COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Humphreys, Russell and AtLee 

Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia 

LUBNA AIJAZ 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 2247-14-4 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS 

 SEPTEMBER 29, 2015 

FAIRFAX COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

 OF FAMILY SERVICES 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

Lorraine Nordlund, Judge 

 Mark H. Bodner for appellant. 

 May Shallal Kheder, Assistant County Attorney; Seema D. 

Ruchandani, Guardian ad litem for the minor child (David P. 

Bobzien, County Attorney; Peter D. Andreoli, Jr., Deputy County 

Attorney, on brief), for appellee. 

 Lubna Aijaz (“mother”) appeals an order of the Circuit Court of Fairfax County (the 

“circuit court”) terminating her parental rights to her child, Syed Mohib Ali (“Syed”) pursuant to 

Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). Specifically, mother argues that the circuit court erred by (1) shifting the 

burden of proof to mother to show that she, “without good cause, was unwilling or unable within 

a reasonable period of time to remedy substantially the conditions that led to or required 

continuation of her child’s placement in foster care, notwithstanding the reasonable and 

appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health, and other rehabilitative agencies,” and 

(2) concluding that mother, within a reasonable time, was unwilling or unable to remedy the 

situation that led to the child being placed and remaining in foster care and that it was in the 

child’s best interests to terminate her parental rights. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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ANALYSIS 

 “When addressing matters concerning a child, including the termination of a parent’s 

residual parental rights, the paramount consideration of a trial court is the child’s best interests.” 

Logan v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460, 463 

(1991). On appellate review, “[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the 

evidence, considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s 

best interests.” Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 329, 387 S.E.2d 794, 796 (1990). “On appeal 

from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Tackett v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of 

Human Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 303, 746 S.E.2d 509, 512 (2013). Where the circuit court’s 

judgment is based on evidence heard ore tenus, its decision to terminate a parent’s rights is 

entitled to great weight and ‘“will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without 

evidence to support it.”’ Logan, 13 Va. App. at 128, 409 S.E.2d at 463 (quoting Peple v. Peple, 

5 Va. App. 414, 422, 364 S.E.2d 232, 237 (1988)). 

 Code § 16.1-283(C)(2) provides: 

The residual parental rights of a parent or parents of a child placed 

in foster care as a result of court commitment, an entrustment 

agreement entered into by the parent or parents or other voluntary 

relinquishment by the parent or parents may be terminated if the 

court finds, based upon clear and convincing evidence, that it is in 

the best interests of the child and that: 

* * * * * * * 

The parent or parents, without good cause, have been unwilling or 

unable within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 12 months 

from the date the child was placed in foster care to remedy 

substantially the conditions which led to or required continuation 

of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding the 

reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health 

or other rehabilitative agencies to such end. Proof that the parent 

or parents, without good cause, have failed or been unable to make 

substantial progress towards elimination of the conditions which 
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led to or required continuation of the child’s foster care placement 

in accordance with their obligations under and within the time 

limits or goals set forth in a foster care plan filed with the court or 

any other plan jointly designed and agreed to by the parent or 

parents and a public or private social, medical, mental health or 

other rehabilitative agency shall constitute prima facie evidence of 

this condition. The court shall take into consideration the prior 

efforts of such agencies to rehabilitate the parent or parents prior to 

the placement of the child in foster care. 

A. Shifting the Burden of Proof 

 Mother’s first assignment of error claims the circuit court erred by shifting the burden of 

proof to her to show that “she, without good cause, was unwilling or unable within a reasonable 

period of time to remedy substantially the conditions that led to or required continuation of her 

child’s placement in foster care, notwithstanding the reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, 

medical, mental health and other rehabilitative agencies.” Specifically, mother claims that the 

circuit court shifted the burden of proof by requesting mother provide certain documents 

including: the death certificate for the child’s father, documentation for mother’s initial entry 

into the United States, asylum documents for the child, proof of employment, and a copy of 

mother’s residential lease with proof of a source of funds to pay the lease. 

 The circuit court did inquire from all counsel whether the burden of proof shifted to 

mother after DFS had established a prima facie case under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2) by showing by 

clear and convincing evidence that mother had failed to substantially remedy the conditions that 

led to foster care of the child. However, when delivering its decision on November 18, 2014, the 

circuit court specifically “discarded the notion that there was a shift in the burden because the 

statute did not specifically state that,” and “looked at it as if the burden remained with the 

Department for the entire period rather than any shifting of the burden since the legislature was 

not clear as to the [e]ffect on the [c]ourt’s analysis.” Further, the circuit court made it clear that 

the documents that were requested from mother were “to establish her credibility,” and not to 
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shift the burden of proof to mother. At oral argument, mother argued that the circuit court 

shifted the burden despite its statements to the contrary because DFS failed to show any harm to 

the child caused by the mother. Given the circuit court’s statement to the contrary, mother’s 

argument is essentially that the burden of proof must have been shifted because, without a shift 

in the burden of proof, the evidence was insufficient to allow the circuit court to reach its 

conclusion. As will be discussed in detail below, DFS presented clear and convincing evidence 

that Syed was harmed by mother’s irrational behavior and her failure to address the issues that 

led to Syed’s removal. Accordingly, we find that, consistent with the circuit court’s statement, 

the burden of proof remained with DFS, and, as discussed below, DFS produced evidence 

sufficient to carry that burden. 

B. Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights 

 Mother’s second assignment of error asserts that the circuit court erred in concluding 

there was clear and convincing evidence to terminate her parental rights pursuant to Code 

§ 16.1-283(C)(2). Mother contends that she substantially remedied the conditions which led to 

the child’s placement in foster care given that she is employed, leases a basement apartment, 

attends counseling, and has a loving relationship with her child.

Before residual parental rights can be terminated pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(C)(2), “a 

trial judge must make two separate inquiries.” Richmond Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Crawley, 47 

Va. App. 572, 579, 625 S.E.2d 670, 673 (2006). The circuit court must find, “based on clear and 

convincing evidence,” that (1) “[termination] is in the best interests of the child” and (2) DFS 

met its burden of proving the requirements of subsection (C)(2). Code § 16.1-283(C); see 

Crawley, 5 Va. App. at 578-79, 625 S.E.2d at 673. The clear and convincing evidence required 

for termination is “that measure or degree of proof which will produce in the mind of the trier of 

facts a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established . . . [i]t does not 
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mean clear and unequivocal.” Gifford v. Dennis, 230 Va. 193, 198 n.1, 335 S.E.2d 371, 373 n.1 

(1985). 

 First, the circuit court did not err in determining that terminating mother’s parental rights 

was in Syed’s best interest. In determining what is in the best interests of the child, a court must 

evaluate and consider many factors, including the age and physical and mental condition of the 

child, the age and physical and mental condition of the parent, the relationship existing between 

the parent and child, the needs of the child, and the role the parent has played, and will play in 

the future, in the upbringing and care of the child. Barkey v. Commonwealth, Alexandria Dep’t 

of Human Servs., Div. of Soc. Servs., 2 Va. App. 662, 668-69, 347 S.E.2d 188, 191 (1986). 

 Syed was eight years old and had been in foster care for thirty months at the time of the 

termination of mother’s parental rights. The testimony at trial of Syed’s foster care worker and 

therapist established that Syed, who had initially displayed anxiety and adjustment issues when 

he was first removed from mother, was now thriving in foster care. His foster parents had a 

similar religious and cultural background to Syed and had fully accepted him into their family. 

Syed’s therapist explained that Syed had integrated into his foster family and was benefitting 

greatly from a stable home. Syed had even started to express interest in going to college when 

he was older. Notably, mother only visited with Syed on seven occasions during the first two 

years he was in foster care. 

 Prior to Syed’s removal, mother had impulsively moved from place to place, with no plan 

for securing housing or employment. When the DFS worker initially met with mother on May 

18, 2012, mother had arrived in Virginia after traveling from Florida to Houston, Texas, to 

Baltimore, Maryland in a matter of days. At six years old, Syed was not registered for school. 

Mother also displayed alarming behavior in Syed’s presence including telling Syed that people 

were “after” her, including the social worker who she claimed had set up surveillance cameras 
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inside the Chuck E. Cheese to watch her during a supervised visit. On another occasion, mother 

began whispering to Syed and became verbally aggressive when the social worker asked mother 

to speak up and ultimately had to be escorted out of the building by police. Mother called the 

foster home between 2:00 a.m. and 3:00 a.m., used curse words while speaking with the child, 

and spoke negatively about the foster family. Aaron Hopper (“Mr. Hopper”), the home-based 

worker who supervised phone calls and visits between mother and Syed, testified that although 

the supervised visits were generally appropriate in nature, unsupervised visits would not be 

appropriate. 

 The circuit court also noted concern about mother’s demeanor on the witness stand at 

trial, explaining “she was just sitting there grinding her teeth throughout . . . . Her eyes were 

wide open, her pupils were large. She was looking all over the place. I was very concerned by 

her disturbed affect.” Accordingly, this Court finds there is evidence in the record to support the 

circuit court’s conclusion that Syed’s best interest is served by terminating mother’s parental 

rights and allowing him to continue to thrive in the stable and nurturing environment of his foster 

home. 

 Code § 16.1-283(C)’s “second prong relates to the . . . remedying of the conditions that 

led to foster care.” Crawley, 47 Va. App. at 579, 625 S.E.2d at 673. If the circuit court finds 

that termination is in the best interest of the child, the circuit court may only terminate parental 

rights if it also finds clear and convincing evidence that DFS “offered ‘reasonable and 

appropriate’ services to [the parent] to help [the parent] substantially remedy the conditions 

which led to or required continuation of [the child’s] foster care placement” and despite those 

services, the parent failed “‘without good cause’ to remedy those conditions ‘within a reasonable 

amount of time not to exceed twelve months from the date the child was placed in foster care.’” 
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Harrison v. Tazewell Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 42 Va. App. 149, 161, 590 S.E.2d 575, 581 

(2004) (quoting Code § 16.1-283(C)(2)). 

 In this case, there is clear and convincing evidence that mother was unable or unwilling 

to remedy the conditions that led to Syed’s removal during the thirty months he remained in 

foster care. First, mother was unwilling or unable to secure stable housing, as directed by the 

court beginning with the preliminary removal order of May 25, 2012. Immediately after Syed’s 

removal, mother testified that she went to New York for a few days, came back to Virginia and 

stayed in a hotel for a few days, then moved to Alexandria, Virginia for three months, then to 

Florida for three to four months, then back to Virginia to reside in Woodbridge. However, the 

only evidence of housing presented to the circuit court was an apartment lease that had been 

signed just days before the hearing. 

 Additionally, over the thirty-month period, mother continued to reject the services DFS 

had offered to assist her in addressing her mental health issues. Particularly, mother refused to 

complete a psychological evaluation, she thwarted any attempts to contact relatives for potential 

placement, and continued to display irrational behavior. Mother’s first appointment with 

psychologist Dr. William Ling (“Dr. Ling”) was scheduled for August 16, 2013. Mother arrived 

three hours late and refused to complete any part of the evaluation. A second psychological 

evaluation was scheduled for September 19, 2013, but ultimately did not take place until 

November 2013. 

 Once he was able to conduct the evaluation, Dr. Ling diagnosed mother with anxiety 

disorder and a “rule-out” for psychotic disorder. Dr. Ling reported that mother demonstrated a 

level of mistrust and suspicion based upon “inappropriate idiosyncratic or exaggerated beliefs” 

and had “consistent difficulty in accurately ingesting and prioritizing information with no 

comprehensive understanding of information and events.” Dr. Ling opined that people who 
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exhibit similar paranoid behaviors are likely to discontinue their medication and recommended 

treatment, particularly if they believe their beliefs are rational. 

 Dr. James Steg (“Dr. Steg”) conducted a psychiatric evaluation of mother in April 2014, 

nearly two years after mother was ordered by the court to participate in such evaluation. 

Dr. Steg reported that mother was “vague and evasive” at times and ultimately diagnosed her 

with anxiety disorder and paranoid personality disorder. When asked about the prognosis, 

Dr. Steg indicated that “this is a lifetime illness . . . anti-psychotic medication can be helpful, but 

studies have not shown it to be the magic solution.” Dr. Steg testified that ongoing therapy 

might be helpful, but that it is difficult to manage because of the trouble people with these 

disorders have in forming trusting alliances. 

 Further evidence suggested that mother had not been consistent in taking the medication 

prescribed by Dr. Steg and had no plans to continue counseling. Mother testified, “I’m the same 

person. I’m functioning just like that. I don’t know why [the CPS worker] misunderstood, I 

don’t know.” At no point during the thirty months that Syed was in foster care did mother ever 

acknowledge that she had any issues that led to his removal. Instead, she continued to blame 

various employees of DFS for Syed’s placement in foster care and the proceedings to terminate 

her parental rights. 

 The circuit court did not err in concluding that Syed was not served by continuing to wait 

to see if mother would ever follow the court’s orders or address her mental health issues. See 

Kaywood v. Halifax Cnty. Dep’t of Social Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540, 394 S.E.2d 492, 495 

(1990) (holding “[i]t is clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a lengthy period of 

time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming his [or her] 

responsibilities”). Given that mother had made no appreciable progress in establishing a stable 
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home or addressing her mental health issues, we hold that the circuit court properly found that 

mother had not substantially remedied the conditions that led to Syed’s removal. 

 The record clearly supports the circuit court’s determination that (1) termination was in 

the child’s best interests, and (2) that mother had been either unwilling or unable to remedy those 

conditions which led to the child’s placement in foster care within thirty months, a full eighteen 

months longer than the statute’s timing condition, notwithstanding the continued efforts of DFS. 

Accordingly, we find the requirements of Code § 16.1-283(C) indispensable to termination of a 

mother’s parental rights were satisfied and therefore affirm the circuit court’s judgment. 

 Affirmed.