post-Emergence
Chlorpyrifos Insecticide, Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Cypermethrin Insecticide

(cis/trans isomers 1:1 curative action)
DDE Degradation Product of DDT
DDT Insecticide

(All uses canceled, degrades to DDE and TDE)

Dacthal (DCPA)

Herbicide

Demeton

Systemic Insecticide/Acaricide

Mixture of Demeton-O isomer and Demeton-S isomer

Demeton-S Sulfone

Metabolite of Demeton-S

=

Diazinon

Insecticide, Cholinesterase Inhibitor

Dichlorvos (DDVP)

Insecticide/Acaricide

Post-Harvest Fumigant and Penetrant Action

Dicloran

Pre-Harvest Fungicide

Dicofol

Acaricide
(the metabolite is dichlorobenzophenone)

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Page 1 of 3


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19


1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

CONTENTS

List of Figures, Tables, and Appendices

Executive Summary

INTRODUCTION

1.1. 1992 Program Operations
1.2 1993 Preview

SAMPLING OVERVIEW

2.1 Sampling Procedures

2.2 Statistics on Samples Collected
LABORATORY OVERVIEW
3.1 Quality Assurance Program
3.2 Sample Preparation

3.3. Sample Analysis

SAMPLE RESULTS

4.1 Discussion of Results

4.2 Post-Harvest Fungicides

4.3. Environmental Contaminants
4.4 Acid Herbicides

4.5 Multiple Residues Detected
4.6 | Non-Detected Residues

4.7 Tolerance Violations

iii


4.2%)
min 15 ppb - max 2.9 ppm

Peaches/Phosmet

25

a

Ss

Number of Occurrences

51-99B  0.100.5M 0.51-1.0M
Concentration

10-25B 26-50 B 1,1-9.9M

568 samples tested
337 detections (59.3%)
min 13 ppb - max 9.6 ppm

Potatoes/Chlorpropham

200

8
7

Number of Occurrences
8
7

sol
0 : ecraain
19B 1025B -2650B —51-99B 0.100.5M O.S1-1.0M 1.1-9.9M
ppb - parte per billion Concentration
Ppm - parts per million
min - minimum concentration detected

max - maximum concentration detected

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TABLE 4.1 CONCENTRATION DETECTED vs. ESTABLISHED TOLERANCES
(Pesticides detected in less than ten percent of the samples are not included)

Commodity/ Tolerance Percentage of Mean of Percent of
Pesticide (ppm) Samples with Residues Found Tolerance
Detected Residues (ppm)
POTATOES
Chiorpropham 50 59.3 1.44 2.9
DDE*- 1 9.9 0.012 1.2
Thiabendazole 10 13.8 0.61 6.1

AL Action Levels (ALs) are established by FDA and are not considered to be the same as
Tolerances. Although there is no registered use for DDT in the U.S., ALs were established for
DDT and its metabolites due to their persistence in the environment.
NT —_ Under 40CFR 180.315 there is no tolerance for methamidophos in green beans. However,
40CFR 180.108 specifies that for a mixture of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos there
is a tolerance of 3 ppm of which not more than 1 ppm can be methamidophos, only if acephate

is present.

37


United States Agricultural P.O. Box 96456
Department of Marketing Washington, DC
Agriculture Service 20090-6456

April 1994

To the Reader:

The Pesticide Data Program (PDP) was implemented in May 1991 by the Agricultural
Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture to collect comprehensive
data on pesticide residues in selected fresh fruits and vegetables. PDP was designed to
provide government agencies with an improved data base to respond more effectively to food
safety issues. The main recipient of the program’s data is the Environmental Protection
Agency, which uses this information to support its risk assessment. process.

PDP is funded by Congress and operated through agreements with participating States, which
have the responsibility for sample collection and analysis. Through the end of 1992, there
were six participating States: California, Florida, Michigan, New York, Texas, and
Washington.

PDP operations were expanded in January 1993 to include three new participating States.
The addition of these States--Colorado, North Carolina, and Ohio--increased the segment of
the Nation’s population represented by PDP sampling to approximately 50 percent and
provided for greater regional diversity.

If you have any questions or comments regarding this summary, please contact William J.
Franks, Jr., Director, or Robert L. Epstein, Deputy Director, of the Science Division at
(202) 720-5231.

Sincerely,

on
LON HATAMIYA
Administrator

[USDA] the Agricultural Marketing Service

is an agency of the
United States Department of Agriculture


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Apples/Azinphos-Methyl

Number of Occurrences

26-50 B 51-99 B 0.10-0.5M 0.51-1.0M

Concentration
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min &0 ppb - max 0.42 ppm Apples/Benomyl
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max - maximum concentration detected 43


SECTION 2.0 _- SAMPLING OVERVIEW

PDP’s sampling protocol was designed to be objective and random. This was accomplished
by requiring that: (1) the number of samples collected each month be proportional to State
population; (2) sampling dates and sites be selected at random; and (3) no predetermination
be made regarding product variety or origin. The procedures used for sample collection also
effectively removed the impact of many sources of systemic bias. As a result, PDP data
generated during 1992 should produce reasonably good estimates of the prevalence of
pesticide residues in the food supply. Nevertheless, because PDP data will ultimately be
used to make national inferences for dietary risk assessment, AMS enlisted the services of
USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) to increase the statistical
defensibility of PDP’s sampling protocol.

To accomplish this objective, NASS introduced a "site weighting" method by which the
probability of a site being selected is proportional to the volume of produce it distributes.
Implemented in January 1993, this method will allow users of PDP data to make virtually
unbiased estimates of the prevalence of pesticide residues in commodities collected in the
nine participating States. In addition, this procedure makes it possible to quantify the
accuracy of these estimates for both the nine States and the Nation as a whole. NASS will
continue to provide long-term maintenance for PDP’s sampling and estimation systems.

PDP samples were collected by the six participating States at sites such as terminal markets
and large distribution centers. These sites were chosen for sample collection because they
are the last stopover before produce reaches retailers (and subsequently consumers), and
because grower and packer information is still available at these locations. Data collected
closer to the time of consumption provides a better picture of exposure to pesticide residues.
This is because residues measured at these sites take into account pesticide degradation that
occurs during transit and storage, as well as residues resulting from the application of post-
harvest fungicides.

The volume of produce distributed by the State sampling sites varies greatly depending on
their geographic location and the area they serve. In the larger States, such as Texas, as
many as 161,500 tons of produce may be distributed by one site in a given year. Each
participating State was responsible for researching and compiling its list of appropriate
sampling sites, which varied in number from 18 in Washington to 284 in California.

As discussed in the Introduction (section 1.0), the States were assigned a number of samples
to collect per commodity each month, based on population. This number was the same for
all commodities and remained constant throughout the year. Sample assignments were as
follows: California-14, Florida-8, Michigan-7, New York-9, Texas-9, and Washington-5.

Representatives of each participating State were trained in PDP sampling procedures, and

were responsible for training the sample collectors in their respective States. Uniformity of
sampling technique and strict adherence to PDP sampling procedures were emphasized.

11


APPENDIX 6 PESTICIDES DETECTED BY PDP AND THEIR CHEMICAL ACTIONS

PESTICIDE CHEMICAL ACTIONS

Permethrins

Insecticide, repellent

o-Phenylphenol

Fungicide, Used for Post-Harvest Applications

Phorate Sulfone Insecticide/Acaricide
Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Phosalone Insecticide/Acaricide
Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Phosmet Insecticide/Acaricide
Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Propargite Acaricide, residual killing action

Quintozene (PCNB)

Soil Fungicide, seed dressing agent

TDE

Degradation Product of DDT
Also known as DDD

Thiabendazole

Pre- and Post-Harvest Fungicide

Trifluralin

Selective Pre-emergence Herbicide

Vinclozolin

Fungicide, contact action

Page 3 of 3


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Figure 2.0

Commodity Distribution Percentages

Percent [2] Imported vs. Domestic J
47
Apples
PP 95.3
100.0
Bananas
0
, 2.0}
Broccoli ~
98.0
Carrots 94.4
2.0
Cele
td 98.0
Grapefruit o.7 |
99.3
Grapes 46.9
53.1
Green 79
Beans 92.1 °
Lettuce 0.4
Oranges 0.5 |

Peaches 38.1
61.9

Potatoes 0.4 |