[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 19-10231

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 5:17-cv-00100-TES

AMANDA JONES, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

WAL-MART STORES EAST LP, 

 Defendant - Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Georgia

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(January 13, 2020)

Before MARTIN, NEWSOM and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

While pulling an 800-pound pallet filled with food donations through the 

receiving area of a Walmart in Macon, Georgia, Amanda Jones tripped over another 

pallet and sustained substantial injuries. She brought this premises liability action 

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against Walmart, and appeals the district court’s order that granted summary 

judgment to the defendant on two grounds: (1) that she had imputed knowledge of 

the presence of the pallet over which she tripped; and (2) that she failed to exercise 

reasonable care as a matter of law. After careful review, we reverse and remand for 

further proceedings.

The undisputed facts, for purposes of summary judgment, are these. On June 

10, 2014, the date of her fall, Amanda Jones worked as a driver for the Middle 

Georgia Food Bank. Her job was to retrieve donations from various stores in the

area. She had made donation pick-ups at the Macon Walmart at issue two to three 

times a week for the duration of her tenure with the food bank. Each time she visited 

the Macon Walmart there would be boxes loaded on a pallet with approximately two 

to eight hundred pounds of donations, located in a part of the store’s receiving area 

that typically could not be accessed directly from where she pulled her truck up 

behind the store. Her typical route required her to walk from her truck, through part 

of the receiving area, through a set of double doors into the dairy section of the public 

store, and then back into the receiving area through a second set of double doors, 

where she would find the loaded pallet. She would then use a pallet-jack, which is 

a wheeled, fork-shaped, hand-drawn device that raises heavy pallets so they can be 

pulled, to retrace her steps and bring the pallet into her truck. 

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On the day of her fall, Jones entered the Walmart and retrieved her pallet 

without incident. However, as she was going through the second set of double doors 

on her return (that is, back from the dairy section into receiving), moving backwards 

and accelerating with the pallet-jack, she tripped over another pallet immediately 

behind the door on her left, and fell, fracturing her coccyx. 

According to Jones’s deposition, she did not know the pallet was there and 

did not see it while she was walking through the doors because she was looking over 

her right shoulder, not her left. Walmart employees testified that the pallet over 

which she had tripped had been in its location behind the door for at least six hours 

that day, and Jones conceded that she must have walked past it on her incoming 

journey to retrieve the pallet. Photos taken by Walmart employees after Jones’s fall 

reveal that the offending pallet had a large, flat box on it, and together, the box and 

pallet were about a foot above the ground. The pallet lay about four feet behind the 

threshold of the double doors so that, when swung open, the door cleared it by mere 

inches. 

Jones brought this premises liability action in state court, alleging that 

Walmart’s negligent placement of the pallet behind the door breached the standard 

of care it owed her as an invitee and caused her injury. She claimed that her fall has 

resulted in ongoing lower back pain and medical bills exceeding $75,000. Walmart 

removed the case to United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia

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on the basis of diversity of citizenship. The question before us on appeal is whether 

as a matter of Georgia premises liability law the district court was correct to grant 

summary judgment to Walmart. 

We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Looney v. 

Moore, 886 F.3d 1058, 1062 (11th Cir. 2018). Summary judgment is only 

appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant 

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). To determine 

whether a factual dispute is genuine, we must consider whether “the evidence is such 

that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Peppers v. 

Cobb County, 835 F.3d 1289, 1295 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotations omitted).

Under Georgia law, property owners are liable to those induced onto their land 

“for injuries caused by [their] failure to exercise ordinary care in keeping the 

premises and approaches safe.” Ga. Code Ann. § 51-3-1. To prevail on a claim of 

failure to exercise such care, a plaintiff must show that “(1) the defendant had actual 

or constructive knowledge of the hazard, and (2) the plaintiff lacked knowledge of 

the hazard despite the exercise of ordinary care due to actions or conditions within 

the defendant’s control.” Bonner v. S. Rest. Grp., Inc., 610 S.E.2d 129, 132 (Ga. Ct. 

App. 2005). It is uncontested that Walmart knew of the pallet’s position behind the 

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door, so the only issue is whether Jones knew of the hazard (or can have such 

knowledge imputed to her as a matter of law) or failed to exercise ordinary care. 

In granting summary judgment to Walmart, the district court concluded that 

Jones failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact concerning her knowledge of 

the presence of the pallet and whether she had exercised reasonable care. First, the 

district court held that under Georgia’s “prior traversal” rule, Jones’s walking past 

the pallet on her way to retrieve the donations gave her imputed knowledge of its 

presence. Second, it held that by walking backwards through the door, Jones failed 

to exercise reasonable care, giving Walmart a defense of contributory negligence. 

We disagree with the district court’s conclusion that there were no genuine disputes 

of material fact as to either of these issues.

Under the “prior traversal” rule, a plaintiff who has successfully traversed a

readily discernable static condition is deemed to have imputed knowledge of the 

condition. See Newell v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., Inc., 476 S.E.2d 631, 633 (Ga. 

Ct. App. 1996). For this principle to apply, the (1) the condition must have been 

static; (2) it must have been “readily discernable”; and (3) the plaintiff must have 

“successfully traversed” it prior to her fall. See id.

“A static condition is one that does not change and is dangerous only if 

someone fails to see it and walks into it.” Rentz, 797 S.E.2d at 257 (quoting LeCroy 

v. Bragg, 739 S.E.2d 1 (Ga. Ct. App. 2013)). A condition can be static even if 

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capable of movement, so long as it does not in fact move. See id. (corn hole game 

at car dealership a static condition); Roweland v. Murphy Oil USA, 634 S.E.2d 477, 

479 (Ga. Ct. App. 2006) (metal signs at gas station static conditions). Since it’s 

undisputed that the pallet was in place for six hours and did not move for the duration 

of Jones’s visit, the district court properly concluded that it was a static condition. 

However, our review of the record suggests that there are genuine disputes of 

material fact as to whether the pallet was “readily discernible.” To be readily 

discernible, a static condition must be “open and obvious,” Becton v. Tire King of 

North Columbus, Inc., 539 S.E.2d 551, 553 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000), and “in plain view 

with nothing obstructing . . . view of it,” Rentz, 797 S.E.2d at 257. 

Although Jones has conceded that the pallet must have been visible when she 

walked past it the first time, Georgia courts have held that a hazard’s being visible 

is not necessarily enough to render it “readily discernible.” See, e.g., Cocklin v. JC 

Penney Corp., 674 S.E.2d 48, 50 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009) (reversing grant of summary 

judgment where the danger of tripping posed by a transition between two types of 

flooring was visible but not obvious and where plaintiff had successfully traversed 

the transition “at least four or five times before”); Moore v. WVL Restaurant, 566 

S.E.2d 465, 467 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002) (reversing grant of summary judgment to 

defendant where ice on the ground “may have been difficult to see” even though the 

plaintiff indisputably walked by it once); Freyer v. Silver, 507 S.E.2d 7, 10 (Ga. Ct. 

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App. 1998) (holding that defendants were not entitled to summary judgment where 

“the photographic evidence indicates the color contrast between the level black 

pavement and the precipitously steeply sloping concrete . . . is not so stark as 

defendants insist”). 

Moreover, in general, Georgia law reserves to the jury questions about where

“customers should be held responsible for looking or not looking,” American MultiCinema, Inc. v. Brown, 679 S.E.2d 25, 28 (Ga. 2009), and summary judgment on 

this ground should only be granted where the record evidence of a static condition’s 

being open and obvious is “plain, palpable, and undisputed,” Robinson v. Kroger, 

493 S.E.2d 403, 414 (Ga. 1997); see also Becton, 539 S.E.2d at 553 (affirming 

summary judgment where large planter over which plaintiff tripped was “several 

feet long, and contained a corn plant, other greenery, wood chips and several tires”

and was prominently placed inside a tire store); Rentz, 797 S.E.2d at 257 (affirming 

summary judgment where cornhole game over which plaintiff tripped wasin an open 

area of a car dealership and was “readily visible from any angle” and “in plain view 

with nothing obstructing patrons’ view of it”).

Based on Georgia’s case law, genuine issues of material fact exist as to 

whether the pallet that caused Jones’s injury was so obvious as to be “readily 

discernible” for purposes of Georgia law. The defendant’s pictures of the pallet after 

the incident reveal that it was low to the ground, flush on two sides against shelving 

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units filled with boxes of the same color as that of the pallet, and was placed directly 

behind an opaque door with only a small window. In addition, a shelving unit was 

perpendicular to the walking path, which meant that from the perspective of 

someone walking into the dairy section of the store, the pallet extended no more than 

a couple of feet into the path; and from the perspective of someone walking out of 

the dairy section, it may well have been obscured entirely by the door. Indeed, as 

Jones said in her deposition, “I couldn’t see a pallet behind the door. I can’t see 

through doors.” See Jackson v. Waffle House, Inc., 537 S.E.2d 188, 191 (Ga. Ct. 

App. 2000) (reversing grant of summary judgment where at “[o]ne angle you can 

see [the hole that caused plaintiff’s fall], one angle you can’t”).

Of course, the pallet is quite obvious in the pictures Walmart took of it, but 

that is not the question. The question is whether the record offers “plain [and] 

palpable” evidence that the danger of tripping over the pallet posed to someone 

walking through the double doors from the public area of the store would be 

“obvious” to any visitor exercising ordinary care and walking by it the other way. 

We simply cannot say that this record is undisputed as to this issue. See Bullard v. 

Marriott Intern. Inc., 667 S.E.2d 909, 912 (Ga. Ct. App. 2008) (reversing a grant of 

summary judgment where there were factual questions about whether the plaintiff 

should have noticed the raised brick in her path over which she tripped). 

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Moreover, there are genuine disputes of material fact as to whether Jones 

“successfully traversed” the pallet in walking by it once without her donation pallet 

in tow. On the one hand, Georgia law is clear that successfully traversing an obstacle 

even once is sufficient to impute knowledge of its presence to a plaintiff. See

Sherrod v. Triple Play Café, LLC, 647 S.E.2d 376, 378 (Ga. Ct. App. 2007). Further, 

a minor distinction between the prior traversal and the traversal during which the 

plaintiff was injured, like going down as opposed to up a step, is not sufficient to 

defeat a holding that the plaintiff had successfully traversed the hazard. See Gantt 

v. Dave & Buster’s of Ga., 610 S.E.2d 116, 118 (2005). 

On the other hand, where the second traversal differed significantly from the 

first and in a way that the hazard the condition posed would not have been evident

on the first traversal, Georgia courts have held that the plaintiff had not successfully 

traversed the condition. See Rutherford v. Revco Discount Drug Centers, Inc., 689 

S.E.2d 59, 61 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009) (reversing summary judgment where “going up a 

ramp is obviously very different from coming down a ramp, so [plaintiff] had not 

navigated the ramp’s decline before her fall.”). As in Rutherford, where a Georgia 

court held that going down a ramp is “obviously” very different from going up, we 

conclude that walking by a pallet in the ordinary course is “obviously” very different 

from walking by one while dragging a nearly half-ton load. It is only the former that 

Jones had done once before. On her first time attempting the latter, she tripped. 

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Moreover, the placement of the pallet in the pictures suggests that navigating 

it without tripping -- while maneuvering an 800-pound pallet or not -- was a 

substantially different experience going into the dairy section than it would have 

been coming back. From the perspective of someone walking into the dairy section, 

the pallet was largely obscured by a shelving unit that itself extended into the 

walking path, and the pallet extended no more than a foot or two beyond the shelving 

unit. That is, someone already traversing the shelving unit may well have traversed 

the pallet incidentally. But when one returns from the dairy section, one is faced 

with a pallet immediately past and directly behind one of the doors. 

These substantial differences between Jones’s first journey past the pallet and 

her second, and the fact that it plainly posed a much greater tripping hazard the 

second time -- both because she was pulling her pallet and because she was returning 

from the dairy section -- demonstrate genuine disputes of material fact about whether 

Jones successfully traversed the pallet on her journey to retrieve her donations. 

Therefore, on the record before us, we hold that the district court erred in granting 

summary judgment to Walmart under the “prior traversal” rule of Georgia law. 

In the alternative, the district court held that Jones was barred from recovering 

because she was walking backwards as she pulled her donation pallet through the 

double doors, thereby not exercising reasonable care. In so doing, the district court 

acknowledged that the question of whether someone exercised ordinary care is not 

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one particularly amenable to summary adjudication, see Robinson, 493 S.E.2d at 

408, but cited cases in which the Georgia courts affirmed summary judgment for the 

defendant where the plaintiff was injured while walking backwards, see Becton, 539 

S.E.2d at 553; Carey v. W.R. Grace & Co., Conn., 472 S.E.2d 524, 526 (Ga. Ct. 

App. 1996). These cases are distinguishable from Jones’s in two critical respects: 

(1) they did not involve a situation in which it may have been necessary to walk 

backwards to generate sufficient momentum to accelerate the 800-pound pallet Jones 

was pulling; and (2) they both involved plaintiffs who were not looking behind them 

while they walked backwards, while Jones indisputably was. 

Jones testified that she was walking backwards when she tripped because the 

pallet was so heavy that “you can’t walk forward with it.” Video footage from the 

incident showed that Jones had indeed walked forward with the pallet through the 

straight aisle of the dairy section, before turning around to maneuver and accelerate 

the pallet through the double doors. In light of her testimony, it is possible that it 

was reasonably necessary for her to turn around in order to generate the momentum 

necessary to navigate the pallet through the doors. Moreover, Jones testified that 

she had walked backwards in order to pull a heavy pallet every day, several times a 

day, for the three years she worked at Middle Georgia Food Bank and had never 

tripped or walked into anything. The record thus raises issues of fact as to whether 

Jones’s walking backwards was a reasonable -- even a necessary -- choice, under the 

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circumstances. The cases cited by the district court are not to the contrary -- in 

Becton the plaintiff was not carrying anything, see 539 S.E.2d at 553, and in Carey

the plaintiff was helping someone carry a heavy piece of metal but there was no 

allegation that the plaintiff’s walking backwards was necessary to exert the force 

physically required to accelerate the item, see 472 S.E.2d at 526.

Jones also testified that she was looking over her shoulder at where she was 

walking, primarily to avoid running into anyone. In contrast, in Becton the plaintiff 

“walk[ed] blindly backward” without looking, 539 S.E.2d at 553, and in Carey the 

plaintiff looked around before but not while he was walking backwards, 472 S.E. at 

525. We have found no cases suggesting that a plaintiff’s walking backwards while 

looking over her shoulder is per se a failure to exercise reasonable care under all 

circumstances in Georgia. 

In short, because there are genuine disputes of material fact about whether 

Jones’s walking backwards was reasonable under the circumstances, we conclude 

that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to Walmart. Accordingly, 

we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

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