# Patent

## Title
Acetylcholine receptor subunits

## Abstract

The invention relates to modified acetylcholine receptor subunits, to nucleic acids coding modified acetylchloine receptor subunits, and to methods for finding active ingredients for crop protection and active pharmaceutical ingredients for treating humans and/or animals.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to modified acetylcholine receptor subunits, to nucleic acids coding therefor, and to a method for finding active ingredients for crop protection and active pharmaceutical ingredients for treating humans and/or animals.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels which play a part in neurotransmission in the animal kingdom. The binding of acetylcholine or other agonists to the receptor causes a transient opening of the channel and allows cations to flow through. It is assumed that a receptor consists of five subunits grouped around a pore. Each of these subunits is a protein consisting of an extracellular N-terminal part followed by three transmembrane regions, an intracellular part, and a fourth transmembrane region and a short extracellular C-terminal part. Certain subunits carry on their extracellular part the binding site for ligands such as acetylcholine. Two vicinal cysteines form part of this binding site and are therefore a structural feature common to all ligand-binding subunits, which are also referred to as α subunits. Subunits without this structural feature are referred to, depending on the localization and function of the receptor, as β, γ, δ or ε subunits (Changeux et al. 1992).
Acetylcholine receptors have been particularly well investigated in vertebrates. Three groups can be distinguished on the basis of their anatomical localization and their functional properties (conduction properties of the channel, desensitization, sensitivity to agonists and antagonists and to toxins such as, for example, α-bungarotoxin). The classification correlates with the molecular composition of the receptors. They are heterooligomeric receptors with the subunit composition α2βγδ, which occur in muscle (Noda et al. 1982, Claudio et al. 1983, Devillers-Thiery et al. 1983, Noda et al. 1983a, b), heterooligomeric receptors which contain subunits from the α2–α6 and β2–β4 group and which occur in the nervous system (Schoepfer et al. 1990, Heinemann et al. 1997) and homooligomeric receptors which contain subunits from the α7–α9 group and which likewise occur in the nervous system (Lindstrom et al. 1997, Elgoyhen et al. 1997). This classification is also supported by the relationship of the gene sequences of the various subunits. The sequences of functionally homologous subunits from different species are typically more similar than sequences of subunits from different groups but from the same species. This is illustrated with some examples in FIG. 1B. In addition, the gene sequences of all known acetylcholine receptor subunits are similar to a certain extent not only with one another but also with those of some other ligand-gated ion channels (for example the serotonin receptors of the 5HT3 type, the GABA-gated chloride channels, the glycine-gated chloride channels). It is therefore assumed that all these receptors are derived from a common precursor and they are assigned to a gene superfamily (Ortells et al. 1995).
In insects, acetylcholine is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Accordingly, acetylcholine receptors can be detected electrophysiologically in preparations of central ganglia from insects. Detection is possible both at postsynaptic and presynaptic nerve endings and on the cell bodies of interneurons, motor neurons and modulatory neurons (Breer et al. 1987, Buckingham et al. 1997). Among the receptors there are some which are inhibited by α-bungarotoxin and some which are insensitive (Schloβ et al. 1988). The acetylcholine receptors are moreover the molecular point of attack of important natural (for example nicotine) and synthetic insecticides (for example chloronicotinyls).
The gene sequences of a number of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are already known. Thus, the sequences of five different subunits in Drosophila melanogaster have been described (Bossy et al. 1988, Hermanns-Borgmeyer et al. 1986, Sawruk et al. 1990a, 1990b, Schulz et al. 1998), likewise five in Locusta migratoria (Hermsen et al. 1998), one in Schistocerca gregaria (Marshall et al. 1990), six in Myzus persicae (Sgard et al. 1998, Huang et al. 1999), two sequences in Manduca sexta (Eastham et al. 1997, Genbank AJ007397) and six in Heliothis virescens (Genbank AF 096878, AF 096879, AF 096880, AF143846, AF143847, AJ 000399). In addition, a number of partial gene sequences from Drosophila melanogaster has been characterized as so-called expressed sequence tags (Genbank AA540687, AA698155, AA697710, AA697326). All these sequences are classified into α and β subunits depending on whether the two vicinal cysteines are present in the ligand binding site or not.
Recombinant expression of insect nicotinic receptors has proved to be more difficult than that of the analogous receptors from vertebrates or C. elegans. Thus, it has not yet been possible to express nicotinic receptors consisting only of insect subunits in such a way that their functional properties are the same as those of natural receptors (Marshall et al. 1990, Amar et al. 1995, Hermsen et al. 1998, Sgard et al. 1998). Relevant functional properties are, for example, sensitivity to agonists and antagonists, conductance for ion currents or desensitization. However, at least some α subunits from various insect species contribute to a functional receptor on coexpression of a vertebrate non-α subunit in place of an insect β subunit. The ligand-induced conductance of such hybrid receptors has been investigated in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Combinations of, for example, the Drosophila α1, α2 or α3 subunit with the chicken or rat β2 subunit lead to receptors whose sensitivity to agonists and antagonists or whose conductance for ion currents resemble those receptors detected in native preparations (Bertrand et al. 1994, Lansdell et al. 1997, Schulz et al. 1998, 2000, Matsuda et al. 1998). On the other hand, it has to date been possible to detect the expression in cell lines of hybrid receptors consisting, for example, of combinations of the Myzus persicae α1, α2 or α3 subunit with the rat β2 subunit or of combinations of the Drosophila α1, α2 or α3 subunit with the rat β2 or β4 subunit only through the binding of nicotinic ligands (Lansdell et al. 1997, 2000, Huang et al. 1999). The ligand-induced conductance of such receptors has not to date been detected in any case.
A further attempt to approach the expression of insect nicotinic receptors is represented by chimeric subunits (van den Beukel 1998). Sections of the gene sequence of the Drosophila α2 subunit were inserted recombinantly into the gene sequence of the rat α7 subunit. Expression of the chimeras in Xenopus laevis oocytes was detectable through binding of nicotinic ligands, but these receptors did not display the ligand-induced conductance either.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide modified acetylcholine receptor subunits. It is another object of the present invention to provide a methods for finding active crop protection or pharmaceutical ingredients.
According to one aspect of the invention there are provided modified acetylcholine receptor subunits comprising an a subunit of a vertebrate acetylcholine receptor having a region which is homologous with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein at least one amino acid in the region of the a subunit of the vertebrate acetylcholine receptor which is homologous with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is replaced by an amino acid which occurs at the identical position in the corresponding region of an a subunit of an insect acetylcholine receptor. The replacement of the at least one amino acid in the region of the α subunit results in a change of the amino acid sequence when compared the original amino acid sequence. As used herein, “the original amino acid sequence” refers to the amino acid sequence of the unmodified α subunit, that is, the α subunit the wherein no replacement has occurred.
According to other aspects of the invention there are provided DNA constructs, vectors and host cells having a nucleic acid wherein the nucleic acid contains a nucleotide sequence which codes for the modified acetylcholine receptor subunit.
Other aspects of the invention include methods for preparing the modified acetylcholine receptor subunit, and methods for finding active ingredients for crop protection or active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of humans or animals.
According to a further aspect of the invention there are provided isolated acetylcholine receptors having an α subunit and a β subunit. The α subunit comprises a region having the same amino acid sequence as a region of an α subunit selected from the group consisting of the α2 subunit from Myzus persicae, the α3 subunit from Myzus persicae, α1 subunit from Heliothis virescens, the α1 subunit from Manduca sexta, and he α1, α2 or α3 subunits from Drosophila melanogaster. 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The recombinant expression of insect nicotinic receptors or those nicotinic receptor constructs which correspond to insect receptors in their sensitivity to agonists and antagonists and their ligand-induced conductance for ion currents in eukaryotic cell lines is not only a scientific problem unsolved to date but also of great practical significance, for example for establishing high-throughput test systems for searching for novel active ingredients for crop protection and active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of humans and/or animals.
The present invention is thus based in particular on the object of providing a test method and the constituents of a test method with which it is possible to find compounds which, as modulators, in particular as agonists or antagonists, alter the conduction properties of insect nicotinic receptors. Such compounds can be used as active ingredients for crop protection or active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of humans and/or animals.
The object is achieved by providing modified acetylcholine receptor subunits where at least one amino acid in the region of an α subunit of a vertebrate acetylcholine receptor which is homologous with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is replaced by an amino acid which occurs at the identical position in the corresponding region of an α subunit of an insect acetylcholine receptor. The replacement leads to a change in the amino acid sequence.
As used herein “vertebrate acetylcholine receptor subunits” is intended to mean receptor subunits having amino acid sequences identical to acetylcholine receptor subunits which naturally occur in vertebrates or which are isolated from vertebrates, while “insect acetylcholine receptor subunits” is intended to mean receptor subunits having amino acid sequences identical to acetylcholine receptor subunits which naturally occur in insects or which are isolated from insects.
The similarity of regions and the correspondence of the amino acid positions of two or more receptor subunits can be established by amino acid sequence comparison using conventional methods. One conventional method comprises the use of the “Gap” or “Pileup” programs from the GCG program package version 10.0 (GCG Genetics Computer Group, Inc., Madison Wis., USA) for comparing two or more amino acid sequences. It is also possible to use the ClustalX program (version 1.81) (Thompson et al. 1997, IGBMC, Strasbourg, France) or other similar programs. The programs are used with standard settings. The sequences to be compared comprise the region from the N terminus of the protein up to the first transmembrane region.
Amino acids “occurring at the identical position” in two or more receptor subunits are defined as being those arranged in a column by the sequence comparison programs. A “homologous region” in two or more receptor subunits is likewise defined as being one arranged in a column by the sequence comparison programs.
Because of the different numbering of structurally and/or functionally corresponding regions in acetylcholine receptor subunits from different species, the α subunit of the ray Torpedo californica will be used as a reference standard for describing the amino acid(s) to be replaced or the region to be replaced. The amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponds to that region of the Torpedo californica α subunit which starts with the amino acid 123 and ends with the amino acid 167. The numbering has been taken from the entry “Acetylcholine Receptor Protein, Alpha Chain Precursor” in the Swissprot database (P02710).
FIG. 1A illustrates the sequence comparison, the correspondence of amino acids, and the homology of regions with sequences from some relevant subunits. FIG. 1B demonstrates that, by comparing the sequences, it is possible to group the subunits according to their function and localization and to differentiate between insect receptor subunits and vertebrate receptor subunits. The program used for this analysis was njplotwin95 from the WWW-Query program package (Perrière et al. 1996). This analysis can easily be extended to other, even as yet unknown, acetylcholine receptor subunit sequences from other species.
In the acetylcholine receptor subunits according to the invention there are preferably at least four, particularly preferably at least seven, very particularly preferably all of the amino acids in the region described above of an α subunit of a vertebrate acetylcholine receptor replaced by the corresponding number of amino acids from an α subunit of an insect acetylcholine receptor.
Such modified subunits display greater sensitivity to insecticidal active ingredients such as, for example, imidacloprid than an unmodified subunit.
The α subunits of vertebrate acetylcholine receptors are preferably mouse, rat, chicken, dog, zebra fish, rhesus monkey, bovine or porcine neuronal subunits.
The α subunits of insect acetylcholine receptors are preferably the α2 subunit or the α3 subunit of Myzus persicae, or the α1 subunit of Heliothis virescens or Manduca sexta, or the α1, α2 or α3 subunit of Drosophila melanogaster. 
A modified acetylcholine receptor subunit with an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 is particularly preferred.
The present invention also relates to acetylcholine receptors which comprise the subunits according to the invention. As structural partners of the subunits according to the invention, these receptors preferably contain a mouse, rat, chicken, dog, zebra fish, rhesus monkey, bovine or porcine β2 subunit.
Nor is it necessary for the unmodified regions of the subunits according to the invention to be identical to the corresponding regions of naturally occurring α subunits of vertebrate acetylcholine receptors as long as it is ensured that the receptors display a ligand-induced conductance for ion currents.
Such differences may occur at various sites and more than once in an α subunit, such as, for example, on the peptide backbone, on the amino acid side chain, or at the amino and/or carboxy terminus. They comprise, for example, acetylations, acylations, ADP ribosylations, amidations, covalent linkages to flavins, haem portions, nucleotides or nucleotide derivatives, lipids or lipid derivatives or phosphatidylinositol, cyclizations, disulphide bridge formations, demethylations, cystine formations, formylations, gamma-carboxylations, glycosylations, hydroxylations, iodinations, methylations, myristoylations, oxidations, proteolytic processings, phosphorylations, selenoylations and tRNA-mediated additions of amino acids.
The subunits according to the invention may furthermore have, compared with the corresponding regions of naturally occurring acetylcholine receptor subunits, deletions or amino acid substitutions as long as they are still able to mediate the abovementioned conductance. Conservative substitutions are preferred. Such conservative substitutions comprise variations where one amino acid is replaced by another amino acid from the following group:

    1. small aliphatic, nonpolar or low-polarity residues: Ala, Ser, Thr, Pro and Gly;
    2. polar, negatively charged residues and their amides: Asp, Asn, Glu and Gln;
    3. polar, positively charged residues: His, Arg and Lys;
    4. large aliphatic, nonpolar residues: Met, Leu, Ile, Val and Cys; and
    5. aromatic residues: Phe, Tyr and Trp.


The following list shows preferred conservative substitutions:














Original residue
Substitution









Ala
Gly, Ser



Arg
Lys



Asn
Gln, His



Asp
Glu



Cys
Ser



Gln
Asn



Glu
Asp



Gly
Ala, Pro



His
Asn, Gln



Ile
Leu, Val



Leu
Ile, Val



Lys
Arg, Gln, Glu



Met
Leu, Tyr, Ile



Phe
Met, Leu, Tyr



Ser
Thr



Thr
Ser



Trp
Tyr



Tyr
Trp, Phe



Val
Ile, Leu










The present invention also relates to nucleic acids which code for the subunits according to the invention.
The nucleic acids according to the invention are, in particular, single-stranded or double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA). Preferred embodiments are fragments of genomic DNA which may contain introns, and cDNAs.
A preferred embodiment of the nucleic acids according to the invention is represented by a cDNA which has the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
The present invention also relates to DNA constructs which comprise a nucleic acid according to the invention and a heterologous promoter.
The term “heterologous promoter” as used herein refers to a promoter which has properties different from that promoter which controls expression of the relevant gene in the original organism. The term “promoter” as used herein refers generally to expression control sequences.
The selection of heterologous promoters depends on whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or cell-free systems are used for the expression. Examples of heterologous promoters are the early or late promoter of SV40, of adenovirus or of cytomegalovirus, the baculovirus immediate early promoter, the Drosophila melanogaster metallothionein promoter, the lac system, the trp system, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control regions of the fd coat protein, the promoter of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, the promoter of acid phosphatase and the promoter of the yeast α mating factor.
The invention also relates to vectors which contain a nucleic acid according to the invention or a DNA construct according to the invention. Vectors which can be used are all plasmids, phasmids, cosmids, YACs or artificial chromosomes used in laboratories of molecular biology.
The present invention also relates to host cells which contain a nucleic acid according to the invention, a DNA construct according to the invention or a vector according to the invention.
Suitable host cells are both prokaryotic cells such as bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, preferably E. coli, and eukaryotic cells such as yeasts, mammalian, amphibian, insect or plant cells. Preferred eukaryotic host cells are HEK-293, Schneider S2, Spodoptera Sf9, CHO, COS1, COS7 cells and plant cells in cell culture.
The present invention also relates to methods for preparing the subunits according to the invention. The subunits encoded by the nucleic acids according to the invention can be prepared by cultivating host cells which contain one of the nucleic acids according to the invention under suitable conditions. It is moreover possible to adapt the nucleic acid to be expressed to the codon usage of the host cells. The desired subunits can then be isolated from the cells or the culture medium in a conventional way. The subunits can also be prepared in in vitro systems.
A rapid method for isolating the subunits according to the invention synthesized by host cells using a nucleic acid according to the invention starts with the expression of a fusion protein wherein the fusion partner can be affinity-purified in a simple manner. The fusion partner can be, for example, glutathione S-transferase. The fusion protein can then be purified on a glutathione affinity column. The fusion partner can be removed by partial proteolytic cleavage for example at linkers between the fusion partner and the subunit according to the invention to be purified. The linker can be designed so that it includes target amino acids, such as arginine and lysine residues, which define sites for trypsin cleavage. Such linkers can be generated by employing standard cloning methods using oligonucleotides.
Further preferable purification methods are based on preparative electrophoresis, FPLC, HPLC (for example with use of gel filtration, reverse phase or slightly hydrophobic columns), gel filtration, differential precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography.
Since acetylcholine receptors are composed of membrane proteins, it is preferable to carry out detergent extractions in the purification methods, for example using detergents which influence the secondary and tertiary structures of the polypeptides only slightly or not at all, such as nonionic detergents.
The purification of the subunits according to the invention may comprise the isolation of membranes starting from host cells which express the nucleic acids according to the invention. Such cells preferably express the polypeptides according to the invention in an adequate copy number such that the amount of the polypeptides in a membrane fraction is at least 10 times higher than that found in comparable membranes of cells which naturally express acetylcholine receptors; the amount is particularly preferably at least 100 times, very particularly preferably at least 1000 times, higher.
The terms “isolation or purification” as used herein mean that the subunits according to the invention are separated from other proteins or other macromolecules from the cell or the tissue. A composition containing the subunits according to the invention is preferably enriched in terms of the protein content compared with a preparation from the host cells by at least 10 times and particularly preferably by at least 100 times.
Affinity purification of the subunits according to the invention is possible even without fusion partners with the aid of antibodies which bind to the polypeptides.
The present invention further relates to methods for preparing the nucleic acids according to the invention. The nucleic acids according to the invention can be prepared in a conventional way. For example, complete chemical synthesis of the nucleic acid molecules is possible. It is also possible to insert gene fragments, for example from genes for acetylcholine receptor subunits from insects, into the gene of interest, for example a gene for a vertebrate acetylcholine receptor subunit. It is possible to utilize restriction cleavage sites for this purpose, or else to create suitable restriction cleavage sites, for example by the method of site-directed mutagenesis or PCR. Finally, genes for acetylcholine receptor subunits of interest can also be modified directly by the methods of site-directed mutagenesis or PCR in order to obtain the desired properties and structural features. Homologous recombinations between DNA sequences also provides a possibility for specific modification of the genes.
Chemically synthesized oligonucleotides are employed as primers for PCR methods. The term “oligonucleotide(s)” as used herein means DNA molecules consisting of 10 to 50 nucleotides, preferably 15 to 30 nucleotides. They are chemically synthesized.
It is possible with the aid of the nucleic acids and acetylcholine receptor subunits according to the invention to identify novel active ingredients for crop protection and active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of humans and animals, such as chemical compounds which, as modulators, in particular as agonists or antagonists, alter the properties of the acetylcholine receptors according to the invention. For this purpose, a recombinant DNA molecule which comprises at least one nucleic acid according to the invention is introduced into a suitable host cell. The host cell is cultivated in the presence of one or more compounds under conditions which permit expression of the receptors according to the invention. Detection of altered conduction properties makes it possible to find, for example, insecticidal substances.
Alterations in the receptor properties such as, for example, opening of the channel, lack of opening of the channel despite presence of an agonist in sufficient concentration, altered probability or duration of opening lead to corresponding changes in the ion current through the channel. These can be followed directly by, for example, electrophysiological methods (Gopalakrishnan et al. 1995, Buisson et al. 1996, Stetzer et al. 1996, Ragozzino et al. 1997). The ion current can also be followed directly with radiolabelled ions such as, for example, 86Rb ions (Gopalakrishnan et al. 1996). It is also possible to demonstrate the change in the membrane potential resulting from the ion current using voltage-sensitive dyes. Biological voltage sensors have likewise been described. Changes in the membrane potential additionally lead to a large number of physiological changes in cells, which can be detected directly or indirectly, such as, for example, opening, closing, altered probability or duration of opening of voltage-operated ion channels. These can likewise be detected by the methods described above. If the ion current through the acetylcholine receptor may contain calcium ions, or if the ion current through a secondarily opened channel may contain calcium ions, it is possible to detect the change in concentration of free intracellular calcium for example using calcium-sensitive dyes (Stetzer et al. 1996, Delbono et al. 1997, Staudermann et al. 1998, Zhang et al. 1999). Other known methods for detecting the change in the intracellular calcium concentration are the use of bioluminescent proteins or the use of reporter gene constructs.
The term “agonist” as used herein refers to a molecule which activates acetylcholine receptors.
The term “antagonist” as used herein refers to a molecule whose binding is followed by nonactivation of the receptor, possibly even after binding of an agonist.
The term “modulator” as used herein represents the generic term for agonist and antagonist. Modulators may be small organic chemical molecules, peptides or antibodies which bind to the receptors according to the invention. Modulators may also be small organic chemical molecules, peptides or antibodies which bind to a molecule which in turn binds to the receptors according to the invention and thus influences their biological activity. Modulators may represent mimetics of natural substrates and ligands.
The modulators are preferably small organic chemical compounds.
EXPLANATIONS OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING AND OF THE FIGURES


    SEQ ID NO: 1 shows an amino acid sequence region from the α subunit from Torpedo californica; 
    SEQ ID NO: 2 shows the nucleotide sequence of an α subunit according to Example 1A);
    SEQ ID NO: 3 shows the amino acid sequence derived from SEQ ID NO: 2;
    SEQ ID NO: 4 shows the sequence of primer 1 from Example 1A);
    SEQ ID NO: 5 shows the sequence of primer 2 from Example 1A);
    SEQ ID NO: 6 shows the nucleotide sequence of an α subunit according to Example 1B);
    SEQ ID NO: 7 shows the amino acid sequence derived from SEQ ID NO: 6;
    SEQ ID NO: 8 shows the sequence of primer 1 from Example 1B);
    SEQ ID NO: 9 shows the sequence of primer 2 from Example 1B);
    SEQ ID NO: 10 shows the nucleotide sequence of an α subunit according to Example 1C);
    SEQ ID NO: 11 shows the amino acid sequence derived from SEQ ID NO: 10;
    SEQ ID NO: 12 shows the sequence of primer 1 from Example 1C);
    SEQ ID NO: 13 shows the sequence of primer 2 from Example 1C);
    SEQ ID NO: 14 shows the sequence of primer 1 for constructing the vector pBluescript KS+-delta SacI;
    SEQ ID NO: 15 shows the sequence of primer 2 for constructing the vector pBluescript KS+-delta SacI;
    SEQ ID NO: 16 shows the sequence of primer 3 from Example 1C);
    SEQ ID NO: 17 shows the sequence of primer 4 from Example 1C).





FIG. 1A shows a sequence comparison of α subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from various insect and vertebrate species in the region of the ligand-binding domain.
The sequences were aligned in the region of the putative ligand-binding domain (Changeux et al. 1992) with the aid of the ClustalX program (version 1.81). The region marked by “=” is that homologous to SEQ ID NO:1. “=” identifies the region exchanged in SEQ ID NO: 6. Asterisks identify the region exchanged in SEQ ID NO: 10.
FIG. 1B shows the relationship of the sequences from FIG. 1A as determined with the sequence comparison program njplotwin95 (Perriere et al. 1996) with standard parameters. The program groups the most similar sequences together. It can be seen that all sequences of insect α subunits are more similar to one another than to the sequence of an α subunit expressed in the nervous system of the chick or to the sequence of an α subunit expressed in the muscle of Torpedo or human.
FIG. 2 shows current/time plots derived from acetylcholine receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes. The experiments are described in Example 2. Horizontal bars over the plots indicate the periods in which the measurement chamber was perfused with the test solutions indicated above the bars. The L-shaped scale indicates the time axis (horizontal) and current axis (vertical).

    A: Receptors containing subunits as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and chicken β2
    B: Receptors containing chicken α4 and chicken β2 subunits
    C: Receptors containing Heliothis virescens α1 and chicken β2 subunits
    D: Receptors containing subunits shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 and chicken β2
    E: Receptors containing subunits shown in SEQ ID NO: 11 and chicken β2


FIG. 3 shows current/time plots derived from acetylcholine receptors expressed in Sf9. The experiments are described in Example 3. Horizontal bars over the plots indicate the periods when the test solutions indicated above the bars were administered. The scale indicates the time axis (horizontal) and current axis (vertical).

    A: Receptors containing chicken α4 and chicken β2 units
    B: Receptors containing subunits shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and chicken β2


FIG. 4 shows the rise in intracellular calcium in Sf9 cells which expressed the receptors shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and chicken β2 (top) and chicken α4 and chicken β2 subunits (bottom). The experiments are described in Example 4. The horizontal scale represents the time axis: the distance between two measurement points is 250 ms. The vertical axis represents the relative calcium concentration in the cells on a non-normalized scale. The relative calcium concentration was formed from the ratio of the fluorescence activities of the cells on irradiation with light of wavelengths 340 nm and 380 nm. Row 1 (characterized by ligand-induced rise in the Ca concentration) marks transfected cells, and row 2 nontransfected control cells in the same image field.



EXAMPLES
General
Various nucleic acids coding for modified α subunits were generated.
Besides the nucleic acid shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, further nucleic acids based on the chicken α4 subunit were generated which contain other regions from the ligand-binding amino acid region of the Heliothis virescens α1 subunit (SEQ ID NO: 6, 10). It was not possible with these other modified α subunits to achieve the stated object. No sensitivity for insecticides of the chloronicotinyl type was, for instance, detectable for the α subunits shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, 11. Their pharmacological properties correspond to those of the wild-type chicken α4/β2 receptor and they are thus unsuitable for the abovementioned task.
To obtain, at the same time, the good expression properties of the chicken α4 subunit and the required insect-like pharmacology of the Heliothis virescens α1 subunit, a narrowly defined region within the ligand-binding domain of the α subunits is replaced. The polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 contains this region.
Example 1
Construction of the Nucleic Acids Described
General
The manipulation of polynucleotides took place by standard methods of recombinant DNA technology (Sambrook et al. 1989). The bioinformatic processing of nucleotide and protein sequences took place with the GCG program package version 10.0 (GCG Genetics Computer Group, Inc., Madison Wis., USA).
A) Construction of the Nucleic Acid Shown in SEQ ID NO: 2


    a) The SacI restriction cleavage site in a pBluescript KS+ (Stratagene, Heidelberg, Germany) was deleted using Quickchange (Stratagene, Heidelberg, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and using the following oligonucleotides: SEQ ID NO: 14 (5′-GAACAAAAGCTGGAGGTCCACCGCGGTGGC-3′) and SEQ ID NO: 15 (5′-GCCACCGCGGTGGACCTCCAGCTTTTGTTC-3′).
    b) The template used for a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the cDNA of the α1 subunit of the Heliothis virescens nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Genbank AJ000399) in the vector pBluescript KS+ (10 ng/μl). The primers employed were oligonucleotides of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 (5′-CACGTGCCCTCCGAGCTCATCTGGCGGCCGG-3′) for the 5′ end of the fragment to be amplified and SEQ ID NO: 5 (5′-GTCATATGTCCACGAGCCGAAC-3′) for the 3′ end of the fragment in a concentration of 15 pmol/μl in each case. PfuTurbo (Stratagene, Heidelberg, Germany) was used as polymerase. Betaine was employed as 5 M stock solution in water. The nucleotide stock solution contained all 4 nucleotides each in a concentration of 1 mM.
















Mixture:
51.4 μl
of H2O



  10 μl
of 10x PfuTurbo buffer (Stratagene, Heidelberg, Germany)



  2 μl
of template DNA (20 ng)



  2 μl
of d′NTP mix, 1 mM each



  2 μl
of primer for the 5′ end



  2 μl
of primer for the 3′ end



 2.6 μl
of dimethyl sulphoxide (anhydrous)



  26 μl
of betaine



  2 μl
of PfuTurbo polymerase (Stratagene, Heidelberg, Germany)


PCR prog.:
(1) 95° C.
 1 min



(2) 95° C.
30 sec



(3) 55° C.
30 sec



(4) 72° C.
30 sec, 29 times back to (2)



(5) 4° C.
Pause









After the PCR, the reaction product was subcloned using a TOPO-TA kit (Invitrogen, La Jolla, Calif., USA) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions into a TOPO-TA vector. A colony which contained a plasmid with the amplified fragment was identified by restriction digestion. Plasmid DNA was obtained therefrom by conventional methods. A SacI/NdeI fragment was isolated from this DNA by conventional methods.
In parallel to this, the cDNA of the α4 subunit of the chicken nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Genbank AJ250361) was cloned into the vector described above in 1Aa (pBluescript KS+ without Sac I) via flanking EcoRI cleavage sites. This plasmid was then digested with SacI and NdeI.
The SacI/NdeI fragment was ligated by conventional methods into the opened cDNA of the chicken α4 subunit. An aliquot of the ligation mixture was transformed by conventional methods into competent E. coli cells of the strain DH5α (Gibco, Karlsruhe, Germany).
A colony which contained a plasmid with the fragment ligated in was identified by restriction digestion. Plasmid DNA was obtained therefrom by conventional methods. A BamHI/Eco47III fragment was isolated from this DNA.
In parallel to this, the cDNA of the α4 subunit of the chicken nicotinyl acetylcholine receptor was digested with BamHI and Eco47III. The cDNA was cloned into the vector pcDNA3.1+. The BamHI/Eco47III fragment was ligated by conventional methods into the opened cDNA of the chicken α4 subunit. An aliquot of the ligation mixture was transformed into competent E. coli cells of the strain DN5α.
A colony which contained a plasmid with the fragment ligated in was identified by restriction digestion. Plasmid DNA was obtained therefrom by conventional methods. This plasmid DNA was used for injections into xenopus oocytes.
B) Construction of a Nucleic Acid Shown in SEQ ID NO: 6
The so-called insect-typical insertion from the Heliothis α1 subunit (coding for RHIDEARGTNVVELG) was inserted into the DNA of the chicken α4 subunit (Genbank AJ250361) in the vector according to 1Aa by Quickchange mutagenesis (Stratagene, Heidelberg, Germany). The mutagenesis was carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions using the following oligonucleotides: SEQ ID NO: 8









(5′-GCTAAGATAGACTTGAGACACATCGATGAGGCTAGAGGAACCAACGT
SEQ ID NO: 9



 


GGTAGAACTGGGTGTGGACCAACTGGACTACTGG-3′)


 


and


 


(5′-CCAGTAGTCCAGTTGGTCCACACCCAGTTCTACCACGTTGGTTCCTCT


 


AGCCTCATCGATGTGTCTCAAGTCTATCTTAGC-3′).






C) Construction of a Nucleic Acid Shown in SEQ ID NO: 10

The nucleic acid shown in SEQ ID NO: 10 was generated starting from the chicken α4 subunit (Genbank AJ250361) in the vector according to 1Aa by a two-stage Quickchange mutagenesis (Stratagene, Heidelberg, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The following oligonucleotides were used for the first reaction:









(5′-CAACAGCAAGAAATATGAATGCTGCGACGAGCCCTACCTTGATATAA
SEQ ID NO: 12



 


CTTTCAACTTCATTATCCGGAGGCTGCCGCTG-3′)


 


and


 


(5′-CAGCGGCAGCCTCCGGATAATGAAGTTGAAAGTTATATCAAGGTAGG
SEQ ID NO: 13


 


GCTCGTCGCAGCATTCATATTTCTTGCTGTTG-3′).


 


This product was then subjected to a second Quickchange


mutagenesis with the following oligonucleotides:


 


(5′-GC GGG GAG TGG GTC ATC TTAGAA GTC CCG GCC
SEQ ID NO: 16


 


GTT CGC AAC GAA AAG TTT TAT ACA TGC TGC GAC GAG CCC TAC C-3′)


 


and


 


(5′-G GTA GGG CTC GTC GCA GCA TGT ATA AAA CTT TTC
SEQ ID NO: 17


 


GTT GCG AAC GGC CGG GAC TTC AATGAT GAC CCA CTC CCC GC-3′).






Example 2
Expression of the Modified Acetylcholine Receptors in Xenopus Oocytes
General
In order to characterize the effect of acetylcholine, imidacloprid and other potential agonists of acetylcholine receptors on the modified receptors prepared, electrophysiological measurements were carried out on xenopus oocytes. The corresponding methods and experimental designs have been described many times in the literature (see, for example, Kettennann & Grantyn, eds. 1992). Expression of cloned or recombinant receptor genes in xenopus oocytes has a number of technical advantages. The oocytes can be stimulated by simple injection of mRNA or cDNA to express the corresponding receptors, and the necessary electrophysiological measurements are possible particularly simply and conveniently on these cells (for example Bertrand et al. 1992, Amar et al. 1993, Cooper et al. 1996).
Expression of the Modified Receptors in Xenopus Oocytes
Xenopus oocytes were isolated and prepared as previously described (Bertrand et al. 1991). On the first day after isolation of the oocytes, in each case 10 nl of a solution with 2 ng of an appropriate cDNA expression vector were injected into the cell nuclei of the oocytes. The oocytes were kept at 19° C. in a suitable medium (BARTH solution consisting (in mM) of NaCl 88, KCl 1, NaHCO3 2.4, MgSO4 0.82, Ca(NO3)2 0.33, CaCl2 0.41, HEPES 10, pH 7.4) for 3–5 days. After this time, the electrophysiological experiments were carried out.
Electrophysiological Experiments
Electrophysiological recordings were carried out using a dual electrode voltage clamp by tried and tested methods which are well known (compare Bertrand et al. 1992). Each oocyte was placed singly in a measurement chamber and pierced by two microelectrodes. The microelectrodes are fine glass capillaries filled with a suitable salt solution (for example 3 M KCl or 1.5 M K acetate with 100 mM KCl) and then have a series resistance of 0.3–1.2 M Ohm. The membrane voltage was fixed at −80 mV using a voltage clamp amplifier (TEC-00, npi, Tamm, Germany), and the inward current flowing through the cell membrane was measured and recorded by computer. Frog Ringer solution containing 115 mM NaCl; 2.5 mM KCl; 1.8 mM CaCl2; 10 mM HEPES; at pH 7.4 (adjusted with NaOH) flowed at a flow rate of 5–10 ml/minute through the measurement chamber. In order to test acetylcholine, imidacloprid or another active substance on these oocytes, the substance was added in the intended concentration to the frog Ringer solution and the perfusion of the measurement chamber was briefly changed over to this test solution. Acetylcholine (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) was stored as stock solution at −20° C. and added to the measurement solution immediately before the experiment.
All modified receptors responding to acetylcholine were then also tested with imidacloprid. In this case it is immediately evident from the occurrence of an additional inward current signal whether the receptor variant expressed in the particular oocyte can be activated by imidacloprid or not.
In order to characterize the sensitivity of the modified receptors to acetylcholine and imidacloprid in more detail, dose-effect plots were recorded by repeating the experiment described above with different concentrations of the substance. The display of the relative signal strengths (based on the current response induced by a standard dose of acetylcholine, in this case usually 0.32 μM) against the concentration of the test substance permits a direct comparison of which receptor variants are particularly sensitive to imidacloprid since considerably lower concentrations of imidacloprid are necessary to induce a current signal.
Results are detailed in FIG. 2. Receptors comprising unmodified chicken α4 subunits and chicken β2 subunits respond to addition of acetylcholine, but not imidacloprid, with ligand-induced conductance (FIG. 2B), whereas receptors comprising unmodified Heliothis α1 subunits and chicken β2 subunits are sensitive to both acetylcholine and imidacloprid (FIG. 2C). Receptors consisting of the chicken β2 subunit and polypeptides according to SEQ ID NOs: 3, 7 and 11, respectively, are all functional, i.e. they display ligand-induced conductance upon addition of acetylcholine (FIGS. 2A, E, F). This is in itself surprising, given the results of van den Beukel (van den Beukel 1998). However, only the receptors consisting of the chicken β2 subunit and polypeptides according to SEQ ID NO: 3 are sensitive to imidacloprid (FIG. 2A).
Example 3
Functional Expression of a Modified Acetylcholine Receptor in Sf9 Cell Lines Containing the Modified Subunit Shown in SEQ ID NO: 3
Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) cells were transfected simultaneously with cDNA expression plasmids which code for the modified heliothis/chicken subunit and for the chicken β2 subunit using a liposomal transfection reagent (DAC-30, Eurogentec, Belgium). A cDNA expression construct for the green fluorescent protein from Aequoria victoria was transfected simultaneously. This makes it possible simply to identify transfected cells because experience has shown that most of the cells which have taken up one of the constructs have also taken up the other ones. 24 to 48 hours after transfection, the currents through the cell membrane of the Sf9 cells were measured by whole-cell recordings. For this purpose, the potential difference across the cell membrane was kept constant at −70 mV. Substances were applied using the U-tube reversed flow technique (Fenwick 1982). The volume of the experimental chamber, which was continuously perfused with bath solution (3 ml/min), was less than 0.5 ml. The standard perfusion solution (extracellular medium) had the following composition (in mM): 150 NaCl, 4 KCl, 2 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 10 HEPES (pH 7.3). The pipette solution contained (in mM): 150 KCl, 10 HEPES 10 K-EGTA (pH 7.2). The microelectrodes were produced in an electrode puller (Zeitz, Germany) from borosilicate glass blanks (external diameter 1.6 mm, Hilgenberg, Germany). The resistance of the flame-polished microelectrodes on use of the abovementioned pipette and bath solutions was between 4 and 6 MΩ. All the experiments were carried out at room temperature (22–25° C.) with an L/M EPC7 patch clamp amplifier (List electronic). The analogue signals were filtered using 8-pole Bessel filters to 315 Hz and digitized with 1 kHz. The software used to record and analyse the data was pClamp (version 6.06). After the “giga seal” was reached, the fast interfering capacitances (pipette capacitance) were compensated with the C-fast compensation mode of the EPC-7. No compensation of the series resistance (cell capacitance) was carried out.
To check whether expression of the cDNAs which code for the modified heliothis/chicken subunit shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and the chicken β2 subunit led to the production of functional acetylcholine receptors in the cells, whole-cell recordings were carried out by the method described above, during which the cells were stimulated with acetylcholine (1000 μM) or imidacloprid (100 μM). Immediately after the stimulus it was possible to measure strong inward currents typical of the activation of ion channels, both on application of 1000 μM acetylcholine and on application of 100 μM imidacloprid (FIG. 3). In order to quantify the results, a series of experiments was carried out with 5 measurements. This involved comparison of the inward currents induced by 100 μM imidacloprid with the inward currents induced by 1000 μM acetylcholine. The amplitude ratio (maximum amplitude of the current/time plot on application of 100 μM imidacloprid divided by the maximum amplitude of the current/time plot on application of 1000 μM acetylcholine) is a relative measure of the sensitivity of a receptor for imidacloprid. This amplitude ratio for the receptor containing polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and the chicken β2 subunit was 0.46±0.09 (n=5 cells). By contrast, there were either no or only very weak inward currents on Sf9 cells transfected simultaneously with cDNA expression plasmids coding for the chicken α4 subunit and the chicken β2 subunit on application of 100 μM imidacloprid. The amplitude ratio for these receptors was 0.05±0.06 (n=5 cells). Untransfected control cells in the same experiment, which were identifiable through the absence of the fluorescence of the green fluorescent protein, showed no response either to acetylcholine or to imidacloprid.
These results show that the acetylcholine receptor subunit with an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 forms together with the chicken β2 subunit a functional receptor in Sf9 cells which is clearly distinguished pharmacologically from recombinantly expressed chicken α4-β2 receptor.
Example 4
Detection by Calcium Imaging of the Activation by Agonists of the Acetylcholine Receptors Expressed in Cells and Containing a Subunit Shown in SEQ ID NO: 3
Cell Culture and Gene Transfer
Sf9 cells were cultivated in a mixture of 3⁄4 TC100 medium (Gibco, Karlsruhe, Germany)+1⁄4 SF900 medium (Gibco, Karlsruhe, Germany), 10% fetal calf serum, 0.1% Pluronic (Gibco, Karlsruhe, Germany) at 27° C. DAC-30 (Eurogentec) was used for the gene transfer in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. An expression construct for the green fluorescent protein from Aequoria victoria was transfected simultaneously as further CDNA. This permitted simple identification of transfected cells because experience has shown that most of the cells which have taken up one of the constructs have also taken up the other ones. 24 to 48 hours after the gene transfer, the cells were seeded in various densities in microtitre plates.
Fura-2 Measurements
The changes in the intracellular calcium concentration were measured using Fura-2. A stock solution containing 2 mM Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Sigma, Munich, Germany) in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was diluted to a final concentration of 10 μM in 3⁄4 TC100 medium (Gibco, Karlsruhe, Germany)+1⁄4 SF900 medium (Gibco, Karlsruhe, Germany) with 2% bovine serum albumin (Sigma, Munich, Germany). The cells were incubated in a microtitre plate in this solution for 45 to 60 minutes. The cells were then washed twice in N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulphonic acid) (5 mM HEPES)-buffered calcium buffer (HEPES-buffered salt solution, pH 7.2 with 84 mM CaCl2). 100 μl of Tyrode buffer were placed in the wells of the microtitre plate, and the cells were irradiated under a fluorescence microscope (Axiovert, Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with light of wavelengths 340 nm and 380 nm alternately. A series of video images (120 images) with a time resolution of 250 msec was recorded using a TILL Imago CCD/Polychrom image analysis system (T.I.L.L. Photonics, Martinsried, Germany). After 30 images had been recorded, the cells were stimulated by adding 600 μl of 2 mM acetylcholine chloride in calcium buffer (final concentration of acetylcholine=1 mM, arrow in FIG. 4). The data were then analysed using the TILL Vision software (3.3, T.I.L.L. Photonics, Martinsried, Germany): the cells in an image field were separated into a transfected and a nontransfected population on the basis of expression of the green fluorescent protein. For each population separately the fluorescence intensity of the cells on irradiation with light of wavelength 380 nm was divided by the corresponding intensity at 340 nm, thus forming a ratio which represents the relative rise in calcium concentration on a non-normalized scale (similar to Grynkiewicz et al. 1985).
The results (FIG. 4) show that acetylcholine receptors containing a subunit shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 can be functionally expressed in cell culture cells, and stimulation thereof leads to a rise in the calcium concentration in the cell.
REFERENCES


    Amar et al. 1995, A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit from insect brain forms a non-desensitizing homo-oligomeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptor when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, Neuroscience Letters 199, 107–110.
    Amar et al. 1993, Agonist pharmacology of the neuronal a7 nicotinic receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes, FEBS Lett. 327, 284–288.
    Bertrand et al. 1994, Physiological properties of neuronal nicotinic receptors reconstituted from the vertebrate beta 2 subunit and Drosophila alpha subunits, Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 869–75.
    Bertrand et al. 1992, Pharmacological properties of the homomeric alpha-7 receptor, Neurosci. Lett. 146, 87–90.
    Bertrand et al. 1991, Methods in Neuroscience 4, New York, Academic Press, 174–193.
    Breer et al. 1987, Molecular properties and functions of insect acetylcholine receptors, J. Insect Physiol. 33, 771–790.
    Buckingham et al. 1997, Imidacloprid actions on insect neuronal acetylcholine receptors, J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2685–2692.
    Buisson et al. 1996, Human α3/β4 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in HEK-293 cells: A Patch-Clamp Study, J Neuroscience 16, 7880–7891.
    Changeux et al. 1992, The functional architecture of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor explored by affinity labelling and site-directed mutagenesis, Quarterly Review of Biophysics 25, 395–432.
    Claudio et al. 1983, Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of Torpedo califomica acetylcholine receptor y subunit, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 1111–1115.
    Cooper et al. 1996, Pharmacology of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from fetal rat muscle expressed in Xenopus oocytes, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 309, 287–298.
    Delbono et al. 1997, Activation of the Recombinant Human α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Significantly Raises Intracellular Free Calcium; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 280, 428–438.
    Devillers-Thiery et al. 1983, Complete mRNA coding sequence of the acetylcholine binding α-subunit of Torpedo marmorata acetylcholine receptor: a model for the transmembrane organization of the polypeptide chain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 2067–2071.
    Eastham et al. 1998, Characterisation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from the insect Manduca sexta, Eur. J. Neurosci 10, 879–889.
    Elgoyhen et al. 1997, U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,912.
    Gopalakrishnan et al. 1995, Stable Expression and Pharmacological Properties of the Human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 290, 237–246.
    Gopalakrishnan et al. 1996, Stable Expression and Pharmacological Properties of the Human Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine α4/β2 receptor, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 276, 289–297.
    Grynkiewicz et al. 1985, A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties, J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3440–3450.
    Heinemann et al. 1997, U.S. Pat. No 5,591,590.
    Hermans-Borgmeyer et al. 1986, Primary structure of a developmentally regulated nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein from Drosophila, EMBO J. 5, 1503–1508.
    Hermsen et al. 1998, Neuronal nicotinic receptors in the locust Locusta migratoria. Cloning and expression, J. Biol. Chem. 17, 18394–404.
    Huang et al. 1999, Molecular characterization and imidacloprid selectivity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from the peach-potato aphid myzus persicae J. Neurochem. 73, 380–389.
    Jespersen et al. 1997, Efficient Non-PCR-Mediated Overlap Extension of PCR Fragments by Exonuclease “End Polishing”, Biotechniques, 23, 48.
    Lansdell et al. 1997, Temperature-sensitive expression of Drosophila neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, J. Neurochem. 68, 1812–9.
    Lansdell et al. 2000, The influence of nicotinic receptor subunit composition upon agonist, alpha-bungarotoxin and insecticide (imidacloprid) binding affinity, Neuro-pharmacology 39, 671–9.
    Lindstrom et al. 1997, U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,709.
    Marshall et al. 1990, Sequence and functional expression of a single α subunit of an insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, EMBO J. 9, 4391–4398.
    Matsuda et al. 1998, Effects of the subunit on imidacloprid sensitivity of recombinant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Br. J. Pharmacol. 123, 518–524.
    Noda et al. 1982, Primary structure of α-subunit precursor of Torpedo califomica acetylcholine receptor deduced from cDNA sequence, Nature 299, 793–797.
    Noda et al. 1983a, Primary structures of β- and δ-subunit precursor of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor deduced from cDNA sequences, Nature 301, 251–255.
    Noda et al. 1983b, Structural homology of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor subunits, Nature 302, 528–532.
    Ortells et al. 1995, Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors, Trends in Neuroscience 18, 121–127.
    Perriere et al. 1996, WWW-Query: An on-line retrieval system for biological sequence banks. Biochimie 78, 364–369
    Ragozzino et al. 1997, Functional Properties of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Channels Expressed in Transfected Human Cells, Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 480–488.
    Sawruk et al. 1990a, Heterogeneity of Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: SAD, a novel developmentally regulated α-subunit. EMBO J. 9, 2671–2677.
    Sawruk et al. 1990b, SBD, a novel structural subunit of the Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, shares its genomic localization with two α-subunits, FEBS Lett. 273, 177–181.
    Schloβ et al. 1988, Neuronal acetylcholine receptors of Drosophila: the ARD protein is a component of a high-affinity α-bungarotoxin binding complex, EMBO J 7, 2889–2984.
    Schoepfer et al. 1990, Brain alpha-bungarotoxin binding protein cDNAs and MAbs reveal subtypes of this branch of the ligand-gated ion channel gene superfamily; Neuron 5, 35–48.
    Schulz et al. 1998, D 3, a new functional -subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from Drosophila, J. Neurochem. 71, 853–862.
    Schulz et al. 2000, Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from Drosophila: two different types of alpha subunits coassemble within the same receptor complex, J. Neurochem. 74, 2537–46.
    Sgard et al. 1998, Cloning and Functional Characterization of Two Novel Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α subunits form the Insect Pest Myzus persicae; J. Neurochem 71, 903–912.
    Staudermann et al. 1998, Characterization of Human Recombinant Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit α2β4, α3β4 and α4β4 Combinations Stably Expressed in HEK-293 Cells, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 284, 777–789.
    Stetzer et al. 1996, Stable expression in HEK-293 cells of the rat α3/β4 subtype of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, FEBS Lett. 397, 39–44.
    Thompson et al. 1997, The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools, Nucleic Acids Research 24, 4876–4882.
    Van den Beukel 1998, Species- and subtype-specific interactions of cholinesterase inhibitors with acetylcholine receptors, Dissertation Utrecht University, ISBN 90-393-1737-2.
    Zhang et al. 1999, Activation and Ca2+ Permeation of Stably Transfected α3/β4 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor; Mol. Pharnacol. 55, 970–981.

## Claims

1. A modified acetylcholine receptor subunit comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the modified acetylcholine receptor subunit comprises an α subunit of a vertebrate acetylcholine receptor having a region which is homologous with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein at least one amino acid in the region of the α subunit of the vertebrate acetylcholine receptor which is homologous with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is replaced by an amino acid which occurs at the identical position in the corresponding region of an α subunit of an insect acetylcholine receptor, and wherein the replacement of the at least one amino acid in the region of the α subunit results in a change of the amino acid sequence when compared with the amino acid sequence of the α subunit wherein no replacement has occurred.

2. A nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence which codes for a modified acetylcholine receptor subunit, wherein the modified acetylcholine receptor subunit comprises an α subunit of a vertebrate acetylcholine receptor having a region which is homologous with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein at least one amino acid in the region of the α subunit of the vertebrate acetylcholine receptor which is homologous with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is replaced by an amino acid which occurs at the identical position in the corresponding region of an α subunit of an insect acetylcholine receptor, and wherein the replacement of the at least one amino acid in the region of the α subunit results in a change of the amino acid sequence when compared with the amino acid sequence of the α subunit wherein no replacement has occurred, and wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.

3. A modified acetylcholine receptor comprising an acetylcholine receptor subunit of claim 1.

4. A DNA construct comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 and a heterologous promoter.

5. A vector comprising a DNA construct according to claim 4.

6. A vector according to claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid is functionally linked to regulatory sequences which ensure expression of the nucleic acid in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

7. A host cell containing a DNA construct according to claim 4.

8. An isolated acetylcholine receptor comprising β subunit and an α subunit, wherein the α subunit comprises SEQ ID NO: 3.