i

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Summary

Solidification/stabilization (S/S) is an established technology that has been used for almost 20 years to treat

a variety of wastes at Superfund remedial sites throughout the country. Historically, S/S has been one of the top

five source control treatment technologies used at Superfund remedial sites. To provide interested stakeholders

such as project managers, technology service providers, consulting engineers, site owners, and the general public

with the most recent information about S/S applications at Superfund sites, as well as information about trends

in use, specific types of applications, and cost, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performed a

review and analysis of S/S applications and prepared this summary.

Highlights of S/S use at Superfund remedial sites include:

• Trends in Use - S/S is one of the top five source control treatment technologies used at Superfund

remedial sites, having been used at more than 160 sites since FY 1982. The frequency with which S/S

was selected as a remedy increased during the late 1980s and early 1990s, reaching a peak in FY 1992,

and then generally decreasing through FY 1998.

• Project Status - Many of the S/S projects (62 percent) have been completed, with an estimated 21

percent in the predesign/design stage. Overall, completed S/S projects represent 30 percent of all

completed projects in which treatment technologies have been used for source control. In addition, the

average operational time for S/S projects was 1.1 months, which is shorter than other technologies such

as soil vapor extraction, land treatment, and composting.

• Types of Applications - A majority of S/S projects at Superfund remedial sites are ex situ applications where

inorganic binders and additives were used to treat metal-containing waste. Organic binders were used for

specialized waste such as radioactive wastes and those containing specific hazardous organic compounds. S/S

was used to treat wastes containing only organics for a small number (6 percent) of the projects.

• Performance - Most performance testing for S/S waste products is conducted after curing is

completed, and only limited data are available on long-term performance of S/S at Superfund remedial

sites. Available performance data for metals for these projects showed that S/S met the established

performance goals. Only limited data were available on organics; however, S/S met the established

performance goals for several projects.

• Cost - Information about the cost of using S/S to treat wastes at Superfund remedial sites was available

for 29 completed projects. The total cost ranged from $75,000 to $16 million. The average cost per

cubic yard for these S/S projects was $264, including two projects with relatively high costs

(approximately $1,200 per cubic yard each). Excluding those two projects, the average cost per cubic

yard for S/S was $194.

Sources of information about S/S used for this summary included Superfund Records of Decision (RODs), ROD

amendments, and Explanations of Significant Differences (ESDs) issued by EPA through FY 1998; data and

analyses contained in EPA’s Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (ninth edition) (ASR);

information being collected for the tenth edition of the ASR, expected to be published later this year; and EPA’s

REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) system.

What is Solidification/Stabilization

The term “solidification/stabilization” refers to a general category of processes that are used to treat a

wide variety of wastes, including solids and liquids. Solidification and stabilization are each distinct

technologies, as described below (EPA, 1997, Portland Cement Association 1991):

• Solidification - refers to processes that encapsulate a waste to form a solid material and to restrict

contaminant migration by decreasing the surface area exposed to leaching and/or by coating the waste

with low-permeability materials. Solidification can be accomplished by a chemical reaction between a

waste and binding (solidifying) reagents or by mechanical processes. Solidification of fine waste particles

is referred to as microencapsulation, while solidification of a large block or container of waste is referred

to as macroencapsulation.
• Stabilization - refers to processes that involve chemical reactions that reduce the leachability of a

waste. Stabilization chemically immobilizes hazardous materials or reduces their solubility through a

chemical reaction. The physical nature of the waste may or may not be changed by this process.

For S/S applications at Superfund sites, the regulatory definition of stabilization under the Resource Conservation

and Recovery Act (RCRA) may be relevant to a project. Under the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) program

(40 CFR part 268), stabilization is the required treatment standard for certain types of waste. In addition,

stabilization may be used to render a RCRA hazardous waste (defined under 40 CFR part 260) non-hazardous

prior to disposal. RCRA defines stabilization (40 CFR 268.42) as “[a process that] involves the use of the

following reagents (or waste reagents): (1) Portland cement; or (2) lime/pozzolans (e.g., fly ash and cement kiln

dust) - this does not preclude the addition of reagents (e.g., iron salts, silicates, and clays) designed to enhance

the set/cure time and/or compressive strength, or to overall reduce the leachability of the metal or inorganic.”

In addition, S/S processes can involve the use of very high temperatures (usually greater than 1,500 oF) to vitrify

wastes, forming glass-like waste products. However, these S/S processes are not addressed in this summary.

Use of S/S at Superfund Sites

Recent information about the use of S/S at Superfund remedial sites indicates that S/S has been used at

167 sites since FY 1982. Exhibit 1 shows the number of projects by status for the following stages -

predesign/design, design completed/being installed, operational, and completed. Data are shown for in situ and ex situ

S/S projects. In addition, information about all source control technologies is provided. With respect to S/S

projects, the majority of both in situ and ex situ projects (62 percent) are completed, followed by projects in the

predesign/design stage (21 percent). Overall, completed S/S projects represent 30 percent of all completed

Superfund projects in which treatment technologies have been used for source control. (Appendix A contains

summary information, where available, for these S/S projects).

Exhibit 1: Percentage of Superfund Remedial Projects by Status

Project Status

Percentage of Projects

Data Source: ASR (9th Edition), FY’98 RODs

Number of Projects: Source Control = 682, Ex Situ S/S = 139, In Situ S/S = 28

2
3

Data Source: ASR (9th Edition) FY’98 RODs

Note: Does include 4 projects in which other treatment technologies were changed to S/S

Exhibit 5: Remedies Selected to Replace

Solidification/Stabilization

Total Number of Projects = 59

Exhibit 4: Selection Versus Implementation of

Solidification/Stabilization Remedies

Fiscal Year

Number of Projects

Soil Vapor Extraction 28%

Solidification/Stabilization 24%

Incineration (off-site) 13%

Bioremediation 11%

Thermal Desorption 9%

Exhibit 2: Top 5 Source Control Treatment

Technologies Used at Superfund Remedial Sites

Note: Source control treatment RODs are defined as RODs selecting one or

more treatment technologies to treat the source of the contamination

Exhibit 3: RODs Selecting Solidification/Stabilization

Remedies vs. All Source Control RODs

Fiscal Year

Number of RODS

Remedy Selection Trends

Exhibit 2 shows the top five source control

treatment technologies used at Superfund remedial sites

from FY 1982 through FY 1998. Cumulatively, S/S projects

are the second most common type of source control

treatment technology implemented at these sites, representing

24 percent of all source control treatment technology projects.

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is the most common technology

implemented, representing 28 percent of all source

control treatment technology projects.

Exhibit 3 shows the trend in selection of S/S as a remedy

at Superfund remedial sites between FY 1982 and FY

1998 and compares the selection of S/S remedies with all

other treatment technologies. The frequency with which

S/S was selected as a remedy increased during the late

1980s and early 1990s, reaching a peak in FY 1992, and

then generally decreasing through FY 1998. The trend in

S/S remedy selection during this time frame is similar to

that for all source control treatment technologies.

Remedy Changes

Exhibit 4 compares the number of RODs in which S/S was selected with the actual number of S/S

projects implemented each year from FY 1982 through FY 1998. The differences between the number of

RODs where S/S was selected as the remedy and the number of S/S projects implemented reflects changes in

the remedies that occurred during the remedial process. Between FY 1982 and FY 1987 and between FY 1994

and FY 1998, the number of S/S remedies implemented is close to the number of S/S remedies selected in

RODs. From FY 1988 through FY 1993, there is a larger gap between the number of S/S remedies selected and

the number implemented. As shown in Exhibit 3, this time frame corresponds to the fiscal years in which S/S

was most frequently selected as a remedy.

Exhibit 5 shows the remedies that were selected to replace S/S. Off-site disposal was the most frequently

selected (27 percent) remedy, followed by on-site containment (15 percent).
Reasons cited by project managers for replacing S/S as a remedy are presented in Exhibit 6.

Specific Types of S/S Applications

Exhibit 7 shows a breakdown of the S/S projects by type of application which include ex situ solidification/

stabilization, in situ solidification/stabilization, ex situ stabilization only, and in situ stabilization only. A specific type of

S/S application was identified for 88 percent of the projects. Solidification/stabilization (in situ and ex situ)

represents 63 percent of the S/S projects compared to 15 percent for stabilization only (in situ and ex situ).

Exhibit 8 shows the types of binder materials used for S/S projects at Superfund remedial sites, including

inorganic binders, organic binders, and combination organic and inorganic binders. Many of the binders used

include one or more proprietary additives. Examples of inorganic binders include cement, fly ash, lime, soluble

silicates, and sulfur-based binders, while organic binders include asphalt, epoxide, polyesters, and polyethylene.

More than 90 percent of the S/S projects used inorganic binders. In general, inorganic binders are less expensive

and easier to use than organic binders. Organic binders are generally used to solidify radioactive wastes or

specific hazardous organic compounds.

* Includes 3 in situ projects

Data Source: EPA and State Project Managers

Note: Number of projects for each type is shown in parenthese. TBD = to be determined

Exhibit 7: Solidification/Stabilization Projects by Type

Total Number of Projects = 167

Exhibit 8: Binder Materials Used for

Solidification/Stabilization Projects

Data Source: EPA and State Project Managers

Note: Inorganic binders consist of cement, fly ash, lime, soluble silicates, or sulfur.

Organic binders consist of asphalt, organophilic clay, or activated carbon.

Total Number of Projects = 59

4

(1) The estimated volume of contaminated material had decreased such that S/S was no longer cost effective

(2) S/S could not meet the required treatment standards for the waste at the site

(3) The cost of S/S was too high

(4) S/S had originally been selected to treat residuals from other treatment technologies at the site. When

little or no residuals were generated, S/S was no longer necessary

(5) The community expressed concerns about on-site treatment of wastes

(6) There were problems implementing S/S

(7) S/S could not significantly reduce the mobility of a specific waste

Exhibit 6: Reasons Cited by Project Managers for Replacing S/S as the Remedy
Data Source: EPA and State Project Managers

Note: Metals are defined as heavy metals. Data indicates how many projects are

addressing each type of contaminant group and are not necessarily indicative of

how well the technology has treated each type of group

Exhibit 10: Contaminant Types Treated by S/S

Total Number of Projects = 163

Number of Projects

Exhibit 11: Number of S/S Projects Treating Specific Metals

Type of Metal Contaminant

Exhibit 9: Binders and Reagents Used for S/S

Projects

Binder or Reagent Number of Projects*

Cement 47

Proprietary reagents 22

Phosphate 14

pH controls 12

Fly ash 10

Lime 10

Sulfur 4

Asphalt 1

Other organics used include granular activated carbon

and organophilic clay.

* A project may use more than one binder or reagent

5

Exhibit 9 summarizes the specific types of binders and

reagents used in S/S projects at Superfund remedial sites.

Cement is the most common binder (47 projects), followed

by proprietary additives (22 projects), and phosphate (14

projects).

Exhibit 10 shows the types of contaminant groups and

combination of contaminant groups treated by S/S at

Superfund remedial sites. S/S was used to treat metals only

in 56 percent of the projects, and used to treat metals alone

or in combination with organics or radioactive metals at

approximately 90 percent of the sites. S/S was used to treat

organics only at 6 percent of the sites.

Exhibit 11 provides a further breakdown of the metals

treated by S/S at Superfund remedial sites. The top five

metals treated by S/S are lead, chromium, arsenic, cadmium,

and copper.

Exhibit 12 shows the types of sites treated by S/S projects. Waste management/disposal areas, organic chemical

manufacturing, petroleum refining, and metal ore mining, smelting and recycling facilities were the most common

site types addressed by S/S.

Time of Operation

Data on completed S/S projects were analyzed to determine the average operational time for S/S projects

compared to other technologies. For this analysis, operational time was defined as the period from when

operations began (following design and installation) to the time the project was determined to have been

completed by the project manager. Assuming treatment of 1,000 cubic yards of waste, the average operational

time for S/S projects was 1.1 months. For the same volume of waste, the average operational time was
approximately 0.75 months for thermal desorption, 1 month for incineration (on site), 2.5 months for soil vapor

extraction, 3 months for land treatment, 3.8 months for composting, and 5.8 months for soil washing.

Post Cure Testing and Performancee

The performance of S/S at Superfund remedial sites often is measured after the solidified material has

cured. As shown in Exhibit 13, post cure testing was performed for 67 percent of the S/S projects. Exhibit 14

lists the types of post cure tests used for S/S projects, which include; (1) physical tests - to provide information

about the physical characteristics of the treated waste, such as its moisture content or strength; and (2)

chemical tests - to measure the potential of a stabilized waste to release contaminants to the environment; to

define the composition of the waste and assess the performance of the binder. The most common post cure

tests used were the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test and the unconfined compressive

strength (UCS) test.

Available performance data for treatment of metals by S/S from completed projects indicated that

concentrations of metals before treatment

typically ranged from 50 mg/kg to 70,000

mg/kg, with concentrations as high as

424,000 mg/kg for lead and 170,000 mg/kg

for cadmium. In general, post-treatment

concentrations of metals met the RCRA

TCLP standards.

Performance data for completed S/S

projects where organics had been treated

were limited. Typical organics treated by

S/S at Superfund sites included

trichloroethene, benzene, methylene

chloride, pentachlorophenol, Number of Projects

Exhibit 12: Superfund Remedial Actions: Site Types for Solidification/Stabilization

Exhibit 13: Percentage of Completed S/S Projects

Conducting Post Cure Testing

Total Number of Projects = 102

Site Type

6
7

* A project may use more than one type of test. ANSI 16.1 is the American Nuclear Society test 16.1 which is a leaching test.

** Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure.

Total Number of Projects = 66

Number of Projects

Type of Test

Exhibit 14: Type of Post Cure Testing Used for S/S Projects

Exhibit 15: S/S Performance at American

Creosote, TN

Contaminant Cleanup Goal* Result

Pentachlorophenol <200 μg/l Passed

Benzo(a)pyrene <10 μg/l Passed

Dibenz(a,h) anthracene <4.4 μg/l Passed

Dioxin <30 ppq** Passed

* Results reported as concentration of SPLP extract

**ppq = parts per quintillion

polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides (dieldrin,

endrin, isodrin, and aldrin), and polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs). Concentrations of contaminants before treatment

typcially ranged from about 100 mg/kg to 1,100 mg/kg

(PCBs).

While only limited post-treatment performance data were

available for organic wastes, the data indicated that S/S met

the established performance goals for several projects. For

example, at the American Creosote, a wood preserving site

in Tennessee, soils were contaminated with wood preserving

compounds such as pentachlorophenol, benzo(a)pyrene,

dibenz(a,h) anthracene, and dioxin. As shown in Exhibit 15,

S/S met the cleanup goals for each of these constituents.

Limited data are available on long-term performance of S/S at Superfund sites. The long-term environment and

conditions to which the solidified waste is exposed can affect the stability of the treated waste. For example,

studies (Klich et al) have shown that cement-based stabilized wastes are vulnerable to the same physical and

chemical degradation processes as concrete and other cement-based materials (that is, have the potential to

disintegrate over a period of 50 to 100 years).

Cost Data

Information about the cost of using S/S to treat wastes at Superfund remedial sites was available for 29

completed projects. Total costs for S/S projects ranged from $75,000 to $16 million including the cost of

excavation (if ex situ), treatment, and disposal (if ex situ). The cost per cubic yard treated ranged from $8 to

approximately $1,200 per cubic yard. The average cost per cubic yard for these projects was $264, including

two projects with relatively high costs (approximately $1,200 per cubic yard). Excluding those two projects, the

average cost per cubic yard was $194.
8

Exhibit 16: Long Term Management Options for

S/S Projects

Number of Projects

Long Term Management Option*

* A project may implement more than one option.; on-site disposal is for wastes

from ex situ processes.

Disposal/Long Term Management Options

The waste forms produced by ex situ S/S processes

are either disposed of off-site or disposed of on-site

(with or without capping). The waste products of in situ

S/S processes are left in place at the site (i.e., disposed of

on-site) with or without capping. For completed S/S

projects at Superfund remedial sites, on-site disposal of

waste forms produced by ex situ processes and capping

were used for the majority of projects, as shown in

Exhibit 16.

Additional Information

The following sources provide additional

information about S/S processes in general and their use

at Superfund sites:

EPA’s Solidification/Stabilization Resource Guide (EPA/ 542-

B-99-002) contains summaries of information from 125

references, including technical, guidance and policy

documents, and provides an easy-to-use matrix that

cross-references resources by technology type, medium,

and contaminant to help readers easily locate resources

that meet their specific needs.

EPA’s Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status

Report (ninth edition) includes information about Superfund remedial action sites at which S/S projects are being

or have been implemented.

EPA’s REACH IT system, <www.epareachit.org>, provides detailed data, in a searchable system, about specific

applications of S/S at Superfund sites, as well as a wide range of information about technologies, technology

vendors, and other technology applications.

EPA’s Updating Remedy Decisions at Select Superfund Sites Summary Report, FY 1996 and FY 1997 contains

additional information about remedy changes that affected S/S projects.

The Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable (FRTR) site includes case studies of S/S applications, available at

<www.frtr.gov/cost>.

References

EPA. 1999. Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (ninth edition) (EPA-542-R99-001). April.

EPA. 1997. Innovative Site Remediation Technology, Solidification/Stabilization. Design & Application, Volume 4. (EPA

542-B-97-007)

Klich, I., B. Batchelor, L.P. Wilding, L.R. Press. 1999. Mineralogical alterations that affect the durability and metals

containment of aged solidified and stabilized wastes. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29.

Means, Jeffery et al. 1995. The Application of Solidification/Stabilization to Waste Materials. Lewis Publishers.

Portland Cement Association. 1991. Solidification and Stabilization of Waste Using Portland Cement.

Wiles, C.C. 1987. A Review of Solidification/Stabilization Technology. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 14:5-21.
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Region ROD Project Manager

Year

1 W.R. Grace (Acton Plant) And Co., Inc. MA 1989 Arsenic Completed Dave Lederer

617-573-9665

1 PSC Resources MA 1992 Trichloroethylene (TCE) Completed Don Mcelroy

Methylene chloride 617-223-5571

Acetone

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Benzene

Trans 1,2-Dichloroethylene

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Arsenic

Lead

Zinc

Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)

1,1-Dichloroethane

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene

2 Chemical Control NJ 1987 Pesticides Completed Nigel Robinson

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 212-637-4394

Arsenic

2 NL Industries, Inc. NJ 1991 Lead Completed Joseph Gowers

Cadmium 212-637-4413

2 Waldick Aerospace Devices, Inc. NJ 1991 Chromium Completed Daniel Weissman

Cadmium 212-637-4384

2 Asbestos Dump - New Vernon Road NJ 1991 Asbestos Completed Maryanne Rosa

and White Bridge Road Cleanup 212-637-4407

2 Nascolite Corp. - OU 2 NJ 1991 Lead Designed/ Farnaz Saghafi

Not Installed 212-637-4408

2 American Cyanamid Co. - Group I NJ 1993 Toluene Operational James Haklar

Impoundments (11, 13, 19, And 24) Ethylbenzene 212-637-4414

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

Zinc

Lead

Acetone

Chromium

Xylene

Copper

Nickel

Naphthalene

Chlorobenzene

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Benzo(a)anthracene

2 NL Industries, Inc. - OU 1 NJ 1994 Cadmium Design Joseph Gowers

Lead 212-637-4413

Appendix A

List of Superfund Remedial Sites Using Solidification/Stabilization

continued on next page

A-1
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

2 Caldwell Trucking - Amendment NJ 1995 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Completed Richard Robinson

Lead 212-637-4371

Cadmium

Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)

Chloroform

Trichloroethylene (TCE)

2 American Cyanamid Co. - Group II NJ 1996 Naphthalene Predesign James Haklar

Impoundments (15, 16, 17, And 18) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 212-637-4414

Toluene

Zinc

2-Methylnaphthalene

Nickel

Benzo(a)anthracene

Copper

Nitrosodiphenylamine

Acetone

Ethylbenzene

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Chromium

Xylene

Lead

Anthracene

Chlorobenzene

Benzene

2 Cosden Chemical Coatings NJ 1998 Beryllium Predesign Edward Finnerty

Lead 212-637-4367

Chromium

2 Marathon Battery Corp. - Areas I, II, And III NY 1986 Cobalt Completed Pam Tames

Nickel 212-637-4255

Cadmium

2 York Oil Co. - OU 1 NY 1988 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Operational Joel Singerman

Lead 212-637-4258

Total petroleum hydrocarbons

 (TPH)

Cis-1,2-dichloroethene

2 Facet Enterprises NY 1992 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Isabel Rodrigues

Cadmium 212-637-4248

2 Preferred Plating Corp. - OU 2 NY 1992 Cadmium Completed Janet Cappelli

Chromium 212-637-4270

2 FMC Corp. (Dublin Road) NY 1993 Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Completed Kevin Lynch

 (DDD) 212-637-4287

Zinc

Mercury

Lead

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

 (DDE)

Copper

Arsenic

Alpha BHC

2 York Oil Co. - OU 02 NY 1998 Lead Designed/ Joel Singerman

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Not Installed 212-637-4258

A-2
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

3 Bruin Lagoon PA 1982 Lead Completed Bhupendra Khona

Sulfuric Acid 215-814-3213

Sulfur

Hydrogen Sulfide

3 Hebelka Auto Salvage Yard PA 1989 Lead Completed Frederick N. Macmillan

Chromium 215-814-3201

3 Douglassville Disposal PA 1989 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Design Victor J. Janosik

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 215-814-3217

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Chromium

Lead

3 Craig Farm Drum PA 1989 Benzene Completed Garth Connor

Resorcinol 215-814-3209

Phenol

3 Letterkenny Army Depot (SE Area) - PA 1991 Lead Completed Stacie Driscoll

Former Solvent Disposal Lagoon/Earthen 215-566-3368

3 Whitmoyer Laboratories - OU 2 PA 1991 Arsenic Completed Christopher J. Corbett

(Bldg Structures) Tar 215-814-3220

3 Eastern Diversified Metals PA 1991 Lead Predesign Steven J. Donohue

215-566-3215

3 Whitmoyer Laboratories - OU 3 PA 1991 Arsenic Design Christopher J. Corbett

215-814-3220

3 Paoli Rail Yard PA 1992 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Design Frances Costanzi

215-566-3196

3 Tonolli Corp. PA 1992 Lead Being Installed Steven J. Donohue

Cadmium 215-566-3215

Arsenic

3 C&D Recycling PA 1992 Copper Completed Joseph Mcdowell

Lead 215-566-3192

3 Hunterstown Road PA 1993 Trichloroethylene (TCE) Design John Banks

Chromium 215-814-3214

Lead

3 Jacks Creek/Sitkin Smelting And Refining PA 1997 Lead Design Garth Connor

215-814-3209

3 Whitmoyer Laboratories - OU 04 and OU 5 PA 1998 Arsenic Completed Christopher J. Corbett

215-814-3220

3 M.W. Manufacturing PA 1998 Lead Design Bhupendra Khona

215-814-3213

3 C&R Battery Co., Inc. VA 1990 Lead Completed Ronnie M. Davis

215-814-3230

3 First Piedmont Rock Quarry (Route 719) VA 1991 Lead Operational David Iacono

Arsenic 215-814-3231

Cadmium

3 Rhinehart Tire Fire Dump VA 1992 Zinc Completed Russell H. Fish

215-566-3226

3 Abex Corporation OU 1 - Inner Focus Area VA 1992 Lead Operational David Iacono

215-814-3231

3 Ordnance Works Disposal Areas WV 1989 Arsenic Predesign Melissa Whittington

Lead 215-566-3235

A-3
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

4 Mowbray Engineering AL 1986 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Humberto Guzman

404-562-8942

4 Interstate Lead Co. AL 1991 Lead Designed/ Astrid Aponte

Not Installed 404-562-8932

4 Alabama Army Ammunition Plant, Area B, AL 1992 Lead Operational Dann Spariosu

Study Areas 5, 10, 16, 19, OU 6 404-562-8552

4 Alabama Army Ammunition Plant, OU 5 AL 1997 Lead Completed Dann Spariosu

404-562-8552

4 Davie Landfill FL 1985 Lead Completed Bill Denman

Chromium 404-562-8939

Cadmium

Mercury

Arsenic

4 Pepper Steel & Alloys, Inc. FL 1986 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed John Zimmerman

Heavy metals 404-562-8936

4 Sapp Battery Salvage FL 1986 Cadmium Operational David Lloyd

Antimony 404-562-8917

Lead

4 Kassauf-Kimerling Battery Disposal - FL 1989 Chromium Completed Maxwell Kimpson

OU 1 (Landfill Wastes) Battery casings 404-562-8941

Lead

4 Kassauf-Kimerling Battery - Wetlands Soils FL 1990 Lead Completed Maxwell Kimpson

Battery casings 404-562-8941

4 Zellwood Soil Contamination - OU 1 FL 1990 Chlordane Completed Julie Santiago

(Amendment) 404-562-8948

4 Yellow Water Road Dump FL 1990 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed David Lloyd

404-562-8917

4 Schuylkill Metal FL 1990 Chromium Completed Galo Jackson

Antimony 404-562-8937

Cadmium

Lead

4 62nd Street Dump FL 1990 Cadmium Completed Maxwell Kimpson

Chromium 404-562-8941

Lead

4 Zellwood Soil Contamination - OU 1 FL 1990 Lead Completed Julie Santiago

(Amendment) Chromium 404-562-8948

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

4 Yellow Water Road Dump FL 1990 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed David Lloyd

404-562-8917

4 Cabot/Koppers - Koppers OU FL 1990 Chromium Predesign John Blanchard

Arsenic 404-562-8934

4 Agrico Chemical FL 1992 Arsenic Completed Ken Lucas

Lead 404-562-8953

Fluoride

4 Whitehouse Oil Pits - Amendment FL 1992 Lead Design Randa Chichakli

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 404-562-8907

Cadmium

Antimony

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

A-4
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

4 Peak Oil/Bay Drum - OU 3 FL 1993 Chromium Design Randall Chaffins

Lead 404-562-8929

Zinc

4 Peak Oil/Bay Drum - OU 1 FL 1993 Lead Design Randall Chaffins

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 404-562-8929

4 Jacksonville Naval Air Station - FL 1994 Nickel Completed Martha Berry

OU 2 PSCs 2, 41, and 43 Chromium 404-562-8533

Cadmium

Arsenic

Lead

4 Florida Steel Corp. - OU 2 FL 1994 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Bill Denman

Lead 404-562-8939

4 Jacksonville Naval Air Station - FL 1995 Cadmium Completed Martha Berry

OU 2 PSC 42 Nickel 404-562-8533

Lead

Chromium

Silver

4 Stauffer Chemical Co. (Tarpon Springs) FL 1998 Antimony Predesign John Blanchard

- OU 01 Carcinogenic PAHs 404-562-8934

Phosphorus

Thallium

Radium-226

Beryllium

Arsenic

4 Robins Air Force Base - Sludge Lagoon GA 1991 Lead Completed Elizabeth Wilde

Cadmium 404-562-8528

Bill Downs

912-926-1197

4 Hercules 009 Landfill GA 1993 Toxaphene Completed Annie Godfrey

404-562-8919

4 Cedartown Industries, Inc. GA 1993 Lead Completed Annie Godfrey

404-562-8919

4 Maxey Flats Nuclear Disposal KY 1991 Xylene Being Installed Antonio Deangelo

Radioactive metals 404-562-8826

Tritium

Benzene

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Ethylbenzene

Toluene

4 Flowood Site MS 1988 Lead Completed John Mcqueen

404-562-8913

4 Celanese - OU 2 NC 1989 Ethylene glycol Completed Ken Mallary

404-562-8802

4 Carolina Transformer Co. NC 1991 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Designed/ Luis Flores

Not Installed 404-562-8807

4 JFD Electronics/Channel Master NC 1992 Chromium Design Ken Mallary

Nickel 404-562-8802

Antimony

4 Bypass 601 Groundwater Contamination - NC 1993 Lead Completed David Mattison

Amendment 919-733-2801

Giezelle Bennett

404-562-8824

A-5
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

4 North Carolina State University - NC 1996 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Design Michael Townsend

Lot 86, Farm Unit #1 Heavy metals 404-562-8813

Solvents

Radioactive metals

4 Palmetto Wood Preserving SC 1987 Chromium Completed Al Cherry

Arsenic 404-562-8828

4 Independent Nail Co. SC 1987 Chromium Completed Terry Tanner

Cyanide 404-562-8797

Cadmium

Zinc

Nickel

4 Golden Strip Septic Tank Service SC 1991 Cadmium Completed Craig Zeller

404-562-8827

4 Geiger (C&M Oil) - Amendment SC 1993 Lead Completed Sheri Panabaker

Chromium 404-562-8810

Toluene

4 Savannah River (Usdoe) - Old F-Area SC 1997 Mercury Design Tania Smith

Seepage Basin, Srs Building Number Cesium-137 803-725-8131

904-49g Uranium

4 Savannah River (Usdoe) - L-Area Oil And SC 1997 Chromium Being Installed Les Germany

Chemical Basin And L-Area Acid/ Radioactive metals 803-725-8033

Caustic Basin Tritium

4 Shuron Inc - OU 01 SC 1998 Lead Predesign Ralph O. Howard Jr.

404-562-8829

4 Oak Ridge Reservation (USDOE) - OU 3, TN 1991 Radioactive metals Completed Ed Carreras

 Pond Waste Management Project 404-562-8509

4 Oak Ridge Reservation (USDOE) - OU 40, TN 1996 Strontium Completed Ed Carreras

Burial Complex 4 404-562-8509

4 Oak Ridge Reservation (USDOE) - OU 14, TN 1997 Cesium-137 Designed/ Ed Carreras

 Surface Impoundments Plutonium Not Installed 404-562-8509

Radioactive metals

Strontium

5 Velsicol Chemical IL 1988 Phenol Completed Eric Runkel

Benzene 217-782-0451

5 Sangamo Electric Dump/Crab Orchard IL 1990 Lead Completed Nanjunda Gowda

National Wildlife Refuge - PCB Areas OU Cadmium 312-353-9236

5 Sangamo Electric Dump/Crab Orchard IL 1990 Cadmium Completed Nanjunda Gowda

National Wildlife Refuge - Metals Areas OU Chromium 312-353-9236

Lead

5 Acme Solvent Reclaiming, Inc. IL 1991 Lead Completed David Linnear

312-886-1841

5 Acme Solvent Reclaiming, Inc. IL 1991 Chromium Completed David Linnear

Arsenic 312-886-1841

5 Midco I IN 1989 Chromium Predesign Richard Boice

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 312-886-4740

Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

Nickel

Lead

Copper

Cyanide

A-6
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

5 Midco II IN 1989 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Predesign Richard Boice

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) 312-886-4740

Nickel

Lead

Chromium

5 Continental Steel Corp. - OU 02 IN 1998 Lead Predesign Jon Peterson

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 312-353-1264

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Cadmium

Chromium

5 Forest Waste Products MI 1986 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Anthony Rutter

Lead 312-886-8961

Elizabeth Reiner

312-353-6576

5 Liquid Disposal, Inc. MI 1987 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Leah Evison

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 312-886-4696

Lead

Cadmium

Barium

5 Auto Ion Chemicals MI 1989 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Completed Michael Mcateer

1,1-Dichloroethane 312-886-4663

Vinyl chloride

Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Lead

Nickel

Chromium

Silver

Cadmium

Mercury

Barium

Arsenic

Copper

Cyanide

5 Springfield Township Dump-90ROD MI 1990 Arsenic Design Tim Penderville

Lead 312-886-5122

5 Carter Industrials, Inc. MI 1991 Lead Completed Jon Peterson

312-353-1264

5 Peerless Plating MI 1992 Lead Completed Michael Ribordy

Cadmium 312-886-4592

Nickel

5 Organic Chemicals, Inc. - OU 2 MI 1997 Chromium Predesign Thomas Williams

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 312-886-6157

Lead

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

Benzo(a)pyrene

Dieldrin

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

 (TCDD)

Benzo(a)anthracene

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Beryllium

Benzo(b)fluoranthene

5 Springfield Township Dump - OU 01 MI 1998 Lead Predesign Tim Penderville

Barium 312-886-5122

Arsenic

A-7
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

5 St. Louis River/Intertake/Duluth Tar Site - MN 1990 Coal tar Completed Jon Peterson

Wire Mill Pond And OU J 312-353-1264

Brenda Winkler

651-296-7813

5 Waite Park Wells - OUs 1, 2, & 3 MN 1994 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Operational Brenda Winkler

Lead 651-296-7813

5 Macgillis And Gibbs/Bell Lumber And Pole MN 1994 Arsenic Completed Darryl Owens

 -OU 3 Chromium 312-886-7089

5 New Brighton/Arden Hills/TCAAP MN 1997 Cadmium Operational Thomas Barounis

(USArmy) - OU 07 Antimony 312-353-5577

Trichloroethene

Lead

Copper

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

5 Ormet Corporation OH 1994 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Anthony Rutter

312-886-8961

5 Fernald Environmental Management OH 1996 Uranium Completed James Saric

Project, Formerly The Feed Materials Lead 312-886-0992

Production Center, OU 5 Arsenic

5 United Scrap Lead Company OH 1997 Lead Completed John OGrady

312-886-1477

5 Northern Engraving Corporation - WI 1987 Copper Completed Robert Whippo

Sludge Lagoon Zinc 312-886-4759

Nickel

Fluoride

5 Oconomowoc Electroplating WI 1990 Lead Completed Thomas Williams

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 312-886-6157

Chromium

5 N.W. Mauthe Site WI 1994 Chromium Completed Jon Peterson

Copper 312-353-1264

Silver

Zinc

Cadmium

6 Gurley Pit AR 1987 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Ernest R. Franke

Lead 214-665-8521

Zinc

Barium

6 Mid-South Wood Products AR 1987 Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Completed Shawn Ghose

Copper 214-665-6782

Arsenic Glenn Celerier

Copper chromated arsenic (CCA) 214-665-8523

Chromium

Creosote

6 Industrial Waste Control AR 1988 Xylene Completed Shawn Ghose

Lead 214-665-6782

Toluene

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Methylene Chloride

Ethylbenzene

Chromium

A-8
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

6 Rogers Road Municipal Landfill AR 1990 Dioxin Completed Kathleen Aisling

Dieldrin 214-665-8509

Lead

Herbicides

6 Jacksonville Municipal Landfill AR 1990 Herbicides Completed Kathleen Aisling

Lead 214-665-8509

Dioxin

6 South 8th Street Landfill - OU 1 AR 1998 Lead Being Installed Phillip Allen

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 214-665-8516

6 Cleve Reber LA 1987 Barium Completed Bart Canellas

Cadmium 214-665-6662

Lead

Organics

Nickel

Arsenic

Chromium

Mercury

6 Gulf Coast Vacuum Services - OU 1 LA 1992 Benzene Operational Kathleen Aisling

Barium 214-665-8509

Arsenic

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

6 Pab Oil & Chemical Services, Inc. LA 1993 Arsenic Completed Caroline Ziegler

Barium 214-665-2178

6 Cimarron Mining Corp. NM 1991 Lead Completed Tetra Sanchez

214-665-6686

6 Cal West Metals NM 1992 Lead Completed Tetra Sanchez

214-665-6686

6 Sand Springs Petrochemical Complex OK 1987 Trichloroethylene (TCE) Completed Shawn Ghose

1,1-Dichloroethylene (DCE) 214-665-6782

Mineral acids

Petroleum hydrocarbons

6 Fourth Street Abandoned Refinery OK 1992 Lead Completed Carlos Sanchez

Sulfuric acid 214-665-8507

6 Oklahoma Refining Co. OK 1992 Cadmium Operational Earl Hendrick

Chromium 214-665-8519

Lead Kelly Dixon

Arsenic 405-702-5141

 6 Double Eagle Refinery Co. OK 1992 Lead Completed Phillip Allen

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 214-665-8516

Acids

6 Bio-Ecology Systems, Inc. TX 1984 Cyanide Completed Olivia Balandran

Trichloroethylene (TCE) 214-665-6584

Toluene Ernest R. Franke

Naphthalene 214-665-8521

Arsenic

Benzene

Lead

Methylene chloride

6 French Limited TX 1988 Arsenic Completed Ernest R. Franke

214-665-8521

A-9
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

6 Pesses Chemical Co. TX 1989 Cadmium Completed Earl Hendrick

Nickel 214-665-8519

7 Vogel Paint & Wax IA 1989 Chromium Completed Bob Drustrup

Lead 515-281-8900

Jim Colbert

913-551-7489

7 Mid-America Tanning IA 1991 Chromium Being Installed Bob Stewart

913-551-7654

7 Shaw Avenue Dump IA 1991 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Completed Paul Roemerman

Arsenic 913-551-7694

7 EI Dupont De Nemours & Co. Inc. IA 1991 Cadmium Completed Nancy Swyers

Selenium 913-551-7703

Lead

Chromium

7 Iowa Army Ammunition Plant - OU 01 IA 1998 Lead Operational Sharon Lehn

402-221-7768

7 Weldon Spring Quarry/Plant/Pits (USDOE) MO 1993 Radium-226 Being Installed Steve Mccracken

Thorium 314-441-8978

Uranium Glenford A. Newtown

Heavy metals Jr. 314-441-8978

7 Former Weldon Spring Ordnance Works - MO 1996 Lead Designed/ Tom Lorenz

OU 1, Soils And Pipeline Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Not Installed 913-551-7292

7 Oronogo - Duenweg Mining Bell Site - MO 1996 Lead Predesign Mark Doolan

OU 2 And 3 913-551-7169

7 Hastings Groundwater Contamination - NE 1990 Cadmium Completed Ronald King

Hastings East Industrial Park Surface Lead 913-551-7568

Soils, Former Naval Ammunition Depot

8 Lockheed/Martin (Denver Aerospace) CO 1990 Chromium Design George Dancik

Arsenic 303-312-6206

Lead

8 Denver Radium Site - OU 8 CO 1992 Arsenic Completed Rebecca Thomas

Selenium 303-312-6552

Radium-226

Lead

Uranium

Thorium

8 Broderick Wood Products - OU 1 CO 1992 Cadmium Completed Armando Saenz

(Impoundment Sludges) Arsenic 303-312-6559

Lead Steve Laudemann

303-692-3462

8 Rocky Flats Plant (USDOE) - OU 4, CO 1992 Plutonium Completed William Fraser

Industrial Areas 303-312-6257

Steve Gunderson

303-692-3367

A-10
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

8 Rocky Mountain Arsenal - Onpost OU, CO 1996 Arsenic Kerry Guy

Former Basin F Dieldrin 303-312-7288

Isodrin

Endrin

Chloroacetic acid

DCPD

Aldrin

8 Rocky Mountain Arsenal - Onpost OU, CO 1996 Arsenic Design Kerry Guy

Buried M-1 Pits Mercury 303-312-7288

Aldrin

Cadmium

Isodrin

Dieldrin

8 Anaconda Co. Smelter - Flue Dust MT 1991 Cadmium Completed Charles Coleman

Arsenic 406-441-1150

Lead

8 Portland Cement (Kiln Dust #2 & #3) - UT 1992 Chromium Completed Jim Christiansen

OU 2, Chromium Bearing Bricks And 303-312-6748

Contaminated Soils Bob OBrien

801-536-4166

9 Apache Powder Co. AZ 1994 Lead Predesign Andria Benner

Perchlorate 415-744-2361

9 Tucson International Airport Area - AZ 1998 Chromium Operational Sean Hogan

Site 4, 5, 6 Cadmium 415-744-2334

9 Selma Pressure Treating CA 1988 Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Operational Michelle Lau

Dioxin 415-744-2227

Copper

Chromium

Arsenic

9 Rhone-Poulenc/Zoecon CA 1992 Arsenic Completed Rose Marie Caraway

Selenium 415-744-2231

Lead

Cadmium

9 Sacramento Army Depot CA 1993 Lead Completed Xaun-Mai Tran

Arsenic 415-744-2386

Cadmium

9 Mather Air Force Base - OU 04 (86&87) CA 1998 Lead Completed Kathleen Salyer

415-744-2214

9 J.H. Baxter CA 1998 Arsenic Designed/ Travis Cain

Not Installed 415-744-2341

Beatriz Bofill

415-744-2235

10 Arctic Surplus AK 1995 Lead Predesign Neil Thompson

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 206-553-7177

10 Standard Steel And Metal Salvage Yard, AK 1996 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Christopher Cora

(USDOT) Lead 206-553-1148

10 Pacific Hide & Fur Recycling ID 1988 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Neil Thompson

Lead 206-553-7177

A-11
Site Name State Contaminants Project

Status

Project Manager

continued on next page

Appendix A (continued)

Region ROD

Year

10 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory - ID 1995 Cesium Completed Keith A. Rose

Power Burst Facility, OU 13 Chromium 206-553-7721

Allan Jines

208-526-7524

10 Gould, Inc. OR 1988 Lead Completed Chip Humphrey

503-326-2678

10 Teledyne Wah Chang OR 1990 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Completed Kevin Rochlin

Radium sludge 206-553-2106

Thorium

Uranium

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Heavy metals

10 Umatilla Chemical Depot (Lagoons) - OU 1 OR 1993 Lead Completed Harry D. Craig

503-326-3689

10 Umatilla Chemical Depot (Lagoons) - OU 4 OR 1994 Lead Completed Harry D. Craig

503-326-3689

10 Umatilla Chemical Depot (Lagoons) - OU 6 OR 1994 Lead Operational Harry D. Craig

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine 503-326-3689

 (HMX)

Cadmium

Barium

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

RDX

Trinitrobenzene (TNB)

10 Commencement Bay, Nearshore/Tideflats WA 1988 Cadmium Completed Lee Marshall

 - OU 3, Tacoma Tar Pits Arsenic 206-553-2723

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Acids

Copper

Lead

Zinc

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

10 Pacific Car And Foundry WA 1992 Diesel fuel Completed David South

Chromium 415-649-7200

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Lynda Priddy

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) 206-553-1987

Lead Bob Butler

Arsenic 425-468-7435

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

10 Commencement Bay, South Tacoma Field WA 1994 Lead Completed Cami Grandinetti

Copper 206-553-8696

Arsenic

10 Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor - West Harbor OU WA 1996 Mercury Completed Ellen Hale

(Amendment) Antimony 206-553-1215

Arsenic

Copper

Lead

Zinc

A-12