# Patent

## Title
Oxygenate treatment of dewaxing catalyst for greater yield of dewaxed product

## Abstract

Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis using a cobalt catalyst is used to produce waxy fuel and lubricant oil hydrocarbons from synthesis gas derived from natural gas. The waxy hydrocarbons are hydrodewaxed, with reduced conversion to lower boiling hydrocarbons, by contacting the waxy hydrocarbons, in the presence of hydrogen, with an unsulfided 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite catalyst that has been reduced and then treated by contacting it with the synthesized hydrocarbons containing one or more oxygenates, including indigenous oxygenate. Tail gas from the hydrodewaxing reactor can be used for the hydrocarbon synthesis.

## Background
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/416,951 filed Oct. 8, 2002.


BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an unsulfided dewaxing catalyst treated with oxygenates and to hydrodewaxing hydrocarbons over an unsulfided dewaxing catalyst treated with oxygenates. More particularly the invention relates to the catalyst and to producing dewaxed fuel and lubricant oil fractions, from waxy hydrocarbons synthesized by reacting H2 and CO produced from natural gas in the presence of a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, by hydrodewaxing the waxy hydrocarbons over an unsulfided hydrodewaxing catalyst that has been reduced and then treated by contacting it with oxygenates.
2. Background of the Invention
Fuels and lubricants are made by incorporating various additives into base stocks, which typically comprise dewaxed hydrocarbon fractions derived from waxy hydrocarbons that boil in the desired fuel and lubricant oil ranges. Dewaxing reduces the pour and cloud points of the waxy hydrocarbons to acceptable levels. The relatively pure waxy and paraffinic hydrocarbons synthesized by the Fischer-Tropsch process are an excellent feed for producing diesel fuel, jet fuel and premium lubricant oils with low sulfur, nitrogen and aromatics contents. The sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics content of these waxy hydrocarbons is essentially nil and the raw hydrocarbons can therefore be passed to upgrading operations, without prior hydrogenation treatment. In a Fischer-Tropsch process, H2 and CO react in the presence of a hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst to form waxy hydrocarbons. Those waxy hydrocarbon fractions that are solid at ambient conditions are referred to as Fischer-Tropsch wax and typically include hydrocarbons boiling in both the fuels and lubricant oil ranges. When produced over a cobalt catalyst, they contain substantial amounts of waxy, normal paraffinic hydrocarbons boiling in the fuel and lubricant oil range. However, they have cloud and pour points too high to be useful as fuels and lubricant oils and must therefore be further processed (e.g., dewaxed) to meet acceptably low levels of cloud and pour points. Solvent dewaxing cannot be used, because the yield of dewaxed hydrocarbons boiling in the distillate fuels range will be substantially reduced and the higher molecular weight (e.g., C16+) hydrocarbons comprising the lubricant oil fractions are typically solid at ambient temperature. Various processes have been disclosed for catalytically dewaxing waxy hydrocarbons. Many, such as those employing a ZSM-5 catalyst, dewax by hydrocracking the waxy hydrocarbons to products boiling below the fuel and lubricant oil ranges. Others include hydroprocessing for removal of heteroatoms, aromatics and other unsaturates. Illustrative, but nonlimiting examples of various catalytic dewaxing processes are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,179,994; 6,090,989; 6,080,301; 6,051,129; 5,689,031; 5,075,269 and EP 0 668 342 B1.
More recently, catalysts that dewax mostly by isomerization have been discovered (as disclosed in, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,269), and these produce greater dewaxed product yield, due to less cracking. However, even the best of these catalysts have some cracking activity and concomitant dewaxed product loss. Sulfiding a dewaxing catalyst may reduce its cracking activity, as is well known in the art, but the sulfur may contaminate both the dewaxed product and the hydrogen reaction gas passing through the dewaxing reactor.
It would be an improvement to the art if an alternative to sulfiding could be found to reduce the cracking activity of a dewaxing catalyst used for dewaxing the highly paraffinic and waxy hydrocarbons produced by Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis, and thereby increase its isomerization dewaxing selectivity and concomitant dewaxed product yield, without introducing the risk of potentially contaminating the dewaxed product and the isomerization reactor hydrogen tail gas.
Therefore, it was the object of the invention to develop an unsulfided catalyst and a process that can advantageously be used in the dewaxing of highly paraffinic and waxy hydrocarbons produced by Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has now been found that waxy hydrocarbons produced from a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis process using a cobalt catalyst, including fuel and lubricant fractions, can be hydrodewaxed with reduced conversion to lower boiling hydrocarbons, using an unsulfided hydrodewaxing catalyst containing at least one 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite that has been reduced and then contacted with an oxygenate-containing stream, preferably an oxygenate-containing hydrocarbon stream. The term “10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite” refers to a zeolite containing channels extending in one dimension bounded by rings composed of ten oxygen atoms. Therefore, one embodiment of the invention relates to an unsulfided hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal component and a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component, wherein said catalyst is obtainable by reduction and then treatment with a stream containing one or more oxygenates, and wherein the Group VIII metal is Pt, Pd, or mixtures thereof.
A further embodiment relates to a process for hydrodewaxing waxy Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons produced over a cobalt catalyst comprises contacting said hydrocarbons with hydrogen, in the presence of an unsulfided, treated hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component and a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component which is at least one of ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35 ZSM-48, ZSM-57, SSZ-32 or rare earth exchanged ferrierite, at reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax said waxy hydrocarbons and reduce their pour and cloud points, wherein said catalyst has been reduced and then treated with a stream containing one or more oxygenates prior to said hydrodewaxing.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to (a) producing a synthesis gas from natural gas, (b) reacting the H2 and CO in the gas in the presence of a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, at reaction conditions effective to synthesize waxy hydrocarbons comprising fractions boiling in the fuels and lubricant oil ranges, and (c) passing at least a portion of the waxy hydrocarbons to an upgrading facility in which they are hydrodewaxed with hydrogen and an unsulfided 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite hydrodewaxing catalyst that has been reduced and then contacted with an oxygenate-containing hydrocarbon. A process in which natural gas is converted to synthesis gas which, in turn, is converted to hydrocarbons, is referred to as a gas conversion process. Thus, this embodiment relates to a gas conversion process plus product upgrading by hydrodewaxing. The hydrodewaxing process comprises contacting the waxy hydrocarbons with hydrogen and an unsulfided 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite hydrodewaxing catalyst that has been treated by contacting the reduced form of the catalyst with a hydrocarbon containing one or more oxygenates. Alternatively, the hydrocarbon containing one or more oxygenates may be included in the waxy hydrocarbon and the waxy hydrocarbon containing one or more oxygenates is contacted with hydrogen and an unsulfided 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite hydrodewaxing catalyst in the reduced form. By hydrodewaxing catalyst is meant a catalyst comprising a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component, preferably the hydrogen form, a binder and a hydrogenation component. This treatment reduces hydrodewaxed product loss due to feed conversion to lower boiling hydrocarbons, by reducing the cracking activity of the catalyst and is conducted either in-situ or ex-situ of the hydrodewaxing reactor.
Experiments have shown that the oxygenate treated hydrodewaxing catalyst, which is preferably a ZSM-48 catalyst, is equivalent to one that has been sulfided, with respect to reduced feed conversion to lower boiling hydrocarbons and lower methane make. As used herein, ZSM-48 includes EU-2, EU-11 and ZBM-30, which are structurally equivalent to ZSM-48. Apart from that the catalyst is unsulfided, it is obtainable by reduction and then treatment with a stream containing one or more oxygenates.
The hydrocarbon containing the one or more oxygenates used for the treatment will comprise at least a portion of the waxy hydrocarbons synthesized over the cobalt catalyst and may or may not comprise the waxy hydrocarbon feed to be hydrodewaxed. The term “oxygenate” refers to water and oxygen-containing compound(s) which form water under hydrodewaxing conditions. The oxygenate(s) used during the treatment may comprise water and/or one or more oxygen containing molecules, which comprise functional groups containing at least one of hydroxyl, mono and polyhydric alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and mixtures thereof and preferably including one or more alcohols. They may be indigenous to the waxy hydrocarbons synthesized over the cobalt catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, and/or they may be added to it for the treatment. When the oxygenate treatment uses water as the oxygenate, water is added after the dewaxing catalyst has been reduced. The continuing presence after the treatment, of the treatment oxygenates in the feed being hydrodewaxed, has no adverse effect on the catalyst, the hydrodewaxing reaction or the hydrodewaxed product. Thus an oxygenates-containing, waxy hydrocarbon fraction produced by a cobalt catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis reaction may be used for the catalyst treatment and then hydrodewaxed with no adverse effect resulting from the continuing presence of the oxygenates in the wax. In the examples below, a ZSM-48 hydrodewaxing catalyst was successfully treated with an oxygenates-containing, raw Fischer-Tropsch wax and also with an oxygenates-containing Fischer-Tropsch light oil having an end boiling point of about 525° F. (274° C.), each of which was synthesized over a non-shifting cobalt hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst.
In addition to greater hydrodewaxed product yield, when the treated catalyst is used along with sulfur-free hydrogen to hydrodewax Fischer-Tropsch wax, the hydrogen-rich tail gas from the hydrodewaxing reactor is sulfur-free and may be used for sulfur-sensitive applications, including sulfur-sensitive hydrocarbon synthesis. Thus, in another embodiment, the invention relates to an integrated process for synthesizing and hydrodewaxing waxy hydrocarbons, wherein a portion of the hydrogen used for the hydrocarbon synthesis comprises tail gas from a hydrodewaxing reactor which contains an unsulfided 10-ring, 1-dimensional hydrodewaxing catalyst that was treated with a hydrocarbon containing one or more oxygenates. More specifically this embodiment relates to a process for synthesizing and hydrodewaxing waxy hydrocarbons which comprises (a) producing a synthesis gas having less than 1 ppm sulfur from natural gas, (b) reacting the H2 and CO in the gas in the presence of a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, at reaction conditions effective to synthesize waxy hydrocarbons comprising fractions boiling in the fuel and lubricant oil ranges, and (c) passing at least a portion of the waxy hydrocarbons to an upgrading facility in which they are hydrodewaxed in the presence of sulfur-free hydrogen and an unsulfided 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite hydrodewaxing catalyst that has been reduced, and then treated by contacting it with a cobalt catalyzed, Fischer-Tropsch synthesized hydrocarbon containing one or more oxgenates, prior to hydrodewaxing, to decrease its cracking activity, reduce gas make and produce (i) hydrodewaxed hydrocarbons reduced in pour and cloud point, and (ii) a sulfur-free hydrogen-rich tail gas, and (iii) using at least a portion of the sulfur-free tail gas for the hydrocarbon synthesis. By sulfur-free tail gas and hydrogen is meant that the tail gas and the hydrogen for the hydrodewaxing contain less than 1 vppm, preferably less than 50 vppb (volume parts per billion) and more preferably less than 20 vppb sulfur.
A further embodiment relates to a process using water as oxygenate. This embodiment concerns a process for hydrodewaxing waxy Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons produced over a cobalt catalyst which comprises contacting said hydrocarbons with hydrogen, in the presence of an unsulfided, treated hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component and a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component, at reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax said waxy hydrocarbons and reduce their pour and cloud points, wherein said catalyst has been reduced and then treated with water prior to said hydrodewaxing.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the hydrogenolysis to beta scission ratio for the treated catalyst of the invention compared to the untreated catalyst.
FIG. 2 compares gas make as a function of feed conversion for a treated and an untreated catalyst.
FIG. 3 compares the 700° F.+ (371° C.) hydrodewaxed oil yield as a function of pour point, for a treated and untreated catalyst.
FIG. 4 shows the hydrogenolysis to beta scission ratio similarity between a treated and a sulfided catalyst.
FIG. 5 shows the gas make similarity for both a treated and a sulfided catalyst.
FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the extent of 700° F. (371° C.) conversion at a given pour point for both a treated and a sulfided catalyst.
FIG. 7 shows the gas make at various 700° F. (371° C.) conversion levels for oxygenated light oil and wax treated catalysts.
FIG. 8 shows the pour point at various 700° F. (371° C.) conversion levels for oxygenated light oil and wax treated catalysts.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The dewaxing catalyst for hydrodewaxing of waxy feeds may be crystalline zeolites. Such crystalline zeolites contain at least one 10-ring channel and are uni- or 1-dimensional. Examples of zeolites used for oxygenate treatment include ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57 and rare earth exchanged ferrierite. The zeolites are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,246,566, 5,282,958, 4,975,177, 4,574,043, 4,585,747, and 5,948,719. Preferred catalysts include ZSM-48, ZSM-22 and ZSM-23. Especially preferred is ZSM-48. The molecular sieves are preferably in the hydrogen form. Reduction can occur in situ during the dewaxing step itself or can occur ex situ in another vessel.
The dewaxing catalysts are bifunctional, i.e., they are loaded with a metal hydrogenation component, which is at least one Group VI metal, at least one Group VIII metal, or mixtures thereof. Preferred metals are Group VIII metals. Especially preferred are Pt, Pd or mixtures thereof. These metals are loaded at the rate of 0.1 to 30 wt. %, based on catalyst. Catalyst preparation and metal loading methods are described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,077, and include for example ion exchange and impregnation using decomposable metal salts. Metal dispersion techniques and catalyst particle size control are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,958. Catalysts with small particle size and well dispersed metal are preferred.
The dewaxing catalysts are typically composited with binder materials that are resistant to high temperatures and may be employed under dewaxing conditions to form a finished dewaxing catalyst or may be binderless (self-bound). The binder materials are usually inorganic oxides such as silica, alumina, silica-aluminas, binary combinations of silicas with other metal oxides such as titania, magnesia, thoria, zirconia and the like and tertiary combinations of these oxides such as silica-alumina-thoria and silica-alumina magnesia. The amount of molecular sieve in the finished dewaxing catalyst is from 10 to 100, preferably 35 to 100 wt. %, based on catalyst. Such catalysts are formed by methods such spray drying, extrusion and the like. The dewaxing catalysts are used in the unsulfided form. The dewaxing catalysts are also preferably in the reduced form.
The preparation and use of a ZSM-48 zeolite, which is a preferred embodiment, and dewaxing catalysts comprising a ZSM-48 zeolite component and a hydrogenation component is known and disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,397,827; 4,585,747; 5,075,269 and EP 0 142 317, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. A ZSM-48 zeolite is a medium pore size, acidic crystalline silica-alumina molecular sieve, having a ten sided ring pore structure and is prepared with an organic directing agent. After preparation it is converted to the hydrogen form by ion exchange and calcination. In making a catalyst useful in the process of the invention, the hydrogen form ZSM-48 zeolite is composited with a binder and or matrix component and, if desired, one or more additional porous catalyst support components which will preferably not adversely effect its isomerization activity or increase its cracking activity. Such components may comprise, for example, silica, alumina and preferably non-acidic gamma alumina, non-acidic forms of amorphous and crystalline silica-aluminas, clays such as bentonite and kaolin, and the like. The hydrogenation component will comprise at least one Group VIII metal component and preferably at least one noble Group VIII metal component, as in Pt and Pd. Noble metal concentration will range from about 0.1–5 wt. % of the metal, and more typically from about 0.2–1 wt. %, based on the total catalyst weight, including the ZSM-48 zeolite component and any binder or other support or matrix component used in the catalyst composite. The Group VIII referred to herein refers to Group VIII as found in the Sargent-Welch Periodic Table of the Elements copyrighted in 1968 by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company. The one or more hydrogenation components may be deposited on, composited or ion-exchanged with, the ZSM-48 or other components or a composite of same, by any suitable means. Such means are known and include, for example, impregnation or ion-exchange. The ZSM-48 catalyst used in the examples below comprised the hydrogen form of ZSM-48, an alumina binder and a noble metal as the hydrogenation component. An aqueous solution of a decomposable salt of the metal was impregnated onto the ZSM-48 zeolite/alumina composite, followed by calcining to decompose the salt to the metal. The resulting catalyst was then reduced in hydrogen prior to the oxygenate treatment of the invention. The reduction and/or subsequent treatment can be achieved either in-situ in the isomerization reactor or ex-situ in a separate vessel.
The ZSM-48 catalyst is reduced, preferably with hydrogen, prior to the oxygenates treatment. The one or more oxygenates used to treat the catalyst may be carried in a hydrocarbon and the treatment comprises contacting the reduced catalyst with a hydrocarbon stream containing the one or more oxygenates. The hydrocarbon carrier, which in an embodiment of the invention is at least a portion of the hydrocarbon product synthesized by a cobalt catalyzed, Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis reaction, may or may not comprise the feed to be dewaxed. All or a portion of the oxygenates used for the treatment may be added to the hydrocarbon or they may be indigenous to it. For example, raw, untreated Fischer-Tropsch light oil and wax typically contain indigenous oxygenates, formed as a consequence of the synthesis reaction. This light oil or wax can be used to treat the catalyst and the wax can then be hydrodewaxed by the treated catalyst. The invention has been demonstrated using raw (untreated) Fischer-Tropsch wax, containing from about 400–1500 wppm oxygen in the form of indigenous oxygenates, for the treatment, which was followed by using the treated catalyst to hydrodewax the same waxy feed. Consequently, the oxygenates used for the treatment were present during the subsequent hydrodewaxing. It has also been demonstrated using a raw (untreated) Fischer-Tropsch synthesized light oil fraction containing 15 wt. % oxygenates, measured as the total weight of oxygen-containing molecules. No oxygenates were found in the hydrodewaxed hydrocarbon products. Hydrodewaxing occurs during the treatment, but initially not with the higher hydrodewaxed product yield obtained after the catalyst has been treated sufficiently long enough for it to line out. This is explained below. The wax and light oil were formed from a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis reaction over a non-shifting cobalt catalyst.
If the indigenous oxygenates are not present in a sufficient amount, then additional oxygenates are simply added to the feed for the treatment. In another embodiment, a hydrocarbon other than the feed to be hydrodewaxed may be used as the carrier for the oxygenates treatment. For the treatment, the oxygenates will preferably be present in an amount of at least 100 wppm, measured as oxygen, of the hydrocarbon used for the treatment, more preferably at least 200 wppm and most preferably at least 400 wppm. The presence of greater amounts of oxygenates (e.g., ≧3,000 wppm) will not adversely effect the catalyst, process or hydrodewaxed products. Preferred oxygenates are molecules containing at least one of the following functional groups: hydroxyl, alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and mixtures thereof, and more preferably comprising one or more alcohols. If one or more oxygenates are added to a hydrocarbon stream used for the treatment, they may be discontinued after the catalyst has lined out, which may take from two weeks to a month. However, leaving them in the feed being hydrodewaxed does not adversely effect the hydrodewaxing reaction or the catalyst. Line out may be determined by observing the cracking activity, as reflected in a reduction in either or both gas make and extent of feed conversion to lower boiling hydrocarbons. The catalyst is considered to be lined out when the cracking activity has been reduced to a more or less constant value.
The hydrodewaxing removes the oxygenates, which are therefore typically not found in the hydrodewaxed products. The oxygenates treatment is conducted at the same or different conditions used for the subsequent hydrodewaxing, after the catalyst has been treated. In the examples below, the catalyst treatment was initiated at a temperature of almost 300° F. (167° C.) below the subsequent hydrodewaxing temperature. Hydrodewaxing reaction conditions include respective temperatures, hydrogen partial pressures, liquid hourly space velocities and hydrogen treat gas rates broadly ranging from 450–750° F. (232–399° C.), 10–2,000 psig (170–13891 kPa), 0.1–5.0 LHSV, and 500–10000 scf/B (89–1780 m3/m3). These conditions will more typically range from 500–700° F. (260–371° C.), 100–1,000 psig (791–6996 kPa), 0.5–3.0 LHSV, and 1000–5000 scf/B (178–890 m3/m3) with pressures of from 200–700 psig (1480–4928 kPa) preferred.
The wax or waxy hydrocarbons produced by a Fischer-Tropsch reaction are hydrodewaxed using the treated catalyst of the invention to produce dewaxed products of reduced pour point comprising at least one of (i) a distillate fuel fraction, and (ii) a lubricant fraction. Typically, the hydrodewaxing reduces the pour point of the hydrodewaxed product to the desired specification to form one or more of (a) one or more distillate fuel stocks used for blending, and (b) one or more lubricant base stocks. The one or more lubricant base stocks may or may not include a heavy lubricant base stock. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrodewaxed lubricant product includes one or more lubricant base stocks and more preferably also a heavy lubricant base stock. By distillate fuel is meant a hydrodewaxed hydrocarbon fraction, boiling somewhere in the range of from about C5 up to about 550–730° F. (288–388° C.) and includes naphtha, diesel and jet fuel. In the context of the invention, the heavy fraction comprises a heavy lubricant oil fraction which, when hydrodewaxed, comprises a heavy lubricant base stock. By lubricant base stock, is meant a lubricant oil having an initial boiling point above 600° F. (316° C.) and more typically at least about 700–750° F. (371–399° C.), that has been hydrodewaxed to the desired pour and cloud points. A heavy lubricant base stock has an initial boiling point in the range of from about 850–1000° F. (454–538° C.), with an end boiling point above 1000° F. and preferably above 1050° F. (566° C.). The initial and end boiling points values referred to herein are nominal and refer to the T5 and T95 cut points obtained by gas chromatograph distillation (GCD), using the method set forth below.
Distillate fuel and lubricant base stocks produced according to the invention are typically hydrofinished at mild conditions and optionally dehazed, to improve color and stability, to form finished fuel and lubricant base stocks. As is known, haze is cloudiness or a lack of clarity, and is an appearance factor. Dehazing is typically achieved by either catalytic or absorptive methods to remove those constituents that result in haziness. Hydrofinishing is a very mild, relatively cold hydrogenating process, which employs a catalyst, hydrogen and mild reaction conditions to remove trace amounts of heteroatom compounds, aromatics and olefins, to improve oxidation stability and color. Hydrofinishing reaction conditions include a temperature of from 302 to 662° F. (150 to 350° C.) and preferably from 302 to 482° F. (150 to 250° C.), a total pressure of from 400 to 3000 psig. (2859 to 20786 kPa), a liquid hourly space velocity ranging from 0.1 to 5 LHSV (hr−1) and preferably 0.5 to 3 hr−1. The hydrogen hourly treat gas rate will range from 250 to 10,000 scf/B (44.5 to 1780 m3/m3). The catalyst will comprise a support component and at least one catalytic metal component of metal from Groups VIB (Mo, W, Cr), iron group (Ni, Co) or noble metals (Pt, Pd) of Group VIII. The Groups VIB and VIII referred to herein, refers to Groups VIB and VIII as found in the Sargent-Welch Periodic Table of the Elements copyrighted in 1968 by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company. The metal or metals may be present from as little as 0.1 wt. % for noble metals to as high as 30 wt. % of the catalyst composition for non-noble metals. Preferred support materials are low in acid and include, for example, amorphous or crystalline metal oxides such as alumina, silica, silica alumina and ultra large pore crystalline materials known as mesoporous crystalline materials, of which MCM-41 is a preferred support component. The preparation and use of MCM-41 is known and disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,098,684, 5,227,353 and 5,573,657.
Fuel and lubricant base stocks respectively comprise hydrodewaxed fuel and lubricant fractions boiling within the distillate fuel and lubricant oil boiling ranges, having low temperature properties, including pour and cloud points, sufficiently lower than what the respective fraction had prior to the hydrodewaxing, to meet desired specifications or requirements. A fuel or lubricant is prepared by forming a mixture of the respective stock and an effective amount of at least one additive or, more typically, an additive package containing more than one additive. Illustrative, but non-limiting examples of such additives for a finished lubricant include one or more of a detergent, a dispersant, an antioxidant, an antiwear additive, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a VI improver, a friction modifier, a demulsifier, an antioxidant, an antifoamant, a corrosion inhibitor, and a seal swell control additive. The stock used in forming the mixture is typically one that has been mildly hydrofinished and/or dehazed after hydrodewaxing, to improve its color, appearance and stability. Low temperature property requirements will vary and some depend on the geographical location in which the fuel or lubricant will be used. For example, jet fuel must have a freeze point of no higher than −47° C. Diesel fuel has respective summer and winter cloud points, varying by global region, from −15 to +5° C. and −35 to −5° C. Low temperature properties for conventional light and medium lubricant base stocks, may include a pour point of about −20° C. and a cloud point typically no more than 15° C. higher. A heavy lubricant base stock will typically be clear and bright at room temperature and pressure conditions of 75° F. (24° C.) and one atmosphere (101 kPa) pressure. However, in some cases the cloud point may be higher than 75° F.
The waxy feed or wax to be hydrodewaxed comprises all or a portion of the waxy hydrocarbon fraction produced in a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, which is liquid at the reaction conditions. It is known that in a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis process, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon products are formed by contacting a synthesis gas comprising a mixture of H2 and CO with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, in which the H2 and CO react to form hydrocarbons under shifting or non-shifting conditions and, in the process of the invention, under non-shifting conditions in which little or no, and preferably no water gas shift reaction occurs, particularly when the catalytic metal comprises Co. The synthesis gas typically contains less than 0.1 vppm and preferably less than 50 vppb of sulfur or nitrogen in the form of one or more sulfur and nitrogen-bearing compounds. Methods for removing nitrogen and sulfur from synthesis gas down to these very low levels are known and disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,807; 6,168,768; 6,107,353 and 5,882,614. In the process of the invention, the cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprises a catalytically effective amount of Co and optionally one or more promoters such Re, Ru, Ni, Th, Zr, Hf, U, Mg and La on a suitable inorganic support material, preferably one which comprises one or more refractory metal oxides. Preferred supports for Co containing catalysts comprise titania, particularly when employing a slurry hydrocarbon synthesis process in which higher molecular weight, mostly paraffinic liquid hydrocarbon products are desired. Useful catalysts and their preparation are known and illustrative, but nonlimiting examples may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,568,663; 4,663,305; 4,542,122; 4,621,072 and 5,545,674. Fixed bed, fluid bed and slurry hydrocarbon synthesis processes are well known and documented in the literature. In all of these processes the synthesis gas is reacted in the presence of a suitable Fischer-Tropsch type of hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst, at reaction conditions effective to form hydrocarbons. Some of these hydrocarbons will be liquid, some solid (e.g., wax) and some gas at standard room temperature conditions of temperature and pressure of 25° C. and one atmosphere (101 kPa) pressure. Slurry Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis processes are often preferred, because when a cobalt catalyst, and preferably a non-shifting cobalt catalyst is used, they are able to produce more of the relatively high molecular weight, paraffinic hydrocarbons useful for lubricant base stocks. In order to achieve this, the synthesis reactor is operated under conditions to produce at least 14 pounds (6.35 kg) of 700° F.+ (371° C.) hydrocarbons per 100 pounds (45.36 kg) of CO converted to hydrocarbons and preferably at least 20 pounds (9.07 kg) of 700° F.+ (371° C.) hydrocarbons for every 100 pounds (45.36 kg) of CO converted to hydrocarbons. Preferably less than 10 pounds (4.54 kg) of methane are formed for every 100 pounds (45.36 kg) of CO converted. Increasing the amount of 700° F.+ (371° C.) hydrocarbons produced in the synthesis reactor is achieved by one or more of (a) decreasing the H2:CO mole ratio in the synthesis feed gas, (b) decreasing the reaction temperature, and (c) increasing the reaction pressure. These high 700° F.+ (371° C.) hydrocarbon production levels have been achieved in a slurry hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, using a catalyst having a rhenium promoted cobalt component and a titania support component. By non-shifting is meant that less than 5 wt. % of the carbon in the feed CO is converted to CO2.
In a hydrocarbon synthesis process conducted under nonshifting conditions with a cobalt catalyst, the mole ratio of the H2 to CO in the synthesis gas is preferably the stoichiometric consumption mole ratio, which is typically about 2.1/1. The synthesis gas comprising a mixture of H2 and CO is passed into the reactor (injected or bubbled up into the bottom of the slurry body in a slurry synthesis reactor), in which the H2 and CO react in the presence of the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst, at conditions effective to form hydrocarbons, a portion of which are liquid at the reaction conditions (and which comprise the hydrocarbon slurry liquid in a slurry reactor). In a slurry reactor, the synthesized hydrocarbon liquid is separated from the catalyst particles as filtrate by means such as simple filtration, although other separation means can be used. Some of the synthesized hydrocarbons are vapor and pass out of the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor as overhead gas, along with unreacted synthesis gas and gaseous reaction products. Some of these overhead hydrocarbon vapors are typically condensed to liquid and combined with the hydrocarbon liquid filtrate. Thus, the initial boiling point of the synthesized hydrocarbons removed from the reactor as liquid will vary depending on whether or not some of the condensed hydrocarbon vapors have been combined with it. Hydrocarbon synthesis process conditions vary somewhat depending on the catalyst, reactor and desired products. Typical conditions effective to form hydrocarbons comprising mostly C5+ paraffins, (e.g., C5+–C200) and preferably C10+ paraffins, in a fixed bed, fluidized bed or slurry hydrocarbon synthesis process employing a catalyst comprising a supported cobalt component include, for example, temperatures, pressures and hourly gas space velocities in the range of from about 320–600° F. (160–315° C.), 80–600 psig (653–4238 kPa) and 100–40,000 V/hr/V, expressed as standard volumes of the gaseous CO and H2 mixture (60° F., 1 atm) per hour per volume of catalyst, respectively. In the practice of the invention, the waxy hydrocarbons or wax feed may be produced in a slurry, fixed or fluidized bed Fischer-Tropsch reactor.
Fischer-Tropsch wax contains indigenous oxygenates. For example, Table A below lists the ranges of indigenous oxygenates, measured as oxygen, obtained as a function of boiling range, from wax synthesized using a non-shifting catalyst comprising a rhenium promoted cobalt catalytic component. In Table A, the oxygen is that from the oxygen-containing organic compounds or oxygenates and is given as oxygen and not as the wppm or wt. % of oxygenated molecules themselves. When, for example, wax is referred to as containing from 400–600 wppm oxygenates, measured as oxygen, it means that the amount of oxygen from the oxygenates in the wax was determined to be from 400–600 wppm. The reactor wax in the table is defined as having a boiling range of from about 500° F. (260° C.), up to more than 1,000° F. (538° C.), while the hot separator wax boils from about 350–700° F. (177–371° C.).












TABLE A







Alcohols
Ethers
Esters
Total oxygen



wppm
wppm
wppm
wt. %




















Reactor wax
 67–1259
86–270
67–109
0.06–0.2 


Hot separator
1519–3394
—
—
0.17–0.39


wax









Table B below lists the concentrations of these three types of oxygenates in the same kind of Fischer-Tropsch wax at three different molecular carbon numbers, which are representative of three different molecular weight ranges.










TABLE B









Carbon
Oxygenates, wppm












Number
Alcohols
Ethers
Esters
















10
510
5
—



15
240
6
—



31
105
10
12










In the illustrative, but nonlimiting examples below, the wax was produced in a slurry Fischer-Tropsch reactor, containing a non-shifting, rhenium promoted cobalt catalyst having a titania support component and had an initial boiling point of about 450° F. (232° C.). This wax typically comprises 90 or more weight percent paraffins, with up to 2–4 wt. % oxygenates and up to 2–5 wt. % olefins. Aromatics were not detectable by NMR analysis and the wax contained less than 1 wppm sulfur and less than 1 wppm nitrogen. The wt. % total oxygen is measured by neutron activation. The total oxygen content may be placed on a water-free basis by measuring water content using calcium carbide (to form acetylene) followed by GC-MS if the water content is less than about 200 wppm. For greater than 200 wppm water content, the Karl-Fischer method in ASTM standard D-4928 is used. The total oxygenate content is determined by high-resolution NMR, while primary alcohols, ketones and aldehydes are determined by GC-MS. Acids, esters and other dioxygenates are determined by IR or GC-FID and GC-MS. Aromatics are determined by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), as described in ASTM Standard D-2622, while olefins are determined using a Bromine Index, determined by coulimetric analysis per ASTM standard D-2710. Sulfur is measured by XRF as per ASTM standard D-2622 and nitrogen by syringe/inlet oxidative combustion with chemiluminescence detection per ASTM standard D-4629.
In the integrated process embodiment for synthesizing and dewaxing waxy hydrocarbons, the process comprises reacting H2 and CO in the presence of a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst at reaction conditions effective to form waxy hydrocarbons, a portion of which are liquid at the reaction conditions, hydrodewaxing at least a portion of these waxy hydrocarbons in the presence of sulfur-free hydrogen and an unsulfided catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component and an ZSM-48 zeolite component, wherein the catalyst has been reduced and then treated with a hydrocarbon stream containing one or more oxygenates, prior to hydrodewaxing, to (i) increase the catalyst's selectivity for hydrodewaxing, (ii) reduce gas make during hydrodewaxing, (iii) produce dewaxed hydrocarbons reduced in pour and cloud point, (iv) produce a sulfur-free hydrogen tail gas, and (v) using at least a portion of the tail gas for the hydrocarbon synthesis. Sulfur-free is defined above. By hydrogen is meant hydrogen, a hydrogen treat gas or a hydrogen-rich tail gas comprising at least 60 and preferably at least 80% hydrogen, with the remainder being inert with respect to the hydrodewaxing catalyst and the hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst upstream. Hydrogen or a hydrogen treat gas with such low sulfur levels can be obtained from various sources, including but not limited to treating a slip stream of the synthesis gas (e.g., a methanator or shift reactor, TSA, PSA, membrane separation and the like, as is known and disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,147,126) to remove CO from the synthesis gas and produce a high quality hydrogen gas.
In the integrated process embodiment which includes synthesis gas production, the synthesis gas is produced from natural gas and contacted with a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to produce the waxy hydrocarbons, which are hydrodewaxed by the hydrodewaxing process. It is not unusual for natural gas to comprise as much as 92+mole % methane, with the remainder being primarily C2+ hydrocarbons, nitrogen and CO2. Thus, it is an ideal and relatively clean fuel for synthesis gas production. Methane has a 2:1 H2:C ratio and is ideal for producing a synthesis gas having an H2:CO mole ratio of nominally 2.1:1 by a combination of partial oxidation and steam reforming. This is the stoichiometric mole ratio used with a non-shifting cobalt catalyst for hydrocarbon synthesis. Thus, natural gas is ideal for producing synthesis gas having the desired stoichiometric 2.1:1 H2:C mole ratio required when using a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis and preferably one that is non-shifting. Sulfur and heteroatom compounds are removed from the natural gas, and in some cases also nitrogen and CO2. The remaining methane-rich gas, along with oxygen or air and steam, is passed into a synthesis gas generator. Oxygen is preferred to air, because it does not introduce nitrogen into the synthesis gas generator (reactor). During the synthesis gas reaction nitrogen can form HCN and NH3, both of which are poisons to a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and must therefore be removed down to levels below 1 ppm. If nitrogen is not removed from the natural gas, and/or if air is used as the source of oxygen, before converting it into synthesis gas, HCN and NH3 must be removed from the synthesis gas, before it is passed into the one or more hydrocarbon synthesis reactors. In a synthesis gas generator, the natural gas reacts with oxygen and/or steam to form synthesis gas, which then serves as the feed for the hydrocarbon synthesis. Known processes for synthesis gas production include partial oxidation, catalytic steam reforming, water gas shift reaction and combinations thereof. These processes include gas phase partial oxidation (GPOX), autothermal reforming (ATR), fluid bed synthesis gas generation (FBSG), partial oxidation (POX), catalytic partial oxidation (CPO), and steam reforming. ATR and FBSG employ oxygen and form the synthesis gas by partial oxidation and catalytic steam reforming. ATR and FBSG are preferred for producing synthesis gas in the practice of the invention. A review of these processes and their relative merits may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,138.
The invention will be further understood with reference to the examples below.
EXAMPLES
In Example 1, the oxygenates-containing hydrocarbon used to treat the reduced ZSM-48 hydrodewaxing catalyst was a Fischer-Tropsch wax, while in Example 2 it was an oxygenates-containing light oil that was also produced in the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis reactor. Both were synthesized together in a slurry Fischer-Tropsch reactor, in which the H2 and CO were reacted in the presence of a titania supported, rhenium-promoted cobalt catalyst to form hydrocarbons, most of which were liquid at the reaction conditions. The oxygenates in both the wax and light oil were also formed in the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor as a consequence of the synthesis reaction, and were therefore indigenous to the wax and oil. These oxygenates were mostly alcohols, along with minor amounts of esters and ethers. The wax, which was solid at ambient conditions, comprised a 450° F.+ (232° C.) waxy fraction described below and contained from 400–600 wppm oxygenates measured as oxygen. The light oil, which was liquid at ambient conditions, comprised from about C5–C20 molecules, had a boiling range of about 97–526° F. (36–274° C.) and contained about 7010 wppm oxygenates, measured as total oxygen content, as alcohols, esters and organic acids. About 5.2 wt. % of the light oil comprised normal alcohols as ethanol, propanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, pentanol and hexadecanol. The hydrocarbon synthesis reactor is operated under conditions to produce at least 14 pounds (6.35 kg) of 700° F.+ (371° C.) hydrocarbons per 100 pounds (45.36 kg) of CO converted to hydrocarbons.










Wt. % Boiling Point Distribution of


Fischer-Tropsch Reactor Waxy Feed


















450+ (232° C.+)
98



700° F.+ (371 ° C.+)
71.5



1000° F.+ (538° C.+)
26.2










In addition to the oxygenates-containing wax and light oil used to treat the reduced dewaxing catalyst, a 320° F.+ (160° C.+) and a 700° F.+ (371° C.+) waxy isomerate were used (i) to contact the reduced catalyst as a comparison to the oxygenates treatment of the invention and (ii) as waxy feeds for the hydrodewaxing in Example 1. The waxy isomerates contained no oxygenates, and those used in Example 1 were obtained by hydrodewaxing an oxygenates-containing 450° F.+ (232° C.+) Fischer-Tropsch wax over a catalyst comprising 0.3 wt. % Pd on an amorphous silica alumina support. For Example 2, a light isomerate having a boiling range of from about 700–950° F. (371–510° C.) was used. The isomerization removed all the oxygenates from the wax. The light isomerate was obtained using a ZSM-48 catalyst. All three isomerate fractions still contained some wax after the isomerization. For example, the light isomerate had a +14° C. pour point and produced 22 wt. % wax when solvent dewaxed with MIBK at −18° C.
In all the examples below, the waxy feed was hydrodewaxed over a particulate ZSM-48 catalyst and the hydrogen treat gas was pure hydrogen. The ZSM-48 catalyst comprised 0.6 wt. % Pt as the hydrogenating component, on a composite of the hydrogen form of the ZSM-48 zeolite and an alumina binder. The hydrogen form ZSM-48 zeolite component of the catalyst was prepared according to the procedure in U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,269, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The Pt component was added by impregnation, followed by calcining. The calcined particles were loaded into a fixed bed pilot plant reactor and reduced with flowing hydrogen in-situ in the reactor. The temperature was then lowered and the reduced catalyst was treated by slowly (to avoid exotherms) introducing the hot liquid wax into the reactor over a period of about six hours, to insure all the reduced catalyst particles were immersed in the waxy liquid and therefore contacted by the oxygenates. After this, the temperature in the reactor was raised to the hydrodewaxing temperature and the feed to be dewaxed passed into it. The hydrogen flow into the reactor was maintained during the treatment and subsequent hydrodewaxing. The pour point and conversion data in the Figures were taken after the reactor had lined out, which typically took about 30 days.
The 700° F.+ (371° C.+) yields and pour points in the Figures refer to those for the hydrodewaxed (isomerized) 700° F.+ (371° C.+) fraction. The CH4/iso-C4H10 ratio is a mole ratio and is a measure of hydrogenolysis (CH4 make) to beta scission (iso-C4H10 make). The gas make is the weight percent of feed converted to C1–C4 hydrocarbons. The 700° F. (371° C.) conversion is the weight percent of the 700° F.+ (371° C.+) feed material converted to hydrocarbons boiling below 700° F. (700° F.−/(371° C.)). The 700° F.+ (371° C.+) yield vs. pour point refers to the weight percent yield of isomerized hydrocarbons boiling above 700° F. (371° C.), at a feed conversion level to the corresponding pour point on the graph. The 700° F.+ (371° C.+) conversion is calculated as follows:

700° F.+ conversion=[1− (wt. % 700° F.+ fraction in product)/(wt. % 700° F.+ in feed)]×100

Gas chromatograph distillations (GCD) were conducted using a high temperature GCD method modification of ASTM D-5307. The column consisted of a single capillary column with a thin liquid phase, less than 0.2 microns. External standards were used, consisting of a boiling point calibrant ranging from 5 to 100 carbons. A temperature programmed injector was used and, prior to injection, the samples were gently warmed using hot water. Boiling ranges were determined using this method and the T5 and T95 GCD results. Cloud point values were measured using ASTM D-5773 for Phase Tec Instruments under the lubricant procedure method. Pour point was measured according to ASTM D-5950 for ISL Auto Pour Point measurement. Viscosity and viscosity index were measured according to the ASTM protocol D-445 and D-2270, respectively.
Example 1
Treated Catalyst
The ZSM-48 catalyst was reduced for six hours in flowing hydrogen, at a temperature of 500° F. (260° C.) and a pressure of 500 psig. (3549 kPa). The hydrogen flow rate was a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 445. Following reduction and while maintaining the hydrogen flow and pressure, the temperature was reduced to 350° F. (177° C.), and then the Fischer-Tropsch 450° F.+ (232° C.) oxygenates-containing liquid wax was slowly introduced into the reactor over a period of six hours to treat the catalyst. While maintaining the pressure, hydrogen and an oxygenates-containing wax flow rate of 1 LHSV into the reactor, the temperature was raised to a hydrodewaxing temperature range of 610–630° F. (321–332° C.) and dewaxing continued for 50 days. Then the feed was sequentially switched to 320° F.+ (160° C.) and 700° F.+ (371° C.+) waxy isomerates for 45 days. These isomerates had previously been partially hydrodewaxed, did not contain oxygenates and were obtained by hydrodewaxing oxygenates-containing Fischer Tropsch wax. The results for this treated catalyst are shown in FIGS. 1–6.
FIG. 1 shows the very low hydrogenolysis to beta scission ratio (CH4/iso-C4H10) for the treated catalyst of the invention during hydrodewaxing and the much greater ratio incurred using the untreated catalyst of Comparative Example A. The open squares at day 60 correspond to the start-up of the treated catalyst on the oxygenates-containing wax feed. After only about six days of hydrodewaxing, the beta scission ratio was less than 0.5. The solid circles at day 115 correspond to the start up of the untreated catalyst of Comparative Example A. At the same time the untreated catalyst was started up, the feed for the treated catalyst was switched to the non-oxygenate, waxy isomerate feeds. The lined out behavior for the treated catalyst of the invention is unchanged by the feed switchover at about the 115th day. In contrast, the behavior of the untreated catalyst is very different at start up. The beta scission ratio is high, in excess of 6, and drops more slowly with time. The scatter in the data observed with the untreated catalyst of Comparative Example A is due to changes in temperature. However, the treated catalyst of the invention underwent the same temperature changes at this time and does not exhibit scatter.
FIG. 2 compares gas make as a function of 700° F.+ (371° C.+) feed conversion to lower boiling hydrocarbons (700° F.− (371° C.−)) for the two catalysts. Over the entire conversion range, the untreated catalyst of Comparative Example A had higher gas make, shown as circles, than the treated catalyst of the invention, shown as open squares.
FIG. 3 compares the 700° F.+ (371° C.+) dewaxed oil yield as a function of pour point. For a given pour point target, it shows the dewaxed oil yield is substantially greater using the treated catalyst of the invention.
Comparative Example A
Untreated Catalyst
This example was similar to Example 1, except for the treatment of the reduced catalyst. In this experiment, instead of treating the reduced catalyst with the oxygenates-containing, Fischer-Tropsch wax, the reduced catalyst was immersed in the 320° F.+ (160° C.+), oxygenates-free waxy isomerate for 6 hours. Then, as in Example 1, the temperature was raised to a hydrodewaxing range of 570–620° F. (299–327° C.). The hydrodewaxing reaction was run for 45 days, during which time the fed was switched from the 320° F.+ (160° C.+) isomerate, to the 700° F.+ (371° C.+) isomerate (also free of oxygenates). The results are shown in FIGS. 1–3 and discussed above in Example 1.
Comparative Example B
Sulfided Catalyst
In this experiment, the calcined catalyst was reduced as in Example 1 and then sulfided, by treating it with 2% hydrogen disulfide in hydrogen at 700° F. (371° C.+) and 500 psig (3549 kPa) for four hours. Following sulfiding, it was placed on stream with the oxygenates-free, 320° F.+ (160° C.+) waxy isomerate for about 20 days at temperatures between 540–580° F. (282–304° C.), using pure hydrogen at 2500 SCF/B and 500 psig (3549 kPa). The waxy isomerate feed rate was 1 LHSV. Then the feed was switched to the 450° F.+ (232° C.) oxygenates-containing Fischer-Tropsch wax and run for an additional 84 days at the same conditions. The results are shown as compared to the treated catalyst of the invention of Example 1, in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.
The results for the ratio of hydrogenolysis to beta scission are shown in FIG. 4. The sulfided catalyst is shown as the closed diamonds and the oxygenates treated catalyst of the invention of Example 1 as open squares. The sulfided catalyst lined out to a ratio of less than 0.5 almost immediately, while it took several days for the treated catalyst of the invention to reach the same ratio. However, after line out was reached, both catalysts were about the same.
FIG. 5 shows the total gas make for both catalysts is similar after line out. On day 60 both catalysts were on the oxygenated feed and were both undergoing a series of temperature changes. Nevertheless, both are experimentally indistinguishable after line out. FIG. 6 shows the pour point-conversion data for both catalysts is virtually indistinguishable within experimental error.
Example 2
Treated Catalyst
This experiment was similar to that of Example 1 in all respects, except that (i) after the treatment the raw wax was dewaxed for only 6 days at 600° F. (316° C.) and 500 psig (3549 kPa) hydrogen, then (ii) the pressure was reduced to 250 psig (1825 kPa) and dewaxing continued for another 25 days, before the feed was switched from the raw wax to the light isomerate described above, which was dewaxed at 600° F. (316° C.) and 250 psig (1724 kpa). The dewaxing results for the light isomerate are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
Example 3
Treated Catalyst
This experiment was similar to that of Examples 1 and 2, except that the catalyst was reduced at 250° F. (121° C.) and 250 psig (1825 kPa), instead of 500° F. (260° C.) and 500 psig (3549 kPa) and, prior to hydrodewaxing, instead of the oxygenates-containing wax, the oxygenates-containing light oil described above was used to treat the reduced catalyst at 250 psig (1724 kPa) and 350° F. (177° C.). Then the temperature was increased to 600° F. (316° C.) and the feed slowly switched to the 700–950° F. (371–482° C.) cut of isomerate feed, over a lineout time of only 14 days. The dewaxing results for the light isomerate dewaxed by the catalyst treated by the light oil of this example are shown in FIGS. 7–8.
Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, it is seen that there is essentially no difference between using an oxygenates-containing light oil and an oxygenates-containing wax to treat the ZSM-48 dewaxing catalyst. This is reflected in the conversion vs. pour point and gas make dewaxing results being essentially the same for both.

## Claims

1. A process for hydrodewaxing waxy Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons produced over a cobalt catalyst comprises contacting said hydrocarbons with hydrogen, in the presence of an unsulfided, treated hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal component and a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component, at reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax said waxy hydrocarbons and reduce their pour and cloud points, wherein said catalyst has been reduced and then treated with a stream containing one or more oxygenates prior to said hydrodewaxing to increase said catalyst's selectivity for isomerization dewaxing.

2. A process according to claim 1 wherein said zeolite component is at least one of ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57 or rare earth exchanged ferrierite.

3. A process according to claim 2 wherein said zeolite component is ZSM-48.

4. A process according to claim 3 wherein said oxygenates comprise one or more oxygen containing molecules.

5. A process according to claim 4 wherein said oxygenates comprise one or more functional groups containing hydroxyl, mono and polyhydric alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof.

6. A process according to claim 5 wherein said one or more oxygenates are present in said stream in an amount of at least 100 wppm, measured as oxygen.

7. A process according to claim 6 wherein said one or more oxygenates arc present in an amount of at least 200 wppm, measured as oxygen.

8. A process according to claim 7 wherein said hydrodewaxed hydrocarbons comprise at least one of (a) a fuel stock and (b) a lubricant base stock.

9. A process according to claim 8 wherein said stock has been hydrofinished and optionally dehazed.

10. A process according to claim 9 wherein said stock comprises a lubricant base stock and wherein said lubricant base stock is combined with one or more lubricant additives to form a lubricant.

11. A process for synthesizing and hydrodewaxing waxy hydrocarbons comprises reacting H2 and CO in the presence of a non-shifting Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst having a cobalt catalytic component, at reaction conditions effective to form waxy hydrocarbons, hydrodewaxing at least a portion of said waxy hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen and an unsulfided hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal component and a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component, at reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax said waxy hydrocarbons to reduce their pour and cloud points and produce one or more hydrodewaxed hydrocarbon fractions boiling in the fuel and/or lubricant oil range, and wherein said hydrodewaxing catalyst has been reduced and then treated with a stream containing one or more oxygenates prior to said hydrodewaxing to increase said catalyst's selectivity for isomerization dewaxing.

12. A process according to claim 11 wherein said zeolite component is at least one of ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57 or rare earth exchanged ferrierite.

13. A process according to claim 12 wherein said zeolite component is ZSM-48.

14. A process according to claim 13 wherein said oxygenates comprise one or more oxygen containing molecules.

15. A process according to claim 14 wherein said oxygenates comprise one or more functional groups containing hydroxyl, mono and polyhydric alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof.

16. A process according to claim 15 wherein said hydrodewaxing produces a hydrodewaxing tail gas rich in hydrogen and wherein at least a portion of said tail gas is used for said hydrocarbon synthesis.

17. A process according to claim 16 wherein at least a portion of said one or more oxygenates are indigenous to said treating hydrocarbon and are present in an amount of at least 200 wppm, measured as oxygen.

18. A process according to claim 17 wherein at least a portion of said stream comprises Fischer-Tropsch waxy hydrocarbons to be hydrodewaxed.

19. A process according to claim 18 wherein said dewaxed hydrocarbons comprise one or more of a fuel and a lubricant base stock and wherein one or more stocks arc hydrofinished and optionally dehazed.

20. A process according to claim 19 wherein said stock comprises a lubricant base stock which is combined with one or more lubricant additives to form a lubricant.

21. A process comprising (a) producing synthesis gas comprising a mixture of H2 and CO from natural gas, (b) contacting said synthesis gas with a non-shifting cobalt Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst at reaction conditions effective for said 112 and CO to react and form waxy hydrocarbons, including hydrocarbons boiling in the fuel and lubricant oil ranges, (c) passing at least a portion of said waxy hydrocarbons to a hydrodewaxing upgrading facility in which said waxy hydrocarbons are (i) hydrodewaxed in the presence of a hydrodewaxing catalyst and hydrogen over an unsulfided hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component and a noble metal hydrogenation component, at reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax said waxy hydrocarbons to reduce their pour and cloud points and produce one or more hydrodewaxed hydrocarbon fractions boiling in the fuel and/or lubricant oil range, and wherein, prior to said hydrodewaxing, said hydrodewaxing catalyst has been (ii) reduced and then treated with a stream containing one or more oxygen containing molecules to increase said catalyst's selectivity for isomerization dewaxing, said molecules comprising functional groups containing at least one of hydroxyl, mono and polyhydric alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and mixtures thereof present in said treating hydrocarbon in an amount of at least 100 wppm, measured as oxygen, and (d) wherein said hydrodewaxing produces a hydrodewaxing tail gas rich in hydrogen, at least a portion of which is used for said hydrocarbon synthesis.

22. A process according to claim 21 wherein said waxy hydrocarbons formed in (b) are not hydroprocessed prior to being passed to said hydrodewaxing upgrading facility.

23. A process according to claim 22 wherein said zeolite component is at least one of ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57 or rare earth exchanged ferrierite.

24. A process according to claim 23 wherein said zeolite component is ZSM-48.

25. A process according to claim 24 wherein said hydrogenation component comprises a Group VIII noble metal.

26. A process according to claim 25 wherein the noble metal is at least one of Pt or Pd.

27. A process for hydrodewaxing waxy Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons produced over a cobalt catalyst comprises contacting said hydrocarbons with hydrogen, in the presence of an unsulfided, treated hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal component and a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component which is at least one of ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, SSZ-32 or rare earth exchanged ferrierite, at reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax said waxy hydrocarbons and reduce their pour and cloud points, wherein said catalyst has been reduced and then treated with a stream containing one or more oxygenates prior to said hydrodewaxing to increase said catalyst's selectivity for isomerization dewaxing.

28. A process according to claim 27 wherein said one or more oxygenates are present in said stream in an amount of at least 100 wppm, measured as oxygen.

29. A process according to claim 28 wherein said zeolite component is ZSM-48.

30. A process for hydrodewaxing waxy Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons produced over a cobalt catalyst comprises contacting said hydrocarbons with hydrogen, in the presence of an unsulfided, treated hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal component and a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component which is ZSM-48, at reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax said waxy hydrocarbons and reduce their pour and cloud points, wherein said catalyst has been reduced and then treated with a stream containing one or more oxygenates prior to said hydrodewaxing to increase said catalyst's selectivity for isomerization dewaxing.

31. A process according to claim 30 wherein said one or more oxygenates are present in said stream in an amount of at least 100 wppm, measured as oxygen.

32. A process according to claims 1, 11, 21, 27 or 30 wherein said reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax include temperatures of from 232–3990° C., pressures of from 170–13891 kPa, liquid hourly space velocities of from 0.1–5.0 and hourly treat gas rates of 89–1789 m3/m3.

33. A process according to claims 1, 11, 21, 27 or 30 wherein said hydrodewaxing catalyst further comprises an alumina or alumina-containing metal oxide binder.

34. A process for hydrodewaxing waxy Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons produced over a cobalt catalyst which comprises contacting said hydrocarbons with hydrogen, in the presence of an unsulfided, treated hydrodewaxing catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal component and a 10-ring, 1-dimensional zeolite component, at reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax said waxy hydrocarbons and reduce their pour and cloud points, wherein said catalyst has been reduced and then treated with water prior to said hydrodewaxing to increase said catalyst's selectivity for isomerization dewaxing.

35. A process according to claim 34 wherein said water used for treatment further comprises a hydrocarbon.

36. A process according to claim 35 wherein said water used for treatment further comprises at least one oxygenate.

37. A process according to claim 36 wherein said oxygenate comprises one or more oxygen containing molecules.

38. A process according to claim 37 wherein said oxygenates comprise one or more functional groups containing hydroxyl, mono and polyhydric alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and mixtures, thereof.

39. A process according to claim 34 wherein said zeolite component is at least one of ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57 or rare earth exchanged ferrierite.

40. A process according to claim 39 wherein said zeolite component is ZSM-48.

41. A process according to claim 40 wherein water is present in an amount of at least 100 Wppm, measured as oxygen.

42. A process according to claim 41 wherein said reaction conditions effective to hydrodewax include temperatures of from 232–3990° C., pressures of from 170–13891 kPa, liquid hourly space velocities of from 0.1–5.0 and hourly treat gas rates of 89–1789 m3/m3.

43. A process according to claim 42 wherein said hydrodewaxing catalyst further comprises an alumina or alumina-containing metal oxide binder.