By Matthew J. Hickman

and Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D.

BJS Statisticians

The community policing approach to

law enforcement seeks to address the

causes of crime and reduce the fear of

crime and social disorder through

problem-solving strategies and policecommunity partnerships. A fundamental shift from traditional reactive

policing, community policing strives to

prevent crime before it occurs. 

As part of an ongoing partnership

between the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and the Office of Community

Oriented Policing Services (COPS),

data were collected on the community

policing practices of State and local law

enforcement agencies in 1997 and

1999. The Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics

(LEMAS) survey was used to assess

the impact of community policing on

personnel, training, policies, programs,

and the use of technology.

The LEMAS survey

Begun in 1987, the LEMAS survey

periodically collects data from State and

local law enforcement agencies. All

agencies employing 100 or more sworn

personnel are included, as well as a

representative sample of smaller

agencies. LEMAS surveys have been

conducted in 1987, 1990, 1993, 1997,

and 1999. COPS provided funding for

Community Policing in Local Police

Departments, 1997 and 1999

 February 2001, NCJ 184794

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Special Report

! State and local law enforcement

agencies had nearly 113,000 community policing officers or their equivalents during 1999, compared to about

21,000 in 1997. This included 91,000

local police officers in 1999, up from

16,000 in 1997.

 

! 64% of local police departments

serving 86% of all residents had fulltime officers engaged in community

policing activities during 1999,

compared to 34% of departments

serving 62% of residents in 1997.

! In 1999, 87% of local police officers

were employed by a department that

provided community policing training

for some or all new recruits, and 85%

by a department that provided it for at

least some in-service officers.

! In 1999, 63% of local police departments serving 85% of all residents

used routine foot and/or bicycle patrol.

About half of all officers worked for a

department that actively encouraged

them to engage in problem-solving

projects on their patrol beats.

! As of June 30, 1999, 79% of local

police departments, serving 96% of all

residents, had met with community

groups within the past year; and 40%

of departments, serving 71% of residents, had formed a problem-solving

partnership within the past 3 years. 

! During 1999, 92% of residents were

served by a local police department

that provided them with routine access

to crime statistics or crime maps,

compared to 70% in 1997. 

Highlights

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

Estimated number of full-time community policing officers

1999

1997

Other

Sherif f

Local police

All State and local

Full-time sworn personnel regularly engaged in community

policing activities, by type of agency, 1997 and 1999

U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs revised 3-27-03
)**+)***#


 



 

!

)***,-5



	
 00)*!

 
!


 	"!



""=""
  

 



"
 ;


 
$

%	!))&

 "0246  !



")***"

"*+.78 	

2/92"2/.9   
$


5



"*.478)**+

2/)2"2/*+   



 
!


"*9*7

)+9//!
 

+/////" $
	 

# 


)***,-

> 	


"$

" 





0/)**+
0/

)***

)


"
0/)***   


 


406).2" $
	 

?
 )*9
 




	
%# )&#

*/7"

 
" 29///



!"#0/7"

 " $
   
""
3 

 ""    
""
	

 #)7"

 
")9////



'
"  "

   

 



 

!
#"" $
	

 	


 

!""



""

 
""


	
!  !!
$


 

!




1)**+)***!"

   
	
$


 

!""
 # 

"047647%# 2&
!



#"""



"#)6///#

*)///%




!))!
!
"

"2&

8)*** 
!

 
")
 


#*/7"
!29///

******
	
!$


 

!""


!
!


 

!""
!#


!
"0
)**+

))
)***,!
	

!
 

 
!
8 



!#"


 

!""
# 


# 
 

!
8)***!

#"
""
!

")+2.
 !;




2
 

2



	













@!
	

 ;


 


  	"
#
 




 @ ../ )6)2)

 
 4* 99.*2


"" 0/.+ ).9.9*

,  
 )0924 406).2

1 $


	

!
  

3A
  #"
!

>29// 62.9 469 )*++) 49

29//$**** 4/+. 0/2 4+926 )/*

)////$24*** ).2/ )09 96)00 )2*

29///$4**** +). 90 46200 )/6

9////$)4**** 46* 09 6.60/ )9+

)9////$24**** 6+ /9 29.+0 9*

29////$4***** 46 /0 0./++ .+

9/////$****** 24 /2 049)0 +*

)////// )6 /)7 **429 22.7

 
B )0924 )//7 406).2 )//7

3#  3# 

1 $


 
 !
 	 



 *





+

 !!!

@-? !

 " $

 

!""


>29// 2) )909 ) 94 +../ 2

29//$**** 00 2/// ) 64 ))2// 4

)////$24*** 94 2094 2 ++ )/*/2 .

29///$4**** 64 2)+/ 9 .. +*+6 )0

9////$)4**** +9 0)+) * *0 ))6)0 2+

)9////$24**** .2 )).0 22 *0 422) 6.

29////$4***** +6 )+2* 4* *) 9/). ))*

9/////$****** +9 +26 4/ .. 4906 2)6

)////// +97 )))) *0 )//7 2++24 )+2.

 
B 047 )9*+. 0 647 *)/+2 ))

!

#"

" $


	@

 

#

"

""




"

!



!

!

#"

" $


	@

 

#

"

""




"

!



!

)**+ )***

 




(
 

!""


'*




+

 !!" !!!
8)**+#47"    


""
	
!


 

!""
)***$

!"""

!


 

!""
	
!  

!!

 

!

$



2)7

8;


	
9/////


!"" $


	 
!


 

!""

")47

24)7%"
!)&,!



 
!


	 A8;


	
)9////

4*****
"4+7)447<


	
9////)4****


"4.7)6*7<


	
)////4****
"

467).47
;


	


"	)////
2.07"

	 	
!


 

!""

)***

967
)**+

!   


"""

 
$


!

?

	
 

;
"""

!

" 
"!
B
 


 #



 

!

8)**+;+7"    


"
!

9////
 

 ""
""

!$


 

!""
)***

 !
2*7

!! 


!
"9////!

"47297%# 0&!


!29//****


!	
 

 "
""

!


 

!""

"27

207

!"	

29//
")974)7


	











0





C
 (
( ,	

-"%(
&	


!
 	#
( 


#)0)**4?
$


B#
 !
 



  D*#
 
"
 8

 	# 
"


(
 

!

")**4
 8	#
"


""



='""
"(
'


 

!
%('&!


)**4


 

!('
D+9

#
 

1 ")2///

   	"

!


('""
	!	


!
!
" 

!


>
#

 
!

 )/////


 

!""


1
 

!# $ 
!""

!
!

	




#""



!


 

!

-
!?

! !



""


!


!

$

5


! ('

!
$

"
		0$

!!
"

!""


		!"

5

! !

!

 $


""
 # 

"
 

!

$



		!

!
"

!	



 
!

!
 

 

 ('!!	


!   ?
$

  


 85
('"#



#5 #	;

$


## 	 


")9////

,-
"


"
#
 

!<

	
#


	! 

"('!#

1
"
('

!




 

!"

3
 8
$

"

%3(
).0640&



('	#


			;!:

 !!#),),-	

.),-	/

,)////

)////$4****

9////$)4****

)9////$4*****

9/////

/7 97 )/7 )97 2/7 297 0/7

 


		



)***

)**+


!
 

!""


-









+

 !!" !!!

$$,/97

>29// )9 4)

29//$**** 2 20

)////$24*** $$ )6

29///$4**** $$ )4

9////$)4**** / )4

)9////$24**** / )9

29////$4***** / *

9/////$****** / 4

)////// /7 297

 
B +7 2*7

)**+ )***

 
 "!




%*













 !!" !!!
#


 

	




8"
	
"


 

!""
;

 ""   
""

."

!
$


 

! 	""




#)***)**+%# 4&

#	$"
"" 


 "
	




 

!



! ""
 


 

! " 


 

!# $

 
!)

%
! 


&$





8)****67"


!9/////



 	




 

!
./7"


!)9////4*****


3  ""
!

29//****
#

""
!"	29//



 

$


 

!

8)***607"   
$



 

!



! "



$
	 %# 9&

	$
!"


 
$
""
	


	
!"$



$
""




 

!	#


)***
)**+

!"   
""


	 #


 	




 

!
 
! 

")**+)***%"
!2&8)***

..7"""
	 #


	




 

!.07


)**+1

!"
$
""


# "
!	.97


)***.47
)**+<"

!"



 
 9/7
)***

4.7
)**+



4



	













3A# 
 
 

!

!".
!

2$

!
0/)***0$

!
0/)**+

>29// 4+ 4* 26 2.

29//$**** +/ 6* 26 26

)////$24*** +9 .2 29 2+

29///$4**** .. .. 09 04

9////$)4**** .* *) 42 4/

)9////$24**** .. *0 4. 49

29////$4***** *0 .9 40 40

9/////$****** .0 .0 00 94

)////// .)7 .)7 0+7 0)7

 
B 627 607 2+7 2.7

)**+ )*** )**+ )***

 
  ""
  ""




"!


!.

"
 

!

!"A

(*)







+

 !!" !!!

(

 
 

8$
""


3	""



     


!

"""
 #!
	


!



)**+

-





 !!" !!!

)


# $ 
!"


#E 
1#
"



F			 
"!: G



$

3A# 
 
 

!

!".


! 2$

!
0/)***0$

!
0/)**+

>29// 0+ 09 29 24

29//$**** 9. 60 49 46

)////$24*** 6* +6 90 6)

29///$4**** .2 .+ 69 6*

9////$)4**** .+ .* +9 +9

)9////$24**** .0 */ +9 .)

29////$4***** *) .* .2 .9

9/////$****** .+ )// .+ *6

)////// *47 )//7 *47 *47

 
B 907 947 4/7 4)7

)**+ )*** )**+ )***

 
  
  




"!


!.

"
 

!

!"A

#*)




+

 !!" !!!
Community policing programs 

and policies 

 

These nationwide increases C in the

number of departments using community policing officers and in the proportion of sworn personnel designated as

community policing officers C have

been accompanied by the continued

prevalence of community-oriented

policies, programs, and activities.

Agency community policing plans

In both 1997 and 1999, about two-thirds

of local police departments had some

type of community policing plan (table

6). About a fourth of those with a plan,

a sixth of departments overall, had a

formally written plan, indicating that

community policing approaches and

goals were incorporated into the overall

agency strategic plan. The remainder

had informal, unwritten community

policing plans. 

In both years a majority of the community policing plans of departments

serving a population of 50,000 or more

were formal, written plans, while departments in smaller jurisdictions were

more likely to have an unwritten plan.

Foot and bicycle patrol

Routine foot or bicycle patrol is a

commonly used means to increase

police-community interaction. From

1997 to 1999, the percentage of local

police departments using routine bicycle patrol increased from 28% to 34%,

and the percentage using routine foot

patrol went from 50% to 53% (table 7). 

In 1999, 63% of departments, including

nearly all of those serving a population

of 50,000 or more, used one or both of

these patrol types on a routine basis. 

Of the approximately 195 million U.S.

residents served by a local police

department, 85% were served by one

that used foot and/or bicycle patrol on a

routine basis during 1999, compared to

78% in 1997 (figure 3). From 1997 to

1999, the percentage of residents

served by a department using bicycle

patrol went from 66% to 76%, and the

percentage served by a department

with foot patrol from 59% to 68%. 

revised 3-27-03

 Community Policing in Local Police Departments, 1997 and 1999 5

Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.

Under 2,500 56 6 50 50 9 40

2,500-9,999 72 16 56 73 16 58

10,000-24,999 85 28 56 81 28 53

25,000-49,999 91 37 54 90 38 52

50,000-149,999 95 55 41 94 55 39

150,000-249,999 97 65 32 96 69 27

250,000-499,999 95 65 30 95 69 26

500,000-999,999 92 71 21 96 67 29

1,000,000 or more 94% 75% 19% 94% 56% 37%

 All sizes 69% 16% 52% 65% 17% 48%

 Informal,

 unwritten

 Formally 

Total written

 Informal,

 unwritten

 Formally 

Total written

Population 

served

1997 1999

Percent of agencies with a community policing plan

Table 6. Local police departments with a community 

policing plan, by size of population served, 1997 and 1999

Figure 3

Foot

Bicycle

Either type

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Type of patrol used

Percent of population served

1999

1997

Percent of population served by a local police department using foot or bicycle

patrol units on a routine basis, 1997 and 1999

Under 2,500 52 49 13 52 50 14

2,500-9,999 62 54 29 67 55 40

10,000-24,999 68 49 52 74 54 60

25,000-49,999 77 54 64 77 58 72

50,000-149,999 76 44 68 90 65 82

150,000-249,999 83 58 70 93 63 90

250,000-499,999 80 61 74 100 82 96

500,000-999,999 92 58 88 96 79 96

1,000,000 or more 94% 94% 87% 94% 94% 94%

 All sizes 60% 50% 28% 63% 53% 34%

Foot Bike

Either 

Foot Bike type

Either

type

Population 

served

1997 1999

Percent of agencies with routine foot or bicycle patrol

Table 7. Local police departments using routine foot or bicycle patrol,

by size of population served, 1997 and 1999
(





!
! ""

"
?

!!
$
$# #

""H

 

#
 
I
!
  

"""




1#
 
"
!$

"
 

! "


 

! $

"

B#


"
"# $

 
!


8#)**+)***427"  

 
!
 

""

#
 
"
"


!!
#%# .&



 #*/7"


!9////


' #4
9   
""


	"" 	






!
"

#
  !

!""



#
 
"
"
!!


#	#9


 
 " $

 
$


!""

 $


!!


8#)**+)***"	)


)/   
!




!
#
 
"
"


!!
#	

;
"
!9////




 

 ""    
""
	

 #


&



 "


 

!
"

"
!


!
# 



"



  
!

# $ 
! 

#"
 
#




 
!
!	


B!

"
!# $ 
!




!

B



 

!

8)*** 
"   


 
!# ""

 ""

 ! 

""
!!
$# $

 
!;
#%# *&

1)**+)*** !


!
!

9////)4****


8 
!# $ 
!;




"" 


" ""


	

!


 

!""

#
?"   
$

 
!#
" 

""


)*** !


")**+)***


"

	!$


!29////4*****





!0$

!


0/)***4/7"   
$

"# $ 
!$


	

!

 

!
!
 
B

	
!%# 

)/&

  +/7"


 
$

!"29///

+)7" #   




6



	













>29// 26 26 0 0

29//$**** 49 49 . .

)////$24*** 60 60 * )/

29///$4**** +2 ++ )/ )6

9////$)4**** .0 .. 2+ 00

)9////$24**** *) *6 9. +0

29////$4***** *) *. 69 6*

9/////$****** )// *6 6+ +)

)////// *47 ..7 .)7 6*7

 
B 427 427 +7 .7

)**+ )*** )**+ )***

 
  ""
 




"!
	


!!

!"

1*2











+

 !!" !!!

>29// )6 ). * ))

29//$**** 0/ 00 )+ )*

)////$24*** 09 0* )* 22

29///$4**** 92 90 0/ 00

9////$)4**** 99 64 09 4/

)9////$24**** 66 +2 46 94

29////$4***** 9* 69 4) 9*

9/////$****** 62 9. 42 9/

)////// 627 627 447 447

 
B 2+7 2*7 )97 ).7

)**+ )*** )**+ )***

8 # $

 
!;
""


 





 !

""
!!


# $ 
!;  




"!


!*	

3




+

 !!" !!!




!)$

!
0/)***

#


!0$

!
0/)***

>29// 24 4* )+

29//$**** 49 +. 0.

)////$24*** 9+ *0 96

29///$4**** +/ *. +2

9////$)4**** +9 *. ./

)9////$24**** .6 ** ..

29////$4***** ./ )// *)

9/////$****** *2 *6 .+

)////// +97 )//7 *47

 
B 4/7 6*7 047




B



 

!#

!  	




B!

1# $

 
!
#

 




"!


 &*)





+

 !!!

!	


B


#
  "

 !$ 



# #	$
"  

 

!*67" 



!	


B

! #

!


!
0/)***3  

!

! 
")////


!  	




B!
!



! 
!! 


!
"

B!

	
 
 %"
!4&

 !!"

	
 !%+67&" 	

#
!#

%927&

#
!%9/7&


B

!%497&

 

!%4)7&%"
!4&
!	



!
B
%007&

 
!
!%0/7&

!%267&=
$


%)*7& 8



4/7"! 


!	
  # 
!



!0$

!


0/)***#
"

""
 

!

!



B



#
 
B
#  
!



 ;
"
!

)////
#

*/7"
!)9////




,  
	


" 	

 

! 

	 
 


 !


!!
 
!%+27&

"""
# $ 
!

;%9+7&
 

!



!"

B%997&

# $ 
!
%4*7&

	
 
" 


 

! $


 

!  %"
!9&

4







)



 &*

(
 

!5
 	

"!
	

#

"

"

# "

 
"



!

 
$

""
#


  !#

 $"$


  "

B
"#


"!#
 

  
"




B


"#
"


2+7"   




B!
"



)***0/7

)**+%# 

))&8#;
"


!29///


 )

B




	











+

J



!

 
!
!

K
!
B




 !




B!


!

3
!#



 !

/7 2/7 4/7 6/7 ./7

"!

"!
	
! 
!










 !!!



+



,

# $ 
!


(
 

!

!"

B

'""
# $ 
!;

E!
 
!

/7 2/7 4/7 6/7 ./7

"

 


"!


3 

>	
 

L
 

)





 !!!




!)$

!
0/)**+

#


!)$

!
0/)***

>29// 24 22

29//$**** 2. 26

)////$24*** 0. 04

29///$4**** 9+ 9)

9////$)4**** 92 9+

)9////$24**** +2 99

29////$4***** 69 90

9/////$****** 9/ 94

)////// 627 627

 
B 0/7 2.7

)***# )**+

"!


 
 

B



 *	
+




+



 !!" !!!
!
!

.*7 
"
# 



"
	
 

607

 
"
# 
$


"

# 

0.7 
"


 
?
"

B

,  



!
"	



"%"
!6&!


!


)***"

	

!
"
 

""
%+27&;
 

 !""$


%9+7&


B



# %927&

'"
"



 " 
!! 


%427&""


!

%427& 
!!


!#%0*7&


!

#
!%)+7&






 &*



"


B  # 

 


B


"




B

  



"


8)***+07"   





B	






067


)**+%# )2&
# 
! ! 

"

 #
 


!
!"	

9////
!"


#   





"+/7
)**+*27
)***

!

!





)***  




!
5


%*/7&%"
!+&

 "
# %9+7&

	
5%967&#

	$"
"

!	$

%4/7&!%0.7&

,"





B	"?

%)67&
%)47&	 %)47&

 

%))7&8%)/7&

 !
  
  	
)***

!"

!




 	



B8"


	# ")**+


!
!
0/)***

07"

!$




B





!))7"  


#$



! "

B	

 B







.



	













8

3	 

 






1?

!

3	

L
5

 

8$

     

"


	













+



 !!!





>29// 2) 9.

29//$**** 4/ .2

)////$24*** 9) *)

29///$4**** 9+ *)

9////$)4**** +2 *6

)9////$24**** +. **

29////$4***** .+ *.

9/////$****** *2 )//

)////// .)7 .+7

 
B 097 +07

)**+ )***

 




 '*



+








+



 !!" !!!




!#:
!

 
!
!#

1 
! 
:

'""


!




B
!
:
# 

- 
!!""




!
"
""


/7 2/7 4/7 6/7 ./7

!"
"


"
!!


-





+


 !!!



-
8)***.07"



!


B





	



 
  




   


!#%2*7&%227&

 #%)*7&%)+7&

 ?%)47&




%)27&%27&

	  
 #
 


 # %"
!.&









 !   


"
 

!#

 
! 	"!


#""

""


#   !
  


B

!


!



"
!

 B
!#  
! !$

 
 
!


# $ 
!""

8)*** 	
  

 
	
!$

"

!


)**+%027)+7&%# )0&



 */7"
!

)9////
+67"


!9////)4****


' 
!$


B

!
)***

+)7"  
#

   
%"
!*&


"	!

	


#
!


#


!6/7" 

 
#   


'


! 
!

!	" 	A "


%9/7&%467&#


 
%027&%)47&


	


 ! 

$


8)***).7"  

 

!627" 


#   




!

!8%# )4&



)**+

	))7"
!4.7

" 
8

!8)***#*
)/$


! 
"29////


!


#+
)/
!

9////24****



	











*






 


!"

!

#

$

%
&#&

/7 )/7 2/7 0/7 4/7

, "





"

$

!!


5






 !!!

(


 




( "


(






   '  (  ) 

"

" 


-

+

 !!!

>29// + )+

29//$**** )+ 09

)////$24*** 0/ 4.

29///$4**** 0* 94

9////$)4**** 94 +6

)9////$24**** +4 */

29////$4***** .+ *.

9/////$****** .. )//

)////// +97 *47

 
B )+7 027

)**+ )***

 
 " !
 

 %*6




+



 !!" !!!








.

>29// 2 4

29//$**** )0 )+

)////$24*** )* 06

29///$4**** 04 4+

9////$)4**** 46 66

)9////$24**** 60 +*

29////$4***** +/ .9

9/////$****** .. )//

)////// 6*7 ..7

 
B ))7 ).7

)**+ )***

"!


	
!

 
 8



 #*


4
+



 !!" !!!
	#

 




B	

 
$

 
"
 


 
$

B!

$
 
"

!!$


!
#  




/0 



8$"
  

$:
 

$ :
 


# $ 
!""#

!

 ""
	


 


"
"
0/)*** 


"   


 
! $"" 

   
""
	
!
$"
 

%# )9&$


	

 


)**+3 *
)/


!)9////
	


!
$"
 
)***

8	 ""



$"
 
"


"
	
 # 

8)***;
"   


""
	"	


"
	%627&



!%947&	$


#   ""


!"
$"
 

%"
!)/&

'
"

#  

""
#
$"
 
  

 
$


!!"""
 #


  

%4.7& "




 
%427&



 
%0*7&


 
"	%)97&
!

!%)07&

)/



	













),-	,72-

('""  

!
!
"
""

!!'!

(''-%
!'""


 -""
&	#!


)**9 ""


#"
! !5
$

 

L!
$




 
"



""
		 	


#!!
"


# 
$


 

! 

L

"(''-

"
!!	
"

"




#!
 )**/=
$

!1)**/

)***!"$


! :

%(=& # 

"4/7+.7

!	
	"(=




 !$


!  


!
! $


" )////


!
!(=	"2*7


)**/+27
)***3  


! 
"

9////
!

(=
)**/(''-!

"!



#
 





)**/ )**0 )**+ )***

/7

297

9/7

+97

)//7

 
 "!


,)////

)////$4****

9////$24****

29////

-



.-)8
/


+

 !!&!!

8  #
 
 

#
 

>29// )4 )9

29//$**** 2* 00

)////$24*** 4+ 9)

29///$4**** +/ 66

9////$)4**** +. +9

)9////$24**** .. .+

29////$4***** .) .*

9/////$****** .. ..

)////// *47 .+7

 
B 2*7 0)7

)**+ )***

 




"!



!
$"
 @

 (*





+



 !!" !!!


!!

(
 
"	

(

 



 
 


 



!

L

/7 )/7 2/7 0/7 4/7 9/7 6/7 +/7

"
"


			
*

-







 !!!




1


,	-"!






%,-&

 "
 


 "# 
 

"   	"

!

>








%3(
)+042*&"
"


)**+,- 
! !

)***,-5



	
 00)*   	

"!



 


 
!"5

	



)***
0/

)***	! "$

"5


 	
!"? 
"


"
 ;


 
.*9

 	"!

>

	
)//	""
"


0/)**6	
 


  "$
!%&

!


 92*  

 
0/6
""=

""
4*
 	

"!
))
 

;


 
!


 "$
!%&!


	 #
 


 "!
	


"	)//	""


 "$
!%3&!


	
! 
"


 	
 #"

!%   

""
 

 
&
B" 


#"	""
2424

3!
 
 )996

   
6*4
""=

""
)+4


 ;


 
!


 "0246!


,-"

"*+.7

 ..0

!
20603!


"
 #
 2/92  

 
*6+
""=

)+.
 ;




 
4*


 


#	
!" !



)13   


#	
!
#

#"	""
 

"
0/)**61!
	
/

6	""
#	
!


)999<"+)0""


*69<"

)420""


+/*<"240*

""


4*9<"4/62""




00.<"60**""


#	
!
2)4

"
 	
!
	


!#3


"#	
!"

;"!




)**6";

"
!!



 


!!

" 

 ,-5



L!
 



 






	


 




 "
#

!

  





 

"
#!



  


 

	


""
 


"



	""




""


	 




	
" $

 5


-

#



 #


( 


!
! 
!

;

 # 

5

"!
	


"	)//	 	

 "  

#; 
!

"


#

#
""$

#	 
!
"


2%*9$"
$

  &
!

 #;


!

8)**+!


	"#"" $


	 	! 


!

 
!


 

!""
8)***


"


		"

#"" $
	 


!
 

!""



""
$


 
""
!  

!!

 

!

$





	











))

"








 !">$

"



	










#(

	
"'""
"

(
'
 

!


%('&



(M


 !	

 
 

!

")***,-


(E!

(E
 M 
	#


 
"(' 


('
" "
!"

)***,-
 

"
!")**+,-

	 

#>(



"


	"E




(;""


 ( E


B #

E
 

$





 
!  




	

#B



K
- 
"-


$

 !
!




"(



"(!





#


"
 




1#2//)3(
).4+*4