Radio

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Office of Nuclear 

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Reactor Regulation 

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Radioactive Ef

From Nuclear 

Annual Report 200

Prepared By: 

N. Daugherty, Oak Ridge Institute fo

R. Conatser, U.S. Nuclear Regulator

Prepared for 

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulatio

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commissio

Washington, DC 20555-0001 

ffluents 

Power Plants 

08 

or Science and Education 

ry Commission 

n 

on 
This page intentionally left blank
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants i 

ABSTRACT 

This report describes radioactive effluents from commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the 

United States. This information was reported by the licensees for radioactive discharges that 

occurred in 2008. The report provides information relevant to the potential impact of NPPs on 

the environment and on public health. The report includes information on: 

• radionuclides in liquid and gaseous effluents from NPPs and 

• radiation doses to the public from NPP effluents. 

This report is a summary of the effluent data reported by the NPPs. To view all the information 

contained in the Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports from each NPP, visit the Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission (NRC) Web site at http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html. 

The radionuclide and radiation dose data in this report are intended to provide the reader with a 

means to quickly characterize the effluents from any NPP. The data presented are considered 

by the NRC to be particularly relevant to the potential impact of NPPs on public health and the 

environment. The radionuclides selected for inclusion are either the most predominant in 

radioactive effluents or are particularly useful indicators of overall releases. The radiation doses 

in the report are those most directly associated with potential public health impact. 

For purposes of comparison, the data also include the median (midpoint) radionuclide 

concentrations, as well as the applicable NRC dose limits and design objectives. Finally, the 

results of the National Council on Radiation Protection’s assessment of radiation exposure to 

the U.S. population also are included so the reader can compare the dose from NPP effluents 

relative to natural background and other sources of radiation exposure. 

 
ii Annual Report 2008

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Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants iii 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. iii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .............................................................................................iv

ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................vi

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1-1

 1.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 

 1.2 Scope .......................................................................................................................... 1-1 

 1.3 Source of Data ............................................................................................................. 1-6 

 1.4 Limitations of the Data ................................................................................................. 1-6 

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA ............................................................................................ 2-1 

 2.1 Airborne and Liquid Effluents ....................................................................................... 2-1 

 2.2 Radiation Dose to the Public ........................................................................................ 2-3 

 2.3 Other Sources of Radiation Dose to the U.S. Population ............................................. 2-4 

3 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3-1

4 TABLES AND GRAPHS ..................................................................................................... 4-1

 4.1 Effluent Data ................................................................................................................ 4-1 

 4.2 Radiation Dose .......................................................................................................... 4-35 

5 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 5-1

6 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ 6-1
iv Annual Report 2008

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 

TABLES 

1.1 Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 .......................................................................................... 1-2 

1.2 Reactors for Which the NRC Has Normalized Data on a Unit-specific Basis ................. 1-8 

2.1 Radionuclides in Gaseous Effluents, 2008 .................................................................... 2-2 

2.2 Radionuclides in Liquid Effluents, 2008 ......................................................................... 2-3 

4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 ................... 4-1 

4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine, 2008 ...................................................................... 4-2 

4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates, 2008 .............................................. 4-3 

4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium, 2008 ..................................................................... 4-5 

4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 ................... 4-6 

4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine, 2008 ...................................................................... 4-8 

4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates, 2008 .............................................. 4-9 

4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium, 2008 ................................................................... 4-11 

4.9 BWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 .................. 4-12 

4.10 BWR Liquid Releases — Tritium, 2008 ....................................................................... 4-13 

4.11 PWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 .................. 4-14 

4.12 PWR Liquid Releases — Tritium, 2008 ....................................................................... 4-16 

4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2008 .............................. 4-35 

4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2008 ............................... 4-36 

4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2008 ........... 4-37 

4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2008 ........... 4-38
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants v 

FIGURES 

2.1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to the U.S. Population ................................................. 2-6 

4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases .......................... 4-17 

4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine ............................................................................ 4-18 

4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates ..................................................... 4-19 

4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium ........................................................................... 4-20 

4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases .......................... 4-21 

4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine ............................................................................ 4-23 

4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates ..................................................... 4-25 

4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium ........................................................................... 4-27 

4.9 BWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products ........................... 4-29 

4.10 BWR Liquid Releases — Tritium ................................................................................ 4-30 

4.11 PWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products ........................... 4-31 

4.12 PWR Liquid Releases — Tritium ................................................................................ 4-33 

4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose ........................................ 4-39 

4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose ........................................ 4-40 

4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose .................... 4-42 

4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose .................... 4-43 

 
vi Annual Report 2008

ABBREVIATIONS 

ALARA as low as is reasonably achievable 

ARERR Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Report 

BWR boiling water reactor 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 

NPP nuclear power plant 

NRR U.S. NRC, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation 

ODCM Offsite Dose Calculation Manual 

PWR pressurized water reactor 

(U.S.) EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 

(U.S.) NRC United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-1 

Section 1 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 PURPOSE 

This report describes radioactive effluents from commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the 

United States during calendar year 2008. It is based on an extensive amount of information 

submitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) by all U.S. NPP licensees. The original 

information was submitted by the NPPs in their Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports 

(ARERRs) and comprises several thousand pages of data. These reports may be viewed in 

their entirety on the NRC Web site (http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html). 

For the years between 1972 and 1993, this type of annual information was condensed in a 

tabular format and published as a large volume of raw information (Ref. 1-22). An evaluation of 

the practice of generating annual reports revealed the need for a more concise summary report 

that presented the information in a more intuitive, graphic format (Ref. 23). 

The purpose of this report is to condense an extremely large volume of technical information 

into a few graphs and tables from which the reader can quickly, if broadly, characterize the 

effluents from any U.S. NPP. These graphs and tables are designed to provide easily 

understandable information for the public at large, while also providing experienced 

professionals with enough information to evaluate trends in industry performance and to identify 

potential performance issues for individual power plants. Those users wanting more extensive 

and detailed information are encouraged to retrieve the original ARERRs from the NRC Web 

site. 

1.2 SCOPE 

This report summarizes data from all NPPs that were in commercial operation between 

January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008. A list of NPPs for which information is included in this 

report is provided in Table 1.1. 
1-2 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 1.1 

Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 

Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location 

Arkansas 1 & 2 PWR Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO), 

Units 1 & 2 

Russellville, AR 

Beaver Valley 1 & 2 PWR Beaver Valley, Units 1 & 2 Shippingport, PA 

Braidwood 1 & 2 PWR Braidwood Generating Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

Braceville, IL 

Browns Ferry 1, 2, & 3 BWR Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, 

Units 1, 2, & 3 

Decatur, AL 

Brunswick 1 & 2 BWR Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, 

Units 1 & 2 

Southport, NC 

Byron 1 & 2 PWR Byron Generating Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

Byron, IL 

Callaway PWR Callaway Plant, Unit 1 Callaway, MO 

Calvert Cliffs 1, 2 PWR Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power 

Plant, Units 1 & 2 

Lusby, MD 

Catawba 1, 2 PWR Catawba Nuclear Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

York, SC 

Clinton BWR Clinton Power Station Clinton, IL 

Columbia Generating BWR Columbia Generating Station Richland, WA 

Comanche Peak 1, 2 PWR Comanche Peak Steam Electric 

Station, Units 1 & 2 

Glen Rose, TX 

Cook 1, 2 PWR Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant, 

Units 1 & 2 

Bridgman, MI 

Cooper Station BWR Cooper Nuclear Station Brownville, NE 

Crystal River 3 PWR Crystal River, Unit 3 Crystal River, FL 

Davis-Besse PWR Davis-Besse Nuclear Power 

Station, Unit 1 

Oak Harbor, OH 

Diablo Canyon 1, 2 PWR Diablo Canyon, Units 1 & 2 Avila Beach, CA 

Dresden 2, 3 BWR Dresden Generating Station, 

Units 2 & 3 

Morris, IL 

Duane Arnold BWR Duane Arnold Energy Center Palo, IA 

Farley 1 & 2 PWR Joseph M. Farley Nuclear Plant, 

Units 1 & 2 

Ashford, AL 

Fermi 2 BWR Fermi 2 Nuclear Power Plant Newport, MI 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-3 

TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 

Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location 

Fitzpatrick BWR James A. FitzPatrick 

Nuclear Power Plant 

Lycoming, NY 

Fort Calhoun PWR Fort Calhoun Station, Unit 1 Fort Calhoun, NE 

Ginna PWR R.E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1 Ontario, NY 

Grand Gulf BWR Grand Gulf Nuclear Station, 

Unit 1 

Port Gibson, MS 

Harris PWR Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant, 

Unit 1 

New Hill, NC 

Hatch 1, 2 BWR Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Plant, Units 1 & 

2 

Baxley, GA 

Hope Creek BWR Hope Creek Generating Station, Unit 1 Hancocks Bridge, NJ 

Indian Point 2, 3 PWR Indian Point Energy Center, 

Units 2 & 3 

Buchanan, NY 

Kewaunee PWR Kewaunee Power Station Kewaunee, WI 

LaSalle 1, 2 BWR LaSalle County Generating Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

Marseilles, IL 

Limerick 1, 2 BWR Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Saratoga, PA 

McGuire 1, 2 PWR McGuire Nuclear Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

Huntersville, NC 

Millstone 2, 3 PWR Millstone Power Station, Units 2 & 3 Waterford, CT 

Monticello BWR Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant Monticello, MN 

Nine Mile Point 1, 2 BWR Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, Units 1 

& 2 

Lycoming, NY 

North Anna 1, 2 PWR North Anna Power Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

Mineral, VA 

Oconee 1, 2, 3 PWR Oconee Nuclear Station, 

Units 1, 2, & 3 

Seneca, SC 
1-4 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 

Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location 

Oyster Creek BWR Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating 

Station 

Forked River, NJ 

Palisades PWR Palisades Nuclear Plant Covert, MI 

Palo Verde 1, 2, 3 PWR Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, 

Units 1, 2, & 3 

Phoenix, AZ 

Peach Bottom 2, 3 BWR Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, 

Units 2 & 3 

Delta, PA 

Perry BWR Perry Nuclear Power Plant, 

Unit 1 

Perry, OH 

Pilgrim BWR Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1 Plymouth, MA 

Point Beach 1, 2 PWR Point Beach Nuclear Plant, 

Units 1 & 2 

Two Rivers, WI 

Prairie Island 1, 2 PWR Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, 

Units 1 & 2 

Welch, MN 

Quad Cities 1, 2 BWR Quad Cities Generating Station, Units 1 

& 2 

Cordova, IL 

River Bend BWR River Bend Station, Unit 1 St. Francisville, LA 

Robinson 2 PWR H. B. Robinson Steam Electric Plant, 

Unit 2 

Hartsville, SC 

Salem 1, 2 PWR Salem Nuclear Generating Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

Hancocks Bridge, NJ 

San Onofre 2, 3 PWR San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, 

Units 2 & 3 

San Clemente, CA 

Seabrook PWR Seabrook Station, Unit 1 Seabrook, NH 

Sequoyah 1, 2 PWR Sequoyah Nuclear Plant, 

Units 1 & 2 

Soddy-Daisy, TN 

South Texas 1, 2 PWR South Texas Project Electric Generating 

Station, Units 1 & 2 

Wadsworth, TX 

St. Lucie 1, 2 PWR St. Lucie Nuclear Plant, 

Units 1 & 2 

Ft. Pierce, FL 

Summer PWR Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station, Unit 1 Jenkinsville, SC 

Surry 1, 2 PWR Surry Power Station, Units 1 & 2 Surry, VA 

Susquehanna 1, 2 BWR Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

Berwick, PA 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-5 

TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 

Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location 

Three Mile Island 1 PWR Three Mile Island Generating Station, 

Unit 1 

Harrisburg, PA 

Turkey Point 3, 4 PWR Turkey Point Nuclear Plant, 

Units 3 & 4 

Princeton, FL 

Vermont Yankee BWR Vermont Yankee Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Vernon, VT 

Vogtle 1, 2 PWR Vogtle Electric Generating 

Plant, Units 1 & 2 

Waynesboro, GA 

Waterford 3 PWR Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 

3 

Killona, LA 

Watts Bar PWR Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Spring City, TN 

Wolf Creek PWR Wolf Creek Generating Station, Unit 1 Burlington, KS 

Reactors No Longer In Commercial Operation 

Big Rock Point BWR Big Rock Point Restoration Project Charlevoix, MI 

Dresden 1 BWR Dresden Generating Station, Unit 1 Morris, IL 

Haddam Neck PWR Haddam Neck Nuclear Plant Site Haddam Neck, CT 

Humboldt Bay BWR Humboldt Bay Power Plant, 

Unit 3 

Eureka, CA 

Indian Point 1 PWR Indian Point Energy Center, 

Unit 1 

Buchanan, NY 

Lacrosse BWR LaCrosse Boiling Water Reactor Genoa, WI 

Maine Yankee PWR Maine Yankee Bath, ME 

Millstone 1 PWR Millstone Power Station, 

Unit 1 

Waterford, CT 

Rancho Seco PWR Rancho Seco, Unit 1 Herald, CA 

San Onofre 1 PWR San Onofre Nuclear Generating 

Station, Unit 1 

San Clemente, CA 

Three Mile Island 2 PWR Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, 

Unit 2 

Middletown, PA 

Trojan PWR Trojan Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Portland, OR 

Yankee-Rowe PWR Yankee Nuclear Power Station Franklin Co., MA 

Zion 1, 2 PWR Zion Generating Station, 

Units 1 & 2 

Warrenville, IL 
1-6 Annual Report 2008

The NRC uses the information on radioactive releases to ensure NPPs are operated within 

regulatory requirements and consistent with the objective of maintaining radiation doses as low 

as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). For this summary report, only information submitted with 

regard to NRC reporting requirements and guidance is included. 

The Big Rock Point, Haddam Neck, Humboldt Bay, Lacrosse, Maine Yankee, Rancho Seco, 

Trojan, Yankee-Rowe and Zion 1 and 2 reactor sites are shutdown and are not collocated with 

an operating reactor. The data from these shutdown reactors are not included in the tables in 

this report. The Dresden 1, Millstone 1, and Three Mile Island 2 reactors are shutdown and are 

collocated with one of more operating reactors. For these shutdown reactors, the licensee 

reports data for the shutdown unit separately from the operating units, and the results from 

these shutdown reactors are not included in this report. For the Indian Point 1 and San Onofre 1 

reactor sites, which are shutdown and collocated beside two operating units, the licensee 

reports the sum of the effluents from the shutdown unit with one (or both) of the operating units. 

For these shutdown reactors, the effluent data are included with (and attributed to) one or more 

of the operating units in this report. 

1.3 SOURCE OF DATA 

Each commercial nuclear power plant in the United States is authorized by the NRC to release 

small amounts of radioactive materials to the environment as specified in the licensing 

documents for the plant. NRC regulations require each NPP to establish and maintain a 

program for monitoring radioactive effluents (10 CFR 50.36 and 10 CFR 50, Appendix I, Section 

IV.B) and to report these effluents in an Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Report (10 CFR 

50.36a) (Ref. 24). Licensees submit their reports to the NRC with content and format in 

accordance with Regulatory Guide 1.21 (Ref. 25). 

The information included in this document was obtained from the licensees’ ARERRs. Individual 

licensee reports are available in the NRC Public Document Room, One White Flint North, 11555 

Rockville Pike (first floor), Rockville, Maryland 20852, phone 1-800-397-4209 or 301-415-4737; 

in local Public Document Rooms located near each licensed facility; and on the Internet as 

posted on the NRC’s public Web site at http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html. 

The data from these reports are entered into a database that is maintained by the NRC. The 

public may access this database through an NRC Web site (http://www.reirs.com/effluent/). The 

data are entered into the database as they are reported by each site. 

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA 

Some NPPs have more than one reactor unit located at a site. If the licensee reports data 

separately for each reactor unit, those data are reflected in this report as reported by the 

licensee. Because some licensees are allowed to operate multi-unit sites with a common 

radioactive waste processing system, the NRC allows these licensees to report total effluents 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-7 

from the site instead of reporting the totals from each reactor unit. This complicates the task of 

presenting the effluent information in a manner that allows both (1) a direct comparison of one 

reactor unit to another, and (2) a direct comparison of each reactor unit to NRC limits and 

regulations. 

For purposes of presentation in this report, the data are normalized on a per-unit basis. For 

multi-unit sites where the effluents are from a common radioactive waste system, the effluents 

are divided equally between the units in operation during that year. For example, Calvert Cliffs 

has two units (1 and 2) with a common radioactive waste processing system. For this report, the 

total effluents for Calvert Cliffs were split equally between Unit 1 and Unit 2. In the case of 

Beaver Valley, the licensee reports gaseous effluents from four sources: Unit 1, Unit 2, a 

common plant vent, and a common building vent. In this case, the releases from the common 

vents are split equally between Unit 1 and Unit 2, and the totals for each unit then are 

calculated. In those cases where the licensee does not report unit-specific data, the NRC has – 

for purposes of presentation in this report – split the data on a unit-specific basis. This may 

affect either the radionuclide data or the dose data (or both). The affected NPPs and the type of 

data affected are listed in table 1-2. 

Although there are other methods of normalizing effluent data (e.g., on the basis of thermal or 

electrical power generation), the unit-based method selected (1) is most intuitive, (2) is most 

directly comparable with the NRC required design objectives, and (3) is easily derived from the 

effluent data supplied by the licensee. This approach satisfies a primary objective for this report: 

to allow the reader to quickly formulate reasonable comparisons between reactors and with the 

regulatory limits. It should be noted, however, that the actual unit contributions to a common 

multi-unit release might be different than the equal distribution calculated with this approach. 

Care has been taken to assure that the information contained in this report accurately reflects 

the information provided by the licensees. The report includes licensees’ corrections submitted 

to the NRC up to the time of publication. However, if licensees submit amendments to the data 

in accordance with NRC regulatory guidance, the NRC reserves the right to update the data in 

future reports. For the most current data, the reader should use the most recent versions of the 

NPPs’ ARERRs and the NRC’s annual summary report, which are available on the NRC Web 

site. 
1-8 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 1.2 

Reactors for Which the NRC Has Normalized Data on a Unit-specific Basis 

Boiling Water 

Reactors (BWRs) 

Pressurized Water 

Reactors (PWRs) 

Browns Ferry 

1, 2 & 3 (R, D) 

Beaver Valley 

1 & 2 (R) 

Brunswick 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Calvert Cliffs 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Dresden 

2 & 3 (R) 

Catawba 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

LaSalle 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Comanche Peak 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Limerick 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Cook 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Nine Mile Point 

1 & 2 (D) 

Diablo Canyon 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Peach Bottom 

2 & 3 (R, D) 

Indian Point 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Quad Cities 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

McGuire 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Susquehanna 

1 & 2 (R) 

North Anna 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Oconee 

1, 2 & 3 (R, D) 

Point Beach 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Prairie Island 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

San Onofre 

2 & 3 (R, D) 

Sequoyah 

1 & 2 (R, D) 

Surry 

1 & 2 (D) 

Notes: 

R = Radionuclide Data, D = Dose Data 

. 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-1 

Section 2 

DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 

2.1 AIRBORNE AND LIQUID EFFLUENTS 

The effluent data are presented in Section 4 as tables and graphs. Tables 4.1 through 4.12 list 

the total measured activities of selected radionuclides in gaseous and liquid effluents during 

2008. These data are illustrated in Figures 4.1 through 4.12. If there is no value listed in a 

particular cell in a table, it is because the licensee indicated the radionuclide was not detected at 

that NPP. In those cases, the corresponding graph will not contain information on that 

radionuclide at that NPP. 

For comparison purposes, median values are included on some tables and graphs. The median 

is a statistical estimate of the midpoint of the data. It is a method of estimating a central or 

typical value while avoiding bias caused by extremely high or low values in the data set. All sites 

are included when calculating the medians, even those sites for which no measurable release of 

a particular radionuclide is reported. If the majority of reactors did not detect a nuclide, the 

median will be blank. 

The tables and graphs are organized by reactor type: boiling water reactors (BWRs) and 

pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The tables and graphs are further subdivided into liquid and 

gaseous effluents. Finally, the data are subdivided into effluent radionuclide categories. 

In order to present the airborne and liquid effluent data in a manner that is both useful and 

concise, only selected radionuclides are included in the tables and graphs of this report. The 

radionuclides included are listed by effluent category in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. 

The unit used for calculating and reporting effluent activity is the curie (Ci), a traditional unit for 

reporting radioactivity in the United States. Other countries report radionuclide activity in units of 

becquerels (Bq). One curie equals 3.7E+10 (3.7 x 1010) becquerels. 
2-2 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 2.1 

Radionuclides in Gaseous Effluents, 2008 

Gaseous Effluent 

Categories 

Some Common Radionuclides in 

this Category 

Radionuclides Included 

in this Report 

Fission and 

Activation Gases 

Krypton (85, 85m, 87, 88) 

Xenon (131, 131m, 133, 133m, 

135, 135m) 

Argon (41) 

Kr-85 

Xe-133 

Xe-135 

Iodines/Halogens Iodine (131, 132, 133, 134, 135) 

Bromine (82) 

I-131 

Particulates Cobalt (58, 60) 

Cesium (134, 137) 

Chromium (51) 

Manganese (54) 

Niobium (95) 

Co-58 

Co-60 

Cs-134 

Cs-137 

Tritium Hydrogen (3) H-3 

Gross Alpha Total alpha activity from all 

alpha emitters 

Not Presented in this Report 

The radionuclides highlighted in this report are good indicators of total radioactive releases from 

the site, and they can provide additional information about operational practices at the site. For 

example, although there are more than 11 radionuclides in the category of “fission and 

activation gases,” only 3 (Kr-85, Xe-133, and Xe-135) were selected for inclusion in this report. 

These three were chosen because as their activity increases, the activity of other fission and 

activation gases typically increases as well. Conversely, if the activity of these three 

radionuclides is very low, the activity of other fission and activation gases tends to be low also. 

In addition, the ratios of the activities of selected radionuclides can provide insights into fuel 

performance, radioactive waste system operation, and general radioactive waste handling 

practices at a site. The interested reader wanting to see all radionuclides released from NPPs is 

encouraged to review the detailed, site-specific ARERRs on the NRC Web site. 

 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-3 

TABLE 2.2 

Radionuclides in Liquid Effluents, 2008 

Liquid Effluent 

Categories 

Some Common Radionuclides in 

this Category 

Radionuclides Included 

in this Report 

Mixed Fission and 

Activation Products Iron (55) 

Cobalt (58, 60) 

Cesium (134, 137) 

Chromium (51) 

Manganese (54) 

Zirconium (95) 

Niobium (95) 

Iodine (131, 133, 135) 

Fe-55 

Co-58 

Co-60 

Cs-134 

Cs-137 

I-131 

Tritium Hydrogen (3) H-3 

Dissolved and 

Entrained Noble 

Gases 

Krypton (85, 85m, 87, 88) 

Xenon (131, 133, 133m, 135, 135m) 

Not Presented in this Report 

Alpha Total alpha activity from all alpha 

emitters 

Not Presented in this Report 

 

2.2 RADIATION DOSE TO THE PUBLIC 

Each licensee calculates radiation doses from radioactive effluents in accordance with 

requirements of 10 CFR 50, Appendix I, (Ref. 24) based on: 

1. actual measurements of the radioactive materials released to the environment, 

2. models of how radionuclides are dispersed and diluted in the environment, 

3. models of how radionuclides are incorporated into animals, plants, and soil, and 

4. biokinetic models of human uptake and metabolism of radioactive materials. 

These models are designed to calculate the doses to the individuals closest to the NPP or the 

individuals who may be exposed to the highest concentrations of radioactive materials from 

radioactive effluents. This is often referred to as the maximum exposed individual. The 

parameters and assumptions used in these calculations typically include conservative 

assumptions that tend to overestimate the calculated exposures. As a result, the actual doses 

received by real individuals are often much less than those calculated. Guidance for these 
2-4 Annual Report 2008

calculations is provided in NRC Regulatory Guide 1.109, and licensees have incorporated this 

guidance into their Offsite Dose Calculation Manuals (ODCM) (Ref. 26). ODCMs are available in 

the NRC Public Document Room and in local Public Document Rooms (e.g., public libraries) 

located near each NPP. The interested reader may refer to these documents for additional 

information about dose calculations. 

The traditional unit for reporting radiation dose in the United States is the millirem (mrem). Other 

countries report radiation dose in units of sieverts (Sv). One millirem equals 0.00001 sievert. 

The number 0.00001 is often represented in scientific notation as 1 x 10-5 or 1E-05. 

Once the doses are calculated as described in the preceding paragraphs, the calculated doses 

are compared to the operating limits for a NPP. Licensees have established operating limits for 

plant systems to control the amounts of radioactive materials released from NPPs. The NRC 

requires these operating limits to be established in accordance with the design objectives in 10 

CFR 50, Appendix I (Ref. 24). These operating limits are designed to ensure radioactive 

effluents from NPPs are kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). It should be 

understood that these are operating limits for plant systems and are not safety limits. If a 

licensee would exceed one of these operating limits, they are required to take corrective actions 

to ensure the plant systems are functioning as designed. Maintaining the design functions of 

plant systems is critical to ensure radioactive releases do not exceed the dose limits in 10 CFR 

20 (which are federal safety limits) (Ref. 27). For purposes of comparison, the operating limits 

are set to a small fraction (typically about 3%) of the federal safety limits. Licensees have 

incorporated several different operating limits into their ODCMs as required by their Technical 

Specifications to satisfy NRC regulatory requirements. 

Radiation doses from plant effluents are summarized in Section 4 (Tables 4.13 through 4.16

and Figures 4.13 through 4.16). These graphs and figures contain the annual organ doses (for 

gaseous and liquid effluents), the annual total body doses (for liquid effluents), and the 

corresponding operating limits. These doses are measures of the potential impact of NPP 

effluents on public health and the environment. For multi-unit sites, the operating limits are 

established on a per-unit basis. If there is no value listed in a particular cell of a table, it is 

because the value was not reported by the licensee. In such cases, the corresponding graph will 

not contain dose information for that NPP. Although only the annual organ doses and the annual 

total body doses are included in this report, other doses calculated by the NPPs are included in 

the individual NPP ARERRs, available on the NRC Web site. 

2.3 OTHER SOURCES OF RADIATION DOSE TO THE U.S. POPULATION 

For comparison with NPP effluents, this section provides a perspective on the doses that 

Americans typically receive on average from natural and background radiation. 

In March 2009, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) 

published Report No. 160 as an update to the 1987 NCRP Report No. 93, Ionizing Radiation 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-5 

Exposure of the Population of the United States (Refs. 28, 29). Report No. 160 describes the 

doses to the U.S. population from all sources of ionizing radiation for 2006, the most recent data 

available at the time the report was written. The report also includes information on the 

variability of those doses from one individual to another. The NCRP estimated that the average 

person in the United States receives the equivalent of about 620 mrem of radiation dose each 

year. NCRP Report No. 160 describes each of the sources of radiation that contribute to this 

dose, including: 

1. naturally-occurring sources (natural background) such as cosmic radiation from space, 

terrestrial radiation from radioactive materials in the earth, and naturally occurring 

radioactive materials in food people eat and air people breathe; 

2. medical sources from diagnosis and treatment of health disorders using radioactive 

pharmaceuticals and radiation-producing equipment; 

3. consumer products; 

4. industrial processes, security devices, educational tools, and research activities; 

5. exposures of workers that result from their occupations. 

Figure 2.1 is a pie chart showing the relative contributions of these sources to radiation dose to 

the U.S. population. Larger relative contributors to dose are represented by proportionally larger 

slices of the pie. Doses to the public from nuclear power generation are included in the industrial 

category; doses to workers from nuclear power generation are included in the category of 

occupational dose. 

Doses to the public due to effluents from NPPs are less than 0.1% of what the average person 

receives each year from all sources of radiation. Doses to workers from occupational 

exposures, including those received from work at NPPs, also are less than 0.1% of the average 

dose to a member of the public from all sources. 
2-6 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 2.1 

Sources of Radiation Exposure to the U.S. Population 

Percent contribution of various sources of exposure to the total collective effective dose and the 

total effective dose per individual in the U.S. population for 2006. Percent values have been 

rounded to the nearest 1%, except for those <1 % [less than 1%]. Credit: Modification to image 

courtesy of National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 3-1 

Section 3 

SUMMARY 

The effluent data from 2008 have been compiled and reported in the following section. The 

information contained in this report characterizes liquid and gaseous effluents from all United 

States nuclear power plants (NPPs) in commercial operation for calendar year 2008. Although 

all NPPs released some amount of radioactive materials in 2008, none of the effluents from any 

NPP exceeded any NRC limit, any NRC design objective, or any of the licensees’ operating 

limits for radioactive effluents. 

The effluent data provided in this report are considered by the NRC to be particularly relevant to 

the potential impact of the NPPs on public health and the environment. The radionuclides 

highlighted in this report are good indicators of the total radioactive releases from the site and 

they provide additional information about operational practices at a site. The radiation doses in 

this report are those most directly associated with potential public health impact from radioactive 

effluents. 

The statistical medians of the effluent values, the corresponding operating limits, and the results 

of NCRP’s assessment of radiation exposure to the U.S. population are provided for comparison 

to the effluent data. Comparisons between NPPs should be approached with caution because 

differences in fuel conditions, fuel cycle length, radwaste processing equipment, reactor types, 

reactor ages, electrical outputs, and operating conditions can have an effect on radioactive 

effluents. 

More complete and detailed information, including copies of the NPP Annual Radioactive 

Effluent Release Reports, is available to the public on the NRC Web site. 
3-2 Annual Report 2008

This page intentionally left blank
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-1 

Section 4 

TABLES AND GRAPHS 

4.1 EFFLUENT DATA 

TABLE 4.1 

BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 

BWR Facility Kr-85 

(Ci)

Xe-133 

(Ci)

Xe-135

(Ci)

Browns 

Ferry 1 

Browns 

Ferry 2 

Browns 

Ferry 3 

Hatch 1 

Hatch 2 

Susquehanna 

1 

Susquehanna 

2 

Vermont 

Yankee 

Clinton 1.10E-03 

Nine Mile 

Point 1 3.29E-01 3.41E-05 

Fermi 2 3.60E-01 

Hope Creek 9.91E-02 1.08E+00

Perry 2.28E-02 2.29E+00

Cooper 

Station 1.85E-01 2.25E+00

Duane Arnold 3.00E+00

Limerick 2 4.10E-01 7.99E-01 1.90E+00

Oyster Creek 7.55E+00

BWR Median 

Release 7.99E-01 2.25E+00

BWR Facility Kr-85

(Ci)

Xe-133 

(Ci)

Xe-135

(Ci)

Columbia 

Generating 8.80E+00

Quad Cities 1 8.91E+00 1.36E+00

Quad Cities 2 8.91E+00 1.36E+00

Dresden 2 2.94E+00 1.77E+01

Dresden 3 2.94E+00 1.77E+01

Pilgrim 1.22E+01 1.77E+01

Limerick 1 4.10E-01 2.25E+01 1.33E+01

Nine Mile 

Point 2 4.31E+01 6.86E+00

Brunswick 1 2.00E+01 6.18E+01

Brunswick 2 2.00E+01 6.18E+01

Fitzpatrick 6.61E+01 1.70E+01

River Bend 1.13E+01 8.84E+01

Peach 

Bottom 2 1.04E+02 7.62E+00

Peach 

Bottom 3 1.04E+02 7.62E+00

Grand Gulf 9.91E-02 9.58E+01 4.18E+01

LaSalle 1 2.21E+02 1.39E+00

LaSalle 2 2.21E+02 1.39E+00

Monticello 2.83E+02 6.68E+01
4-2 Annual Report 2008

 

TABLE 4.2 

BWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine, 2008 

BWR Facility I-131 (Ci)

Limerick 1 

Limerick 2 

Perry 

Susquehanna 1 

Susquehanna 2 

Clinton 3.53E-05 

Vermont Yankee 4.20E-05 

Hatch 1 8.33E-05 

Hatch 2 1.15E-04 

Cooper Station 1.29E-04 

Duane Arnold 1.30E-04 

Columbia Generating 3.95E-04 

Oyster Creek 4.25E-04 

Nine Mile Point 1 4.36E-04 

Browns Ferry 1 6.92E-04 

Browns Ferry 2 6.92E-04 

Browns Ferry 3 6.92E-04 

BWR Median Release 7.27E-04 

BWR Facility I-131 (Ci)

Dresden 2 7.27E-04 

Dresden 3 7.27E-04 

Quad Cities 1 8.33E-04 

Quad Cities 2 8.33E-04 

Fitzpatrick 9.57E-04 

Peach Bottom 2 3.28E-03 

Peach Bottom 3 3.28E-03 

Fermi 2 3.90E-03 

Nine Mile Point 2 4.19E-03 

River Bend 5.13E-03 

Hope Creek 7.24E-03 

Pilgrim 8.31E-03 

Grand Gulf 1.18E-02 

Monticello 1.23E-02 

LaSalle 1 2.32E-02 

LaSalle 2 2.32E-02 

Brunswick 1 5.91E-02 

Brunswick 2 5.91E-02 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-3 

TABLE 4.3 

BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates, 2008 

BWR Facility Co-58 

(Ci) 

Co-60 

(Ci) 

Cs-134 

(Ci) 

Cs-137 

(Ci) 

Perry 

Vermont Yankee 

Hatch 2 3.76E-07 

Oyster Creek 7.17E-06 

Duane Arnold 3.89E-06 9.67E-06 3.47E-07 

Grand Gulf 4.81E-06 1.02E-05 1.26E-06 

Hatch 1 5.94E-06 1.33E-05 

Susquehanna 1 2.03E-05 

Susquehanna 2 2.03E-05 

Limerick 2 8.00E-07 2.19E-05 

Pilgrim 1.69E-05 1.04E-05 

Limerick 1 8.00E-07 2.96E-05 

Fitzpatrick 3.68E-06 2.72E-05 

Peach Bottom 2 1.52E-07 3.07E-05 9.21E-06 

Peach Bottom 3 1.52E-07 3.07E-05 9.21E-06 

River Bend 1.66E-06 4.29E-05 

Clinton 5.61E-05 

BWR Median Release 8.00E-07 5.92E-05 1.90E-06 
4-4 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.3 (continued)

BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates, 2008

BWR Facility Co-58 

(Ci) 

Co-60 

(Ci) 

Cs-134 

(Ci) 

Cs-137 

(Ci) 

Fermi 2 1.45E-05 6.29E-05 

Hope Creek 8.30E-05 

Browns Ferry 1 5.91E-06 5.92E-05 2.69E-06 2.81E-05 

Browns Ferry 2 5.91E-06 5.92E-05 2.69E-06 2.81E-05 

Browns Ferry 3 5.91E-06 5.92E-05 2.69E-06 2.81E-05 

Nine Mile Point 2 1.36E-04 2.20E-06 

Dresden 2 9.75E-07 1.44E-04 6.87E-06 

Dresden 3 9.75E-07 1.44E-04 6.87E-06 

Columbia Generating 1.91E-05 2.51E-04 

LaSalle 1 3.05E-04 3.09E-05 

LaSalle 2 3.05E-04 3.09E-05 

Brunswick 1 6.01E-05 2.92E-04 3.70E-06 

Brunswick 2 6.01E-05 2.92E-04 3.70E-06 

Cooper Station 2.36E-05 4.50E-04 1.90E-06 

Monticello 8.13E-08 2.87E-04 1.89E-04 

Quad Cities 1 2.96E-06 6.54E-04 2.98E-05 

Quad Cities 2 2.96E-06 6.54E-04 2.98E-05 

Nine Mile Point 1 1.03E-03 1.47E-05 

 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-5 

TABLE 4.4 

BWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium, 2008 

BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) 

Perry 

Hope Creek 3.59E-03 

Vermont Yankee 5.51E+00

Dresden 2 1.02E+01

Dresden 3 1.02E+01

Grand Gulf 1.03E+01

Limerick 1 1.08E+01

Limerick 2 1.08E+01

Fitzpatrick 1.50E+01

Cooper Station 1.75E+01

River Bend 1.79E+01

Peach Bottom 2 2.16E+01

Peach Bottom 3 2.16E+01

Oyster Creek 2.76E+01

Hatch 1 2.89E+01

LaSalle 1 2.92E+01

LaSalle 2 2.92E+01

BWR Median Release 2.99E+01

BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) 

Susquehanna 1 2.99E+01

Susquehanna 2 2.99E+01

Monticello 3.13E+01

Nine Mile Point 1 3.20E+01

Columbia Generating 3.48E+01

Hatch 2 3.67E+01

Clinton 3.77E+01

Quad Cities 1 5.10E+01

Quad Cities 2 5.10E+01

Duane Arnold 5.93E+01

Browns Ferry 1 6.13E+01

Browns Ferry 2 6.13E+01

Browns Ferry 3 6.13E+01

Pilgrim 7.23E+01

Fermi 2 7.91E+01

Nine Mile Point 2 9.14E+01

Brunswick 1 1.48E+02

Brunswick 2 1.48E+02
4-6 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.5 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 

PWR Facility Kr-85 (Ci) Xe-133 (Ci) Xe-135 (Ci) 

Palo Verde 3 

Indian Point 3 3.17E-03 

Farley 2 8.82E-03 

Farley 1 2.68E-02 

Seabrook 2.56E-02 6.69E-03 4.81E-04 

Beaver Valley 1 3.87E-02 1.62E-05 

McGuire 1 4.00E-02 2.23E-02 2.39E-03 

McGuire 2 4.00E-02 2.23E-02 2.39E-03 

Beaver Valley 2 5.29E-02 2.01E-02 

Kewaunee 7.65E-02 4.61E-03 

Wolf Creek 3.18E-03 2.31E-01 

Vogtle 1 2.56E-02 2.14E-01 

Prairie Island 1 2.66E-01 2.63E-04 

Prairie Island 2 2.66E-01 2.63E-04 

Harris 2.64E-01 1.29E-02 

St. Lucie 2 2.82E-01 1.74E-03 

Catawba 1 7.45E-03 2.65E-01 1.26E-02 

Catawba 2 7.45E-03 2.65E-01 1.26E-02 

Point Beach 1 6.85E-04 1.51E-01 1.39E-01 

Point Beach 2 6.85E-04 1.51E-01 1.39E-01 

Salem 1 2.71E-01 2.39E-02 

St. Lucie 1 6.79E-02 2.99E-01 

Three Mile Island 1 2.08E-01 1.59E-01 2.43E-03 

Palo Verde 1 4.35E-01 5.37E-03 

Surry 1 4.00E-01 1.15E-01 1.51E-02 

Surry 2 4.00E-01 1.15E-01 1.51E-02 

Sequoyah 1 1.85E-01 4.60E-01 2.93E-02 

Sequoyah 2 1.85E-01 4.60E-01 2.93E-02 

Salem 2 6.29E-01 4.98E-02 

North Anna 1 3.75E-01 3.00E-01 1.62E-02 

North Anna 2 3.75E-01 3.00E-01 1.62E-02 

Summer 7.56E-01 5.34E-01 

Byron 1 1.42E+00 2.52E-03 

Byron 2 2.08E+00 2.12E-03 

Fort Calhoun 2.59E-03 3.01E+00 8.81E-02 

PWR Median Release 2.08E-01 2.08E+00 2.39E-02 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-7 

TABLE 4.5 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 

PWR Facility Kr-85 (Ci) Xe-133 (Ci) Xe-135 (Ci) 

Watts Bar 5.27E-02 3.01E+00 5.12E-02 

Crystal River 3 5.71E-01 2.58E+00 1.20E-01 

Ginna 2.99E+00 4.68E-01 

Oconee 1 2.07E+00 3.61E+00 8.66E-02 

Oconee 2 2.07E+00 3.61E+00 8.66E-02 

Oconee 3 2.07E+00 3.61E+00 8.66E-02 

South Texas 1 7.19E+00 

Palisades 5.28E-02 1.17E+01 2.57E-01 

Cook 1 7.69E+00 6.33E+00 1.68E-01 

Cook 2 7.69E+00 6.33E+00 1.68E-01 

Millstone 2 6.24E+00 1.22E+01 6.68E-02 

South Texas 2 7.81E-02 1.89E+01 8.07E-04 

Arkansas 1 8.93E-01 2.10E+01 

Diablo Canyon 1 5.90E-01 2.57E+01 9.56E-05 

Diablo Canyon 2 5.90E-01 2.57E+01 9.56E-05 

Davis-Besse 1.87E+00 2.51E+01 

Braidwood 1 3.20E+00 2.53E+01 1.12E+00 

San Onofre 2 1.47E+00 3.66E+01 

San Onofre 3 1.47E+00 3.66E+01 

Indian Point 2 4.56E+01 1.43E+00 7.98E-02 

Turkey Point 4 2.24E-01 4.35E+01 6.85E+00 

Turkey Point 3 2.24E-01 5.06E+01 6.85E+00 

Millstone 3 6.03E+00 5.34E+01 1.64E+00 

Arkansas 2 2.41E+00 6.97E+01 1.94E+00 

Callaway 2.60E+00 1.04E+02 1.20E+00 

Palo Verde 2 1.93E+00 1.25E+02 2.00E+00 

Robinson 2 5.41E+00 1.47E+02 9.44E-01 

Braidwood 2 3.21E+00 2.75E+02 3.55E+00 

Calvert Cliffs 1 5.24E+01 2.68E+02 6.67E+00 

Calvert Cliffs 2 5.24E+01 2.68E+02 6.67E+00 

Comanche Peak 1 4.53E-01 4.85E+02 6.00E+00 

Comanche Peak 2 4.53E-01 4.85E+02 6.00E+00 

Waterford 3 1.26E+00 5.09E+02 1.25E+01 

Vogtle 2 2.01E-01 6.23E+02 5.53E+00 
4-8 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.6 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine, 2008 

PWR Facility I-131 (Ci) 

Catawba 1 

Catawba 2 

Harris 

Indian Point 2 

Indian Point 3 

Kewaunee 

Prairie Island 1 

Prairie Island 2 

Sequoyah 1 

Sequoyah 2 

Wolf Creek 

Seabrook 5.85E-10

North Anna 1 1.65E-08

North Anna 2 1.65E-08

Farley 2 3.11E-08

Ginna 3.44E-08

Beaver Valley 1 5.85E-08

Beaver Valley 2 5.85E-08

Surry 1 1.27E-07

Surry 2 1.27E-07

Crystal River 3 1.02E-06

South Texas 1 1.18E-06

Point Beach 1 1.71E-06

Point Beach 2 1.71E-06

McGuire 1 2.65E-06

McGuire 2 2.65E-06

Vogtle 2 4.16E-06

Three Mile Island 1 5.85E-06

Salem 1 6.16E-06

Palo Verde 3 8.62E-06

St. Lucie 1 1.20E-05

Farley 1 1.55E-05

Fort Calhoun 1.82E-05

Salem 2 1.84E-05

Vogtle 1 1.88E-05

PWR Facility I-131 (Ci) 

PWR Median 1.88E-05 

Summer 2.01E-05 

Byron 1 2.14E-05 

Callaway 3.75E-05 

Oconee 1 3.96E-05 

Oconee 2 3.96E-05 

Oconee 3 3.96E-05 

Palo Verde 1 6.56E-05 

Comanche Peak 1 7.02E-05 

Comanche Peak 2 7.02E-05 

Turkey Point 3 8.94E-05 

Turkey Point 4 8.94E-05 

St. Lucie 2 9.11E-05 

Byron 2 9.94E-05 

Arkansas 1 1.31E-04 

Davis-Besse 1.44E-04 

Waterford 3 1.50E-04 

Watts Bar 1.53E-04 

Cook 1 1.97E-04 

Cook 2 1.97E-04 

Palisades 3.65E-04 

San Onofre 2 6.22E-04 

San Onofre 3 6.22E-04 

Arkansas 2 7.45E-04 

Braidwood 1 1.18E-03 

Braidwood 2 1.32E-03 

Millstone 2 1.34E-03 

South Texas 2 1.75E-03 

Diablo Canyon 1 2.36E-03 

Diablo Canyon 2 2.36E-03 

Robinson 2 2.46E-03 

Millstone 3 4.60E-03 

Palo Verde 2 8.13E-03 

Calvert Cliffs 1 8.64E-03 

Calvert Cliffs 2 8.64E-03 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-9 

TABLE 4.7 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates, 2008 

PWR Facility Co-58 

(Ci) 

Co-60 

(Ci) 

Cs-134 

(Ci) 

Cs-137 

(Ci) 

Arkansas 1 

Braidwood 1 

Braidwood 2 

Catawba 1 

Catawba 2 

Davis-Besse 

Farley 1 

Fort Calhoun 

Indian Point 3 

Palo Verde 3 

Sequoyah 1 

Sequoyah 2 

Summer 

Three Mile Island 1 

Turkey Point 3 

Vogtle 1 

Wolf Creek 

Farley 2 2.47E-08 

Turkey Point 4 4.39E-08 

Ginna 1.34E-07 

Watts Bar 5.52E-08 8.95E-08 

Prairie Island 1 1.51E-07 2.66E-08 

Prairie Island 2 1.51E-07 2.66E-08 

Palisades 6.72E-07 

Arkansas 2 1.02E-06 

Crystal River 3 6.99E-07 3.82E-07 

Cook 1 1.31E-06 

Cook 2 1.31E-06 

Robinson 2 1.04E-06 2.09E-07 1.33E-07 

Oconee 1 4.70E-07 9.96E-07 

Oconee 2 4.70E-07 9.96E-07 

Oconee 3 4.70E-07 9.96E-07 

Kewaunee 1.22E-06 2.46E-07 1.52E-07 

Seabrook 2.32E-06 1.43E-08 

Surry 1 2.37E-06 7.45E-08 

PWR Median Release 1.02E-06 
4-10 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.7 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates, 2008 

PWR Facility Co-58 

 (Ci) 

Co-60 

(Ci) 

Cs-134 

(Ci) 

Cs-137 

(Ci) 

Surry 2 2.37E-06 7.45E-08 

Byron 2 3.88E-06 

Waterford 3 2.94E-06 7.95E-07 8.43E-07 

Byron 1 4.80E-06 

St. Lucie 2 9.27E-08 5.07E-06 

Calvert Cliffs 1 3.29E-06 3.07E-06 

Calvert Cliffs 2 3.29E-06 3.07E-06 

Point Beach 1 2.77E-06 4.32E-06 6.65E-08 

Point Beach 2 2.77E-06 4.32E-06 6.65E-08 

Millstone 2 6.06E-06 2.06E-06 1.41E-06 

North Anna 1 2.42E-06 8.92E-06 8.70E-07 

North Anna 2 2.42E-06 8.92E-06 8.70E-07 

Diablo Canyon 1 2.06E-05 

Diablo Canyon 2 2.06E-05 

Salem 1 2.55E-05 

Vogtle 2 2.72E-05 

McGuire 1 3.16E-05 

McGuire 2 3.16E-05 

Beaver Valley 1 3.24E-05 

Comanche Peak 1 3.61E-05 6.16E-06 

Comanche Peak 2 3.61E-05 6.16E-06 

Callaway 5.06E-07 4.38E-05 3.19E-07 

Harris 5.17E-05 

Beaver Valley 2 5.96E-05 9.17E-07 9.17E-07 

Indian Point 2 1.28E-04 

Salem 2 1.50E-04 

South Texas 1 1.33E-04 3.17E-05 

Palo Verde 1 2.15E-04 2.53E-05 2.05E-06 

St. Lucie 1 1.19E-05 2.38E-04 9.63E-06 

Millstone 3 2.81E-04 7.81E-05 1.52E-05 9.54E-06 

South Texas 2 4.15E-04 7.51E-05 

San Onofre 2 2.82E-04 2.82E-04 1.33E-05 

San Onofre 3 2.82E-04 2.82E-04 1.33E-05 

Palo Verde 2 9.88E-04 1.06E-04 3.54E-06 

 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-11 

TABLE 4.8 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium, 2008 

PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) 

Calvert Cliffs 1 2.64E+00 

Calvert Cliffs 2 2.64E+00 

Fort Calhoun 3.13E+00 

Summer 3.41E+00 

Prairie Island 1 5.20E+00 

Prairie Island 2 5.20E+00 

Vogtle 2 6.72E+00 

Beaver Valley 1 8.00E+00 

Beaver Valley 2 8.00E+00 

Robinson 2 8.42E+00 

Indian Point 2 9.86E+00 

Farley 1 1.07E+01 

Millstone 2 1.15E+01 

Indian Point 3 1.20E+01 

North Anna 1 1.35E+01 

North Anna 2 1.35E+01 

Turkey Point 4 1.43E+01 

Vogtle 1 1.52E+01 

Crystal River 3 1.56E+01 

St. Lucie 2 1.59E+01 

Oconee 1 1.65E+01 

Oconee 2 1.65E+01 

Oconee 3 1.65E+01 

Turkey Point 3 1.69E+01 

Surry 1 2.36E+01 

Surry 2 2.36E+01 

Arkansas 2 2.59E+01 

Arkansas 1 2.62E+01 

Kewaunee 2.62E+01 

Byron 1 2.86E+01 

Farley 2 2.88E+01 

Sequoyah 1 2.99E+01 

Sequoyah 2 2.99E+01 

Comanche Peak 1 3.06E+01 

Comanche Peak 2 3.06E+01 

PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) 

PWR Median Release 3.06E+01 

Point Beach 1 3.21E+01 

Point Beach 2 3.21E+01 

San Onofre 2 3.37E+01 

San Onofre 3 3.37E+01 

Braidwood 1 3.42E+01 

Wolf Creek 3.71E+01 

Palisades 3.80E+01 

St. Lucie 1 4.00E+01 

Watts Bar 4.20E+01 

South Texas 2 4.27E+01 

South Texas 1 4.83E+01 

Callaway 4.94E+01 

Byron 2 5.38E+01 

Ginna 5.43E+01 

Salem 2 6.06E+01 

Davis-Besse 6.63E+01 

Waterford 3 6.79E+01 

Three Mile Island 1 7.20E+01 

Millstone 3 7.48E+01 

Diablo Canyon 1 7.98E+01 

Diablo Canyon 2 7.98E+01 

Braidwood 2 9.14E+01 

Seabrook 9.60E+01 

McGuire 1 1.13E+02 

McGuire 2 1.13E+02 

Cook 1 1.21E+02 

Cook 2 1.21E+02 

Catawba 1 1.29E+02 

Catawba 2 1.29E+02 

Salem 1 2.18E+02 

Harris 2.60E+02 

Palo Verde 2 3.50E+02 

Palo Verde 3 4.96E+02 

Palo Verde 1 8.69E+02 

 
4-12 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.9 

BWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 

BWR Facility Co-58 

(Ci) 

Co-60 

(Ci) 

Cs-134 

(Ci) 

Cs-137 

(Ci) 

Fe-55 

(Ci) 

I-131 

(Ci) 

Vermont Yankee 

Clinton 

Columbia Generating 

Duane Arnold 

Fermi 2 

Fitzpatrick 

LaSalle 1 

LaSalle 2 

Limerick 1 

Limerick 2 

Monticello 

Nine Mile Point 1 

Oyster Creek 

Pilgrim 

Dresden 2 3.35E-05 1.91E-06

Dresden 3 3.35E-05 1.91E-06

Susquehanna 1 1.24E-04 3.92E-04

BWR Median Release 1.94E-04

Susquehanna 2 1.24E-04 3.92E-04

Quad Cities 1 1.94E-04 6.75E-04

Quad Cities 2 1.94E-04 6.75E-04

Nine Mile Point 2 2.00E-05 1.30E-03

Brunswick 1 1.91E-05 5.82E-04 2.19E-05 1.10E-04 1.10E-03

Brunswick 2 1.91E-05 5.82E-04 2.19E-05 1.10E-04 1.10E-03

Cooper Station 1.18E-03 7.26E-05 1.43E-03 2.12E-04 

Browns Ferry 1 1.51E-05 1.03E-03 3.01E-04 1.95E-03 5.00E-05 

Browns Ferry 2 1.51E-05 1.03E-03 3.01E-04 1.95E-03 5.00E-05 

Browns Ferry 3 1.51E-05 1.03E-03 3.01E-04 1.95E-03 5.00E-05 

Hatch 2 2.96E-05 5.94E-04 1.39E-04 6.42E-03 1.02E-06

River Bend 1.84E-05 6.34E-03 1.01E-03 

Perry 1.30E-02

Hope Creek 2.02E-05 1.82E-03 3.37E-04 5.02E-04 1.25E-02 6.63E-06

Hatch 1 4.07E-05 2.41E-03 3.80E-06 8.56E-04 1.86E-02 

Peach Bottom 2 2.93E-03 7.66E-02 6.05E-05 5.22E-04 3.61E-03 8.99E-06

Peach Bottom 3 2.93E-03 7.66E-02 6.05E-05 5.22E-04 3.61E-03 8.99E-06

Grand Gulf 6.97E-03 2.13E-02 9.36E-05 9.07E-02 3.73E-04

 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-13 

TABLE 4.10 

BWR Liquid Releases — Tritium, 2008 

BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) 

Clinton 

Columbia Generating 

Fermi 2 

LaSalle 1 

LaSalle 2 

Monticello 

Nine Mile Point 1 

Oyster Creek 

Pilgrim 

Vermont Yankee 

Duane Arnold 1.13E-03 

Dresden 2 4.09E-02 

Dresden 3 4.09E-02 

Cooper Station 8.74E-01 

Peach Bottom 2 1.40E+00

Peach Bottom 3 1.40E+00

Browns Ferry 1 2.45E+00

BWR Median Release 2.45E+00

BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) 

Browns Ferry 2 2.45E+00

Browns Ferry 3 2.45E+00

Quad Cities 1 2.83E+00

Quad Cities 2 2.83E+00

Fitzpatrick 3.81E+00

Hope Creek 6.47E+00

Nine Mile Point 2 7.26E+00

Hatch 2 1.44E+01

Susquehanna 1 1.65E+01

Susquehanna 2 1.65E+01

Limerick 1 2.06E+01

Limerick 2 2.06E+01

Perry 2.07E+01

Hatch 1 2.98E+01

River Bend 7.72E+01

Grand Gulf 9.89E+01

Brunswick 1 1.27E+02

Brunswick 2 1.27E+02
4-14 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.11 

PWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 

PWR Facility Co-58 

(Ci) 

Co-60

(Ci) 

Cs-134

(Ci) 

Cs-137

(Ci) 

Fe-55 

(Ci) 

I-131

(Ci) 

Palo Verde 1 

Palo Verde 2 

Palo Verde 3 

Three Mile Island 1 1.90E-04

Cook 1 1.93E-03 3.53E-04 2.02E-05 2.31E-05 6.95E-04 1.04E-05

Cook 2 1.93E-03 3.53E-04 2.02E-05 2.31E-05 6.95E-04 1.04E-05

Oconee 1 2.89E-03 2.08E-04 7.55E-05

Oconee 2 2.89E-03 2.08E-04 7.55E-05

Oconee 3 2.89E-03 2.08E-04 7.55E-05

Fort Calhoun 1.23E-03 1.17E-03 6.17E-05 8.65E-04 1.38E-03

Ginna 4.59E-03 4.24E-04

Crystal River 3 1.50E-03 3.09E-03 1.49E-04 8.39E-04 

Catawba 1 4.83E-03 1.93E-03 1.42E-05 3.45E-06

Catawba 2 4.83E-03 1.93E-03 1.42E-05 3.45E-06

Indian Point 3 6.51E-05 4.21E-03 1.98E-04 5.40E-04 1.87E-03 

South Texas 1 1.87E-03 3.81E-03 5.37E-05 5.12E-04 1.05E-03 

Comanche Peak 1 5.97E-03 5.01E-04 8.39E-04 

Comanche Peak 2 5.97E-03 5.01E-04 8.39E-04 

Farley 1 1.96E-03 4.21E-03 1.62E-06 1.49E-04 1.48E-03 

Diablo Canyon 1 2.50E-03 1.56E-03 1.18E-06 1.13E-06 3.91E-03 3.72E-05

Diablo Canyon 2 2.50E-03 1.56E-03 1.18E-06 1.13E-06 3.91E-03 3.72E-05

Byron 1 6.59E-03 1.60E-03 6.45E-06 2.98E-05

Byron 2 6.59E-03 1.60E-03 6.45E-06 2.98E-05

South Texas 2 8.51E-04 4.84E-03 3.45E-05 2.34E-04 2.00E-03 4.51E-04

Robinson 2 3.57E-03 2.84E-03 4.45E-06 6.59E-05 1.87E-03 1.75E-04

Salem 2 8.29E-03 9.18E-04 7.00E-08 2.41E-05

Surry 1 5.09E-03 2.99E-03 1.37E-03 2.02E-06

Surry 2 5.09E-03 2.99E-03 1.37E-03 2.02E-06

St. Lucie 1 3.64E-03 1.56E-03 2.36E-06 3.58E-05 5.55E-03 

St. Lucie 2 3.64E-03 1.56E-03 2.36E-06 3.58E-05 5.55E-03 

Davis-Besse 2.82E-03 1.11E-04 2.10E-05 8.94E-05 7.89E-03 2.13E-04

Harris 8.03E-03 3.19E-03 1.49E-03 

San Onofre 2 5.98E-03 3.71E-03 5.13E-05 2.80E-04 4.08E-03 

San Onofre 3 5.98E-03 3.71E-03 5.13E-05 2.80E-04 4.08E-03 

Summer 1.53E-03 4.54E-03 4.48E-04 8.62E-04 6.93E-03 3.18E-06

PWR Median Release 5.97E-03 3.09E-03 1.26E-05 2.18E-04 2.75E-03 2.02E-06
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-15 

TABLE 4.11 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008

PWR Facility Co-58 

(Ci) 

Co-60

(Ci) 

Cs-134

(Ci) 

Cs-137

(Ci) 

Fe-55 

(Ci) 

I-131 

(Ci) 

Palisades 1.20E-02 3.31E-03 3.05E-05 6.39E-06

Farley 2 2.57E-03 1.02E-02 6.08E-04 3.84E-03 

Kewaunee 4.83E-03 2.00E-03 9.99E-07 1.17E-02 

Waterford 3 4.70E-03 2.23E-03 3.27E-05 3.59E-05 1.16E-02 4.12E-05

Salem 1 1.20E-02 3.10E-03 6.15E-05 3.65E-03

Vogtle 1 4.84E-03 4.46E-03 3.33E-05 7.42E-04 8.77E-03 1.34E-05

McGuire 1 1.03E-02 4.20E-03 1.01E-03 4.11E-03

McGuire 2 1.03E-02 4.20E-03 1.01E-03 4.11E-03

Indian Point 2 3.68E-03 2.04E-03 5.16E-04 1.35E-02

Seabrook 6.22E-03 1.36E-03 1.34E-02 

Calvert Cliffs 1 5.43E-03 3.58E-03 2.27E-03 3.58E-03 9.15E-03 2.21E-03

Calvert Cliffs 2 5.43E-03 3.58E-03 2.27E-03 3.58E-03 9.15E-03 2.21E-03

Point Beach 1 1.89E-02 5.49E-03 4.68E-05 2.75E-03 4.66E-07

Point Beach 2 1.89E-02 5.49E-03 4.68E-05 2.75E-03 4.66E-07

Sequoyah 1 9.32E-03 5.75E-03 1.26E-05 2.18E-04 1.30E-02 8.95E-06

Sequoyah 2 9.32E-03 5.75E-03 1.26E-05 2.18E-04 1.30E-02 8.95E-06

Braidwood 1 1.61E-02 6.17E-03 1.23E-03 1.02E-03 4.07E-03 4.40E-04

Braidwood 2 1.61E-02 6.17E-03 1.23E-03 1.04E-03 4.07E-03 4.40E-04

Vogtle 2 1.33E-02 8.50E-03 1.70E-04 1.29E-03 6.64E-03 6.29E-05

North Anna 1 9.93E-03 2.00E-02 1.61E-04 9.94E-04 3.73E-03 

North Anna 2 9.93E-03 2.00E-02 1.61E-04 9.94E-04 3.73E-03 

Millstone 3 1.34E-02 1.12E-02 5.60E-04 6.25E-04 1.02E-02 1.10E-03

Arkansas 1 1.61E-02 1.59E-03 4.50E-03 7.86E-03 6.82E-03 1.03E-03

Turkey Point 4 1.85E-02 8.55E-03 4.06E-04 5.05E-04 1.17E-02 4.01E-05

Turkey Point 3 1.85E-02 8.55E-03 4.21E-04 5.19E-04 1.17E-02 1.23E-04

Watts Bar 8.36E-03 2.19E-03 3.92E-04 4.51E-04 2.85E-02 1.30E-04

Arkansas 2 7.05E-03 1.24E-03 8.24E-04 1.63E-03 2.94E-02 3.85E-05

Millstone 2 9.91E-03 2.28E-02 8.87E-05 6.82E-04 3.06E-02 

Wolf Creek 7.82E-02 2.91E-03 2.76E-06 1.17E-02 8.73E-04 1.17E-04

Prairie Island 1 6.45E-02 5.29E-03 1.23E-06 3.74E-06 7.68E-02 1.54E-05

Prairie Island 2 6.45E-02 5.29E-03 1.23E-06 3.74E-06 7.68E-02 1.54E-05

Beaver Valley 1 5.05E-02 1.49E-02 2.68E-05 8.08E-04 8.14E-02 

Beaver Valley 2 5.05E-02 1.49E-02 2.68E-05 8.08E-04 8.14E-02 

Callaway 1.31E-01 2.74E-02 1.13E-03 2.93E-03 8.61E-03 1.86E-03

 
4-16 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.12 

PWR Liquid Releases — Tritium, 2008 

PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) 

Palo Verde 1 

Palo Verde 2 

Palo Verde 3 

Kewaunee 1.59E+02

Three Mile Island 1 1.67E+02

St. Lucie 1 1.70E+02

St. Lucie 2 1.70E+02

Fort Calhoun 1.77E+02

Indian Point 2 2.10E+02

Prairie Island 1 2.19E+02

Prairie Island 2 2.19E+02

Seabrook 2.21E+02

Oconee 1 2.52E+02

Oconee 2 2.52E+02

Oconee 3 2.52E+02

Davis-Besse 2.58E+02

Point Beach 1 2.67E+02

Point Beach 2 2.67E+02

Salem 2 2.67E+02

Surry 1 3.01E+02

Surry 2 3.01E+02

Harris 3.26E+02

Turkey Point 3 3.27E+02

Turkey Point 4 3.27E+02

Ginna 3.30E+02

Catawba 1 3.35E+02

Catawba 2 3.35E+02

Crystal River 3 3.48E+02

Salem 1 4.24E+02

Waterford 3 4.45E+02

Millstone 2 4.77E+02

San Onofre 2 5.22E+02

San Onofre 3 5.22E+02

Arkansas 2 5.26E+02

Farley 1 5.62E+02

PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) 

PWR Median Release 5.26E+02

Vogtle 1 5.85E+02

Robinson 2 5.96E+02

Calvert Cliffs 1 6.01E+02

Calvert Cliffs 2 6.01E+02

Farley 2 6.13E+02

Sequoyah 1 6.35E+02

Sequoyah 2 6.35E+02

North Anna 1 6.47E+02

North Anna 2 6.47E+02

Arkansas 1 6.61E+02

Indian Point 3 6.67E+02

Millstone 3 6.95E+02

Braidwood 1 7.05E+02

Braidwood 2 7.05E+02

South Texas 1 7.17E+02

Wolf Creek 7.29E+02

Palisades 7.38E+02

Beaver Valley 1 7.52E+02

Beaver Valley 2 7.52E+02

Vogtle 2 7.78E+02

McGuire 1 8.15E+02

McGuire 2 8.15E+02

Summer 8.45E+02

Cook 1 1.01E+03

Cook 2 1.01E+03

Diablo Canyon 1 1.20E+03

Diablo Canyon 2 1.20E+03

Comanche Peak 1 1.21E+03

Comanche Peak 2 1.21E+03

South Texas 2 1.39E+03

Byron 1 1.50E+03

Byron 2 1.50E+03

Watts Bar 1.64E+03

Callaway 1.66E+03
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-17 

FIGURE 4.1 

BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3

Browns Ferry 1

Browns Ferry 2

Browns Ferry 3

Hatch 1

Hatch 2

Susquehanna 1

Susquehanna 2

Vermont Yankee

Clinton

Nine Mile Point 1

Fermi 2

Hope Creek

Perry

Cooper Station

Duane Arnold

Limerick 2

Oyster Creek

BWR Median Release

Columbia Generating

Quad Cities 1

Quad Cities 2

Dresden 2

Dresden 3

Pilgrim

Limerick 1

Nine Mile Point 2

Brunswick 1

Brunswick 2

Fitzpatrick

River Bend

Peach Bottom 2

Peach Bottom 3

Grand Gulf

LaSalle 1

LaSalle 2

Monticello

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Kr-85

Xe-133

Xe-135
4-18 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.2 

BWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine 

1E-10 1E-9 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1

Limerick 1

Limerick 2

Perry

Susquehanna 1

Susquehanna 2

Clinton

Vermont Yankee

Hatch 1

Hatch 2

Cooper Station

Duane Arnold

Columbia Generating

Oyster Creek

Nine Mile Point 1

Browns Ferry 1

Browns Ferry 2

Browns Ferry 3

BWR Median Release

Dresden 2

Dresden 3

Quad Cities 1

Quad Cities 2

Fitzpatrick

Peach Bottom 2

Peach Bottom 3

Fermi 2

Nine Mile Point 2

River Bend

Hope Creek

Pilgrim

Grand Gulf

Monticello

LaSalle 1

LaSalle 2

Brunswick 1

Brunswick 2

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

I-131
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-19 

FIGURE 4.3 

BWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates 

1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2

Perry

Vermont Yankee

Hatch 2

Oyster Creek

Duane Arnold

Grand Gulf

Hatch 1

Susquehanna 1

Susquehanna 2

Limerick 2

Pilgrim

Limerick 1

Fitzpatrick

Peach Bottom 2

Peach Bottom 3

River Bend

Clinton

BWR Median Release

Fermi 2

Hope Creek

Browns Ferry 1

Browns Ferry 2

Browns Ferry 3

Nine Mile Point 2

Dresden 2

Dresden 3

Columbia Generating

LaSalle 1

LaSalle 2

Brunswick 1

Brunswick 2

Cooper Station

Monticello

Quad Cities 1

Quad Cities 2

Nine Mile Point 1

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Co-58

Co-60

Cs-134

Cs-137
4-20 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.4 

BWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3

Perry

Hope Creek

Vermont Yankee

Dresden 2

Dresden 3

Grand Gulf

Limerick 1

Limerick 2

Fitzpatrick

Cooper Station

River Bend

Peach Bottom 2

Peach Bottom 3

Oyster Creek

Hatch 1

LaSalle 1

LaSalle 2

BWR Median Release

Susquehanna 1

Susquehanna 2

Monticello

Nine Mile Point 1

Columbia Generating

Hatch 2

Clinton

Quad Cities 1

Quad Cities 2

Duane Arnold

Browns Ferry 1

Browns Ferry 2

Browns Ferry 3

Pilgrim

Fermi 2

Nine Mile Point 2

Brunswick 1

Brunswick 2

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

H-3
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-21 

FIGURE 4.5 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3

PWR Median Release

Watts Bar

Crystal River 3

Ginna

Oconee 1

Oconee 2

Oconee 3

South Texas 1

Palisades

Cook 1

Cook 2

Millstone 2

South Texas 2

Arkansas 1

Diablo Canyon 1

Diablo Canyon 2

Davis-Besse

Braidwood 1

San Onofre 2

San Onofre 3

Indian Point 2

Turkey Point 4

Turkey Point 3

Millstone 3

Arkansas 2

Callaway

Palo Verde 2

Robinson 2

Braidwood 2

Calvert Cliffs 1

Calvert Cliffs 2

Comanche Peak 1

Comanche Peak 2

Waterford 3

Vogtle 2

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Kr-85

Xe-133

Xe-135
4-22 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.5 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Gases 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3

Palo Verde 3

Indian Point 3

Farley 2

Farley 1

Seabrook

Beaver Valley 1 

McGuire 1

McGuire 2

Beaver Valley 2

Kewaunee

Wolf Creek

Vogtle 1

Prairie Island 1

Prairie Island 2

Harris

St. Lucie 2

Catawba 1

Catawba 2

Point Beach 1

Point Beach 2

Salem 1

St. Lucie 1

Three Mile Island 1

Palo Verde 1

Surry 1

Surry 2

Sequoyah 1

Sequoyah 2

Salem 2

North Anna 1 

North Anna 2

Summer

Byron 1

Byron 2

Fort Calhoun

PWR Median Release

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Kr-85

Xe-133

Xe-135
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-23 

FIGURE 4.6 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine 

1E-10 1E-9 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1

PWR Median Release

Summer

Byron 1

Callaway

Oconee 1

Oconee 2

Oconee 3

Palo Verde 1

Comanche Peak 1

Comanche Peak 2

Turkey Point 3

Turkey Point 4

St. Lucie 2

Byron 2

Arkansas 1

Davis-Besse

Waterford 3

Watts Bar

Cook 1

Cook 2

Palisades

San Onofre 2

San Onofre 3

Arkansas 2

Braidwood 1

Braidwood 2

Millstone 2

South Texas 2

Diablo Canyon 1

Diablo Canyon 2

Robinson 2

Millstone 3

Palo Verde 2

Calvert Cliffs 1

Calvert Cliffs 2

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

I-131
4-24 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.6 (continued) 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Iodine 

 

1E-10 1E-9 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1

Catawba 1

Catawba 2

Harris

Indian Point 2

Indian Point 3

Kewaunee

Prairie Island 1

Prairie Island 2

Sequoyah 1

Sequoyah 2

Wolf Creek

Seabrook

North Anna 1 

North Anna 2

Farley 2

Ginna

Beaver Valley 1 

Beaver Valley 2

Surry 1

Surry 2

Crystal River 3

South Texas 1

Point Beach 1

Point Beach 2

McGuire 1

McGuire 2

Vogtle 2

Three Mile Island 1

Salem 1

Palo Verde 3

St. Lucie 1

Farley 1

Fort Calhoun

Salem 2

Vogtle 1

PWR Median Release

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

I-131
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-25 

FIGURE 4.7 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates 

 

1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2

PWR Median Release

Surry 2

Byron 2

Waterford 3

Byron 1

St. Lucie 2

Calvert Cliffs 1

Calvert Cliffs 2

Point Beach 1

Point Beach 2

Millstone 2

North Anna 1 

North Anna 2

Diablo Canyon 1

Diablo Canyon 2

Salem 1

Vogtle 2

McGuire 1

McGuire 2

Beaver Valley 1 

Comanche Peak 1

Comanche Peak 2

Callaway

Harris

Beaver Valley 2

Indian Point 2

Salem 2

South Texas 1

Palo Verde 1

St. Lucie 1

Millstone 3

South Texas 2

San Onofre 2

San Onofre 3

Palo Verde 2

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Co-58

Co-60

Cs-134

Cs-137
4-26 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.7 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases — Selected Particulates 

1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2

Arkansas 1

Braidwood 1

Braidwood 2

Catawba 1

Catawba 2

Davis-Besse

Farley 1

Fort Calhoun

Indian Point 3

Palo Verde 3

Sequoyah 1

Sequoyah 2

Summer

Three Mile Island 1

Turkey Point 3

Vogtle 1

Wolf Creek

Farley 2

Turkey Point 4

Ginna

Watts Bar

Prairie Island 1

Prairie Island 2

Palisades

Arkansas 2

Crystal River 3

Cook 1

Cook 2

Robinson 2

Oconee 1

Oconee 2

Oconee 3

Kewaunee

Seabrook

Surry 1

PWR Median Release

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Co-58

Co-60

Cs-134

Cs-137
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-27 

FIGURE 4.8 

PWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3

PWR Median Release

Point Beach 1

Point Beach 2

San Onofre 2

San Onofre 3

Braidwood 1

Wolf Creek

Palisades

St. Lucie 1

Watts Bar

South Texas 2

South Texas 1

Callaway

Byron 2

Ginna

Salem 2

Davis-Besse

Waterford 3

Three Mile Island 1

Millstone 3

Diablo Canyon 1

Diablo Canyon 2

Braidwood 2

Seabrook

McGuire 1

McGuire 2

Cook 1

Cook 2

Catawba 1

Catawba 2

Salem 1

Harris

Palo Verde 2

Palo Verde 3

Palo Verde 1

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

H-3
4-28 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.8 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases — Tritium 

 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3

Calvert Cliffs 1

Calvert Cliffs 2

Fort Calhoun

Summer

Prairie Island 1

Prairie Island 2

Vogtle 2

Beaver Valley 1 

Beaver Valley 2

Robinson 2

Indian Point 2

Farley 1

Millstone 2

Indian Point 3

North Anna 1 

North Anna 2

Turkey Point 4

Vogtle 1

Crystal River 3

St. Lucie 2

Oconee 1

Oconee 2

Oconee 3

Turkey Point 3

Surry 1

Surry 2

Arkansas 2

Arkansas 1

Kewaunee

Byron 1

Farley 2

Sequoyah 1

Sequoyah 2

Comanche Peak 1

Comanche Peak 2

PWR Median Release

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

H-3
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-29 

FIGURE 4.9 

BWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products 

 

1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0

Vermont Yankee

Clinton

Columbia Generating

Duane Arnold

Fermi 2

Fitzpatrick

LaSalle 1

LaSalle 2

Limerick 1

Limerick 2

Monticello

Nine Mile Point 1

Oyster Creek

Pilgrim

Dresden 2

Dresden 3

Susquehanna 1

BWR Median Release

Susquehanna 2

Quad Cities 1

Quad Cities 2

Nine Mile Point 2

Brunswick 1

Brunswick 2

Cooper Station

Browns Ferry 1

Browns Ferry 2

Browns Ferry 3

Hatch 2

River Bend

Perry

Hope Creek

Hatch 1

Peach Bottom 2

Peach Bottom 3

Grand Gulf

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Co-58

Co-60

Cs-134

Cs-137

Fe-55

I-131
4-30 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.10 

BWR Liquid Releases — Tritium

 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4

Clinton

Columbia Generating

Fermi 2

LaSalle 1

LaSalle 2

Monticello

Nine Mile Point 1

Oyster Creek

Pilgrim

Vermont Yankee

Duane Arnold

Dresden 2

Dresden 3

Cooper Station

Peach Bottom 2

Peach Bottom 3

Browns Ferry 1

BWR Median Release

Browns Ferry 2

Browns Ferry 3

Quad Cities 1

Quad Cities 2

Fitzpatrick

Hope Creek

Nine Mile Point 2

Hatch 2

Susquehanna 1

Susquehanna 2

Limerick 1

Limerick 2

Perry

Hatch 1

River Bend

Grand Gulf

Brunswick 1

Brunswick 2

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

H-3
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-31 

FIGURE 4.11 

PWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products 

 

1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0

PWR Median Release

Palisades

Farley 2

Kewaunee

Waterford 3

Salem 1

Vogtle 1

McGuire 1

McGuire 2

Indian Point 2

Seabrook

Calvert Cliffs 1

Calvert Cliffs 2

Point Beach 1

Point Beach 2

Sequoyah 1

Sequoyah 2

Braidwood 1

Braidwood 2

Vogtle 2

North Anna 1 

North Anna 2

Millstone 3

Arkansas 1

Turkey Point 4

Turkey Point 3

Watts Bar

Arkansas 2

Millstone 2

Wolf Creek

Prairie Island 1

Prairie Island 2

Beaver Valley 1 

Beaver Valley 2

Callaway

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Co-58

Co-60

Cs-134

Cs-137

Fe-55

I-131
4-32 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.11 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases — Selected Fission and Activation Products

 

1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0

Palo Verde 1

Palo Verde 2

Palo Verde 3

Three Mile Island 1

Cook 1

Cook 2

Oconee 1

Oconee 2

Oconee 3

Fort Calhoun

Ginna

Crystal River 3

Catawba 1

Catawba 2

Indian Point 3

South Texas 1

Comanche Peak 1

Comanche Peak 2

Farley 1

Diablo Canyon 1

Diablo Canyon 2

Byron 1

Byron 2

South Texas 2

Robinson 2

Salem 2

Surry 1

Surry 2

St. Lucie 1

St. Lucie 2

Davis-Besse

Harris

San Onofre 2

San Onofre 3

Summer

PWR Median Release

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

Co-58

Co-60

Cs-134

Cs-137

Fe-55

I-131
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-33 

FIGURE 4.12 

PWR Liquid Releases — Tritium 

 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4

Farley 1

PWR Median Release

Vogtle 1

Robinson 2

Calvert Cliffs 1

Calvert Cliffs 2

Farley 2

Sequoyah 1

Sequoyah 2

North Anna 1 

North Anna 2

Arkansas 1

Indian Point 3

Millstone 3

Braidwood 1

Braidwood 2

South Texas 1

Wolf Creek

Palisades

Beaver Valley 1 

Beaver Valley 2

Vogtle 2

McGuire 1

McGuire 2

Summer

Cook 1

Cook 2

Diablo Canyon 1

Diablo Canyon 2

Comanche Peak 1

Comanche Peak 2

South Texas 2

Byron 1

Byron 2

Watts Bar

Callaway

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

H-3
4-34 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.12 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases — Tritium 

 

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4

Palo Verde 1

Palo Verde 2

Palo Verde 3

Kewaunee

Three Mile Island 1

St. Lucie 1

St. Lucie 2

Fort Calhoun

Indian Point 2

Prairie Island 1

Prairie Island 2

Seabrook

Oconee 1

Oconee 2

Oconee 3

Davis-Besse

Point Beach 1

Point Beach 2

Salem 2

Surry 1

Surry 2

Harris

Turkey Point 3

Turkey Point 4

Ginna

Catawba 1

Catawba 2

Crystal River 3

Salem 1

Waterford 3

Millstone 2

San Onofre 2

San Onofre 3

Arkansas 2

Farley 1

PWR Median Release

Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)

H-3
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-35 

4.2 RADIATION DOSE 

TABLE 4.13 

BWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2008 

BWR Facility Annual Organ 

Dose (mrem) 

Perry 5.26E-05 

Hope Creek 5.03E-04 

Clinton 7.45E-04 

Vermont Yankee 1.94E-03 

Dresden 2 2.33E-03 

Limerick 1 2.94E-03 

Limerick 2 2.94E-03 

Oyster Creek 3.58E-03 

Dresden 3 1.01E-02 

Duane Arnold 1.13E-02 

Browns Ferry 1 1.22E-02 

Browns Ferry 2 1.22E-02 

Browns Ferry 3 1.22E-02 

Fitzpatrick 1.29E-02 

Hatch 1 1.37E-02 

Columbia Generating 1.44E-02 

Nine Mile Point 1 1.63E-02 

Hatch 2 1.77E-02 

Cooper Station 1.97E-02 

LaSalle 1 3.39E-02 

LaSalle 2 3.39E-02 

Nine Mile Point 2 7.87E-02 

Monticello 8.40E-02 

Susquehanna 1 8.94E-02 

Pilgrim 1.07E-01 

Quad Cities 1 1.19E-01 

Quad Cities 2 1.19E-01 

Fermi 2 1.25E-01 

Grand Gulf 2.18E-01 

River Bend 2.38E-01 

Susquehanna 2 4.21E-01 

Brunswick 1 5.00E-01 

Brunswick 2 5.00E-01 

Peach Bottom 2 6.83E-01 

Peach Bottom 3 6.83E-01 

Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit 1.50E+01 
4-36 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.14

PWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2008 

PWR Facility Annual Organ 

Dose (mrem) 

Ginna 3.45E-06 

Salem 2 3.03E-05 

Salem 1 9.32E-05 

Vogtle 2 1.30E-04 

Vogtle 1 2.04E-04 

Kewaunee 5.55E-04 

Diablo Canyon 1 1.11E-03 

Farley 1 1.50E-03 

St. Lucie 2 1.56E-03 

Turkey Point 4 1.64E-03 

Turkey Point 3 1.67E-03 

Crystal River 3 1.79E-03 

South Texas 1 1.95E-03 

Indian Point 3 1.99E-03 

St. Lucie 1 2.10E-03 

Summer 2.17E-03 

Davis-Besse 2.21E-03 

Indian Point 2 2.67E-03 

Farley 2 3.85E-03 

Palisades 5.44E-03 

South Texas 2 5.50E-03 

Oconee 1 5.87E-03 

Oconee 2 5.87E-03 

Oconee 3 5.87E-03 

North Anna 1 6.65E-03 

North Anna 2 6.65E-03 

Three Mile Island 1 6.96E-03 

Byron 1 8.02E-03 

San Onofre 2 9.89E-03 

San Onofre 3 9.89E-03 

Beaver Valley 2 1.01E-02 

Diablo Canyon 2 1.08E-02 

Callaway 1.20E-02 

Point Beach 1 1.27E-02 

Point Beach 2 1.27E-02 

Seabrook 1.28E-02 

PWR Facility Annual Organ 

Dose (mrem) 

Fort Calhoun 1.74E-02 

Sequoyah 1 1.95E-02 

Sequoyah 2 1.95E-02 

Prairie Island 1 2.18E-02 

Prairie Island 2 2.18E-02 

Wolf Creek 2.62E-02 

Byron 2 3.10E-02 

Arkansas 1 4.46E-02 

Watts Bar 4.74E-02 

Surry 1 5.70E-02 

Surry 2 5.70E-02 

Millstone 2 6.60E-02 

Millstone 3 9.34E-02 

Waterford 3 1.18E-01 

Cook 1 1.24E-01 

Cook 2 1.24E-01 

McGuire 1 1.35E-01 

McGuire 2 1.35E-01 

Arkansas 2 1.77E-01 

Palo Verde 3 1.78E-01 

Beaver Valley 1 1.79E-01 

Comanche Peak 1 2.07E-01 

Comanche Peak 2 2.07E-01 

Palo Verde 2 2.26E-01 

Palo Verde 1 3.13E-01 

Calvert Cliffs 1 3.35E-01 

Calvert Cliffs 2 3.35E-01 

Harris 3.51E-01 

Catawba 1 4.64E-01 

Catawba 2 4.64E-01 

Robinson 2 5.60E-01 

Braidwood 1 1.44E+00 

Braidwood 2 1.60E+00 

Gaseous Effluent 

Operational Limit 1.50E+01 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-37 

TABLE 4.15 

BWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2008 

BWR Facility 

Annual Total 

Body Dose 

(mrem) 

Annual 

Organ Dose 

(mrem) 

Clinton 

Columbia Generating 

Fermi 2 

LaSalle 1 

LaSalle 2 

Monticello 

Nine Mile Point 1 

Nine Mile Point 2 

Oyster Creek 

Pilgrim 

Vermont Yankee 

Dresden 3 5.22E-07 5.35E-07 

Dresden 2 2.20E-06 4.11E-06 

Fitzpatrick 1.63E-05 1.63E-05 

Duane Arnold 3.23E-05 3.23E-05 

Hope Creek 1.51E-05 5.57E-05 

River Bend 1.00E-04 1.15E-03 

Susquehanna 1 5.80E-04 8.95E-04 

Susquehanna 2 5.80E-04 8.95E-04 

Hatch 2 6.26E-04 8.77E-04 

Browns Ferry 1 1.28E-03 1.80E-03 

Browns Ferry 2 1.28E-03 1.80E-03 

Browns Ferry 3 1.28E-03 1.80E-03 

Perry 2.21E-03 3.15E-03 

Brunswick 1 2.54E-03 3.26E-03 

Brunswick 2 2.54E-03 3.26E-03 

Peach Bottom 2 2.15E-03 4.86E-03 

Peach Bottom 3 2.15E-03 4.86E-03 

Limerick 1 3.56E-03 5.10E-03 

Limerick 2 3.56E-03 5.10E-03 

Quad Cities 1 6.75E-03 1.07E-02 

Quad Cities 2 6.75E-03 1.07E-02 

Hatch 1 7.79E-03 3.67E-02 

Grand Gulf 2.19E-01 4.57E-01 

Cooper Station 3.18E-01 6.27E-01 

Liquid Effluent 

Operational Limit 3.00E+00 1.00E+01 
4-38 Annual Report 2008

TABLE 4.16 

PWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2008 

PWR Facility 

Annual 

Total Body 

Dose 

(mrem) 

Annual 

Organ 

Dose 

(mrem) 

Palo Verde 1 

Palo Verde 2 

Palo Verde 3 

Ginna 3.64E-06 3.66E-06 

Salem 2 1.15E-05 2.49E-05 

Crystal River 3 2.08E-05 6.76E-05 

Salem 1 4.03E-05 7.76E-05 

Surry 1 7.50E-05 1.82E-04 

Surry 2 7.50E-05 1.82E-04 

Turkey Point 4 4.02E-04 

Turkey Point 3 4.04E-04 

Indian Point 3 1.56E-04 2.83E-04 

Diablo Canyon 1 2.18E-04 3.80E-04 

Diablo Canyon 2 2.18E-04 3.80E-04 

Robinson 2 3.39E-04 4.72E-04 

Waterford 3 6.03E-04 7.04E-04 

Indian Point 2 6.11E-04 1.47E-03 

Palisades 1.98E-03 2.29E-03 

Prairie Island 1 8.20E-04 3.68E-03 

Prairie Island 2 8.20E-04 3.68E-03 

Seabrook 7.69E-04 3.77E-03 

Kewaunee 1.04E-03 4.19E-03 

Arkansas 2 2.30E-03 3.00E-03 

Davis-Besse 2.60E-03 3.42E-03 

Millstone 3 6.65E-04 5.52E-03 

Calvert Cliffs 1 1.10E-03 5.30E-03 

Calvert Cliffs 2 1.10E-03 5.30E-03 

San Onofre 2 1.31E-03 5.62E-03 

San Onofre 3 1.31E-03 5.62E-03 

South Texas 1 4.12E-03 4.17E-03 

Point Beach 1 3.25E-03 5.80E-03 

Point Beach 2 3.25E-03 5.80E-03 

Sequoyah 1 7.55E-03 7.70E-03 

Sequoyah 2 7.55E-03 7.70E-03 

Summer 7.58E-03 7.76E-03 

South Texas 2 7.97E-03 8.02E-03 

PWR Facility 

Annual 

Total Body 

Dose 

(mrem) 

Annual 

Organ 

Dose 

(mrem) 

Harris 7.63E-03 1.15E-02 

Millstone 2 1.03E-03 1.82E-02 

Arkansas 1 8.70E-03 1.16E-02 

Farley 1 6.64E-03 1.57E-02 

Farley 2 6.64E-03 1.57E-02 

Watts Bar 1.43E-02 1.68E-02 

Catawba 1 1.85E-02 1.89E-02 

Catawba 2 1.85E-02 1.89E-02 

Callaway 1.65E-02 2.19E-02 

Three Mile Island 1 1.88E-02 2.12E-02 

Oconee 1 2.03E-02 2.24E-02 

Oconee 2 2.03E-02 2.24E-02 

Oconee 3 2.03E-02 2.24E-02 

Vogtle 1 1.95E-02 2.36E-02 

Cook 1 2.84E-02 2.85E-02 

Cook 2 2.84E-02 2.85E-02 

Fort Calhoun 2.39E-02 3.50E-02 

Vogtle 2 2.69E-02 3.28E-02 

Beaver Valley 1 4.60E-02 7.01E-02 

Beaver Valley 2 4.60E-02 7.01E-02 

Comanche Peak 1 6.36E-02 6.38E-02 

Comanche Peak 2 6.36E-02 6.38E-02 

Byron 1 7.52E-02 8.42E-02 

Byron 2 7.52E-02 8.42E-02 

Braidwood 1 6.60E-02 1.09E-01 

Braidwood 2 6.60E-02 1.09E-01 

McGuire 1 1.02E-01 1.25E-01 

McGuire 2 1.02E-01 1.25E-01 

North Anna 1 1.91E-01 2.55E-01 

North Anna 2 1.91E-01 2.55E-01 

Wolf Creek 2.26E-01 2.43E-01 

St. Lucie 1 2.20E+00 8.99E+00

St. Lucie 2 2.20E+00 8.99E+00

Liquid Effluent 

Operational Limit 3.00E+00 1.00E+01
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-39 

FIGURE 4.13 

BWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose 

1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2

Perry

Hope Creek

Clinton

Vermont Yankee

Dresden 2

Limerick 1

Limerick 2

Oyster Creek

Dresden 3

Duane Arnold

Browns Ferry 1

Browns Ferry 2

Browns Ferry 3

Fitzpatrick

Hatch 1

Columbia Generating

Nine Mile Point 1

Hatch 2

Cooper Station

LaSalle 1

LaSalle 2

Nine Mile Point 2

Monticello

Susquehanna 1

Pilgrim

Quad Cities 1

Quad Cities 2

Fermi 2

Grand Gulf

River Bend

Susquehanna 2

Brunswick 1

Brunswick 2

Peach Bottom 2

Peach Bottom 3

Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit

2008 Annual Organ Dose (mrem)
4-40 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.14 

PWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose 

1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2

Seabrook

Fort Calhoun

Sequoyah 1

Sequoyah 2

Prairie Island 1

Prairie Island 2

Wolf Creek

Byron 2

Arkansas 1

Watts Bar

Surry 1

Surry 2

Millstone 2

Millstone 3

Waterford 3

Cook 1

Cook 2

McGuire 1

McGuire 2

Arkansas 2

Palo Verde 3

Beaver Valley 1

Comanche Peak 1

Comanche Peak 2

Palo Verde 2

Palo Verde 1

Calvert Cliffs 1

Calvert Cliffs 2

Harris

Catawba 1

Catawba 2

Robinson 2

Braidwood 1

Braidwood 2

Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit

2008 Annual Organ Dose (mrem)
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-41 

FIGURE 4.14 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Effluents — Maximum Annual Organ Dose 

1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2

Ginna

Salem 2

Salem 1

Vogtle 2

Vogtle 1

Kewaunee

Diablo Canyon 1

Farley 1

St. Lucie 2

Turkey Point 4

Turkey Point 3

Crystal River 3

South Texas 1

Indian Point 3

St. Lucie 1

Summer

Davis-Besse

Indian Point 2

Farley 2

Palisades

South Texas 2

Oconee 1

Oconee 2

Oconee 3

North Anna 1

North Anna 2

Three Mile Island 1

Byron 1

San Onofre 2

San Onofre 3

Beaver Valley 2

Diablo Canyon 2

Callaway

Point Beach 1

Point Beach 2

Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit

2008 Annual Organ Dose (mrem)
4-42 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.15 

BWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose 

1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2

Clinton

Columbia Generating

Fermi 2

LaSalle 1

LaSalle 2

Monticello

Nine Mile Point 1

Nine Mile Point 2

Oyster Creek

Pilgrim

Vermont Yankee

Dresden 3

Dresden 2

Fitzpatrick

Duane Arnold

Hope Creek

River Bend

Susquehanna 1

Susquehanna 2

Hatch 2

Browns Ferry 1

Browns Ferry 2

Browns Ferry 3

Perry

Brunswick 1

Brunswick 2

Peach Bottom 2

Peach Bottom 3

Limerick 1

Limerick 2

Quad Cities 1

Quad Cities 2

Hatch 1

Grand Gulf

Cooper Station

Liquid Effluent Operational Limit

2008 Annual Dose (mrem)

Total Body

Organ
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-43 

FIGURE 4.16 

PWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose 

1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2

South Texas 2

Harris

Millstone 2

Arkansas 1

Farley 1

Farley 2

Watts Bar

Catawba 1

Catawba 2

Callaway

Three Mile Island 1

Oconee 1

Oconee 2

Oconee 3

Vogtle 1

Cook 1

Cook 2

Fort Calhoun

Vogtle 2

Beaver Valley 1

Beaver Valley 2

Comanche Peak 1

Comanche Peak 2

Byron 1

Byron 2

Braidwood 1

Braidwood 2

McGuire 1

McGuire 2

North Anna 1

North Anna 2

Wolf Creek

St. Lucie 1

St. Lucie 2

Liquid Effluent Operational Limit

2008 Annual Dose (mrem)

Total Body

Organ
4-44 Annual Report 2008

FIGURE 4.16 (continued)

PWR Liquid Effluents — Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose 

1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2

Palo Verde 1

Palo Verde 2

Palo Verde 3

Ginna

Salem 2

Crystal River 3

Salem 1

Surry 1

Surry 2

Turkey Point 4

Turkey Point 3

Indian Point 3

Diablo Canyon 1

Diablo Canyon 2

Robinson 2

Waterford 3

Indian Point 2

Palisades

Prairie Island 1

Prairie Island 2

Seabrook

Kewaunee

Arkansas 2

Davis-Besse

Millstone 3

Calvert Cliffs 1

Calvert Cliffs 2

San Onofre 2

San Onofre 3

South Texas 1

Point Beach 1

Point Beach 2

Sequoyah 1

Sequoyah 2

Summer

Liquid Effluent Operational Limit

2008 Annual Dose (mrem)

Total Body

Organ
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 5-1 

Section 5 

REFERENCES 

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Plants for 1972,” Directorate of Regulatory Operations, August 1973. 

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1976. 

4. “Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1975,” NUREG-0218, March 

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5. “Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1976,” NUREG-0367, March 

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6. “Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1977,” NUREG-0521, 

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BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 8, October 1989. 
5-2 Annual Report 2008

17. “Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1988,” NUREG/CR-2907, 

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BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 12, May 1994. 

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BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 13, August 1995. 

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BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 14, August 1995. 

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Gaseous and Liquid Effluents and in Solid Wastes Shipped for Disposal by Commercial 

Nuclear Power Plants, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, October 

17, 2006. 

24. 10 CFR Part 50, “Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities,” U.S. Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. 

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Liquid and Gaseous Effluents and Solid Waste,” Revision 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission, Washington, DC, June 2009. 

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Reactor Effluents for the Purpose of Demonstrating Compliance with 10 CFR Part 50, 

Appendix I,” U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, October 1977. 

27. 10 CFR Part 20, “Standards for Protection Against Radiation,” U.S. Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission, Washington, DC. 

28. NCRP Publication No. 160, “Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United 

States, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements”, Bethesda, MD, 

March 3, 2009. 

29. NCRP Publication No. 93, “Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United 

States, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements”, Bethesda, MD, 

September 1987. 
Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 5-3 

AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS 

IN NRC PUBLICATIONS 

NRC Reference Material 

As of November 1999, you may electronically access 

NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at 

NRC’s Public Electronic Reading Room at 

www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.html . Publicly 

released records include, to name a few, NUREGseries publications; Federal Register notices; 

applicant, licensee, and vendor documents and 

correspondence; NRC correspondence and internal 

memoranda; bulletins and information notices; 

inspection and investigative reports; licensee event 

reports; and Commission papers and their 

attachments. 

NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC 

regulations, and Title 10, Energy, in the Code of

Federal Regulations may also be purchased from one 

of these two sources. 

1. The Superintendent of Documents 

U.S. Government Printing Office 

P. 0. Box 37082 Washington, DC 20402-9328 

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/index.html 

 202-512-1800 

2. The National Technical Information Service 

Springfield, VA 22161-0002 

http://www.ntis.gov/ . 

1-800-533-6847 or, locally, 703-805-6000 

A single copy of each NRC draft report for comment is 

available free, to the extent of supply, upon written 

request as follows: 

Address: Office of the Chief Information Officer, 

 Reproduction and Distribution 

Services Section 

 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

 Washington, DC 20555-0001 

E-mail: DISTRIBUTION@nrc.gov 

Facsimile: 301-415-2289 

Some publications in the NUREG series that are 

posted at NRC’s Web site address 

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doccollections/nuregs/ are updated periodically and 

may differ from the last printed version. Although 

references to material found on a Web site bear the 

date the material was accessed, the material available 

on the date cited may subsequently be removed from 

the site. 

Non-NRC Reference Material 

Documents available from public and special technical 

libraries include all open literature items, such as 

books, journal articles, and transactions, Federal 

Register notices, Federal and State legislation, and 

congressional reports. Such documents as theses, 

dissertations, foreign reports and translations, and 

non-NRC conference proceedings may be purchased 

from their sponsoring organization. 

Copies of industry codes and standards used in a 

substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process 

are maintained at— 

The NRC Technical Library 

Two White Flint North 

11545 Rockville Pike 

Rockville, MD 20852-2738 

These standards are available in the library for 

reference use by the public. Codes and standards are 

usually copyrighted and may be purchased from the 

originating organization or, if they are American 

National Standards, from— 

American National Standards Institute 

11 West 42nd Street 

New York, NY 10036-8002 

http://www.ansi.org/ 

212-642-4900 

The NUREG series comprises 

(1) technical and administrative reports 

and books prepared by the staff 

(NUREG-XXXX) or agency contractors 

(NUREG/CR-XXXX), (2) proceedings of 

conferences (NUREG/CP-XXXX), 

(3) reports resulting from international 

agreements (NUREG/IA-XXXX), 

(4) brochures (NUREG/BR-XXXX), and 

(5) compilations of legal decisions and 

orders of the Commission and Atomic 

and Safety Licensing Boards and of 

Directors’ decisions under Section 2.206 

of NRC’s regulations (NUREG-0750). 
5-4 Annual Report 2008

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Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 6-1 

Section 6 

GLOSSARY 

Activity or radioactivity: The rate of radioactive decay of a radionuclide, measured in the 

traditional unit of the curie (Ci) or the international standard unit of the becquerel (Bq). 

Background (radiation): Radiation from cosmic sources; naturally occurring radioactive material, 

including radon (except as a decay product of source or special nuclear material); and global 

fallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices and from past 

nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl that contribute to background radiation and are not under 

the control of the licensee. Background radiation does not include radiation from source, 

byproduct, or special nuclear materials regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 

Effluent discharge, radioactive discharge: The portion of an effluent release that reaches an 

unrestricted area. 

Effluent release, radioactive release: The emission of an effluent. 

Exposure pathway: A mechanism by which radioactive material is transferred from the (local) 

environment to humans. There are three commonly recognized exposure pathways: inhalation, 

ingestion, and direct radiation. 

Fission and activation gases: The noble (chemically non-reactive) gases formed from the 

splitting (fission) of the uranium-235 isotope in a nuclear reactor or the creation of radioactive 

atoms from non-radioactive atoms (activation) by the capture of neutrons or gamma rays that 

were released during the fission process. 

Gaseous effluents: Airborne effluents. 

Iodines/Halogens: The measured radioactive isotopes of iodine or of other non-metal elements 

in group 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Licensees might report any combination of the 

iodine isotopes I-131, I-132, I-133, I-134, and I-135, as well as other halogens such as bromine82 (Br-82). 

Maximum exposed individual: Individuals characterized as maximum with regard to food 

consumption, occupancy, and other usage of the region in the vicinity of the plant site. As such, 

they represent individuals with habits that are considered to be maximum reasonable deviations 

from the average for the population in general. Additionally, in physiological or metabolic 

respects, the maximum exposure individuals are assumed to have those characteristics that 

represent the averages for their corresponding age group in the general population. 
6-2 Annual Report 2008

Member of the public (10 CFR 20): Any individual except when that individual is receiving an 

occupational dose. 

Monitoring: The measurement of radiation levels, concentrations, surface area concentrations or 

quantities of radioactive material and the use of results of these measurements to evaluate 

potential exposures and doses. 

Noble gas: One of six noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon) with an 

oxidation number of 0 that prevents it from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the 

maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), 

making them stable. 

Particulates: Radioactive materials entrained in the gaseous effluent that are not included in any 

other effluent category. 

Site boundary: That line beyond which the land is neither owned, nor leased, nor otherwise 

controlled by the licensee. 

Tritium: The radioactive isotope of hydrogen (H-3).