COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Benton, Haley and Senior Judge Coleman 

SCOTT E. ZINN 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 1331-06-3 PER CURIAM 

 DECEMBER 28, 2006 

MICHELLE L. ZINN 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AUGUSTA COUNTY 

Thomas H. Wood, Judge 

 (Nancy A. Frank; Nancy A. Frank, P.C., on brief), for appellant. 

 (Linda Schorsch Jones; Poindexter & Schorsch, P.C., on brief), for 

appellee. 

 Scott Zinn appeals a trial court order modifying a visitation schedule with his son. He 

presents three questions on appeal, all of which challenge whether the evidence proved a 

material change in circumstances to warrant modification of an order of visitation. Upon 

reviewing the record and the briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. 

Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27. 

BACKGROUND 

 On appeal, we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable 

to the appellee as the prevailing party below. See McGuire v. McGuire, 10 Va. App. 248, 250, 

391 S.E.2d 344, 346 (1990). So viewed, the evidence proved that the parties were married on 

June 22, 1998, and had one child born on February 3, 2000. On March 19, 2004, mother filed in 

the trial court a bill of complaint for divorce, requesting she be awarded custody of their son and 

for such other relief as equity may require. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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 The parties appeared before the juvenile court on August 31, 2004, and advised the 

juvenile court judge “that an agreement had been reached with respect to visitation of the parties’ 

infant child.” The juvenile court judge signed the parties’ “Visitation Consent Order,” which 

contained the following terms: 

 [Father] shall visit with [the child] on Mondays overnight, 

every other Wednesday overnight, Thursdays overnight, and 

Saturdays overnight, with the times of visitation to be agreed upon 

between the parties, and . . . the parties shall share visitation with 

the infant child equally during all holiday periods. 

On that same date, the parties also presented to the juvenile court a document entitled “Custody 

Consent Order.” The juvenile court judge signed and entered the order, which contained the 

following terms: 

[L]egal custody of [the child] be and the same hereby is awarded 

jointly to [mother] and [father], with primary physical custody 

awarded to the [mother], Michelle L. Zinn. 

At the time of the 2004 hearing, the child was four years old. 

 On January 10, 2006, the parties appeared before the trial court on mother’s bill of 

complaint for a hearing on the issues of custody, visitation, and child support. At the outset, the 

parties indicated the issues only concerned whether there was a change in circumstances. Father 

testified that pursuant to the parties’ prior consent order, the child spent the night with him on 

Monday nights, Thursday nights, Saturday nights, and every other Wednesday night. He also 

averred that when the prior order was entered, the child was in preschool, which he attended 

“half-days three days per week.” At the time of the hearing in the circuit court, the child was 

attending kindergarten five days per week from 8:00 a.m. until 3:00 p.m. In father’s two 

previous jobs, he worked from 6:30 a.m. or 7:00 a.m until 3:00 p.m. or 3:30 p.m., respectively. 

The father testified his new job required him to work four ten-hour days per week, from 

7:00 a.m. until 5:30 p.m. from Monday through Thursday. When the child spends the night with 
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father, who lives in Stuart’s Draft, father returns the child to the child’s maternal grandparents in 

Verona, where mother lives, around 6:30 a.m. The child then goes to school from that location. 

The maternal grandparents supervise the child when he is not in school and when mother and 

father are at work. When asked by mother’s attorney if he wants to keep things the way they are, 

father testified: 

I want to share our time with [the child]; whether we make 

modifications to the current order that we have where we don’t 

have to switch our days so often with him, that is fine, but I would 

like to keep it where he sees me and sees [the mother] on a 

consistent basis. 

Mother testified that when the child spends the night with father, he arrives at her 

residence “in his pajamas and for the most part asleep.” Mother testified that the child has been 

acting out at kindergarten, has been disturbing others on a consistent basis, and is regularly 

placed in “time out.” She also related that the child is tired in the evenings after he spends the 

previous night with father, and he is asleep sometimes when she gets home from work at 

5:30 p.m. Mother said she is unable to wake him sometimes and “[t]here are nights when he 

won’t even wake up to have dinner.” Mother also related an incident when father insisted on 

picking him up for visitation despite the child’s illness. She said she had to contact her attorney 

to prevent father from transporting the child while he was ill. 

Although the child has had homework every night since he began kindergarten in the fall 

of 2005, father said he only learned about that homework the day before the January 2006 

hearing. According to mother, father was present at the initial kindergarten orientation when the 

teacher explained the children would have homework daily. 

When asked what she would like the trial court to do, mother testified as follows: 

 Give [the child] a little bit of consistency. His schedule is 

not consistent and it is difficult for him. Things get lost in 

transport; we have to change clothes back and forth; toys get left at 
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his dad’s, and he is at my house and he wants them or vice versa. 

It is very chaotic and it very difficult. 

 It is not only difficult for [the child] but it is difficult for 

[father] and [me] as well. We have both come across times where 

we have forgotten who is supposed to have him on Wednesday 

because we have changed for, you know, family visits or other 

things to go on with work or whatever, so it is very chaotic and I 

would like to see a little more consistency. 

 Mother testified it would be better if the child stayed at one place during the weekdays 

when school is in session. She said her residence was better because she is “the one that 

communicates with [the child’s] school” and teacher and she makes sure he completes his 

homework. She testified she has a flexible work schedule and can leave work during the day to 

visit the school. Mother was amenable to liberal sharing and visitation when the child is not in 

school. 

After hearing evidence and argument, the trial court awarded mother primary physical 

custody of the child and ruled that the child will remain with mother on weeknights during the 

school year. It awarded father “every other weekend visitation . . . plus a night in the off week” 

during the school year. The trial court also directed the parties to allow for “extended visitation 

in the summer.” 

DISCUSSION 

 The father’s three questions on appeal challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to 

support the trial court’s decision to modify the visitation order. 

 “When a trial court has entered a final custody and visitation order, it cannot be modified 

absent (i) a showing of changed circumstances under Code § 20-108 and (ii) proof that the 

child’s best interests under Code § 20-124.3 will be served by the modification.” Petry v. Petry, 

41 Va. App. 782, 789, 589 S.E.2d 458, 462 (2003). 

“‘Changed circumstances’ is a broad concept and incorporates a 

broad range of positive and negative developments in the lives of 
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the children.” Parish v. Spaulding, 26 Va. App. 566, 573, 496 

S.E.2d 91, 94 (1998) (quoting Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606, 611-12, 

303 S.E.2d 917, 921 (1983)), aff’d, 257 Va. 357, 513 S.E.2d 391 

(1999). “Whether a change in circumstances exists is a factual 

finding that will not be disturbed on appeal if the finding is 

supported by credible evidence.” Ohlen v. Shively, 16 Va. App. 

419, 423, 430 S.E.2d 559, 561 (1993) (citation omitted). 

Wheeler v. Wheeler, 42 Va. App. 282, 289, 591 S.E.2d 698, 702 (2004). 

Before modifying the visitation decree, the trial court found that a material change in 

circumstances had occurred when it found “what may have worked for a child in preschool” 

going three days a week for one-half a day “is not going to work very well” when the child 

attends regular school, as he does now, and “it is only going to get worse all of the time.” In 

other words, proof that the child had reached school age and attended school for a full day, five 

days a week, constituted a material change in circumstances justifying the trial court with 

proceeding to determine what modifications of the visitation schedule would be in the child’s 

best interest. 

As to the best interests of the child, the trial court found “[i]t is not good for this child to 

be changing so much as he is changing. He needs to have a home. He needs to have his own 

room, his own bed, his own everything.” Moreover, the trial court found that mother and father 

“don’t get along as well as they could” and that “just exacerbates the shortcomings of this 

sharing.” The trial court also found “the child is going to be better off spending most of his time 

with one parent and having good quality [time] with the other.” In view of these findings the 

trial judge ordered “joint legal custody” of the child with the mother having primary physical 

custody. He also ordered a modification in the visitation schedule. 

We hold that the trial court found and considered changed circumstances and the best 

interests of the child when it modified the visitation order. On this record, we cannot say the trial 
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court was plainly wrong in finding that the child’s best interest was served by the modifications 

made in the visitation schedule. 

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is summarily affirmed. 

Affirmed.