Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

People v. Johnson, 2015 IL App (4th) 130968

Appellate Court 

Caption THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. 

MALCOLM J. JOHNSON, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. November 24, 2015

Docket Nos. 4-13-0968, 4-13-0969, 4-13-0970 cons.

Filed

Rehearing denied

November 24, 2015

December 23, 2015

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, Nos. 11-CF-686, 

12-CF-1084, 12-CF-1093; the Hon. Robert L. Freitag, Judge, 

presiding.

Judgment No. 4-13-0968, Affirmed.

No. 4-13-0969, Affirmed.

No. 4-13-0970, Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

Michael J. Pelletier, Jacqueline L. Bullard, Joel C. Wessol, Nancy L. 

Vincent, and Duane E. Schuster, all of State Appellate Defender’s 

Office, of Springfield, for appellant.

Jason Chambers, State’s Attorney, of Bloomington (Patrick Delfino, 

David J. Robinson, and David E. Mannchen, all of State’s Attorneys 

Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
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Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE POPE delivered the judgment of the court, 

with opinion.

Justices Harris and Steigmann concurred in the judgment and opinion.

 OPINION 

¶ 1 In December 2011, defendant, Malcolm J. Johnson, pleaded guilty to robbery and 

aggravated battery and was sentenced to a term of probation. Later, defendant was convicted of 

theft and criminal trespass to residence following two separate jury trials. 

¶ 2 During a May 2013 hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant to three years in prison for 

the theft conviction and four years for his conviction for criminal trespass to residence. The 

court also revoked defendant’s probation and resentenced him to concurrent terms of seven 

years’ imprisonment for robbery and five years for aggravated battery. The court ordered the 

sentences for robbery, aggravated battery, theft, and criminal trespass to be served 

consecutively. 

¶ 3 Defendant appeals, arguing the trial court erred in finding his convictions for theft and 

criminal trespass were statutorily required to be consecutively served. We affirm. 

¶ 4 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 5 On December 2, 2011, defendant pleaded guilty to robbery and aggravated battery in 

McLean County case No. 11-CF-686. Pursuant to an agreement with the State, the trial court 

sentenced defendant to 36 months’ probation, with 180 days in jail as a condition. Another 

condition of defendant’s probation was he avoid violating “any criminal statute of any 

jurisdiction.”

¶ 6 On October 4, 2012, defendant was issued an appearance bond, which stated “defendant 

has been charged with the [following] offense(s): retail theft/display merchandise/less than 

$150/1st.”

¶ 7 On October 16, 2012, the State charged defendant by information with home invasion and 

four counts of aggravated battery with a firearm (McLean County case No. 12-CF-1084). 

¶ 8 On October 17, 2012, the State charged defendant by information with two counts of 

burglary, each of which was a Class 2 felony (McLean County case No. 12-CF-1093). The 

State alleged defendant knowingly and without authority entered a Walmart with the intent to 

commit a theft (count I) and remained there with the same intent (count II). (This is the same 

case in which the October 4, 2012, appearance bond was issued.) 

¶ 9 On October 31, 2012, the State filed a petition to revoke defendant’s probation in case No. 

11-CF-686. In the petition, the State alleged defendant violated his probation by committing 

burglary, home invasion, and aggravated battery with a firearm. 

¶ 10 During defendant’s April 2013 burglary trial in case No. 12-CF-1093, the evidence 

presented showed defendant and another man walked into Walmart’s sporting goods 

department, took a pair of gloves, and headed toward the exit. When security confronted the 

men, defendant admitted taking the gloves. The other man ran away. Defendant requested a 
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directed verdict on the burglary-by-remaining count (count II), which the trial court granted. 

However, the court found the burglary-by-unlawful-entry count (count I) was a question for 

the jury. The State then asked for and received a jury instruction for theft. Thereafter, the jury 

found defendant guilty of theft. 

¶ 11 On May 20, 2013, a jury trial was held on defendant’s home invasion and aggravated 

battery with a firearm charges in case No. 12-CF-1084. The evidence presented showed 

defendant and others left a party following an argument. Approximately 30 minutes later, 

defendant returned and struck the host of the party. Someone then fired a handgun and multiple 

individuals were shot. The State maintained defendant’s brother fired the handgun and argued 

defendant was just as responsible for the shooting as his brother. Defendant requested and was 

allowed a criminal trespass to residence instruction. Thereafter, the jury acquitted defendant of 

aggravated battery with a firearm but found him guilty of criminal trespass to residence. 

¶ 12 On May 28, 2013, the trial court held a comprehensive sentencing hearing. The court 

revoked defendant’s probation in case No. 11-CF-686 and sentenced him to concurrent prison 

terms of seven years on the robbery conviction and five years on the aggravated battery 

conviction. In case No. 12-CF-1093, the court sentenced defendant to three years for the theft 

conviction. In case No. 12-CF-1084, the court sentenced defendant to four years’

imprisonment for his criminal trespass to residence conviction. The court also found 

defendant’s sentences for theft and criminal trespass were statutorily required to be 

consecutively served. Specifically, the court found the following: 

“With regard to the two latter cases, [case Nos.] 12[-]CF[-]1093 and 1084, in those 

cases the Court does believe and does find that the sentences in those two cases are 

required to be served consecutively. 

 In [case No.] 12[-]CF[-]1093[,] the Defendant was originally apprehended on a 

charge of theft, actually retail theft, on October 4, 2012. The Defendant was placed on a 

personal recognizance bond for that charge. That charge was later upgraded to the 

burglary charge that was eventually filed in [case No.] 12[-]CF[-]1093. 

 The Court believes that in that circumstance he was on pre-trial release for a felony, 

because it was a retail theft and with his prior conviction for robbery, that made it a 

felony offense. 

 The Court believes that the case law is clear that it doesn’t matter what he’s 

officially charged with at the time. He was on bond for what was a felony offense in 

[case No.] 12[-]CF[-]1093 at the time the offense in [case No.] 12[-]CF[-]1084 was 

committed on October 14, 2012, so the Court believes that it is required that the 

sentences in those two cases be served consecutively.”

¶ 13 The trial court also found defendant’s sentences should be served consecutively to one 

another in order to protect the public. Specifically, the court made the following finding: 

“The Court thinks that there is more than sufficient evidence in this record in all of 

these cases combined to make the finding that your history and character are such that 

consecutive sentences are required to protect the public from further criminal conduct 

that you may engage in, so the Court does believe that it is appropriate to enter 

sentences on all these cases which are consecutive, all three, one to the other. 

 * * * 
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 All three of those sentences [are] ordered to be served consecutively for a complete 

term of 14 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections.”

¶ 14 On June 21, 2013, defendant filed a motion to reconsider the sentence, which the trial court 

denied, stating: 

“Upon reflection and reconsideration here, the court recalls discussing the fact that 

because of the defendant’s history, and the character of the defendant, the 

circumstances of these offenses, particularly those that went to trial, particularly the 

trespass case that went to trial, and given this defendant’s history, which was well 

documented in the presentence report, the court felt that consecutive sentences were 

required in order to protect the public from future criminal conduct of this defendant; 

and the court maintains that that was the correct finding based on this record, that the 

imposition of consecutive sentences was, therefore, appropriate, and so the motion to 

reconsider is going to be denied.”

¶ 15 On December 13, 2013, this court granted defendant’s petition for leave to file late notices 

of appeal in trial court case Nos. 12-CF-1093, 11-CF-686, and 12-CF-1084. Those cases were 

docketed by this court as appellate court case Nos. 4-13-0968, 4-13-0969, and 4-13-0970, 

respectively. Thereafter, we granted defendant’s motion to consolidate the appeals. 

¶ 16 This appeal followed. 

¶ 17 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 18 On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred in finding his convictions for theft and 

criminal trespass to residence were required to be served consecutively. Defendant requests 

this court to vacate the sentences for those offenses and remand the matter for resentencing. 

For the reasons that follow, we find any error on the part of the trial court was harmless. 

¶ 19 In this appeal, defendant calls on us to interpret section 5-8-4 of the Unified Code of 

Corrections (Unified Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-8-4 (West 2012)). The primary goal in construing a 

statute is to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent. People v. Wegielnik, 152 Ill. 2d 418, 

423, 605 N.E.2d 487, 489 (1992). We achieve this goal by looking at the plain meaning of the 

statutory language. People v. Robinson, 172 Ill. 2d 452, 457, 667 N.E.2d 1305, 1307 (1996). 

Where the language is clear and unambiguous, the statute must be applied without further aids 

of statutory construction. Robinson, 172 Ill. 2d at 457, 667 N.E.2d at 1307. Because statutory 

construction is a question of law, our standard of review is de novo. Robinson, 172 Ill. 2d at 

457, 667 N.E.2d at 1307. 

¶ 20 Pursuant to section 5-8-4(d) of the Unified Code, the trial court “shall impose consecutive 

sentences” under certain circumstances. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(d) (West 2012). One of those 

circumstances exists where “a person charged with a felony commits a separate felony while 

on pretrial release or in pretrial detention in a county jail facility or county detention facility.” 

730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(d)(8) (West 2012). In such a situation, “the sentences imposed upon 

conviction of these felonies shall be served consecutively regardless of the order in which the 

judgments of conviction are entered.” 730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(d)(8) (West 2012). 

¶ 21 The plain language of section 5-8-4(d)(8) of the Unified Code requires the State to charge a 

defendant with a felony before he commits a subsequent felony in order for a consecutive 

sentence to be considered mandatory. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(d)(8) (West 2012). Here, the 

instrument charging defendant with two felony burglary counts is dated October 17, 2012, 
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which is after defendant’s October 14, 2012, felony criminal trespass occurred. While the 

record contains an appearance bond, dated October 4, 2012, an appearance bond is not a 

charging instrument. See 725 ILCS 5/111-2(a) (West 2012); People v. Herndon, 105 Ill. App. 

3d 167, 169, 434 N.E.2d 10, 12 (1982) (a felony can only be charged by information or 

indictment). Moreover, the appearance bond in this case indicated defendant was charged with 

misdemeanor retail theft, not felony burglary. 

¶ 22 In sum, section 5-8-4(d)(8) provides for a mandatory consecutive sentence where the State 

has charged the defendant with a felony prior to defendant committing a subsequent felony. 

See 730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(d)(8) (West 2012). That did not occur in this case. Thus, the trial court 

erred in relying on section 5-8-4(d)(8) when imposing the consecutive sentences. However, 

our analysis does not end here.

¶ 23 Section 5-8-4(c)(1) of the Unified Code provides a trial court “may impose consecutive 

sentences” where “it is the opinion of the court that consecutive sentences are required to 

protect the public from further criminal conduct by the defendant.” 730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(c)(1) 

(West 2012). In sentencing defendant, the trial court stated consecutive sentences were 

necessary to protect the public and set forth its reasons on the record. Thus, the court set forth 

two independent and distinct bases for the imposition of consecutive sentences. As a result, 

even though the mandatory basis, predicated on subsection (d)(8), was erroneous, the second, 

discretionary basis, pursuant to subsection (c)(1), was valid. Accordingly, any error on the part 

of the trial court was harmless. 

¶ 24 III. CONCLUSION 

¶ 25 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. As part of our judgment, we 

award the State its $50 statutory assessment against defendant as costs of this appeal. 55 ILCS 

5/4-2002(a) (West 2014). 

¶ 26 No. 4-13-0968, Affirmed. 

¶ 27 No. 4-13-0969, Affirmed. 

¶ 28 No. 4-13-0970, Affirmed.