# United States Court of Appeals **for the Federal Circuit**

__________________________
PAI CORPORATION (DOING BUSINESS AS PROFESSIONAL ANALYSIS), Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.
UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee,

AND

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIPS, LLC, Defendant.

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2010-5003

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Appeal from the United States Court of Federal
Claims in Case No. 09-CV-4 11, Senior Judge John P.

Wiese.

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Decided: August 5, 2010

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C YRUS E. P HILLIPS I V , of Arlington, Virginia, argued for plaintiff-appellant.

C HRISTOPHER L. K RAFCHEK , Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United StatesPAI CORP v. US 2

Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. With him on the brief were T ONY W EST , Assistant Attorney General, J EANNE E. D AVIDSON

, Director, and M ARTIN F. H OCKEY

, J R

., Assistant Director.

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Before B RYSON , G AJARSA , and P ROST

, Circuit Judges

. G AJARSA

, Circuit Judge

.This is a bid protest case filed by a losing bidder complaining of the unfairness of the contract bidding process. PAl Corporation (“PAI”) filed a bid protest in the Court of Federal Claims (“trial court”) challenging the award of asupport services contract to Innovative Technology Partnerships, LLC (“ITP”) by th e Department of Energy’s Office of Secure Transporta tion. PAl argues that the
award of the contract to ITP was unlawful because the Department of Energy failed to mitigate a potential organizational conflict of interest during the procurement,which allegedly provided a certain bidder an unfair advantage in submitting its bid. Specifically, PAl alleges that ITP held an unfair competitive advantage over otherofferors by gaining access to non-public information through: (1) ITP’s proposed employment of the present incumbent contractor, Wackenhut Services, Inc. (“Wackenhut”), as its subcontractor, and(2) ITP’s concomitant performance as the audits/assessment contractor under the Office of SecureTransportation’s Program Office of Independent Oversight contract. The trial court found that the integrity ofthe procurement was not compromised and entered judgment in favor of the government based on the administrative record. PAl Corp. v. United States , No. 09-cv-411, 2009 WL 3049213, at *11 (Fed. CI. 2009). PAI appeals to this court. Because the trial court did not commit any errors, as explained and set forth below, we affirm.PAI CORP v. US 3

B ACKGROUND

The Office of Secure Transportation (“OST”), a division of the Department of Energy (“DOE”), is responsiblefor the safe and secure transportation of all governmentowned nuclear weapons and materials. On December 13, 2007, DOE issued a “Sources Sought Synopsis” notice seeking qualified small businesses capable of carrying out certain OST support services. 1 In response to the Sources Sought Synopsis notice, DOE received twenty responses from interested bidders. After reviewing their statements of capability, DOE determined that two or more small businesses were capable of performing the required services as outlined by the performance work statement. DOE then designated the proposed procurement as a “total small business set-aside” pursuant to 48 C.F.R. §

19.502-2.

On July 11, 2008, prior to the release of the final proposed solicitation, DOE received an agency-level protest from Global Engineering & Technology (“GET”) alleging that the draft solicitation created an organizational
conflict of interest. Specifically, GET alleged that any company partnering with the incumbent contractor,

1 The OST support services were identified in the performance work statement as the following sixteen task areas: (1) paramilitary training programs support; (2) analysis, design, and development of training curriculaand training plans; (3) logistical support of OST programs; (4) property management; (5) equipment operators; (6) munitions support; (7) armorer support; (8) mission related work; (9) shipping, receiving, tagging, storage, and issuance of equipment and supplies; (10) contractor transportation and utilization program; (11) quality assurance program; (12) safety program; (13) program and management analysis; (14) resources andbusiness management support; (15) fleet vehicle management support; and (16) sa feguards and security.PAI CORP v. US 4

Wackenhut, would have an unfair competitive advantagebecause that company would gain unequal access to nonpublic information as a result of Wackenhut’s performance of the prior OST support services contract. GET also alleged that DOE failed to provide sufficient information regarding the staffing levels necessary to support the sixteen task areas outlined in the performance work

statement.

After consideration of GET’s protest, DOE determined that GET could not protest the draft solicitation before it had been approved for final release. However, in the interest of promoting competition and to level the playing field for all potential bidders, DOE agreed to provide offerors with additional information regarding the former OST support services contract, previously performed by Wackenhut. Accordingly, DOE launched the OST support services contract website to provide specific information to the public regarding the procurement. The website included the former OST support services contract that was being performed by the incumbent contractor, Wackenhut. It also provided information regarding OST command structure, mission, logi stics, property management, and specialized training for OST Federal Agents. In addition, DOE released a twelve-month overview of the
direct labor hours for each of the task areas and an estimated training calendar required to implement the OST support services.

On August 29, 2008, DOE i ssued a final competitive contract solicitation to provide support services for OST.The solicitation would result in a single indefinitedelivery, indefinite-quantity cost-plus-award-fee typecontract for a base period of two years and two eighteenmonth option periods. The guaranteed minimum amount of designated services under the contract was $3 million and the maximum ordering limit was $95 million.PAI CORP v. US 5

DOE received nine timely proposals from small businesses, including ITP, PAI, and Advanced Technologies

and Laboratories Internat ional, Inc. (“ATL”). ITP’s proposal announced its intention to partner with Wackenhut, the incumbent for the OST support services contract, to perform the current OST contract. The contracting officer conducted an initial review of theproposals to determine whether they included all information required by the solicitation. The contracting officer also ensured that the organizational conflict of interest disclosures submitted by the bidders revealed no actual or potential conflicts. On December 22, 2008, the Source Selection Authority selected ITP as the bidding offeror that provided the best value to the government in terms of cost and technical capabilities. On December 29, 2008, the contracting officer awarded the contract to ITP.

On January 12, 2009, ATL filed a protest with theGovernment Accountability Office alleging (1) organizational conflicts of interest involving ITP, Wackenhut, and DOE that were not properly mitigated or disclosed prior to the procurement, (2) improper evaluation of ATL’s and ITP’s proposed costs, and (3) improper evaluation of ITP’s and ATL’s technical proposals. In response to ATL’s protest, an Integrated Proj ect Team of DOE agreed totake corrective action to clarify and resolve, where appropriate, the raised organizational conflict of interest issues, the cost realism evaluation, and the past performance

evaluation. The Integrated Project Team further agreed to document its findings and issue a new source selectiondecision. Accordingly, ATL withdrew its protest on February 19, 2009. As part of it s corrective action, the Integrated Project Team reevaluated proposals for pastperformance and cost and reconsidered potential organizational conflicts of interest.PAI CORP v. US 6

In response to ATL’s protest, the contracting officer completed an additional comprehensive organizationalconflict of interest investigation and provided her conclusions in a memorandum entitled “Organization Conflict of Interest Analysis,” issued on June 8, 2009. First, thecontracting officer noted that she had reviewed the offerors’ submissions regarding any potential organizational conflicts of interest and determined that no significant potential conflict existed. In particular, the contracting officer determined that, alth ough ITP and Wackenhut had access to non-public information through their existing contracts, such information had no competitive value in the present procurement. The contracting officer also found that, with respect to I TP, the information to which it had access involved constantly changing requirements, was quickly outdated, and was therefore of little value. With respect to Wackenhut, the contracting officer also
determined that the information to which it had access was not relevant to the requirements addressed in the solicitation’s first two sample task orders. In the case of the third sample task order, the contracting officer found
that Wackenhut’s access to non-public information had been effectively offset by other information disclosed in

the solicitation.

Next, the contracting officer noted that DOE’s released information was sufficient to guide offerors in preparing an effective technical proposal. Thus, the contracting officer concluded that no significant potential conflict existed that would preclude an award to ITP for the OST support services contract. On June 4, 2009, the Integrated Project Team briefed the Source Selection Authority which then selected ITP because the company’s bid represented the best value to the government due to its highest technical rating an d lowest probable cost.PAI CORP v. US 7

Shortly thereafter, PAI filed a complaint in the Court of Federal Claims alleging, inter alia , that the integrity of the procurement was compromised by an alleged unequal access to information relating to an organizational conflict
of interest. 2 The parties filed cross-motions for judgment

on the administrative record. The Court of Federal Claims denied PAI’s motion, granted the government’s and ITP’s motions, and dismissed PAI’s complaint. See PAl Corp. , 2009 WL 3049213, at *11. PAI timely appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction to review final
decisions of the Court of Fe deral Claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3).

D ISCUSSION

We review rulings on motions for judgment on the

administrative record de novo

. Norfolk Dredging Co. v.
United States , 375 F.3d 1106, 1108 (Fed. Cir. 2004). We also review factual findings based on the administrative
record for clear error. Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United
States , 492 F.3d 1308, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2007). In a bid protest case, an agency’s decision to award a contract must be upheld unless it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with
law.” Bannum, Inc. v. United States , 404 F.3d 1346, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The court must determine whether “(1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement proced ure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.” Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United
States , 575 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

Contracting officers “are entitled to exercise discretion upon a broad range of issues confronting them in the procurement process.” Impresa Construzioni Geom.

2 PAI also challenged at the trial court DOE’s technical and price evaluation; however, those issues are not raised on this appeal.PAI CORP v. US 8

Domenico Garufi v. United States , 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, procurement decisions are subject to a “highly deferential rational basis review.” CHE Consulting, Inc. v. United States , 552 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Applying this highly deferential standard, the court must sustain an agency action unless the action does not “evince[ ] rational reasoning and consideration of relevant
factors.” Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States

, 216 F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (alterations added).

The issue before us is whether an organizational conflict of interest is so pervasive as to have created an advantage to one bidder over the others, and whether the contracting officer failed to exercise proper discretion and to follow proper procedures in making the determination that no organizational conflic t of interest existed. The Federal Acquisitions Regulations (“FAR”) recognize that “the identification of [organizational conflicts of interest]and the evaluation of mitigation proposals are factspecific inquiries that require the exercise of considerable
discretion.” Axiom Res. Mgmt. v. United States , 564 F.3d 1374, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (c iting 48 C.F.R. § 9.505). FAR requires that “[e]ach individual contracting situation should be examined on the basis of its particular facts and the nature of the proposed contract. The exercise of common sense, good judgment, and sound discretion is required in both the decision on whether a significant potential conflict exists and, if it does, the development of an appropriate means for resolving it.” 48 C.F.R. § 9.505 (2004); see also Axiom , 564 F.3d at 1382 (citing ARINC Eng’g Servs. v. United States , 77 Fed. Cl. 196, 202 (2007)(“The responsibility for determining whether such unequal access exists and what steps should be taken inPAI CORP v. US 9

response thereto rests squarely with the contracting officer.”)).

This court will not overturn a contracting officer’s determination unless it is arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise contrary to law. John C. Grimberg Co. v. United States

, 185 F.3d 1297, 1300 (Fed. Cir. 1999). To demonstrate that such a determination is arbitrary or capricious, a protester must identify “hard facts”; a mere inference or suspicion of an actual or apparent conflict is not enough. C.A.C.I., Inc.-Fed. v. United States , 719 F.2d 1567, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1983); Filtration Dev. Co., LLC v. United States

, 60 Fed. Cl. 371, 380 (2004) (holding that the disappointed bidder failed to provide “any factual basis” to establish the existence of an organizational conflict of interest).

PAI’s sole argument of legal error on appeal is that
the contract award to ITP is unlawful because the contracting officer failed to comply with the applicable FAR in issuing the solicitation. Specifically, PAI alleges that the contracting officer’s organizational conflict of interest analysis violates 48 C.F.R. §§ 9.504(a) and 9.506(b). PAI asserts that, in order to comply with these regulations, the contracting officer is required to (1) analyze any type of conflict that may arise during the procurement, including apparent or potential conflicts, and (2) document in writing a plan to neutralize any type
of conflict before a solicitation is issued. However, PAI’s argument conflates the requirements of the two regulations.

Section 9.504(a) requires that a contracting officer “(1) [i]dentify and evaluate potential organizational conflicts of interest as early in the acquisition process as possible; and (2) [a]void, neutralize, or mitigate significant potential conflicts before contract award.” 48 C.F.R. § 9.504(a) (emphasis added). This regulation requires a contractingPAI CORP v. US 10

officer to identify and evaluate potential conflicts in the early stages of the acquisition process. Section § 9.504(a)does not require that this preliminary analysis be documented in writing, but if a potential conflict is identified, the regulation specifies that the contracting officer must avoid, neutralize, or mitigate any “significant potential
conflicts” before the contract award. Id. § 9.504(a). A significant potential conflict is one which provides thebidding party a substantial and unfair competitive advantage during the procurement process on information or data not necessarily available to other bidders. See
ARINC , 77 Fed. CI. at 202. Se ction 9.504(a) therefore requires mitigation of “significant potential conflicts,” but does not require mitigation of other types of conflicts, such as apparent or potential non-significant conflicts. The contracting officer does have considerable discretionin determining whether a conflict is significant. Moreover, the FAR provides a contracting officer with considerable discretion to conduct fact-specific inquiries of acquisition proposals to identify potential conflicts and to develop a mitigation plan in the event that a significant potential conflict exists . 48 C.F.R. § 9.505; see also Axiom

, 564 F.3d at 1382.

In contrast to § 9.506(a), § 9.506(b) specifies a unique documentation requirement once a “significant potential organizational conflict” is deemed to exist. 48 C.F.R. § 9.506(b). This regulation requires that, in the event “the contracting officer decides that a particular acquisition involves a significant potential organizational conflict . . . , the contracting officer shall, before issuing the solicitation, submit . . . [a] written analysis, including
a recommended course of action for avoiding, neutralizing, or mitigating the conflict . . . .” Id. (emphasis added). Moreover, § 9.506(b) requires that, if the contracting officer makes such a determination, the written analysisPAI CORP v. US 11

be approved by the chief of the contracting office. Id. This regulation requires a written analysis, but only for “significant potential conflict[s].” Id. (alteration added). Thus, the contracting officer is not required to document in writing or submit for approval a plan to neutralize apparent or potential conflicts, which in her discretion and judgment are deemed not to be significant.

In this case, the contracting officer fully complied with the FAR requirements. First, the contracting officer timely identified and evaluated any potential conflicts incompliance with § 9.504(a). After GET filed the agencylevel protest in July 2008, the contracting officer pursueda number of steps to resolve any potential conflicts, including narrowing the technical scope of the solicitation, providing to the potential offerors additional informationregarding the OST support services contract, and requiring that each potential offero r certify that its participation in the procurement did not create any organizationalconflicts of interest. The contracting officer also completed an additional and comprehensive conflicts investigation in June 2009. In a written memorandum, thecontracting officer noted that she had thoroughly reviewed the offerors’ submissions regarding any potential organizational conflicts of interest. The contracting officer determined that no significant potential conflict existed that would preclude an award of the OST supportservices contract to ITP. Furthermore, because the contracting officer determined that no significant potential conflict existed, she was not required to submit a written analysis pursuant to § 9.506(b), nor was she required to obtain approval from the chief contracting officer foradjustments to the solicitation. In light of the considerable discretion given to contracting officers in identifying and mitigating significant potential conflicts, we agreePAI CORP v. US 12

with the trial court that the contracting officer in this case complied with the FAR requirements.

Moreover, PAI failed to establish that there was any significant potential conflict that provided ITP with an unfair competitive advantage during the procurement.
See ARINC , 77 Fed. Cl. at 202. PAI failed to introduce any evidence before the trial court showing that ITP gained a substantial and unfair competitive advantage through unequal access to information. See C.A.C.I.

, 719 F.2d at 1581 (stating that a disappointed bidder must identify “hard facts” to over turn an agency’s award of a contract). Moreover, PAI’s bare allegation that ITP and Wackenhut had a prior contractual relationship with OST is insufficient to show a significant potential conflict. Id. “The mere existence of a prior or current contractual relationship between a contracting agency and a firm does not create an unfair competitive advantage, and anagency is not required to compensate for every competitive advantage gleaned by a potential offeror’s prior performance of a particular requirement . . . .” ARINC , 77 Fed. Cl. at 203; see also Ala. Aircraft Indus. Inc.- Birmingham v. United States , 83 Fed. CI. 666, 686 (2008) (holding that incumbent status by itself is insufficient to create an organizational conflict of interest). Accordingly,
we find that PAI failed to establish the existence of a significant potential conflict and thus failed to show that the integrity of the procurement was compromised.

AFFIRMED