| **No. 2 March 1999**     **Watershed Assessment and Riparian Restoration in the Rio Laja Basin of    Mexico** by Bill Zeedyk          What do migratory birds, eroding hillsides, flood-damaged croplands, crumbling    stream banks, impoverished communities, inspired volunteerism, and international    conservation programs have in common? Answer: Restoration of degraded riparian habitats    along the Rio Laja in Mexico.          Geographically, the Rio Laja watershed is located mainly in the State of Guanajuato    approximately 150 kilometers northwest of Mexico City and 100 kilometers east of    Guadalajara. Its headwaters are in the Santa Rosa Mountains at an elevation of 2800    meters. The river flows southward to join the Rio Lerma within the highly productive and    highly developed Bahia, or breadbasket of Mexico.          As the hydrologic condition of the Laja's watershed has deteriorated, the health of its    riparian habitats has also declined, threatening the lives and livelihoods of the valley's    people and the diversity and sustainability of its ecosystems. Increasingly frequent and    more devastating floods have destroyed river bottom croplands, widened stream channels,    turned perennial streams into rock-strewn arroyos, obliterated traditional water sources    and destroyed wildlife habitat. Habitats for migratory birds disappeared and the    socio-economic fabric of rural communities has worn so thin that many inhabitants migrate    elsewhere for work.      
**Bill Zeedyk discusses watershed        degradation and the destruction of riparian vegetation with stream bank rehabilitation        volunteers.        Photo by Richard Becker**
International cooperation in the restoration of degraded riparian areas and    upland watersheds in the Laja Basin began in 1995 with the formation of a multiagency    coalition of environmental and community health organizations. This coalition was sparked    by a grant from the Wildlife, Fisheries, and Rare Plant program of the USDA Forest    Service, Southwest Region, to the*Sociedad Audubon de Mexico,* headquartered in San    Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. Audubon matched these funds through local and    international charitable sources and fundraising events. The coalition of six volunteer,    charitable-based organizations included four environmentally oriented groups and two    groups dedicated primarily to health and social activities.          Using the initial Forest Service grant as seed money, Audubon organized and sponsored two    on-the-ground training workshops teaching simple erosion control, watershed protection,    stream stabilization, and riparian revegetation practices. Local community leaders from    eight different communities and peer counselors from the *La Fundacion Apoyo Infantil de    Guanajuato*(FAI) and *Centro de Adolescentes de San Miguel* (CASA) participated.    About 60 local residents and counselors participated in the two sessions. The project    pioneered the use of simple, low-cost, labor intensive measures using freely available    native materials. In addition, training sessions stressed the economic benefits of soil    conservation practices, in the form of more productive crops, as well as the environmental    benefits.          A grant to Audubon from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) facilitated    on-the-ground applications in eight communities and 11 kilometers of stream channels were    subsequently treated with the installation of rock structures, tree plantings, road    treatments and grazing modifications. The strength of this effort lay in the principle    that the communities themselves should develop the plans with assistance from FAI and CASA    counselors and implement the plans with help from the same agencies plus Audubon. The    grant from NFWF enabled Audubon to publish a 37-page field techniques manual entitled *Rescate    Y Restauracion de Los Rios* (Rescue and Restoration of Rivers). In addition, they    produced a promotional video documenting the program and a training video which will be    used to train additional counselors and community leaders in watershed and stream    stabilization practices.          Initial efforts began in those communities that expressed an interest in participating.    However, it soon became apparent that some method was needed to prioritize between    alternative project proposals. As a result, the Forest Service Office of International    Programs funded the development of a small-scale watershed assessment process that will be    applied throughout the Rio Laja basin and will identify streamside treatment    opportunities, as well as reforestation, grazing, and soil conservation priorities. Chuck    Troendle (Forest Service Researcher, Rocky Mountain Station, Fort Collins, Colorado)    headed up the assessment team and is working closely with Bill Zeedyk. The assessment    methodology, when completed, should have application beyond the Rio Laja itself.     

**Residents of El Gusano plant        trees along the bank of Rio          Santa Rosa in the State of        Guanajuato, Mexico.        Photo by Robin Luxmoore.**
In the meantime, community participation has expanded, thousands of willow    and cottonwood trees have been planted on community-owned *ejido* lands and private    ranch lands, and hundreds of erosion control structures have been built. These activities    show positive environmental and economic responses. International Programs intends to    remain involved by funding additional training sessions on the-ground treatments    identified by community-based planning efforts supported by the original coalition. A    companion technique manual describing mitigation of impacts derived from sand and    gravel-mining operations is also in preparation under an International Programs grant.    Hopefully, lessons learned from the Rio Laja project will find application in similar    watersheds throughout Latin America.     *Bill Zeedyk is past Director of the Wildlife, Fisheries, and Rare Plant Program,    Southwest Region, USDA Forest Service. He is now a consultant.*     
**International Perspective: The Global Forest-Water        Connection** by Hal Salwasser                 Everyone who works with forests and water knows that healthy forests are a precursor to        healthy water supplies. Forested watersheds are the catchment basins; they regulate        natural hydrologic functions and keep both the quality and quantity of water delivery        within natural ranges of variation. When the forests disappear, the water loses its        quality and the timing of its storage and delivery is impaired. In the worst cases,        massive floods result with effects felt all the way downstream to delta ecosystems and        even into the open ocean. The majority of people on Earth, who live in coastal areas and        large metropolitan areas, may not know the importance of this connection between healthy        forests and their water supplies but it exists everywhere in the world where forests exist        or once existed.                  The critical importance of a healthy forest-water connection to a growing human population        is one reason why the USDA Forest Service has made Watershed Health and Restoration the        first item in its Natural Resources Agenda (biodiversity conservation and healthy local        ecosystems are other reasons, but we focus here on the water). In the United States, all        major river systems have their headwater sources in forested areas. Many, but not all, of        these places are reserved in public stewardship for watershed protection and have been for        about 100 years now. It is from these forest sources that Americans obtain their drinking        water, water for crops and industries, and water for myriad recreational pursuits. But        like many other parts of the world, we face a water challenge in the next century.                  To provide water to our communities and agriculture, we are draining (some say mining)        major underground aquifers in the plains and west; we are diverting major portions of        instream flows from large rivers; and we are struggling to embrace stronger water        conservation technologies. Part of this challenge derives from historic subsidies to water        development and the subsequent absence of realistic price signals for prudent use and        conservation of water. Part derives from our agricultural exports of water through the        food we export (did you know that we export the produce of 1 of every 3 acres of crops        grown in the United States and that it takes 1,000 tons of water to grow a ton of grain or        1,000 metric tons of water to produce 1 metric ton of grain). Part also derives from our        historic love affair with technological fixes to nature's challenges, our tendency to use        concrete and steel to "control" a nature that defies long-term control. But we        are learning and we draw many of our lessons from international success stories.                  Through these global linkages--exports of food and the water that it takes to grow it and        imports of knowledge and technology--the forest-water connection is a global issue. Here        are just a few stories to give you a flavor of the connection.                  * Many of our new approaches to agricultural water use in the arid and semiarid western        United States are borrowed from drip irrigation systems first developed in Israel.                  * Transboundary water issues between the United States and Mexico over the Colorado and        Rio Grande Rivers are paralleled by those between Israel and Syria. Both Syria and Israel        are seeking to control the Golan Heights not only because of its military importance but        also because it is above an aquifer that feeds both countries.                  * Mexico in the vicinity of the Colorado River delta, is at the mercy of U.S. land and        water uses in the river's basin as Egypt at the Nile River delta, is at the mercy of        upstream water and land uses in the Sudan and Ethiopia.                  * Last year's flooding in China prompted the government to halt logging in the headwater        watersheds of Sichuan and Hunan provinces.                  * In Los Angeles, California, innovative community groups led by Tree          People are proposing        to use urban forestry landscape designs to catch and hold water on residential yards. This        will reduce the need for a massive structural project to channel floodwaters that now run        off those yards into storm drains and eventually into the Los Angeles River.                  * Is oil really the prized resource that will prompt future Middle East wars, or will it        be water? And where else is this likely to be the case?                  The Forest-Water Connection is among the most important issues in Sustainable Forestry. It        is an international issue affected by the global exchange of goods, knowledge, and        technology.          
*For all those who have been thinking "it's the wood" in sustainable            forestry, let me suggest that "it's the water" that is ultimately more vital to            healthy environments and to human well-being*.
         *Hal Salwasser is Director of the Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest        Service, P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, CA 94701*
          **Forests, Floods, and Changing Priorities in China** by Alex Moad          It is a vast area, endowed with spectacular scenery and rich in forest resources. At lower    elevations, pine intermingles with oak and brush to form a mosaic of forest and grassland.    Higher up, pine forest is replaced by dense stands of fir, which in turn give way to    spruce on the upper slopes of the steep mountains. Not surprisingly, forestry is a major    source of income throughout the region, providing up to 90 percent of total revenue in    some counties and numerous jobs for rural communities. However, recently enacted    restrictions on timber felling signal a significant shift in forest management objectives,    away from an emphasis on wood production and toward such values as watershed protection,    recreation, and habitat restoration. Forest managers responsible for the implementation of    the new policies struggle to find an appropriate balance between the need for forest    protection and the social and economic needs of forest-dependent communities. In one area    alone over 100,000 forestry-related jobs are likely to be affected.      

**Commercial logging on steep        slopes as well as level areas in        Sichuan Province is now banned.         Photo by Alex Moad.**
The Pacific Northwest of the United States? It easily could be, but in    this instance it is a description of northern Yunnan and western Sichuan Provences in    southwestern China. Although separated by a vast gulf of distance and time, the    similarities between the two regions are remarkable, as Gary Man (International Programs    coordinator for Asia) and I observed during a recent visit to explore options for joint    field activities. Looking across the landscape, it was easy to imagine myself in    California, Oregon, or Idaho, depending on the elevation, until I looked closer and    realized that the animals grazing in the meadow were yaks, not cows, being herded by    children in Tibetan clothing. And although many of the plants were familiar, such as    gentian, iris, and rhododendron, here one can find 30 or more species, versus 4 or 5 back    home.         Given the similarity between United States and Chinese forests, it is not surprising that    they are able to exchange introduced pests and pathogens with relative ease. Hence much of    the collaboration between United States and Chinese foresters has focused on the control    of introduced pests.          For example, Michael Montgomery, a USFS entomologist, has for several years been working    with Chinese counterparts to identify natural control agents for the hemlock woolly    adelgid (*Adelges tsuga*), which is causing significant damage to American hemlock    forests. Conversely, USFS entomologist Gary Debarr is helping Chinese counterparts control    a mealy bug (*Oracella acuta*) introduced from the United States to China. Increased    efforts also are underway to assess control options for the Asian long horned    beetle (*Anoplophora    glabripennis*), a serious problem in both countries.          As similar as the Chinese and U.S. forests may be, the parallels in management challenges    are even more striking. Although the underlying causes and decision making processes    differ, both countries are undergoing substantial changes in the management of their    public forests. Our September visit to China took place at a critical juncture in the    history of Chinese forestry. China experienced some of the worst floods of this century    during the summer of 1998. Flooding along the Yangtze River was particularly devastating,    inundating agricultural and urban lands, disrupting the lives of millions of people and    leaving thousands dead. The industrial areas along the lower Yangtze were particularly    hard hit, suffering billions of dollars in damage. Some economists estimate that the 1998    floods may have reduced China's gross domestic product by one-half percentage point or    more.          The causes of the flooding include high El Ni�o rainfall, agricultural encroachment on    wetlands and lakes, and rapid industrialization of floodplains. The Chinese government    also identified excessive logging as a major contributing factor, citing a Chinese Academy    of Sciences study attributing as much as 50 percent of the flooding to deforestation. Even    before the floods, there were analyses suggesting that Chinese forests were being    over harvested. Environmental groups within China, as well as government officials and    scientists, advocated a substantial reduction in logging. Citing the flood damage, the    government announced not just a reduction, but rather a total ban on commercial logging of    natural forests in the upper Yangtze watershed, including all of Yunnan and Sichuan.    Additional logging bans, perhaps encompassing most of China, are likely.          The consequences of China's logging ban are profound, more dramatic even than the planned    felling reductions in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. In addition to the loss    of forestry jobs, the past few months have seen a substantial increase in wood imports to    China. By some estimates imports may eventually account for one-half of China's total wood    needs. To meet the anticipated demand, and to compensate for the loss of forestry jobs,    China has announced a multibillion dollar reforestation campaign to restore watersheds and    establish timber plantations. As in the United States, forest managers also are hoping to    offset revenue losses through increased sale of nontimber forest products and    recreation/nature tourism. Given our common interests, International Programs intends to    work with Chinese forestry officials to promote increased collaboration on these and other    forest management issues of mutual interest. For example, American foresters will visit    China this spring to assist with the identification of appropriate nursery stock for    reforestation and to help with nature tourism planning.

**History in the making--a forest        agent posts a notice of the logging        ban in Yunnan Province, China.        Photo by Gary Man.**
*Alex Moad is Assistant Director for Technical Cooperation, Office of    International Programs.*     **Middle East Collaboration on Watershed Monitoring**by Tom Hoekstra          The USDA Forest Service, the Jewish National Fund of America (JNF), and Keren Kayemuth    Leisrael (KKL-Israeli Land Development Authority) have been collaborating on forest and    grassland management and research for over 10 years. Recently that collaboration has    emphasized watershed management and monitoring and includes a comprehensive watershed    monitoring workshop and follow-up pilot sites to test monitoring protocols. The    collaboration began with a request from JNF for technical assistance on forest fire    prevention and management for Israel and has expanded to all aspects of wildland    management. Many technical exchanges have occurred between Israel and the United States    that have improved the understanding of both organizations about arid and semiarid land    management including watershed management.          The Forest Service, KKL, Jordan Badia Research and Development Programme, and the Turkish    Ministry of Forestry are conducting a watershed workshop in Jordan and Israel in March    1999. An invitation has also been extended to the Palestinian Authority. The workshop    will: 1) present and review case studies of existing watershed monitoring and evaluation    projects in each of the participating countries; 2) attempt to synthesize and develop a    generalized approach to monitor and evaluate watershed and erosion control management    based on the case studies; and 3) design a multinational test using the above approach.          The workshop will be held for 3 days in the Badia region in Jordan and 3 days in the Negev    region in Israel. The ecological setting for the workshop and the case studies focus the    workshop on arid and semiarid lands. Workshop participants will visit watershed-monitoring    sites in Jordan and Israel as well as hear about the work that has been done there. Oral    presentations regarding work in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and the Southwest    region of the United States will also be part of the workshop. The U.S. coordinators for    the workshop are the Forest Service Inventory and Monitoring Institute, Fort Collins,    Colorado, and the Office of International Programs, Washington, D.C. in cooperation with    USDA Foreign Agriculture Service/ International Cooperation and Development.          Following the March workshop, each participating country will locate a test site in their    country and test the implementation of the generalized approach to monitoring watersheds.    The intent is to establish an ongoing collaboration between participating countries on    monitoring and evaluating the effect of watershed management. The Forest Service Office of    International Programs has written a grant proposal to the U.S. Agency for International    Development to fund this watershed collaboration.      *Tom Hoekstra is Director of the Forest Service Inventory and Monitoring Institute in    Fort Collins, Colorado. He has been involved with work in the Middle East for many years.*     **News Bits from Around the World     *International Programs Goes Wild***     Building on a long history of success, in December Ducks Unlimited (DU) and    the Forest Service Office of International Programs announced a new partnership effort for    the conservation and maintenance of priority wetlands for migratory birds, waterfowl, and    wetland wildlife. This partnership links international neotropical bird strategies, such    as Partners in Flight and the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Strategy to help accelerate the    momentum of the TAKING WING program. The expanded partnership with DU brings International    Programs into a new international conservation role with respect to wetlands management.    This new partnership will emphasize collaborative projects throughout the hemisphere to    address migratory waterfowl issues.          In a separate initiative in 1998, working with DU Canada, Canadian Provincial and National    governments, and Forest Service National Forest System, the Office of International    Programs helped initiate a new partnership effort in Canada to conserve boreal forest    wetlands, which produce over 40 percent of North America's waterfowl. These wetlands are    being lost to agricultural, energy, and timber harvest developments. A balance is being    sought so wetland ecosystems can remain viable.      *Submitted by Jack Capp, former Director of the Wildlife, Fisheries, and Rare Plants    Program, Juneau, Alaska, and currently Special Assistant to the Director, Office of    International Programs.*     ***Indonesia--Assessment of fire response capacity***         Large uncontrolled wildfires burned throughout Southeast Asia in 1997 and early 1998. In    response to the fires, USAID and the Forest Service, through the efforts of Ben Stoner,    Mary Melnyk, and Gary Man (USAID/Global, USAID/Indonesia, and USDA/FS/IP, respectively),    initiated an effort to strengthen the Fire/Disaster Response Coordination of ASEAN    (Association of Southeast Asian Nations).          In the fall of 1998, Deanne Shulman (Fire Management Specialist, Sequoia National Forest,    CA) spent over 3 months working as part of a regional technical advisory team to    strengthen the capacity of ASEAN to prevent and mitigate transboundary atmospheric    pollution.          Deanne joined a team of 13 natural resource specialists conducting an in-depth field    assessment of fire suppression capabilities in 5 Southeast Asian countries (Brunei,    Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore). Team members included personnel from    Indonesia Ministry of Forests and Estate Corps; Indonesia Ministry of Environment; fire    specialists from the United States, Canada, and Australia; and research analysts from    Germany. The U.S. fire specialists included Larry Swan (District Fire Management Officer,    Payette National Forest, Idaho), Bob Becker (Regional Fire Training Officer, California),    and Allen Biller (Alaska Fire Service, Bureau of Land Management). Their role was    twofold--to increase capacity for fire fighting assessment skills within the Indonesian    counterpart staff on the teams, and to provide an expert's contextual framework for    analysis of the information collected.          As a follow-up to the assessment, Deanne worked with Erly Sukrisanto (Fire Management    Specialist, ASEAN regional technical advisory team) and Tom Harbour (USDA FS Assistant    Regional Fire and Aviation Director, Montana), to develop a framework for a regional fire    suppression mobilization plan. The framework will be introduced to the ASEAN fire    management community in the spring of 1999.      *Submitted by Deanne Shulman, Sequoia National Forest, California, and Gary Man, Office    of International Programs, Washington, D.C.*     ***Conservation Stamps Benefit Environmental Education in Nicaragua***         In a precedent setting initiative, a series of nine conservation stamps featuring    protected areas in Nicaragua were issued in September 1998. This innovative idea authored    by Jerry Bauer, FS employee, who served as the USAID environmental officer in Nicaragua    until recently, enables 50 percent of the profit from the sales of stamps in the series,    "Naturally Nicaragua," to go to a local conservation group. This group, *Fundacion    Cocibolca* manages and conserves the cloud forest on Mombacho Volcano, just south of    Managua, and works on environmental education with school children living in the shadow of    the volcano.          The first stamps were canceled in a ceremony attended by the President of Nicaragua and    the U.S. Ambassador. In addition to the stamps, a visitors guide, high quality brochures,    eight posters of Nicaraguan protected areas, and a traveling photo exhibit were also    produced through USAID/Nicaragua and the Academy for Educational Development GreenCom    Project. Jerry Bauer took all the photos for the stamps as well as other promotional    materials. The International Institute of Tropical Forestry and USDA/FAS/International    Cooperation and Development provided support for Jerry Bauer's work by providing computer    equipment for writing, designing, and editing the materials. Cash-strapped conservation    NGO's in developing countries now have a new innovative model for fundraising.     

**These conservation postage stamps, with photos by        Jerry Bauer, depict the natural beauty and cultural history of Nicaragua.**
     ***Pacific Islands Heads of Forestry Meeting***     A meeting of the Heads of Forestry of 17 Pacific Island states and    territories, held September 21-25, 1998, in Nadi, Fiji, centered around 2 themes,    "Initiatives in the forests and trees sector in the Pacific," and "The role    of forests and trees in mitigating the impacts of climate change on Pacific Island    communities." Over 20 representatives from other government, nongovernment, regional,    international, and donor agencies attended the meeting as observers. The Pacific Islands    Forests and Trees Support Program (PIF&TSP), assisted by the Institute for Pacific    Islands Forestry (IPIF), coordinated the meeting. Four of the 40 papers presented at the    meeting, were written by Forest Service-affiliated attendees, they included: - USDA Forest Service: Overview of Forest Management Services Work in the        Pacific Islands , by Leonard Newell, Kathleen Friday, Marjorie Falanruw, and Robert        Wescom,
- Understanding and managing mangrove forests in Kosrae, Federated States        of Micronesia  by Katherine Ewel and Erick Waguk, 
- Invasive Plants Threatening Pacific Island Ecosystems , by James        Space, and
- Mangrove forests as modifiers of the impacts of climate change on high        islands and atolls in the South Pacific: Mobilizing people and governments to act  by        Denny Ward and William Metz.

    Participants also viewed two draft videos, "*Micronesian Mangroves: Harvesting and    Caring for Our Mangrove Forests*," and "*Mangroves Where We Live: Building    Roads and Homes While Conserving Our Mangrove Forests and Reefs*," both of which    are intended for public education in Micronesia and will be produced in four languages.      *Submitted by Katie Friday, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Hilo, Hawaii*.      ***Drought Disaster Response in Micronesia***         El Nino weather conditions in 1998 created a drought in the Federated States of Micronesia    and the Republic of the Marshall Islands in the Western Pacific during which subsistence    crops of taro, breadfruit, banana, and coconut were lost. The Pacific Southwest Region of    the Forest Service assisted the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) from    June 1998 to February 1999 by providing supplemental food to the estimated 80,000    islanders who lost their crops.          While Islanders continued to fish in their local waters for their protein needs, the    supplemental foods consisting of rice, canned vegetables, canned fruit, and vegetable oil    rounded out their diet. The Forest Service in California purchased the food using funding    allocated by USDA Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) and then shipped it to four major hubs    in Micronesia. A team of six Forest Service people was deployed in Micronesia to order the    needed food shipments, receive the food on the dock, and serve as technical advisors on    distribution to the outer islands. A USDA-FS purchasing agent and a GSA shipping    specialist in California supported the team      *Submitted by Dennis Orbus, Fire and Aviation Management, Riverside, California.*     ***Trail Construction Training in Madagascar***
**Malagasy conservation agents        learn trail-building techniques        for fragile wetland areas.        Photo by Linda Torgerson.**
Linda Torgerson (Civil Engineering Technician, Tongass National Forest,    Alaska) worked with 2 crews of 15 Malagasy Conservation Agents for 6 weeks in    October/November 1998 teaching basic trail construction skills. This training was a    follow-up to an earlier basic trail training held in January 1998. The conservation    agents, including representatives from several of Madagascar's national parks, learned    basic techniques for bridge planning, location, design, and construction for use in their    newly developing trail systems. The two sessions were held at the Special Reserve Nosy    Mangabe, and in the Park Masoala at Cap Est and were sponsored by the Wildlife    Conservation Society, who administers the Masoala Project on the Masoala Penninsula. Local    hardwoods were used in the construction of two bridge structures completed as a part of    the training, with the recreation strategy of using whole natural woods in harmony with    the pristine nature of the protected forest environments.     *Submitted by Linda Torgerson, Chatham Ranger District, Sitka, Alaska.*     **New Journals, Books, and Websites**     **Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation    and Development Projects.** Richard Margoluis and Nick Salafsky, 1998, Island Press. *Measures    of Success* is a practical, hands-on guide to designing, managing, and measuring the    impacts of community-oriented conservation and development projects. It presents a clear,    logical, and yet comprehensive approach to developing and implementing effective programs,    and can help conservation and development practitioners use principles of adaptive    management to test assumptions about their projects and learn from the results. The    approach has been developed and field-tested by practitioners working in many different    projects in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. 363 pp. Paperback: $35.00. ISBN:    1-55963-612-2. Orders: Island Press, Tel: (800) 828-1302. Online: www.islandpress.org. Email: [email protected].      **Ecoregions: The Ecosystem Geography of the Oceans and Continents**. R.G. Bailey, USDA    Forest Service. This book applies the principles described in Bailey's Ecosystem Geography    (1996) to describe and characterize the major terrestrial and aquatic ecological zones of    the Earth. Bailey's system for classifying these ecoregions has been adopted by major    organizations such as the USDA Forest Service and The Nature Conservancy, and this book is    a significant contribution to a long tradition of classifying and studying the world's    ecological regions. It includes two color maps that show the major ecoregions of the    continents and ocean. 1998/192 pp. ISBN 0-387-98311-2/softcover $39.95, ISBN    0-387-98305-8/hardcover $79.95. For a table of contents, preface, sample illustrations and    more please visit http://www.springer-ny.com/envsci/bailey/ecoregions.html     **Kids Corner Website--in English, French, and Spanish**    The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Forestry Advisers Network (CFAN) has    recently posted a new presentation on its Website-- "Kid's Corner." This    Internet presentation is intended to give students information on tropical forests, why    they are important, what can be done to help save them, and what CIDA has been doing to    help change things. You can visit their site at: http://www.rcfa-cfan.org     **Bugwood Africa Website**    This site visually demonstrates possible applications of existing and evolving electronic    technologies to improve communications and support implementation and utilization of    Integrated Pest Management in agroforestry and forestry in eastern and southern Africa. It    was designed by personnel associated with the Entomology and Forest Resource Digital    Information Work Group at the University of Georgia, College of Agricultural and    Environmental Sciences, Tifton, Georgia, USA, as a sister site to Bugwood--USA, it can be    viewed at http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/.    The Forest Service is involved in Bugwood Africa through the Eastern Arc Forest Health    Project.      **Watershed Restoration: Principals and Practices**, Editors: Jack E. Williams,    Christopher A. Wood, Michael P. Dombeck. 1997. American Fisheries Society.    A blueprint for understanding the natural and human laws, resources and tools required to    restore watersheds. A central theme of the book is that watersheds embrace not just    natural resources , but also social and economic cultures that are connected to and    dependent on those watersheds. Another critical theme of the book is the coming together    of local citizens to resolve problems within their watersheds. The approach advocated in    this book is of broadly applying sound restoration principles at watershed scale through    community and agency coalitions. For a copy of this book please contact the American    Fisheries Society at 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110, Bethesda, MD 20814-2199. http://www.fisheries.org/publications/AFSBooks/webfinal/x550.24.htm     **New Field Operations Guide for Disaster Assessment and Response**. The USAID Bureau    for Humanitarian Response, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), in cooperation    with the USDA Forest Service International Programs, Disaster Assistance Support Program,    has published a revised edition of the Field Operations Guide (FOG), a reference tool for    individuals sent to disaster sites to perform initial assessment or to participate as    members of an OFDA Disaster Assistance Response Team. The FOG can be obtained from the    U.S. Government Printing Office (Tel: 202-512-1800; Fax: 202-512-2250; Address:    Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328) for $29.00, which    includes shipping costs. The stock number is 001-001-00665-3. The FOG is also posted on    the Web at http://www.info.usaid.gov/ofda/.     ***Forest Policy and Economics* Journal**. Elsevier Science and the European    Forest Institute are collaborating in setting up this new forestry journal. The journal is    intended to provide an authoritative international forum for policy issues, including    economics and planning relating to the forest and forest industries sector. The journal is    planned to be published quarterly beginning in 1999. Professor Max Krott, forest policy    scientist of Gottingen University will serve as the founding Editor-in-Chief. For further    information about the journal contact Prof. Dr. Max Krott, Insitut fur Forstpolitik und    Naturschutz, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Germany, Tel: +49 551 39 34 12 Fax: +49    551 39 34 15, e-mail: [email protected]     ***Sustainability of Temperate Forests*** by Roger A. Sedjo, Alberto Goetzl, and    Steverson O. Moffat. *Resources for the Future* senior fellow Roger Sedjo and his    colleagues examine initiatives designed to promote and enhance sustainable forestry in    temperate countries. While concerns about tropical deforestation are considerable and    discussed widely, temperate forests account for the vast majority of the world's roundwood    production and most global trade in wood and paper. Improving forest sustainability in    temperate regions is imperative, economically and environmentally. This book illustrates    how far nations have progressed and how far they still need to go in that effort. August    1998, Paperback ISBN: 0-915707-98-5/$14.95, 102 pages.      **Errata:** In our first issue we announced the availability of a book titled, *Evolution        of Tropical Forestry: Puerto Rico and Beyond* an interview with Frank Wadsworth. A full        copy of the interview can be obtained for $20, however, a summary of the interview (73 pp)        is available for $5.50 from the Forest History Society. Ordering information can be        obtained from their website at http://www.lib.duke.edu/        forest/pubslist.html, by phone at (919) 682-9319, or by letter at FRS, 701 Vickers        Ave., Durham, North Carolina 27701. 
          **Meeting and Workshop Announcements**     **Sixth Conference on Agroforestry in North America**, June 12-16, 1999,    Hot Springs, Arkansas. The theme will be "Sustainable Land-Use Management for the 21st    Century." Fore information contact Dr. Catalina A. Blanche, Dale Bumpers Small Farms    Research Center, 6883 South State Hwy 23, Booneville, AR 72927-9214, Tel: (501) 675-3834,    e-mail: [email protected].      **SI/MAB International Biodiversity Curriculum**. The Smithsonian Institute's    Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity Program (SI/MAB) is offering three complementary    courses in 1999. Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment for Adaptive Management, May    9-June 11; Economic and Policy Solutions for Ecosystem Conservation, September 19-October    22; and Smithsonian Environmental Leadership and Communication, October 31-November 12.    For more information see the SI/MAB web site at http://www.si.edu/organiza/museums/ripley/simab/start.htm    or contact Christopher Ros c/o SI/MAB Program, Smithsonian Institution, S. Dillon Ripley    Center, 1100 Jefferson Drive SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705 tel: 202-357-4793,    e-mail: [email protected]     **Issues in World Forestry and Forest Products: A Tropical Study Program in**Nicaragua, Laguna de Apoyo, Nicaragua May 16-June 5, 1999. Full cost for this course is $1,300 plus the cost    of airfare and Virginia Tech tuition. Registration and payment are due by April 1, 1999.    For further information and application details, please contact Dr. A.L. Hammett,    Coordinator of International Programs, College of Forestry and Wildlife Resources, 210    Chatham Hall (mail code 0323), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 tel: 540-231-2716, fax:    540-231-8176, e-mail: [email protected]. Visit the course    website at: http://www.cyber.vt.edu/wd3784nic/         **International Seminar on Forest and Natural Resource Administration and Management**,    August 22-September 11, 1999, Colorado, Wyoming, Southeast United States and Washington,    DC. This annual seminar is an intensive, interactive training program designed for    management professionals who desire to improve their managerial and administrative skills.    The seminar fee is $5,000. For more information contact Ms. Ann Keith, Coordinator 15th    International Forestry Seminar, College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University,    Fort Collins, CO 80523-1401, USA tel: 970/221-9566 fax: 970-484-9560, e-mail: [email protected] or visit the    ISFAM website http://www.fs.fed.us/global/isfam/welcome.htm/    **Forest Genetic Resources of the Pacific**Islands, The Forest Service has been    instrumental in organizing a subregional workshop on Forest Genetic Resources planned for    April 12-16, 1999, in Apia, Samoa. This workshop is the first opportunity the Pacific    Islands have had to establish a baseline of information on their forest genetic resources    and collaborate on strategies for their conservation. For more information contact Len    Newell at [email protected], tel: 808-522-8233.      **Intensive Training Program in Environmental Management and Care Systems for West Africa    1999/2000,** the Accra-based NGO International Center for Enterprise and Sustainable    Development (ICED) and the Human Ecology Department of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel,    Belgium, are organizing five training modules totaling 165 hours. The modules include:    Sustainable Development and Environmental Management Systems, Environmental Care Systems,    Eco-design and Eco-labeling, Environmental Taxes, and Environmental Responsibility in    World Trade. The program will be organized in three separate training sessions that will    be repeated in different West African countries beginning in Ghana in March 1999. For more    information and applications contact: Chairman, International Centre for Enterprise and    Sustainable Development, PO Box 16461, Airport-Accra, Ghana, tel: +233 21 302480, Tel/Fax:    +233 21 767593, e-mail: [email protected] or    Programme Co-Director, Human Ecology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan    103, B 1090 Brussels, Belgium. Tel: +32 2 477 42 81, Fax: +32 2 477 49 64; e-mail: [email protected]     **Gender Issues & Development Policy Seminar and Discussion Series**. The    International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) launched a brown-bag seminar series    February 16 on Gender and Development Policy to be held the third Tuesday of each month. A    simultaneous discussion of seminar issues will also take place on the Gender-CG listserv.    The seminar paper will be announced at least a week before the seminar and IFPRI will post    an abstract on the listserv with instructions for downloading the paper from the IFPRI    website: http://www.cgiar.org/ifpri/themes/mp17/2bbag.htm.    A summary of the main points that emerge from the seminar will be posted and listserv    members will have the opportunity to discuss the issue for a month until the next paper is    introduced. If you would like to subscribe, please send a message to [email protected]    with text consisting of "SUBSCRIBE GENDER-CG". You will receive an electronic    message introducing you to the network. For additional information, please e-mail [email protected] or [email protected].      The **International Programs News** presents highlights of policy, research,        technical cooperation, development, and conservation activities in which the Forest        Service is involved worldwide. Its purpose is to demonstrate the breadth and importance of        international collaboration on natural resource management issues and to share information        within the Forest Service and with our partners in the United States and around the world.                         The **Office of International Programs** (IP) is dedicated to applying the wealth of        skills within the Forest Service to foster sustainable forest management globally. We link        the agency's researchers, foresters, wildlife biologists, hydrologists, policymakers, and        disaster specialists, with partners overseas to work on assignments in the areas of        technical cooperation, policy assistance, and disaster coordination. Our focus is on key        natural resource problems and issues in countries with significant forest resources and        important forest-related trade with the United States. International cooperation results        in improved sustainable natural resource practices in partner countries, develops the        skills of Forest Service personnel, and brings back knowledge and innovative technologies        to the United States.          **Office of International Programs**                 USDA Forest Service, 1099 14th St. NW        Suite 5500W        Washington, DC 20005-3402        Web site: http://www.fs.fed.us/global/         *Director: Val Mezainis         Phone: (202) 205-1650        Editor: Robin Maille        Phone: (202) 273-0374, Fax: (202) 273-4749         E-mail: [email protected]*         
     

    |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|