Filed 10/17/13 Pickett v. 99 Cents Only Stores CA2/5 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

SHELLEY PICKETT,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

99 CENTS ONLY STORES,

Defendant and Appellant. B246394

(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BC473038)

ORDER MODIFYING OPINION [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

It is ordered that the opinion filed here in on October 15, 2013 is modified as

follows: The asterisk next to Judge Kumar’s na me on his separate concurring opinion

should have a footnote fo llowing it that reads: Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice purs uant to article VI, section 6 of the

California Constitution. No change in judgment.

MOSK, J. TURNER, P. J. KUMAR, J. 

 Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.Filed 10/15/13 (unmodified version) NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

SHELLEY PICKETT,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

99 CENTS ONLY STORES,

Defendant and Appellant. B246394

(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BC473038)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of the County of Los Angeles, Ernest M. Hiroshige, Judge. Affirmed. Munger, Tolles & Olson, Malcolm A. Heinic ke, Katherine M. Forster, Puneet K. Sandhu, and Esther H. Sung for Defendant and Appellant. Lynch, Gilardi & Grummer, Arif Vir ji and Gary M. Ittig for Plaintiff and Respondent.3 INTRODUCTION

Defendant and appellant 99 Cents Only Stores (defe ndant) appeals from the trial court’s order denying its motion to compel plaintiff and respondent Shelley Pickett (plaintiff) to arbitrate her individual claim brought pursuant to the Private Attorney General Act of 2004 (PAGA). 1 According to defendant, notwithstanding our decision to the contrary in Brown v. Ralphs Grocery Co. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 489 ( Brown ), the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. (FAA)) and recent United States Supreme Court authority interpreting it, required plaintiff to arbitrate her individual PAGA claim pursuant to the terms of her arbitration agreement and to forego pursuit of the representative PAGA claim pleaded in her complaint. For the reasons set forth in this opinion and in the two concurring opinions, we

affirm the trial court’s orde r denying defendant’s motion to compel arbitration.

FACTUAL AND PROCED URAL BACKGROUND

A. PAGA Complaint Plaintiff filed a representative action agai nst defendant asserting a cause of action under the PAGA for alleged Labor Code vi olations and a derivative request for an injunction to prohibit future vi olations. Plaintiff sought pe nalties on behalf of herself, as an aggrieved employee, as well as all current and form er employees of defendant, 2 to

1 The PAGA is codified in Labor Code sections 2698 through 2699.5. That statutory scheme authorizes actions by aggr ieved employees on thei r own behalf and on behalf of current or former employees to recover civil penalties from employers for Labor Code violations. All further statutor y references are to the Labor Code unless otherwise indicated.

2 Plaintiff emphasized that she was not seeking “class remedies or class certification.”4 address defendant’s alleged violations of the Labor Co de, specifically defendant’s

violations of secti on 1198 and Wage Order 7-2001, section 14. Plaintiff alleged that she was currently employed by defendant as a cashier who regularly operated a cash regist er at a check-out counter area and that “[defendant was] a California corporation with over two hundr ed (200) stores in California, including stores in Los Angeles, California. [T]hes e stores throughout California appear[ed] generally similar in that ther e [was] ample space behind ea ch counter/cashier area to allow for a stool or seat. There [was] nothi ng in the layout of the stores or in the activities performed by the employees opera ting the cash registers and manning the counters which . . . preclude[ed] the use of se ats. [Defendant’s] ca shiers spen[t] a very substantial portion, and in many instances most, of their working time behind these

counters.” In addition, plaintiff alleged that “Wag e Order 7-2001, which covers businesses in the ‘mercantile industry ,’ such as [defendant] states: ‘All working employees shall be provided with suitable seats wh en the nature of the work reasonably permits the use of

seats.’ Id., Section 14(a). [Defendant] failed to pr ovide its cashiers, including plaintiff, with seats, despite the fact that the nature of cashier wo rk reasonably permit[ed] the use

of seats.” Plaintiff concluded that she was “an aggrieved employee, in that she was employed by [defendant] and was not provided with a seat, in violation of Labor Code section 1198 and Wage Order 7-2001, Section 14 ,” and that she was seeking on behalf of

herself and defendant’s other current and form er cashiers “penalties against [defendant] under Lab[or] Code section 2699(f), [3] plus reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs . . . .”

3 Section 2699, subdivision (f) pr ovides in pertinent part: “(f) For all provisions of this code except those for which a civil pe nalty is specifically provided, there is established a civil penalty for a violation of thes e provisions, as follows: [¶] . . . [¶] (2) If, at the time of the alleged violation, th e person employs one or more employees, the civil penalty is one hundred dollars ($100) for each aggrieved employee per pay period for the initial violation and two hundred dolla rs ($200) for each aggrieved employee per pay period for each subseque nt violation. . . .”5 B. Motion to Compel Arbitration In response to plaintiff’s complaint, defendant filed, in ter alia, a motion to compel arbitration of plaintiff’s individual PAGA cl aim. Citing to the United States Supreme

Court decisions in Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds International Corp. (2010) 559 U.S.

662 and AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 1740 ( AT&T ), defendant argued that under the FAA, the trial court was required to enforce the arbitration clause in plain tiff’s employment agreement 4 —which required arbitration of plaintiff’s individual claims and was silent concerning representative claims—strictly according to its terms. Accord ing to defendant, because the arbitration agreement did not mention arbitration of representative clai ms, such as plaintiff’s representative PAGA claim, it implicitly provided for arbitration of individual claims only. Although defendant acknowledged the majority holding in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489 that PAGA claims are outside the principles of the FAA and the Supreme Court decisions applying it, defendant asserted that Brown was wrongly decided as contrary to AT&T,

supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740 and several fe deral district court decisions 5 that have followed

AT&T and rejected the holding in Brown.

4 In pertinent part, the arbitration cl ause in plaintiff’s employment agreement provided: “The Company and the undersi gned Employee hereby agree that any dispute with any party . . . that may arise from or in connection with Employee’s employment with the Company or the term ination of Employee’s employment with the Company must be submitted for resolution by ma ndatory, binding ar bitration.”

5 In addition to citing several federal dist rict court cases that rejected the reasoning of the majority opinion in Brown , defendant also cited to th e Court of Appeal’s decision in Iskanian v. CLS Transpor tation Los Angeles, LLC (2012) 206 Cal.Ap p.4th 949 (review granted Sept. 19, 2012, S204032), notwithsta nding that the California Supreme Court had granted review of that decision and it was ther efore not citable as precedent. (California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(e)(1).) Our Supr eme Court defined the issues for review in Iskanian as follows: “Petition for review after th e Court of Appeal affirmed an order granting a motion to compel arbitration and di smissing class claims. This case presents the following issues: (1) Did AT&T [, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740], impliedly overrule Gentry v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443 with respect to contractual class action waivers in the context of non-waivable labor law ri ghts? (2) Does the high court’s decision6 Plaintiff opposed the motion arguing, inte r alia, that principles of stare decisis required the trial court to fo llow the majority decision in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489 and deny the motion to compel arbitratio n. According to plaintiff, because the California Supreme Court denied the defendant’s petition for review in Brown and granted the plaintiff’s petition for review in Iskanian v. CLS Trans portation Los Angeles, LLC, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th 949, Brown was the only binding precedent on the issue and it fully supported the denial of the motion.

C. Hearing on Petition to Compel Arbitration Prior to the hearing on defendant’s petiti on to compel individual arbitration, the trial court issued a tentative ruling denying the motion. Following oral argument on the motion, the trial court entered the tentative ru ling as its final order on the motion. In pertinent part, that order provided as follows: “Plaintiff’s complaint alleges a sole cause of action for civil penalties and attorney fees under the [PAGA] . In its motion, Defendant moves to compel ‘Pla intiff to arbitrate her claims on an individual basis.’ In other words, Defendant ‘seeks arb itration of Plaintiff’s individual claims only.’ . . . [¶] Thus, Defendant has not moved to compel arbitration of Pl aintiff’s representative or class claims. A plaintiff may not bring a PAGA clai m as an individual claim, but rather only ‘as the proxy or agent of the state’ s labor law enforcement agencies.’ ( Reyes v. Macy’s,

Inc. (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 1119, 1123-24; see also Brown [, supra ,] 197 Cal.App.4th 489, 501-502.) ‘Because the PAGA claim is not an individual claim, it was not within the scope of Defendant’s request that individual claims be s ubmitted to arbitration . . . .’ ( Reyes, supra, at 1123-24.) [¶] Assuming Plaintiff could bring an individual PAGA claim, then the motion must be denied under Brown, supra. The Court cannot compel arbitration of Plaintiff’s representative claims pursuant to Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds International Corp. [, supra, 559 U.S. 662]. Thus, as Defendant essentially concedes by arguing that the ‘C ourt is not required to follow Brown, ’ the Brown decision

permit arbitration agreements to override the st atutory right to bring representative claims under the [PAGA]? (3) Did defendant wa ive its right to compel arbitration?”7 compels a finding that the arbitr ation agreement is unenforceable as against public policy or unconscionable insofar as it applies to Plaintiff’s sole PAGA claim. The Iskanian case cited by Defendant has no prece dential authority as review has been granted by the California Supreme Court. . . . [¶] The moti on to compel Plaintiff’s individual claims is

denied.” Defendant filed a timely notice of app eal from the trial court’s order denying defendant’s motion to compel individual arbitration.

DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review “In reviewing an order denying a motion to compel arbitration, we review the trial

court’s factual determinations under the s ubstantial evidence standard, and we review issues of law de novo. ( Robertson v. Health Net of California, Inc. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 1419, 1425 [34 Cal.Rpt r.3d 547].)” ( Duick v. Toyota Mo tor Sales. U.S.A.

, Inc . (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1316, 1320.) “The trial court’s resolution of disputed facts will be upheld if supported by substantial evid ence, but if there is no disputed extrinsic evidence, the trial court’s decision on the arb itrability determination is reviewed de novo. ( Rowe v. Exline (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1276 , 1283 [63 Cal.Rptr.3d 787]; Nyulassy v. Lockheed Martin Corp . (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 1267, 1 277 [16 Cal.Rptr.3d 296].)” ( Suh v. Superior Court (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1504, 1511 .) In this case, there are no disputed issues of fact. Ther efore, the issue here is one of law that we review de novo.

B. Analysis

The trial court denied defendant’s motion to compel individual arbitration on two alternative grounds: (1) becau se, as the court held in Reyes v. Macy’s, Inc. , supra , 202 Cal.App.4th at pages 1123-1124, a plainti ff employee may not bring an individual PAGA claim, there were no individual claims pleade d in the complaint that were subject to arbitration; or (2) assuming plaintiff could bring an individual claim under the PAGA, the8 arbitration agreement was unenforceable as against public policy under Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489. As to the trial court’s first ground fo r denying the motion—no individual claims under the PAGA—it is unnecessary to dete rmine whether the trial court was correct, because even assuming plaintiff could bri ng an individual claim under the PAGA, the

trial court was bound as a matter of la w to follow the majority decision in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489 (see Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455), which held that an arbitration agreement that would impede an aggrieved employee from pursuing a representative action under the PAGA, as an agent for the state’s labor enforcement agencies, is unenforceab le as against public policy.

In Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489, the majority began its analysis of the

PAGA issue with a discussion of the decision in Franco v. Athens Disposal Co., Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1277 ( Franco I ). 6 In that case, the Court of Appeal determined, inter alia, that the express waiver of PAGA re presentative claims in the arbitration clause before it was unconscionable, relying on th e California Supreme Court’s decision in Gentry v. Superior Court , supra, 42 Cal.4th 443. Acco rding to the court in Franco , efforts to “nullify the PAGA an d preclude [the plaintiff] from seeking civil penalties on

behalf of other current and fo rmer employees, that is, perf orming the core function of a private attorney general . . . impedes Gentry ’ s goal of ‘comprehensive[ly] enforce[ing]’ a statutory scheme through impos ition of “‘statutory sanctions’” and ‘fines.’ [Citations.] [And] the prohibition of private at torneys general is invalid.” ( Franco, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 1303.) As for the effect of the Supreme Court’s decision in AT&T, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740 on the PAGA issue, the majority in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489, explained that

6 It should be noted that the same court that issued the opinion in Franco I, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th 1277 pu blished a second opinion in a su bsequent appeal in the same

case— Franco v. Arakelian Enterprises, Inc. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 314 ( Franco II ). On February 13, 2013, the California Supreme C ourt, in Case No. S207760, granted review in Franco II , pending disposition of a related issue in Iskanian v. Arakelian Enterprises, Inc., S204032.9 the “United States Supreme Court in AT&T, supra, 563 U.S. __ [131 S.Ct. 1740] did not specifically address whether California state law applicable to waivers of statutory representative actions—which actions are a means to enforce state labor laws for the benefit of the public—was preempted by the FAA. We recognize that the United States Supreme Court has held that the FAA preem pts certain California statutory dispute resolution mechanisms (see Preston v. Ferrer (2008) 552 U.S. 346 [169 L.Ed.2d 917, 128 S.Ct. 978] [FAA preempts California Tale nt Agencies Act (§§ 1700.44, subd. (a), 1700.45) granting the Labor Commissioner excl usive jurisdiction to decide issue that parties agreed to arbitrate and imposing pr erequisites to enforcement of arbitration agreement that are not applicab le to contracts generally]; Perry v. Thomas, [(1987)] 482 U.S. 483 [FAA preempted former § 229 that provides action for collection of wages may be maintained “without regard to the existence of any privat e agreement to arbitrate”]; Southland Corp. v. Keating (1984) 465 U.S. 1 [79 L.Ed.2d 1, 104 S.Ct. 852] [provisions of California’s Franchise Investment Law (C orp. Code, § 31512) that require judicial

consideration of claims is preempted by the FAA]) and that class actions, unless agreed to, may impermissibly interfere with arb itration provided fo r by the FAA. ( AT&T, supra, 563, U.S. at pp. __, __ [131 S.Ct. at pp. 1750-1752].) [¶] But United States Supreme Court authority does not address a statute such as the PAGA, wh ich is a mechanism by

which the state itself can enforce state labor laws, because the employee suing under the PAGA ‘does so as the proxy or agent of the state’s labor law enforcement agencies.’ ( Arias [ v. Superior Court (2009)] 46 Cal.4th [969,] 986.) And, even if a PAGA claim is subject to arbitration, it would not have the attribut es of a class action that the AT&T case said conflicted with arbitration, such as cl ass certification, notices , and opt-outs. Until the United States Supreme Court rules otherwis e, we continue to follow what we believe to be California law.” ( Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at pp. 502-503.) Based on the foregoing reasoning, the majority in Brown, supra , 197 Cal.App.4th

489 concluded that the “recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in

AT&T [, supra, ] 131 S.Ct. 1740, holding that Califor nia decisional law invalidating class action waivers in consumer arbitration agre ements is preempted by the [FAA], does not10 apply to representative actions under the PAGA , and thus the trial court correctly ruled that the waiver of [the] plaintiff’s right to pursue a representativ e action under the PAGA was not enforceable under California law.” ( Id . at p. 494.) Defendant argues that under the FAA, the arbitration agreement should be read to waive implicitly representative PAGA claims b ecause it requires arbitration of plaintiff’s individual PAGA claim only and is silent as to representative claims. (See Stolt-Neilson S.A. v. AnimalFeeds International Corp., supra, 559 U.S. at pp. 681-684 [holding that it

would be inconsistent with the FAA to impose class arb itration proceedings on parties who had entered arbitration agreements that were silent on the issue of classwide arbitration].) By, in effect, prohibiting pl aintiff from pursuing her representative PAGA claim, the agreement he re—as the agreement in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489, which explicitly waived repr esentative PAGA claims—runs afoul of the public policy underlying the PAGA. Thus, under Brown , the arbitration agreement was, as the trial court correctly concluded, unenforceable. As noted, AT&T, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740 concerned F AA preemption of state law that would preclude arbitration in class actions. It did not deal with a statute such as PAGA that is a unique representative acti on which is, in effect, a law enforcement proceeding to protect the public. The same distinction applies to the United States Supreme Court decision in American Express Co. v. It alian Colors Restaurant (2013) __ U.S. __, 133 S.Ct. 2304. One federal court has noted, “The California Court of Appeal, in Brown, comprehensively and persuasi vely discussed the reasons why class action waivers contained in arbitration agreements may not be used to divest plaintiffs of their right to bring representative actions under PAGA.” ( Plows v. Rockwell Collins, Inc. (C.D. Cal. 2011) 812 F.Supp.2d 1 063, 1070; see also Gonzalez v. Millard Mall Services, Inc. (S.D. Cal. 2012) 281 F. R.D. 455, 469; Cunningham v. Leslie’s Poolmart, Inc. (C.D. Cal. 2013) [2013 U.S. DIST. LEXIS 90256 ].) That reasoning should apply a fortiorari to an arbitration clause compelling a plaintiff em ployee to arbitrate her individual claim under PAGA and thereby precludi ng her pursuit of a representative PAGA claim.11 Defendant asserts that plaintiff has not established the unco nscionability of the agreement in question. The issue, however, is not one of unconscionability, but rather whether an agreement to arbitr ate can eviscerate a state statute allowing a private citizen to act as a private attorney ge neral to protect the public. An y such agreement is contrary to the public policy underlying the st ate statute and, as such, unenforceable. Contrary to defendant’s assertion, the tria l court, in ruling on the motion to compel arbitration, did not have the di scretion to ignore our holding in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489—i.e., AT&T, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740 does not ap ply to representative PAGA claims—and instead follow the rulings in certain federal district court cases that have rejected the majority holding in Brown . As noted, under the doctrine of stare decisis, the trial court was bound to follow the majority holding in Brown , regardless of

whether certain federal trial courts ha ve declined to follow that decision

. ( Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 455; Foley v. Interactive Data Corp. (1988) 47 Cal.3d 654, 690, fn . 28 [state “[t]rial courts are of course bound by the decisions of the Court of Appeal”].) Notwithstanding defendant’s suggestion that we should defer any decision in this case until after the California Supreme Court decides Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles, LLC, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th 949, we have de termined that we should resolve this appeal on the merits. Unle ss our Supreme Court grants revi ew in this case, plaintiff’s case should not be suspended for an indefinite period of time.

DISPOSITION

The order denying de fendant’s motion to compel arbitration of plaintiff’s

individual PAGA claim is affirmed. Plaintiff is awarded costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

MOSK, J.I concur in the judgment. In my view th e outcome of this case is controlled by the

decision in EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc . (2002) 534 U.S. 279, 293-298 ( EEOC ). In EEOC, the Equal Opportunity Employmen t Commission (the commission) pursued a discrimination claim on behalf of an aggrie ved former employee. The former employee signed an arbitration agreement with the de fendant, Waffle House, Inc. The United States Supreme Court refused to enforc e the arbitration ag reement because the commission was not a signatory to it. ( Id . at pp. 293-295.) Here, the gravamen of the Labor Code Pr ivate Attorneys General Act of 2004 (the act) cause of action is a claim on behalf of the State of California (the state). ( Arias v. Superior Court (2009) 46 Cal.4th 969, 986; Thurman v. Bayshore Transit Management,

Inc. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1112, 1125.) Seventy-five percen t of the penalties are paid to the state. The act has as its purpose the en forcement of the state’s labor laws. As in EEOC, the state is not a signa tory to the arbitration agre ement. Hence, the Federal Arbitration Act does not require the claims for penalties payable to the state be arbitrated. Other than the potential payments to plain tiff discussed below, the essence of the complaint is the enforcemen t of the state’s labor laws and payment to it. Defendant did not request to arbitrate th e issue of the percent of penalties to be paid to plaintiff, Shelley Pickett, under La bor Code sections 2699, subdivisions (g)(1) and (i). In addition, there was no effort by de fendant in the trial court to arbitrate the potential amount of attorney fees payable to plaintiff. (Lab . Code, § 2699, subd. (g)(1).) If these matters are arbitrable, this would nece ssarily involve a severance of issues which is sometimes part of the arbitral process. ( Daniels v. Sunrise Senior Living, Inc . (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 674, 687; Laswell v. AG Seal Beach, LLC (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1399, 1409.) At oral argument, defense counsel ag reed defendant was not seeking to parse out individual issues but asserted the entirety of the dispute must be arbitrated. (Such makes excellent litigation sense--no fiscal purpose would be served by arbitration of narrow issues concerning plaintiff’s former employment status, attorney fees and a percentage of penalties.) The issue of potential severance of issues concerning the rights of plaintiff to attorney fees and a portion of th e penalties has been forfeited. ( Pearson Dental Supplies,2 Inc. v. Superior Court (2010) 48 Cal.4th 665, 681; Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase (1992) 3 Cal.4th 1, 30-31; Tutti Mangia Italian Grill, Inc. v. American Textile Maintenance Co

. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 733, 740; Brown v. Ralphs Grocery Co . (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 489, 498, fn. 4; Jones v. Jacobson (2011) 195 Cal.App. 4th 1, 19, fn. 12; Countrywide Financial Corp. v. Bundy (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 234, 264; see Doers v. Golden Gate Bridge etc. Dist. (1979) 23 Cal.3d 180, 184, fn. 1.) Finally, for the foregoing reasons, it is unnecessary to address any other issues concerning the Federal Arbitration Act.

TURNER, P. J.I respectfully concur. Ther e was only one cause of action filed pursuant to the Private Attorneys General Act (PAGA). Defenda nt’s motion to compel arbitration of that claim took the position that plaintiff was “com pelled to arbitrate individually.” However, there is no “individual” claim in a PAGA action. ( Reyes v. Macy’s Inc . (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 1119, 1123; Machado v. M.A.T. & Sons Landscape, Inc . (E.D.Cal., July 23, 2009, No. 2:09-cv-00459 JAM JFM) 2009 U.S.Dist. Lexis 63414, p. *6; see also Lab. Code, § 2699, subd. (a) [PAGA action is to be brought by “employee on behalf of

himself or herself and other current or form er employees”].) Defend ant could not compel

arbitration of a non-existent claim.

KUMAR, J.*