[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 14-10589

_______________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cr-20696-MGC-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff–Appellee,

versus

FRANTZ PIERRE,

TERRY PIERRE,

CHRISTMANIE BISSAINTHE,

Defendants–Appellees.

________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(June 14, 2016)

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Before MARCUS, DUBINA and MELLOY,

* Circuit Judges.

DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

Appellants, Frantz Pierre (“Frantz”), Terry Pierre (“Terry”), and Christmanie 

Bissainthe (“Chris”), appeal their judgments of conviction and sentences for 

various charges that arose out of a scheme in which the appellants established a 

sham tax preparation business entitled “TaxProfessors” to file fraudulent income 

tax returns. The majority of the fraudulent tax returns contained the names of 

Florida prison inmates and caused the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) to issue 

approximately $1.9 million in tax refunds. These tax refunds were paid to 

TaxProfessors’ debit cards that the appellants used at automatic teller machines

(“ATMs”) to obtain cash and to purchase various items. Following convictions 

and sentences, the appellants timely appealed. After reading the parties’ briefs, 

reviewing the record, and having the benefit of oral argument, we affirm the 

appellants’ convictions and sentences.

 

* Honorable Michael J. Melloy, United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting 

by designation.

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I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts

The government presented the following evidence at trial. Detective Craig 

Catlin, a North Miami Beach Police Department officer in the Street Crimes Gang 

Unit, testified that on June 1, 2010, while driving an unmarked police vehicle, he 

approached a white Cadillac with dark-tinted windows. He was unable to see 

inside the car and, based on his experience, he was certain that the window tinting 

was well below the standards permitted by Florida law. He also noticed that the 

car had a temporary paper tag that he discovered was registered to Frantz Pierre. 

Detective Catlin knew that the Pierre family owned a body shop that authorities 

suspected fraudulently issued temporary vehicle tags. Based on probable cause 

that the driver was violating Florida law by driving a vehicle with illegally tinted 

windows, Detective Catlin requested a police officer in a marked vehicle to 

execute a traffic stop because Detective Catlin did not want his unmarked vehicle 

identified. 

Detective George Festa testified that he responded to the call from Detective 

Catlin to effectuate the traffic stop. When the driver of the Cadillac stopped the 

car, Detective Festa asked all the occupants to exit the vehicle. Terry exited from 

the front passenger side door, his wife exited from the driver’s side, and another 

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female exited from the backseat with her child. Detective Festa, in the course of 

his normal traffic stop procedures, asked if he could search the car and whether 

there were drugs or guns in the vehicle. Terry responded that Detective Festa 

could search the car. Upon conducting the search, Detective Festa saw cards 

wrapped in paper in the center console by the cup holder. Detective Festa noticed 

that each piece of paper that was wrapped around the cards had a dollar value on it. 

When asked about the cards, Terry responded that they belonged to a friend, and 

Detective Festa could take them. Detective Festa observed that each card was a 

debit card with the name “TaxProfessors” imprinted on the cards. Detective Festa 

did not issue any citation to the driver because she was not the owner of the 

vehicle.

After receiving the debit cards, that were later identified as prepaid debit 

cards issued by PayCard USA to TaxProfessors, Detective Catlin began a criminal 

investigation. He obtained the listed business address for TaxProfessors and

noticed that it was incorporated in 2010 by Venus Highsmith, an acquaintance of 

Frantz’s wife. However, Detective Catlin later discovered that someone used 

Venus Highsmith’s name to incorporate TaxProfessors—she herself did not 

incorporate the sham business. The official corporate address for the business was

in reality an address for a bakery establishment. Chris signed a lease for 

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TaxProfessors in Miramar Executive Center but did not conduct any business 

there. Frantz leased a second location in Miramar Executive Center for AlterEgo 

Clothing, another sham business. Chris was listed as the emergency contact person

on the lease documentation for AlterEgo Clothing. The prepaid debit cards at issue 

were mailed to the AlterEgo Clothing address.

After the traffic stop and a preliminary investigation, officers obtained a 

search warrant for Frantz’s home in Parkland, Florida. Frantz was not present at 

the time of the search, but his wife, Terry, and several other adults and children 

were present. During the execution of the search warrant, an officer observed 

someone toss a large item from a second floor window. The large item was a 

laptop computer. Officers searched Terry’s bedroom and found papers with social 

security numbers (“SSNs”), names, and notations regarding bank routing numbers, 

tax information, and debit card balances. They also discovered two thumb drives 

and a Turbo Tax program, the same program used to file the TaxProfessors returns.

Douglas Meli worked at PayCard USA during the applicable time period and 

explained to the jury the prepaid debit card program. He stated that the PayCard is 

a reloadable prepaid debit card with a unique account number, but that all the cards 

have a routing number for Palm Desert National Bank in California. The cards are 

not embossed with an individual’s name but when they issue cards in bulk, they 

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put the purchasing company’s name on the front of the cards. In this case, the 

name “TaxProfessors” was imprinted on the cards. To register and activate the 

cards, he testified that the purchasing company supplies identity information 

(“identifiers”), including a name, date of birth (“DOB”), SSN, and address. 

PayCard then validates the identity information and only three of the four 

identifiers have to match for the verification system to activate the card and allow 

money to be loaded onto the card. The cards can be loaded with funds either by 

direct deposit or by tax refunds. Once the cards are funded, they can be used by 

anyone who possesses them to withdraw money at an ATM and to make 

purchases. 

Marichelle Henry (“Henry”) testified that she was employed with the Florida 

Department of Children and Families as a child protective investigator and had 

access to personal identifying information through a state database. Chris asked 

Henry if she would provide SSNs from the database to her for a price, and Henry 

refused. However, after a second request, Henry capitulated. Chris provided a 

printout from the Florida Department of Corrections website that contained a list of 

inmates, and, after accessing the database twice, Henry found the SSNs for 

approximately 25 people whose names were on the list. Chris paid Henry $8,000 

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for the SSNs and gave her a prepaid debit card with a personal identification 

number (“PIN”) so she could withdraw money from the card. 

The government also presented testimony from five former inmates who 

stated that they did not know the appellants, did not authorize TaxProfessors to 

submit tax returns for them, and did not sign tax returns for 2009 because they 

were incarcerated. These witnesses identified 2009 tax returns that contained their 

personal identifying information on them. The government introduced 

surveillance photographs, video recordings, and documents from Bank of America, 

Wells Fargo Bank, and Publix supermarkets of ATM withdrawals and/or money 

order purchases as well as point of sale transactions made using the TaxProfessors 

debit cards. It further introduced spreadsheets that contained cardholder 

information, balances, and transactions history for the TaxProfessors debit cards in 

question. A total of $1,297,079.59 was loaded onto these debit cards. The ATM 

withdrawals totaled approximately $328,000, and the point of sale transactions 

totaled approximately $235,000.

Agent Ken Fry (“Agent Fry”), a criminal investigator with the IRS, testified

that he investigated a tax and identification theft in Minnesota involving a 

company called Tax Association of America (“TAA”), which Frantz incorporated 

in July 2010, soon after the TaxProfessors accounts were frozen as a result of the 

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criminal investigation in Florida. Agent Fry stated that TAA opened an account 

with Wells Fargo, and tax refunds from the IRS were deposited into the account, 

totaling approximately $450,000. Agent Fry discovered that these tax refunds 

contained the names of current or past inmates in the Florida Department of 

Corrections. Agent Fry subpoenaed Comcast internet service records that showed 

an Internet Protocol (“IP”) address1 assigned to a Florida residence in Terry’s 

name. When he first ran the IP address through the IRS Scheme Development 

Center, he did not find any tax returns filed from that address, but one or two 

months later, he discovered approximately 30 fraudulent tax returns filed from that 

address. 

B. Procedural History

In September 2012, a Southern District of Florida grand jury returned a 13 

count indictment against Frantz, Terry, and Chris. Specifically, Count 1 charged 

all three with conspiracy to defraud the IRS, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286; Count 

2 charged all three with conspiracy to traffic in or use unauthorized access devices, 

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(b)(2); and Count 3 charged all three with the use 

of unauthorized access devices, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2). The 

 

1 See United States v. Steiger, 318 F.3d 1039, 1042 (11th Cir. 2003) (defining IP address

as a “unique address assigned to a particular computer connected to the Internet”) (quoting 

Daniel J. Solove, Digital Dossiers and the Dissipation of Fourth Amendment Privacy, 75 S. Cal. 

L.Rev. 1083, 1145 (2002)).

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indictment also charged Terry with three counts of aggravated identity theft, in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) (Counts 4, 5, 11); Frantz with three counts of

aggravated identity theft (Counts 6, 9, 10); and Chris with three counts of 

aggravated identity theft (Counts 7, 8, 12). Finally, the indictment charged Frantz 

with possession of 15 or more unauthorized access devices, in violation of 18 

U.S.C. § 1029(a)(3) (Count 13). A jury returned guilty verdicts on all counts

charged, and the district court denied Frantz’s and Chris’s post-trial motions. 

Thereafter, the district court sentenced appellants as follows: 208 months’ 

imprisonment for Frantz; 121 months’ imprisonment for Terry; and 84 months’ 

imprisonment for Chris. Each sentence also included supervised release, monetary 

assessments, and restitution.

II. ISSUES

1. Whether the district court correctly denied Frantz’s and Terry’s motions 

to suppress (a) evidence seized during a traffic stop, and (b) evidence seized from 

the Parkland residence.

2. Whether the government presented sufficient evidence to support Terry 

and Chris’s convictions for (a) conspiracy to defraud the United States, (b) 

conspiracy and use of unauthorized access devices to defraud, and (c) aggravated 

identity theft.

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3. Whether the district court plainly erred in admitting testimony from a 

SWAT team officer executing a search warrant on the Parkland residence.

4. Whether the district court imposed reasonable sentences.

III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

This court reviews a district court’s order denying a motion to suppress

evidence under a mixed standard, reviewing the court’s findings of fact for clear 

error and the application of law to those facts de novo, construing the facts in the 

light most favorable to the prevailing party below. United States v. Ramirez, 476 

F.3d 1231, 1235–36 (11th Cir. 2007).

This court reviews “the sufficiency of evidence to support a conviction de 

novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and 

drawing all reasonable inferences and credibility choices in favor of the jury’s 

verdict.” United States v. Taylor, 480 F.3d 1025, 1026 (11th Cir. 2007).

We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s ruling on evidentiary 

matters. United States v. Edouard, 485 F.3d 1324, 1343 (11th Cir. 2007).

When reviewing sentencing guideline issues, this court “reviews purely legal 

questions de novo, a district court’s factual findings for clear error, and, in most 

cases, a district court’s application of the guidelines to the facts with due 

deference.” United States v. Rothenberg, 610 F.3d 621, 624 (11th Cir. 2010) 

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(internal quotation marks omitted). “For a finding to be clearly erroneous, this 

Court must be left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been 

committed.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). This court, considering the 

totality of the facts and circumstances, reviews the final sentence imposed by the 

district court for reasonableness and reviews the reasonableness of the sentence for 

an abuse of discretion. United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1188–90 (11th Cir. 

2010) (en banc).

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Motions to Suppress

1. Traffic stop

Frantz and Terry challenge the district court’s denial of their motions to 

suppress the TaxProfessors debit cards that the officer seized after the June 1 

traffic stop, claiming that the proffered reason for the traffic stop—illegally tinted 

windows—was a mere pretext that rendered the ensuing search unlawful. They 

contend that the officer’s sole purpose in executing the traffic stop was his 

knowledge that the registered owner of the vehicle, Frantz, was a gang member. 

They also assert that even if Terry consented to the search of the vehicle, the 

search exceeded the scope of the consent. 

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Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, police may stop a vehicle if they have 

probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred. United States v. 

Simmons, 172 F.3d 775, 778 (11th Cir. 1999). “Probable cause exists where the 

facts and circumstances within the collective knowledge of the law enforcement 

officials . . . are sufficient to cause a person of reasonable caution to believe an 

offense has been or is being committed.” United States v. Jimenez, 780 F.2d 975, 

978 (11th Cir. 1986) (quoting United States v. Blasco, 702 F.2d 1315, 1324 (11th 

Cir. 1983) (internal quotation marks omitted)). The probable cause standard is 

objective, and the officer’s subjective motives in executing the traffic stop are 

irrelevant. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1774 

(1996). Under Florida law, it is a traffic violation to drive with illegal tints, and it 

provides a valid basis for a traffic stop. See Fla. Stat. § 316.2953.

The district court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the motions to 

suppress and found probable cause existed for the traffic stop. Detective Catlin 

testified that when he approached the Cadillac, he could not see inside the car. 

Based on his experience, he knew that the darkened windows violated the legal 

tinting limits. The district court credited this testimony, and appellants cannot 

demonstrate that the finding of credibility is clearly erroneous. Because the facts 

and circumstances were sufficient to alert the officer that an offense was being 

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committed, we conclude that probable cause existed for the traffic stop. See 

Whren, 517 U.S. at 813‒14, 116 S. Ct. at 1774 (stating that the court’s only 

relevant inquiry is whether the officer’s conduct was objectively reasonable 

regardless of subjective intent or motive). Moreover, as the district court found, 

Terry consented to the search. See United States v. Garcia, 890 F.2d 355, 360 

(11th Cir. 1989) (noting that voluntary consent to a search is a well-established 

exception to the Fourth Amendment’s probable cause and warrant requirements). 

Terry does not present any evidence to contradict the district court’s finding of 

consent. Accordingly, we conclude from the record that the district court did not 

err in denying the motions to suppress the TaxProfessors debit cards found in the 

vehicle.

2. Residence search

Frantz contends that the district court erred by denying his motion to 

suppress the evidence seized from the search of his Parkland residence. He argues 

that Agent Fry’s warrant affidavit contained materially false information. The 

alleged materially false information concerned the IP address from which the 

fraudulent tax returns were filed. To support the affidavit, Agent Fry stated that 30

fraudulent tax returns were filed from the IP address connected to the Parkland 

home. However, at the suppression hearing, Agent Fry testified that initially the 

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IRS search results did not indicate that 30 fraudulent tax returns were filed from 

the IP address connected to the Parkland residence, but a subsequent check 

confirmed that they were filed from that residence. He further stated that a 

subsequent analysis revealed that all 30 tax returns were fraudulent. 

There was no error. First, after discussion at the suppression hearing, 

Frantz’s counsel conceded that the warrant affidavit information was not false. 

Second, after Agent Fry testified at trial, Frantz did not renew his motion to 

suppress the evidence seized from his residence on the ground that Agent Fry’s 

testimony revived his argument about the materially false warrant affidavit. Third, 

comparing the affidavit with Agent Fry’s testimony, we conclude that there was no 

falsity in the affidavit because the subsequent analysis confirmed the warrant 

affidavit information. Hence, Frantz’s argument is unavailing. 

B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

1. Conspiracy to defraud

Terry and Chris challenge their convictions for conspiracy to defraud, 

conspiracy to use access devices to defraud, and identity theft. We review their 

challenges de novo, and we “will not overturn [the] conviction[s] on the grounds of 

insufficient evidence unless no rational trier of fact could have found the essential 

elements of the crime[s] beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Wright, 392 

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F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). Based on our 

review of the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and “drawing 

all reasonable inferences and credibility choices in favor of the jury’s verdict” as 

we must, we affirm the convictions. Taylor, 480 F.3d at 1026.

To support a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 286, conspiracy to defraud the 

United States by filing false tax returns, the government had to prove “the 

existence of an agreement to achieve an unlawful objective, the defendant[s’]

knowing and voluntary participation in the conspiracy, and the commission of an 

overt act in furtherance of it.” United States v. Gupta, 463 F.3d 1182, 1194 (11th 

Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Conspiracy may be proven by 

circumstantial evidence and the extent of participation in the conspiracy or extent 

of knowledge of details in the conspiracy does not matter if the proof shows the 

defendant[s] knew the essential objective of the conspiracy.” Id. (internal 

quotation marks omitted). The government may present circumstantial evidence to 

prove knowledge of the scheme. United States v. Maxwell, 579 F.3d 1282, 1299 

(11th Cir. 2009). Terry and Chris specifically challenge the government’s 

evidence regarding the knowledge and willful participation element.

The government’s presentation of evidence was sufficient for the jury to find 

beyond a reasonable doubt that Terry and Chris knew about the tax fraud scheme 

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and willfully participated in the scheme. Henry testified that Chris paid her to 

obtain SSNs for Florida inmates and told her that the SSNs were necessary to file 

tax returns. The evidence showed that Chris signed a lease for office space for a 

sham business, and she was the emergency contact person on a lease for another 

sham business. One of these locations, AlterEgo Clothing, was the recipient

address of the blank debit cards from PayCard that were used by all appellants. 

As for Terry, the government presented evidence that during the traffic stop, 

police found him in the possession of several of the TaxProfessors debit cards 

loaded with fraudulently obtained tax refunds. The government presented video 

surveillance that showed Terry using the debit cards to withdraw money at an 

ATM. In addition, the government presented evidence obtained from the search of 

Terry’s bedroom that included lists with names, DOB, SSNs, as well as PIN 

numbers on them. Most significantly, Terry admitted to his involvement in the 

scheme. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support the 

jury’s guilty verdicts on the conspiracy to defraud counts for Chris and Terry.

2. Conspiracy and use of unauthorized access devices to defraud

To sustain Terry and Chris’s convictions for conspiracy and use of 

unauthorized access devices to defraud, the government had to show that they (1) 

knowingly used or trafficked in one or more unauthorized access device (“UAD”), 

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(2) with intent to defraud, (3) to obtain anything having an aggregate value of 

$1,000 or more during a one-year period, and (4) such use affected interstate or 

foreign commerce. See 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2); United States v. Klopf, 423 F.3d 

1228, 1240 (11th Cir. 2005). “Intent to defraud has often been defined as the 

specific intent to deceive or cheat, for the purpose of either causing some financial 

loss to another, or bringing about some financial gain to one’s self.” Klopf, 423 

F.3d at 1240 (quoting United States v. Peden, 556 F.2d 278, 280 (5th Cir. 1977)

(internal quotation marks omitted)).

The government presented sufficient evidence that both Terry and Chris 

engaged in numerous transactions during several months in 2010 using 

TaxProfessors debit cards, all of which had been loaded with fraudulently obtained 

tax refunds. Surveillance video showed both Terry and Chris purchasing 

numerous money orders at various Publix supermarkets and withdrawing money 

from ATMs. The evidence also showed Chris using the debit cards to purchase 

more than 40 money orders at six different stores totaling approximately $20,000, 

making four withdrawals at ATMs totaling $1500, and purchasing over $1000 of 

furniture. A reasonable jury had sufficient evidence to conclude that Chris knew 

that TaxProfessors was not a legitimate tax preparation business and that the debit 

cards were fraudulently obtained. As for Terry, the government showed 

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surveillance video of him using the debit cards to purchase three money orders 

totaling $4500 and making 16 ATM withdrawals totaling approximately $7000. 

The government also presented incriminating evidence obtained from the search of 

Terry’s bedroom at Frantz’s Parkland residence. Significantly, Terry admitted to 

his involvement in the fraudulent tax scheme. Accordingly, the government 

presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could find guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt that both Chris and Terry conspired and used UADs to defraud.

3. Aggravated identity theft

The government charged Terry and Chris with aggravated identity theft, in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1), which requires proof that the appellants “(1) 

knowingly transferred, possessed, or used; (2) the means of identification of 

another person; (3) without lawful authority; (4) during and in relation to” a 

predicate act (using UADs), including access device fraud. United States v. 

Barrington, 648 F.3d 1178, 1192 (11th Cir. 2011). The government had to show 

that the appellants knew that the means of identification at issue belonged to 

another person, and it could “rely on circumstantial evidence about an offender’s 

misuse of a victim’s identity to prove the offender knew the identity belonged to a 

real person.” United States v. Gomez-Castro, 605 F.3d 1245, 1249 (11th Cir. 

2010). Moreover, a jury reasonably could conclude that the appellants “knew that 

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the cards were issued in the names of real people, because the federal government 

is unlikely to issue tax returns unless it has verified that the person requesting it is 

a real person.” United States v. Baldwin, 774 F.3d 711, 726‒27 (11th Cir. 2014).

At trial, the government introduced evidence documenting the individual 

transactions referenced in the substantive counts for Terry and Chris. It introduced 

evidence that Chris purchased SSNs for Florida prison inmates from Henry and 

that she leased office space for a sham tax preparation business. It also presented 

evidence from five former Florida inmates who testified that they did not file tax 

returns for the year in question, 2009, and did not authorize TaxProfessors to file 

tax returns for them. These witnesses identified tax returns prepared by 

TaxProfessors that contained their identifying information. The jury reasonably 

inferred from this evidence that Chris knew she lacked lawful authority to use debit 

cards loaded with fraudulently obtained tax refunds in the names of actual Florida 

inmates. In addition to the documented evidence of Terry’s individual transactions 

and the incriminating evidence seized from the search of his bedroom, the 

government showed that Terry admitted that he had purchased identities on the 

street and used these identities to file fraudulent tax returns. This evidence 

supports the jury’s finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt on the aggravated 

identity theft charges for both Terry and Chris. 

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C. Evidentiary Admission

Frantz asserts for the first time on appeal that the district court plainly erred 

by permitting the government to present testimony of SWAT team member 

Richard Saito (“Saito”) that inferred that Frantz was a violent person.

2

 During his 

testimony, Saito described the operation employed for the execution of the warrant 

on Frantz’s Parkland residence. He explained the SWAT team members’ different 

locations on the perimeter of the residence, the equipment they possessed, and the 

removal of the residents. Frantz contends that this testimony was irrelevant and 

lured the jury into believing that he was a dangerous criminal because 12 SWAT 

team members armed with high-powered weapons were needed to ensure the 

execution of the warrant.

Frantz cannot show that there was any error, much less, plain error. The 

evidence was relevant to the events surrounding the search, and on cross 

examination, Saito testified that no force was necessary during the execution of the 

warrant and that Frantz was not even present at the time. Hence, Frantz’s 

argument is unavailing.

 

2 We review unpreserved evidentiary rulings for plain error. United States v. Jernigan, 

341 F.3d 1273, 1280 (11th Cir. 2003).

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D. Sentences

1. Vulnerable victim enhancement

Appellants challenge the district court’s application of the vulnerable victim 

enhancement to their sentences. We give due deference to a district court’s factual 

determination that a victim was vulnerable. United States v. Kapordelis, 569 F.3d 

1291, 1315‒16 (11th Cir. 2009). The government must establish facts supporting a 

sentencing enhancement by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. 

Turner, 626 F.3d 566, 572 (11th Cir. 2010).

The sentencing guidelines provide for a two-level sentencing enhancement if 

the defendant knew or should have known that a victim of the offense was a 

“vulnerable victim.” U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1). A “vulnerable victim” is “a person 

(A) who is a victim of the offense of conviction . . .; and (B) who is unusually 

vulnerable due to age, physical or mental condition, or who is otherwise 

particularly susceptible to the criminal conduct.” Id., comment. (n.2). The 

applicability of this enhancement is appropriate where the defendant knows the 

victim has unique characteristics that make him more vulnerable to the specific 

crime than other potential victims of the crime. See United States v. Bradley, 644 

F.3d 1213, 1288 (11th Cir. 2011) (noting that the enhancement is “meant to apply 

whenever a defendant selected his victim to take advantage of that victim’s 

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perceived susceptibility to the offense”); see also United States v. Moran, 778 F.3d 

942, 978‒79 (11th Cir. 2015) (finding that enhancement applies when the 

defendant specifically targets his victims based on their perceived vulnerability to 

the offense). In construing the “otherwise particularly susceptible” language in

§ 3A1.1, we have acknowledged that “circumstances and immutable 

characteristics” can render a victim of criminal activity unusually vulnerable. 

Bradley, 644 F.3d at 1288.

In this particular tax refund fraud scheme, inmates have unique 

circumstances and immutable characteristics that make them more vulnerable to 

this type of fraudulent activity. Inmates usually do not file tax returns during 

periods of incarceration, and they are less likely to discover that their identities 

have been compromised. This fraudulent tax refund scheme succeeded because 

the appellants knew that the incarcerated inmates would be less likely to discover 

the identity theft, especially when the appellants filed the 2009 fraudulent tax 

refunds post-April 15. As the district court found, and the evidence supports, the 

appellants specifically targeted inmates based on their perceived vulnerability to 

the tax refund fraud offense.

We conclude that the government presented sufficient evidence that the 

appellants specifically targeted inmates to effectuate their fraud schemes. The 

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evidence showed that Chris recruited and paid Henry for the SSNs that 

corresponded with the Florida Department of Corrections inmate numbers that 

were provided in the list Chris gave Henry. Moreover, the evidence showed that 

the appellants filed over 338 fraudulent tax returns, the majority of them in the 

names of incarcerated individuals, after the end of the filing season, making it less 

likely for the inmates to discover that their identities had been compromised. In 

addition, the government presented evidence that showed the appellants 

withdrawing money from the debit cards and securing money orders with the debit 

cards all within a few months after the IRS loaded the refunds on the debit cards. 

Accordingly, we conclude from the record that the district court properly applied 

the two-level sentencing enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1).

2. Mitigating role reduction

Chris challenges the district court’s failure to apply a minor role reduction to 

her sentence because she had no decision-making authority in the scheme, did not 

recruit anyone to participate in the scheme, and did not prepare any fraudulent tax 

returns. She cannot satisfy her burden of establishing her qualification for a role 

reduction by a preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Alvarez-Coria, 

447 F.3d 1340, 1343 (11th Cir. 2006).

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Under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, a defendant may receive a two-level reduction “[i]f 

the defendant was a minor participant in any criminal activity,” or in other words, 

the adjustment applies to a defendant “who is less culpable than most other 

participants in the criminal activity, but whose role could not be described as 

minimal.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, comment. (n.5). The determination of whether to 

apply a mitigating role adjustment “is based on the totality of the circumstances 

and involves a determination that is heavily dependent upon the facts of the 

particular case.” Id. comment. (n.3(C)). 

The evidence at trial showed that Chris played a vital role in the conspiracy 

by signing and paying for office leasing space for sham businesses. Chris also 

recruited and paid Henry to secure SSNs for inmates, which was vital to the 

successful operation of the conspiracy. Chris profited from the conspiracy by 

purchasing items, withdrawing cash, and obtaining money orders with the 

fraudulent debit cards. In light of this evidence, she cannot demonstrate that she 

was entitled to a minor role sentencing reduction.

Likewise, Terry cannot demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that 

he was entitled to a minor role reduction. Although he was not a leader in the 

conspiracy, the evidence presented at trial showed that he obtained identifying 

information himself, filed false tax returns, and profited from the scheme by using 

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the fraudulent debit cards. Additionally, officers found incriminating evidence in 

his bedroom when they searched Frantz’s residence. Considering this evidence 

and his admission of participation in the conspiracy, we conclude that the district 

court did not err in denying Terry a minor role sentencing reduction.

3. Production enhancement

All appellants objected to the two-level enhancement imposed by the district 

court pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i) because their offenses involved the 

production or trafficking of UADs. They claimed that this enhancement amounted 

to double-counting and was impermissible. A recent opinion by our court 

forecloses their argument. See United States v. Taylor, 818 F.3d 671 (11th Cir.

2016).

In Taylor, we held that the production enhancement to a sentence imposed in 

conjunction with a § 1028A conviction, when the underlying conduct in issue 

involves production, is permissible. We noted a clear distinction between 

production, which includes manufacture, design, alteration, authentication, 

duplication or assembly, and “transfer, possession, or use.” Id. at 676. We opined 

that conduct entailed in production is more problematic than mere transference 

because by producing UADs, a defendant furthers the criminal scheme and creates 

more opportunities for the prohibited conduct to continue. Id. at 677. Thus, we 

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held that district courts may apply the enhancement to a defendant’s sentence, even 

when that defendant also has been convicted of a § 1028A offense, if the 

government demonstrates, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant’s 

relevant conduct included the production of an UAD. Id. at 677–78.

The government presented such evidence here, and the district court made a 

specific finding that the offense involved production. Accordingly, we conclude 

that the district court did not err in applying the two-level enhancement.

4. Loss amount calculation

Chris and Terry challenge the district court’s loss amount calculation in their 

sentences. We review a district court’s loss determination for clear error. 

Baldwin, 774 F.3d at 727. The district court need not determine the loss amount 

precisely, but “need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss, given the 

available information.” United States v. Barrington, 648 F.3d 1178, 1197 (11th 

Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Lee, 427 F.3d 881, 893 (11th Cir. 2005)

(internal quotation marks omitted)). The district court may make factual findings 

regarding loss based on trial evidence, undisputed statements in the presentence 

report, or evidence presented at the sentencing hearing. Bradley, 644 F.3d at 1290.

Both appellants received a 16-level enhancement based on a loss of more 

than $1 million but less than $2.5 million. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(I). This 

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amount was solely related to the TaxProfessors debit cards and not the overall tax 

refund fraud scheme. Regardless, they contend that the loss should have been 

limited to the amount that resulted from the actual withdrawals, not the intended 

loss. However, the guidelines instruct that the loss amount be determined based on 

“the greater of actual loss or intended loss.” Id. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A)). Once 

a district court makes “individualized findings concerning the scope of criminal 

activity undertaken by a particular participant,” it can determine foreseeability. 

United States v. Hunter, 323 F.3d 1314, 1319 (11th Cir. 2003).

Chris and Terry claim that the district court failed to make individualized 

findings regarding the scope of each one’s activity and thus erroneously

determined foreseeability. Regardless of whether the district court made 

individualized findings, the record supports the district court’s determinations. See 

United States v. Petrie, 302 F.3d 1280, 1290 (11th Cir. 2002) (finding that a 

sentencing court’s failure to make individualized findings regarding the scope of 

the defendant’s activity is not grounds for vacating a sentence if the record 

supports the court’s determination). 

The evidence established that both Chris and Terry participated in the 

submission of 338 fraudulent and unauthorized tax returns seeking over $2 million 

from the IRS. The fact that the authorities halted the scheme before the IRS paid 

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the entire amount is of no moment. The IRS paid the majority of the requested 

fraudulent refund amounts, which was over $2 million. Because the intended loss 

is greater in this case than the actual loss and, according to the guidelines, the 

district court can use the greater of either in its loss amount calculation if the 

record supports such an amount, the district court did not err. Moreover, a “district 

court may hold participants in a conspiracy responsible for the losses resulting 

from the reasonably foreseeable acts of co-conspirators.” United States v. Mateos, 

623 F.3d 1350, 1370 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Hunter, 323 F.3d 

1314, 1319 (11th Cir. 2003)). The record evidence supports the district court’s 

determination, and we will not vacate the sentences on this basis.

V. CONCLUSION

The record contains sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdicts, and 

the district court did not err in denying the motions to suppress or in allowing the 

SWAT officer to testify regarding the mechanics of the residential search. Hence,

we affirm appellants’ convictions. Moreover, we conclude that the sentences 

imposed by the district court were reasonable. In this particular fraudulent tax 

refund and identity theft scheme, the appellants specifically targeted incarcerated 

individuals because of their particular susceptibility, and, therefore, the two-level 

vulnerable victim sentencing enhancement was appropriate. Accordingly, we 

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affirm Frantz’s total sentence of 208 months’ imprisonment, Terry’s total sentence 

of 121 months’ imprisonment, and Chris’ total sentence of 84 months’ 

imprisonment.

AFFIRMED. 

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