Road Map to Understanding Innovative

Technology Options for Brownfields

Investigation and Cleanup, Third Edition

Office of Solid Waste and

Emergency Response

(5102G)

United States

Environmental Protection

Agency

EPA 542-B-01-001

www.epa.gov/TIO

http://clu-in.org/roadmap



	







 



  

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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE

TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS

INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP, THIRD EDITION

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

Technology Innovation Office

Washington, DC 20460
BLANK
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

NOTICE

Preparation of this document has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

under Contract 68-W-99-020. The document was subjected to the Agency’s administrative and expert review

and was approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does

not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

i
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Technology Innovation Office acknowledges and thanks the individuals who reviewed and provided

comments on draft documents. The reviewers included representatives of business, community and grassroots

organizations, EPA Headquarters and regional offices, local government and city planning offices, and public

interest groups.

ii
1

CONTENTS

NOTICE ........................................................................................................................................................................ i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. ii

BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................................................................2

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................4

How to Use The Road Map .................................................................................................................................6

BEFORE YOU BEGIN ................................................................................................................................................8

ROAD MAP ............................................................................................................................................................... 15

SITE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................................................ 17

SITE INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................................................................ 27

CLEANUP OPTIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 41

CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................................... 63

SPOTLIGHTS

S1 OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES:

Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites .............................................................. 25

S2 MOTHBALLED PROPERTIES:

Unlocking Sites with Innovative Technologies .................................................................................. 26

S3 KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION AND ACCEPTANCE ........................................................ 38

S4 THE TRIAD APPROACH:

Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions .................................................................... 39

S5 DATA QUALITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS:

Keys to Cost-Effective Site Investigation ............................................................................................ 40

S6 STATE DRYCLEANER REMEDIATION PROGRAMS:

An Innovative Approach to Cleanup .................................................................................................. 46

S7 REMEDIATING MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT SITES:

Emerging Remediation Technologies ............................................................................................... 47

S8 UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:

Technology Options for Tank Remediation ...................................................................................... 55

S9 PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:

A Growing Field ................................................................................................................................. 56

S10 CLEANUP OF DENSE NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS:

A Widespread Challenge ................................................................................................................... 62

S11 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:

Major Concepts and Issues ................................................................................................................ 66

APPENDICES

A GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................... A-1

B LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS ............................................................. B-1

C LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS .........................................C-1

D HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS .....................................................................................................D-1

INDEX OF RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................................ I-1

CD-ROM .......................................................................................................................................... Inside Back Cover

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

2

BACKGROUND The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has

defined brownfields sites as “abandoned, idled, or

under-used industrial and commercial facilities

where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by

real or perceived environmental contamination.”

EPA established its Brownfields Economic

Redevelopment Initiative to empower states,

communities, and other stakeholders in economic

revitalization to work together to accomplish the

redevelopment of such sites. Many states and local

jurisdictions also help businesses and communities

adapt environmental cleanup programs to

the special needs of brownfields sites.

Preparing brownfields sites for productive

reuse requires the integration of many

elements—financial issues, community

involvement, liability considerations,

environmental assessment and cleanup,

regulatory requirements, and more—as well

as coordination among many groups of

stakeholders. The assessment and cleanup

of a site must be carried out in a way that

integrates all those factors into the overall

redevelopment process. In addition, the

cleanup strategy will vary from site to site.

At some sites, cleanup will be completed

before the property is transferred to new

owners. At other sites, cleanup may take

place simultaneously with construction and

redevelopment activities. Regardless of

when and how cleanup is accomplished,

the challenge to any brownfields program is

to clean up sites in accordance with

redevelopment goals. Such goals may

include cost-effectiveness, timeliness, and

avoidance of adverse effects on structures on

the site and on neighboring communities, as

well as redevelopment of the land in a way that

benefits communities and local economies.

Why Innovative Technologies?

Numerous technology options are available to assist

those involved in brownfields cleanup. EPA’s

Technology Innovation Office (TIO) encourages the

use of smarter solutions for characterizing and

cleaning up contaminated sites by advocating more

effective, less costly technology approaches. The use

of innovative technologies to characterize and clean

up brownfields sites provides opportunities for

stakeholders to reduce the cost of cleanup and

accelerate the cleanup schedule. When such factors
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 3

as lower cost, an increased level of environmental

protection, and improved effectiveness are

considered, innovative technologies frequently are

more cost-effective and provide better and more

efficient cleanup than established treatment

technologies. Often, they also are more acceptable to

communities.

EPA defines an innovative technology as one that has

been used in the field but that does not yet have a

long history of full-scale use. In addition, data about

the cost and performance of innovative technologies

may not be sufficient to encourage decision makers to

select those technologies over established

technologies. A primary area of interest to EPA is

documenting and disseminating information about

the cost and performance of innovative technologies.

EPA, through its work with the Federal Remediation

Technologies Roundtable, has seen significant

progress in this area. Innovative technologies are

being used in many cleanup programs to assess

contamination and to clean up sites.

Comprehensive information about the range of these

technologies and their use, as well as technical

expertise pertinent to them, is available from EPA’s

Brownfields Technology Support Center (BTSC),

coordinated through TIO and supported by EPA’s

Office of Research and Development (ORD).

Established in 1999 as a pilot program, the BTSC

assists brownfields decision makers by presenting

strategies for streamlining site assessment and

cleanup, identifying information about technology

options, evaluating plans and documents, describing

complex technologies to communities, and providing

demonstration support (see page 11 for more

information about the BTSC).

An Emerging Technology is an innovative technology that

currently is undergoing bench-scale testing, in which a

small version of the technology is tested in a laboratory.

An Innovative Technology is a technology that has been

field-tested and applied to a hazardous waste problem at a

site, but lacks a long history of full-scale use. Information

about its cost and how well it works may be insufficient to

support prediction of its performance under a wide variety

of operating conditions.

An Established Technology is a technology for which cost

and performance information is readily available. Only

after a technology has been used at many different sites

and the results fully documented is that technology

considered to be established.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

4

INTRODUCTION The Road Map to Understanding Innovative Technology

Options for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup, Third

Edition, includes new and updated resources to assist

in the identification and selection of innovative site

characterization and cleanup technologies for

brownfields redevelopment. The Road Map and

accompanying CD-ROM provide a generally

applicable outline of the steps in the cleanup of a site

slated for redevelopment, and introduce brownfields

stakeholders to the range of innovative technology

options and resources available to them. The Road

Map provides valuable information to a wide range of

stakeholders involved in or affected by the

redevelopment of brownfields sites, whether public

projects, private developments, or publicprivate partnerships. The third edition, which

incorporates minor revisions in the structure

and content of the second edition, has been

expanded significantly to include new and

updated resources, which are included on the

Road Map CD-ROM.

The first edition of the Road Map, published in

1997, provided a broad overview of EPA’s

brownfields program and an outline of the

steps involved in the cleanup of a brownfields

site. Targeted primarily at stakeholders who

were unfamiliar with the elements of cleaning

up a brownfields site, the Road Map built

awareness of the advantages offered by

innovative technologies. As the brownfields

program matured, a second edition of the Road

Map was published in 1999 to provide

updated information and resources about the

program, including additional details about

the technologies available for addressing

contamination at brownfields sites. This

edition, accompanied by a CD-ROM, provided

easier access to the wide range of information and

resources included in the Road Map.

The new third edition has been developed for use by a

broader audience, ranging from those who may have a

limited understanding of the brownfields program

and technical background to those who are more

experienced. Updated with approximately 70 new

resources and one-page descriptions of technologies,

processes, and initiatives that affect the use and

consideration of innovative technologies, the newest

edition of the Road Map will help:

• New and less experienced stakeholders learn about

EPA’s brownfields program in general.

• Decision makers who are familiar with the

brownfields programs but are also interested in

obtaining more detailed information about

technologies. The Road Map provides these users
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 5

with current and up-to-date information about the

applicability of innovative technologies and ready

access to the latest resources that can assist them

in making their technology decisions.

• Stakeholders that hire or oversee site cleanup

professionals (such as environmental consultants,

cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or staff of

analytical laboratories). The Road Map provides

these stakeholders with a detailed understanding

of the different phases of cleanup of a brownfields

site and provides information about the role these

professionals play in the process and how to

encourage consideration of the use of innovative

technologies.

• Regulators by increasing their understanding of

the brownfields program and the advantages

innovative technologies and approaches may

provide throughout the cleanup process. The

Road Map also serves as a resource for regulators

to provide site owners, service providers, and other

stakeholders with useful information about the

brownfields program.

• Community members by providing information

about the general cleanup process and guidelines

and mechanisms that ensure that they are

involved in the decision-making process.

• Other stakeholders, such as financial institutions

and insurance agencies, by providing information

for use in assessing and minimizing risk

associated with brownfields redevelopment.

It is important to understand that the site

characterization and cleanup process may not occur

in the sequence outlined in the following chapters. At

many sites, several activities may be undertaken

concurrently and some steps may reoccur throughout

the process. For example, many technologies that are

used for characterizing sites during the preliminary

phases of a brownfields project may be appropriate

for use in later stages of a site cleanup.

Understanding the logical progression of the process

is crucial to ensuring that the proper groundwork is

laid for future phases, and in determining whether

activities can be combined or implemented

concurrently.

The Road Map is not an official guidance document.

Instead, it draws upon EPA’s experiences with

Superfund sites, corrective action sites under the

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),

and Underground Storage Tank (UST) sites. Specific

conditions—such as the kinds and amount of

contamination, the proposed reuses of the property,

the financial resources available, and the level of

support from neighboring communities—vary from

site to site.

New in the Third Edition

• Addition of 72 new resources identified with a

“new resource” icon

• Update of 19 resources

• One-page spotlights on specific topics that

identify and describe key technologies,

processes, and initiatives that affect the use and

consideration of innovative technologies at

brownfields sites

• Significant expansion of Appendix B, List of

Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms

• An index of resources, listed in alphabetical

order by title

How to Submit Comments

EPA invites comments from the members of the

brownfields community to help ensure that any

future versions of the Road Map meet their needs.

Please submit comments to:

Carlos Pachon

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Technology Innovation Office

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G)

Washington, DC 20460

E-mail: pachon.carlos@epa.gov

Phone: (703) 603-9904

How to Obtain Additional Copies

Portable document format (pdf) and HTML versions of

the Road Map are available for viewing or

downloading from the Hazardous Waste Cleanup

Information (CLU-IN) web site at http://clu-in.org/

roadmap. A printed or hard copy version can also be

ordered directly from CLU-IN.

If you do not have access to the Internet, a printed or

hard copy version of this document can be obtained

from:

National Service Center for

 Environmental Publications

U.S. EPA

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, OH 45242

Telephone: (800) 490-9198

FAX: (513) 489-8695

When ordering, refer to document number

EPA 542-B-01-001.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

6

How to Use the Road Map

• Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation

The remaining four sections of the Road Map summarize the general phases of the characterization

and cleanup of potentially contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation, assessment of

cleanup options, and design and implementation of the remedy.

Each section describes the objective to be accomplished, outlines the key questions to be answered,

summarizes the activities undertaken during that phase, discusses key questions related to

technology selection, lists information resources available to assist in selecting technologies, and

indicates specific actions to be taken at the completion of the

phase. The resources are grouped by type of resource —

technology resources, site-specific resources, or technologyspecific resources — and are listed in alphabetical order under

each category. Technology resources provide general

information about technologies and their application, sitespecific resources provide information about the application of

innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site types,

and technology-specific resources present detailed information

about specific technologies and the application of those

processes to specific contaminants and media.

The first section, Before You Begin, discusses important factors that set the stage for the characterization

and cleanup of brownfields sites and lists applicable resources. Regulatory guidelines for the process are

introduced, and innovative technologies are discussed within the overall framework of the selection of site

characterization and cleanup technologies.

Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous

Waste Site Investigations (EPA 600-R-00-007)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document focuses on the DQO process as the

appropriate systematic planning process to support

decision making. The DQO process is an important tool

for project managers and planners to use in defining the

types, quality, and quantity of data needed to make

defensible decisions. The document is based on the

principles and steps developed in Guidance for the Data

Quality Objectives Process, but is specific to investigations

of hazardous waste sites. The guidance is also consistent

with Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund:

Interim Final Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening

Guidance: User’s Guide (EPA 1996). Although the

document focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also

is applicable to programs at the state and local levels.

Title of resource

Location at which

the resource is

available

Description

of the

resource

This icon denotes

resources newly

included in the

third edition.

Resources: Components of Each Entry

Publication number
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 7

The Road Map is intended to identify and answer questions related to the selection of technologies, rather than

those questions related to other brownfields issues. Please remember that the key questions and activities to be

conducted are intended to guide the reader in identifying issues that should be addressed. To serve as guideposts

in the cleanup process, the questions take the point of view of the various groups involved in that process. They ask

what stakeholders as a group working together—the “we” of each question—must do as assessment and cleanup

progresses.

Spotlights

New to this edition are one-page descriptions that “spotlight”

key issues related to the characterization and cleanup of

brownfields sites, including key technologies, processes, and

initiatives that affect the use and consideration of innovative

technologies at brownfields sites. The spotlights are included

in the section of the Road Map that is most relevant to each

application. Each spotlight also includes information about additional resources, as appropriate. The topics of

the spotlights are:

• “Other Redevelopment Initiatives”

• “Mothballed Properties”

• “Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance”

• “The Triad Approach”

• “Data Quality and Representativeness”

• “State Drycleaner Remediation Programs”

 UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS AT

BROWNFIELDS SITES

• “Remediating Manufactured Gas Plant Sites”

• “Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfields Sites”

• “Phytoremediation Technology”

• “Cleanup of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids”

• “Understanding the Role of Institutional Controls at

Brownfields Sites”

Appendices

Several appendices also are included to help stakeholders understand technical issues and terms related to cleanup.

Appendix A, Guide to Contaminants and Technologies, identifies activities that may have caused contamination at sites

being considered for redevelopment and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for use at brownfields

sites. Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, defines specialized terms and acronyms used in

discussing and describing brownfields cleanup efforts. Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts,

provides information about state and EPA regional and technical points of contact. Appendix D, How to Order

Documents, provides information about ordering the documents listed in the Road Map.

Index of Resources

The Index of Resources provides a complete list of the resources in the Road Map, sorted alphabetically by title.

Road Map CD-ROM

The Road Map CD-ROM is included with this document. The CD-ROM is organized

by the same sections as the Road Map — “Before You Begin,” “Site Assessment,”

“Site Investigation,” “Cleanup Options,” and “Cleanup Design and

Implementation.” Each of the resources identified in the Road Map can be

viewed or downloaded directly from the CD-ROM or accessed or ordered on

line using links provided on the CD-ROM. In addition, of the approximately

160 resources identified in the Road Map, approximately 60 percent can be

viewed or downloaded directly from the CD-ROM. Another 40 percent of the

resources are Internet sites that can be linked to directly from the CD-ROM.

The resources can be searched alphabetically by title and by section.

EPA TIO has provided these resources in an easy-to-use CD-ROM format to

facilitate access to the documents, as well as to reduce paper and costs associated

with printing and distribution of hard-copy publications.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

8

BEFORE YOU BEGIN What is the Planned End Use? A Word About

Redevelopment

It is important to consider potential redevelopment

plans from the outset of any brownfields project. The

redevelopment plan (or lack thereof) will govern most

brownfields projects, from the identification of site

investigation and cleanup standards and the ability to

obtain financing to the ultimate affordability or

profitability of the project.

Defining and understanding the overall long-term

goals of the brownfields project and the decisions

to be made throughout the project in support

of those goals is a crucial element in

identifying appropriate technologies for site

investigation and cleanup. Technology

tools, when carefully selected, will assist

those responsible for the brownfields

project in collecting the data necessary to

support such decisions and accomplish the

established goals. During the many phases

of a brownfields project, it is important to

keep in mind that technology options are an

effective means of achieving the desired result

at a site, rather than an end in themselves.

Brownfields projects may be initiated for a number of

reasons. A landowner may want to sell a property to

a developer who wants to purchase and develop it. A

municipality may want to clean up a parcel or area

that has become an eyesore, create space for business

development, or create a park in a disadvantaged

area. A local comprehensive plan may call for infill

development of a certain type in a brownfields area.

The brownfields process will be tailored to the

specific end use, if that use is known. For example, if

the redevelopment plan calls for the construction of a

light industrial facility, it may be appropriate to apply

industrial investigation and cleanup standards that

are less stringent than those applicable to property

that is to be redeveloped for residential use. The

standards required will affect every aspect of the

project, from its overall cost (which is generally

greater as the standards become more conservative) to

the applicability of innovative characterization and

cleanup technologies. Keep in mind, however, that

new information about contamination or cleanup

may require that reuse plans be altered; develop

flexible plans so that revised cleanup needs can be

incorporated into them.

If the end use is not known at the beginning of the

project, the individuals involved should make every

attempt at least to identify the general type of desired

development, whether industrial, commercial, or

residential or a mixed-use development of some sort.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 9

Absent that information, the most conservative

assumptions will be made at every stage of the

brownfields project, a circumstance that could increase

significantly the time and expense of the project and

may even make it infeasible.

Understanding Regulations and Regulatory

Guidelines and Standard Industry Practices

The redevelopment of brownfields sites may be

subject to a variety of federal, state, and local laws,

regulations, policies, and guidelines with respect to

the characterization and cleanup of the site. Such

sites also may be governed by the standard practices

of other government, nongovernment, and private

institutions.

The applicable laws, regulations, policies, and

guidelines will vary by site, depending on the

regulatory authority that manages the cleanup.

Therefore, it is important to research this information at

the outset and to work closely with the regulatory

authority throughout the cleanup process. For

example, state or local regulatory authorities may

manage the cleanup of brownfields sites. These

agencies should be consulted to determine what, if any,

site-specific requirements or permits are applicable.

Many of the standard practices are designed to help

the brownfields redevelopment project obtain

financing from public programs and private banks and

institutions. Guidance and standards are issued by

government and nongovernment organizations, such

as the American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDIC), and state and local economic development

authorities, and even private lenders.

EPA also can be a valuable resource for brownfields

stakeholders by providing regulatory and policy

support to facilitate the selection of technologies (see

Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support

Contacts for information about EPA regional and

technical points of contact).

Although compliance with regulations and official

policy directives under other federal regulatory and

cleanup programs, such as Superfund, may not be

required, some of the information gathered and lessons

learned under such programs may be useful in the

investigation and cleanup of brownfields sites. For

example, in the past, a number of sampling events and

field mobilizations have been required at many RCRA

and Superfund sites to gather sufficient information to

characterize the site adequately. Additional sampling

has been found necessary for a number of reasons —

for example, to ensure that sampling was performed

for all potential contaminants, to adequately analyze

all pathways of exposure, to obtain representative

samples of wastes and environmental media, and to

obtain analytical results of the appropriate accuracy to

enable regulatory authorities to make decisions about

the cleanup with confidence. Multiple sampling

events have increased costs and extended the decisionmaking period for selecting options for site cleanups.

When possible, sampling plans should be flexible and

dynamic and should allow for adjustments in the field

in light of actual field conditions observed and the

analytical results. Such a dynamic approach usually

requires a well-rounded technical team that comprises

a broad range of technical expertise and the use of field

analytical technologies, including an on-site mobile

laboratory, to provide quick turnaround analyses.

Seeking and Procuring External Professional

Support

Most decision makers at brownfields sites will require

technical and legal assistance to fully understand the

complexities of investigating and cleaning up a

contaminated site. Depending upon the complexity of

a particular site, decision makers may request the

assistance of environmental consultants, cleanup

contractors, technology vendors, or staff of analytical

laboratories in performing the many activities required

to investigate and clean up sites. The inclusion of

these professionals and other experts as members of

the brownfields team is recommended.

Some states may require the participation of certified

or licensed professionals to help guide the site

investigation and cleanup process. To obtain the

services of such professionals (individuals or a firm),

a request for proposals (RFP) is often used as the

procurement mechanism. The RFP addresses

approach, qualifications, and cost estimate for the

services requested and includes specifications that

encourage prospective bidders to think “outside the

box” and consider nontraditional approaches.

Selection criteria outlined in the RFP should include

credentials and demonstrated experience of the

individuals or firm in developing valid options for

using streamlined strategies and innovative

technologies at brownfields sites and successfully

implementing the selected option.

To ensure that those individuals or firms responding to

an RFP propose approaches that are valid for the site,

the RFP also should include, or make readily available,

all studies and reports that provide site-specific

information that can be used as the basis for making

technology decisions. Individuals preparing RFPs

may wish to be proactive and provide suggestions for

the use of specific strategies and technologies that
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

10

appear to be valid for the particular site. When

reviewing proposals and interviewing firms, the

evaluation team must be prepared to ask pointed,

detailed questions about the selection and use of

technologies to be assured that the individual or firm

chosen to perform the work is qualified to complete the

project successfully. Described in this Road Map are

many excellent resources that will assist brownfields

decision makers in preparing specifications to be

included in RFPs, selecting the criteria for evaluating

proposals, and developing questions for interviews of

those responding to the RFP. For example, see EPA’s

Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and

Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative

Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup on page 29

for more information.

Community Involvement

It is important that brownfields decision makers

encourage acceptance of redevelopment plans and

cleanup alternatives by involving members of the

community early in the decision-making process

through community meetings, newsletters, or other

outreach activities. For an individual site, the

community should be informed about how the use of

a proposed technology might affect redevelopment

plans or the adjacent neighborhood. For example, the

planting of trees for the use of phytoremediation may

create aesthetic or visual improvements; on the other

hand, the use of phytoremediation may bring about

issues related to site security or long-term

maintenance that could affect access to the site.

EPA can assist members of the brownfields

community by directing its members to appropriate

resources and providing opportunities to network

and participate in the sharing of information. A

number of Internet sites, databases, newsletters, and

reports provide opportunities for brownfields

stakeholders to network with other stakeholders to

identify information about cleanup and technology

options. As noted in the preceding section, EPA’s

Brownfields Technology Support Center is a valuable

new resource for brownfields decision makers (see

page 11 for more information).

Comparing Innovative Technologies to Other

Characterization and Cleanup Options

In addition to innovative site characterization and

cleanup technologies, the use of established treatment

and containment technologies also should be

considered. Examples of containment include

containing contaminated soil on site using a cap and

limiting migration of contaminants using a vertical

engineering barrier such as a slurry wall. In either

case, containment does not involve actively treating

the waste to recover or degrade contaminants.

Examples of established technologies include

solidification/stabilization, soil vapor extraction,

thermal desorption, incineration, and pump-andtreat. (For a complete list and description of the

technologies, see Appendix F, Identification of

Remedy and Record of Decision Types for Superfund

Remedial Actions, of the Treatment Technologies for Site

Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Tenth Edition). The

document is available on the Road Map CD-ROM or

online at http://clu-in.org/asr/.)

When deciding between innovative and established

technologies or between treatment and containment

technologies, or other options, brownfields

stakeholders should consider the specific needs of the

individual site and stakeholders. It also is important

that brownfields decision makers consider both the

current effects of the selected technology approach and

its future effects on potential development of the site.

Selecting and Accepting Technologies

The successful cleanup of

a brownfields site depends

on the selection and

acceptance of a specific

technology or technology

approach. Identified in

the box below are the key

elements to ensure that a

proposed technology will

be accepted by all stakeholders, whether site owners,

potential buyers, financial service providers,

investors, regulators, or affected citizens. Spotlight 3,

Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance, on page 38,

describes in detail these key elements.

Information Centers, Training, and Other

Resources

Described on the next four pages are some of the

resources available to brownfields projects from

government and nongovernment institutions,

including the various EPA hotlines for statutory and

regulatory programs that may affect brownfields

projects. The resources provide more general

information than the technology resources identified

in the chapters that follow. Training courses and

programs provided by EPA, as well as other

organizations, also are identified. Information about

state and local resources can be obtained from the

contact for each state listed in Appendix C, List of

Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts.

A Quick Look

• Focus on the decisions

that support site goals

• Build consensus

• Understand the technology

• Allow flexibility
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 11

Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 1998 Update

The document, prepared by the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) in association with EPA, provides an analytical overview of

state Superfund programs, and includes information about statutes, program staffing and organization, sites, cleanup

activities, cleanup policies and standards, requirements for public participation, funding and expenditures, and enforcement

tools. The report also discusses the voluntary remediation and brownfields programs established by the states and

presents detailed program information arranged in tables that facilitate comparisons among the states. A copy of the report

can be downloaded from ELI’s web site at www.eli.org; select “Publications”, then 1998 Reports. An update of the report is

forthcoming in Fall 2001.

Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative Technologies: State Regulatory Role in Unexploded

Ordnance Detection and Characterization Technology Selection

The report, published in 2000 by the Interstate Technology Regulatory Cooperation (ITRC), contains an analysis of

case studies from states having experience in remediating unexploded ordnance (UXO)-contaminated sites. The

report supports early and meaningful state regulatory involvement in the selection of innovative UXO

characterization and remediation technologies. The report also offers recommendations to ensure the appropriate

participation of states in the selection of technologies for characterizing and remediating UXO-contaminated sites. The

document can be viewed or downloaded from the Road Map CD-ROM.

Brownfields Technology Support Center

EPA established the Brownfields Technology Support Center (BTSC) to ensure that brownfields decision makers are aware

of the full range of technologies available for conducting site assessments and cleanup, and can make informed decisions

for their sites. The center helps government decision makers evaluate strategies to streamline the site assessment and

cleanup process, identify and review information about complex technology options, evaluate contractor capabilities and

recommendations, explain complex technologies to communities, and plan technology demonstrations. The center is

coordinated through EPA’s TIO and works through EPA’s ORD laboratories. Localities can submit requests for assistance:

– Directly through their EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinator

– Online at http://brownfieldstsc.org

– By calling 1 (877) 838-7220 (toll free)

For more information about the program, contact Dan Powell of EPA’s TIO at (703) 603-7196 or powell.dan@epa.gov.

Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property

This book, published by the American Bar Association (ABA), is aimed at an audience of real estate and environmental

attorneys, property owners and developers, environmental regulators and consultants, and state and local government

leaders. The book provides an overview with background information about the issues and explanations of the federal and

state laws governing brownfields. Legal, business, financial, and political issues associated with redeveloping

contaminated property also are addressed. The book presents the scientific concepts used to clean up contaminated

property, describing risk assessment and remediation strategies. Comprehensive information about state voluntary cleanup

programs, with more than 400 pages of information on existing programs, also is provided. The book, published in 1997,

can be purchased through ABA’s web site at www.abanet.org or at bookstores across the country. The ISBN number for the

book is 1-57073-439-9.

CLU-IN Studio

CLU-IN Studio, coordinated by EPA’s TIO, the ITRC, and other partners, provides free and unlimited access to

technical internet seminars, live conference webcasts, and videotapes. Frequently updated, the three types of

media provide information about and resources relevant to innovative site characterization and cleanup

technologies. The two-hour internet seminars are live web-based slide presentations, each of which has a

companion audio portion available by telephone line or RealAudio simulcast. The conference webcasts are live events that

combine web-based presentation materials with a companion live audio stream. The videotapes, of which the viewing time

ranges from 6 to 28 minutes, also may be viewed or ordered on line. Descriptions and registration information about

upcoming events, as well as links to archived seminars and webcasts, are provided at the site at http://clu-in.org/studio/.

INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

12

INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES

EPA Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative Internet Site

This Internet site, coordinated by EPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Outreach and Special

Projects Staff (OSPS), provides extensive information about EPA’s Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative and

resources related to the initiative. Descriptions of EPA’s brownfields pilots and points of contact in each of the EPA regional

offices are provided, as well as publications, regulations, and other documents. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the

selection and use of technologies for environmental cleanup may have particular interest in learning more about EPA’s

Brownfields Cleanup Revolving Loan Fund (BCRLF) Pilots, a program that includes, among other elements, funding of

assessment demonstration pilot programs for the assessment of brownfields properties and testing of cleanup and

redevelopment models. Specific details about the program, including criteria for eligibility and a list of BCRLF pilots that

have been awarded, are available on the web site. The USTFields Initiative, a new program sponsored by EPA’s Office of

Underground Storage Tanks (OUST) to address cleanup of abandoned underground storage tanks (USTs) is described, as

well as the 10 communities recently awarded USTFields funding for the assessment and cleanup of sites. For additional

information, visit the web site at www.epa.gov/brownfields.

Guidance for Preparing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) (EPA 240-B-01-004)

The document provides guidance on the preparation and use of an SOP within a quality system. An SOP is a set

of written instructions that document a routine or repetitive activity an organization carries out. The development

and use of SOPs are an integral part of a successful quality system because SOPs provide to individuals the

information needed to perform a job properly and facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a product or

end result. SOPs describe both technical and administrative operational elements of an organization that would be managed

under a work plan, a quality assurance project plan, or an organization’s quality management plan. A copy of the document

can be viewed or downloaded from the Road Map CD-ROM.

Handbook of Tools for Managing Federal Superfund Liability Risks at Brownfields and Other Sites

(EPA 330-B-98-001)

Developed by EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assistance (OECA), the handbook is a compilation of

tools that can be used to evaluate the benefits of remediating and redeveloping a brownfields property against

any environmental risks associated with that property and to address barriers arising from potential liability

under Superfund. The document presents background information about CERCLA and summarizes various statutory

provisions and agency regulations, policies, and guidance documents that can be used as tools to manage CERCLA liability

risks associated with brownfields and other sites. Designed for use by parties involved in the assessment, cleanup, and

reuse of brownfields, the handbook provides a basic description of the purpose, applicability, and provisions of each tool.

The pdf version of the document can be viewed or downloaded from the Road Map CD-ROM.

Hazardous Substance Research Centers

The Hazardous Substance Research Centers (HSRC) is a national organization, funded in part by EPA, the U.S. Department of

Energy (DOE), and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), that carries out a program of basic and applied research,

technology transfer, and training. HSRC provides free technical assistance to communities with environmental

contamination issues through two outreach efforts, the Technical Outreach for Communities (TOSC) Program and the

Technical Assistance to Brownfields (TAB) Communities Program. TOSC uses the researchers and professionals at more

than 30 universities to help community groups understand the technical issues at hazardous waste sites. Through the TOSC

program, toll-free information hotlines are available and workshops and other educational programs are offered. TAB helps

communities to clean up and redevelop properties that have been damaged or undervalued by environmental contamination.

Through five regional training centers, HSRC’s TAB provides training for communities on the following subjects: leadership,

risk assessment, brownfields processes, site assessment, and cleanup alternatives. More information is available on

HSRC and their brownfields initiatives on their web site at www.hsrc.org. Detailed information about the TOSC and TAB

programs is available at www.hsrc.org/hsrc/html/tosc.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 13

INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES

Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise

Coordinated through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise

(HTRW-CX) provides technical assistance and information about the use of innovative technologies for cleanup of

contaminated properties. Detailed information about a variety of available innovative technology resources, points of contact

at the HTRW-CX, and upcoming training courses and workshops is provided on the Center’s web site. More than 50 case

studies of successful applications of innovative technologies also are described. Visit the HTRW-CX web site at

www.environmental.usace.army.mil/info/technical/it/it.html/ for more information.

Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation

The ITRC, created through the Western Governors Association, promotes the use of innovative hazardous waste and

remediation technologies. Made up of more than 30 states, several federal partners, stakeholders, and state associations,

the ITRC: (1) provides a forum through which states can exchange technical information; (2) creates a network of state

contacts for the promotion of innovative technologies; (3) identifies interstate barriers to the deployment of technologies; (4)

benchmarks state perspectives about innovative technologies; and (5) develops consensus among state regulators, in

collaboration with industry and public stakeholders, on technical regulatory aspects of the use of innovative technologies.

Brownfields decision makers who wish to obtain applicable guidance documents for the use of innovative technologies will

find several guidance documents developed by the ITRC on ITRC’s web site. For additional resources and points of contact,

visit the ITRC’s web site at www.ITRCweb.org/.

RCRA Online

RCRA Online is an online database that provides users access to thousands of letters, memoranda, and

questions and answers issued by EPA’s Office of Solid Waste (OSW). The documents indexed in the database

represent past EPA Headquarters interpretations of the RCRA regulations governing the management of solid,

hazardous, and medical waste. Users can retrieve documents through topical, full text, and advanced search

functions, as well as view the actual text of documents identified in a search. Detailed instructions on how to use the

database are provided, as well as tips for conducting searches. RCRA Online is available online at www.epa.gov/rcraonline/.

A pdf version of the RCRA Online brochure is provided on the Road Map CD-ROM.

RCRA, Superfund, and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline

The hotline handles information about EPA’s RCRA regulations and programs implemented under RCRA, including the UST

program, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), EPCRA, the Superfund

Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III, and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). The hotline also provides referrals for

obtaining related documents concerning the RCRA, UST, Superfund/CERCLA, and Pollution Prevention/Waste Minimization

programs. The hotline operates daily Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST). The

hotline can be reached by telephone at 800-424-9346 for all nongovernment locations outside the Washington, DC

metropolitan local calling area, or 703-412-9810 for all locations in the Washington, DC metropolitan local calling area.

Superfund Docket and Information Center

The Superfund Docket and Information Center provides access to Superfund regulatory documents, Superfund Federal Register

Notices, Records of Decision (ROD), and public comments sent to EPA. The center operates daily, Monday through Friday, 9:00

a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The center can be reached by telephone at 703-603-9232 or by facsimile at 703-603-9240.

Tax Credits and Deductions for Expensing Environmental Remediation Costs (Section 198)

Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. §198 (A)(1)(B)(VI)) describes the expensing of costs related

to the environmental remediation of qualified contaminated sites. As the code specifies, taxpayers are permitted

to treat any qualified environmental remediation expense as an expense that is not chargeable to capital account;

such an expenditure can be treated as a deduction for the taxable year in which it is paid or incurred. In general, a

qualified remediation expenditure is an expenditure paid or incurred in connection with the abatement or control of

hazardous substances at a qualified contaminated site. The specific terms and qualifications are described in Section 198 of

the Internal Revenue Code, which can be viewed or downloaded from the Road Map CD-ROM.

.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

14

INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES

TechDirect

TechDirect, hosted by EPA’s TIO, is a free electronic mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest to

site assessment and remediation professionals. The message directs subscribers to sources from which they can obtain

more information. Interested persons may subscribe on line at http://clu-in.org/techdrct.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service

The information service provides information about regulations under TSCA to the chemical industry, labor and trade

organizations, environmental groups, and the general public. Technical as well as general information is available. The

information service operates daily, Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST. The information service can be

reached by telephone at 202-554-1404, by facsimile at 202-554-5603, or by e-mail at tsca-hotline@epa.gov.

Training Information

Training courses and programs that can be useful to brownfields stakeholders, particularly those involved in technology

selection, are identified below:

• EPA’s Training-Exchange (TRAINEX), an Internet site that provides a range of training information for representatives of

federal, state, local, and tribal agencies, is intended primarily for individuals involved in hazardous waste management

and remediation. The site provides information about more than 65 classes, as well as schedules for their delivery.

Visit the TRAINEX web site at www.trainex.org for additional information.

• EPA’s Field-Based Technologies Training Program is particularly appropriate for individuals involved in selecting

technologies for site investigation and cleanup. The Field-Based Technologies Training Program consists of two

advanced-level training courses - the Field-Based Site Characterization Technologies Course, which introduces a wide

array of characterization technologies and the Strategies for Field-Based Analytical and Sampling Technologies Course,

which provides an overview of the planning and process issues associated with the use of field-based strategies. The

course is designed for environmental professionals and regulators who are involved in the use or implementation of site

characterization or data interpretation related to those technologies. For information about the course and schedule for its

delivery, visit the TRAINEX web site at www.trainex.org; select “CERCLA Education Center (CEC).”

• Information about upcoming courses, provided by a variety of federal and non-federal organizations, is provided on TIO’s

CLU-IN web site at http://clu-in.org; select “Courses and Conferences” under “What’s Hot? What’s New?

• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) also offers many technical and professional training opportunities which

may be of interest to brownfields decision makers. For more information, visit their web site at www.astm.org/TRAIN.
























	












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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 17

The purpose of this step is to evaluate the potential

for contamination at a particular site by collecting

and reviewing existing information. The site

assessment, typically referred to as an ASTM Phase I

environmental site assessment, is an initial

investigation usually limited to a search of historical

records. The data collected also includes information

about past and current environmental conditions and

historical uses of the site. The site assessment is the

most crucial step in the brownfields process, because

any further environmental investigation and cleanup

will hinge on whether potential environmental

concerns are identified during that phase.

During the site assessment phase, it is important to

consider the activities and requirements described in

the subsequent chapters and determine how they will

be affected by the initial site assessment. Because the

information obtained in this phase will determine

whether any future work must be done at the site, the

site assessment must be thorough and tailored to meet

specific data objectives. As discussed in the section

Before You Begin, decisions made about the end use

of a site and the long-term goals of the brownfields

project will determine the types and quantity of data

that must be collected, as well as the level of quality

the data must attain. The data quality objectives

(DQO), in turn, will serve as the basis upon which the

best decisions will be made about the most

appropriate technologies and techniques to be used in

collecting and analyzing the data at a particular site

(see Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key

Terms, for a definition of DQO).

The data collected during this initial step of the

cleanup process is extremely important for use in

identifying and evaluating the applicability of site

assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as in

determining whether the property can be cleaned up

to the level necessary for its intended reuse. If it is

carefully planned, some of the follow-on work, such

as limited sampling, may also be accomplished

during this phase. The site assessment also can

provide a preliminary indication of what types of

cleanup technologies might be available. It also is

essential to assess and address the needs and

concerns of the community (for example, the

development of social and economic profiles and the

identification of acceptable environmental risk).

Technologies that detect possible contamination in the

air may be applicable at this stage as well as some

SITE ASSESSMENT

C

O

leanup

ptions

Site Assessment

Cleanup Design

and

Implementation

Site

Investigation

To Redevelopment

Collect and Assess Information

About the Brownfields Site
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

18

analytical sampling technologies useful for assessing

contamination in soil or groundwater. Examples of

sampling and analysis technologies that may be

applicable during this phase are presented in

Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies for Sampling and

Analyzing Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfields

Sites. However, the use of technologies may be

somewhat limited, since much of the work at this stage

involves a search of paper and electronic records.

Factors that should be considered during this phase

include:

1. Has a redevelopment plan been prepared or a

proposed end use identified? Is the site located in

an area targeted for redevelopment? Is the site

located in an industrial area? Will it remain

industrial or be rezoned for commercial use? Or is

a residential development planned? Will

community members who use the property be

exposed directly to the soil or sediment?

2. What data are needed to support the long-term

goals of the project, address concerns related to it,

and ensure its acceptability? What decisions need

to be made, and what data should be collected to

support those decisions? What level of quality or

uncertainty is necessary to meet those goals?

3. What is known about the site? What records exist

that indicate potential contamination and past

use of the property? Have other environmental

actions occurred (such as notices of violation)?

Has an environmental audit been conducted?

What information is needed to identify the types

and extent or the absence of contamination?

4. If the site is located in an area targeted for

redevelopment, is the site being considered for

cleanup under a federal or state Superfund

cleanup initiative?

5. Will the site be entered into a Voluntary Cleanup

Program (VCP)? If not, what agency (federal,

state, local, or tribal) would be responsible for

managing oversight of cleanup? Are there other

federal, state, local, or tribal regulatory

requirements for site assessment? (See the

definition of a VCP in Appendix B, List of

Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms)

6. What are the special needs and concerns of the

community? How can community involvement

be encouraged? How will community views be

solicited?

7. What environmental conditions will the

community find acceptable? What environmental

standards should be considered to ensure that

community stakeholders are satisfied with the

outcome of the cleanup, in light of the identified

and proposed reuse?

8. If the site shows evidence of contamination, who

and what will be affected? Who will pay for the

cleanup?

The following figure depicts the linkages among the

decisions to be made, the data to be collected, and the

selection of technologies to expedite the collection of What Do We Need To Know? data.

Linking the Decision, Data, and Technologies

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?

Determine:

What you are trying to accomplish at the site –

redevelopment, cleanup, etc.

NO

WHAT INFORMATION DO I NEED TO MAKE

THE DECISION?

Identify:

Data or information necessary to make the decision(s)

or answer the question(s)

Consider:

Level of data quality required (detection limits and

accuracy)

HOW SHOULD I COLLECT THE DATA?

Evaluate & Select:

Various sampling and analysis designs to achieve

required data and data quality

Consider:

Technologies available to provide more data quickly and

cost-effectively at a level of quality required by decisions

WHAT DOES THE DATA TELL ME?

Evaluate/Interpret Data:

Can decision(s) be made?

Can question(s) be answered?

TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION

Based on the decision made or question answered.

YES

WHAT DECISIONS ARE NEEDED TO SUPPORT

SITE GOALS?

Determine:

Are contaminant levels above or below acceptable

limits to a specified degree of certainty?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 19

Activities to be conducted during the initial survey of

a site include:

• Establish the technical team and take advantage of the

team’s expertise to determine the adequacy of existing

site information and identify potential data gaps

• Ensure that the brownfields decision makers (such

as regulators; citizens; property owners; and

technical staff, such as chemists and toxicologists)

are involved in the decision-making process

• Identify future plans for reuse and redevelopment

and goals of the site

• Identify data that must be collected to support the

goals of the site

• Determine whether contamination is likely through

the conduct of an ASTM Phase I environmental site

assessment or its equivalent. A records search is

performed and the site is visited, but no sampling of

soil or groundwater occurs. The effort includes the

following activities:

- Identify past owners and the uses they made of

the property by conducting a title search and

reviewing tax documents, sewer maps, aerial

photographs, and fire, policy, and health

department documentation related to the property

- Review and analyze city government and other

historical records to identify past use or disposal

of hazardous or other waste materials at the site

- Review federal and state lists that identify sites

that may have environmental contamination;

such lists include, but are not limited to:

1) EPA’s Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability

Information System (CERCLIS) of potentially

contaminated sites, 2) the National Pollutant

Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) of

permits issued for discharges into surface water,

and 3) state records of “emergency removal”

actions (for example, the removal of leaking

drums or the excavation of explosive waste)

- Interview property owners, occupants, and others

associated with the site, such as previous

employees, residents, and local planners

- Perform a physical or visual examination of the

site, including examination of existing

structures for structural integrity and asbestoscontaining material

- Test for the presence of various contaminants; for

example, lead-based paint, asbestos, and radon in

structures

• Review the applicability of government oversight

programs:

- Determine whether there is a state VCP and consult

with the appropriate federal, state, local, and tribal

regulatory agencies to include them in the decisionmaking process as early as possible

- Determine the approach (such as redevelopment

programs, the Superfund program, property

transfer laws, or a state brownfields program) that

is required or available to facilitate the cleanup of

sites (see the section, Before You Begin, for an

overview of applicable regulations and regulatory

guidelines)

- Identify whether economic incentives, such as

benefits from state brownfields programs, or federal

brownfields tax credits, can be obtained

- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator

to identify and determine the availability of EPA

support programs and federal financial incentives

(see Appendix C, List of Brownfields and

Technical Support Contacts)

• Determine how to incorporate and encourage

community participation:

- Identify regulatory requirements for public

involvement (see page 13 in the section, Before

You Begin, for a description of community

services provided by HSRC)

- Assess community interest in the project

- Identify community-based organizations

- Review any community plans for redevelopment

• Identify factors that may impede redevelopment

and reuse

• Begin identifying potential sources for funding site

investigation and cleanup activities at the site, if

necessary

• Examine unacceptable environmental conditions

in terms of initial costs for site improvement and

long-term costs for operation and maintenance —

* Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each

procedural question identified.

How Do We Find The Answers?*
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

20

include potential cleanup options and constraints

that may affect redevelopment, such as project

schedules, cost, and potential for achieving the

desired reuse

• Conduct work at the site and collect data as

necessary to define site conditions or to resolve

uncertainties related to the site

Examples of technology resources that are available to

assist in assessing a site are listed below. Although

many of the resources are more applicable in later

stages, it may be useful to begin thinking now about

options and tools for investigation and cleanup.

Information about the availability of electronic resources

— whether the item is found on the Road Map’s

accompanying CD-ROM, or on various web sites —

also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documents,

provides complete ordering information for documents

that are not available on the CD-ROM or on the Internet.

A. Resources for Site Assessment

The documents listed below are resources that provide

general information about the availability of technology

resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and

user guidelines.

Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined

Site Investigations (EPA 542-R-00-001)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Developed by EPA’s BTSC, the resource will assist

decision makers on brownfields projects in evaluating

the capabilities of contractors who are being

considered to perform work in support of site

investigations. The resource also identifies potential

activities that contractors can perform to enhance the

site investigation process through innovative

approaches. A comprehensive series of questions that

decision makers can use in interviewing contractors

and evaluating those contractors’ qualifications is

presented, followed by information about the relevance

of the questions and potential answers to them.

ASTM Standard Guide for Process of Sustainable

Brownfields Development (E1984-98)

Order on line at www.astm.org

The guide, developed by ASTM, discusses the

redevelopment of a brownfields property for all

stakeholders. It identifies impediments to such

redevelopment and suggests solutions that can facilitate

completion of a successful project. It describes the

flexible process of sustainable brownfields

redevelopment that actively engages property owners,

developers, government agencies, and the community in

conducting corrective action, economic evaluation, and

other efforts that promote the long-term productive reuse

of a brownfields property. The guide, available at $35

per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM web site,

or ordered by telephone at 610-832-9585 or by facsimile

at 610-832-9555.

ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site

Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site

Assessment Process (E1527-00)

Order on line at www.astm.org

The purpose of the practice, developed by ASTM, is to

define commercial and customary practices in the U.S.

for conducting Phase I environmental site assessments

of commercial real estate with respect to the range of

contaminants within the scope of CERCLA, as well as

petroleum products. Research and reporting

requirements also are identified. The practice,

available at $40 per copy, can be downloaded from the

ASTM web site or ordered by telephone at 610-832-

9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.

Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World

Wide Web

View on line at http://clu-in.org

The Internet site provides information about innovative

treatment technologies and site characterization

technologies to the hazardous waste remediation

community. CLU-IN describes programs,

organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA

and other federal and state personnel, consulting

engineers, technology developers and vendors,

remediation contractors, researchers, community

groups, and individual citizens. Information about

issues related to site characterization also is provided:

technology verification and evaluation; technology

selection tools; guidance and application support; case

studies; regulatory development; and publications.

Data Quality Objective Process for

Hazardous Waste Site Investigations

(EPA 600-R-00-007)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document focuses on the DQO process as the

appropriate systematic planning process to support

decision making. The DQO process is an important

tool for project managers and planners to use in

defining the types, quality, and quantity of data

needed to make defensible decisions. The document

Where Do We Find Help To Our

Technology Questions?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 21

is based on the principles and steps developed in

Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but

is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites.

The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality

Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final

Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance:

User’s Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document

focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is

applicable to programs at the state and local levels.

Data Quality Objectives Web Site

Visit on line at www.hanford.gov/dqo/

The DQO web site, sponsored by DOE, is a

helpful resource for those responsible for

preparing a data collection design. The web site

defines the DQO process and explains its role in

ensuring that a data collection activity produces

results of sufficient quality to support decisions based

on those results. The web site provides step-by-step

procedures for the DQO process. It also provides a

decision process flow chart, describes purposes and

goals related to the use of the DQO process, and

reviews relevant DOE and contractor directives. It also

describes a number of available training courses; lists

contacts; and provides glossaries of relevant terms, as

well as links to related sites.

Engineering and Design: Requirements

for the Preparation of Sampling and

Analysis Plans (EM 200-1-3)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

Developed by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, the

manual provides guidance for the preparation of

project-specific sampling and analysis plans (SAP)

for the collection of environmental data. In addition,

the manual presents default sampling and analytical

protocols that may be used verbatim or modified

based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The

goal of the manual is to promote consistency in the

generation and execution of sampling and analysis

plans and therefore to help investigators generate

chemical data of known quality for the purpose to

which those data are to be used.

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative

Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable

Database

View on line at www.epareachit.org

The EPA REmediation And CHaracterization

Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) online

searchable database provides users comprehensive,

up-to-date information about more than 150

characterization technologies and 1,300 remediation

technologies. During the preliminary phase of a

brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist

brownfields stakeholders to learn about and become

familiar with the range of available technology

options that can be employed during the investigation

and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as data

about various types of sites. Information about

analytical screening technologies that may be useful

for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA

REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet.

Expedited Site Characterization (ESC)

Method (Ames Laboratory Environmental

Technologies Development Program)

View on line at www.etd.ameslab.gov/etd/

technologies/projects/esc

Demonstrations of the ESC method conducted by Ames

include characterization work performed by

commercial contractors at existing contaminated sites.

The ESC demonstrations include a public information

program of presentations, site tours, exhibits,

information packets, and opportunities for discussion.

Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data

Management for Site Investigation and

Cleanup (EPA 542-F-01-030A)

View or download pdf file at http://clu-in.org

The document describes the three-pronged

“triad approach” that forms the basis of EPA’s

national strategy for site characterization and site

assessment. That streamlined approach to site

assessment focuses on the conduct of systematic

planning to ensure the effective use of resources; the

preparation of a dynamic work plan to support

decision making in the field; and the use of on-site

analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and onsite data interpretation. Following the discussion of

the “triad” approach to site investigation, the

document briefly reviews a number of recent

developments that promise marked benefit to cleanup

efforts and sets forth the agency’s vision of defensible

decisions at an affordable cost that is the goal of the

national strategy. The document can be downloaded

from CLU-IN under “Publications.” See Spotlight 4,

The Triad Approach, for a more detailed description of

the triad approach.

OnSite OnLine Tools for Site Assessment

View on line at www.epa.gov/athens/onsite/

Developed by EPA’s ORD and EPA Region

9, the web site offers a set of online tools

for site assessment, including calculators

for formulas, models, unit conversion factors, and

scientific demonstrations for use in assessing the

effects of contaminants in groundwater.
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22

Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting

Brownfields Site Assessments (EPA 540-R-98-038)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document informs brownfields site managers

about concepts and issues related to quality

assurance and provides step-by-step instructions for

identifying the type and quality of environmental

data needed to present a clear picture of the

environmental conditions at a given site.

Sensor Technology Information Exchange

(SenTIX)

View on line at www.sentix.org

SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange

information about sensor technologies and needs. The

purpose of the web site is to serve as a tool to assist those

working in the environmental field in cleaning up

hazardous waste. The submit and search functions of

SenTIX can help match users looking for a sensor

technology to meet a specific need. The discussion

forum also matches developers, vendors, and users. The

site was developed by WPI, a nonprofit organization,

under a cooperative agreement with EPA.

B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Assessment

Listed below are survey reports and online tools on the

application of innovative technologies to specific

contaminants and site types.

EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance

Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks

View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM

Developed by EPA’s Office of Enforcement and

Compliance Assurance (OECA), the EPA Sector

Notebooks provide extensive profiles of selected major

industries; each profile includes information about

the processes conducted in the industry, chemical

releases and transfers of chemicals, opportunities for

pollution prevention, pertinent federal statutes and

regulations, and compliance initiatives associated

with the sector. Profiles are available on line and in

hard copy for the following industry sectors:

– Aerospace (EPA 310-R-98-001)

– Air transportation (EPA 310-R-97-001)

– Dry cleaning (EPA 310-R-95-001)

– Electronics and computer (EPA 310-R-95-002)

– Fossil fuel electronic power generation

(EPA 310-R-97-007)

– Ground transportation (EPA 310-R-97-002)

– Inorganic chemical (EPA 310-R-95-004)

– Iron and steel (EPA 310-R-95-005)

– Lumber and wood products (EPA 310-R-95-006)

– Metal casting (EPA 310-R-97-004)

– Metal fabrication (EPA 310-R-95-007)

– Metal mining (EPA 310-R-95-008)

– Motor vehicle assembly (EPA 310-R-95-009)

– Nonferrous metals (EPA 310-R-95-010)

– Non-fuel, non-metal mining (EPA 310-R-95-011)

– Oil and gas extractions (EPA 310-R-99-006)

– Organic chemical (EPA 310-R-95-012)

– Petroleum refining (EPA 310-R-95-013)

– Pharmaceutical (EPA 310-R-97-005)

– Plastic resins and man-made fibers

(EPA 310-R-97-006)

– Printing (EPA 310-R-95-014)

– Pulp and paper (EPA 310-R-95-015)

– Rubber and plastic (EPA 310-R-95-016)

– Shipbuilding and repair (EPA 310-R-97-008)

– Stone, clay, glass, and concrete (EPA 310-R-95-017)

– Textiles (EPA 310-R-97-009)

– Transportation equipment cleaning

(EPA 310-R-95-018)

– Water transportation (EPA 310-R-97-003)

– Wood furniture and fixtures (EPA 310-R-95-003)

EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets

View on line at www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/brownfld/

industry.htm

Developed by EPA Region 3, the fact sheets are

designed to assist in the initial planning and

evaluation of sites that are under consideration for

remediation, redevelopment, or reuse. The fact sheets

provide general descriptions of site conditions and

contaminants commonly found at selected industrial

sites. Each fact sheet provides information about the

processes conducted in the industry; raw materials

characteristic of the industry; environmental media

that could be affected; sampling strategies; and

suggested parameters for analysis. Fact sheets on the

following subjects are available on line:

– Abandoned chemical facilities

– Abandoned laboratories

– Abandoned oil facilities

– Asbestos pile

– Auto body facilities

– Battery reclamation facilities

– Bethlehem-asbestos/tailing mine
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 23

– Drum recycling facility

– Dye facilities

– Electroplating

– Glass manufacturing facilities

– Gas stations

– Infectious wastes

– Manufactured gas plants/coal tar sites

– Municipal landfill

– Ordnance

– Paint industry

– Pesticide facilities

– Petroleum recycling facility

– Plastics

– Print shops

– Quarry sites

– Radiation

– Rail yard facilities

– Salvage yards

– Scrap metal

– Steel manufacturing - electric arc/coke

– Tanning facility

– Tire fires

– Wood treating facility

Frequently Asked Questions about

Drycleaning (EPA 744-K-98-002)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The EPA fact sheet addresses a number of

issues related to drycleaning, including EPA’s

interest in drycleaning, the process of drycleaning,

the human health and environmental risks associated

with chemical solvents used in the drycleaning

process, what drycleaners and the government are

doing to reduce those risks, and other methods of

cleaning clothes. The document lists additional

sources of information about drycleaning and EPA’s

Design for the Environment Program.

Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory

Center of Expertise (MCX) and Design

Center

View on line at www.hnd.usace.army.mil/

OEW/

The mission of the Ordnance and Explosives MCX

and Design Center, which is hosted by the U.S. Army

Engineering and Support Center in Huntsville,

Alabama, is to safely eliminate or reduce risks posed

by ordnance, explosives, and recovered chemical

warfare materials at current or formerly used defense

sites. The Internet site provides links to information

about technical requirements for contracting; fact

sheets on ordnance and explosives programs;

frequently asked questions related to ordnance

response actions; innovative technologies,

presentations, and technical papers; and technical

guidance and procedures related to ordnance and

explosives. Points of contact also are identified.

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site

Assessment

The documents listed below provide detailed information

about specific innovative technologies and the application of

those processes to specific contaminants and media in the

form of engineering analyses, application reports,

technology verification and evaluation reports, and

technology reviews.

Study of Assessment and Remediation

Technologies for Drycleaner Sites

View on line at www.drycleancoalition.org/tech

Prepared by the State Coalition for

Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) with

the support of EPA’s TIO, the report presents the

results of the coalition’s evaluation of assessment and

remediation technologies commonly used in cleaning

up drycleaner sites. The evaluation was based on the

results of responses to questionnaires sent to entities

involved in such cleanups in 1999. The report

presents those results in detail. An appendix in the

report provides descriptions and brief evaluations of

assessment technologies frequently used at

drycleaner sites.

Underground Storage Tanks and

Brownfields Sites (EPA 510-F-00-004)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The fact sheet focuses on EPA’s

“USTFields” Initiative for addressing brownfields

properties at which redevelopment is complicated by

real or perceived environmental contamination

originating from federally regulated USTs. The fact

sheet describes the 50 pilot projects implemented or to

be implemented under the two phases of the initiative.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

24

Where Do We Go From Here?

Next Steps

Result of Site Assessment Course of Action

➡

➡

➡

➡

➡ Discuss results with

appropriate regulatory officials

before proceeding with

redevelopment activities.

Contact the appropriate

federal, state, local, or tribal

government agencies

responsible for hazardous

waste. Based on feedback of

government agency,

determine what cleanup levels

are required for

redevelopment, and proceed to

the SITE INVESTIGATION

phase.

Proceed to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase.

Proceed to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase.

Proceed to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase if

additional investigation is

needed; otherwise, proceed to

the CLEANUP OPTIONS

phase.

No apparent

contamination is found

and there is no reason

to suspect other media

are contaminated.

Concerns of

stakeholders have been

addressed adequately.

Contamination is found

that poses a significant

risk to human health or

the environment.

Contamination possibly

exists.

Contamination

definitely exists,

BUT no site

investigation has been

conducted.

Contamination

definitely exists,

AND a site

investigation has been

performed.

After completing an initial assessment and survey of

the environmental conditions at the site, one of the

following courses of action may be taken:
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 25



Superfund Redevelopmen

Initiative

RCRA Brownfields

Prevention Initiative

TSE Initiative

USTFields Initiative

BRAC Program

The Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI) reflects

EPA’s commitment to consider reasonably anticipated

future land uses when making remedy decisions at

Superfund hazardous waste sites. For pilot sites, EPA

provides eligible local governments as much as $100,000

to support assessment and public outreach to help

determine the future use of a site. The agency also

supports a peer matching program that enables local

governments and communities that have reused a

Superfund site to share their experiences with those just

starting the process. Through case studies, fact sheets, an

online database of sites, and an Internet site, EPA is

providing information about reuse options and the

lessons learned through these

projects. EPA is evaluating its

policies and practices to determine

whether changes are needed to

further the effort to reuse sites.

Further, EPA is forming

partnerships with states, local

government agencies, citizen

groups, and other federal

agencies to restore previously

contaminated properties as

valuable assets for communities.

Visit EPA’s SRI web site at

www.epa.gov/superfund/

programs/recycle for additional

information.

Under EPA’s Resource

Conservation and Recovery Act

(RCRA) Brownfields Prevention

Initiative, pilot projects are

designed to test approaches that better integrate reuse

considerations into the corrective action cleanup process.

The initiative also addresses concerns that application of

RCRA to cleanup activities at brownfields sites may be

slowing down the progress of cleanup efforts. Although

no grant money is associated with the pilot projects, EPA

has engaged contractors to help find ways to expedite

cleanup at the pilot sites. EPA has selected four pilot

projects that it hopes will illustrate how innovations and

reforms under the RCRA corrective action program can

reduce barriers to the reuse and redevelopment of RCRA

brownfields sites. Additional information about the RCRA

Brownfields Prevention Initiative is provided on line at

www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/rcrabf.htm.

Recently launched by

EPA, the RCRA

Brownfields Prevention

Targeted Site Efforts

(TSE) Initiative is

intended to focus short-term

attention and support to sites at

which cleanup has been delayed or

slowed and to serve as a catalyst to initiate cleanup at such

sites to prevent them from becoming brownfields sites.

Implemented at the regional level, the TSE program will

apply to sites at which there exists significant potential for

redevelopment and reuse, and that require a limited amount

of EPA support to bring the site to

the next level of cleanup,

consensus, or appropriate closure.

EPA will offer a small amount of

funding to support TSE efforts in

each region. For more information

about the program, contact Sara

Rasmussen, EPA Office of Solid

Waste, at (703) 308-8399.

EPA’s USTFields Initiative, a new

program undertaken by EPA’s

Office of Underground Storage

Tanks (OUST), is focused on how

to improve the cleanup of sites

affected by petroleum

contamination, thereby fostering

the redevelopment of those sites

(see Spotlight 8, Underground

Storage Tanks at Brownfields

Sites, for more information about

the USTFields Initiative). Additional details about the

program also are available on line at www.epa.gov/

swerust1/ustfield/.

Many aspects of the Department of Defense’s (DoD) Base

Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Program and EPA’s

brownfields program are similar. Significant issues

common to both BRAC and brownfields include eliminating

disincentives and providing assurances to developers and

financiers, considering future land use in cleanup decisions,

and implementing institutional controls. Because federal

facilities and brownfields cleanups can have similar effects

on communities, EPA and DoD are exploring methods of

coordinating BRAC and brownfields activities. Visit the

BRAC Internet site at www.dtic.mil/envirodod/brac/ for

online access to policies and initiatives, publications, and

points of contact.

OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES:

Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites

A Quick Look

• The key components of the Superfund

Redevelopment Initiative are: pilots,

policies, partnerships, and promotions.

• The purpose of the RCRA Brownfields

Initiative is to prevent the creation of

future brownfields and ensure the

successful cleanup and long-term,

sustainable reuse of RCRA facilities.

• Under the TSE Initiative, selected

properties will receive concentrated,

short-term support to prevent such sites

from becoming brownfields sites.

• The USTFields Initiative fosters the

cleanup of UST sites.

• Sharing of lessons learned can benefit the

BRAC and brownfields programs.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

26



Many mothballed properties are owned by railroad,

petroleum, petrochemical, and utility corporations and

are located in the Northeast and Midwest in areas where

the economy has shifted away from industrial operations.

Formerly used for manufacturing and other industrial

uses, mothballed sites are properties which have been

left idle or “mothballed” by the site owner. A study

conducted by Rutgers University in New Jersey found at

least one mothballed brownfields site present in almost

40 percent of the 60 New Jersey cities analyzed;

approximately half of these municipalities consider that

site to be a serious detriment to urban redevelopment

because they often interfere with larger redevelopment

plans.

For owners of mothballed sites,

innovative technologies offer

options for assessment and

cleanup that provide more

certainty in determining the full

extent of contamination and in

estimating the costs and time

frames to complete these

activities, and more viable and

cost-effective solutions than

traditional technologies.

Innovative technologies provide

alternatives that can quickly treat

and eliminate sources of

contamination, and reduce the

long-term liability and risk to site

owners.

For some sites undergoing

cleanup using long-term

conventional technologies, such

as pump and treat and barriers, consideration should be

given to innovative technologies that could greatly

expedite the cleanup process and the redevelopment

potential of the site. For example, at a former wood

treating site in Visalia, California, steam injection was

tried instead of the existing pump and treat system.

Using this alternative resulted in a 1,000-fold increase in

the rate of contaminant recovery. In addition, because

steam injection is accelerating the time frame of

remediation, there is a projected savings of $25 million in

cleanup costs for this site.

As new economic incentives have developed, states,

developers, venture capital firms, insurers, and risk

assessment firms have

entered industrial land

markets that could turn

mothballed properties

into assets. For example,

the State of Wisconsin

adopted a statutory revision that

allows for the recovery of environmental costs from

current owners when a city condemns and cleans

properties. The city of Milwaukee, a brownfields

showcase community, believes the statute significantly

increased the city’s ability to encourage owners of

mothballed properties to move toward redevelopment.

For the first time, that state’s cost

recovery statute gives a city

bargaining power in negotiations

with owners of mothballed

properties.

At the federal level, tax credits

and deductions for costs related

to environmental remediation can

encourage owners of mothballed

properties to clean up their

properties. As specified in

Section 198 of the Internal

Revenue Code, taxpayers are

permitted to treat as a deduction

qualified expenses for

environmental remediation at a

qualified site. Such an incentive

may convince owners of

mothballed properties that

cleaning up such sites would be

more profitable than allowing the

sites to remain idle.

EPA TIO has a project underway to better understand why

sites are mothballed and identify where there may be

additional opportunities to use innovative technologies and

approaches to expedite the cleanup of those sites. Contact

Dan Powell of EPA’s TIO for more information (see Appendix

C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts, for

contact information).

For more information, see the resource numbered

141 in the Index of Resources beginning on page I-1.

MOTHBALLED PROPERTIES:

Unlocking Sites with Innovative Technologies

A Quick Look

• ”Mothballed” sites are large, idle areas

formerly used for manufacturing and other

industrial uses, and are unavailable for

sale or redevelopment.

• Reasons for “mothballing” sites include

uncertainty about assessment and

cleanup costs and potential liability from

contamination that has not been identified,

or there is an existing, long-term cleanup

program already in place.

• Mothballed sites are problematic because

they often interfere with larger

development plans.

• Interest is increasing at the local level to

identify options to expedite the cleanup of

mothballed sites where they are impeding

redevelopment plans.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 27

SITE INVESTIGATION

This phase focuses on confirming whether any

contamination exists at a site, locating any existing

contamination, and characterizing the nature and

extent of that contamination. It is essential that an

appropriately detailed study of the site be performed to

identify the cause, nature, and extent of contamination

and the possible threats to the environment or to any

people living or working nearby. For brownfields sites,

the results of such a study can be used in determining

goals for cleanup, quantifying risks, determining

acceptable and unacceptable risk, and developing

effective cleanup plans that do not cause unnecessary

delays or costs in the redevelopment and reuse of

property. To ensure that sufficient information

supporting future activities is obtained, the type of data

to be collected during this phase should be determined

by the proposed cleanup measures and the proposed

end use of the site.

A site investigation, also referred to as an ASTM Phase

II environmental site assessment, is based on the results

of the site assessment, which is discussed in the

preceding section of the Road Map. The site

investigation phase may include the analysis of

samples of soil and soil gas, groundwater, surface

water, and sediment. The migration pathways of

contaminants also are examined during this phase, and

a baseline risk assessment may be needed to calculate

risk to human health and the environment. Examples

of sampling and analysis technologies that may be

useful during this phase are presented in Appendix A,

Table A-2, Technologies for Sampling and Analyzing

Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfield Sites.

Factors that should be considered during the site

investigation, if there is evidence of potential or actual

contamination include:

1. Will the site be entered into a VCP? If so, will the

investigation plan be reviewed through the VCP? If

not, are there federal, state, local, and tribal

regulatory requirements applicable to the site

investigation? What agency will be responsible for

managing oversight of this phase? What is to be

done if the appropriate agency has not developed

standards or guidelines that are suitable for the

proposed redevelopment?

C

O

leanup

ptions

Cleanup Design

and

Implementation

To Redevelopment

Site

Investigation

Site Assessment

Identify the Source, Nature, and

Extent of Contamination

What Do We Need To Know?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

28

Typical activities that may be conducted during the

site investigation phase include:

• Identify the proper mix of technologies (such as

field measurement technologies that

characterize the physical and chemical aspects

of the site and fixed laboratory sampling

methods) that can facilitate site investigations

and meet the required level of data quality:

- Ensure that the laboratory has appropriate

detection limits for analytes

• Determine the environmental conditions at the

site (for example, by performing an ASTM Phase

II environmental site assessment or equivalent

investigation that includes tests to confirm the

locations and identities of environmental

hazards):

- Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the

nature, extent, source, and significance of the

contamination that may be present at the site

- Conduct sampling and analysis to fully assess the

physical, geophysical, and ecological conditions

and characteristics of the site

- Interpret the results of the analysis to characterize

site conditions

- Determine whether and how (if applicable)

the infrastructure systems (including existing

structures) are affected by contamination

• Assess the risk the site may pose to human

health and the environment. Consider the

following exposure pathways:

- For soil and dust, direct contact, ingestion, or

inhalation

- For water, ingestion and inhalation

- For air, inhalation or ingestion

• Consider the use of a site-specific risk

assessment to identify cleanup levels when that

approach may result in more reasonable

cleanup standards or when cleanup standards

have not been developed

• Examine unacceptable environmental

conditions in terms of initial costs for site

improvement and long-term costs for annual

operation and maintenance — include potential

2. What technologies are available to facilitate site

investigation and to support data collection relevant

to the goals of the project? Has the technical team

explored the full range of technologies that can

produce data of the quality necessary? Can the

technologies selected limit the number of

mobilizations at the site?

3. Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and

accurately from the information gathered during the

site assessment or from a previous site investigation?

4. What issues has the community raised that may

affect the site investigation?

5. What are the potential exposure pathways? Who or

what could be affected by the contamination or the

efforts to clean up the contamination?

6. What happens if significant contamination is found?

What happens if contamination poses a “significant

threat” to local residents?

7. What happens if the contamination is originating

from an adjacent or other off-site source? What

happens if background sampling indicates that

contamination is originating from a naturally

occurring source?

8. Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings,

sewers, and other facilities) contaminated? Could

they be affected by efforts to clean up contamination?

The following table describes field analytical

technologies and mobile laboratories.

* Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer technology

selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to

each procedural question identified.

How Do We Find The Answers?*

Highlights of Field Analytical Technologies and Mobile Laboratories

Field Analytical Technologies: Field analytical technologies, often

referred to as “field analytics,” can be used onsite without the

absolute need for a mobile laboratory. Some field analytical

technologies are very sophisticated and can yield quantitative results

that are comparable to those obtained by analysis in mobile or off-site

laboratories. Some field analytical measurements can be made

quickly, allowing a high rate of sampling. Under certain conditions,

data can be collected in a short period of time. Field analytical

technologies are implemented through the use of hand-held

instruments, such as the portable gas chromatography and mass

spectrometry and the x-ray fluorescence analyzer, as well as the use

of bench procedures, such as colorimetric and immunoassay tests.

Mobile Laboratories: A variety of technologies can be used in a

mobile laboratory. Such technologies differ from field analytical

technologies because they may require more controlled conditions

(such as temperature, humidity, and source of electricity) or complex

sample preparation that uses solvents or reagents that require special

handling or protective equipment that require the handling and

storage of chemical standards. Technologies adaptable to mobile

laboratories include those used to analyze soil and water samples for

inorganic analytes (such as anodic stripping voltammetry) and

organic compounds (such as gas chromatography with a variety of

detectors). When operated properly and with adequate quality

assurance and quality control (QA/QC), the technologies can achieve

quantitative results equal to those achieved by off-site analytical

laboratories.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 29

and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected

releases of petroleum. The guide provides a

framework that responsible parties, contractors,

consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and

accelerate site characterization. The guide is

available at $35 per copy and can be downloaded

from the ASTM web site or ordered by telephone at

610-832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.

ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site

Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site

Assessment Process (E1903-97)

Order on line at www.astm.org

Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses the

framework for employing good commercial and

customary practices in the U.S. when conducting

Phase II environmental site assessments of commercial

property with respect to the potential presence of a

range of contaminants within the scope of CERCLA, as

well as petroleum products. The practice, available at

$35 per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM web

site or ordered by telephone at 610-832-9585 or by

facsimile at 610-832-9555.

Brownfields Technology Primer:

Requesting and Evaluating Proposals

That Encourage Innovative Technologies

for Investigation and Cleanup

(EPA 542-R-01-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners,

project managers, and others preparing RFPs to solicit

support in conducting activities to investigate and

clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically

intended to assist those individuals in writing

specifications that encourage contractors and

technology vendors to propose options for using

innovative characterization and remediation

technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also

provides information, from a technology perspective,

to guide review teams in their evaluations of

proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.

Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing

the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

The guide is one in a series of publications designed

to assist communities, states, municipalities, and the

private sector to address brownfields sites more

effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used

with the three guides for specific types of sites -

Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative, Technical Approaches to

cleanup options and constraints that may affect

redevelopment requirements, such as project

schedules, costs, and potential for achieving the

desired reuse

• Revise assumptions about the site based on data

collected at the site

• Begin consideration of sources of funding for

site investigation and cleanup activities such as

state brownfields programs and federal tax

credits:

- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator

to identify and determine the availability of EPA

support programs and federal financial incentives

• Continue to work with appropriate regulatory

agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements

are being properly addressed:

- Identify and consult with the appropriate federal,

state, local, and tribal agencies to include them as

early as possible in the decision-making process

• Educate members of the community about the

site investigation process and actively involve

them in decision making; consider risk

communication techniques to facilitate those

activities

Listed below are examples of resources that assist in

identifying the environmental condition of a site.

Information about the availability of electronic

resources — whether the item is found on the Road

Map’s accompanying CD-ROM or on various web

sites — also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order

Documents, provides complete ordering information

for documents that are not available on the CD-ROM

or on the Internet.

A. Resources for Site Investigation

The documents listed below are resources that provide

general information about the availability of technology

resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and

user guidelines.

ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site

Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected

Petroleum Releases (E1912-98)

Order on line at www.astm.org

Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated

site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly

Where Do We Find Help To Our

Technology Questions?
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Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill

Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, and Technical

Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up

Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative

- provides information about cost estimating tools and

resources for addressing cleanup costs at brownfields

sites. Many decision makers at brownfields sites may

choose to assign the preparation of cost estimates to

consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of

hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those

decision makers to be able to provide guidance to

their consultants and to understand the process

sufficiently well to provide an informed review of the

estimates prepared. The guide provides general

information about the cost estimation process and

includes summaries of various types of estimates.

The guide also outlines the process of developing

“order of magnitude” cost estimates. Information

about resources, databases, and models also is

provided.

Data Quality Objective Process for

Hazardous Waste Site Investigations

(EPA 600-R-00-007)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document focuses on the DQO process as the

appropriate systematic planning process to support

decision making. The DQO process is an important

tool for project managers and planners to use in

defining the types, quality, and quantity of data

needed to make defensible decisions. The document

is based on the principles and steps developed in

Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but

is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites.

The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality

Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final

Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance:

User’s Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document

focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is

applicable to programs at the state and local levels.

Engineering and Design: Requirements

for the Preparation of Sampling and

Analysis Plans (EM 200-1-3)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

Developed by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, the

manual provides guidance for the preparation of

project-specific SAPs for the collection of

environmental data. In addition, the manual presents

default sampling and analytical protocols that may be

used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs

for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to

promote consistency in the generation and execution

of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help

investigators generate chemical data of known quality

for the purpose to which those data are to be used.

EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 OnLine: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid

Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods

View on line at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/

hazwaste/test/maina.htm

Developed by EPA’s Office of Solid Waste (OSW), the

web site provides test procedures and guidance that

EPA recommends for use in conducting the

evaluations and measurements needed to comply with

requirements established under RCRA. The manual

presents state-of-the-art methods of routine analytical

testing, adapted for use under the RCRA program. It

presents procedures for field and laboratory quality

control, sampling, identification of hazardous

constituents in wastes, determination of the hazardous

characteristics of wastes (toxicity, ignitability,

reactivity, or corrosivity), and determination of the

physical properties of wastes. It also provides

guidance on selecting appropriate methods.

EPA REACH IT Online Searchable Database

View on line at www.epareachit.org

The EPA REACH IT online searchable database

provides users comprehensive, up-to-date

information about more than 150 characterization

technologies which may be applicable during the site

investigation phase. The guided and advanced

search capabilities of the system can be used to gather

information about innovative technology solutions

and service providers. The information is based upon

data submitted by vendors and project managers for

EPA, DoD, DOE, and state agencies. EPA REACH IT

is accessible only through the Internet.

Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision

Support Software (DSS)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Developed by DOE’s Office of Environmental

Management, the report evaluates DSS, computerbased systems that facilitate the use of data, models,

and structured decision processes in making

decisions related to environmental management. The

report evaluates 19 such systems through the

application of a rating system that favors software

that simulates a wide range of environmental

problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a

statement of the rationale for the selection of various

aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation.
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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 31

Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia

(FATE)

View on line at http://fate.clu-in.org

The online encyclopedia provides

information about technologies that

investigators can use in the field to characterize

contaminated soil and groundwater; monitor the

progress of remedial efforts; and, in some cases,

perform confirmation sampling and analysis to

support closeout of a site. It highlights new tools for

improving cleanup and long-term monitoring of

contaminated sites, such as computerization,

microfabrication, and biotechnology, that permit the

development of analytical equipment that has

capabilities that blur the distinction between

“screening methods” and “definitive methods.” The

encyclopedia serves a wide range of users, from

engineering students to field technicians and site

managers.

Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix,

Version 1.0

View on line at www.frtr.gov/site

The matrix, an online tool, will assist brownfields

stakeholders to obtain information about and screen

technologies applicable for site investigation. Each

site characterization technology is rated in a number

of performance categories, such as detection limits,

applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time.

Other useful information provided includes

technology descriptions; data on commercial status,

cost, and certification; and evaluation reports. The

matrix is extremely helpful to users who are not

familiar with specific characterization technologies,

but who know baseline information about a site, such

as contaminants and media; for such users, the matrix

can identify and screen technologies for potential use

at a site.

Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field

Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site

Characterization and Cleanup

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with

EPA, the document provides users with information

about the many factors that are to be considered in

incorporating field analytical instruments and

methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis

program for expediting the site investigation process.

The guidance is intended to assist federal and state

regulators, site owners, consulting engineers, and

remediation companies understand how to develop,

maintain, and update a dynamic workplan.

Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of

Hazardous Waste Site Characterization

and Monitoring

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report introduces a new standard promoted by

EPA's OSWER and TIO that encourages more effective

and less costly strategies for characterizing and

monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new

approach uses an integrated triad of systematic

planning, dynamic work plans, and onsite analysis

for data collection and technical decision making at

hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the

concepts in the triad is new, but it has been

demonstrated that the integrated approach completes

projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory

and client satisfaction than the traditional phased

approach. The report includes a list of additional

resources regarding innovative technologies and site

characterization.

Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study

Series

View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM

The case studies provide cost and performance

information about the innovative technologies that

support less costly and more representative site

characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to

analyze and document the effectiveness of new

technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present

information about the capability of the technologies in

analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as

information about costs associated with the use of the

technologies. The following case studies are available:

– Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1 (EPA

542-R-98-006)

– Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum

Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003)

– Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites

(EPA 542-R-00-003)

– Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot

Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000) (EPA 542-

R-00-009)

Innovative Remediation and Site

Characterization Technologies Resources

(EPA 542-C-01-001)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

Produced by EPA’s TIO, the CD-ROM contains

resources that provide information to help federal,

state, and private-sector site managers evaluate site

assessment and cleanup alternatives. The ability to

gain access to resources that provide information

about innovative site characterization and
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

32

remediation technologies will increase understanding

of those technologies and of the cost and performance

factors related to them. Such understanding is

essential to the consideration of those technologies for

use in addressing contamination at hazardous waste

sites. Several resources included on the CD-ROM also

are available on the Road Map CD-ROM.

Public Technology Inc.’s

BrownfieldsTech.org

View on line at www.brownfieldstech.org

The web site, hosted by Public Technology,

Inc. (PTI), and sponsored in part by EPA’s TIO,

provides information about characterization and

remediation of brownfields. The site focuses on the

demonstration, dissemination, and promotion of

innovative characterization and remediation

technologies suitable for use at brownfields sites to

help local governments increase efficiencies and

reduce costs associated with brownfields

redevelopment. The site highlights “hot” technologies

that currently are proving themselves in the field,

provides case studies that introduce the user to cities

that are experiencing succession employing innovative

site characterization and remediation technologies,

profiles of local government leaders who are

employing brownfields remediation technologies to

good effect, and provides links to other key web sites.

Resources for Strategic Site Investigation

and Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B)

View or download pdf file at http://clu-in.org

The document is a concise guide to

resources, both existing and planned, that

support new, streamlined approaches to site

investigation and monitoring. It describes training

courses available, including some that are

downloadable; lists sources of information about

available technologies and guidance documents

available through EPA programs; and provides

sources of information about technology verification

and demonstration efforts. The guide also lists a

number of web sites from which related publications

and software can be downloaded. The document can

be downloaded from CLU-IN under “Publications.”

Sensor Technology Information Exchange

(SenTIX)

View on line at www.sentix.org

SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange

information about sensor technologies and

needs. The purpose of the web site is to serve as a tool to

assist those working in the environmental field in

cleaning up hazardous waste. The submit and search

functions of SenTIX can help match users looking for a

sensor technology to meet a specific need. The

discussion forum also matches developers, vendors,

and users. The site was developed by WPI, a nonprofit

organization, under a cooperative agreement with EPA.

Site Characterization and Monitoring Technologies:

Bibliography of EPA Information Resources

(EPA 542-B-98-003)

View on line at http://clu-in.org

The bibliography lists information resources, both

publications and electronic databases, that focus on

evaluation and use of innovative site characterization

and monitoring technologies. The document also

provides information on obtaining copies of the

documents.

Site Characterization Library, Volume 1, Release 2.0

(EPA 600-C-98-001)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

The CD-ROM, developed by EPA NERL, contains the

following documents and software:

– ASSESS Version 1.1A (PB93-505154) is an

interactive QA/QC program designed to assist the

user in statistically determining the quality of data

from soil samples.

– BIOPLUME II is a model for two-dimensional

transport of contaminants under the influence of

oxygen-limited biodegradation in groundwater.

– CalTox is a multimedia total exposure model for

hazardous waste.

– CHEMFLO enables users to simulate water

movement and chemical transport in unsaturated

soils.

– DEFT is a software package that allows a decision

maker to quickly generate cost information about

several sampling designs based on DQOs.

– FEMWATER/LEWASTE is software which can be

used to delineate wellhead protection areas in

agricultural regions by using a criterion that

considers environmental factors that reduce the

concentration of contaminants transported to wells.

– Geo-EAS Version 1.2.1 (PB93-504957) is an

interactive tool for performing two-dimensional

geostatistical analyses of spatially-distributed data.

– GEOPACK is a comprehensive geostatistical software

package that allows both novices and advanced users

to conduct geostatistical analyses of spatiallycorrelated data.

– Geophysics Advisor Expert System Version 2.0

(PB93-505162) is a program that considers several

geophysical methods of determining the location of

contamination and providing site characterization to

make recommendations about the best methods to use

at a specific site.
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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 33

– GEOS software facilitates the collection and analysis

of geoenvironmental data.

– GRITS/STAT is a comprehensive database system for

storing, analyzing, and reporting information from

groundwater monitoring programs at RCRA,

CERCLA, and other regulated facilities and sites.

– HELP is a two-dimensional modeling program that

simulates water movement into and out of landfills on

the basis of a waste management system.

– IMES offers a computer-based tool for matching site

characteristics with an appropriate exposure

assessment model or models.

– MOFAT, a two-dimensional, finite element model for

simulating coupled multiphase flow and

multicomponent transport in planar or radically

symmetric vertical sections, can be used to evaluate

flow and transport for water, NAPLs, and gas.

– MULTIMED is a one-dimensional, steady-state

model used to predict the concentrations of

contaminants migrating from a waste disposal

facility through the subsurface, surface water, and air

pathways to receptor sites.

– PESTAN assists users in estimating the vertical

migration of dissolved organic solutes through the

vadose zone to groundwater.

– PRZM-2 is a pesticide flow-and-transport model for

the root zone and vadose zone.

– RETC is a program used in analyzing the hydraulic

conductivity properties of unsaturated soil.

– Scout Version 2.0 is a user-friendly and menu-driven

program that provides a graphical display of data in

a multidimensional format that allows visual

inspection of data, accentuates obvious outliers, and

provides an easy measure for comparing data.

– STF (VIP + RITZ) consists of three components that

provide information about the behavior of chemicals

in soil environments. The models simulate the

movement and fate of hazardous chemicals during

treatment of oily wastes.

– Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring

Techniques is an interactive, multimedia version of

the two-volume EPA publication titled Subsurface

Characterization and Monitoring Techniques. The

documents include descriptions of more than 280 site

characterization and field monitoring methods of

detecting groundwater contamination and other

aspects of the subsurface at hazardous waste sites.

Geological and hydrogeological characterization

topics covered include surface and borehole

approaches, geophysical methods, and sampling of

solids; drilling; aquifer tests and groundwater

sampling; water-state measurement and monitoring;

measurement of hydraulic conductivity and flux in

the vadose zone; water budget characterization; soilsolute sampling and gas monitoring in the vadose

zone; and field chemical analytical methods. The

electronic version of the guide includes graphic

support with animation and hypertext links that

make all text readily accessible.

– Total Human Exposure Risk database and Advanced

Simulation Environment (THERdbASE), Version

1.2, is an integrated database and analytical and

modeling software system for use in exposure

assessment calculations and studies. It provides a

prototype for smoothly and efficiently linking

communication between databases and exposure

assessment models.

– VLEACH provides users a one-dimensional, finite

difference model for making preliminary assessments

of the effects on groundwater of leaching of volatile,

sorbed contaminants through the vadose zone.

– WhAEM is a computer-based tool used in decisionmaking processes related to the protection of

wellheads.

– WHPA, a semi-analytical groundwater flow

simulation program, can be used for delineating

capture zones in a wellhead protection area.

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)

Program Demonstration Reports

View or download reports at www.epa.gov/ord/SITE/

reports.html

An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of

measurement and monitoring technologies in the

SITE program is available to assist decision makers in

reviewing technology options and assessing a

technology’s applicability to a particular site. The

reports evaluate all information about a technology;

provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site

characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices; and

present testing procedures, performance and cost

data, and QA/QC standards. The Demonstration

Bulletins provide summarized descriptions of

technologies and announcements of demonstrations.

The Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports

provide full reports of the demonstration results,

including technical data useful to decision makers.

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

Preferred Alternatives Matrices (PAMs)

View on line at www.em.doe.gov/define

Developed by DOE, the PAMs web site

provides access to evaluations of site

characterization and remediation technologies

preferred by DOE on the basis of the types of

contaminants and contaminated media selected.

PAMs was developed by DOE’s Office of

Environmental Restoration (EM-40) to assist decision

makers in selecting the most appropriate cleanup

alternatives for remediation, waste processing, and

decommissioning of sites. It provides a tool for field
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

34

personnel to use in focusing remedy selection;

expediting implementation of preferred alternatives;

eliminating the cost of excessive or redundant

treatability studies; and allowing preselection of

effective, low-cost remediation alternatives.

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Vendor

Database for Environmental Applications

View on line at www.cmst.org/vendor

The web site is devoted to measurements of

the chemical and physical properties of

environmental samples. The Characterization,

Monitoring & Sensor Technology – Cross-Cutting

Program (CMST-CP) maintains the vendor database

as a focal point for environmental measurement

technologies. The CMST–CP vendor database

matches the user’s measurement needs with available

products. The site allows the user to enter products

and applications, search applications for

measurement instruments and sensors, and browse

technologies by instrument category.

B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Investigation

Listed below are survey reports on the application of

innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site

types.

Application of Field-Based

Characterization Tools in the Waterfront

Voluntary Setting

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

This report investigates the reasons voluntary action

to redevelop potentially contaminated property is

subject to market constraints and other pressures that

differ vastly from those that affect corrective action

programs. It sets forth in detail the current level of

application of field-based characterization tools at

115 waterfront brownfields sites and sites being

addressed under VCP programs.

Characterization of Mine Leachates and

the Development of a Ground-Water

Monitoring Strategy for Mine Sites

(EPA 600-R-99-007)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The objective of the research project was to develop a

better understanding of the composition of mine

waste leachates and to identify cost-effective

groundwater monitoring parameters that could be

incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably

detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock

mining operations.

Contaminants and Remedial Options at Pesticide

Sites (EPA 600-R-94-202, PB95-183869)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

The document provides information about treatment

technologies and the selection of services at pesticide

sites to meet acceptable levels of cleanliness as

required by applicable regulations. It is targeted

primarily for the use of federal, state, or private site

removal and remediation managers. The document

does not identify or establish cleanup levels.

Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected

Metal-Contaminated Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512,

PB95-271961)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

The report provides information on site

characterization and the selection of treatment

technologies capable of meeting site-specific cleanup

levels at sites contaminated with metal. It is targeted

to federal, state, and private site removal and

remediation managers. The report focuses primarily

on metalloid arsenic and metals, including cadmium,

chromium, lead, and mercury. The report does not

identify or establish cleanup levels.

EPA ORD Brownfields Guides

View on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishom

The series of publications are designed to assist

communities, states, municipalities, and the private

sector to address brownfields sites more effectively.

The guides provide decision makers, such as city

planners, private sector developers, and others who

are involved in redeveloping brownfields, with a

better understanding of the technical issues involved

in assessing and cleaning up automotive repair sites,

iron and steel mill sites, and metal finishing sites.

After reading the guides, the user will have a better

understanding of activities commonly carried out at

such sites and how those activities might cause the

release of contaminants into the environment. The

guides also provide information about the types of

contaminants often found at such sites; a discussion

of site assessment, screening and cleanup levels, and

cleanup technologies; a conceptual framework for

identifying potential contaminants; information about

developing a cleanup plan; and a discussion of issues

and special factors that should be considered when

developing plans and selecting technologies. The

following guides are available:

– Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-008)
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– Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-007)

– Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-006)

Expedited Site Assessment Tools for Underground

Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Regulators

(EPA 510-B-97-001)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Produced by EPA’s OUST, this guide is designed to

help state and federal regulators with responsibility

for USTs to evaluate conventional and new site

assessment technologies and promote the use of

expedited site assessments. The manual covers five

major issues related to UST site assessments: the

expedited site assessment process; surface

geophysical methods for UST site investigations; soilgas surveys; direct push technologies; and field

analytical methods for the analysis of petroleum

hydrocarbons. The equipment and methods

presented in the manual are evaluated in terms of

applicability, advantages, and limitations for use at

petroleum UST sites.

Resource for MGP Site Characterization

and Remediation: Expedited Site

Characterization and Source Remediation

at Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites

(EPA 542-R-00-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document provides current information about

useful approaches and tools being applied at former

manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites to the regulators

and utilities that are engaged in characterizing and

remediating these sites. The document outlines site

management strategies and field tools for expediting

site characterization at MGP sites; presents a

summary of existing technologies for remediating

MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information

about the benefits, limitations, and costs of each

technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and

evaluation; and provides, through case studies,

examples of the ways in which those tools and

strategies can be implemented at MGP sites.

Risk-Management Strategy for PCBContaminated Sediments

View or order on line at www.nap.edu/books/

0309073219/html

The report, prepared by the National

Research Council’s Committee on the Remediation of

PCB-Contaminated Sediments under an EPA grant,

reviews the nature of the challenge involved in the

management of sediments contaminated with PCBs;

provides an overview of current knowledge about the

inputs, fates, and effects of PCBs; recommends a riskbased framework for use in assessing remediation

technologies and risk-management strategies; and

elaborates on the framework as it is applicable

specifically to sediments contaminated with PCBs.

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site

Investigation

The documents listed below provide detailed information

about specific innovative technologies and the application of

those processes to specific contaminants and media in the

form of engineering analyses, application reports,

technology verification and evaluation reports, and

technology reviews.

A User’s Guide to Environmental

Immunochemical Analysis

View on line at www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/

chemistry/immochem/user-guide.htm

Developed by EPA’s ORD, the document

facilitates transfer of immunochemical methods for

the analysis of environmental contaminants to the

environmental analytical chemistry laboratory. Field

personnel who may have a need to employ a

measurement technology at a monitoring site also

may find this manual helpful. The document

instructs the reader in the use and application of

immunochemical methods of analysis for

environmental contaminants. It includes a general

troubleshooting guide, along with specific

instructions for certain analytes. The guide is written

in a manner that allows the user to apply the

information presented to immunoassays that are not

discussed in the manual.

California Environmental Technology Certification

Program - California Certified Technologies List

View on line at www.calepa.ca.gov/calcert

The California Environmental Protection Agency’s

(Cal/EPA) Environmental Technology Certification

program Internet site provides the user access to the

California Certified Technologies List. The document

provides a list of technologies and their respective

vendors that have been certified by the state of

California. Certification is granted to technologies on

the basis of an independent, third-party verification

of the technology’s performance and ability to meet

regulatory specifications and requirements.

Developers and manufacturers define quantitative

performance claims for their technologies and provide

supporting documentation. Cal/EPA reviews that
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36

information and, when necessary, conducts

additional testing to verify the claims. Technologies,

equipment, and products that are proven to work as

claimed receive official state certification.

EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site

View on line at www.epa.gov/superfund/

programs/dfa/index.htm

Hosted by EPA’s Office of Emergency and

Remedial Response (OERR), the Internet site provides

resources to assist decision makers to streamline

activities conducted at hazardous waste sites using

real-time data and real-time decisions. Descriptions

of the specific elements of dynamic field activities are

provided, as well as related guidance documents and

publications, including links to relevant Internet sites.

Information about on-site analytical tools suitable for

use during dynamic field activities also is provided.

Environmental Technology Verification Reports

View or download pdf files at www.epa.gov/etv

Produced by EPA’s ORD, the Environmental

Technology Verification (ETV) program reports

provide extensive information about the performance

of commercial-ready, private sector technologies. The

reports, intended for buyers of technologies,

developers of technologies, consulting engineers, and

state and federal agencies, verify the environmental

performance characteristics of those technologies

through the conduct of pilots. The reports, as well as

other information about the ETV program, are

available on the ETV site. ETV reports and

verification statements about the following

technologies are available:

– Cone penetrometer-deployed sensor

– Environmental decision support software

– Explosive detection

– Field-portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer

– Field-portable x-ray fluorescence analyzer

– Groundwater sampling

– PCB field analysis technologies

– Portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer

– Soil/soil gas sampling

– Well-head monitoring for volatile organic

compounds (VOC)

– Soil sampling technologies

Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and

Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives

in Soil (EPA 540-R-97-501)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

This paper was prepared by members of the Federal

Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists and

engineers representing EPA regional offices and

committed to the identification and resolution of

issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA

sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance

to remedial project managers (RPM) about field

sampling and on-site analytical methods for detecting

and quantifying secondary explosive contaminants in

soil. The paper is divided into the following sections:

(1) background information; (2) overview of sampling

and analysis of explosives; (3) data quality objectives;

(4) unique sampling and design considerations for

dealing with contaminants from explosives; (5) a

summary of on-site analytical methods; and, (6) a

summary of the EPA reference analytical methods.

Field Validation of a Penetrometer-Based Fiber

Optic Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant (POL) Sensor:

Project Summary (EPA 600-SR-97-055)

View on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishom

The report provides comprehensive comparisons of in

situ measurements from a cone penetrometerdeployed laser induced fluorescence (LIF) petroleum,

oil, and lubricant (POL) sensor with traditional field

screening methods. The report includes an

introduction that describes the system and indicates

the technology constraints. In addition to

conclusions and recommendations, the report also

provides information about methods and materials,

such as calibration and sampling procedures,

analytical methods, and methods of data

reproduction and analysis. Two case studies help

illustrate the concepts discussed.

Hydrogeologic Characterization of Fractured Rock

Formations: A Guide for Groundwater Remediators;

Project Summary (EPA 600-S-96-001)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

This report describes the conduct and findings of a

hydrogeologic characterization study of a saturated

fractured, granitic rock aquifer in the foothills of the

Sierra Nevada mountains in California. First, the

report presents an overview of the problems

associated with remediating fractured aquifers,

referring to case histories as examples. Brief

descriptions of the methods and results of the

characterization effort at the experimental field site

then are presented. The remaining chapters present

particular phases of the characterization effort and a

general strategy for hydrogeologic characterization,

with each tool and method described in detail. In

addition, the report discusses issues related to the

effect of incorrect characterization of flow properties

on prediction of the behavior of a contaminant.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 37

After you have completed your investigation of the

environmental conditions at the site, you may take

one of the following courses of action:

Where Do We Go From Here?

Next Steps

Course of Action

Consult with

appropriate regulatory

officials before

proceeding with

redevelopment

activities.

Consult with

appropriate regulatory

officials before

proceeding with

redevelopment

activities.

Proceed to the

CLEANUP OPTIONS

phase.

Determine whether

redevelopment

continues to be

practicable as planned,

or whether the

redevelopment plan

can be altered to fit the

circumstances; if so,

proceed to the

CLEANUP OPTIONS

phase.

Contact the

appropriate federal,

state, local, or tribal

government agencies

responsible for

hazardous waste. If

contamination exists at

considerable levels,

compliance with other

programs, such as

RCRA and Superfund,

may be required.

Results of the Site

Investigation

No contamination is

found.

Contamination is

found BUT does not

pose a significant

risk to stakeholders’

human health or the

environment.

Cleanup of the

contamination

found probably will

require a small

expenditure of funds

and time.

Cleanup of the

contamination

found probably will

require a significant

expenditure of funds

and time. However,

contamination

does not pose a

significant threat

to local residents.

Contamination is

found that poses a

significant threat

to local residents.

➡

➡

➡

➡

➡

Tri-Service Site Characterization and

Analysis Penetrometer System—SCAPS:

Innovative Environmental Technology

from Concept to Commercialization

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report, published by the U.S. Army

Environmental Center, summarizes the development,

field demonstration and regulatory acceptance

activities associated with the SCAPS technologies that

are used to detect, identify, and quantify subsurface

contamination in soil and groundwater.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

38

 KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION

AND ACCEPTANCE

Managing uncertainty is the unifying

theme of the triad approach, and it is

a crucial aspect of the effective use of field analytical methods (see

Spotlight 4, The Triad Approach, on the next page). Although not all

field analytical technologies employ screening methodologies (for

example, field-portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/

MS) is a definitive analytical methodology), many such technologies

(for example, immunoassays) do. In general, data produced by

screening analytical methods will present more analytical uncertainty

than data produced by definitive methods. However, that fact in

itself does not make definitive methods necessarily “better” than

screening methods. Definitive methods are not fool-proof –

interferences or other problems can cause a marked increase in their

analytical uncertainty. On the other hand, a number of strategies can

be used to minimize the analytical uncertainty inherent in screening

methods. Such strategies include the selection of appropriate quality

assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures to ensure that the

data are of known and documented quality. Most important, all field

analytical technologies offer the unique ability to cost-effectively

manage the largest single source of decision error—sampling

representativeness—an ability that is not available when requirements

to use fixed laboratory methods discourage proactive management

of sampling uncertainty.

Managing Uncertainty

As described throughout the Road Map, innovative

technologies and technology approaches offer many

advantages in the cleanup of brownfields sites.

Stakeholders in such sites, however, first must accept the

technology. Brownfields decision makers should

consider the following elements to increase the likelihood

that the technology will be accepted, thereby facilitating the

cleanup of the site.

1 Focus on the Decisions that Support Site Goals

As discussed in Spotlight 4, The Triad Approach (see next page),

systematic planning is an important element of all cleanup

activities. Clear and specific planning to meet explicit decision

objectives is essential in managing the process of cleaning up

contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation, site

monitoring, and remedy selection. With good planning,

brownfields decision makers can establish the cleanup goals

for the site, identify the decisions necessary to achieve those

goals, and develop and implement a strategy for addressing the

decision needs. Technology decisions are made in the context

of the requirements for such decisions. All cleanup activities

are driven by the project goals. An explicit statement of the

decisions to be made and the way in which the planned

approach supports the decisions should be included in the work

plan.

2 Build Consensus

Investing time, before the site work begins, in developing

decisions that are acceptable to all decision makers will foster

more efficient site activities and make successful cleanup

more likely. Conversely, allowing work to begin at a site before

a common understanding

and acceptance of the

decisions have been

established increases the

likelihood that the cleanup

process will be inefficient,

resulting in delays and

inefficient use of time and money.

Further, decision makers must understand that there is

uncertainty in all scientific and technical decisions (see below

for more information about uncertainty). Clearly defining and

accepting uncertainty thresholds before making decisions about

the site remedy will build consensus. Decisions also should be

made in the context of applicable regulatory requirements,

political considerations, budget available for the project, and

time constraints.

3 Understand the Technology

A thorough knowledge of a technology’s capabilities and

limitations is necessary to secure its acceptance. All

technologies are subject to limitations in performance.

Planning for the strengths and weaknesses of a technology

maximizes understanding of its benefits and its acceptance.

“Technology approvers,” typically regulators, community

groups, and financial service providers are likely to be more

receptive of a new approach if the proposer provides a clear

explanation of the rationale for its use and demonstrates

confidence in its applicability to specific site conditions and

needs. This latter point underscores the importance of carefully

selecting an experienced, multidimensional team of

professionals who have the expertise necessary to plan,

present, and implement the chosen approach.

4 Allow Flexibility

Streamlining site activities, whether site assessment, site

investigation, removal, treatment, or monitoring, requires a

flexible approach. Site-specific conditions, including various

physical conditions, contamination issues, stakeholder needs,

uses of the site, and supporting decisions, require that all

decision makers understand the need for flexibility. Although

presumptive remedies, standard methods, applications at other

sites, and program guidance can serve as the basis for

designing a site-specific cleanup plan and can help decision

makers avoid “starting from scratch” at each site, decision

makers should be wary of depending too heavily on “boilerplate

language” and prescriptive methodologies, as well as standard

operating procedures and “accepted” methods. While such

tools provide excellent starting points, they lack the flexibility to

meet site-specific goals. To ensure an efficient and effective

cleanup, the actual technology approach, whether established

or innovative, must focus on decisions specific to the site.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 39



The modernization of the collection, analysis,

interpretation, and management of data to support

decisions about hazardous waste sites rests on a threepronged “triad” approach. The introduction of new

technologies in a dynamic framework allows project

managers to meet clearly defined objectives. Such an

approach incorporates the elements described below.

Systematic planning is a common-sense approach to

assuring that the level of detail in project planning

matches the intended use of the data being collected.

Once cleanup goals have been defined, systematic

planning is undertaken to chart a course for the project

that is resource effective, as well

as technically sound and

defensible to reach these

project-critical goals. A team of

multidisciplinary, experienced

technical staff works to translate

the project’s goals into realistic

technical objectives. The

conceptual site model (CSM) is

the planning tool that organizes

the information that already is

known about the site; the CSM

helps the team identify the

additional information that must

be obtained. The systematic

planning process ties project

goals to individual activities

necessary to reach these goals

by identifying data gaps in the

CSM. The team then uses the

CSM to direct the gathering of needed information,

allowing the CSM to evolve and mature as work

progresses at the site.

A dynamic work plan approach relies on real-time data

to reach decision points. The logic for decision-making

is identified and responsibilities, authority, and lines of

communication are established. Dynamic work plan

implementation relies on and is driven by critical project

decisions needed to reach closure. It uses a decisiontree and real-time uncertainty management practices to

reach critical decision points in as few mobilizations as

possible. Success of a dynamic approach depends on

the presence of

experienced staff in the

field empowered to

make decisions based on

the decision logic and

their capability to deal with

new data and any unexpected

issues, as they arise. Field staff maintain close

communication with regulators or others overseeing the

project during implementation of dynamic work plans.

The use of on-site analytical tools, rapid sampling

platforms, and on-site interpretation and management of

data makes dynamic work plans

possible. Such analytical tools are

among the key streamlined site

investigation tools because they

provide the data that are used for

on-site decision making. The

tools are a broad category of

analytical methods and equipment

that can be applied at the sample

collection site. They include

methods that can be used

outdoors with hand-held, portable

equipment, as well as more

rigorous methods that require the

controlled environments of a

mobile laboratory (transportable).

During the planning process, the

team identifies the type, rigor, and

quantity of data needed to answer

the questions raised by the CSM.

Those decisions then guide the design sampling

modifications and the selection of analytical tools.

For more information, see the resources numbered

42, 53, 69, 77, 78, and 121 in the Index of Resources

beginning on page I-1.

THE TRIAD APPROACH:

Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions

A Quick Look

• Integrates systematic planning, dynamic

work plans, and on-site analytical tools to

meet project and program goals.

• Takes advantage of real-time results and

data assessment to guide additional

sampling and to minimize mobilization to

reach decision points.

• Focuses site activities on project goals,

rather than on analytical methods, thereby

saving time and money and fostering

better decisions.

• Demonstrated to complete projects faster,

cheaper, and with greater regulatory

satisfaction than the traditional phased

approach to data collection.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

40



The information value of data depends heavily upon the

interaction among sampling and analytical designs in

relation to the intended use of the data, the site-specific

context surrounding that intended use, and the

associated quality control. When this concept is

understood, on-site analytical tools can play a major role

in making environmental decisionmaking more efficient,

defensible, and cost-effective. In today’s industrial and

regulatory climate, practitioners are often required to

make immediate decisions that are based on dependable,

representative data. The term

“representative data” means that

there is some stability in the

samples and assurance of data

density. On-site analytical

techniques offer that type of

decision-making assurance to the

user of the data.

Brownfields investigations require

innovative approaches that are

faster, cheaper, and better than

common practices. The faster

approach reduces sample

turnaround times, facilitates infield decision-making, and

minimizes deployment time of crew and equipment. The

more cost-effective approach is used to reduce analytical

costs, field-labor costs, and completion times. The better

approach results in data quality that is as accurate as that

attained by fixed off-site laboratories and refined data

analysis based on the results of on-site screening.

Brownfields sites are essentially industrial sites at which

people will want to take measurements, determine the

extent of contamination, and institute a plan. The sampling

designs for such sites will be dynamic in nature; therefore,

the real-time analytical capability offered by field-portable

instruments will be essential in successful sampling. Data

representativeness will become increasingly important in

site characterization and remediation projects in the near

future because it supports the dynamic approach by

providing real-time feedback. With liability an important

consideration at brownfields sites, managing uncertainties

and having representative data that reflect the true site

conditions is critical to property transactions. Data

representativeness can be used successfully to generate

scientifically sound data that are able to support defensible

project decisions at substantial cost savings over the cost

of current practices.

DATA QUALITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS:

Keys to Cost-Effective Site Investigation

A Quick Look

• Data quality is the function of the data’s

information content and its ability to

represent the true state of a site.

• Data representativeness is the measure

of the degree to which samples can be

used to estimate the characteristics of

the true state of a hazardous waste site.

• Brownfields are considered an “up-andcoming” application in which data

quality and representativness will play

an important role.

Increased sampling

efficiencies, fostered by

the use of innovative

technologies, allow more

targeted sample collection

efforts that minimize the

handling of samples that

provide little value in meeting sitespecific data quality objectives (DQO). Increased field

analytical productivity is obtained when the type of analysis

performed is targeted so that more

samples can be analyzed each day,

thereby bringing about more rapid

site characterizations and verification

of cleanup.

When data needs are articulated

clearly, and when a number of

modern sampling and analytical

options are available, it is possible to

optimize data collection so that the

information produced is accurate for

its intended purpose while still being

less costly than previously possible.

When applied carefully, on-site

analytical methods offer

representative and decision-quality data with the added

benefits of increased sampling density and real-time

availability of results.

Although traditional approaches have tended to focus

heavily on the capabilities of definitive analytical methods,

the effect of sampling error on the representativeness of

monitoring and measurement activities also should be

considered. It is important to determine how data obtained

from quality assessment samples can be used to identify

and control in the measurement process sources of

sampling error and uncertainties.

By increasing sampling density, made possible and costeffective with the use of new sampling and analytical tools,

decision makers can reduce uncertainty and increase

understanding of the true conditions of a site. This should

increase comfort among site owners, buyers, regulators, and

surrounding communities, as well as reduce the likelihood

of errors and omissions that could negatively affect the site

later.

For more information, see the resources numbered

33, 34, and 69 in the Index of Resources beginning on

page I-1.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 41

The review and analysis of cleanup alternatives rely on

the data collected during the site assessment and

investigation phases, which are discussed in the

preceding sections of the Road Map. The purpose of

evaluating various technologies is to identify those

technologies for their capability to meet specific

cleanup and redevelopment objectives. For

brownfields sites, it also is important to consider

budget requirements and to maintain a work schedule

so that the project remains financially viable.

The role of institutional controls, such as easements,

covenants, zoning restrictions, and the posting of

advisories to increase community awareness of the

environmental conditions and cleanup activities at the

site, also are important considerations during this

phase. See Spotlight 11, Understanding the Role of

Institutional Controls at Brownfields Sites, for more

information about institutional controls.

Factors that should be considered during

the evaluation of cleanup options include:

1. How do we determine the appropriate and

feasible level of cleanup? Are there federal, state,

local, and tribal requirements for cleanup?

Should risk-based approaches be considered as

an option for assessing exposure (see the

definition of risk-based corrective action [RBCA]

in Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key

Terms)? Are there prescribed standards for

cleanup? Are there provisions for using

presumptive remedies?

2. What factors are associated with the

implementation of cleanup options? Will the

cleanup facilitate or hinder the planned

redevelopment? How long will cleanup take?

What will cleanup cost? What are the short-term

and long-term effects of the cleanup technologies

under consideration?

3. Are the cleanup options compatible with regional

or local planning and development goals and

requirements? Can redevelopment activities

(such as construction or renovation of buildings)

be conducted concurrently with cleanup?

CLEANUP OPTIONS

Cleanup Design

and

Implementation

Site

Investigation

To Redevelopment

C

O

leanup

ptions

Site Assessment

Evaluate Applicable Cleanup

Alternatives for the Site

What Do We Need To Know?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

42

identified at the site and that are compatible with

the specific conditions of the site and the proposed

reuse of the property:

- Network with other brownfields stakeholders and

environmental professionals to learn about their

experiences and to tap their expertise

- Determine whether sufficient data are available to

support identification and evaluation of cleanup

alternatives

- Evaluate the options against a number of factors,

including toxicity levels, exposure pathways,

associated risk, future land use, and economic

considerations

- Analyze the applicability of a particular

technology to the contamination identified

at a site

- Determine the effects of various technology

alternatives on redevelopment objectives

• Continue to work with appropriate regulatory

agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements

are addressed properly:

- Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local,

and tribal regulatory agencies to include them in

the decision-making process as early as possible

- Contact the EPA regional brownfields

coordinator to identify and determine the

availability of EPA support programs

• Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse

alternatives to identify potential constraints on

reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and

risk factors

• To provide a measure of certainty and stability to

the project, investigate environmental insurance

policies, such as protection against cost overruns,

undiscovered contamination, and third-party

litigation, and integrate their cost into the project

financial package

• Select an acceptable remedy that not only

addresses the risk of contamination, but also best

meets the objectives for redevelopment and reuse

of the property and is compatible with the needs of

the community

• Communicate information about the proposed

cleanup option to brownfields stakeholders,

including the affected community

4. How can the community participate in the review

and selection of cleanup options? Are the options

acceptable in light of community concerns about

protection during cleanup and reuse of the site?

What environmental standards should be

considered to ensure that community stakeholders

are satisfied with the outcome and process of

cleanup, given the intended reuse?

5. Is there a need for institutional controls after

cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls

appropriate in light of community concerns and

access to and use of the property? Will

institutional controls facilitate or hinder

development? What plans, including financial

assurances, are being made to ensure that

institutional controls remain in place as long as

contamination is present?

6. What options are available to monitor the

performance of cleanup technologies?

The process of reviewing and analyzing cleanup

options and technology alternatives usually follows

these steps:

• Establish goals for cleanup that consider the end use

and use either published state or federal guidelines,

RBCAs, or site-specific risk assessment results

• Educate members of the community about the site

cleanup selection process and actively involve

them in decision making

• Review general information about cleanup

technologies to become familiar with those that

may be applicable to a particular site:

- Use the resources in this publication

– See Appendix A, Table A-3, Remedies for Types of

Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfields Sites,

for examples of technologies that are appropriate

for specific types of contaminants

- Conduct searches of existing literature that

further describes the technology alternatives

- Analyze detailed technical information about the

applicability of technology alternatives

• Narrow the list of potential technologies that are

most appropriate for addressing the contamination

* Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each

procedural question identified.

How Do We Find The Answers?*
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 43

Examples of resources that will assist in reviewing and

analyzing cleanup options are listed on the next page.

Information about the availability of electronic resources

— whether the item is found on the Road Map’s

accompanying CD-ROM or on various web sites — also

is provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documents,

provides complete ordering information for documents

that are not available on the CD-ROM or on the Internet.

A. Resources for Cleanup Options

The documents listed below are resources that provide

general information about the availability of technology

resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and

user guides.

ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective

Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites

(E1739-95e1)

Order on line at www.astm.org

The purpose of the guide is to define RBCA as a

process for assessing and responding to a petroleum

release in a manner that ensures the protection of

human health and the environment. The guide will

assist brownfields decision makers who wish to

become familiar with another approach that can be

used to assess environmental risk at a site, in

conformity with applicable federal, state, local, and

tribal regulations. The diversity and flexibility of a

RBCA approach is defined and discussed, and the

tiered approach of the process is summarized.

Although the RBCA process is not limited to a

particular site, the guide emphasizes the use of RBCA

in response to releases of petroleum. Examples of

RBCA applications also are provided. The guide,

available at $45 per copy, can be downloaded from

the ASTM web site or ordered by telephone at 610-

832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.

Breaking Barriers to the Use of

Innovative Technologies: State

Regulatory Role in Unexploded

Ordnance Detection and Characterization

Technology Selection

View or download the pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report, published in 2000 by the ITRC workgroup,

contains an analysis of case studies from states

having experience in remediating unexploded

ordnance (UXO)-contaminated sites. The report

supports early and meaningful state regulatory

involvement in the selection of innovative

unexploded ordnance characterization and

remediation technologies. The report also offers

recommendations to ensure the appropriate

participation of states in the selection of technologies

for characterizing and remediating UXOcontaminated sites.

Brownfields Technology Primer:

Requesting and Evaluating Proposals

That Encourage Innovative Technologies

for Investigation and Cleanup

(EPA 542-R-01-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners,

project managers, and others preparing RFPs to solicit

support in conducting activities to investigate and

clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically

intended to assist those individuals in writing

specifications that encourage contractors and

technology vendors to propose options for using

innovative characterization and remediation

technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also

provides information, from a technology perspective,

to guide review teams in their evaluations of

proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.

Citizen’s Guides to Understanding Innovative

Treatment Technologies

View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM

The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site

managers with nontechnical outreach materials that

they can share with communities in the vicinity of a

site. The guides present information on innovative

technologies that have been selected or applied at

some cleanup sites, provide overviews of the

technologies, and present success stories about sites

at which innovative technologies have been applied.

Spanish versions of the guides are forthcoming. The

guides contain information on the following subjects:

– Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001)

– Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013)

– Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015)

– In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01-011)

– In situ thermal treatment methods (EPA 542-F-01-012)

– Monitored natural attenuation (EPA 542-F-01-004)

– Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01-005)

– Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-01-002)

– SVE and air sparging (EPA 542-F-01-006)

– Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008)

– Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003)

Where Do We Find Help To Our

Technology Questions?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

44

Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World

Wide Web

View on line at http://clu-in.org

The Internet site provides information about

innovative treatment technologies and site

characterization technologies to the hazardous waste

remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs,

publications, and other tools for EPA and other

federal and state personnel, consulting engineers,

technology developers and vendors, remediation

contractors, researchers, community groups, and

individual citizens. Information about issues related

to site remediation also is provided: technology

descriptions and status reports; technology selection

tools; programs and organizations; TIO perspectives;

and publications.

Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing

the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

The guide is one in a series of publications designed to

assist communities, states, municipalities, and the

private sector to address brownfields sites more

effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used

with the three guides for specific types of sites -

Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning

Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields

Initiative, Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to

Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites

Under the Brownfields Initiative - provides information

about cost estimating tools and resources for

addressing cleanup costs at brownfields sites. Many

decision makers at brownfields sites may choose to

assign the preparation of cost estimates to consultants

who are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous

waste sites; however, it benefits those decision makers

to be able to provide guidance to their consultants and

to understand the process sufficiently well to provide

an informed review of the estimates prepared. The

guide provides general information about the cost

estimation process and includes summaries of various

types of estimates. The guide also outlines the process

of developing “order of magnitude” cost estimates.

Information about resources, databases, and models

also is provided.

Directory of Technology Support Services to

Brownfields Localities (EPA 542-B-99-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The directory provides information about

EPA offices, non-government organizations funded

by EPA, and other federal agencies that may be able to

provide expertise to assist in the selection of

technologies for use in characterizing and cleaning

up brownfields properties.

EPA REACH IT Online Searchable Database

View on line at www.epareachit.org

EPA REACH IT will assist those involved in

brownfields projects to evaluate and select applicable

remediation technologies, as well as to gather

detailed information about the providers of those

technologies. An online searchable database, EPA

REACH IT provides comprehensive, up-to-date

information about more than 1,300 remediation

technologies that can be accessed through the guided

and advanced search capabilities of the system.

Examples of sites at which a particular type of

technology has been implemented also are presented.

The information is based upon data submitted by

vendors and project managers for EPA, DoD, DOE,

and state agencies, as well as information provided

by suppliers of innovative technologies. EPA REACH

IT is accessible only through the Internet.

Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision

Support Software (DSS)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Developed by DOE’s Office of Environmental

Management, the report evaluates DSS, computerbased systems that facilitate the use of data, models,

and structured decision processes in making

decisions related to environmental management. The

report evaluates 19 such systems through the

application of a rating system that favors software

that simulates a wide range of environmental

problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a

statement of the rationale for the selection of various

aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation.

Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at

Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report provides a national retrospective analysis

of the field performance of barrier systems, as well as

information that could be useful in developing

guidance on the use and evaluation of such systems.

The report contains information about the design,

application, and performance of subsurface

engineered barriers.

Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable

(FRTR) Case Studies

View on line at www.frtr.gov/cost

The case studies provide the user information about

specific remedial technology applications. FRTR case

studies are developed by DoD, the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers (USACE), the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 45

(USAF), DOE, DOI, and EPA. The case studies focus

on full-scale and large field demonstration projects

and include information on site background,

description of the technology, cost and performance of

technology application, and lessons learned.

Technologies include innovative and conventional

treatment technologies for contaminated soil,

groundwater, and solid media. Users can search the

case studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste

management practices that contribute to

contamination, and treatment systems.

Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and

Performance Information for Remediation Projects

(EPA 542-B-98-007)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document recommends the types of data that

should be collected to document the performance and

cost of future cleanups. The guide specifies data

elements for 13 conventional and innovative cleanup

technologies: soil bioventing, soil flushing, soil vapor

extraction, groundwater sparging, in situ

groundwater remediation, pump-and-treat

technologies, composting, incineration, land

treatment, slurry-phase soil bioremediation, soil

washing, stabilization, and thermal desorption. The

document provides site managers with a standard set

of parameters for documenting completed

remediation projects. A number of federal agencies

have made commitments to using the guidance to

collect data for full-scale cleanups, demonstrations,

and treatability studies.

Innovative Remediation and Site

Characterization Technologies Resources

(EPA 542-C-01-001)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

Produced by EPA’s TIO, the CD-ROM

contains resources that provide information to help

federal, state, and private-sector site managers

evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives.

The ability to gain access to resources that provide

information about innovative site characterization

and remediation technologies will increase

understanding of those technologies and of the cost

and performance factors related to them. Such

understanding is essential to the consideration of

those technologies for use in addressing

contamination at hazardous waste sites. Several

resources included on the CD-ROM also are available

on the Road Map CD-ROM.

Innovative Remediation Technologies:

Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in

North America, 2nd Edition

(EPA 542-B-00-004)

View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM

A revision and expansion of EPA’s publication,

“Completed North American Innovative Technology

Demonstration Projects,” is now available in an

online, searchable database of ongoing and

completed field demonstrations of innovative

remediation technologies sponsored by government

agencies working in partnership with private

technology developers to bring new technologies into

the hazardous waste remediation marketplace.

Public Technology Inc.’s

BrownfieldsTech.org

View on line at www.brownfieldstech.org

The web site, hosted by PTI, and

sponsored in part by EPA’s TIO, provides information

about characterization and remediation of

brownfields. The site focuses on the demonstration,

dissemination, and promotion of innovative

characterization and remediation technologies

suitable for use at brownfields sites to help local

governments increase efficiencies and reduce costs

associated with brownfields redevelopment. The site

highlights “hot” technologies that currently are

proving themselves in the field, provides case studies

that introduce the user to cities that are experiencing

succession employing innovative site

characterization and remediation technologies,

profiles of local government leaders who are

employing brownfields remediation technologies to

good effect, and provides links to other key web sites.

Rapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI) Final

Report for an Integrated In Situ Remediation

Technology (LasagnaTM) (DOE/OR/22459-1)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

This report describes demonstration results for the

LasagnaTM process, a process which uses established

geotechnical methods to install degradation zones in

contaminated soil and electrosmosis to move the

contaminants back and forth through these zones

until treatment is completed.

Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and

Reference Guide, Version 3.0 (PB98-108590)

View on line at www.frtr.gov/matrix/

The document is intended to assist site remediation

project managers to narrow the field of remediation

alternatives and identify potentially applicable

technologies for more detailed assessment and

evaluation before remedy selection. The document
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

46



State-mandated programs have had a major impact on

turning former drycleaner sites into marketable properties.

With support from EPA’s TIO, the State Coalition for

Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) was established in

1998 to provide a forum for the exchange of information

and the discussion of implementation issues related to

established state drycleaner programs, share information

and lessons learned, and encourage the use of innovative

technologies in the remediation of drycleaner sites. The

coalition is made up of representatives of states that have

established drycleaner remediation programs, including

Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Kansas,

Minnesota, Missouri, North

Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina,

Tennessee, and Wisconsin.

A subgroup of the coalition has

focused its efforts on conducting

research about state programs and

the use of innovative technologies

to assess and remediate sites

contaminated with drycleaning

solvents. Its 1999 report, “Study

of Assessment and Remediation

Technologies for Drycleaner Sites”

indicates that a variety of

technologies are being used at

drycleaner sites. For example, site

characterization techniques include

active and passive sampling of soil-gas, direct push

techniques, geophysical techniques, and monitoring wells

and borings. Several technologies for detecting dense

nonaqueous phase

liquids (DNAPL), a great

concern at drycleaner

sites, including ultraviolet

fluorescence and

hydrophobic dyes, also have

been demonstrated to be effective.

As described in the report, the methods most commonly

used to reduce solvents present in soil include excavation,

soil vapor extraction (SVE), and bioventing, and natural

attenuation, air sparging, and multi-phase extraction for

groundwater.

Even though many of the state

programs are fairly new and most

have very limited budgets, they have

been effective in performing the

necessary tasks in a timely manner.

To date, the states’ drycleaning

programs have performed at least

236 site assessments and 100

remedial actions and closed 16

drycleaning sites. The numbers are

increasing rapidly as the drycleaner

programs in each state continue to

mature.

For more information, see the

resources numbered 62, 115,

132, and 133 in the Index of Resources beginning on

page I-1.

STATE DRYCLEANER REMEDIATION PROGRAMS:

An Innovative Approach to Cleanup

A Quick Look

• Drycleaners use chlorinated solvents,

particularly tetrachloroethene (PCE), in

their operations, and have contributed to

contamination of soil and groundwater at

many brownfields sites.

• Contaminants likely to be found at

drycleaner sites include: PCE,

trichloroethene (TCE), and cis 1,2-

dichloroethene (cis-DCE).

• Innovative technologies are of particular

benefit to small drycleaner sites because

limited funding for cleanup of such sites

is often an issue.

KEY RESOURCE

State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site

View on line at www.drycleancoalition.org

The Internet site, supported by EPA’s TIO, provides extensive information about state remediation

programs and resources related to the remediation of drycleaner sites. Descriptions of state programs

and points of contact in each of the 11 member states are provided. Publications, regulations, and

other documents are identified as well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the assessment and

cleanup of drycleaner sites in Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon, South

Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, and Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the detailed

information provided about programs in those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific sites

throughout the U.S. are intended to assist users, particularly state officials, in making more informed

decisions related to the remediation of sites in their states, and, when possible, to provide additional

resources. Publications developed by the SCRD, as well as state and federal resources pertinent to

issues associated with drycleaner sites, can be viewed on line or downloaded at no charge.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

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From the early 1800s through the mid-1900s,

manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites were operated

nationwide to produce gas from coal or oil for lighting,

heating, and cooking. The gas manufacturing and

purification processes conducted at the plants yielded

gas plant residues that included tars, sludges, lampblack,

light oils, spent oxide wastes, and other hydrocarbon

products. Although many of the by-products were

recycled, excess residues remained at MGP sites. The

residues contain polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),

petroleum hydrocarbons,

benzene, cyanide, metals, and

phenols. The base

contaminant, coal tar, is

composed of a complex mixture

of PAHs that generally exhibit

low volatility, low solubility, and

low biodegradability.

Consequently, those

components are difficult to treat.

There are an estimated 3,000 to

5,000 former MGP sites across

the country; some of those sites

still are owned by the

successors to the utilities that

founded them. MGPs typically

were built on the outskirts of

cities that since have grown.

Today, therefore, the under-used sites often are located

in inner city areas, many of which are being considered

for redevelopment under the brownfields program. The

redevelopment of MGP sites for reuse can help the utility

industry turn potential liabilities into assets. For example,

in the city of Fort Myers, Florida, a former MGP site was

redeveloped into a private, nonprofit museum and

aquarium called the Imaginarium.

As the business environment has spurred companies to

reassess land holdings and better manage environmental

concerns, the MGP sites have become a central focus.

Many companies are investigating and remediating such

sites. The similarities in the configuration of the sites and

in the contaminants found at them provide opportunities

to apply innovative

approaches that benefit

from economies of

scale. Former MGP sites

offer an ideal opportunity

to apply tools and

technologies that expedite site

characterization and source remediation.

Thermal desorption has been used

successfully to remediate soils that

contain MGP wastes (for example,

lampblack and coal tar), achieving

reductions of more than 98 percent in

concentrations of PAHs; total

petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH);

benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and

xylene (BTEX) compounds; and

cyanide. Performance data have

demonstrated that less than 10 parts

per billion (ppb) of residual PAHs and

cyanides can be achieved through the

application of thermal desorption.

Other technologies that have proven

successful in remediating MGP

wastes include co-burning in utility

boilers, recycling in road beds, in

situ bioremediation, landfarming,

and soil washing.

Because former MGP sites are prevalent and represent a

large area of unused land with complex remedy needs,

new technologies are being encouraged and field-tested

to demonstrate their technical feasibility. Opportunities

exist to demonstrate and refine new assessment and

remediation technologies that can assist in expediting

cleanup processes that can place these contaminated sites

back into productive use.

For more information, see the resource numbered

120 in the Index of Resources beginning on page I-1.

REMEDIATING MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT SITES:

Emerging Remediation Technologies

A Quick Look

• Although MGPs have closed and most

have been demolished, such facilities

have left a legacy of environmental

contamination.

• Releases of coal tars, oils, and

condensates produced in MGP plants

contributed to a wide range of

contamination with PAHs, phenols,

benzene, and cyanide.

• As utilities discover more MGP sites,

they are faced with the need to identify

cost-effective, environmentally safe, and

innovative approaches for the

characterization and remediation of those

sites.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

48

summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of

innovative and conventional technologies for

remediation of soils, sediments, sludges, groundwater,

surface water, and air emissions and off-gases; it

focuses primarily on demonstrated technologies.

Treatment, containment, separation of wastes, and

enhanced recovery technologies are covered.

Additional references and information resources also

are included.

Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement

the Superfund Land Use Directive

(OSWER Directive 9355.7-06P)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The memorandum, signed June 4, 2001 by EPA’s

OERR, presents information that supports the

development of assumptions related to future land

use when making remedy selection decisions for

response actions conducted at Superfund sites. The

Reuse Assessment guide, which provides information

about the collection and evaluation of information for

developing assumptions, and the Superfund Land

Use Directive, which provides basic information

about developing and using future land use

assumptions to support Superfund remedial actions,

are included as attachments to the directive.

Site Remediation Technology InfoBase:

A Guide to Federal Programs, Information

Resources, and Publications on

Contaminated Site Cleanup Technologies,

Second Edition (EPA 542-B-00-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Prepared by the member agencies of the FRTR, the

guide identifies programs, resources, and

publications of the federal government related to

technologies for the cleanup of contaminated sites.

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)

Program: Technology Profiles, Tenth Edition

View on line at www.epa.gov/ORD/SITE/profiles3.htm

The SITE documents, contained in three separate

volumes, provide profiles of more than 150

demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and

measurement technologies currently being evaluated.

Each technology profile identifies the developer and

process name of the technology, describes the

technology, discusses its applicability to waste, and

provides a project status report and contact

information. The profiles also include summaries of

demonstration results, if available.

The following volumes are available:

– Demonstration Program, Volume 1

(EPA 540-R-99-500A)

– Emerging Technology Program, Volume 2

(EPA 540-R-99-500B)

– Monitoring and Measurement Program, Volume 3

(EPA 540-R-99-500C)

Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of Innovative

Site Remediation Technologies, Third Edition (EPA

542-B-93-009, PB94-144565)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

The document is a compilation of abstracts that

describe field demonstrations of innovative

technologies that treat hazardous waste at

contaminated sites. The abstracts are information

resources that hazardous waste site project managers

can use to assess the availability and practicability of

innovative technologies for treating contaminated

groundwater, soils, and sludge. The document

describes more than 110 demonstrations, sponsored

by federal agencies, in six different technology

categories, involving the use of innovative

technologies to treat soil and groundwater. A matrix

that lists the demonstration categories, the type of

contaminant, media that can be treated, and the

treatment setting for each innovative technology

demonstrated also is provided in the document.

Tank RACER Software Program

View on line at www.epa.gov/swerust1/tnkracr1.htm

Tank Remedial Action Cost Engineering and

Requirements (RACER) is a WindowsTM-based system

that provides fast, accurate, and comprehensive cost

estimates for cleanups at petroleum and UST sites.

The software estimates costs for cleanups on a sitespecific basis for all phases of remediation, including

site assessment, remedial design, remedial action,

operation and maintenance, tank closure, and site

work and utilities, as well as the costs of using

alternative technologies, such as air sparging,

bioremediation, bioventing, groundwater extraction

wells, land farming, natural attenuation, SVE, and

thermal desorption. The software was developed

under an interagency agreement between the USAF

and EPA. A newer version, Tank RACER 2001, is

now available. Visit the web site identified above for

more information.

TechKnowTM Database

View on line at www.techknow.org

Developed by the Global Network of Environment &

Technology (GNET), TechKnow is an online,

interactive database which allows users to gain

access to and provide information about innovative

and sustainable technologies. For each technology

profiled, a summary, development information,

status, and cost is provided. The Internet site also
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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 49

provides contact information for the technologies.

Users may access the TechKnow database at the

Internet site identified above. There is no cost to use

TechKnow, but users are required to register on

GNET.

Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup:

Annual Status Report (ASR) (Tenth

Edition) (EPA 542-R-01-004)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The ASR documents, as of summer 2000, the status of

treatment technology applications at more than 900

soil and groundwater cleanup projects in the

Superfund program, selected RCRA corrective action

sites, and DOE and DoD sites. The report updates the

projects included in the ASR ninth edition and

provides information about projects obtained from 96

records of decision (ROD) signed in 1998 and 1999.

The report examines both source control technologies

(addressing soil, sludge, sediment, and other solid

wastes) and innovative groundwater treatment

technologies. For the most frequently selected

technologies in the Superfund remedial program, the

report analyzes selection trends over time,

contaminant groups treated, quantity of soil treated

(for soil treatment technologies), and the status of

project implementation.

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

Preferred Alternatives Matrices (PAMs)

View on line at www.em.doe.gov/define

Developed by DOE, the PAMs web site

provides access to evaluations of site

characterization and remediation technologies

preferred by DOE on the basis of the types of

contaminants and contaminated media selected.

PAMs was developed by DOE’s Office of

Environmental Restoration (EM-40) to assist decision

makers in selecting the most appropriate cleanup

alternatives for remediation, waste processing, and

decommissioning of sites. It provides a tool for field

personnel to use in focusing remedy selection;

expediting implementation of preferred alternatives;

eliminating the cost of excessive or redundant

treatability studies; and allowing preselection of

effective, low-cost remediation alternatives.

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options

Listed below are survey reports on the application of

innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site

types.

Assessment of Phytoremediation as an InSitu Technique for Cleaning OilContaminated Sites

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document, which is based on a review

of the relevant literature, provides examples of the

phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and

discusses the key mechanisms of that process, as well

as the special considerations involved in

phytoremediation of petrochemicals. The document

also discusses the benefits, limitations, and costs of

phytoremediation, compared with alternative

approaches, including natural attenuation,

engineering, and bioremediation.

Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of

Pesticide-Contaminated Sites, The

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The technology assessment report

discusses the use of bioremediation and

phytoremediation for the cleanup of sites

contaminated with pesticides. It provides

information about the current status of the two

technologies to federal and state agencies, consulting

engineering firms, private industries, and technology

developers.

Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs (EPA

510-B-00-001)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The booklet provides an annotated list of UST

materials and includes ordering information. Many

of the informational leaflets, booklets, videos, and

software items listed are designed to provide UST

owners and operators with information to help them

comply with the federal UST requirements.

EPA ORD Brownfields Guides

View on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishom

The series of publications are designed to assist

communities, states, municipalities, and the private

sector to address brownfields sites more effectively.

The guides provide decision makers, such as city

planners, private sector developers, and others who

are involved in redeveloping brownfields, with a

better understanding of the technical issues involved

in assessing and cleaning up automotive repair sites,

iron and steel mill sites, and metal finishing sites.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

50

After reading the guides, the user will have a better

understanding of activities commonly carried out at

such sites and how those activities might cause the

release of contaminants into the environment. The

guides also provide information about the types of

contaminants often found at such sites; a discussion

of site assessment, screening and cleanup levels, and

cleanup technologies; a conceptual framework for

identifying potential contaminants; information about

developing a cleanup plan; and a discussion of issues

and special factors that should be considered when

developing plans and selecting technologies. The

following guides are available:

– Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-008)

– Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-007)

– Technical Approaches to Characterizing and

Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the

Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-006)

Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of

Operating Experience at 28 Sites

(EPA 542-R-99-006)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report summarizes information about the

groundwater remediation systems at 28 sites

throughout the U.S. at which completed or ongoing

groundwater cleanup programs are in place. It

includes details about design, operation, and

performance of the systems; capital, operating, and

unit costs of the systems; and factors that potentially

affect the cost and performance of the systems. The

report compares and contrasts data from the case

studies to assist those involved in evaluating and

selecting remedies for groundwater contamination at

hazardous waste sites. Of the 28 projects presented in

the case studies, 24 are Superfund remedial actions,

one is a Superfund removal action, one is a cleanup

conducted by state authorities, and two are corrective

actions taken under RCRA. The sites represent a range

of site types and hydrogeological conditions.

How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies

for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for

Corrective Action Plan Reviewers

(EPA 510-B-94-003, S/N 055-000-00499-4)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

The guide was developed to assist state regulators in

efficiently and confidently evaluating corrective

action plans (CAP) that incorporate alternative

technologies. The guide, written in nontechnical

language, takes the reader through the steps involved

in reviewing a CAP. Each chapter presents a

comprehensive description of the technology, an

explanation of how it works, and a flow chart that

illustrates the decision points in the process;

information that will help the regulator evaluate

whether a given technology will clean up a given site

successfully; discussion and instruction to help the

regulator evaluate whether a CAP is technically

sound; a check list to assist the regulator in

determining whether or not the CAP includes all the

steps necessary; and a list of references.

IDC Home Page

View on line at www.getf.org/dnaplguest

The web site is sponsored by the Interagency

Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)

Consortium (IDC). It reports on the IDC’s effort to

evaluate and compare the cost and performance of

three innovative remediation technologies for the

treatment of DNAPLS. The three technologies are

being applied for the treatment of trichloroethylene

(TCE) at Launch Complex 34 at Cape Canaveral Air

Force Station, Florida. The three technologies being

demonstrated in side-by-side plots at the launch area

are chemical oxidation with the use of potassium

permanganate, six-phase heating, and dynamic

underground stripping.

Innovative Measures for Subsurface Chromium

Remediation: Source Zone, Concentrated Plume,

and Dilute Plume; Environmental Research Brief

(EPA 600-S-97-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

This report describes innovative measures for

addressing chromium contamination in each of the

three areas described in the title. For the source zone,

surfactant-enhanced chromium extraction is

evaluated; for the concentrated plume,

polyelectrolyte-enhanced ultrafiltration is evaluated;

and for the dilute plume, the effectiveness of the

permeable barrier wall is evaluated.

MTBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MTBEContaminated Soil and Groundwater

(EPA 510-F-98-002)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Developed by EPA’s OUST, the fact sheet describes

the physical and chemical characteristics of methyl

tert butyl ether (MTBE) and identifies alternative

technologies for remediating it.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Evaluation of

Demonstrated and Emerging

Technologies for the Treatment of

Contaminated Land and Groundwater

(Phase III) 2000 Annual Report (EPA 542-R-01-001)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The volume presents updated summaries of

information about 29 projects, as well as reports on

legislative, regulatory, programmatic, and research

issues related to contaminated land in each

participating country.

Pay-For-Performance Cleanups: Effectively

Managing Underground Storage Tank Cleanups

(EPA 510-B-96-002)

View on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishom

Pay-for-performance cleanup agreements allow users

to pay contractors a fixed price as measurable

environmental goals are reached, rather than paying

using a more typical time-and-materials contract.

This document focuses on the experience of the UST

Bureau of the New Mexico Environment Department

and is supplemented by the experience and ideas of

representatives of other states, contractors, and EPA.

The document is intended as a starting point for

owners of USTs to use in designing pay-forperformance cleanup programs. The document first

identifies the advantages of pay-for-performance

cleanup agreements, such as cost and time savings. It

then explains how to implement a pay-forperformance cleanup program. Many tips for

ensuring the success of pay-for-performance

agreement programs are provided. It also presents

information about enlisting the support of

stakeholders, such as that of state technical and

funding staff, government auditors, legislators and

legislative staff, and cleanup contractors. In addition

to providing instructions for constructing such an

agreement, the document provides an example of how

to calculate performance payments.

Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ

Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Ground

Water at CERCLA Sites (EPA 540-R-96-023)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom

Produced by EPA’s OERR, the guidance defines

EPA’s presumptive response strategy and discusses

technologies for the ex situ treatment component of a

groundwater remedy. It also explains how EPA

intends to exercise its discretion in implementing the

National Contingency Plan (NCP).

Rapid Site Assessment Applied to the

Florida Department of Environmental

Protection’s Drycleaning Solvent Cleanup

Program

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The 1997 report describes the use of rapid site

assessments to characterize soil and groundwater

contamination at drycleaning facilities. Conducted

under the Florida Department of Environmental

Protection’s Drycleaning Solvent Cleanup Program

(DSCP), the rapid site assessments are an innovative

approach used to address site assessment and

cleanup of contaminated drycleaning facilities. The

paper describes legislative, administrative, and

technical aspects of the program that permit drastic

reductions in the time and costs associated with

assessing soil and groundwater contamination for

this site type.

Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of

Metal-Contaminated Soils (EPA 542-R-97-004)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document provides hazardous waste cleanup

professionals with an update on the status of four

available and promising technologies for in situ

remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals:

electrokinetics; phytoremediation; soil flushing; and

solidification and stabilization. The report is

intended to assist in screening new technologies early

in the remedy evaluation and selection process.

Resource for MGP Site Characterization

and Remediation: Expedited Site

Characterization and Source Remediation

at Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites

(EPA 542-R-00-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document provides current information about

useful approaches and tools being applied at former

MGP sites to the regulators and utilities that are

engaged in characterizing and remediating these

sites. The document outlines site management

strategies and field tools for expediting site

characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of

existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in

soils; provides sufficient information about the

benefits, limitations, and costs of each technology,

tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and

provides, through case studies, examples of the ways

in which those tools and strategies can be

implemented at MGP sites.
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State Coalition for Remediation of

Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site

View on line at www.drycleancoalition.org

The Internet site, supported by EPA’s TIO,

provides extensive information about state

remediation programs and resources related to the

remediation of drycleaner sites. Descriptions of state

programs and points of contact in each of the 11

member states are provided. Publications,

regulations, and other documents are identified as

well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the

assessment and cleanup of drycleaner sites in Florida,

Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, and

Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the

detailed information provided about programs in

those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific

sites throughout the U.S. are intended to assist users,

particularly state officials, in making more informed

decisions related to the remediation of sites in their

states, and, when possible, to provide additional

resources. Publications developed by the SCRD, as

well as state and federal resources pertinent to issues

associated with drycleaner sites, can be viewed on

line or downloaded at no charge.

State Programs to Clean Up Drycleaners

View on line at www.drycleancoalition.org/

survey

Prepared by the SCRD with the support of

EPA’s TIO, the report presents a survey

that focuses on three principal areas: general

administrative issues, fee and fund solvency issues,

and benefits associated with the various programs.

The report provides information about the number of

sites in the various state programs, the remediation

stage of each site, the system for setting priorities

among sites, the fee system, the fee structure, average

fees, deductibles and insurance coverage, revenues

collected, fund balances, benefits of participation,

limit of funds, and requirements of facility owners

and operators. Detailed tables that present data

gathered during the survey are included as an

appendix to the report.

Treatment Experiences at RCRA

Corrective Actions (EPA 542-F-00-020)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The fact sheet summarizes information about the use of

treatment technologies at 30 RCRA corrective action

sites. It focuses on ongoing or completed cleanups of

contaminated soil or groundwater at RCRA sites for

which key information, such as the type of technology

used and the point of contact, was available. The sites

illustrate the types of cleanups conducted at RCRA

corrective action sites; they are not intended to be

representative of all cleanups conducted under RCRA.

Treatment Technology Performance and Cost Data

for Remediation of Wood Preserving Sites

(EPA 625-R-97-005)

Order on line at www.epa.gov/ttbnrmrl/625/R-97/005.htm

The document presents information about applicable

treatment alternatives for the remediation of soil and

groundwater at wood preserving sites. The document

provides decision makers with a better understanding

of technologies suitable for cleaning up such sites.

Background information about the wood preserving

industry in general is presented, as well as

information about contaminants commonly found at

wood preserving sites, such as PCPs, PAHs, dioxins

and furans, and inorganic compounds. The

document describes a number of technologies that

have been used to remediate wood preserving sites;

treatability and case studies also are presented.

Additional sources of information are provided.

Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund,

RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage

Tank Sites

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The policy directive, issued April 21, 1999, provides

guidance to the staff of EPA, the public, and the

regulated community on how EPA intends to exercise

its discretion in implementing national policy on the

use of monitored natural attenuation for the

remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at

sites regulated under the programs of EPA’s OSWER.

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup

Options

The documents listed below provide detailed information

about specific innovative technologies and the application

of those processes to specific contaminants and media in the

form of engineering analyses, application reports,

technology verification and evaluation reports, and

technology reviews.

Anaerobic Biodegradation of BTEX in Aquifer

Material; Environmental Research Brief

(EPA 600-S-97-003)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The study focuses on anaerobic biodegradation of

BTEX isomers in aquifer material from two petroleumcontaminated aquifers. Two different techniques

were used to evaluate the ability of indigenous

microorganisms to anaerobically degrade BTEX and

to estimate the rate of degradation.
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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 53

Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor

Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report provides an engineering analysis of, and

status report on, selected enhancements for SVE

treatment technologies. The report is intended to

assist project managers who are considering an SVE

treatment system by providing then with an up-todate report on the status of enhancement

technologies; an evaluation of each technology’s

applicability to various site conditions; a presentation

of cost and performance information; a list of vendors

that specialize in the technologies; a discussion of the

relative strengths and limitations of the technologies;

recommendations of factors to be kept in mind when

considering the enhancements; and a compilation of

references. The five enhancement technologies

discussed in the report are air sparging, dual-phase

extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and

hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement.

Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated

Sediments (ARCS) Program: Guidance for In Situ

Subaqueous Capping of Contaminated Sediments

(EPA 905-B-96-004)

View on line at www.epa.gov/glnpo/sediment/iscmain/

index.html

Published by EPA’s Great Lakes National Program

Office, the document provides technical guidance for

subaqueous, in situ capping as a remediation technique

for contaminated sediments. Descriptions of the

processes, identification of the design requirements, and

a recommended sequence for design also are provided.

Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BFSS)

Version 2.1

View or download database on the Road Map CD-ROM

The searchable database provides information about

sites at which bioremediation is being tested or

implemented or at which cleanup by bioremediation

has been completed. The database covers sites being

addressed under CERCLA, RCRA, TSCA, as well as

those being addressed under the UST Program.

Information is available about location, media,

contaminants, technology, cost, and performance.

Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent

Contaminated Groundwater

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report is intended to provide a basic summary of

in situ treatment technologies for groundwater

contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It includes

information gathered from a range of currently

available sources, including project documents,

reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal

communication with parties involved in the use of the

technologies.

Brownfields Technology Primer:

Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for

Site Cleanup

(EPA 542-R-01-006)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The BTSC developed this document to provide an

educational tool for site owners, project managers,

and regulators to help evaluate the applicability of

the phytoremediation process at brownfields sites.

The primer explains the types of biological processes

involved in phytoremediation; provides examples of

the sites and contaminants where phytoremediation

has been applied; and discusses technical

considerations in selecting and designing

phytoremediation systems, activities necessary to

operate and maintain phytoremediation systems, and

examples of estimated potential cost savings from

using phytoremediation versus more conventional

treatment processes. The primer also provides a

comprehensive list of other resources that are

available to assist decision makers in evaluating

phytoremediation as an option for cleaning up

contaminated sites.

California Environmental Technology Certification

Program - California Certified Technologies List

View on line at www.calepa.ca.gov/calcert

The Cal/EPA Environmental Technology

Certification program Internet site provides the user

access to the California Certified Technologies List.

The document provides a list of technologies and

their respective vendors that have been certified by

the state of California. Certification is granted to

technologies on the basis of an independent, thirdparty verification of the technology’s performance

and ability to meet regulatory specifications and

requirements. Developers and manufacturers define

quantitative performance claims for their technologies

and provide supporting documentation. Cal/EPA

reviews that information and, when necessary,

conducts additional testing to verify the claims.

Technologies, equipment, and products that are

proven to work as claimed receive official state

certification.

CLU-IN Technology Focus

View on line at http://clu-in.org

Technology Focus, a section of EPA TIO’s

CLU-IN site, provides a compilation of the

most relevant information sources about a
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

54

range of remediation technologies. Grouped by

specific technology, the resources provide a

description, information about the applications and

use of the technology, relevant engineering and

regulatory guidance, and links to training sources and

additional references. Information about the following

technologies are available: air sparging,

bioremediation of chlorinated solvents, bioventing/

biosparging, fracturing, groundwater circulating wells,

in situ flushing, in situ oxidation, multi-phase

extraction, natural attenuation, permeable reactive

barriers, phytoremediation, soil vapor extraction, and

thermal desorption.

Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater

Cleanup Projects: Pump-and-Treat

Systems and Permeable Reactive Barriers

(EPA 542-R-00-013)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Developed on the basis of case studies prepared by

EPA, other members of the Federal Remediation

Technologies Roundtable, and the Remediation

Technologies Development Forum, the report presents

the results of an analysis of groundwater cleanup

costs for pump-and-treat systems and permeable

reactive barriers (PRB) at 48 sites. Targeted for site

managers, technology developers, and users, as well

as others involved in groundwater remediation

efforts, the report provides detailed information about

the costs of groundwater cleanup technologies and

factors that affect those costs. Of the 48 sites, 32 were

pump-and-treat systems and 16 were PRBs.

Engineered Approaches to In Situ

Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents:

Fundamentals and Field Applications

(EPA 542-R-00-008)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report provides an overview of in situ

bioremediation for the remediation of chlorinated

solvents in contaminated soil and groundwater. It

describes mechanisms for the degradation of

chlorinated solvents, enhancements of such

mechanisms by the addition of various materials and

chemicals, design approaches, and factors to consider

when selecting and using the technology. The report

also presents a list of vendors of the technology and

nine case studies of field applications.

Engineering and Design: Adsorption

Design Guide (DG 1110-1-2)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The guide, published by the U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers, provides practical guidance for

the design of liquid- and vapor-phase devices for the

adsorption of organic chemicals. The adsorptive

media addressed include granular activated carbon

(GAC) and other alternative adsorption media, such

as powdered activated carbon (PAC) and non-carbon

adsorbents. It addresses various types of adsorption

media, applicability, use of various adsorption

process technologies, design of equipment and

ancillary components, availability, advantages,

disadvantages, regeneration methods, costs, and

safety considerations.

EPA Region 5 Monitored Natural Attenuation Report

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report describes a natural attenuation field study

conducted jointly by EPA Region 5, the Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources, the Illinois

Environmental Protection Agency, and Amoco

Corporation that has been underway since October

1994.

Field Applications of In Situ Remediation

Technologies: Chemical Oxidation

(EPA 542-R-98-008)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document describes recent pilot demonstrations

and full-scale applications of chemical oxidation

processes that treat soil and groundwater in place or

increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants

to improve their removal by other remediation

technologies.

Field Applications of In Situ Remediation

Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells

(EPA 542-R-98-009)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report is one in a series of reports that document

recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale applications

that treat soil and groundwater in situ or increase the

solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve

their removal by other remediation technologies. It is

hoped that the information provided will facilitate

more frequent consideration of new, less costly, and

more effective technologies to address the problems

associated with hazardous waste sites and petroleum

contamination.
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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 55

	 UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS AT

BROWNFIELDS SITES:

Technology Options for Tank Remediation

Of the estimated 450,000 brownfields sites in the U.S.,

approximately 100,000 to 200,000 contain abandoned

underground storage tanks (UST) or are affected by leaks

of petroleum from such tanks. With so many sites

requiring remediation, EPA is promoting faster, more

effective, and less costly alternatives to established

cleanup methods. Although established technologies,

such as pump-and-treat systems or the excavation and

disposal in a landfill, have proven

effective and are frequently used,

innovative technologies may be

applicable for cleanup of USTs.

EPA’s Office of Underground

Storage Tanks (OUST) has worked

with EPA’s Office of Research and

Development (ORD) to foster

development of innovative site

assessment and cleanup

technologies, such as field

measurement techniques, soil

vapor surveying, vacuumenhanced free product recovery,

active and passive bioremediation,

and monitored natural attenuation.

OUST continues to encourage

scientifically sound, rapid, and

cost-effective corrective action at

UST sites. It also encourages the

use of expedited site assessments

as a means of streamlining the corrective action process,

improving data collection, and reducing the overall cost of

remediation.

EPA’s OUST is

undertaking the

USTFields initiative to

address petroleum

contamination from abandoned

tanks generally excluded from EPA’s Brownfields Economic

Redevelopment Initiative. The initiative also is intended to

take advantage of the many advances in brownfields work

that can be applied at the

numerous USTFields sites. Like

the brownfields program, the

USTFields program provides

grants to states for community pilot

projects to plan cleanups, eliminate

contamination of groundwater,

protect public health, and allow the

future economic development of

such sites. When grants are

awarded, special consideration is

given to cities that are experiencing

problems related to contamination

with MTBE. EPA believes the

USTFields Initiative will

demonstrate how to make better

use of limited resources to clean

up sites affected by petroleum

contamination, thereby fostering

the redevelopment of those sites.

For more information, see the resources numbered

8, 11, 23, 52, 93, 101, 140, 155, and 156 in the Index

of Resources beginning on page I-1.

KEY RESOURCE

EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site

View on line at www.epa.gov/oust

Hosted by EPA’s OUST, the Internet site provides resources and tools to assist owners and operators of USTs

and brownfields stakeholders to better assess their options for the operation, maintenance, and cleanup of

USTs. Information and guidance about technologies suitable for cleaning up releases from UST systems are

provided, as well as details about current federal UST regulations and UST program priorities, including

specific details about the USTFields Initiative. Points of contact in each of the EPA regional offices also are

identified. An extensive number of UST publications can be viewed on line or downloaded at no charge. In

addition, information about state-sponsored UST programs, including links to state Internet sites, is provided

on OUST’s site at www.wpa.gov/swerust1/states/index.htm.

A Quick Look

• USTs are present at many brownfields sites

because the owners have closed their

businesses and do not have the funds

necessary to remove tanks or properly

clean up the tanks.

• Contaminants likely to be found at UST sites

include petroleum hydrocarbons; gasoline;

diesel fuel; methyl tertiary butyl ether

(MTBE); benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,

and xylene (BTEX); JP-4 jet fuels; and

solvents.

• The USTFields Initiative, a new program of

EPA’s OUST, focuses attention on

abandoned or underused industrial and

commercial properties at which

redevelopment is complicated by

environmental contamination originating

from USTs.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

56




Phytoremediation includes the use of plants and natural

processes to remediate or stabilize hazardous wastes in

soil, sediments, surface water, or groundwater. By acting

as filters or traps, plants can degrade organic pollutants,

extract metal contaminants, or contain and stabilize the

movement of contaminants. Phytoremediation first was

tested actively at waste sites in the early 1990s, and use of

the approach has been increasing. Phytoremediation has

been implemented on a full or demonstration scale at

more than 200 sites nationwide. As the number of

projects grows, new information about the cost and

performance of phytoremediation will become available.

Phytoremediation provides many

advantages because it has the

potential to work at a broad variety of

sites and on myriad contaminants

involving potentially less costs than

other options. Types of sites at

which phytoremediation has been

applied with some degree of

success in cleaning up the sites

include: pipelines, industrial and

municipal landfills, agricultural

fields, wood treatment sites, military

installations, fuel storage tank

farms, army ammunition plants,

sewage treatment plants, and mining

sites.

Phytoremediation is being tested and evaluated for its

effectiveness in treating a wide array of contaminants

found at brownfields sites. Current results indicate that

plants have the potential to enhance remediation of

petroleum hydrocarbons; benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene,

and xylene (BTEX); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAH); polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); chlorinated

solvents; heavy metals; and pesticide waste. In addition

to providing a long-term solution, phytoremediation is an

excellent option for providing an interim solution for

containing the spread of contaminants and beginning the

treatment process. Phytoremediation does not require the

excavation of soil, and its application may require only

minimal material handling. Further, phytoremediation can

have a positive effect on the aesthetic character of a site,

may be an attractive alternative for use at large sites at

which other methods of remediation are not cost-effective

or practical, and can be used in conjunction with other

technologies when the redevelopment and land use plans

for the site include the

use of vegetation.

Decision makers at

brownfields sites at

which there are relatively

low concentrations of

contaminants (that is, organics,

nutrients, or metals) over a large cleanup area and in

shallow soils, streams, and groundwater should consider

the use of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation also may

be considered for use in conjunction with other

technologies when redevelopment

and land use plans for a site include

the use of vegetation. Among the

types of plants used for

phytoremediation are: hybrid poplar,

willow, and cottonwood trees; rye,

Bermuda, sorghum, and fescue

grasses; legumes (clover, alfalfa, and

cowpeas); aquatic and wetland plants

(water hyacinth and bullrush); and

hyperaccumulators for metals (such

as alpine pennycress for zinc or

alyssum for nickel). If levels of

contamination are so high that the

concentrations of contaminants are

toxic to plants (phytotoxic),

phytoremediation may not be an

effective treatment option.

Because phytoremediation has been used primarily on a

demonstration-scale basis at this time, site owners may

find it necessary to show its potential applicability and

efficacy on a site-specific basis. Doing so may require

an up-front commitment of time and resources to

demonstrate that the performance of phytoremediation is

comparable to the performance of traditionally accepted

technology options. However, such an investment

ultimately could save site owners significant amounts of

money when they clean up their properties for

redevelopment.

For more information, see the resources numbered

19, 25, 28, 87, 88, 106, 107, and 108 in the Index of

Resources beginning on page I-1.

PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:

A Growing Field

A Quick Look

• An aesthetically pleasing, passive

cleanup technology powered by

solar energy.

• A technology that is most useful at

sites at which shallow, low levels of

contamination are present.

• A cost-effective technology that has

the potential to clean up a wide

variety of brownfields sites.

• Can also be used for other functions

related to site cleanup, such as

erosion control and runoff control.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 57

Field Applications of In Situ Remediation

Technologies: Permeable Reactive Barriers (EPA

542-R-99-002)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

One of a series of reports that summarize pilot

demonstrations and full-scale applications of

technologies that treat soil and groundwater, the

document presents profiles of a number of applications

of PRBs. Each profile identifies, to the extent the

information is available, the name of the site, its

location, its characteristics, the principal contaminants

present, the installation date of the PRB, the type of

construction, the costs of design and construction, the

reactive materials used, and the results achieved. The

profiles also discuss lessons learned and lists a point

of contact for obtaining further information. A

bibliography of articles and documents related to PRBs

also is included.

Geophysical Techniques to Locate

DNAPLs: Profiles of Federally Funded

Projects (EPA 542-R-98-020)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document provides to researchers and

practitioners a status report on federal projects that

are using noninvasive geophysical techniques to

locate DNAPLs in the subsurface.

Groundwater Issue Paper: Steam Injection for Soil

and Aquifer Remediation (EPA 540-S-97-505)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document contains detailed information on how

steam injection can be used to recover organic

contaminants from the subsurface, the contaminant

and subsurface conditions for which the process may

be appropriate, and general design and equipment

considerations.

Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis

Center (GWRTAC) Technology Reports

View or download reports on the Road Map CD-ROM

Developed by the Ground-Water Remediation

Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC), a variety of

reports about groundwater technologies and how

they work are available to assist decision makers in

reviewing technology options and assessing a

technology’s applicability to a particular site. The

Technical Overview Reports are intended to provide a

general overview and introduction to selected

groundwater technologies. More detailed information

and technical analyses is provided in the Technical

Evaluation Reports which provide, for specific

technologies, comprehensive descriptions of the

technology and performance information; information

about its applicability and cost; discussion of

regulatory and policy requirements and issues; and a

summary of lessons learned. The Technology Status

Reports are summary documents which provide

information about the status of specific groundwater

technologies or topics. Examples of some of the topics

covered include: air sparging; bioslurping; DNAPL

remediation; electrokinetics; hydraulic, pneumatic,

and blast-enhanced fracturing; in situ bioremediation;

in situ chemical treatment; in situ flushing; permeable

reactive barriers; phytoremediation; and surfactants

and cosolvents.

Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration

for Groundwater Pump-and-Treat

Systems

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report, contained in two separate volumes,

presents a screening analysis that users can use to

determine whether they can achieve significant cost

savings by altering key aspects of an existing or

planned pump-and-treat-system. The first volume,

intended for a broad audience, describes the

screening analysis, which uses spreadsheets to allow

quick and inexpensive cost comparison of

alternatives under consideration for use at a site, in

terms of net present value (NPV). The second volume,

targeted for a more technical audience, provides case

study examples of the application of hydraulic

optimization at three sites. Site-specific factors, as

well as the steps involved to conduct the analysis, are

described in detail. The following volumes are

available:

– Volume I: Pre-Optimization Screening (Method and

Demonstration (EPA 542-R-99-011A)

– Volume II: Application of Hydraulic Optimization

(EPA 542-R-99-011B)

In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of

Metal Contaminated Soils Technology

Status Report (SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report, published by the U.S. Army

Environmental Center for the Environmental Security

Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), provides

an overview of the current developmental status of

electrokinetic remediation for metals-contaminated

soils. The report identifies concerns about the in situ

application of the technology and issues that require

further investigation. It also presents the results of a

field demonstration conducted at Naval Air Weapons
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

58

Station at Point Mugu to illustrate concerns about the

in situ application of the technology at its current

stage of development.

In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document provides a technology assessment

about in situ treatment technologies applicable for

cleanup of contaminated sediments. It is intended to

provide federal agencies, states, consulting

engineering firms, private industries, and technology

developers with information on the current status of

this technology.

ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document, produced by the ITRC

workgroup, provides a tool that can be used to

determine whether phytoremediation can be effective

at a given site. It is designed to complement existing

phytoremediation documents. It allows the user to

use basic information about a specific site, through a

flow chart layout, to decide whether

phytoremediation is feasible at that site.

Introduction to Phytoremediation

(EPA 600-R-99-107)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document provides a tool for regulators, owners,

neighbors, and managers to use in evaluating the

applicability of phytoremediation to a site. The

document defines terms and provides a framework for

use in developing an understanding of

phytoremediation applications. It is a compilation of

information obtained through research and

remediation work that has been done to date.

Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of

Tools for Vadose Zone Monitoring

(EPA 542-R-98-019)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report provides a basic summary of tools in current

use for detection of leaks in landfill liners. It includes

information gathered from a range of currently

available sources, including project documents,

reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal

communication with parties involved in such efforts.

Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated

Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The fact sheet, written for a nonscientific audience and

intended to assist federal, state, and local regulators in

educating the public about complex environmental

issues, explains what the term “monitored natural

attenuation” (MNA) means when it is used to describe

a potential strategy for remediating a contaminated

site. It also describes the various physical, chemical,

and biological processes of natural attenuation that

may take place at a site contaminated with chlorinated

solvents and explains how decision makers evaluate

the role of MNA at a contaminated site.

Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum

Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The fact sheet, written for a nonscientific audience

and intended to assist federal, state, and local

regulators in educating the public about complex

environmental issues, explains what the term “MNA”

means when it is used to describe a potential strategy

for remediating a contaminated site. It also describes

the various physical, chemical, and biological

processes of natural attenuation that may take place

at a site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons

and explains how decision makers evaluate the role

of MNA at a contaminated site.

MTBE Treatment Case Studies and

Web Site

View on line at www.epa.gov/oust/mtbe/

mtberem.htm

The searchable web site provides data on completed

and ongoing applications of MTBE treatment for

drinking water and contaminated media. The case

studies describe technologies (both in situ and ex situ

aboveground) that have been used to treat MTBE in

groundwater, soil, and drinking water. Technologies

included are air stripping and sparging, carbon

adsorption, bioremediation (in situ and ex situ), in

situ chemical oxidation, soil vapor and dual-phase

extraction, and pump-and-treat systems. The 18 full

case studies are from 2 to10 pages long and vary in

level of detail, depending on the data available. The

web site also provides summary information about 20

additional treatment applications.

Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice

(EPA 542-R-99-004)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report describes the use of multi-phase extraction

(MPE) for the remediation of contaminated soil and

groundwater, focusing primarily on the application of

MPE at sites at which contamination with halogenated

VOCs is present. The report describes MPE technology

and the various configurations used for it, indicates the
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 59

types of site conditions to which MPE is applicable,

and discusses the advantages and potential

limitations of the use of MPE at such sites. In addition,

the report provides information about vendors of MPE

and case studies that summarize cost and performance

data on applications of the technology at three sites.

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated

Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and

Practices

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The industrial members of the Bioremediation of

Chlorinated Solvents Consortium (bioconsortium) of

the RTDF prepared the document to disseminate upto-date scientific information about natural

attenuation of chlorinated solvents. The mission of

the RTDF bioconsortium is to accelerate the

development of cost-effective bioremediation

processes for degrading chlorinated solvents and to

achieve public and regulatory acceptance of those

processes as safe and effective. The document

provides a framework to be used in evaluating

natural attenuation of chlorinated VOCs.

Natural Attenuation of MTBE in the

Subsurface under Methanogenic

Conditions (EPA 600-R-00-006)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document presents a case study conducted at the

former Fuel Farm Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support

Center at Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The case

study is intended to answer several questions: Can

MTBE be biodegraded under methanogenic

conditions in groundwater that was contaminated by

a fuel spill? Will biodegradation produce lower

concentrations of MTBE than those required under

regulatory standards? Is the rate of degradation in

the laboratory adequate to explain the distribution of

MTBE in the groundwater at the field site? What is

the relationship between the degradation of MTBE

and the degradation of the BTEX compounds? What

is the rate of natural attenuation at the source area?

Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead

and Mercury

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report assesses the current state of

phytoremediation as an innovative technology and

discusses its usefulness and potential in the

remediation of lead- and mercury-contaminated soils

found at hazardous waste sites. The advantages and

disadvantages, limitations, current status, projected

market, and environmental concerns associated with

this new and innovative technology are discussed.

Case studies involving the phytoremediation of lead

and mercury detailing bench and full-scale projects

are also provided.

Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for

Contaminant Remediation (EPA 600-R-98-125)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document provides information about treatable

contaminants, design, feasibility studies, and

construction options. Summaries of several current

installations also are provided.

Permeable Reactive Barriers for

Inorganics

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report provides a summary of

information about permeable reactive barriers for

inorganics and a discussion of the current status of

such barriers. It contains information gathered from a

range of currently available sources, including project

documents, reports, periodicals, the Internet, and

personal communication with parties involved in

projects that use the barriers.

Permeable Reactive Subsurface Barriers for the

Interception and Remediation of Chlorinated

Hydrocarbon and Chromium (VI) Plumes in Ground

Water (EPA 600-F-97-008)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Prepared by EPA’s ORD, the document discusses the

use of barrier walls employing zero-valent iron as the

reactive substrate for treating groundwater

contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons or

chromium.

Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil

and Groundwater at Hazardous Waste

Sites (EPA 540-S-01-500)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The issue paper was developed for the EPA Regional

Ground Water Forum. The paper provides a concise

discussion of the processes associated with the use of

phytoremediation as a cleanup or containment

technique for remediation of hazardous waste sites,

sediment, groundwater, surface water, and

wastewater.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

60

Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater Using

Populus

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document provides a basic understanding of

phytoremediation for shallow groundwater and

reports on the status of the technology.

Phytoremediation Resource Guide

(EPA 542-B-99-003)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document aids decision makers in reviewing the

applicability of phytoremediation extraction

treatment technologies. The document also provides

access information on electronic resources and

hotlines; cites relevant federal regulations; and

provides abstracts of more than 100 pertinent

resources, such as bibliographies, guidance

documents, workshop proceedings, overview

documents, study and test results, and test designs

and protocols. Included is a phytoremediation

treatment technology resource matrix that compares

the documents by technology type, affected media,

and contaminants. The guide also provides detailed

information on how to obtain the publications listed.

Phytotechnology Technical and

Regulatory Guidance (Phyto-2)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document, published by the ITRC, provides

technical and regulatory guidance to help regulators

understand, evaluate, and make informed decisions

about phytotechnology proposals. The document

includes a description of phytotechnologies and

discussions of regulatory and policy issues, technical

requirements for phytotechnologies, and concerns on

the part of stakeholders. It also provides case studies

and technical references.

Presumptive Remedy: Supplemental Bulletin,

Multi-Phase Extraction Technology for VOCs in Soil

and Groundwater (EPA 540-F-97-004)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

Produced by EPA and the USAF, this fact sheet

provides an explanation of the technology and

explains how to determine whether multi-phase

extraction is applicable to a site contaminated with

VOCs in soil and groundwater. The fact sheet also

recommends MPE as a potential enhancement for SVE

in the presumptive remedy for sites with VOCs in soil.

Pump and Treat Ground-Water Remediation: A

Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners

(EPA 625-R-95-005)

View on line at www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/pumptreat

The guide provides an introduction to pump-andtreat groundwater remediation by addressing such

questions as, “When is pump-and-treat an

appropriate remediation approach?” and “How can

the design and operation of a pump-and-treat system

be optimized and its performance measured?” The

guide is intended to provide decision makers with a

foundation for evaluating the appropriateness of

conventional or innovative approaches.

Solidification/Stabilization Use at

Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-00-010)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report provides to interested stakeholders, such

as project managers, technology service providers,

consulting engineers, site owners, and the general

public, the most recent information about

solidification/stabilization applications at Superfund

sites, as well as information about trends in the use of

the technology, specific types of applications, and

costs.

Study of Assessment and Remediation

Technologies for Drycleaner Sites

View on line at www.drycleancoalition.org/tech

Prepared by the SCRD with the support of

EPA’s TIO, the report presents the results of the

coalition’s evaluation of assessment and remediation

technologies commonly used in cleaning up

drycleaner sites. The evaluation was based on the

results of responses to questionnaires sent to entities

involved in such cleanups in 1999. The report presents

those results in detail. An appendix provides

descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment

technologies frequently used at drycleaner sites.

Subsurface Containment and Monitoring

Systems: Barriers and Beyond (Overview

Report)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The document provides a summary of information

about subsurface barriers —vertical and horizontal —

with an emphasis on emerging and innovative

vertical barrier technologies. It also presents a

discussion of the current status of such barriers. The

report is not intended to be inclusive; it merely

provides an overview of the current work in the field
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 61

Course of Action

Proceed to the CLEANUP

DESIGN AND

IMPLEMENTATION

phase.

Determine whether

revising the redevelopment

plan remains a practicable

option; if so, proceed to the

CLEANUP DESIGN AND

IMPLEMENTATION

phase. If contamination

exists at considerable

levels, compliance with

other programs, such as

RCRA and Superfund,

may be required.

Result of the Review of

Cleanup Options

The proposed

cleanup option

appears feasible.

No cleanup option

appears feasible in

light of the

proposed

redevelopment

and land reuse

needs (such as

project milestones

and cost and

intended reuse).

➡

➡

Where Do We Go From Here?

Next Steps

on subsurface barrier technologies drawn from

information gathered from a range of sources,

including project documents, reports, periodicals, the

Internet, and personal communication with parties

involved in projects that use such barriers.

Subsurface Remediation: Improving

Long-Term Monitoring and Remedial

Systems Performance Conference

Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document summarizes the presentations made

and workshops conducted during a conference on

improving long-term monitoring (LTM) and the

performance of remedial systems. The conference,

sponsored and developed by the FRTR, took place in

St. Louis, Missouri from June 8 through 11, 1999. The

conference provided up-to-date information about

LTM and system optimization through presentations

and topical workshops.

Technical and Regulatory Requirements for

Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated

Solvents in Groundwater

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report describes enhanced in situ bioremediation

(EISB) and examines the circumstances under which

its application is appropriate. It also discusses

related regulatory and policy issues, such as the ban

under RCRA on land disposal and technical

requirements for implementation of EISB. The report

was prepared by the Interstate Technology and

Regulatory Cooperation Workgroup.

Underground Injection Control (UIC)

Program

View on line at www.epa.gov/safewater/

uic.html

The UIC Program works with state and local

governments to oversee underground injection of

waste to prevent contamination of drinking-water

resources. Among the wastes the UIC program

regulates are: more than nine billion gallons of

hazardous waste every year; more than two billion

gallons of brine from oil and gas operations every

day; and automotive, industrial, sanitary and other

wastes that are injected into shallow aquifers.

After you have reviewed options for cleanup, you may

take any of the following courses of action:
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

62



It is estimated that billions of dollars will be spent by the

private and public sector to clean up sites contaminated

with dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). Denser

than water, DNAPLs tend to sink through the water table

and form a product pool on top of such impermeable

soil layers as clay. DNAPLs also can sink and migrate

laterally through fractures in bedrock. Numerous

variables influence fate and transport of DNAPLs in the

subsurface, and it can be difficult to predict the path

DNAPLs will take.

Because of these properties,

DNAPLs act as a continuing

source of contamination.

DNAPLs may cause serious,

long-term contamination of

groundwater and pose a

significant challenge to cleanup

of the site, especially for

established technologies such as

pump-and-treat. At sites with

significant DNAPL

contamination, pump-and-treat

systems may require several

hundreds of years to clean up

the groundwater.

Sites likely contaminated with

DNAPLs include drycleaning

facilities, wood preserving sites,

manufactured gas plants (MGP)

sites, and solvent sites (industrial

operations using large quantities

of solvents, as well as solvent

disposal/recovery sites).

To accelerate the development and implementation of

innovative technologies for remediating DNAPLs in

groundwater, a multiagency consortium – the

Interagency DNAPL Consortium (IDC) – was formed.

The consortium has developed a national action plan

that proposes collaborative efforts among federal

agencies, private sector entities, and responsible parties

in research and development, technology

demonstrations, and full-scale technology deployment

to reduce the perceived risk associated with innovative

technologies. The

interagency agreement

supports the testing of

new and existing

technologies in side-byside demonstrations to

compare cost and performance

data that will be used to expedite regulatory acceptance

and use of innovative remedial technologies at other sites.

The IDC has selected three

technologies, dynamic

underground stripping, six-phase

soil heating, and chemical

oxidation with potassium

permanganate to demonstrate the

effectiveness and cost-efficiency

of those technologies in removing

DNAPLs. Technical reports to be

released in fall 2001 will

document the cost and

performance of the technologies.

The reports will be made available

to site owners, regulators, and

stakeholders to support decision

makers in making informed

decisions about the economics

and performance capabilities of

those technologies for the

remediation of DNAPLs.

For more information, see the

resources numbered 63, 76,

and 81 (specifically the case study titled “Geophysical

Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites”) in the Index

of Resources beginning on

page I-1.

CLEANUP OF DENSE NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS:

A Widespread Challenge

A Quick Look

• Most commonly occurring DNAPLs

typically are industrial chlorinated

solvents – trichloroethene (TCE),

tetrachloroethene (PCE), and carbon

tetrachloride (CCl4). Other prevalent

DNAPLs include creosote,

pentachlorophenol, and polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) coal tars.

• DNAPLs are present at 60 to 70 percent of

Superfund National Priorities List (NPL)

sites.

• Among the number of innovative

technologies that are demonstrating

success and providing promising results

in reducing contamination with DNAPLs

are dynamic underground stripping, sixphase soil heating, chemical oxidation,

radio-frequency heating, and surfactant

flushing.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 63

This phase focuses on the design and implementation

of a cleanup plan to prepare the property for

redevelopment and reuse. The design of the cleanup

plan and implementation of the technology options

selected in the previous phase involves close

coordination with all other redevelopment efforts in

the immediate vicinity of the site.

Factors that should be considered during the design

and implementation of cleanup activities include:

1. Are there federal, state, local, and tribal

requirements for the design, installation, and

monitoring of cleanup activities?

2. How will cleanup be monitored so that work

can be stopped when cleanup goals are

reached?

3. How best can the community participate in

the design and implementation of the

cleanup plan?

4. What can be done to protect the community

and other property during cleanup?

5. What are the tradeoffs between cost and meeting

redevelopment project deadlines? Can

redevelopment activities (such as renovation of

existing buildings and construction of roads and

sewage systems) be performed concurrently with

cleanup activities?

6. What are the long-term effects of the selected

technology on the liability or on the future use of

the site? What are the effects of a catastrophic

change to the environment (for example, a

hurricane or changes to the subsurface)?

7. Will long-term monitoring be required? If so, how

will it be managed?

8. Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder

redevelopment? Now? In the future?

CLEANUP DESIGN AND

IMPLEMENTATION

Develop and Carry Out Detailed

Cleanup Plans for the Site

What Do We Need To Know?

C

O

leanup

ptions

Site

Investigation

To Redevelopment

Cleanup Design

and

Implementation

Site

Assessment
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

64

Typical activities that may be conducted

during this phase include:

• Review all applicable federal, state, local, and

tribal regulatory guidelines and regulations to

determine all specific requirements, including

guidelines for state VCPs

• Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory

agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements

are being properly addressed:

- Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local,

and tribal regulatory agencies to include them in

the decision-making process as early as possible

- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator

to identify and determine the availability of EPA

support programs

• Develop conceptual plans for cleanup and

subsequent monitoring that incorporate technology

options and consider the effect of any cleanup

activities on the proposed reuse of the property and

the schedule for project design or construction:

- Develop or review the schedule for completion of

the project

- Obtain a final amount for the funds available for

project development

- Coordinate the renovation and construction of

infrastructure with cleanup activities

- Coordinate activities with developers, financiers,

construction firms, and members of the local

community

• Establish contingency plans to address the

discovery of additional contamination during

cleanup, including tools such as environmental

insurance policies

• Develop procedures for community participation,

for example, by working with community advisory

boards or local redevelopment authorities

• Implement and monitor the cleanup plan and

performance of the technology selected

• Work with the state VCP program, if applicable,

and or county or local officials to facilitate the

placement and implementation of institutional

controls

Listed below are examples of technology resources that

provide information about applicable regulatory

guidelines and regulations and community outreach

materials. In addition, technologies identified during

the site investigation phase may be appropriate to

monitor cleanup performance and close-out.

Information about the availability of electronic

resources — whether the item is found on the Road

Map’s accompanying CD-ROM or on various web sites

— also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order

Documents, provides complete ordering information for

documents that are not available on the CD-ROM or on

the Internet.

A. Resources for Cleanup Design and

Implementation

The documents listed below are resources that provide

general information about the availability of technology

resources in the form of bibliographies and status reports.

Online searchable databases also are included.

Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Soil

Treatment Technologies: Suggested Operational

Guidelines to Prevent Cross-Media Transfer of

Contaminants During Cleanup Activities

(EPA 530-R-97-007)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The document provides guidance for designing and

conducting soil remediation activities at RCRA and

other hazardous waste sites so that crosscontamination is minimal. The document is expected

to assist in reducing exposure of workers to

contaminants by identifying the potential for transfer

from medium to medium and recommending control

mechanisms that could be applied during

implementation of treatment technologies for soil.

The BMPs are provided for seven technology

categories: containment technologies; soil washing;

thermal treatment; vapor extraction; bioremediation;

incineration; and other physical and chemical

treatments. The document also provides case studies

and information about field validation activities that

EPA undertook at soil remediation sites in 1996 and

1997.

* Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each

procedural question identified.

How Do We Find The Answers?* Where Do We Find Help To Our

Technology Questions?
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 65

Characterization of Mine Leachates and

the Development of a Ground-Water

Monitoring Strategy for Mine Sites

(EPA 600-R-99-007)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The objective of the research project was to develop a

better understanding of the composition of mine

waste leachates and to identify cost-effective

groundwater monitoring parameters that could be

incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably

detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock

mining operations.

Citizen’s Guides to Understanding Innovative

Treatment Technologies

View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM

The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site

managers with nontechnical outreach materials that

they can share with communities in the vicinity of a

site. The guides present information on innovative

technologies that have been selected or applied at

some cleanup sites, provide overviews of the

technologies, and present success stories about sites

at which innovative technologies have been applied.

Spanish versions of the guides are forthcoming. The

guides contain information on the following subjects:

– Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001)

– Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013)

– Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015)

– In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01-011)

– In situ thermal treatment methods (EPA 542-F-01-012)

– Monitored natural attenuation (EPA 542-F-01-004)

– Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01-005)

– Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-01-002)

– SVE and air sparging (EPA 542-F-01-006)

– Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008)

– Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003)

Directory of Technology Support Services

to Brownfields Localities

(EPA 542-B-99-005)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The directory provides information about EPA offices,

non-government organizations funded by EPA, and

other federal agencies that may be able to provide

expertise to assist in the selection of technologies for

use in characterizing and cleaning up brownfields

properties.

EPA Directive: Initiatives to Promote Innovative

Technology in Waste Management Programs

(OSWER Directive 9380.0-25, EPA 542-F-96-012)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The policy directive, issued April 29, 1996, describes

several initiatives to facilitate the testing,

demonstration, and use of innovative cleanup and

field measurement technologies and stresses EPA’s

commitment to promoting the development and

commercialization of environmental technologies.

The initiatives under the directive place a high

priority on selecting innovative treatment and

characterization technologies, reducing impediments

to the development and use of innovative

technologies, and sharing the risks of using

innovative treatment technologies.

EPA REACH IT Online Searchable Database

View on line at www.epareachit.org

EPA REACH IT is an online searchable database that

assists brownfields stakeholders in obtaining

comprehensive information about technologies useful

for monitoring cleanup of brownfields sites. Specific

information about applicable technologies and their

service providers can be accessed readily using the

guided and advanced search capabilities of the

system. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through

the Internet.

Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable

(FRTR) Case Studies

View on line at www.frtr.gov/cost

The case studies provide the user information about

specific remedial technology applications. FRTR case

studies are developed by DoD, USACE, the U.S. Navy,

the U.S. Air Force (USAF), DOE, DOI, and EPA. The

case studies focus on full-scale and large field

demonstration projects and include information on

site background, description of the technology, cost

and performance of technology application, and

lessons learned. Technologies include innovative

and conventional treatment technologies for

contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media.

Users also can search the case studies by groups of

contaminants, media, waste management practices

that contribute to contamination, and treatment

systems.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

66



Institutional controls are administrative and legal restrictions

or limitations placed on the use of a site to minimize potential

exposure to chemicals of concern or to prevent activities that

might interfere with the effectiveness of a response action.

Institutional controls are vital elements of response

alternatives because they influence and supplement the

physical component of the remedy to be implemented. On one

hand, the right combination of institutional controls is

necessary to ensure the protectiveness of the remedy; on the

other hand, the wrong mix of institutional controls can be a real

or perceived impediment to reuse of a site.

The term “institutional control” can be applied to a wide

spectrum of legal and administrative measures. In general,

mechanisms for creating institutional

controls can be divided into four

categories – proprietary controls,

governmental controls, enforcement

and permit tools with institutional

control components, and

informational devices. Proprietary

controls are unique because they are

based on real property law.

Examples of proprietary controls

include covenants, which are written

contracts that can prohibit specific

types of development or use of

construction on the land, and

easements, which can grant access

or restrict the owner to uses that are

compatible with the intended use. Governmental controls

involve restrictions that generally fall within the traditional

police powers of state and local governments to impose and

enforce. Examples of government controls include zoning, by

which restrictions can be imposed through the local zoning or

land use planning authority that limits access and prohibits

disturbance of the response action, well drilling prohibitions,

and such ordinances as building permit processes and master

planning activities.

Another common type of institutional controls is enforcement

mechanisms or permits. Such institutional controls include

Administrative Orders, Consent Decrees, and RCRA permits

that require a land owner, usually a potential responsible party

(PRP), to limit certain activities at a site. Those institutional

controls are used most frequently for CERCLA and RCRA

cleanups. The final category of institutional controls is

informational tools. Informational tools provide information

about residual or capped contamination or notification that

such contamination may remain on site or that a remedy has

been undertaken. Typical examples of such tools include state

registries of contaminated properties, deed notices, and

advisories. Informational devices are used most frequently as

a secondary measure to help ensure the overall reliability of

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL

CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:

A Quick Look

• Institutional controls are administrative and

legal mechanisms that are intended to

reduce exposure to residual contamination

and protect the integrity of a remedy at

former industrial facilities or waste disposal

sites by controlling resources.

• The role of institutional controls is an

important consideration during the cleanup

of a brownfields site.

• Examples of institutional controls include

covenants, recorded deed notices,

restrictions, and advisories.

other institutional controls.

Institutional controls also

are designed to ensure that

the post-remediation use of

the property is compatible

with the level of cleanup.

Institutional controls, however, have

several limitations. For example, deed notices are

informational, not enforceable. An easement cannot be

established unless there is a party willing to hold the easement.

Some state governments cannot hold easements, and other

parties may be unwilling to do so. Zoning laws may not be fully

effective unless they are monitored and enforced over the long

term, and local governments may not

have the resources necessary to

conduct such oversight. Further,

zoning ordinances are not

necessarily permanent; they can be

repealed, or local governments can

grant exceptions to them after public

hearings.

Concern has been expressed about

the long-term viability of institutional

controls as a remediation tool. For

example, they may be forgotten;

enforcement agencies may not

effectively review properties or land

users’ actions; or land users simply

may take their chances. Institutional

controls are a mechanism for providing a certain degree of

safety in the absence of technology that could clean

contaminated sites thoroughly. Decision makers should weigh

the full costs of such options, including capital costs, costs of

long-term sampling and analysis, and costs of replacing

equipment, as well as concerns about potential long-term risks

associated with contaminants left in place, against the cost

options that would remove the contaminants permanently.

Because land use remains the principal domain of local

governments, those governments play a significant role in the

management and oversight of institutional controls; however, it

is not always clear what that role will be. Many local

governments do not yet have the capacity and resources

necessary to meet the challenges of long-term stewardship.

With an improved understanding of the terms and issues related

to institutional controls, local governments and brownfields

stakeholders will be in a better position to respond effectively to

the long-term challenges of using institutional controls to

promote reuse, while ensuring that public health and the

environment are protected.

For more information, see the resource numbered 85 in

the Index of Resources beginning on page I-1.

Major Concepts and Issues
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 67

Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of

Hazardous Waste Site Characterization

and Monitoring

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report introduces a new standard promoted by

EPA's OSWER and TIO that encourages more effective

and less costly strategies for characterizing and

monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new

approach uses an integrated triad of systematic

planning, dynamic work plans, and onsite analysis

for data collection and technical decision making at

hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the

concepts in the triad is new, but it has been

demonstrated that the integrated approach completes

projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory

and client satisfaction than the traditional phased

approach. The report includes a list of additional

resources regarding innovative technologies and site

characterization.

Institutional Controls: A Site Manager’s

Guide to Identifying, Evaluating, and

Selecting Institutional Controls at

Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action

Cleanups (EPA 540-F-00-005)

View or download the pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The fact sheet provides site managers and decision

makers at Superfund and RCRA corrective action

sites with an overview of the types of institutional

controls (IC) that commonly are used or implemented

and outlines the factors that generally should be

considered when evaluating and selecting ICs as part

of the remedy. The fact sheet also provides guidance

to the public and the regulated community in the

matter of how EPA intends to evaluate and implement

ICs as part of cleanup decisions. Detailed

descriptions of the different types of ICs are provided,

as well as a glossary, and a checklist for

implementing ICs.

Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites:

Recreational Use of Land Above

Hazardous Waste Containment Areas

(EPA 540-K-01-002)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map

CD-ROM

The report provides technical information about how

sites at which waste containment areas are present

have been reused safely for recreational purposes,

while ensuring that the integrity and protectiveness

of the remedy are maintained. The information is

helpful when considering recreational reuse options

during EPA’s process of selecting and designing a

cleanup plan for a Superfund site. The information

presented in the report draws on experiences gained

through lessons learned from previous recreational

redevelopment projects at Superfund and other

contaminated sites.

State Policy and Regulatory Barriers to In Situ

Ground Water Remediation (EPA 542-R-96-001)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report identifies specific state regulatory and

policy barriers to the use of techniques that enhance

in situ groundwater treatment technologies through

the subsurface injection of surfactants, cosolvents,

and nutrients. The report also describes the

experiences and policies of each state and provides

contact information for obtaining additional

assistance.

Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural

Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground

Water (EPA 600-R-98-128)

View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM

The report provides guidance for environmental

managers about the steps that must be taken to

understand the rate and extent to which natural

processes are reducing contaminant concentrations at

sites that are contaminated by chlorinated solvents.

Data collected with this protocol can be used to

evaluate natural attenuation through biological

processes as part of a protective overall site remedy.

The protocol is the result of a collaborative field and

laboratory research effort involving researchers from

EPA ORD, the USAF, and the U.S. Geological Survey.

WASTECH® Series of Innovative Site Remediation

Technology Engineering Monographs

See Appendix D, How to Order Documents, for a

WASTECH order form, or view the order form on the Road

Map CD-ROM

The WASTECH® project generates authoritative,

consensus-based engineering monographs for

remediation of hazardous waste sites and

contaminated soils and groundwater. WASTECH® is

funded by EPA, DoD, DOE, and the American

Academy of Environmental Engineers®. During

Phase I of the project, eight monographs were

published in 1994 and 1995 covering the basics of

these technologies, i.e., identification and description,

potential applications, process evaluations, and

limitations. During 1997 and early 1998, an

additional seven volumes covering the design and

applications, including actual case studies, were

produced. Copies of the individual monographs (by

technology type) or the entire series may be purchased
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

68

 	



	



	

Course of Action

Consult with the

appropriate regulatory

officials before proceeding

with redevelopment

activities.

Continue cleanup

activities. However, you

may have to return to the

SITE INVESTIGATION

phase to determine the

extent and nature of

the contamination.

Return to the SITE

INVESTIGATION phase

to collect after-performance

samples for monitoring

cleanup.

Result of Cleanup

Contamination has

been removed,

contained,

or controlled.

Additional

contamination has

been discovered.

Long-term

monitoring of

cleanup and

performance of the

technology is

required.

➡

➡

➡

Where Do We Go From Here?

Next Steps

by contacting the American Academy of

Environmental Engineers® by telephone at 410-266-

3390 or by facsimile at 410-266-7653. The volumes

contain information on the following technologies:

– Bioremediation

– Chemical treatment

– Soil washing/soil flushing

– Solidification/stabilization

– Solvent/chemical extraction

– Thermal desorption

– Thermal destruction

– Vacuum vapor extraction

After you have completed cleanup, you

may take one of the following courses of action:
APPENDICES

APPENDIX A
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Appendix A

GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

A-1

The tables provided in this appendix are intended to assist brownfields stakeholders to better understand the

types of contaminants typically found at brownfields sites and the range of technologies that may be

appropriate to assess and remediate those contaminants during the phases of a site cleanup. Information for

the tables was compiled from several sources, including EPA Guides to Pollution Prevention for selected

industries, EPA’s REACH IT online searchable database, as well as many other EPA sources. A list of specific

citations used is provided on page A-3.

The following table identifies activities that may have caused contamination at brownfields sites. The table

summarizes contaminants that are related to such activities and identifies sources for the contaminants.

However, it is not an exhaustive list of contaminants that can be found at a brownfields site. Identifying

contaminants that may be present should be determined on a site-by-site basis. Such a determination should

be conducted thoroughly and carefully.

Table A-1. Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfields Sites

Past Activities Typically Conducted

at Brownfields Sites Typical Contaminants

Agriculture Volatile organic compounds (VOC), arsenic, copper, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene

dibromide and methylene chloride, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, grain

fumigants

Automotive refinishing and repair Metals and metal dust, various organic compounds, solvents, paint and paint

sludges, scrap metal, waste oils

Battery recycling and disposal Lead, cadmium, acids, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, chromium

Chloro-alkali manufacturing Chlorine compounds, mercury

Coal gasification Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), sulfur compounds, cyanide, aluminum,

iron, lead, nickel, chromium

Cosmetics manufacturing Heavy metals, dusts, solvents, acids

Dry cleaning activities VOCs such as chloroform and tetrachloroethane, various solvents, spot removers,

fluorocarbon 113, perchloroethylene

Dye facilities 2-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine

Electroplating operations Various metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and cyanide

Glass manufacturing Arsenic, lead

Herbicide manufacturing and use Dioxin, metals, herbicides

Hospitals Formaldehyde, radionuclides, photographic chemicals, solvents, mercury, ethylene

oxide, chemotherapy chemicals

Incinerators Dioxin, various municipal and industrial waste, ash, ordnance compounds,

metals

Landfills—municipal and industrial Metals, VOCs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), ammonia, methane, household

products and cleaners, pesticides, hydrogen sulfide

Leather manufacturing Toluene, benzene

Machine shops/metal fabrication Metals, VOCs, dioxin, beryllium, degreasing agents, solvents, waste oils

Manufactured gas plant Non-halogenated VOCs and non-halogenated semi-volatile organic compounds

(SVOC) such as PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs, including naphthalene,

phenanthrene, anthracene, chrysene, and benzo(a)pyrene

Marine maintenance industry Solvents, paints, cyanide, acids, VOC emissions, heavy metal sludges, degreasers

Munitions manufacturing Lead, explosives, copper, antimony, unexploded ordnance (UXO)

Paint/ink manufacturing Metals (such as chromium, cadmium, lead, and zinc), VOCs, chloroform, ethyl

benzene, solvents, paints, inks
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

A-2

Past Activities Typically Conducted

at Brownfields Sites (continued) Typical Contaminants

Pesticide manufacturing VOCs, arsenic, copper, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, xylene,

chlorinated organic compounds, solvents

Petroleum refining and reuse Petroleum hydrocarbons; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); fuels;

oil and grease

Pharmaceutical manufacturing Lead, various organic chemicals, organic solvents

Photographic manufacturing and uses Silver bromide, methylene chloride, solvents, photographic products

Plastics manufacturing Polymers, phthalates, cadmium, solvents, resins, chemical additives, VOCs

Printing industry Silver, solvents, acids, waste oils, inks and dyes, photographic chemicals

Railroad yards Petroleum hydrocarbons, VOCs, BTEX, solvents, fuels, oil and grease, lead, PCBs,

PAHs, phthalates, carbazole, dieldrin, dibenzofurans

Research and educational institutions Inorganic acids, organic solvents, metals and metal dust, photographic waste,

waste oil, paint, heavy metals, pesticides

Scrap metal operations Metals (such as lead and nickel), PCBs, dioxin, transformers

Semiconductor manufacturing Metals, VOCs, carbon tetrachloride, degreasing agents, solvents

Smelter operations Metals (such as lead, copper, and arsenic)

Underground storage tanks Petroleum hydrocarbons, gasoline, diesel fuel, BTEX, MTBE, solvents, metals, POLs

Wood pulp and paper manufacturing Chlorinated organic compounds, dioxins, furans, chloroform, resin acids

Wood preserving Creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), arsenic, chromium, copper, PCBs, PAHs,

beryllium, dioxin, wood preservatives, zinc, petroleum hydrocarbons

Table A-2, Technologies for Sampling and Analyzing Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfields Sites

Examples of technologies that may be used for sampling and analysis are presented below.

* The contaminants in parentheses are examples of each type of contaminant.

Contaminant Types* Sampling and Analysis Technologies

Fuels and Non-halogenated VOCs Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits; Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone

(gasoline, diesel, motor oil, BTEX, Penetrometer; Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Diffusion Samplers; Infrared

acetone, TPH, PAH) Monitors

Halogenated VOCs Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay

(PCE, TCE, vinyl chloride) Test Kits; Infrared Monitors; Diffusion Samplers

Non-halogenated SVOCs Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone

(chrysene, naphthalene, Penetrometer

phenanthrene, pyrene)

Halogenated SVOCs Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Immunoassay Test Kits; Colorimetric Test Kits

(chlordane, PCBs, PCP, dioxins,

furans, pesticides)

Inorganic Compounds Immunoassay Test Kits; X-ray Analyzers; Electrochemical Detector Kits; Graphite Furnace

(arsenic, cadmium, chromium, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

mercury, lead)

Explosives Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits; Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

(TNT, RDX, HMX)

Oxygenates Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay

(MTBE, ethanol, ethyl tertiary Test Kits; Infrared Monitors; Diffusion Samplers

butyl ether [ETBE], tertiary amyl

methyl ether [TAME])
• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

A-3

Table A-3, Remedies for Types of Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfields Sites

Identified below are types of technologies that may be appropriate for specific types of contaminants.

Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste: Research Development,

and Field Evaluation (EPA 540-R-95-532)

Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating

Proposals That Encourage Innovative Technologies for

Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 540-R-01-005)

Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected MetalContaminated Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512, PB95-271961)

Dry Cleaning and Laundry Plants, Fact Sheet

(EPA 530-SW-90-027b)

EPA OECA Industry Sector Notebooks

EPA ORD Brownfields Guides

EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative

Technologies (EPA REACH IT)

Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR) Case

Studies

Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix,

Version 1.0

Guidelines for Waste Reduction and Recycling: Metal

Finishing, Electroplating, Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing,

Hazardous Waste Reduction Program, Oregon Department of

Environmental Quality (No document number)

Guides to Pollution Prevention:

- Research and Educational Institutions (EPA 625-7-90-010)

- Selected Hospital Waste Streams (EPA 625-7-90-009)

- The Automotive Refinishing Industry (EPA 625-7-91-016)

- The Automotive Repair Industry (EPA 625-7-91-013)

- The Commercial Printing Industry (EPA 625-7-90-008)

- The Fiberglass-Reinforced and Composite Plastics Industry

(EPA 625-7-91-014)

- The Marine Maintenance and Repair Industry

(EPA 625-7-91-015)

- The Mechanical Equipment Repair Industry

(EPA 625-R-92-008)

- The Pesticide Formulating Industry (EPA 625-7-90-004)

- The Pharmaceutical Industry (EPA 625-7-91-017)

Low-Level Mixed Waste: A RCRA Perspective for NRC

Licenses (EPA 530-SW-90-057)

Pollution Prevention Technologies for the Bleached Kraft

Segment of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry

(EPA 600-R-93-110)

Resource for MGP Site Characterization and Remediations:

Expedited Site Characterization and Source Remediation at

Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005)

Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem: EPA’s RCRA

Program (EPA 530-SW-86-037)

Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Report,

Ninth Edition (EPA 542-R-99-001)

U.S. Department of Energy Preferred Alternatives Matrices

(PAM)

Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of

Minimization of Mercury-Bearing Wastes at a Mercury Cell

Chloralkali Plant; Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-88-011)

Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment: Philadelphia

Naval Shipyard; Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-90-046)

LIST OF CITATIONS USED TO IDENTIFY COMMON CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Examples of Site Remedies

Contaminant Type* Soils, Sediments, and Sludges Groundwater, Surface Water, and Leachate

Fuels and Non-halogenated VOCs Biopile; Bioventing; Incineration; Natural Air Sparging; Bioslurping; Biosparging;

(gasoline, diesel, motor oil, BTEX, Attenuation; Soil Flushing; Soil Vapor Bioreactors; Dual-Phase Extraction;

acetone, TPH, PAH) Extraction (SVE); Solidification/ Permeable Reactive Barriers;

Stabilization; Soil Washing; Thermal Phytoremediation; UV Oxidation

Desorption

Halogenated VOCs Bioventing; Bioremediation; Air Sparging; Dual-Phase Extraction;

(PCE, TCE, vinyl chloride) Solvent Extraction Permeable Reactive Barriers;

Pump and Treat

Non-halogenated SVOCs Solvent Extraction; Thermal Desorption; Bioreactors; Bioslurping; Permeable

(chrysene, naphthalene, Thermally Enhanced SVE Reactive Barriers; Soil/Steam Flushing

phenanthrene, pyrene)

Halogenated SVOCs Incineration; Thermal Desorption; Bioreactors; Bioslurping; Permeable

(chlordane, PCBs, PCP, dioxins, Thermally Enhanced SVE Reactive Barriers

furans, pesticides)

Inorganic Compounds Chemical Oxidation/Reduction; Permeable Reactive Barriers;

(arsenic, cadmium, chromium, Electrokinetic Separation; Soil Flushing Phytoremediation; Pump and Treat using

mercury, lead) Soil Washing; Solidification/Stabilization; Ion Exchange or Adsorption

Phytoremediation; Solvent Extraction

Explosives Bioremediation; Soil Washing; Bioreactor; Permeable Reactive Barriers;

(TNT, RDX, HMX) Solvent Extraction; Thermal Desorption Phytoremediation

Oxygenates SVE; Thermal Desorption; Bioremediation Pump and Treat using Granular

(MTBE, ethanol, ETBE, TAME) Activated Carbon (GAC), Air Sparging,

Bioremediation; Chemical Oxidation;

Dual-Phase Extraction

* The contaminants in parentheses are examples of each type of contaminant.

APPENDIX B
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Appendix B

LIST OF ACRONYMS and GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ARAR Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate

Requirement

ASTM American Society for Testing and

Materials

BDAT Best Demonstrated Available Technology

BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and

Xylene

BTSC EPA Brownfields Technology Support

Center

CAA Clean Air Act

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act

CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability

Information System

CERI Center for Environmental Research

Information

CLU-IN EPA Hazardous Waste Clean-up

Information Web Site

CMS Corrective Measure Study

CSM Conceptual Site Model

CWA Clean Water Act

DNAPL Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid

DQO Data Quality Objective

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPA REACH IT EPA REmediation And CHaracterization

Innovative Technologies Online

Searchable Database

EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community

Right-to-Know Act

ESA Environmental Site Assessment

FATE EPA Field Analytic Technologies

Encyclopedia

FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

GAC Granular Activated Carbon

HRS Hazard Ranking System

HSWA Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments

IC Institutional Control

IDC Interagency DNAPL Consortium

IRIS Integrated Risk Information System

ITT Innovative Treatment Technology

LDR Land Disposal Restrictions

LNAPL Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid

LUST Leaking Underground Storage Tank

MGP Manufactured Gas Plant

MTBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether

NAPL Nonaqueous Phase Liquid

NCP National Contingency Plan

NERL National Exposure Research Laboratory

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System

NPL National Priorities List

NRC National Response Center

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OERR Office of Emergency and Remedial

Response

ORD Office of Research and Development

OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency

Response

OUST Office of Underground Storage Tanks

PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon

PA/SI Preliminary Assessment and Site

Inspection

PBMS Performance-Based Measurement System

PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl

PCE Tetrachloroethene

PCP Pentachlorophenol

PRP Potentially Responsible Party

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

RBCA Risk-Based Corrective Action

RBDM Risk-Based Decision-Making

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RD/RA Remedial Design and Remedial Action

RFA RCRA Facility Assessment

RFI RCRA Facility Investigation

RI/FS Remedial Investigation and Feasibility

Study

ROD Record of Decision

RQ Reportable Quantity

SARA Superfund Amendments and

Reauthorization Act

SCRD State Coalition for Remediation of

Drycleaners

SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act

SITE Superfund Innovative Technology

Evaluation

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

SRI Superfund Redevelopment Initiative

SVE Soil Vapor Extraction

SVOC Semi-Volatile Organic Compound

TCE Trichloroethene

TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

TIO Technology Innovation Office

TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act

TSDF Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility

UST Underground Storage Tank

UXO Unexploded Ordnance

VCP Voluntary Cleanup Program

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

B-1
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

B-2

The following is a list of specialized terms used during the cleanup of brownfields sites.

Absorption

Absorption is the passage of one substance into or

through another.

Adsorption

Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid,

or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also refers to

a method of treating wastes in which activated carbon

is used to remove organic compounds from

wastewater. See also Carbon Adsorption.

Air Sparging

In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a

contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and

carry trapped and dissolved contaminants to the

surface. Air sparging is often used in conjunction

with soil vapor extraction systems. See also Soil Vapor

Extraction.

Air Stripping

Air stripping is a treatment technology that removes

or “strips” VOCs from contaminated groundwater or

surface water. As air is forced through the water,

VOCs are volatilized. See also Volatile Organic

Compound.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

The ASTM sets standards for many services,

including methods of sampling and testing of

hazardous waste and media contaminated with

hazardous waste.

Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate

Requirement (ARAR)

As defined under CERCLA, ARARs are cleanup

standards, standards of control, and other

substantive environmental protection requirements,

criteria, or limits set forth under federal or state law

that specifically address problems or situations

present at a CERCLA site. ARARs are major

considerations in setting cleanup goals, selecting a

remedy, and determining how to implement that

remedy at a CERCLA site. ARARs must be attained at

all CERCLA sites unless a waiver is attained. ARARs

are not national cleanup standards for the Superfund

program. See also Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfund.

Aquifer

An aquifer is an underground rock formation

composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel

that can store groundwater and supply it to wells and

springs.

ARAR

CERCLA requires that Superfund remedial actions

attain standards that are legally applicable or

relevant and appropriate to the circumstances at a

given Superfund site. ARARs are used in conjunction

with risk-based goals to establish cleanup goals at

Superfund sites. ARARs are established on a site-bysite basis, and may include those under federal laws

and regulations and those under state and local laws

and regulations

Aromatics

Aromatics are organic compounds that contain

6-carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene,

and phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and

electronic assembly sites.

Baseline Risk Assessment

A baseline risk assessment is an assessment

conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to

identify and evaluate the threat to human health and

the environment. After remediation has been

completed, the information obtained during a

baseline risk assessment can be used to determine

whether the cleanup levels were reached.

BDAT

Under the RCRA Land Disposal Restrictions Program,

EPA establishes treatment standards governing

specific waste codes that are based on the performance

of BDAT. Of the proven, available technologies, EPA

designates as BDAT the technology that best

minimizes the mobility or toxicity of the hazardous

waste constituents of a waste.

Bedrock

Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be

permeable or non-permeable. See also Confining Layer

and Creosote.

Best Demonstrated AvailableTechnology (BDAT)

A BDAT is a technology that has demonstrated the

ability to reduce a particular contaminant to a lower

concentration than other currently available

technologies. BDATs can change with time as

technologies evolve.

Biodegradability

Biodegradability is the capability of a substance to

break down into simpler substances, especially into

innocuous products, by the actions of living

organisms (that is, microorganisms).
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

B-3

Biopile

Biopile is an aerated static pile composting process in

which soil is mixed with amendments on a treatment

area that includes leachate collection systems and

aeration with blowers or vacuum pumps. It is used to

reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents

through the use of biodegradation. Moisture, heat,

nutrients, oxygen, and pH can be controlled to

enhance biodegradation.

Bioremediation

Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use

microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to

break down hazardous substances into less toxic or

nontoxic substances. Bioremediation can be used to

clean up contaminated soil and water. In situ

bioremediation treats contaminated soil or

groundwater in the location in which it is found. For

ex situ bioremediation processes, contaminated soil is

excavated or groundwater is pumped to the surface

before they can be treated.

Bioreactor

Bioreactors use microorganisms in attached or

suspended biological systems to degrade

contaminants in water. In suspended biological

systems, such as activated sludge, fluidized beds, or

sequencing batch reactors, contaminated water is

circulated in an aeration basin microbes aerobically

degrade organic matter and produce carbon dioxide,

water, and biomass. In attached systems, such as

rotating biological contactors (RBC) and trickling

filters, a microbial population is established on an

inert support matrix. the cells form a sludge, which is

settled out in a clarifier and is recycled to the aeration

basin and disposed of.

Biosensor

A biosensor is a portable device that uses living

organisms, such as microbes, or parts and products of

living organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, and

anitbodies, to produce reactions to specific chemical

contaminants.

Bioslurping

Bioslurping is the adaptation of vacuum-enhanced

dewatering technologies to remediate

hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. Bioslurping

combines elements of both bioventing and free-product

recovery to simultaneously recover free product and

bioremediate soils in the vadose zone. Bioventing

stimulates the aerobic bioremediation of

hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and

vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery extracts light

nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) from the capillary

fringe and the water table. See also Vadose Zone.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology refers to the application of advanced

biological techniques in the manufacture of industrial

products (for example, antibiotics and insulin) or for

environmental management (for example, waste

recycling).

Bioventing

Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that

stimulates the natural biodegradation of aerobically

degradable compounds in soil by the injection of

oxygen into the subsurface. Bioventing has been used

to remediate releases of petroleum products, such as

gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and diesel fuel. See also

Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction.

Borehole

A borehole is a hole cut into the ground by means of a

drilling rig.

Borehole Geophysics

Borehole geophysics are nuclear or electric

technologies used to identify the physical

characteristics of geologic formations that are

intersected by a borehole.

Brownfields

Brownfields sites are abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where

expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or

perceived environmental contamination.

BTEX

BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene,

ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic

compounds typically found in petroleum products,

such as gasoline and diesel fuel.

Cadmium

Cadmium is a silvery-white metallic element that is

used in a variety of manufacturing operations,

including the manufacture of batteries, coatings,

alloys, and pigments. Cadmium is a heavy metal.

See also Heavy Metal.

Carbazole

Carbazole is formed as a result of the incomplete

combustion of nitrogen-containing organic matter.

When heated to decomposition, such matter emits

toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and

nitrogen oxides. Carbazole is used in making
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

B-4

photographic plates sensitive to ultraviolet light and

in the manufacture of reagents, explosives,

insecticides, lubricants, and rubber antioxidants.

Carbon Adsorption

Carbon adsorption is a remediation technology that

removes contaminants from air or water through

physical adsorption into the carbon grain. Carbon is

“activated” to improve adsorption through a process

that creates porous particles that have large internal

surface areas. A number of commercial grades of

activated carbon are available to meets the needs of

specific applications.

Carbon Tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, highly volatile

liquid that has a strong ethereal odor similar to that of

chloroform. It mixes sparingly with water and, when

heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of

phosgene. Carbon tetrachloride is used primarily as a

chemical intermediate in the production of the

refrigerants Freon 11 and 12. It also has been used as

a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations

and as an industrial solvent in the manufacture of

cables and semiconductors.

Chemical Dehalogenation

Chemical dehalogenation is a chemical process that

removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical

contaminant, rendering the contaminant less

hazardous. The chemical dehalogenation process

can be applied to common halogenated contaminants

such as PCBs and dioxins, which may be present in

soil and oils. Dehalogenation can be effective in

removing halogens from hazardous organic

compounds, such as dioxins, PCBs, and certain

chlorinated pesticides. The treatment time is short,

energy requirements are moderate, and operation and

maintenance costs are relatively low. This technology

can be brought to the site, eliminating the need to

transport hazardous wastes. See also Polychlorinated

Biphenyl and Dioxin.

Chemical Reduction/Oxidation

Chemical treatments typically involve chemical

reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions that chemically

convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or

less toxic compounds that are more stable, less

mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer

of electrons from one compound to another.

Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons)

and one is reduced (gains electrons). The oxidizing

agents most commonly used for treatment of

hazardous contaminants are ozone, hydrogen

peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine

dioxide. In cyanide oxidation, organic cyanides are

oxidized to less hazardous compounds through

chemical reactions. This method can be applied in

situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, and other

solids and also can be applied for the in situ

treatment of groundwater.

Chlorinator

A chlorinator is a device that adds chlorine, in gas or

liquid form, to water or sewage to kill bacteria.

Clean Air Act (CAA)

The CAA is a federal law passed in 1970 that requires

EPA to establish regulations to control the release of

contaminants to the air to protect human health and

environment.

Cleanup

Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal

with a release or threat of release of a hazardous

substance that could affect humans and or the

environment. The term sometimes is used

interchangeably with the terms remedial action,

removal action, response action, or corrective action.

Clean Water Act (CWA)

CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water

Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic

structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to

U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set

wastewater discharge standards on an industry-byindustry basis and to set water quality standards for

all contaminants in surface waters.

Colorimetric

Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based

indicators that are used to produce reactions to

individual, or classes of compounds. The reactions,

such as visible color changes or other easily noted

indications, are used to detect and quantify

contaminants.

Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

CERCLA is a federal law passed in 1980 that created

a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly

known as Superfund, to be used to investigate and

clean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous

waste sites. CERCLA required for the first time that

EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and

provide response authority to clean up hazardous

waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for

managing cleanup and enforcement activities

authorized under CERCLA. Under the program, EPA

can pay for cleanup when parties responsible for the
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contamination cannot be located or are unwilling or

unable to perform the work, or take legal action to

force parties responsible for contamination to clean

up the site or reimburse the federal government for the

cost of the cleanup. See also Superfund.

Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Information System

(CERCLIS)

CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official

inventory of Superfund hazardous waste sites.

CERCLIS also contains information about all aspects

of hazardous waste sites, from initial discovery to

deletion from the NPL. The database also maintains

information about planned and actual site activities

and financial information entered by EPA regional

offices. CERCLIS records the targets and

accomplishments of the Superfund program and is

used to report that information to the EPA

Administrator, Congress, and the public. See also

National Priorities List and Superfund.

Conceptual Site Model (CSM)

A CSM, a key element used in facilitating cleanup

decisions during a site investigation, is a planning

tool that organizes information that already is known

about a site and identifies the additional information

necessary to support decisions that will achieve the

goals of the project. The project team then uses the

CSM to direct field work that focuses on the

information needed to remove significant unknowns

from the model. The CSM serves several purposes –

as a planning instrument; as a modeling and data

interpretation tool; and as a means of communication

among members of a project team, decision makers,

stakeholders, and field personnel.

Cone Penetrometer

The cone penetrometer is a truck-mounted device that

rapidly penetrates the ground to collect samples. It

has been used for approximately the last 50 years for

geotechnical applications, but its use for site

characterization is relatively new.

Confining Layer

A “confining layer” is a geological formation

characterized by low permeability that inhibits the

flow of water. See also Bedrock and Permeability.

Contaminant

A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological,

or radiological substance or matter present in any

media at concentrations that may pose a threat to

human health or the environment.

Corrective Measure Study (CMS)

If the potential need for corrective measures is verified

during a RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI), the owner

or operator of a facility is then responsible for

performing a CMS. A CMS is conducted to identify,

evaluate, and recommend specific corrective measures

based on a detailed engineering evaluation. Using

data collected during the RFI, the CMS demonstrates

that proposed measures will be effective in

controlling the source of contamination, as well as

problems posed by the migration of substances from

the original source into the environment. The

measures also must be assessed in terms of technical

feasibility, ability to meet public health protection

requirements and protect the environment, possible

adverse environmental effects, and institutional

constraints. See also RCRA Facility Investigation.

Corrosivity

Corrosive wastes include those that are acidic and

capable of corroding metal such as tanks, containers,

drums, and barrels.

Creosote

Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation

of wood that is used as a wood preservative and

disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving

sites. See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase

Liquid.

Cylinder Recovery Vessel

Cylinders or containers often cannot be sampled

safely through the valve mechanism because of the

condition of the container. The cylinder recovery

vessel (CRV) was developed to safely control the

hazards posed by such containers. The system

provides for sampling and recontainerization of the

cylinder’s contents in a contained, inert environment.

The vessel and system are designed to accommodate

the high pressures and wide variety of gases and

liquids present in gas cylinders.

Data Quality

The term data quality refers to all features and

characteristics of data that bear on its ability to meet

the stated or implied needs and expectations of the

user.

Data Quality Objective (DQO)

DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements

specified to ensure that data of known and

appropriate quality are obtained. The DQO process is

a series of planning steps, typically conducted during

site assessment and investigation, that is designed to

ensure that the type, quantity, and quality of
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environmental data used in decision making are

appropriate. The DQO process involves a logical,

step-by-step procedure for determining which of the

complex issues affecting a site are the most relevant to

planning a site investigation before any data are

collected.

Dechlorination

Dechlorination, the process used primarily to treat

and destroy halogenated aromatic contaminants, is

the chemical reaction that removes halogens (usually

chlorine) from the primary structure of the

contaminating organic chemical. Dechlorination can

treat contaminated liquids, soils, sludges, and

sediments, as well as halogenated organics and PCBs,

pesticides, and some herbicides.

Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)

A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances that

are relatively insoluble in water and more dense than

water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through sand

and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer.

Detection Limit

The lowest concentration of a chemical that can be

distinguished reliably from a zero concentration.

Dibenzofurans

Dibenzofurans are a group of polynuclear aromatic

compounds, some of which are toxic. See also

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon.

Dieldrin

Dieldrin is an insecticide that was used until 1974 to

control insects on cotton, corn, and citrus crops, as

well as to control locusts, mosquitoes, and termites. It

also was used as a wood preservative. Most uses of

dieldrin were banned in 1987.

Diffusion Samplers

Diffusion samplers use natural molecular diffusion to

cause the molecules of volatile organic compounds

(VOC) to pass from groundwater through a

semipermeable sampler. Diffusion samplers use a

membrane that is filled with water and suspended in

the screened interval of a well until chemical

equilibrium occurs. The sampler then is retrieved, and

the contents are analyzed. Diffusion samplers may

offer many advantages over conventional

groundwater sampling techniques because they

eliminate the need for purging and disposal and can

be left in targeted areas for a period of time, thereby

allowing collection of a more representative sample.

Vapor-based sampler analysis, which can be

performed rapidly and inexpensively on field or

laboratory gas chromatographs, yields relative

concentrations of VOCs. Water-based sampler

analysis provides the advantage of quantifying

specific concentrations of VOCs through standard

laboratory methods. See also Gas Chromatography and

Volatile Organic Compounds.

Dioxin

A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known

chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals

released during combustion. Concern about them

arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed

by contamination in commercial products. Boilers

and industrial furnaces are among the sources of

dioxins.

Direct Push Sampling

Direct push sampling is a technique in which a

sampling tube is hydraulically pushed or driven into

the subsurface, collecting material as it advances.

This technique can be used when sampling for

constituents, including VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, and

PAHs.

Disposal

Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic,

radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned

pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and

drums containing hazardous materials from removal

actions or accidental release. Disposal may be

accomplished through the use of approved secure

landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep

well injection, or ocean dumping.

Dual-Phase Extraction

Dual-phase extraction, also known as multi-phase

extraction, is a technology that uses a vacuum system

to remove various combinations of contaminated

groundwater, separate-phase petroleum product, and

vapors from the subsurface. The system lowers the

water table around a well, exposing more of the

formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed

vadose zone then are accessible to soil vapor

extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors

or liquid-phase organics and groundwater are

separated and treated. See also Soil Vapor Extraction.

Dynamic Underground Stripping

Dynamic underground stripping is a process that

employs vapor extraction during underground

steaming and electrical heating. The heat, supplied by

steam and electricity, vaporizes contaminants trapped

in the soil. Once vaporized, the contaminants are

removed by vacuum extraction. The process is

monitored and guided by underground imaging.
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Dynamic Work Plan

A dynamic work plan is a work plan that allows

project teams to make decisions in the field about how

site activities will progress. Dynamic work plans

provide the strategy for the way in which dynamic

field activities will take place. As such, they

document a flexible, adaptive sampling and

analytical strategy. Dynamic work plans are

supported by the rapid turnaround of data collected,

analyzed, and interpreted in the field.

Easement

An easement is a right to use the land of another for a

specific purpose, such as a right-of-way or a utility.

Electrochemical Detector Kits

Electrochemical test kits use the electrical charges of

ions that make up the target analyte(s) to identify and

quantify the target analyte(s) in a sample. Typically,

the ions are attracted to an anode or a cathode or

both, depending on their charge, resulting in the

generation of an electrical current that is measured

and converted into a sample concentration by the

unit’s display or electronics. An analyte-specific

catalyst can be used to aid in the reaction. The selfcontained kits include all the equipment and supplies

necessary to produce an analytical result.

Electrokinetic Separation

In electrokinetic separation, electrochemical and

electrokinetic processes are used to desorb, and then

remove, metals and polar organics. This in situ soil

processing technology is primarily a separation and

removal technique for extracting contaminants from

soils. The principle of electrokinetic remediation

relies upon application of a low-intensity direct

current through the soil between ceramic electrodes

that are separated into a cathode array and an anode

array, mobilizing charged species and causing ions

and water to move toward the electrodes. The current

creates an acid front at the anode and a base front at

the cathode. The generation of acidic condition in

situ may help to mobilize sorbed metal contaminants

to be transported to the collection system at the

cathode.

Electromagnetic (EM) Geophysics

EM geophysics refers to technologies used to detect

spatial (horizontal and vertical) differences in

subsurface electromagnetic characteristics. The data

collected provide information about subsurface

environments.

Electromagnetic (EM) Induction

EM induction is a geophysical technology used to

create a magnetic field beneath the earth’s surface,

which in turn causes a secondary magnetic field to

form around nearby objects that have conductive

properties, such as ferrous and nonferrous metals.

The secondary magnetic field then is used to detect

and measure buried debris.

Emergency Removal

An emergency removal is an action initiated in

response to a release of a hazardous substance that

requires on-site activity within hours of a

determination that action is appropriate.

Emerging Technology

An emerging technology is an innovative technology

that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing.

During bench-scale testing, a small version of the

technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the

technology is successful during bench-scale testing, it

is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If the

technology is successful at the field demonstrations, it

often will be used full scale at contaminated waste

sites. As the technology is used and evaluated at

different sites, it is improved continually. See also

Established Technology and Innovative Technology.

Enforcement Action

An enforcement action is an action undertaken by

EPA under authority granted to it under various

federal environmental statutes, such as CERCLA,

RCRA, CAA, CWA, TSCA, and others. For example,

under CERCLA, EPA may obtain voluntary settlement

or compel potentially responsible parties (PRP) to

implement removal or remedial actions when releases

of hazardous substances have occurred. See also

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,

and Liability Act; Potentially Responsible Party; and

Removal Action.

Engineered Control

An engineered control, such as barriers placed

between a contaminated area and the rest of a site, is

a method of managing environmental and health

risks. Engineered controls can be used to limit

exposure pathways.

Environmental Audit

An environmental audit usually refers to a review or

investigation that determines whether an operating

facility is in compliance with relevant environmental

regulations. The audit may include checks for

possession of required permits, operation within
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permit limits, proper reporting, and record keeping.

The typical result is a corrective action or compliance

plan for the facility.

Environmental Risk

Environmental risk is the chance that human health

or the environment will suffer harm as the result of

the presence of environmental hazards.

Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)

An ESA is the process that determines whether

contamination is present at a site.

Established Technology

An established technology is a technology for which

cost and performance information is readily available.

Only after a technology has been used at many

different sites and the results fully documented is that

technology considered established. The most

frequently used established technologies are

incineration, solidification and stabilization, and

pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See

also Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology.

Exposure Pathway

An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants

from the source of contamination to potential contact

with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or

groundwater) that represents a potential threat to

human health or the environment. Determining

whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step

in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also

Baseline Risk Assessment.

Ex Situ

The term ex situ or “moved from its original place,”

means excavated or removed.

Ex Situ Bioremediation

Ex situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to

degrade organic contaminants in excavated soil,

sludge, and solids. The microorganisms break down

contaminants by using them as a food source. The

end products typically are carbon dioxide and water.

Ex situ bioremediation includes slurry-phase

bioremediation, in which the soils are mixed with

water to form a slurry to keep solids suspended and

microorganisms in contact with the soil

contaminants; and solid-phase bioremediation, in

which the soils are placed in a cell or building and

tilled with added water and nutrients. Land farming

and composting are types of solid-phase

bioremediation.

Filtration

Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid

matter from water by passing the water through a

porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured

filter.

Flame Ionization Detector (FID)

A FID is an instrument often used in conjunction with

gas chromatography to measure the change of signal

as analytes are ionized by a hydrogen-air flame. It

also is used to detect phenols, phthalates, PAHs,

VOCs, and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable

Gas Chromatography.

Fluid/Vapor Extraction

In fluid/vapor extraction, a high-vacuum system is

applied to remove liquid and gas simultaneously

from low-permeability or heterogeneous formations.

The vacuum extraction well includes a screened

section in the zone of contaminated soils and

groundwater and is used to remove contaminants

from above and below the water table. The system

lowers the water table around the well, exposing more

of the formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed

vadose zone are then accessible for vapor extraction,

which can remove contaminants more efficiently than

pump-and-treat systems.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

A fourier transform infrared spectroscope is an

analytical air monitoring tool that uses a laser system

chemically to identify contaminants.

Fumigant

A fumigant is a pesticide that is vaporized to kill

pests. They often are used in buildings and

greenhouses.

Furan

Furan is a colorless, volatile liquid compound used in

the synthesis of organic compounds, especially nylon.

Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography is a technology used for

investigating and assessing soil, water, and soil gas

contamination at a site. It is used for the analysis of

VOCs and SVOCs. The technique identifies and

quantifies organic compounds on the basis of

molecular weight, characteristic fragmentation

patterns, and retention time. Recent advances in gas

chromatography that are considered innovative are

portable, weather-proof units that have self-contained

power supplies.
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Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption (GFAA)

Spectroscopy

Graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA)

spectroscopy is a highly sensitive spectroscopic

technique that provides excellent detection limits for

measuring concentrations of metals in liquid sample

media. Water samples may be analyzed directly,

while soil samples first must undergo an extraction

process to draw the contaminants into solution for

analysis. The sample is vaporized in the graphite

furnace, and light of a specific wavelength then is

passed through the atomic vapor of an element of

interest. The attenuation of the intensity of the light

as a result of absorption is measured, and the amount

of attenuation is converted into an estimate of the

contaminant metal’s concentration.

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)

GPR is a technology that emits pulses of

electromagnetic energy into the ground to measure its

reflection and refraction by subsurface layers and

other features, such as buried debris.

Groundwater

Groundwater is the water found beneath the earth’s

surface that fills pores between such materials as

sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and

springs. See also Aquifer.

Halogenated Organic Compound

A halogenated organic compound is a compound

containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine, and

fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds were used

in high-voltage electrical transformers because they

conducted heat well while being fire resistant and

good electrical insulators. Many herbicides,

pesticides, and degreasing agents are made from

halogenated organic compounds.

Hazard Ranking System (HRS)

The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA to

assess the risks posed to human health or the

environment by abandoned or uncontrolled

hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are

assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of

hazardous substances that are present and the

potential that those substances will spread through

the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking into

account such factors as the proximity of the substance

to nearby populations. Scores are used in

determining which sites should be placed on the

NPL. See also National Priorities List.

Hazardous Substance

As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is

any material that poses a threat to public health or the

environment. The term also refers to hazardous

wastes as defined under RCRA. Typical hazardous

substances are materials that are toxic, corrosive,

ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. If a

certain quantity of a hazardous substance, as

established by EPA, is spilled into the water or

otherwise emitted into the environment, the release

must be reported. Under the legislation cited above,

the term excludes petroleum, crude oil, natural gas,

natural gas liquids, or synthetic gas usable for fuel.

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)

HSWA are 1984 amendments to RCRA which

required phasing out land disposal of hazardous

waste and added minimum technology requirements.

See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

Heavy Metal

The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals

including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury,

silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at

industrial sites at which operations have included

battery recycling and metal plating.

Herbicide

A herbicide is a chemical pesticide designed to

control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.

High-Frequency Electromagnetic (EM) Sounding

High-frequency EM sounding, the technology used

for nonintrusive geophysical exploration, projects

high-frequency electromagnetic radiation into

subsurface layers to detect the reflection and

refraction of the radiation by various layers of soil.

Unlike ground-penetrating radar, which uses pulses,

the technology uses continuous waves of radiation.

See also Ground-Penetrating Radar.

Hot Air Injection

With hot air injection, hot air or steam is injected below

the contaminated zones to heat contaminated soil. The

heating enhances the release of contaminants from the

soil matrix so they can be extracted and captured for

further treatment and recycling.

Hydrazine

Hydrazine is a highly toxic liquid used in rocket

propellant, agricultural chemicals, drugs, spandex

fibers, antioxidants, plating metals on glass and

plastic, explosives, and in boiler feedwater. The

chemical compound causes a severe explosion

hazard when exposed to heat.
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Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing

only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in

petroleum, natural gas, and coal.

Hydrogen Sulfide (HS)

HS is a gas emitted during decomposition of organic

compounds. It also is a byproduct of oil refining and

burning.

Hydrogeology

Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including

its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality.

Hydrology

Hydrology is the science that deals with the

properties, movement, and effects of water found on

the earth’s surface, in the soil and rocks beneath the

surface, and in the atmosphere.

Hydrophobic Dye

Hydrophobic dye is added to liquids to assist in the

observation of the presence of items that are colorless.

Hyperaccumulator

A hyperaccumulator is a metallophyte that

accumulates an exceptionally high level of a metal to a

specified concentration or to a specified multiple of the

concentration found in nonaccumulators. The term is

used in reference to plants used in Phytoremediation.

See also Metallophytes and Phytoremediation.

Ignitability

Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain

conditions. Examples include liquids, such as

solvents that readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive

substances.

Immunoassay

Immunoassay is an innovative technology used to

measure compound-specific reactions (generally

colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of

compounds. The reactions are used to detect and

quantify contaminants. The technology is available

in field-portable test kits.

In Situ Thermal Treatment

In situ thermal treatment is a treatment process that

involves heating contaminated soil in place to

vaporize organic contaminants in the soil. The

surface area to be treated is usually covered with

silicone rubber mats to provide insulation and to form

a vapor barrier.

Incineration

Incineration is a treatment technology that involves

the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or

gaseous materials under controlled conditions to

destroy hazardous waste.

Infill Development

Infill development is new construction on previously

developed land in cities or developed suburbs. The

term often refers to redevelopment of small

residential, commercial, or industrial properties. An

important aspect of many infill development projects

is the enhancement of the built environment with

open space and parks.

Information Repository

An information repository is a location in a public

building that is convenient for local residents, such as

a public school, city hall, or library, that contains

information about a Superfund site, including

technical reports and reference documents.

Infrared Monitor

An infrared monitor is a device used to monitor the

heat signature of an object, as well as to sample air. It

may be used to detect buried objects in soil.

Inorganic Compound

An inorganic compound is a compound that

generally does not contain carbon atoms (although

carbonate and bicarbonate compounds are notable

exceptions) and tends to be more soluble in water.

Examples of inorganic compounds include various

acids, potassium hydroxide, and metals.

Innovative Technology

An innovative technology is a process that has been

tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste or

other contaminated materials, but lacks a long history

of full-scale use and information about its cost and

how well it works sufficient to support prediction of

its performance under a variety of operating

conditions. An innovative technology is one that is

undergoing pilot-scale treatability studies that

usually are conducted in the field or the laboratory

and require installation of the technology, and

provide performance, cost, and design objectives for

the technology. Innovative technologies are being

used under many federal and state cleanup programs

to treat hazardous wastes that have been improperly

released. See also Emerging Technology and Established

Technology.
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Ion Exchange

Ion exchange, a common method of softening water,

depends on the ability of certain materials to remove

and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange

materials, generally composed of unsoluble organic

polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water

softening exchange materials remove calcium and

magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions.

Ionization

Ionization is the process which causes an atom to

gain or lose electrons, which results in the atom

having a negative or positive charge.

Insecticide

An insecticide is a pesticide compound specifically

used to kill or control the growth of insects.

In Situ

The term in situ, “in its original place,” or “on-site”,

means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil

flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in

situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites

are treated without digging up or removing the

contaminants.

In Situ Bioremediation

In situ bioremediation techniques stimulate and

create a favorable environment for microorganisms to

grow and use contaminants as a food and energy

source. Generally, this means providing some

combination of oxygen, nutrients, and moisture, and

controlling the temperature and pH. Sometimes,

microorganisms adapted for degradation of the

specific contaminants are applied to enhance the

process. Bioventing is a common form of in situ

bioremediation. Bioventing uses extraction wells to

circulate air with or without pumping air into the

ground.

In Situ Oxidation

In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment

technology that oxidizes contaminants that are

dissolved in groundwater and converts them into

insoluble compounds.

In Situ Soil Flushing

In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment

technology that floods contaminated soils beneath the

ground surface with a solution that moves the

contaminants to an area from which they can be

removed. The technology requires the drilling of

injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the

need for excavation, handling, or transportation of

hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for

treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy

metals (such as lead, copper, and zinc), halogenated

organic compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also

Aromatics, Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy

Metal, and Polychlorinated Biphenyl.

In Situ Vitrification

In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that

stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in

place at temperatures of approximately 3000°F. Soils

and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and

crystalline structure with very low leaching

characteristics.

In Situ Well Aeration

For in situ well aeration, air is injected into a double

screened well, allowing the VOCs in the

contaminated groundwater to transfer from the

dissolved phase to the vapor-phase by air bubbles.

As the air bubbles rise to the water surface, the vapors

are drawn off and treated by an SVE system.

Institutional Controls

An institutional control is a legal or institutional

measure which subjects a property owner to limit

activities at or access to a particular property. They

are used to ensure protection of human health and the

environment, and to expedite property reuse. Zoning

and deed restrictions are examples of institutional

controls.

Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

IRIS is an electronic database that contains EPA’s

latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory

information about chemical constituents. Files on

chemicals maintained in IRIS contain information

related to both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic

health effects.

Joint and Several Liability

Under CERCLA, joint and several liability is a

concept based on the theory that it may not be

possible to apportion responsibility for the harm

caused by hazardous waste equitably among

potentially responsible parties (PRP). Joint liability

means that more than one PRP is liable to the

plaintiff. Several liability means that the plaintiff may

choose to sue only one of the defendants and recover

the entire amount. One PRP therefore can be held

liable for the entire cost of cleanup, regardless of the

share of waste that PRP contributed. Joint and

several liability is used only when harm is

indivisible. If defendants can apportion harm, there

is no several liability. See also Potentially Responsible

Party and Strict Liability.
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Lampblack

Lampblack is a finely divided, bulky, black soot, at

one time the most important black pigment used in

the manufacture of printing inks. It is one of several

gas plant residues found at manufactured gas plant

(MGP) sites. See also Manufactured Gas Plant.

Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR)

LDR is a RCRA program that restricts the land

disposal of RCRA hazardous wastes and requires

treatment to established treatment standards or a

required technology. LDRs may be an important

ARAR for Superfund actions. See also Applicable or

Relevant and Appropriate Requirement and Resource

Conservation and Recovery Act.

Landfarming

Landfarming is the spreading and incorporation of

wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment.

Landfill

A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for

nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is

spread in layers compacted to the smallest practical

volume.

Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer

Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a

field screening method that couples a fiber opticbased chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer

mounted on a truck. The technology can be used for

investigating and assessing soil and water

contamination.

Leachate

A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when

water collects contaminants as it trickles through

wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers.

Leaching may occur in farming areas and landfills

and may be a means of the entry of hazardous

substances into soil, surface water, or groundwater.

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that has been used in the

manufacture of gasoline, paints, and other

substances. See also Heavy Metal.

Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL)

An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances

that are relatively insoluble in water and are less

dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to

spread across the surface of the water table and form

a layer on top of the water table.

Long-Term Monitoring

Long-term monitoring of a site typically is performed

to verify that contaminants pose no risk to human

health or the environment and that natural processes

are reducing contaminant levels and risk as predicted.

Magnetrometry

Magnetrometry is a geophysical technology used to

detect disruptions that metal objects cause in the

earth’s localized magnetic field.

Manufactured Gas Plant

Manufactured gas plants (MGP) were operated

nationwide from the early 1880s through the mid1900s. MGPs produced gas from coal or oil for

lighting, heating, and cooking. The gas

manufacturing and purification processes conducted

at the plants yielded residues that included tars,

sludges, lampblack, light oils, spent oxide wastes, and

other hydrocarbon products. Although many of the

byproducts were recycled, excess residues containing

PAHs, petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, cyanide,

metals, and phenols remained at MGP sites.

Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis

in which the substance to be analyzed is heated and

placed in a vacuum. The resulting vapor is exposed

to a beam of electrons that causes ionization to occur,

either of the molecules or their fragments. The

ionized atoms are separated according to their mass

and can be identified on that basis.

Mechanical Soil Aeration

Mechanical soil aeration agitates contaminated soil

using tilling or other means to volatilize

contaminants.

Medium

A medium is a specific environment–air, water, or

soil–which is the subject of regulatory concern and

activities.

Mercury

Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the

environment and is found in thermometers,

measuring devices, pharmaceutical and agricultural

chemicals, chemical manufacturing, and electrical

equipment. See also Heavy Metal.

Mercury Vapor Analyzer

A mercury vapor analyzer is an instrument that

provides real-time measurements of concentrations of

mercury in the air.
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

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Metallophytes

Metallophytes are plants that preferentially colonize

in metal-rich soils.

Methane

Methane is a colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas

created by anaerobic decomposition of organic

compounds.

Methanogenic

The term methanogenic refers to anaerobic oxidation

of petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as fermentation of

hydrocarbons to methane.

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a synthetic

chemical, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid.

MTBE has a relatively high vapor pressure and is

water soluble to a significant degree. MTBE usually is

produced in a refinery by mixing a feedstock of

isobutylene with methanol. The isobutylene is derived

by steam-cracking during production of olefin and

fluid-cracking during production of gasoline.

Concern about them arises from its potential

contamination of groundwater as a result of releases

from underground storage tanks of gasoline that

contains oxygenates. See also Oxygenates.

Migration Pathway

A migration pathway is a potential path or route of

contaminants from the source of contamination to

contact with human populations or the environment.

Migration pathways include air, surface water,

groundwater, and land surface. The existence and

identification of all potential migration pathways

must be considered during assessment and

characterization of a waste site.

Mixed Waste

Mixed waste is low-level radioactive waste

contaminated with hazardous waste that is regulated

under RCRA. Mixed waste can be disposed only in

compliance with the requirements under RCRA that

govern disposal of hazardous waste and with the

RCRA land disposal restrictions, which require that

waste be treated before it is disposed of in appropriate

landfills.

Mobile Laboratory

A mobile laboratory refers to a collection of analytical

instruments contained in a vehicle that can be

deployed to a project site. A mobile laboratory offers

many of the advantages of a fixed laboratory, such as

protection from the elements, a power supply, and

climate control, while still providing the advantages

of analyzing samples on site while the project is in

progress. A mobile laboratory may even allow the use

of laboratory-grade instruments which otherwise

could not be taken into the field. Configurations can

vary in sophistication from a single instrument

mounted in a sampling van, to large truck trailers and

recreational vehicles equipped with multiple

instruments and laboratory-grade support equipment.

Monitored Natural Attenuation

The term monitored natural attenuation refers to the

remedial approach that allows natural processes to

reduce concentrations of contaminants to acceptable

levels. Monitored natural attenuation involves

physical, chemical, and biological processes that act

to reduce the mass, toxicity, and mobility of

subsurface contamination. Physical, chemical, and

biological processes involved in monitored natural

attenuation include biodegradation, chemical

stabilization, dispersion, sorption, and volatilization.

Monitoring Well

A monitoring well is a well drilled at a specific

location on or off a hazardous waste site at which

groundwater can be sampled at selected depths and

studied to determine the direction of groundwater

flow and the types and quantities of contaminants

present in the groundwater.

Mothballed Sites

The term mothballed sites refers to large, idle areas

that formerly were used for manufacturing and other

industrial uses and are not available for sale or

redevelopment.

National Contingency Plan (NCP)

The NCP, formally the National Oil and Hazardous

Substances Contingency Plan, is the major regulatory

framework that guides the Superfund response effort.

The NCP is a comprehensive body of regulations that

outlines a step-by-step process for implementing

Superfund responses and defines the roles and

responsibilities of EPA, other federal agencies, states,

private parties, and the communities in response to

situations in which hazardous substances are

released into the environment. See also Superfund.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES)

NPDES is the primary permitting program under the

Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to

surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants

into waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or

a tribal government issues a special permit to do so.
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National Priorities List (NPL)

The NPL is EPA’s list of the most serious

uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites

identified for possible long-term remedial response

under Superfund. Inclusion of a site on the list is

based primarily on the score the site receives under

the HRS. Money from Superfund can be used for

cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is

required to update the NPL at least once a year. See

also Hazard Ranking System and Superfund.

National Response Center (NRC)

The NRC, staffed by the U.S. Coast Guard, is a

communications center that receives reports of

discharges or releases of hazardous substances into

the environment. The U.S. Coast Guard in turn, relays

information about such releases to the appropriate

federal agency.

Neutralization

Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid

and a base. The reaction involves acidic or caustic

wastes that are neutralized using caustic or acid

additives.

Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide is a gas formed by combustion under

high temperature and high pressure in an internal

combustion engine.

Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)

NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively

insoluble in water and are less dense than water. See

also Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid and Light

Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.

Non-Point Source

The term non-point source is used to identify sources

of pollution that are diffuse and do not have a point

of origin or that are not introduced into a receiving

stream from a specific outlet. Common non-point

sources are rain water, runoff from agricultural lands,

industrial sites, parking lots, and timber operations,

as well as escaping gases from pipes and fittings.

Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

O&M refers to the activities conducted at a site,

following remedial actions, to ensure that the cleanup

methods are working properly. O&M activities are

conducted to maintain the effectiveness of the remedy

and to ensure that no new threat to human health or

the environment arises. Under the Superfund

program, the state or PRP assumes responsibility for

O&M, which may include such activities as

groundwater and air monitoring, inspection and

maintenance of the treatment equipment remaining

on site, and maintenance of any security measures or

institutional controls.

Organic Chemical or Compound

An organic chemical or compound is a substance

produced by animals or plants that contains mainly

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Oxygenate

Oxygenates are hydrocarbons added to fuels to

increase the oxygen content of those fuels to improve

combustion, thereby reducing emissions, such as

carbon monoxide and other pollutants. Examples of

oxygenates include methyl tertiary butyl ether

(MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary amyl

methyl ether (TAME), ethanol, and other ethers and

alcohols. See also Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether.

Ozone

Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which

provides a protective layer in the stratosphere

shielding the earth from the harmful health effects on

human health and the environment from ultraviolet

radiation. Ozone also is a chemical oxidant and a

major component of smog in the troposphere, the

earth’s atmospheric layer below the stratosphere

extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth’s surface.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon,

chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a contaminant

used in feed stock material and chemical

manufacturing.

Performance-Based Measurement System (PBMS)

EPA defines PBMS as a set of processes through

which the data needs or limitations of a program or

project are specified and serve as criteria for selected

appropriate methods to meet those needs in a costeffective manner. EPA uses the term to convey what

must be accomplished, but not prescriptively how to

do it. The PBMS initiative places regulatory emphasis

on obtaining analytical results that provide adequate

information to support the regulatory decision, but

leaves the choice of analytical procedures up to the

user. The PBMS approach gives regulators and

members of the regulated community increased

flexibility in selecting technologies, while still

meeting mandated monitoring requirements. The use

of PBMS is intended to reduce barriers to the use of

new monitoring technologies.
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

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Permeability

Permeability is a characteristic that represents a

qualitative description of the relative ease with which

rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid (liquid or

gas).

Permeable Reactive Barriers

Permeable reactive barriers, also known as passive

treatment walls, are installed across the flow path of a

contaminated plume. As groundwater flows through

the PRB, contaminants are either degraded or retained

in a concentrated form by the reactive material.

Examples of reactive media include zero-valent

metals, chelators, sorbents, and microbes.

Pesticide

A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances

intended to prevent or mitigate infestation by, or

destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate

in the food chain and or contaminate the environment

if misused.

Phase I Environmental Assessment

A Phase I environmental assessment is an initial

environmental investigation that is limited to a

historical records search to determine ownership of a

site and to identify the kinds of chemical processes

that were carried out at the site. A Phase I assessment

includes a site visit, but does not include any

sampling. If such an assessment identifies no

significant concerns, Phase II and III audits are not

necessary. Phase I assessments also are commonly

referred to as site assessments.

Phase II Environmental Assessment

A Phase II environmental assessment is an

investigation that includes tests performed at the site

to confirm the location and identity of environmental

hazards. The assessment includes preparation of a

report that includes recommendations for cleanup

alternatives. Phase II assessments also are commonly

referred to as site investigations.

Phase III Environmental Audit

A Phase III environmental audit is the third step in

the assessment that includes the removal of

contaminated materials from a site and their legal

disposal.

Phenols

A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds that

are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, and

textile, dye, and resin manufacturing.

Photoionization Detector (PID)

A PID is a nondestructive detector, often used in

conjunction with gas chromatography, that measures

the change of signal as analytes are ionized by an

ultraviolet lamp. The PID also is used to detect VOCs

and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas

Chromatography.

Physical Separation

Physical separation processes use different size

sieves and screens to concentrate contaminants into

smaller volumes. Most organic and inorganic

contaminants tend to bind, either chemically or

physically, to the fine fraction of the soil. Fine clay

and silt particles are separated from the coarse sand

and gravel soil particles to concentrate the

contaminants into a smaller volume of soil that could

then be further treated or disposed.

Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is an innovative treatment

technology that uses plants and trees to clean up

contaminated soil and water. Plants can break down,

or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize metal

contaminants by acting as filters or traps.

Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,

pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,

polyaromatic carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use

generally is limited to sites at which concentrations of

contaminants are relatively low and contamination is

found in shallow soils, streams, and groundwater.

Phytotechnology

The term phytotechnology refers to technologies that

use living plants. See also Phytoremediation.

Phytotoxic

The term phytotoxic is used to describe a substance

that is harmful to plants.

Plasma High-Temperature Metals Recovery

Plasma high-temperature metals recovery is a thermal

treatment process that purges contaminants from

solids and soils such as metal fumes and organic

vapors. The vapors can be burned as fuel, and the

metal fumes can be recovered and recycled. This

innovative treatment technology is used to treat

contaminated soil and groundwater.

Plume

A plume is a visible or measurable emission or

discharge of a contaminant from a given point of

origin into any medium. The term also is used to refer

to measurable and potentially harmful radiation

leaking from a damaged reactor.
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Point Source

A point source is a stationary location or fixed facility

from which pollutants are discharged or emitted or

any single, identifiable discharge point of pollution,

such as a pipe, ditch, or smokestack.

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals,

produced by chlorination of biphenyl, that once were

used in high voltage electrical transformers because

they conducted heat well while being fire resistant

and good electrical insulators. These contaminants

typically are generated from metal degreasing, printed

circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving

processes.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more

than one fused benzene ring. They are commonly

found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar.

Potassium Permanganate

Potassium permanganate is a crystalline compound

that is soluble in water, acetone, and methanol, but is

decomposed by ethanol. It is used widely as a

powerful oxidizing agent, as a disinfectant in a variety

of applications, and as an analytical oxidant reagent

in redox titrations.

Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)

A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners,

operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous

waste) that is potentially responsible for, or

contributing to, the contamination problems at a

Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires

PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to

clean up hazardous waste sites they have

contaminated. See also Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfund.

Preliminary Assessment and Site Inspection (PA/SI)

A PA/SI is the process of collecting and reviewing

available information about a known or suspected

hazardous waste site or release. The PA/SI usually

includes a visit to the site.

Presumptive Remedies

Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for

common categories of CERCLA sites that have been

identified through historical patterns of remedy

selection and EPA’s scientific and engineering

evaluation of performance data on technology

implementation.

Pump and Treat

Pump and treat is a general term used to describe

remediation methods that involve the pumping of

groundwater to the surface for treatment. It is one of

the most common methods of treating polluted

aquifers and groundwater.

Quality Assurance (QA)

QA is a system of management activities that ensure

that a process, item, or service is of the type and

quality needed by the user. QA deals with setting

policy and implementing an administrative system of

management controls that cover planning,

implementation, and review of data collection

activities. QA is an important element of a quality

system that ensures that all research design and

performance, environmental monitoring and

sampling, and other technical and reporting activities

conducted by EPA are of the highest possible quality.

Quality Control (QC)

QC refers to scientific precautions, such as

calibrations and duplications, that are necessary if

data of known and adequate quality are to be

acquired. QC is technical in nature and is

implemented at the project level. Like QA, QC is an

important element of a quality system that ensures

that all research design and performance,

environmental monitoring and sampling, and other

technical and reporting activities conducted by EPA

are of the highest possible quality.

Radioactive Waste

Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as

rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. Sources

of such wastes include nuclear reactors, research

institutions, and hospitals.

Radionuclide

A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized

according to its atomic mass and atomic number,

which can be artificial or naturally occurring.

Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water

pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or

degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve

separation, concentration and volume reduction,

immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification

and Stabilization.

Radon

Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive,

inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of

radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and

Radionuclide.
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA)

A RFA is performed at a facility to determine the

existence of any continuous or non-continuous

releases of wastes. During the RFA, EPA or state

regulators gather information on solid waste

management units and other areas of concern at

RCRA facilities, evaluate this information to

determine whether there are releases that warrant

further investigation and action, and determine the

need to proceed to a RCRA Facility Investigation. See

also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI)

The purpose of a RFI is to gather sufficient data at a

facility to fully characterize the nature, extent, and

rate of migration of contaminant releases identified in

the RCRA Facility Assessment. The data generated

during the RFI is used to determine the potential need

for corrective measures and to aid in the selection and

implementation of these measures. See also Corrective

Measure Study and Resource Conservation and Recovery

Act.

Reactivity

Reactive wastes are unstable under normal

conditions. They can create explosions and or toxic

fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water.

Record of Decision (ROD)

A ROD is a legal, technical, and public document that

explains which cleanup alternative will be used at a

Superfund NPL site. The ROD is based on

information and technical analysis generated during

the remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/

FS) and consideration of public comments and

community concerns. See also Preliminary Assessment

and Site Investigation and Remedial Investigation and

Feasibility Study.

Release

A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,

emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching,

dumping, or disposing into the environment of a

hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous

substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource

Conservation and Recovery Act.

Remedial Design and Remedial Action (RD/RA)

The RD/RA is the step in the Superfund cleanup

process that follows the RI/FS and selection of a

remedy. An RD is the preparation of engineering

plans and specifications to properly and effectively

implement the remedy. The RA is the actual

construction or implementation of the remedy. See

also Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study.

B-17

Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RI/FS)

The RI/FS is the step in the Superfund cleanup

process that is conducted to gather sufficient

information to support the selection of a site remedy

that will reduce or eliminate the risks associated with

contamination at the site. The RI involves site

characterization -- collection of data and information

necessary to characterize the nature and extent of

contamination at the site. The RI also determines

whether the contamination presents a significant risk

to human health or the environment. The FS focuses

on the development of specific response alternatives

for addressing contamination at a site.

Removal Action

A removal action usually is a short-term effort

designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste

site that poses an immediate threat to human health

or the environment. Removal actions include

removing tanks or drums of hazardous substances

that were found on the surface and installing

drainage controls or security measures, such as a

fence at the site. Removal actions also may be

conducted to respond to accidental releases of

hazardous substances. CERCLA places time and

money constraints on the duration of removal actions.

See alsoComprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act.

Reportable Quantity (RQ)

The RQ is the quantity of hazardous substances that,

when released into the environment, can cause

substantial endangerment to public health or the

environment. Under CERCLA, the federal government

must be notified when quantities equaling or

exceeding RQs specified in regulations are released.

Representative Sampling

The term representative sampling refers to a portion of

material or water that is as nearly identical in content

and consistency as possible to that in a larger body of

material or water being sampled. To prevent

segregation and to provide a level of accuracy, the

sample is representative of the volume and nature of

the material being sampled.

Resin

Resins are solids or semi-solids of plant origin used

principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks, adhesives,

synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

RCRA is a federal law enacted in 1976 that

established a regulatory system to track hazardous

substances from their generation to their disposal.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

The law requires the use of safe and secure

procedures in treating, transporting, storing, and

disposing of hazardous substances. RCRA is

designed to prevent the creation of new, uncontrolled

hazardous waste sites.

Response Action

A response action is a short-term removal action or a

long-term remedial response, authorized under

CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of

hazardous substances.

Reuse Assessment

A reuse assessment involves the collection and

evaluation of information to develop assumptions

about reasonably anticipated future land use(s) at

Superfund sites. It provides a tool for implementing

the Superfund land use directive and can involve a

review of available records, visual inspections of the

site, and discussions with local government officials,

property owners, and community members about

potential future land uses.

Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA)

As defined by EPA, RBCA is a streamlined approach

through which exposure and risk assessment

practices are integrated with traditional components

of the corrective action process to ensure that

appropriate and cost-effective remedies are selected

and that limited resources are allocated properly.

RBCA refers specifically to the standard Guide for

Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied At Petroleum

Release Sites, published by ASTM. The RBCA process

can be tailored to applicable state and local laws and

regulatory practices. See also American Society for

Testing and Materials.

Risk-Based Decision-Making (RBDM)

The term RBDM refers to a process through which

decisions are made about contaminated sites

according to the risk each site poses to human health

and the environment. RBDM is a mechanism for

identifying necessary and appropriate action at any

phase of the corrective action process. Depending on

known or anticipated risks to human health and the

environment, appropriate action can include site

closure, monitoring and data collection, active or

passive remediation, containment, or imposition of

institutional controls.

Risk Communication

Risk communication, the exchange of information

about health or environmental risks among risk

assessors, risk managers, the local community, news

media and interest groups, is the process of informing

members of the local community about environmental

risks associated with a site and the steps that are

being taken to manage those risks.

Safe Drinking Water Act

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 was

established to protect the quality of drinking water in

the United States. The act focuses on all waters

actually or potentially designed for use as drinking

water, whether from aboveground or underground

sources. The Act authorized EPA to establish safe

standards of purity and requires all owners or

operators of public water systems to comply with

primary (health-related) standards. State governments

that assume that authority from EPA also encourage

attainment of secondary (nuisance-related) standards.

Sampling and Analysis Plan

A sampling and analysis plan (SAP) documents the

procedural and analytical requirements for a one-time

or time-limited project that involves the collection of

samples of water, soil, sediment, or other media to

characterize areas of potential environmental

contamination. A SAP contains all the elements of a

quality assurance project plan (QAPP) and a field

sampling plan (FSP) that must be provided to meet the

requirements for any project funded by the EPA under

which environmental measurements are to be taken.

Sanborn Map

A Sanborn map is a record kept for insurance

purposes that shows, for a specific property, the

locations of such items as USTs, buildings, and areas

where chemicals have been used for certain industrial

processes. A Phase I environmental audit includes a

review of Sanborn maps. See also Phase I

Environmental Audit.

Saturated Zone

The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of

the land in which all openings are filled with water.

Seismic Reflection and Refraction

Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used

to examine the geophysical features of soil and

bedrock, such as debris, buried channels, and other

features.

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen

atoms, have boiling points greater than 200°C.

Common SVOCs include PCBs and phenol. See also

Phenol and Polychlorinated Biphenyl.

B-18
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Significant Threat

The term refers to the level of contamination that a

state would consider significant enough to warrant

an action. The thresholds vary from state to state.

Six-Phase Soil Heating

Six-phase soil heating is an in situ thermal technology

for the remediation of contamination of soil and

groundwater. The process splits conventional

electricity into six electrical phases for the electrical

resistive heating of soil and groundwater. Each

electrical phase is delivered to one of six electrodes

placed in a hexagonal array. The voltage gradient

between phases causes an electrical current to flow

through the soil and groundwater. Resistivity causes

the temperature to rise. As the soil and groundwater

are heated uniformly to the boiling point of water, the

water becomes steam, stripping volatile and

semivolatile contaminants from the pore spaces. In

addition, removal of the soil moisture increases the air

permeability of the soils, which can further increase the

rate at which contaminants are removed.

Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer

System

The Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer

System (SCAPS) was developed by the Division of the

Naval Command, Control, and Ocean Surveillance

Center (NCCOSC), in collaboration with the U.S. Army

and the U. S. Air Force. SCAPS, a cone penetrometer

testing system, coupled with laser-induced

fluorescence (LIF), measures fluorescence with optical

fibers. The measurement is made through a sapphire

window on a probe that is pushed into the ground

with a truck-mounted cone penetrometer testing

platform. See also Cone Penetrometer and Laser-Induced

Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer.

Sludge

Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water

treatment processes. Residues from treatment of metal

wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the

bottom of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge,

which can be a hazardous waste.

Slurry-Phase Bioremediation

Slurry-phase bioremediation, a treatment technology

that can be used alone or in conjunction with other

biological, chemical, and physical treatments, is a

process through which organic contaminants are

converted to innocuous compounds. Slurry-phase

bioremediation can be effective in treating various

SVOCs and nonvolatile organic compounds, as well

as fuels, creosote, PCPs, and PCBs.

B-19

Soil Boring

Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is

extracted from the ground for chemical, biological,

and analytical testing to determine the level of

contamination present.

Soil Flushing

In soil flushing, large volumes of water, at times

supplemented with treatment compounds, are applied

to the soil or injected into the groundwater to raise the

water table into the zone of contaminated soil.

Contaminants are leached into the groundwater, and

the extraction fluids are recovered from the underlying

aquifer. When possible, the fluids are recycled.

Soil Gas

Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds

that occur in the small spaces between particles of the

earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave

the soil or rock, depending on changes in pressure.

Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)

SVE is a process that physically separates

contaminants from soil in a vapor form by exerting a

vacuum through the soil formation. SVE removes

VOCs and some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground

surface.

Soil Washing

Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology

that uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined

with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to

scrub soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and

concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume.

The technology is used to treat a wide range of

contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and

pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost

alternative for separating waste and minimizing

volume as necessary to facilitate subsequent

treatment. It is often used in combination with other

treatment technologies. The technology can be

brought to the site, thereby eliminating the need to

transport hazardous wastes.

Solidification and Stabilization

Solidification and stabilization are the processes of

removing wastewater from a waste or changing it

chemically to make the waste less permeable and

susceptible to transport by water. Solidification and

stabilization technologies can immobilize many

heavy metals, certain radionuclides, and selected

organic compounds, while decreasing the surface

area and permeability of many types of sludge,

contaminated soils, and solid wastes.
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

B-20

Solubility

Solubility is a measure of the amount of solute that will

dissolve in a solution. It is the ability or tendency of one

substance to dissolve into another at a given

temperature and pressure and is generally expressed in

terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a

given amount of solvent to produce a saturated solution.

Solvent

A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is capable

of dissolving or dispersing one or more other

substances.

Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment technology

that uses a solvent to separate or remove hazardous

organic contaminants from oily-type wastes, soils,

sludges, and sediments. The technology does not

destroy contaminants, but concentrates them so they can

be recycled or destroyed more easily by another

technology. Solvent extraction has been shown to be

effective in treating sediments, sludges, and soils that

contain primarily organic contaminants, such as PCBs,

VOCs, halogenated organic compounds, and petroleum

wastes. Such contaminants typically are generated from

metal degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning,

gasoline, and wood preserving processes. Solvent

extraction is a transportable technology that can be

brought to the site. See also Halogenated Organic

Compound, Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and Volatile Organic

Compound.

Standard Operating Procedure

A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a step-by-step

procedure that promotes uniformity in operations to

help clarify and augment such operations. SOPs

document the way activities are to be performed to

facilitate consistent conformance to technical and

quality system requirements and to support data

quality. The use of SOPs is an integral part of a

successful quality system because SOPs provide

individuals with the information needed to perform a

job properly and facilitate consistency in the quality

and integrity of a product or end result. SOPs also

provide guidance in areas in which the exercise of

professional judgment is necessary and specify

procedures that are unique to each task.

Steam Injection

Steam injection is a remediation technology that uses

the addition of steam to the subsurface to heat the soil

and groundwater and drive off contaminants. The

technology was developed by the petroleum industry to

enhance recovery of oils from reservoirs, and has been

adapted by the remediation industry for use in the

recovery of organic contaminants from the subsurface.

Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy is the study of the formation,

composition, and sequence of sediments, whether

consolidated or not.

Strict Liability

Strict liability is a concept under CERCLA that

empowers the federal government to hold PRPs liable

without proving that the PRPs were at fault and

without regard to a PRP’s motive. PRPs can be found

liable even if the problems caused by the release of a

hazardous substance were unforeseeable, the PRPs

acted in good faith, and state-of-the-art hazardous

waste management practices were used at the time the

materials were disposed of. See also Potentially

Responsible Party.

Subsurface

Underground; beneath the surface.

Surfactant Flushing

Surfactant flushing is a technology used to treat

contaminated groundwater. Surfactant flushing of

NAPLs increases the solubility and mobility of the

contaminants in water so that the NAPLs can be

biodegraded more easily in an aquifer or recovered for

treatment aboveground. See also Nonaqueous Phase

Liquid.

Surface Water

Surface water is all water naturally open to the

atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams,

and seas.

Superfund

Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the

cleanup of hazardous substances released into the

environment, regardless of fault. The Superfund was

established under CERCLA and subsequent

amendments to CERCLA. The term Superfund also is

used to refer to cleanup programs designed and

conducted under CERCLA and its subsequent

amendments. See also Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.

Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act

(SARA)

SARA is the 1986 act amending CERCLA that

increased the size of the Superfund trust fund and

established a preference for the development and use

of permanent remedies, and provided new

enforcement and settlement tools. See also

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,

and Liability Act.
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)

Program

The SITE program is an effort established by EPA in

1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and

commercialization of innovative treatment

technologies for assessing and cleaning up

hazardous waste sites. The program provides an

opportunity for technology developers to demonstrate

their technologies’ ability to successfully process and

remediate hazardous waste. The SITE program has

four components—the Emerging Technology

Program, the Demonstration Program, the

Measurement and Monitoring Program, and the

Technology Transfer Program.

Systematic Planning

Systematic planning is a planning process that is

based on the scientific method. It is a common-sense

approach designed to ensure that the level of detail in

planning is commensurate with the importance and

intended use of the data, as well as the available

resources. Systematic planning is important to the

successful execution of all activities at hazardous

waste sites, but it is particularly important to

dynamic field activities because those activities rely

on rapid decision-making. The data quality objective

(DQO) process is one formalized process of systematic

planning. All dynamic field activities must be

designed through the use of systematic planning,

whether using DQO steps or some other system. See

also Data Quality Objective.

Test Methods for Evaluating Waste, Physical/

Chemical Methods (SW-846)

SW-846 refers to an EPA guidance and reference

document, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,

Physical/Chemical Methods, which is intended to assist

analytical chemists and other users in the RCRA and

Superfund programs by suggesting procedures that

analysts have found to be successful when applied to

typical samples. The SW-846 methods are analytical

and sampling methods that have been evaluated and

approved for use in complying with RCRA

regulations. The methods are not intended to be

prescriptive, nor are all technologies or methods that

may be used are identified.

Tetrachloroethene

Tetrachloroethene is a nonflammable manufactured

chemical widely used for dry cleaning fabrics and in

metal-degreasing operations. It also is used as a

starting material (building block) for the production of

other manufactured chemicals. Other names for

tetrachloroethene include PERC, tetrachloroethylene,

perchloroethylene, and PCE.

Thermal Desorption

Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment

technology that heats soils contaminated with

hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to 1,000°F

so that contaminants that have low boiling points

will vaporize and separate from the soil. The

vaporized contaminants then are collected for further

treatment or destruction, typically by an air emissions

treatment system. The technology is most effective at

treating VOCs, SVOCs and other organic

contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides. It

is effective in separating organics from refining

wastes, coal tar wastes, waste from wood treatment,

and paint wastes. It also can separate solvents,

pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and fuel oils from

contaminated soil. See also Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon,

Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic

Compound, and Volatile Organic Compound.

Toluene

Toluene is a colorless liquid chemical with a sweet,

strong odor. It is used as a solvent in aviation

gasoline and in making other chemicals, perfumes,

medicines, dyes, explosives, and detergents.

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)

TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of

petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a

given amount of air, soil, or water.

Toxicity

Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger

posed by a substance to animal or plant life.

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

The TCLP is a testing procedure used to identify the

toxicity of wastes and is the most commonly used test

for degree of mobilization offered by a solidification

and stabilization process. Under this procedure, a

waste is subjected to a process designed to model the

leaching effects that would occur if the waste was

disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle D municipal landfill.

See also Solidification and Stabilization.

Toxic Substance

A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may

present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the

environment.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and

screen all chemicals produced or imported into the

U.S. TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches the

consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic

B-21
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any existing

chemical that poses health and environmental

hazards is tracked and reported under TSCA.

Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (TSD)

TSDs are sites at which hazardous substances are

treated, stored, or disposed. TSD facilities are

regulated by EPA and states under RCRA. See also

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

Trichloroethene (TCE)

TCE is a stable, low-boiling colorless liquid that is

used as a solvent, metal degreasing agent, and in

other industrial applications. TCE also is known as

trichloroethylene.

Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence

An UV fluorescence system and analytical technique

is based on imaging of UV-excited fluorescence from a

contaminant. A camera is gated and synchronized

with a pulsed UV light source to refuse interfering

ambient light. Under computer control, a liquid

crystal tuned filter (LCTF) selects the spectral band of

fluorescence. As an alternative, an interference filter

can be used to provide a higher light throughout at a

particular spectral region. The multispectral features

allow optimization of the detection of a particular

contaminant on a selected material surface. The

system is transportable and the imaging head is small

enough to be mounted on a tripod or controlled by

robots.

Uncertainty

The term uncertainty refers to the inherent unknown

quantities present in all scientific and technical

decisions. Uncertainties can arise from incomplete

knowledge of the nature and extent of contamination,

an inability to predict a technology’s performance

under site-specific conditions, or new or changing

regulatory requirements.

Underground Injection Control

Underground injection control (UIC) is the prevention

of contamination by keeping injected fluids within the

well and the intended injection zone or, in the case of

the injection of fluids directly or indirectly into an

underground source of drinking water (USDW),

ensuring that injected fluids do not cause a public

water system to violate drinking-water standards or

otherwise have an adverse effect on public health. The

minimum requirements affect the siting of an injection

well and the construction, operation, maintenance,

monitoring, testing, and closure of the well.

B-22

Underground Storage Tank (UST)

A UST is a tank and any underground piping

connected to the tank that is used to contain gasoline

or other petroleum products or chemical solutions

and that is placed in such a manner that at least 10

percent of its combined volume is underground.

Unexploded Ordnance

The term exploded ordnance refers to any munition,

weapon delivery system, or ordnance item that

contains explosives, propellants, and chemical agents.

Unexploded ordnance (UXO) consists of the same

items after they: (1) have been armed or otherwise

prepared for action; (2) have been launched, placed,

fired, or released in such a manner as to constitute a

hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or

material; and (3) remain unexploded either by design

or by malfunction, or for any other reason.

Unsaturated Zone

The unsaturated zone is the area between the land

surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated

zone). The soils in an unsaturated zone may contain

air and water.

Vadose Zone

The vadose zone is the area between the surface of the

land and the surface of the water table in which the

moisture content is less than the saturation point and

the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings

(pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases.

Vapor

Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is

liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures and

pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor.

Vitrification

Vitrification is a process that uses electrical power to

heat and melt soil contaminated with organic or

inorganic contaminants. As the molten material cools,

it forms a hard glass and crystalline product that

incorporates the contaminants. Vitrification can be

performed in situ or ex situ and typically involves

temperatures above 2,000EC.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing

compounds that evaporate readily at room

temperature. Examples of VOCs include

trichloroethane; trichloroethylene; and BTEX. These

contaminants typically are generated from metal

degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline,

and wood preserving processes.
• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Volatilization

Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical

from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase.

Solubility, molecular weight, and vapor pressure of

the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the

rate of volatilization.

Voltammetric Stripping

Voltammetric stripping is a field-portable technology

that uses electrochemistry to detect and quantify

metals in environmental samples. Specific metals can

be targeted for detection and quantification by the

technology, which generally is applied to water

samples.

Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP)

A VCP is a formal means established by many states

to facilitate assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment

of brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the

identification and cleanup of potentially

contaminated sites that are not on the Superfund

NPL. Under VCPs, owners or developers of a site are

encouraged to approach the state voluntarily to work

out a process by which the site can be readied for

development. Many state VCPs provide technical

assistance, liability assurances, and funding support

for such efforts. See also National Priorities List.

Wastewater

Wastewater is spent or used water from an individual

home, a community, a farm, or an industry that

contains dissolved or suspended matter.

Water Table

A water table is the boundary between the saturated

and unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the

earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the

level to which water will rise in a well. See also

Aquifer and Groundwater.

X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer

An x-ray fluorescence analyzer is a self-contained,

field-portable instrument, consisting of an energy

dispersive x-ray source, a detector, and a data

processing system that detects and quantifies

individual metals or groups of metals.

Zoning

Zoning is the exercise of the civil authority of a

municipality to regulate and control the character and

use of property.

B-23
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
APPENDIX C
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

C-1

Appendix C

LIST OF BROWNFIELDS

AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA

technical support staff in the Technology Innovation Office and the Office of Research and Development.

The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at brownfields sites.

The points of contact listed are current, according to information available at the time of publication.

State Brownfields Contacts ................................................................................ C-2

EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators ........................................................ C-6

An online list of regional contacts is available at

www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/regcntct.htm

EPA Technical Support Contacts ...................................................................... C-7
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

ALABAMA

www.adem.state.al.us/

Stephen Cobb

Hazardous Waste Branch, Land

Division

AL Department of Environmental

Management

1400 Coliseum Boulevard

Montgomery, AL 36110-2059

Phone: (334) 271-7739

Fax: (334) 279-3050

E-mail: sac@adem.state.al.us

ALASKA

www.state.ak.us/local/akpages/

ENV.CONSERV/home.htm

Anne Marie Palmieri

AK Department of Environmental

Conservation

Spill and Prevention Response

410 Willoughby Avenue

Juneau, AK 99801

Phone: (907) 766-3184

Fax: (907) 465-5262

E-mail: apalmieri@envirocon.state.ak.us

ARIZONA

www2.ev.state.az.us/index.html

Al Roesler

AZ Department of Environmental

Quality

Voluntary Sites Unit

3033 North Central Avenue

Phoenix, AZ 85012

Phone: (602) 207-4166

Fax: (602) 207-4236

E-mail: roesler.al@ev.state.az.us

ARKANSAS

www.adeq.state.ar.us/hazwaste/

Mike Bates

Hazardous Waste Division

AR Department of Environmental

Quality

8001 National Drive

P.O. Box 8913

Little Rock, AR 72219-8913

Phone: (501) 682-0831

Fax: (501) 682-0565

E-mail: bates@adeq.state.ar.us

James Frank

AR Department of Environmental

Quality

8001 National Drive

P.O. Box 8913

Little Rock, AR 72219-8913

Phone: (501) 682-0854

Fax: (501) 682-0565

E-mail: franks@adeq.state.ar.us

CALIFORNIA

www.calepa.ca.gov/

Megan Cambridge

Northern California – Central Cleanup

Operations Branch

Department of Toxic Substances Control

California Environmental Protection

Agency

8800 Cal Center Drive

Sacramento, CA 95826-3200

Phone: (916) 225-3727

Fax: (916) 255-3697

Tina Diaz

Southern California Cleanup Operations

Branch

Department of Toxic Substances Control

1011 North Grandview Avenue

Glendale, CA 91201

Phone: (818) 551-2862

Fax: (818) 551-2832

Tom Kovac

Northern California – Central Cleanup

Operations Branch

Department of Toxic Substances Control

California Environmental Protection

Agency

1515 Tollhouse Road

Clovis, CA 93611

Phone: (209) 297-3939

Fax: (209) 297-3931

Janet Naito/Lynn Nakashima

Northern California Coastal Operations

Branch

Department of Toxic Substances Control

700 Heinz Avenue

Suite 200

Berkeley, CA 94710

Phone: (510) 540-3833/3839

Fax: (510) 540-3819

COLORADO

www.state.co.us/gov_dir/cdphe_dir/hm

Daniel Scheppers

Hazardous Waste Materials and Waste

Management Division

CO Department of Public Health and

Environment

4300 Cherry Creek Drive South

Denver, CO 80222-1530

Phone: (303) 692-3398

Fax: (303) 759-5355

E-mail: daniel.scheppers@state.co.us

CONNECTICUT

http://dep.state.ct.us/

Doug Zimmerman

CT Department of Environmental

Protection

79 Elm Street

Hartford, CT 06106-5127

Phone: (860) 424-3800

Fax: (860) 424-4057

C-2

DELAWARE

http://sirb.awm.dnrec.state.de.us/

Karl Kalbacher

Site Investigation and Restoration

Branch

DE Department of Natural Resources

and Environmental Control

715 Grantham Lane

New Castle, DE 19720-4801

Phone: (302) 323-4540

Fax: (302) 323-4561

E-mail: kkalbacher@state.de.us

Steve Seidel

Department of Revenue

820 N. French Street

Wilmington, DE 19801

Phone: (302) 577-8455

Fax: (302) 577-8656

E-mail: sseidel@de.state.us

FLORIDA

www.dep.state.fl.us/

Roger B. Register

Brownfields Liaison

FL Department of Environmental

Protection

MS 4505

2600 Blair Stone Road

Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400

Phone: (850) 413-0062

Fax: (850) 922-4368

E-mail: register_r@dep.state.fl.us

GEORGIA

www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

Darren Meadows

Environmental Protection Division

GA Department of Natural Resources

Suite 1462

205 Butler Street, SE

Atlanta, GA 30334

Phone: (404) 657-8600

Fax: (404) 657-0307

E-mail: darren_meadows@mail.dnr.

state.ga.us

HAWAII

www.hawaii.gov/health

Bryce Hatoaka

Environmental Management Division

HI Department of Health, Hazard

Evaluation and Emergency Response

919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206

Honolulu, HI 96814

Phone: (808) 586-4248

Fax: (808) 586-7537

E-mail: bhatoaka@eha.health.state.hi.us



	



	
• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

IDAHO

www2.state.id.us/deq

Dean Nygard

Division of Environmental Quality

ID Department of Health and Welfare

1410 N. Hilton Street

Boise, ID 83706

Phone: (208) 373-0276

Fax: (208) 373-0576

ILLINOIS

www.epa.state.il.us/

Larry Eastep

Division of Land Pollution Control

IL Environmental Protection Agency

1021 North Grand Avenue East

P.O. Box 19276

Springfield, IL 62794-9276

Phone: (217) 782-9802

Fax: (217) 782-3258

E-mail: larry.eastep@epa.state.il.us

INDIANA

www.ai.org/idem/oer/index.html

Peggy Dorsey

Voluntary Remediation Program

IN Department of Environmental

Management

P.O. Box 6015

100 North Senate Avenue

Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015

Phone: (317) 234-0966

E-mail: pdorsey@dem.state.in.us

IOWA

www.state.ia.us/epd

Lavoy Haage

Solid Waste Section

IA Department of Natural Resources

Wallace State Office Building

Des Moines, IA 50319

Phone: (515) 281-4968

Fax: (515) 281-8895

E-mail: lhaage@max.state.ia.us

KANSAS

www.kdhe.state.ks.us/ber/

Rick Bean

Division of Environment

Bureau of Environmental Remediation

KS Department of Health and

Environment

Forbes Field, Building 740

Topeka, KS 66620-0001

Phone: (913) 296-1675

Fax: (913) 296-1686

KENTUCKY

www.kyeqc.net/

Jeffrey Pratt

Division of Waste Management

KY Department of Environmental

Protection

14 Reilly Road

Frankfurt, KY 40601

Phone: (502) 564-6716

Fax: (502) 564-4049

E-mail: jeff.pratt@mail.state.ky.us

LOUISIANA

www.deq.state.la.us/

Roger Gingles

Department of Environmental Quality

Inactive and Abandoned Sites

Division

P.O. Box 82178

Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178

Phone: (225) 765-0333

Fax: (225) 765-0617

E-mail: roger_g@deq.state.la.us

MAINE

www.state.me.us/dep/rwm/home.htm

Nicholas Hodgkins

Bureau of Hazardous Materials & Solid

Waste Control

ME Department of Environmental

Protection

State House Station 17

Augusta, ME 04333-0017

Phone: (207) 287-2651

Fax: (207) 287-7826

E-mail: nick.hodgkins@state.me.us

MARYLAND

www.mde.state.md.us/

Jim Metz

MD Department of the Environment

2500 Broening Highway

Baltimore, MD 21224

Phone: (410) 631-3437

Fax: (410) 631-3472

E-mail: bdemarco@charm.net

MASSACHUSETTS

www.state.ma.us/dep/bwsc/bwschome.htm

Todd Fernandez

Department of Economic

 Development

Boston, MA

Phone: (617) 727-3206

STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)

C-3

MICHIGAN

www.deq.state.mi.us/

James Linton

Site Reclamation Unit

MI Department of Environmental

Quality

P.O. Box 30426

Lansing, MI 48909

Phone: (517) 373-8450

Fax: (517) 373-9657

E-mail: lintonj@state.mi.us

MINNESOTA

www.pca.state.mn.us/cleanup/index.html

Barbara Jackson

VIC/VPIC Program

MN Pollution Control Agency

520 Lafayette Road

St. Paul, MN 55155

Phone: (651) 296-7212

Fax: (651) 296-9707

E-mail: barb.jackson@pca.state.mn.us

Meredith Udoibok

Department of Trade and Economic

Development

St. Paul, MN

Phone: (651) 297-4132

MISSISSIPPI

www.deq.state.ms.us/

Russell Smith

Pollution Control and Hazardous

Waste Division

Office of Pollution Control

MS Department of Environmental

Quality

P.O. Box 10385

Jackson, MS 39289-0385

Phone: (601) 961-5171

Fax: (601) 961-5741

E-mail: russellsmith@deq.ms.us

MISSOURI

www.dnr.state.mo.us/deq/homedeq.htm

Jim Belcher

Voluntary Cleanup Section

MO Department of Natural Resources

P.O. Box 176

Jefferson City, MO 65102

Phone: (573) 526-8913

Fax: (573) 526-8922

MONTANA

www.deq.state.mt.us/index.asp

Carol Fox

Site Remediation Division

MT Department of Environmental

Quality

P.O. Box 200901

Helena, MT 59620-0901

Phone: (406) 444-0478

Fax: (406) 444-1901

E-mail: cfox@mt.gov
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

NEBRASKA

www.deq.state.ne.us/

Jeff Kelley

NE Department of Environmental

Quality

The Atrium Building, Suite 400

Lincoln, NE 68508-8922

Phone: (402) 471-3387

Fax: (402) 471-2909

E-mail: deq216@mail.deq.state.ne.us

NEVADA

www.state.nv.us/

Robert Kelso

Division of Environmental Protection

Bureau of Corrective Actions

333 West Nye Lane

Carson City, NV 89706

Phone: (702) 687-5872

Fax: (702) 687-6396

E-mail: us.ndepl@govmail.state.nv.us

NEW HAMPSHIRE

www.des.state.nh.us/orcb_hwrb.htm

Gary Lynn

Waste Management Division

NH Department of Environmental

Services

6 Hazen Drive

Concord, NH 03304

Phone: (603) 271-6778

Fax: (603) 271-2456

NEW JERSEY

www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/index.htm

Mr. Gary Greulich

NJDEP- Bureau of Field Operations

Northern Field Office

2 Babcock Place

West Orange , NJ 07052

(973) 669-3960

Mr. George Nicholas

NJDEP - Bureau of Ground Water

Pollution Abatement

P.O. Box 413

Trenton , NJ 08625-0413

(609) 984-6565

Mark Pederson

Case Assignment Section

NJ Department of Environmental

Protection

401 E. State Street

P.O. Box 434

Trenton, NJ 08625-0434

Phone: (609) 292-1250

Fax: (609) 292-2117

NEW MEXICO

www.nmenv.state.nm.us/

Chris Bynum

Environment Department

Superfund Oversight Section

P.O. Box 26110

Santa Fe, NM 87502

Phone: (505) 827-2754

Fax: (505) 827-2965

E-mail: chris_bynum@nmenv.state.

nm.us

NEW YORK

www.dec.state.ny.us/

Christine Costopoulos

Division of Remedial Response

NY Department of Environmental

Conservation

50 Wolf Road

Albany, NY 12233-7010

Phone: (518) 457-5861

Fax: (518) 457-9639

E-mail: cjcostop@gw.dec.state.ny.us

NORTH CAROLINA

http://wastenot.ehnr.state.nc.us/

Bruce Nicholson

Special Remediation Branch,

Superfund Section

1646 Mail Service Center

Raleigh, NC 27699-1646

Phone: (919) 733-2801 ext. 353

E-mail: bruce.nicholson@ncmail.us

NORTH DAKOTA

www.ehs.health.state.nd.us/ndhd/environ/

wm/index.htm

Kurt Erickson

Division of Waste Management

ND Department of Health and

Consolidated Labs

P.O. Box 5520

Bismark, ND 58506-5520

Phone: (701) 328-5166

Fax: (701) 328-5200

E-mail: ccmail.cerickso@ranch.

state.nd.us

OHIO

www.epa.state.oh.us/derr/

Amy Yersavich

Voluntary Action Program

OH Environmental Protection Agency

122 South Front Street

P.O. Box 1049

Columbus, OH 43216-1049

Phone: (614) 644-2285

Fax: (614) 728-1791

E-mail: amy.yersavich@epa.state.oh.us

STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)

C-4

OKLAHOMA

www.deq.state.ok.us/waste.html

Rita Kottke

Waste Management Division

OK Department of Environmental

Quality

P.O. Box 1677

707 N. Robinson

Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677

Phone: (405) 702-5127

Fax: (405) 702-5101

E-mail: rita.kottke@deqmail.state.

ok.us

Anil Lyon

Department of Environmental Quality

Waste Management Division

1000 Northeast 10th Street

Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212

Phone: (405) 271-7128

Fax: (405) 271-1342

E-mail: anil.lyon@oklaosf.state.ok.us

OREGON

www.deq.state.or.us/wmc/cleanup/

clean.htm

Alan Kiphut

Voluntary Cleanup Section

Waste Management and Cleanup

Division

OR Department of Environmental

Quality

811 S.W. Sixth Avenue

Portland, OR 97204

Phone: (503) 229-6834

Fax: (503) 229-6977

E-mail: kiphut.alan@deq.state.or.us

PENNSYLVANIA

www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/

airwaste/wm/default.htm

Scott Dunkelberger

Grants Office

Department of Community and

Economic Development

494 Forum Building

Harrisburg, PA 17120

Phone: (717) 787-7120

Fax: (717) 787-2890

E-mail: sdunkel@doc.state.pa.us

David Hess

Department of Environmental

 Protection

Philadelphia, PA

Phone: (717) 783-7509

E-mail: hess.david@al.dep.state.pa.us
• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

PENNSYLVANIA (continued)

James Shaw

Department of Environmental

Protection

Bureau of Land Recycling & Waste

Management

400 Market Street

P.O. Box 8471

Harrisburg, PA 17105

Phone: (717) 787-7120

Fax: (717) 787-1904

E-mail: landrecyclng@al.dep.state.pa.us

RHODE ISLAND

www.state.ri.us/dem

Greg Fine

Office of Waste Management

RI Department of Environmental

Management

235 Promenade Street

Providence, RI 02908

Phone: (401) 277-2797

Fax: (401) 277-3812

SOUTH CAROLINA

www.state.sc.us/dhec

Gail Jeter

Bureau of Land and Waste

Management

SC Department of Health and

Environmental Control

2600 Bull Street

Columbia, SC 29201

Phone: (803) 896-4069

Fax: (803) 896-4001

E-mail: jetergr@columb34.dhec.

state.sc.us

SOUTH DAKOTA

www.state.sd.us/state/executive/denr/

denr.html

Mark Lawrenson

Division of Environmental Regulation

SD Department of Water and Natural

Resources

523 East Capitol, Foss Building

Pierre, SD 57501

Phone: (605) 773-5868

Fax: (605) 773-6035

TENNESSEE

www.state.tn.us/environment/dsf/

home.htm

Andrew Shivas

Division of Superfund

TN Department of Environment and

Conservation

401 Church Street

14th Floor, L&C Annex

Nashville, TN 37214

Phone: (615) 532-0912

Fax: (615) 532-0938

E-mail: ashivas@mail.state.tn.us

TEXAS

www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/homepgs/oprr.html

Chuck Epperson

Voluntary Cleanup Section

TX Natural Resource Conservation

Commission

P.O. Box 13087 - MC221

Austin, TX 78711-3087

Phone: (512) 239-2498

Fax: (512) 239-1212

E-mail: cepperso@tnrcc.state.tx.us

UTAH

www.eq.state.ut.us/EQERR/errhmpg.htm

Brent Everett

Division of Environmental Response

and Remediation

168 North 1950 West

1st Floor

Salt Lake City, UT 84116

Phone: (801) 536-4100

Fax: (801) 536-4242

E-mail: beverett@deq.state.ut.us

VERMONT

www.anr.state.vt.us/

George Desch

Department of Environmental

Conservation

VT Agency of Natural Resources

103 S. Main Street

Waterbury, VT 05671-0404

Phone: (802) 241-3491

Fax: (802) 244-3296

E-mail: georged@dec.anr.state.vt.us

VIRGINIA

www.deq.state.va.us/

Erica Dameron

VA Department of Environmental

Quality

629 E. Main Street

Richmond, VA 23219

Phone: (804) 698-4201

Fax: (804) 698-4334

E-mail: esdameron@deq.state.va.us

WASHINGTON

www.ecy.wa.gov

Curtis Dahlgren

WA Department of Ecology

P.O. Box 47600

Olympia, WA 98504-7600

Phone: (360) 407-7187

Fax: (360) 407-7154

E-mail: cdah461@ecy.wa.gov

C-5

STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Angelo Tompros

Department of Consumer and

Regulatory Affairs

Environmental Regulation

Administration

2100 Martin Luther King Jr. Ave., SE

Room 203

Washington, DC 20020

Phone: (202) 645-6080

Fax: (202) 645-6622

WEST VIRGINIA

www.dep.state.wv.us/

Ken Ellison

Office of Waste Management

WV Division of Environmental

Protection

1356 Hansford Street

Charleston, WV 25301

Phone: (304) 558-5929

Fax: (304) 558-0256

E-mail: kellison@mail.dep.state.wv.us

WISCONSIN

www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/aw/rr

Darsi Foss

Division of Environmental Quality

WI Department of Natural Resources

101 South Webster Street

Box 7921

Madison, WI 53707-7921

Phone: (608) 267-6713

Fax: (608) 267-7646

E-mail: fossd@dnr.state.wi.us

WYOMING

http://deq.state.wy.us/

Carl Anderson

Solid and Hazardous Waste Division

WY Department of Environmental

Quality

122 West, 25th Street

Cheyenne, WY 82002

Phone: (307) 777-7752

Fax: (307) 777-5973

E-mail: cander@missc.state.wy.us
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

REGION 1

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,

New Hampshire, Rhode Island,

Vermont

www.epa.gov/region01/brownfields/

Lynne Jennings

U.S. EPA

Region 1

MC HIO

One Congress Street, Suite 1100

Boston, MA 02114-2023

Phone: (617) 918-1210

Fax: (617) 918-1291

E-mail: jennings.lynne@epa.gov

REGION 2

New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,

Virgin Islands

www.epa.gov/r02earth/superfnd/

brownfld/bfmainpg.htm

Larry D’Andrea

U.S. EPA

Region 2

290 Broadway

18th Floor

New York, NY 10007-1866

Phone: (212) 637-4314

Fax: (212) 637-4360

E-mail: dandrea@epa.gov

REGION 3

Delaware, Washington, D.C.,

Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,

West Virginia

www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/brownfld/

hmpage1.htm

Tom Stolle

U.S. EPA

Region 3

MC 3HS 34

1650 Arch Street

Philadelphia, PA 19103

Phone: (215) 814-3129

Fax: (215) 814-3254

E-mail: stolle.tom@epa.gov

REGION 4

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,

Mississippi, North Carolina,

South Carolina, Tennessee

www.epa.gov/region4/index.html

Mickey Hartnett

U.S. EPA

Region 4

61 Forsyth Street

Atlanta, GA 30303

Phone: (404) 562-8661

Fax: (404) 562-8628

E-mail: hartnett.mickey@epa.gov

REGION 5

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,

Ohio, Wisconsin

www.epa.gov/R5Brownfields/

Joe Dufficy

U.S. EPA

Region 5

MC HFE-5J

77 West Jackson Boulevard

Chicago, IL 60604-3507

Phone: (312) 886-1960

Fax: (312) 886-7910

E-mail: dufficy.joe@epa.gov

REGION 6

Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,

Oklahoma, Texas

www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6sf/bfpages/

sfbfhome.htm

Stan Hitt

U.S. EPA

Region 6

MC 6SF-P

1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200

Dallas, TX 75202-2733

Phone: (214) 665-6736

Fax: (214) 665-6660

E-mail: hitt.stan@epa.gov

REGION 7

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

www.epa.gov/region07/brownfields/

index.html

Susan Klein

U.S. EPA

Region 7

SUPR

901 North 5th Street

Kansas City, KS 66101

Phone: (913) 551-7786

Fax: (913) 551-7948

E-mail: klein.susan@epa.gov

	

	




	

C-6

REGION 8

Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,

South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming

www.epa.gov/region08/land_waste/

bfhome/bfhome.html

Kathie Atencio

U.S. EPA

Region 8

MC 8EPR-SA

999 18th Street, Suite 300

Denver, CO 80202-2466

Phone: (303) 312-6803

Fax: (303) 312-6071

E-mail: atencio.kathie@epa.gov

REGION 9

Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,

American Samoa, Guam

www.epa.gov/region09/waste/brown/

index.html

Jim Hanson

U.S. EPA

Region 9

75 Hawthorne Street

San Francisco, CA 94105

Phone: (415) 744-2237

Fax: (415) 744-1796

E-mail: hanson.jim@epa.gov

REGION 10

Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington

www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/

index.html#other

Tim Brincefield

U.S. EPA

Region 10

MC ECL-122

1200 Sixth Avenue

Seattle, WA 98101

Phone: (206) 553-2100

Fax: (206) 553-0124

E-mail: brincefield.timothy@epa.gov

EPA HEADQUARTERS

www.epa.gov/brownfields

Anthony Raia

Outreach and Special Projects Staff

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency

Response

U.S. EPA

MC: 5105

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20460

Phone: (202) 260-6837

Fax: (202) 260-6066

E-mail: raia.anthony@epa.gov
• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES

John Kingscott

Technology Innovation Office

U.S. EPA

Ariel Rios Building

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G)

Washington, DC 20460

Phone: (703) 603-7189

Fax: (703) 603-9135

E-mail: kingscott.john@epa.gov

GROUNDWATER INFORMATION

Richard Steimle

Technology Innovation Office

U.S. EPA

Ariel Rios Building

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G)

Washington, DC 20460

Phone: (703) 603-7195

Fax: (703) 603-9135

E-mail: steimle.richard@epa.gov

REGULATORY INFORMATION

See page C-6 for information about EPA regional

points of contact. 

SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING

Deana Crumbling

Technology Innovation Office

U.S. EPA

Ariel Rios Building

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G)

Washington, DC 20460

Phone: (703) 603-0643

Fax: (703) 603-9135

E-mail: crumbling.deana@epa.gov

CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES

Ed Barth

National Risk Management Research Laboratory

Office of Research and Development

U.S. EPA

26 Martin Luther King Drive

Cincinnati, OH 45268

Phone: (513) 569-7669

Fax: (513) 569-7676

E-mail: barth.ed@epa.gov

Joan Colson

National Risk Management Research Laboratory

Office of Research and Development

U.S. EPA

26 Martin Luther King Drive

Cincinnati, OH 45268

Phone: (513) 569-7501

Fax: (513) 569-7676

GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES

David Burden

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center

Office of Research and Development

U.S. EPA

P.O. Box 1198

Ada, OK 74821-1198

Phone: (580) 436-8606

E-mail: burden.david@epa.gov

SITE CHARACTERIZATION TECHNOLOGIES

Ken Brown

National Exposure Research Laboratory

Office of Research and Development

U.S. EPA

P.O. Box 93478

Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478

Phone: (702) 798-2270

Fax: (702) 798-2261

E-mail: brown.ken@epa.gov

Eric Koglin

National Exposure Research Laboratory

Office of Research and Development

U.S. EPA

P.O. Box 93478

Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478

Phone: (702) 798-2432

Fax: (702) 798-2261

E-mail: koglin.eric@epa.gov

GENERAL INFORMATION:

TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION OFFICE

SPECIFIC TECHNICAL SUPPORT:

OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Online: http://clu-in.org/brownfieldstsc

Phone: (877) 838-7220 (Toll Free)

EPA Contact: Dan Powell

Technology Innovation Office

U.S. EPA

Phone: (703) 603-7196

E-mail: powell.dan@epa.gov

BROWNFIELDS TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT CENTER

	

	

C-7

APPENDIX D
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
• APPENDIX D: HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

Each resource described in this document can either be viewed or downloaded directly from the

accompanying CD-ROM, or accessed or ordered on line using links provided on the CD-ROM. Many of the

documents are provided in portable document format (pdf). Printed or hard copy versions of the

publications are available through EPA’s National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP).

NSCEP is a central repository for all EPA documents, with more than 7,000 titles in paper and electronic

format. The documents are available free of charge, but supplies may be limited. You may order one copy

each of as many as five documents within any two-week period. Documents may be ordered on line, by

telephone, by facsimile, or by using the order form provided on the following page. Please include the EPA

document numbers of all publications ordered.

Some EPA publications also may be available on EPA’s National Environmental Publications Internet Site

(NEPIS), EPA’s online repository of more than 7,000 documents. Visit the NEPIS site at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/

nepishom to search for, view, and print documents. The collection may include documents that no longer are

available in print. In addition, since some EPA offices make selected documents available through their own

Web sites, you may wish to visit the Web site, “Publications on the EPA Site” at www.epa.gov/epahome/

publications2.htm for more information about obtaining documents.

Publications that have numbers beginning with PB, or publications that are out of stock at NSCEP, may be

purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS).

Publications of the WASTECH partnerships may be ordered by using the order form provided at the end of

this appendix.

The addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers, and web addresses for the services are listed below:

NSCEP National Service Center for Environmental Publications

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, OH 45242

Telephone: (800) 490-9198

Telephone: (513) 489-8190 (Government Employees)

Fax: (513) 489-8695

WWW: www.epa.gov/ncepihom

NTIS National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Telephone: (703) 605-6000

Fax: (703) 605-6900

E-mail: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov

WWW: www.ntis.gov

Appendix D

HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS

D-1
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

This page intentionally left blank.

D-2
NATIONAL SERVICE CENTER

FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLICATIONS

ORDER FORM

EPA publications may be available through the National Service Center for Environmental

Publications (NSCEP). Single copies are available free of charge while supplies last.

Mail to: National Service Center for Environmental Publications

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, OH 45242

(800) 490-9198

(513) 489-8190 (Government Employees)

Fax to: (513) 489-8695

Document No. Document Title

Customer Information

Name

Company

Street Address

City State Zip Code

Daytime Telephone Number
FOLD HERE

Return Address:

National Service Center for Environmental Publications

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

P.O. Box 42419

Cincinnati, OH 45242

FOLD HERE

Place

Stamp

Here
WASTECH® INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION

TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS

ORDER FORM

INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:

 PHASE I (PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS)

Please send me the following books in the WASTECH® PHASE I SERIES ON INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY: PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS

AND LIMITATIONS. (All books are hardcover and range in length from 130 to 288 pages). Prepayment required by check or charge to Visa or Mastercard.

Satisfaction guaranteed, any books returned within 30 days in salable condition will receive a full refund. Save by ordering complete series for $495.00!

Check the volume(s) you wish to order, total your purchase amount, and enter in the below form.

❑ Vol 1 Bioremediation $69.95 code# 00-311-00

❑ Vol 2 Chemical Treatment $69.95 code# 00-312-00

❑ Vol 3 Soil Washing/Soil Flushing $69.95 code# 00-313-00

❑ Vol 4 Stabilization/Solidification $69.95 code# 00-314-00

❑ Vol 5 Solvent/Chemical Extraction $69.95 code# 00-315-00

❑ Vol 6 Thermal Desorption $69.95 code# 00-316-00

❑ Vol 7 Thermal Destruction $69.95 code# 00-317-00

❑ Vol 8 Vacuum Vapor Extraction $69.95 code# 00-318-00

❑ Entire Phase I Series $495.00 code# 00-300-00

Order Total = $ __________________

Shipping & Handling* + $ __________________

Total = $ __________________

Method of Payment (Please Check One):

_________ Check __________ VISA _________ Mastercard

Credit Card# ________________________________________________

ExpDate ____________________________________________________

Signature ___________________________________________________

*Add $4.75 ($6.75 Canada) for the first book, plus $2.00 ($3.50 Canada)

each additional book [$18.75 ($31.25 Canada) for the entire series].

Outside the US and Canada — $20.00 + 10% of order amount (surface),

$40.00 + 20% of order amount (air).

Mail/Fax to: American Academy of Environmental Engineers

130 Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis, MD 21401

Phone: 410-266-3311, Fax: 410-266-7653

Name ______________________________________________

Company/Institution __________________________________

Address ____________________________________________

City/State/Zip _______________________________________

Daytime Phone ( ________ ) ___________________________

INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:

 PHASE II (DESIGN AND APPLICATION)

Please send me the following books in the WASTECH® PHASE II SERIES ON INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY: DESIGN AND

APPLICATION. (All books are hardcover and range in length from 230 to 420 pages). Prepayment required by check or charge to Visa or Mastercard.

Satisfaction guaranteed, any books returned within 30 days in salable condition will receive a full refund. Save by ordering complete series for $495.00!

(Each monograph will be shipped when published and credit card will be charged 1/7 of series price.) Check the volume(s) you wish to order, total your

purchase amount, and enter in the below form.

❑ Vol 1 Bioremediation $89.95 code# 00-321-10

❑ Vol 2 Chemical Treatment $79.95 code# 00-322-10

❑ Vol 3 Liquid Extraction Technologies $79.95 code# 00-323-10

❑ Vol 4 Stabilization/Solidification $79.95 code# 00-324-10

❑ Vol 5 Thermal Desorption $69.95 code# 00-325-10

❑ Vol 6 Thermal Destruction $69.95 code# 00-326-10

❑ Vol 7 Vapor Extraction & Air Sparging $89.95 code# 00-327-10

❑ Entire Phase II Series $495.00 code# 00-320-10

Order Total = $ __________________

Shipping & Handling* + $ __________________

Total = $ __________________

Method of Payment (Please Check One):

_________ Check __________ VISA _________ Mastercard

Credit Card# ________________________________________________

ExpDate ____________________________________________________

Signature ___________________________________________________

*Add $4.75 ($6.75 Canada) for the first book, plus $2.00 ($3.50 Canada)

each additional book [$16.75 ($27.75 Canada) for the entire series].

Outside the US and Canada — $20.00 + 10% of order amount (surface),

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INDEX OF RESOURCES
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
• INDEX OF RESOURCES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

1 Anaerobic Biodegradation of BTEX in Aquifer Material; Environmental Research Brief

(EPA 600-S-97-003) ................................................................................................................................................ 52

2 Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007) ........................................ 53

3 Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 1998 Update .............................................................. 11

4 Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in the Waterfront Voluntary Setting ................................ 34

5 Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations (EPA 542-R-00-001) ........................... 20

6 Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program: Guidance for In Situ

Subaqueous Capping of Contaminated Sediments (EPA 905-B-96-004) ........................................................... 53

7 Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites ................... 49

8 ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected

Petroleum Releases (E1912-98) ............................................................................................................................. 29

9 ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment

Process (E1903-97)................................................................................................................................................. 29

10 ASTM Standard Guide for Process of Sustainable Brownfields Development (E1984-98) .............................. 20

11 ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites

(E1739-95e1)........................................................................................................................................................... 43

12 ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site

Assessment Process (E1527-00) ............................................................................................................................ 20

13 Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Soil Treatment Technologies: Suggested Operational Guidelines

to Prevent Cross-Media Transfer of Contaminants During Clean-Up Activities (EPA 530-R-97-007) ............ 64

14 Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Sites, The .................................................. 49

15 Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BFSS) Version 2.1 ........................................................................... 53

16 Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Groundwater ............................................................... 53

17 Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative Technologies: State Regulatory Role in Unexploded

Ordnance Detection and Characterization Technology Selection ................................................................11, 43

18 Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative

Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-005) ................................................................29, 43

19 Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup

(EPA 542-R-01-006) ............................................................................................................................................... 53

20 Brownfields Technology Support Center............................................................................................................. 11

21 Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property ........................................... 11

22 California Environmental Technology Certification Program - California Certified Technologies List..... 35, 53

23 Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs (EPA 510-B-00-001) ..................................................................................... 49

24 Characterization of Mine Leachates and the Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring Strategy

for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007)................................................................................................................... 34, 65

25 Citizen’s Guides to Understanding Innovative Treatment Technologies .................................................... 43, 65

26 Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World Wide Web .........................................................................20, 44

27 CLU-IN Studio ....................................................................................................................................................... 11

28 CLU-IN Technology Focus ................................................................................................................................... 53

29 Contaminants and Remedial Options at Pesticide Sites (EPA 600-R-94-202, PB95-183869)........................... 34

30 Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected Metal-Contaminated Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512,

PB95-271961) ......................................................................................................................................................... 34

31 Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup Projects: Pump-and-Treat Systems and

Permeable Reactive Barriers (EPA 542-R-00-013) ................................................................................................ 54

32 Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)....29, 44

33 Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations (EPA 600-R-00-007) ............. 6, 20, 30

I-1

Index

No. Title of Resource Page
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

34 Data Quality Objectives Web Site ......................................................................................................................... 21

35 Directory of Technology Support Services to Brownfields Localities (EPA 542-B-99-005).......................... 44, 65

36 Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and

Field Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008) ............................................................................................................... 54

37 Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide (DG 1110-1-2)................................................................. 54

38 Engineering and Design: Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans

(EM 200-1-3) ...................................................................................................................................................... 21, 30

39 Environmental Technology Verification Reports ................................................................................................ 36

40 EPA Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative Internet Site .................................................................. 12

41 EPA Directive: Initiatives to Promote Innovative Technology in Waste Management Programs

(OSWER Directive 9380.0-25, EPA 542-F-96-012)................................................................................................ 65

42 EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site .......................................................................................................... 36

43 EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks ....................................... 22

44 EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 On-Line: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/

Chemical Methods ................................................................................................................................................. 30

45 EPA ORD Brownfields Guides ........................................................................................................................ 34, 49

46 EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets .......................................................................................................... 22

47 EPA Region 5 Monitored Natural Attenuation Report....................................................................................... 54

48 EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies (REACH IT) Online

Searchable Database ............................................................................................................................. 21, 30, 44, 65

49 EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site.................................................................................. 55

50 Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision Support Software (DSS) .....................................................30,44

51 Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005) .......................................... 44

52 Expedited Site Assessment Tools for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Regulators

(EPA 510-B-97-001)................................................................................................................................................ 35

53 Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method (Ames Laboratory Environmental Technologies

Development Program).......................................................................................................................................... 21

54 Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for

Explosives in Soil (EPA 540-R-97-501)................................................................................................................. 36

55 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR) Case Studies ......................................................... 44, 65

56 Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE)............................................................................................. 31

57 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation (EPA 542-R-98-008) ............. 54

58 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells

(EPA 542-R-98-009) ............................................................................................................................................... 54

59 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Permeable Reactive Barriers

(EPA 542-R-99-002) ............................................................................................................................................... 57

60 Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix, Version 1.0 ....................................................................... 31

61 Field Validation of a Penetrometer-Based Fiber Optic Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant (POL) Sensor:

Project Summary (EPA 600-SR-97-055) ................................................................................................................ 36

62 Frequently Asked Questions about Drycleaning (EPA 744-K-98-002) .............................................................. 23

63 Geophysical Techniques to Locate DNAPLs: Profiles of Federally Funded Projects (EPA 542-R-98-020) ..... 57

64 Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of Operating Experience at 28 Sites (EPA 542-R-99-006).......................... 50

65 Groundwater Issue Paper: Steam Injection for Soil and Aquifer Remediation (EPA 540-S-97-505) ............... 57

66 Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC) Technology Reports ....................... 57

67 Guidance for Preparing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) (EPA 240-B-01-004) .................................... 12

I-2

Index

No. Title of Resource Page
• INDEX OF RESOURCES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

68 Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation Projects

(EPA 542-B-98-007)................................................................................................................................................ 45

69 Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site

Characterization and Cleanup ............................................................................................................................. 31

70 Handbook of Tools for Managing Federal Superfund Liability Risks at Brownfields and Other Sites

(EPA 330-B-98-001)................................................................................................................................................ 12

71 Hazardous Substance Research Centers ............................................................................................................. 12

72 Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise .......................................................................... 13

73 How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites:

A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-B-94-003, S/N 055-000-00499-4)............................ 50

74 Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems .................................... 57

75 Hydrogeologic Characterization of Fractured Rock Formations: A Guide for Groundwater

Remediators; Project Summary (EPA 600-S-96-001)............................................................................................ 36

76 IDC Home Page ..................................................................................................................................................... 50

77 Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management for Site Investigation and Cleanup

(EPA 542-F-01-030A) ............................................................................................................................................. 21

78 Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring ................. 31, 67

79 In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report

(SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022) ..................................................................................................................................... 57

80 In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments .................................................................................................... 58

81 Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series ..................................................................................... 31

82 Innovative Measures for Subsurface Chromium Remediation: Source Zone, Concentrated

Plume, and Dilute Plume; Environmental Research Brief (EPA 600-S-97-005) ................................................. 50

83 Innovative Remediation and Site Characterization Technologies Resources (EPA 542-C-01-001) ............31, 45

84 Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in North America,

2nd Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004) ........................................................................................................................... 45

85 Institutional Controls: A Site Manager’s Guide to Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting Institutional

Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action Cleanups (EPA 540-F-00-005) ....................................... 67

86 Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation ........................................................................................... 13

87 Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107) ...................................................................................... 58

88 ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree ................................................................................................................. 58

89 Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of Tools for Vadose Zone Monitoring (EPA 542-R-98-019) .... 58

90 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022) ................................................. 58

91 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021) .......................................... 58

92 MTBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MTBE-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater (EPA 510-F-98-002) ...... 50

93 MTBE Treatment Case Studies and Web Site ....................................................................................................... 58

94 Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice (EPA 542-R-99-004) .................................................................... 58

95 NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment

of Contaminated Land and Groundwater (Phase III) 2000 Annual Report (EPA 542-R-01-001) .................... 51

96 Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices .............................. 59

97 Natural Attenuation of MTBE in the Subsurface under Methanogenic Conditions (EPA 600-R-00-006)....... 59

98 OnSite OnLine Tools for Site Assessment ............................................................................................................ 21

99 Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center of Expertise (MCX) and Design Center .................................... 23

100 Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and Mercury ................................................................................... 59

I-3

Index

No. Title of Resource Page
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

101 Pay-For-Performance Cleanups: Effectively Managing Underground Storage Tank Cleanups

(EPA 510-B-96-002)................................................................................................................................................ 51

102 Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for Contaminant Remediation (EPA 600-R-98-125) ....................... 59

103 Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics ......................................................................................................... 59

104 Permeable Reactive Subsurface Barriers for the Interception and Remediation of Chlorinated

Hydrocarbon and Chromium (VI) Plumes in Ground Water (EPA 600-F-97-008)............................................ 59

105 Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater at Hazardous Waste Sites

(EPA 540-S-01-500) ................................................................................................................................................ 59

106 Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater Using Populus ............................................................................... 60

107 Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003) ..................................................................................... 60

108 Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance (Phyto-2)...................................................................... 60

109 Presumptive Remedy: Supplemental Bulletin, Multi-Phase Extraction Technology for VOCs in

 Soil and Groundwater (EPA 540-F-97-004)......................................................................................................... 60

110 Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Ground

Water at CERCLA Sites (EPA 540-R-96-023) ....................................................................................................... 51

111 Public Technology Inc.’s BrownfieldsTech.org .............................................................................................. 32, 45

112 Pump and Treat Ground-Water Remediation: A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners

(EPA 625-R-95-005) ............................................................................................................................................... 60

113 Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments (EPA 540-R-98-038)................ 22

114 Rapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI) Final Report for an Integrated In Situ Remediation

Technology (LasagnaTM) (DOE/OR/22459-1) .................................................................................................... 45

115 Rapid Site Assessment Applied to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection’s

Drycleaning Solvent Cleanup Program ............................................................................................................... 51

116 RCRA Online ......................................................................................................................................................... 13

117 RCRA, Superfund, and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline .......... 13

118 Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soils (EPA 542-R-97-004) ...................... 51

119 Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 3.0 (PB98-108590) .................... 45

120 Resource for MGP Site Characterization and Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and

Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005) .................................... 35, 51

121 Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B) ............................................. 32

122 Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the Superfund Land Use Directive

(OSWER Directive 9355.7-06P) ............................................................................................................................. 48

123 Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Recreational Use of Land Above Hazardous Waste

Containment Areas (EPA 540-K-01-002).............................................................................................................. 67

124 Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments .......................................................................... 35

125 Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX)...................................................................................... 22, 32

126 Site Characterization and Monitoring Technologies: Bibliography of EPA Information Resources

(EPA 542-B-98-003)................................................................................................................................................ 32

127 Site Characterization Library, Volume 1, Release 2.0 (EPA 600-C-98-001)........................................................ 32

128 Site Remediation Technology InfoBase: A Guide to Federal Programs, Information Resources, and

Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup Technologies, Second Edition (EPA 542-B-00-005) .................. 48

129 Solidification/Stabilization Use at Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-00-010) ......................................................... 60

130 State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site ........................................................... 46, 52

131 State Policy and Regulatory Barriers to In Situ Ground Water Remediation (EPA 542-R-96-001) .................. 67

132 State Programs to Clean Up Drycleaners ............................................................................................................. 52

I-4

Index

No. Title of Resource Page
• INDEX OF RESOURCES

ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

I-5

133 Study of Assessment and Remediation Technologies for Drycleaner Sites .................................................. 23, 60

134 Subsurface Containment and Monitoring Systems: Barriers and Beyond (Overview Report)........................ 60

135 Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term Monitoring and Remedial Systems Performance

 Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002) ................................................................................... 61

136 Superfund Docket and Information Center ......................................................................................................... 13

137 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration Reports ................................. 33

138 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program: Technology Profiles, Tenth Edition ............ 48

139 Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of Innovative Site Remediation Technologies, Third Edition

(EPA 542-B-93-009, PB94-144565) ........................................................................................................................ 48

140 Tank RACER Software Program .......................................................................................................................... 48

141 Tax Credits and Deductions for Expensing Environmental Remediation Costs (Internal Revenue

Code Section 198)................................................................................................................................................... 13

142 TechDirect .............................................................................................................................................................. 14

143 TechKnowTM Database ......................................................................................................................................... 48

144 Technical and Regulatory Requirements for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated

Solvents in Groundwater ...................................................................................................................................... 61

145 Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water

(EPA 600-R-98-128) ............................................................................................................................................... 67

146 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service ............................................................. 14

147 Training Information ............................................................................................................................................. 14

148 Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions (EPA 542-F-00-020) ......................................................... 52

149 Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (ASR) (Tenth Edition)

(EPA 542-R-01-004) ............................................................................................................................................... 49

150 Treatment Technology Performance and Cost Data for Remediation of Wood Preserving Sites

(EPA 625-R-97-005) ............................................................................................................................................... 52

151 Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System—SCAPS: Innovative

Environmental Technology from Concept to Commercialization ...................................................................... 37

152 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Preferred Alternatives Matrices (PAMs).................................................33, 49

153 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Vendor Database for Environmental Application ...................................... 34

154 Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program ................................................................................................... 61

155 Underground Storage Tanks and Brownfields Sites (EPA 510-F-00-004) ......................................................... 23

156 Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground

Storage Tank Sites .................................................................................................................................................. 52

157 A User’s Guide to Environmental Immunochemical Analysis .......................................................................... 35

158 WASTECH® Series of Innovative Site Remediation Technology Engineering Monographs ........................... 67

Index

No. Title of Resource Page
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