NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Statistical Analysis Report January 1997

Campus Crime and

Security at

Postsecondary Education

Institutions

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 97-402

NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Statistical Analysis Report January 1997

Campus Crime and

Security at

Postsecondary Education

Institutions

Laurie Lewis

Elizabeth Farris

Westat, Inc.

Bernie Greene

Project Officer

National Center for Education Statistics

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 97-402
For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office

Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328

U.S. Department of Education

Richard W. Riley

Secretary

Office of Educational Research and Improvement

Marshall S. Smith

Acting Assistant Secretary

National Center for Education Statistics

Pascal D. Forgione, Jr.

Commissioner

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting,

analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It

fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete

statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and

specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local

education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education

activities in foreign countries.

NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent,

reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely,

useful, and high quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states,

other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public.

We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is

appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success

in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this

or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your

comments to:

National Center for Education Statistics

Office of Educational Research and Improvement

U.S. Department of Education

555 New Jersey Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20208-5574

January 1997

For more information about PEQIS or this survey, contact:

Bernie Greene

(202) 219-1366

The NCES World Wide Web Home Page address is

http://www.ed.gov/NCES/

For information about the Campus Security Act,

contact:

U.S. Department of Education Customer Support Branch

(800) 433-7327

Additional information about the Campus Security Act is

available on the World Wide Web at

http://www.ed.gov/offices/ope/ppi/security.html

Suggested Citation

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Campus Crime and Security at

Postsecondary Education Institutions, NCES 97-402, by Laurie Lewis and Elizabeth Farris. Project Officer,

Bernie Greene. Washington, DC: 1997.
For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office

Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
iii

Executive Summary

Background

n the 1980s, concern grew about crime and security at the nation’s

postsecondary institutions. Such institutions traditionally had been

considered to be safe havens where students could focus on their

studies. However, a number of high profile violent crimes on college

campuses changed that perception. Such concerns led Congress to

pass legislation regarding campus security and crime reporting at

postsecondary institutions.

The Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act (Public Law

101-542) was signed into law in November 1990 and amended several

times in subsequent years. Title II of this Act is known as the Crime

Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1990. This Act requires

institutions participating in the student financial aid programs under

Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 to disclose information

about campus safety policies and procedures and to provide statistics

concerning whether certain crimes took place on campus.

In addition, the Act requires the Secretary of Education to make a onetime report to Congress on campus crime statistics. To provide

information for the Secretary’s report, the Office of Postsecondary

Education and the National Institute on Postsecondary Education,

Libraries, and Lifelong Learning, U.S. Department of Education,

requested that the National Center for Education Statistics conduct a

survey on campus crime and security at postsecondary education

institutions. The survey collected information from institutions about

campus crime statistics for 1992, 1993, and 1994; annual security

reports compiled by institutions; and campus security procedures and

programs. This survey was the first attempt to gather such

information from a nationally representative sample of postsecondary

institutions. The results of this survey provide the first national

estimates about campus crime and security and allow comparisons to

be made between various kinds of institutions.

The survey was conducted in spring 1996 using the Postsecondary

Education Quick Information System (PEQIS). The survey included

public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit postsecondary

education institutions at all levels (less-than-2-year, 2-year, and 4-

year, including graduate-level) that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs, since these are the institutions to which the

Campus Security Act applies. This very diverse group of institutions

includes universities, baccalaureate colleges, 2-year and community

colleges, graduate and professional schools (including law, medical,

I
iv

and clinical psychology schools), trade and technical schools, nursing

and allied health schools, Bible colleges and seminaries, and other

postsecondary schools such as cosmetology and business schools.

About a third of the postsecondary institutions to which the Campus

Security Act applies are for-profit less-than-2-year institutions. This

group of institutions includes many cosmetology schools, vocationaltechnical institutes, business and computer processing schools, and

health careers schools (e.g., vocational and practical nursing, x-ray

technology, and training for medical and dental assistants). These

institutions, most of which enroll fewer than 200 students, are very

different from traditional colleges and universities. It is therefore

important to keep in mind the diverse nature of the postsecondary

institutions covered by the Campus Security Act (and thus included in

this PEQIS survey) when interpreting the survey results.

The distributions of postsecondary institutions that participate in

federal Title IV programs and the enrollments of students at those

institutions vary widely. Although for-profit less-than-2-year

institutions account for 31 percent of institutions that participate in

Title IV, they enroll 2 percent of the students. The largest proportions

of students attend public 4-year (40 percent of students) and public 2-

year institutions (36 percent of students), although these institutions

account for 9 percent and 18 percent, respectively, of institutions that

participate in Title IV. Private 4-year institutions account for 23

percent of institutions, and enroll 19 percent of the students.

Similarly, while 40 percent of postsecondary institutions that

participate in Title IV have enrollments of less than 200 students and

an additional 24 percent of institutions enroll 200-999 students, half of

the postsecondary students in Title IV institutions attend institutions

that enroll 10,000 or more students and an additional 31 percent of

students attend institutions that enroll 3,000 to 9,999 students. Thus,

while most institutions are small, most students attend large

institutions. Campus housing shows a similar pattern: while 66

percent of institutions that participate in Title IV do not have any

campus housing, 60 percent of students in Title IV institutions attend

institutions that have some campus housing.

These relationships between institutional characteristics and

enrollment have important implications for the interpretation of the

survey results. This PEQIS survey was directed to institutions, and

the results are thus presented as institution-level information (e.g., the

percentage of institutions with a particular campus security service or

program). However, because of the differences in the distributions of

institutions and enrollments by institutional characteristics, the

institution-level information does not represent
v

the number of students affected. Occasionally, student information is

provided to put the institutional data in context, but since the survey

was directed to institutions, not students, institutions are the

appropriate reference for the survey results.

Moreover, it is important to understand that the analysis variables of

institutional type and size, and percentage of students in campus

housing are related to each other. For example, 99 percent of forprofit less-than-2-year institutions do not have campus housing, and

84 percent of these institutions enroll less than 200 students; 80

percent of public 4-year institutions have campus housing, and 76

percent of these institutions enroll 3,000 or more students. Because of

these relationships, differences on survey items tend to covary by these

analysis variables.

The presence of campus housing also may be related to campus crime

rates. For example, students who reside in campus housing are

potential victims of on-campus crime 24 hours a day. These students

have a different risk pattern than students who commute to campus for

a few hours a week.

It is also important to remember that the crime statistics reported are

for occurrences of crime on campus (whether the victims were

students, staff, or campus visitors), and do not include crimes

committed against students at off-campus locations. The final

regulations1 define a campus as follows. A campus is (1) any building

or property owned or controlled by an institution within the same

reasonably contiguous geographic area and used by the institution in

direct support of, or in a manner related to, the institution’s

educational purposes; (2) any building or property owned or

controlled by a student organization recognized by the institution; or

(3) any building or property controlled by the institution, but owned

by a third party.

It should also be noted that the crime statistics only reflect crimes that

were reported. The Campus Security Act requires institutions to

report statistics for specified on-campus crimes that were reported to

local police agencies or to any official of the institution with

significant responsibility for student and campus activities. Other

crimes may have occurred on campus, but gone unreported. For

example, forcible sex offenses are widely considered to be vastly

underreported crimes, both in the community and on campuses.

 

1 Federal Register, April 24, 1994, Vol. 59, No. 82.
vi

Campus Crime

Statistics

The Campus Security Act requires postsecondary institutions to

report about the occurrence on campus of various crimes. Violent

crimes (murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, or aggravated assault)

were reported by about a quarter of the institutions in each of the 3

years (1992, 1993, 1994). For 1994, less than 0.5 percent reported a

murder on campus, 9 percent reported incidents of forcible sex

offenses, 12 percent reported robbery, and 18 percent reported

aggravated assault. Property crimes (which here includes only

burglary and motor vehicle theft, since these are the only property

crimes the Act requires institutions to report) were reported by about

two-fifths of the institutions in each of the 3 years. According to 1994

statistics, 37 percent had experienced burglary on campus, while 23

percent reported at least one motor vehicle theft. The percentage of

institutions reporting occurrences of violent and property crimes

varied greatly by institutional type, whether the institution had campus

housing, and the size of the institution. Public 4-year institutions,

those with campus housing, and larger institutions were more likely to

report occurrences of both violent and property crimes than were other

types of institutions, those without campus housing, and smaller

institutions. For example, one or more violent crimes were reported

by 78 percent of public 4-year institutions, about half of institutions

with campus housing, and 84 percent of institutions with 10,000 or

more students, compared with 3 percent of for-profit less-than-2-year

institutions, 12 percent of institutions without campus housing, and 7

percent of institutions with less than 200 students. Similarly, property

crimes were reported by 84 percent of public 4-year institutions, twothirds to three-quarters of institutions with campus housing, and 96

percent of institutions with 10,000 or more students, compared with

14 percent of for-profit less-than-2-year institutions, 30 percent of

institutions without campus housing, and 18 percent of institutions

with less than 200 students.

During each of the 3 years, institutions reported a total of about

10,000 violent crimes and almost 40,000 property crimes. For 1994,

the individual crime composition for violent crimes was about 20

murders, about 1,300 forcible sex offenses, 3,100 robberies, and

5,100 cases of aggravated assault. In the property crime category,

institutions reported 28,800 burglaries and 9,000 motor vehicle thefts

in 1994.

To put the crime numbers into context, they were converted to crime

rates per 1,000 students. In 1994, the overall violent crime rate was

0.65 per 1,000 students, with individual rates of 0.001 per 1,000 for

murder, 0.09 per 1,000 for forcible sex offenses, 0.21 per 1,000 for

robbery, and 0.35 per 1,000 for aggravated assault. Property crime
vii

rates were 2.57 per 1,000 in 1994--1.96 per 1,000 for burglary and

0.61 per 1,000 for motor vehicle theft. Crime rates for both violent

and property crimes increased as the amount of campus housing

increased (from no campus housing through less than 25 percent in

campus housing to 25 percent or more students living in campus

housing); violent and property crime rates also tended to be higher in

smaller institutions compared with larger ones. For example, the

overall violent crime rate in 1994 was 0.29 per 1,000 students at

institutions without campus housing compared with 1.13 per 1,000 at

institutions with 25 percent or more of students in campus housing.

By institutional size, the violent crime rate was 2.37 per 1,000 at

institutions with less than 200 students compared with 0.53 per 1,000

at institutions with 10,000 or more students.

On-campus arrests for liquor law violations, drug abuse violations,

and weapons possessions were reported by about 10 percent of the

institutions in each of the 3 years. Public 4-year institutions, those

with campus housing, and larger institutions were more likely to

report arrests for all three crimes than were other types of institutions,

those without campus housing, and smaller institutions. For example,

arrests for liquor law violations in 1994 were reported by 63 percent

of public 4-year institutions, a third of institutions with campus

housing, and 56 percent of institutions with 10,000 or more students,

compared with less than 0.5 percent of for-profit less-than-2-year

institutions, 3 percent of institutions without campus housing, and 1

percent of institutions with less than 200 students.

On-campus arrests for liquor law violations were much more common

than for drug abuse violations or weapons possessions. In 1994,

institutions reported about 20,400 arrests for liquor law violations,

about 7,200 arrests for drug abuse violations, and about 2,000 arrests

for weapons possessions. To put the number of on-campus arrests

into context, they were converted into arrest rates per 1,000 students.

In 1994, there were an estimated 1.40 on-campus arrests per 1,000

students for liquor law violations, 0.50 arrests per 1,000 students for

drug abuse violations, and 0.13 arrests per 1,000 students for

weapons possessions. On-campus arrests per 1,000 students for

liquor law and drug abuse violations generally were higher for public

4-year than for other types of institutions, and were higher for

institutions with more campus housing. For example, 1994 arrests for

liquor law violations were 2.84 per 1,000 students at public 4-year

institutions compared with 0.03 per 1,000 students at for-profit lessthan-2-year institutions, and were 0.09 per 1,000 students at

institutions without campus housing compared with 3.00 arrests per

1,000 students at institutions with 25 percent or more of students in

campus housing.
viii

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting

(UCR)/National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

definitions, which the Campus Security Act specifies are to be used

for compiling the crime statistics, were used by 40 percent of the

institutions; state crime definitions by 45 percent of institutions; and

other definitions by 16 percent of institutions. Use of definitions

varied greatly by institutional characteristics. While 83 percent of

public 4-year, 61 percent of private 4-year, and 48 percent of public

2-year institutions used the FBI definitions, 24 percent or fewer of the

private 2-year and the less-than-2-year institutions used these

definitions. About two-thirds of the institutions with campus housing

used the FBI definitions, compared with 26 percent of institutions

without campus housing. Larger institutions used the FBI definitions

more frequently than did smaller institutions. Most institutions that

did not use the FBI definitions used state crime definitions instead,

although 20 to 28 percent of the private 2-year and the less-than-2-

year institutions, institutions with no campus housing, and institutions

with less than 200 students used some other set of definitions. Fewer

than 10 percent of public 2-year and 4-year and private 4-year

institutions, institutions with campus housing, and institutions with

1,000 or more students used some other set of definitions.

The relationship between institutional size and use of the various

definitions produces some interesting student-level comparisons.

Since most students attend larger institutions (i.e., institutions with

3,000 or more students), about three-quarters (73 percent) of students

attended institutions that used the FBI definitions, 24 percent attended

institutions that used state crime definitions, and 4 percent attended

institutions that used some other set of definitions. Thus, the majority

of students attended institutions using the mandated FBI definitions,

and most of the remaining students attended institutions using state

crime definitions.

Annual Security

Reports

The Campus Security Act requires postsecondary institutions to

publish and distribute an annual security report containing information

about campus security policies and crime statistics. The report is to

be distributed annually to all current students and employees and,

upon request, to prospective students and employees. Most

institutions (87 percent) compiled an annual campus security report,

although the proportion ranged from 64 percent of other less-than-2-

year institutions to 98 percent of public 4-year institutions. Larger

institutions were more likely than smaller institutions to prepare these

annual security reports, ranging from 76 percent of those with less

than 200 students to 100 percent of those
ix

with 10,000 or more students. Almost all students (98 percent)

attended institutions that compiled annual security reports. The most

prevalent method of compiling the report was as a stand-alone

publication about campus security, a practice at 70 percent of the

institutions that issued annual reports. About half the institutions that

issued these reports included the crime information within the body of

another student or employee publication, either in addition to, or

instead of, the stand-alone publication. One-fifth published security

report information in the campus newspaper, 6 percent used an

electronic format, and 9 percent used other formats for publishing the

information.

Making the security report information available at student

orientation, registration, and/or at other student activities was the most

prevalent method of disseminating this information (used by 85

percent of the institutions that compile annual security information).

About two-thirds of institutions that compile annual security

information made the information available in various offices and/or

building lobbies around the institution (67 percent), mailed the

information on request to prospective students and/or employees (64

percent), or mailed the information on request to current students

and/or employees (60 percent). Half of the institutions that have

campus housing distributed the information in student residence halls.

Campus Security

Procedures and

Programs

The Campus Security Act was intended, in part, to encourage

postsecondary institutions to put more emphasis on campus safety and

on crime prevention services and programs. One way that institutions

can work towards the prevention of crime on campus is through

services or programs that foster campus safety. About two-thirds of

all institutions limit access to academic buildings during nights and

weekends (64 percent), give safety presentations to campus groups

(64 percent), and publish and post safety reminders on campus (63

percent). Almost half have night-time escort services (48 percent),

foot or bicycle patrols by security personnel (46 percent), or

emergency phone systems (45 percent). One-third have victim’s

assistance programs, and 12 percent have night-time shuttle bus or

van services. Most institutions with campus housing (90 percent)

indicated that they limited access to residence halls. The majority of

institutions with these services or programs stated that they had

instituted or improved the services in the last 5 years.

The percentage of institutions offering various campus safety services

or programs varied by institutional type and size, and the presence of

campus housing. The general pattern was that public 4-
x

year institutions most frequently offered the various services or

programs, followed by private 4-year and public 2-year institutions.

Less-than-2-year institutions tended to offer these programs and

services much less frequently than other types of institutions.

Institutions with campus housing were more likely to offer the various

services or programs than were institutions without campus housing,

and larger institutions were more likely than smaller ones to offer the

services or programs. For example, foot or bicycle patrols by security

personnel were offered by more than 93 percent of public 4-year

institutions, 95 percent of institutions with 10,000 or more students,

and about 80 percent of institutions with campus housing, compared

with 6 percent of for-profit less-than-2-year institutions, 17 percent of

institutions with less than 200 students, and 29 percent of institutions

without campus housing.

Also, within the last 5 years between half and two-thirds of

institutions had increased lighting in various locales--within campus

buildings (51 percent) to within parking lots and structures (66

percent). Public and private 4-year and public 2-year institutions

generally were more likely to have increased lighting levels than other

types of institutions, as were institutions with campus housing and

larger institutions compared with those without campus housing and

smaller institutions. For example, 96 percent of public 4-year

institutions and 94 percent of institutions with 10,000 or more

students had improved lighting on campus grounds and walkways,

compared with 30 percent of for-profit less-than-2-year institutions

and 36 percent of institutions with less than 200 students.

The results of this survey provide the first national estimates about

campus crime and security. They allow comparisons to be made

between various types of institutions and provide the context for

interpreting the campus crime and security information furnished to

the public by individual institutions.
xi

Table of Contents

Section Page

Executive Summary ...................................................................................... iii

1 Background .................................................................................................. 1

Key Features of the Campus Security Act...................................................... 5

Analysis Variables and Characteristics of Institutions.................................... 5

Statistical Information................................................................................... 8

2 Campus Crime Statistics............................................................................... 9

On-Campus Occurrences of Crimes............................................................... 9

Occurrences of Crimes Manifesting Evidence of Prejudice (“Hate Crimes”)... 17

Arrests for Crimes Occurring on Campus...................................................... 18

Definitions Used for Compiling Crime Statistics............................................ 22

3 Annual Security Reports ............................................................................... 25

Formats for Annual Security Reports ............................................................ 25

Dissemination Approaches............................................................................ 27

4 Campus Security Procedures and Programs................................................... 31

Access to Rape Crisis Counseling.................................................................. 31

Increased Lighting Levels.............................................................................. 33

Services and Programs Concerning Campus Safety........................................ 34

Public Safety Employees............................................................................... 38

5 Summary ...................................................................................................... 43

6 Survey Methodology and Data Reliability...................................................... 45

Postsecondary Education Quick Information System...................................... 45

Sample and Response Rates.......................................................................... 46

Sampling and Nonsampling Errors................................................................ 47

Variances...................................................................................................... 49

Background Information................................................................................ 50

Definitions of Analysis Variables .................................................................. 51
xii

List of Appendices

Appendices Page

A Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reporting/National

Incidence-Based Reporting System Crime Definitions.................................... A-1

B Tables of Standard Errors............................................................................. B-1

C Survey Questionnaire .................................................................................... C-1

List of Tables

Table

1 Number and percent of postsecondary institutions in the nation that participate

in federal Title IV financial aid programs, and the number and percent of students

enrolled at those institutions in fall 1994, by institutional characteristics ............... 4

2 Percent of postsecondary institutions with campus housing and the mean percent

of students living in campus housing at institutions with housing, by institutional

characteristics: 1996 ........................................................................................... 7

3 Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of

specified criminal offenses for 1992, 1993, and 1994............................................ 10

4 Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of

specified criminal offenses for 1994, by institutional characteristics...................... 11

5 Estimated total number of specified criminal offenses reported by postsecondary

institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994 .............................................................................. 13

6 Number of specified crimes per 1,000 students at postsecondary institutions for

1992, 1993, and 1994, by institutional characteristics...................................................... 15

7 Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of

specified criminal offenses that manifest evidence of prejudice (“hate crimes”)

for 1992, 1993, and 1994 ................................................................................................ 17

8 Estimated total number of specified criminal offenses that manifest evidence

of prejudice (“hate crimes”) at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993,

and 1994 ......................................................................................................................... 18

9 Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any arrests on campus for liquor

law, drug abuse, and weapons possession violations for 1992, 1993, and 1994 ................ 18

10 Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any arrests on campus for liquor

law, drug abuse, and weapons possession violations for 1994, by institutional

characteristics ................................................................................................................. 19

11 Estimated total number of arrests on campus for liquor law, drug abuse, and

weapons possession violations for 1992, 1993, and 1994 ................................................. 20

12 Number of campus arrests per 1,000 students for liquor law, drug abuse, and
xiii

weapons possession violations at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993,

and 1994, by institutional characteristics......................................................................... 21

13 Percent of postsecondary institutions using each set of definitions for

compiling crime statistics, by institutional characteristics: 1996 ..................................... 23

14 Percent of postsecondary institutions that compile annual security report

information for students and staff, and the format in which the annual security

report is compiled, by institutional characteristics: 1996................................................. 26

15 Percent of postsecondary institutions that disseminate their annual security report

information in various ways, by institutional characteristics: 1996.................................. 28

16 Percent of postsecondary institutions indicating that students and staff have

access to rape crisis counseling through various sources, by institutional

characteristics: 1996....................................................................................................... 32

17 Percent of postsecondary institutions that increased lighting levels in various

campus areas in the last 5 years, by institutional characteristics: 1996............................ 33

18 Percent of postsecondary institutions that offer various services or programs

concerning campus safety, and the percent that have instituted or improved

the service or program within the last 5 years: 1996 ....................................................... 34

19 Percent of postsecondary institutions that offer various services or programs

concerning campus safety, by institutional characteristics: 1996........................... 36

20 Percent of postsecondary institutions using various types of public safety

employees to provide campus security, by institutional characteristics: 1996................... 39

21 Percent of postsecondary institutions indicating which one type of public safety

employee has primary responsibility for providing campus security,

by institutional characteristics: 1996............................................................................... 41

22 Number and percent of postsecondary institutions in the study that participate in

federal Title IV financial aid programs, and the estimated number and percent in

the nation, by institutional characteristics: 1996 ............................................................. 48

23 Relationship between the survey analysis variable institutional type, and the

other survey analysis variables percent of students in campus housing,

metropolitan status, and institutional size: 1996 ............................................................. 53
1

1. Background

n the 1980s, concern grew about crime and security at the nation’s

postsecondary institutions. Such institutions traditionally had been

considered to be safe havens where students could focus on their

studies. However, a number of high profile violent crimes on college

campuses changed that perception. Such concerns led Congress to

pass legislation regarding campus security and crime reporting at

postsecondary institutions.

The Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act (Public Law

101-542) was signed into law in November 1990 and amended several

times in subsequent years. Title II of this Act is known as the Crime

Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1990. It requires institutions

participating in the student financial aid programs under Title IV of

the Higher Education Act of 1965 to disclose information about

campus safety policies and procedures and to provide statistics

concerning whether certain crimes took place on campus. Final

regulations for the law were published by the U.S. Department of

Education in April 1994, with technical amendments published in June

1995. Under the Act, by September 1 of each year institutions must

publish and distribute to current and prospective students and

employees an annual security report that includes

• Statistics concerning the occurrence on campus of certain criminal

offenses reported to campus officials; and

• Statements about campus law enforcement policies, campus security

education and prevention programs, alcohol and drug policies,

sexual assault education and prevention programs, procedures for

reporting sexual assaults, and procedures for handling reports of

sexual assault.

The Act also requires institutions to provide a timely warning to the

campus community about crimes that are considered to represent a

continuing threat to students and employees. This warning must be

done in a manner that will aid in the prevention of similar crimes.2

 

2

 Information excerpted from the testimony of David A. Longanecker, Assistant Secretary for

Postsecondary Education, to the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education, Training, and LifeLong Learning on June 6, 1996, and from the Federal Register, April 24, 1994, Vol. 59, No.

82.

I
2

In addition, the Act requires the Secretary of Education to make a onetime report to Congress on campus crime statistics. To provide

information for the Secretary’s report, the Office of Postsecondary

Education and the National Institute on Postsecondary Education,

Libraries, and Lifelong Learning, U.S. Department of Education,

requested that the National Center for Education Statistics conduct a

survey on campus crime and security at postsecondary education

institutions. The survey collected information about campus crime

statistics, annual security reports compiled by institutions, and

campus security procedures and programs. This is the first time such

information has been gathered from a nationally representative sample

of postsecondary institutions. The results of this survey provide the

first national estimates about campus crime and security and allow

comparisons to be made between various kinds of institutions.

The survey was conducted in spring 1996 by the National Center for

Education Statistics using the Postsecondary Education Quick

Information System (PEQIS). PEQIS is designed to collect limited

amounts of policy-relevant information on a quick-turnaround basis

from a previously recruited, nationally representative sample of

postsecondary institutions. PEQIS surveys are generally limited to

two to three pages of questions with a response burden of 30 minutes

per respondent.3 The survey was mailed to the PEQIS survey

coordinators at 1,017 2-year and 4-year postsecondary institutions in

the PEQIS panel, and to the chief executive officer (CEO) at a

supplementary sample of 505 less-than-2-year postsecondary

institutions, for a total sample of 1,522 institutions. Coordinators and

CEOs were told that the survey was designed to be completed by the

person at the institution most knowledgeable about the institution’s

security procedures and crime statistics.

The survey included public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit

postsecondary education institutions at all levels (less-than-2-year, 2-

year, and 4-year, including graduate-level) that participate in federal

Title IV financial aid programs, since these are the institutions to

which the Campus Security Act applies. This very diverse group of

institutions includes universities, baccalaureate colleges, 2-year and

community colleges, graduate and professional schools (including law,

medical, and clinical psychology schools), trade and technical schools,

nursing and allied health schools, Bible colleges and seminaries, and

other postsecondary schools such as cosmetology and business

schools. About a third of the

 

3

 Additional information about PEQIS is presented in the methodology section of this report.
3

postsecondary institutions to which the Campus Security Act applies

are for-profit less-than-2-year institutions. This group of institutions

includes many cosmetology schools, vocational-technical institutes,

business and computer processing schools, and health careers schools

(e.g., vocational and practical nursing, x-ray technology, and training

for medical and dental assistants). These institutions, most of which

enroll fewer than 200 students, are very different from traditional

colleges and universities. It is therefore important to keep in mind the

diverse nature of the postsecondary institutions covered by the

Campus Security Act (and thus included in this PEQIS survey) when

interpreting the survey results.

The distributions of institutions that participate in federal Title IV

programs and the enrollments of students at those institutions vary

widely (see table 1). Although for-profit less-than-2-year institutions

account for 31 percent of institutions that participate in Title IV, they

enroll 2 percent of the students. The largest proportions of students

attend public 4-year (40 percent of students) and public 2-year

institutions (36 percent of students), although these institutions

account for 9 percent and 18 percent, respectively, of institutions that

participate in Title IV. Similarly, while 40 percent of institutions that

participate in Title IV have enrollments of less than 200 students and

an additional 24 percent of institutions enroll 200-999 students, half of

the postsecondary students in Title IV institutions attend institutions

that enroll 10,000 or more students and an additional 31 percent of

students attend institutions that enroll 3,000 to 9,999 students. Thus,

while most institutions are small, most students attend large

institutions. Campus housing shows a similar pattern: while 66

percent of institutions that participate in Title IV do not have any

campus housing, 60 percent of students in Title IV institutions attend

institutions that have some campus housing.

These relationships between institutional characteristics and

enrollment have important implications for the interpretation of the

survey results. This PEQIS survey was directed to institutions, and

the results are thus presented as institution-level information (e.g., the

percentage of institutions with a particular campus security service or

program). However, because of the differences in the distributions of

institutions and enrollments by institutional characteristics, the

institution-level information does not represent the number of students

affected. Occasionally, student information is provided to put the

institutional data in context, but since the survey was directed to

institutions, not students, institutions are the appropriate reference for

the survey results.
4

Table 1.--Number and percent of postsecondary institutions in the nation that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs, and the number and percent of students enrolled at those institutions in

fall 1994, by institutional characteristics

Institutions Students

Institutional characteristic Number Percent Number Percent

All institutions1...................................... 6,310 100 14,773,170 100

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.......................... 1,950 31 223,400 2

Other less-than-2-year................................ 310 5 163,870 1

Public 2-year.............................................. 1,110 18 5,353,270 36

Private 2-year............................................. 870 14 280,870 2

Public 4-year.............................................. 590 9 5,877,460 40

Private 4-year............................................. 1,470 23 2,874,300 19

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing.................................... 4,160 66 5,931,660 40

Less than 25 percent .................................. 800 13 4,446,010 30

25 percent or more ..................................... 1,350 21 4,395,510 30

Metropolitan status2

Large city................................................... 1,570 25 4,207,800 29

Mid-size city.............................................. 1,690 27 4,521,900 31

Urban fringe .............................................. 1,500 24 3,387,630 23

Town or rural............................................. 1,470 24 2,511,960 17

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200............................................. 2,500 40 195,190 1

200 to 999.................................................. 1,530 24 735,370 5

1,000 to 2,999............................................ 1,040 16 1,936,610 13

3,000 to 9,999............................................ 830 13 4,536,080 31

10,000 or more........................................... 420 7 7,369,920 50

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Percents may not sum to 100 and numbers may not sum to totals because of rounding. The numbers of students have been rounded to the

nearest 10. The number of students was obtained from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System 1994 Fall Enrollment file.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
5

Key Features

of the Campus

Security Act

The crime statistics reported are for occurrences of crime on campus

(whether the victims were students, staff, or campus visitors), and do

not include crimes committed against students at off-campus

locations. The final regulations4 define a campus as follows. A

campus is (1) any building or property owned or controlled by an

institution within the same reasonably contiguous geographic area and

used by the institution in direct support of, or in a manner related to,

the institution’s educational purposes; (2) any building or property

owned or controlled by a student organization recognized by the

institution; or (3) any building or property controlled by the

institution, but owned by a third party.

It should also be noted that the crime statistics only reflect crimes that

were reported. The Campus Security Act requires institutions to

report statistics for specified on-campus crimes that were reported to

local police agencies or to any official of the institution with

significant responsibility for student and campus activities. Other

crimes may have occurred on campus, but gone unreported. For

example, forcible sex offenses are widely considered to be vastly

underreported crimes, both in the community and on campuses.

The Campus Security Act also specifies that institutions are to

compile their crime statistics in accordance with the definitions used in

the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting

Program. These FBI definitions are provided in the text of the final

regulations and are shown in this report in appendix A.

The following institutional characteristics, discussed in more detail in

the methodology section of this report, were used as variables for

analyzing the survey data:

• Type of institution: for-profit less-than-2-year, other less-than-2-year,

public 2-year, private 2-year, public 4-year, private 4-year.

• Percent of students in campus housing: no campus housing, less than

25 percent, 25 percent or more.

• Metropolitan status: large city, mid-size city, urban fringe, town or

rural.

 

4 Federal Register, April 24, 1994, Vol. 59, No. 82.

Analysis Variables

and Characteristics

of Institutions
6

• Institutional size (enrollment): less than 200 students, 200 to 999

students, 1,000 to 2,999 students, 3,000 to 9,999 students, 10,000 or

more students.

It is important to understand that the analysis variables of institutional

type and size, and percentage of students in campus housing are

related to each other.5 For example, 99 percent of for-profit less-than2-year institutions do not have campus housing, and 84 percent of

these institutions enroll less than 200 students; 80 percent of public 4-

year institutions have campus housing, and 76 percent of these

institutions enroll 3,000 or more students. Because of these

relationships, differences on survey items tend to covary by these

analysis variables.

The presence of campus housing also may be related to campus crime

rates. For example, students who reside in campus housing are

potential victims of on-campus crime 24 hours a day. These students

have a different risk pattern than students who commute to campus for

a few hours a week.

About a third of institutions have some campus housing, including

dormitories, on-campus fraternities and sororities, and institutionprovided apartments (table 2). The extent to which institutions have

any campus housing and the proportion of students living in campus

housing varies substantially, particularly by institutional type. For

example, while very few less-than-2-year institutions have any campus

housing, about a quarter of 2-year and about 80 percent of 4-year

institutions have some campus housing. However, for both 2-year and

4-year institutions that have any campus housing, private institutions

are more residential in nature than public institutions. Thus, public 2-

year institutions with campus housing have an average of 13 percent

of students residing in campus housing, while private 2-year

institutions with campus housing have an average of 31 percent in

campus housing; public 4-year institutions with campus housing have

an average of 26 percent of students living in campus housing,

compared with an average of 52 percent of students in campus

housing at private 4-year institutions with campus housing.

Overall, few institutions (5 percent) have any off-campus fraternities

and sororities with residences (not shown in tables). However, this

varies substantially by institutional type. While no less-than-2-year or

2-year institutions (as estimated by this sample) have off-campus

 

5

 See table 23 in the methodology section of this report for the interrelationship of the analysis

variables.
7

Table 2.--Percent of postsecondary institutions with campus housing and the mean percent of students living

in campus housing at institutions with housing, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic Percent of institutions with

campus housing

Mean percent of students

living in campus housing1

All institutions2......................................................................... 34 39

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year ............................................................ 1 (#)

Other less-than-2-year .................................................................. 5 (#)

Public 2-year ................................................................................ 22 13

Private 2-year............................................................................... 24 31

Public 4-year ................................................................................ 80 26

Private 4-year............................................................................... 81 52

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing....................................................................... -- --

Less than 25 percent..................................................................... 100 11

25 percent or more........................................................................ 100 56

Metropolitan status3

Large city ..................................................................................... 28 30

Mid-size city ................................................................................ 35 33

Urban fringe................................................................................. 30 52

Town or rural ............................................................................... 45 43

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ............................................................................... 10 (#)

200 to 999 .................................................................................... 35 46

1,000 to 2,999 .............................................................................. 64 43

3,000 to 9,999 .............................................................................. 55 27

10,000 or more ............................................................................. 59 24

--Not applicable, based only on those institutions that have campus housing.

 (#) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

1Based on those institutions that have any campus housing.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
8

fraternities or sororities, 6 percent of private 4-year and 42 percent of

public 4-year institutions have off-campus fraternities or sororities

with residences.

Statistical

Information

The unweighted survey response rate was 93 percent (the weighted

survey response rate was 94 percent). Data were adjusted for

questionnaire nonresponse and weighted to provide national estimates.

The section of this report on survey methodology and data reliability

provides a more detailed discussion of the sample and survey

methodology. The survey questionnaire is reproduced in appendix C.

All specific statements of comparison made in this report have been

tested for statistical significance through regression analysis or chisquare tests and t-tests adjusted for multiple comparisons using the

Bonferroni adjustment and are significant at the 95 percent confidence

level or better. However, not all statistically significantly different

comparisons have been presented, since some were not of substantive

importance.
9

2. Campus Crime

Statistics

he following section provides information for calendar years

1992, 1993, and 1994 about the number of reported occurrences

and arrests on campus for the crimes specified in the Campus Security

Act. Information was obtained for these years because the final

regulations implementing the Act stipulate that data for these 3

calendar years be published by institutions in their annual security

report due September 1, 1995, and thus they were the most recent data

available when the survey was conducted. The report presents

information for 3 years to show the overall pattern of crimes and

arrests at postsecondary institutions. The crime statistics reported are

for crimes occurring on campus, and do not include crimes committed

against students at off-campus locations. In addition, this section of

the report provides information about the crime definitions used by

institutions for compiling their crime statistics.

On-Campus

Occurrences of

Crimes

According to the Campus Security Act, postsecondary institutions are

required to report “statistics concerning the occurrence on campus of

the following criminal offenses reported to local police agencies or to

any official of the institution who has significant responsibility for

student and campus activities.”6 The crimes (defined in appendix A)

are as follows:

• Violent crimes:7 murder, forcible sex offenses (including forcible

rape), robbery, aggravated assault

• Nonforcible sex offenses

 

6 Federal Register, April 24, 1994, Vol. 59, No. 82, page 22319.

7

 Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape,

robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 1994. Federal

Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC). The Campus

Security Act requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which

includes forcible rape), robbery, and aggravated assault. For this report, a composite variable of

total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all

references in this report to violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex

offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

T
10

Table 3.--Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of specified criminal

offenses for 1992, 1993, and 1994

1992 1993 1994

Criminal offenses Yes No Don’t

know Yes No Don’tknow Yes No Don’tknow

Violent crimes1.................................. 24 72 4 26 72 2 26 72 2

Murder.......................................... (+) 96 3 1 98 2 (+) 98 1

Forcible sex offenses2.................... 9 87 4 9 90 2 9 90 1

Robbery......................................... 11 85 4 12 86 2 12 86 1

Aggravated assault......................... 17 79 4 19 79 2 18 81 2

Nonforcible sex offenses3.................. 5 90 5 6 92 3 6 92 2

Property crimes4................................ 37 58 4 42 56 2 44 54 2

Burglary ........................................ 33 64 4 36 62 2 37 61 2

Motor vehicle theft ........................ 21 75 4 23 75 2 23 75 2

(+) Less than 0.5 percent.

1Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports

for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act

requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which includes forcible rape), robbery, and aggravated assault. For this

report, a composite variable of total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this

report to violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

2Also includes those institutions that only keep combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses.

3Nonforcible sex offenses are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as statutory rape and incest. However, some institutions also include

crimes such as public lewdness and indecent exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.

4

Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the

United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires

institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larceny-theft. For this report, a composite variable of total property

crime was constructed from the two crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should be interpreted to

mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. The “don’t know” category includes a few institutions that keep combined crime statistics for multiple campuses, and so could

not respond only for the sampled campus. Percents may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.

• Property crimes:8 burglary, motor-vehicle theft

About a quarter of the institutions reported occurrences of one or

more violent crimes (murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, or

aggravated assault) in each of the 3 years (1992, 1993, 1994),

although the percentage of institutions reporting violent crimes varied

substantially by institutional characteristics (tables 3 and 4).

Nationally, very few institutions reported any occurrences of murder,

ranging from less than 0.5 percent to 1 percent of institutions.

 

8

 Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and

motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of

Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act

requires institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larcenytheft. For this report, a composite variable of total property crime was constructed from the two

crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should

be interpreted to mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.
11

Table 4.--Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of specified criminal

offenses for 1994, by institutional characteristics

Violent crimes1 Non- Property crimes4

Institutional characteristic

Total Murder

Forcible

sex

offenses2

Robbery

Aggravated

assault

forcible

sex

offenses3

Total Burglary

Motor

vehicle

theft

All institutions5........... 26 (+) 9 12 18 6 44 37 23

Type

For-profit less-than-2-

 year..............................

3 0 0 3 (+) 0 14 10 6

Other less-than-2-year .... 11 0 0 9 3 2 21 16 9

Public 2-year .................. 29 (+) 5 11 20 12 64 53 32

Private 2-year................. 16 0 3 9 7 2 38 26 22

Public 4-year .................. 78 3 44 39 63 23 84 82 61

Private 4-year................. 44 0 15 18 31 8 63 56 28

Percent of students in

campus housing

No campus housing......... 12 (+) 1 7 6 3 30 22 16

Less than 25 percent....... 55 1 24 29 40 12 68 63 42

25 percent or more.......... 52 1 25 18 40 14 75 68 36

Metropolitan status6

Large city ....................... 25 1 7 19 17 5 45 36 29

Mid-size city .................. 30 (+) 10 13 20 6 46 38 26

Urban fringe................... 22 (+) 8 8 17 8 42 36 23

Town or rural ................. 28 0 11 9 18 7 44 40 14

Institutional size

(enrollment)

Less than 200 ................. 7 0 0 5 2 2 18 13 8

200 to 999 ...................... 20 0 2 10 13 1 38 27 17

1,000 to 2,999 ................ 37 0 16 13 22 8 65 60 26

3,000 to 9,999 ................ 55 1 21 18 44 17 83 77 46

10,000 or more ............... 84 1 47 55 70 29 96 87 85

(+) Less than 0.5 percent.

1Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports

for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act

requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which includes forcible rape), robbery, and aggravated assault. For this

report, a composite variable of total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this

report to violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

2Also includes those institutions that only keep combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses.

3Nonforcible sex offenses are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as statutory rape and incest. However, some institutions also include

crimes such as public lewdness and indecent exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.

4

Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the

United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires

institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larceny-theft. For this report, a composite variable of total property

crime was constructed from the two crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should be interpreted to

mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.

5Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

6Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
12

Forcible sex offenses were reported by 9 percent of institutions,

robbery by 11 to 12 percent, and aggravated assault by 17 to 19

percent of institutions, depending on the year, although again the

percentage of institutions reporting these crimes varied substantially

by institutional characteristics.

Overall, nonforcible sex offenses were reported by 5 or 6 percent of

institutions in each of the 3 years, with variation by institutional

characteristics (tables 3 and 4). It should be noted that while the FBI

defines nonforcible sex offenses as statutory rape and incest, some

institutions also include crimes such as public lewdness and indecent

exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.9 Thus, the

proportion of institutions reporting nonforcible sex offenses and the

number of such crimes reported is probably larger than it would be if

the institutions included only statutory rape and incest.

Property crimes (which here includes only burglary and motor vehicle

theft, since these are the only property crimes the Act requires

institutions to report) were reported by 37 to 44 percent of the

institutions over the 3 years, with the percentage of institutions

reporting occurrences varying substantially by institutional

characteristics (tables 3 and 4). Overall, occurrences of burglary were

reported by 33 to 37 percent of institutions, while motor vehicle theft

was reported by 21 to 23 percent of institutions across the 3 years.

The percentage of institutions reporting occurrences of the crimes

varied greatly by institutional type, whether the institution had campus

housing, and the size of the institution (table 4). Public 4-year

institutions were more likely than other types of institutions to report

occurrences of each type of crime. Private 4-year and public 2-year

institutions more frequently reported occurrences of some types of

crimes (for example, total violent and property crimes, aggravated

assault, and burglary) than did private 2-year and all less-than-2-year

institutions. Institutions that have campus housing (both those with

less than 25 percent and those with 25 percent or more of their

students in campus housing) were more likely to report occurrences of

the crimes than were institutions that do not have any campus housing,

and larger institutions were more likely than smaller ones to report

occurrences of the crimes. For example, in 1994, one or more violent

crimes were reported by 78 percent of public 4-year institutions, about

half of institutions with campus

 

9

 This inclusion was apparent on the questionnaires received for this survey, and it is also discussed

in the annual crime report put out by The Chronicle of Higher Education (for example, see The

Chronicle of Higher Education, April 26, 1996, page A37).
13

housing, and 84 percent of institutions with 10,000 or more students,

compared with 3 percent of for-profit less-than-2-year institutions, 12

percent of institutions without campus housing, and 7 percent of

institutions with less than 200 students. Similarly, property crimes

were reported by 84 percent of public 4-year institutions, two-thirds to

three-quarters of institutions with campus housing, and 96 percent of

institutions with 10,000 or more students, compared with 14 percent

of for-profit less-than-2-year institutions, 30 percent of institutions

without campus housing, and 18 percent of institutions with less than

200 students.

An estimated 9,850 violent crimes (murder, forcible sex offenses,

robbery, and aggravated assault) were reported by postsecondary

institutions in 1992, 10,330 in 1993, and 9,550 in 1994 (table 5). The

number of specific violent crimes ranged from 20 to 30 occurrences of

murder, depending on the year, to over 5,000 occurrences of

aggravated assault each year. The number of nonforcible sex offenses

ranged from 1,100 in 1992 to 1,370 in 1993. Property crimes

(burglary and motor vehicle theft) were much more common than

other types of crimes, with an estimated 39,300 in 1992, 38,510 in

1993, and 37,780 in 1994. Most of the property crimes were

burglaries rather than motor vehicle thefts.

Table 5.--Estimated total number of specified criminal offenses reported by postsecondary institutions for

1992, 1993, and 1994

Criminal offense 1992 1993 1994

Violent crimes1.................................. 9,850 10,330 9,550

Murder .......................................... 20 30 20

Forcible sex offenses2..................... 1,360 1,330 1,310

Robbery ......................................... 2,800 3,410 3,130

Aggravated assault......................... 5,670 5,560 5,090

Nonforcible sex offenses3................... 1,100 1,370 1,280

Property crimes4................................. 39,300 38,510 37,780

Burglary......................................... 30,090 29,650 28,790

Motor vehicle theft......................... 9,210 8,860 8,980

1Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports

for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act

requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which includes forcible rape), robbery, and aggravated assault. For this

report, a composite variable of total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this

report to violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

2Also includes those institutions that only keep combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses.

3Nonforcible sex offenses are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as statutory rape and incest. However, some institutions also include

crimes such as public lewdness and indecent exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.

4

Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the

United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires

institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larceny-theft. For this report, a composite variable of total property

crime was constructed from the two crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should be interpreted to

mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. The numbers of crimes have been rounded to the nearest 10. Numbers may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
14

To allow comparisons across kinds of institutions, the number of

crimes was standardized by the total number of students to obtain the

number of reported occurrences of crimes per 1,000 students.10 The

number of crimes per 1,000 students was calculated by dividing the

sum of the reported occurrences of the crime by the sum of the total

number of students and then multiplying by 1,000.

There were an estimated 0.68 violent crimes per 1,000 students in

1992, 0.71 per 1,000 students in 1993, and 0.65 per 1,000 students in

1994 (table 6). For 1994, the individual rates for violent crimes were

0.001 per 1,000 for murder, 0.09 per 1,000 for forcible sex offenses,

0.21 per 1,000 for robbery, and 0.35 per 1,000 for aggravated assault.

The pattern of the number of violent crimes per 1,000 students varied

somewhat by institutional type from year to year, with a general

pattern of public 2-year institutions tending to be lower than public or

private 4-year institutions. Institutions with no campus housing had a

lower number of violent crimes per 1,000 students than did institutions

with less than 25 percent of their students in campus housing, which

in turn tended to have a lower number of violent crimes per 1,000

students than did institutions with 25 percent or more of their students

in campus housing. Larger institutions had a lower number of violent

crimes per 1,000 students than did smaller institutions. For example,

the overall violent crime rate for 1994 was 0.29 per 1,000 students at

institutions without campus housing compared with 1.13 per 1,000 at

institutions with 25 percent or more of students in campus housing.

By institutional size, the violent crime rate was 2.37 per 1,000 at

institutions with less than 200 students compared with 0.53 per 1,000

at institutions with 10,000 or more students.

There were an estimated 0.09 nonforcible sex offenses per 1,000

students in 1992, 0.11 per 1,000 students in 1993, and 0.10 per 1,000

students in 1994 (table 6). Few patterns by institutional

characteristics are readily apparent. Property crimes were much more

frequent, with an estimated 2.71 property crimes per 1,000 students in

1992, 2.63 per 1,000 in 1993, and 2.57 per 1,000 students in 1994.

For 1994, reported rates were 1.96 per 1,000 for burglaries and 0.61

per 1,000 for motor vehicle thefts. In general, the other less-than-2-

year and the public 2-year institutions had fewer

 

10 The number of students was obtained from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS) 1994 Fall Enrollment file. The total number of students was used: undergraduate and

graduate, full and part time. Although the crime statistics apply to anyone on campus, including

students, faculty and staff, and campus visitors, the number of students is the most widely

available measure of institutional size. The number and percent of students by institutional

characteristics are shown in table 1 in the background section of this report.
Table 6.--Number of specified crimes per 1,000 students at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994, by institutional characteristics

Violent crimes1

Institutional characteristic Total Murder Forcible sex offenses2 Robbery Aggravated assault

1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994

All institutions5........... 0.677 0.706 0.647 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.094 0.091 0.089 0.193 0.233 0.213 0.391 0.379 0.346

Type

For-profit less-than-2-

 year...............................

0.322 0.625 0.765 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.021 0.000 0.276 0.558 0.750 0.046 0.046 0.015

Other less-than-2-year ..... 0.866 0.450 0.811 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.614 0.239 0.658 0.215 0.211 0.153

Public 2-year................... 0.241 0.254 0.232 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.063 0.080 0.089 0.164 0.162 0.129

Private 2-year.................. 0.771 0.886 1.822 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.111 0.347 0.407 0.615 0.421 0.464 1.171

Public 4-year................... 0.778 0.752 0.711 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.133 0.122 0.119 0.176 0.169 0.160 0.467 0.458 0.428

Private 4-year.................. 1.285 1.460 1.164 0.004 0.003 0.000 0.184 0.192 0.177 0.425 0.609 0.444 0.688 0.651 0.541

Percent of students in

campus housing

No campus housing ......... 0.238 0.262 0.293 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.006 0.011 0.086 0.109 0.150 0.142 0.145 0.131

Less than 25 percent........ 0.646 0.652 0.643 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.087 0.095 0.097 0.207 0.200 0.221 0.351 0.353 0.328

25 percent or more .......... 1.293 1.352 1.128 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.215 0.198 0.186 0.321 0.430 0.288 0.763 0.719 0.652

Metropolitan status6

Large city........................ 0.644 0.660 0.626 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.062 0.071 0.065 0.252 0.268 0.262 0.328 0.320 0.295

Mid-size city ................... 0.630 0.582 0.628 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.101 0.096 0.089 0.133 0.141 0.161 0.410 0.343 0.380

Urban fringe.................... 0.573 0.572 0.507 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.089 0.066 0.072 0.092 0.111 0.117 0.386 0.389 0.317

Town or rural .................. 0.956 1.200 0.900 0.002 0.004 0.000 0.147 0.149 0.156 0.313 0.500 0.322 0.488 0.546 0.425

Institutional size

(enrollment)

Less than 200 .................. 1.228 1.700 2.367 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.505 1.058 0.734 0.722 0.641 1.721

200 to 999....................... 2.180 3.074 2.169 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.075 0.051 0.048 1.114 1.750 1.214 0.965 1.273 0.907

1,000 to 2,999 ................. 0.811 0.728 0.676 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.126 0.198 0.164 0.152 0.099 0.226 0.525 0.421 0.285

3,000 to 9,999 ................. 0.555 0.545 0.519 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.087 0.066 0.069 0.121 0.140 0.128 0.361 0.336 0.319

10,000 or more................ 0.562 0.539 0.525 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.095 0.084 0.088 0.152 0.152 0.149 0.312 0.300 0.287

15
Table 6.--Number of specified crimes per 1,000 students at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994, by institutional characteristics--

continued

Nonforcible Property crimes4

Institutional characteristic sex offenses3 Total Burglary Motor vehicle theft

1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994

All institutions5........... 0.090 0.110 0.103 2.712 2.629 2.571 2.078 2.021 1.956 0.636 0.606 0.612

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.018 1.562 2.519 0.762 1.021 1.155 0.245 0.532 1.354

Other less-than-2-year ..... 0.148 0.109 0.077 1.169 1.219 0.959 0.897 1.020 0.499 0.326 0.238 0.459

Public 2-year................... 0.040 0.038 0.062 1.134 1.101 1.111 0.817 0.783 0.786 0.317 0.319 0.325

Private 2-year.................. 0.016 0.025 0.105 3.706 5.182 6.275 1.962 3.466 4.114 1.730 1.693 2.161

Public 4-year................... 0.123 0.142 0.117 3.428 3.293 3.202 2.594 2.542 2.488 0.834 0.747 0.708

Private 4-year.................. 0.138 0.213 0.168 4.265 4.045 3.755 3.518 3.253 2.990 0.759 0.776 0.756

Percent of students in

campus housing

No campus housing ......... 0.038 0.034 0.050 1.060 1.126 1.164 0.694 0.726 0.720 0.367 0.399 0.444

Less than 25 percent........ 0.090 0.091 0.089 3.022 3.138 2.965 2.242 2.374 2.253 0.779 0.763 0.712

25 percent or more .......... 0.164 0.237 0.192 4.591 4.136 4.073 3.751 3.395 3.316 0.848 0.725 0.737

Metropolitan status6

Large city........................ 0.070 0.075 0.075 3.064 3.075 2.805 2.046 2.123 1.878 1.016 0.951 0.926

Mid-size city ................... 0.125 0.142 0.114 2.730 2.716 2.814 2.142 2.110 2.206 0.590 0.604 0.608

Urban fringe.................... 0.101 0.149 0.117 2.294 2.060 2.014 1.787 1.568 1.494 0.524 0.491 0.513

Town or rural .................. 0.055 0.064 0.116 2.732 2.500 2.516 2.491 2.353 2.341 0.240 0.147 0.175

Institutional size

(enrollment)

Less than 200 .................. 0.065 1.127 0.731 3.622 5.729 7.945 1.929 3.889 5.059 1.718 1.830 2.888

200 to 999....................... 0.007 0.031 0.016 4.346 4.185 3.737 3.632 3.342 2.792 0.691 0.835 0.938

1,000 to 2,999 ................. 0.068 0.070 0.083 2.718 2.411 2.482 2.369 2.149 2.125 0.375 0.256 0.345

3,000 to 9,999 ................. 0.055 0.087 0.094 2.110 2.063 1.963 1.675 1.640 1.544 0.435 0.420 0.419

10,000 or more................ 0.109 0.113 0.103 2.899 2.801 2.715 2.108 2.044 2.003 0.791 0.756 0.709

1Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of

Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which includes forcible rape),

robbery, and aggravated assault. For this report, a composite variable of total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to

violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

2Also includes those institutions that only keep combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses.

3Nonforcible sex offenses are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as statutory rape and incest. However, some institutions also include crimes such as public lewdness and indecent

exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.

4

Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of

Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larceny-theft.

For this report, a composite variable of total property crime was constructed from the two crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should be

interpreted to mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.

5Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV financial aid programs.

6Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary

Education Institutions, 1996.

16
17

property crimes per 1,000 students than did private 2-year and all 4-

year institutions. As with violent crimes, institutions with no campus

housing had a lower number of property crimes per 1,000 students

than did institutions with less than 25 percent of their students in

campus housing, which in turn had a lower number than did

institutions with 25 percent or more of their students in campus

housing. Larger institutions had a lower number of property crimes

per 1,000 students than did smaller institutions.

Occurrences of

Crimes Manifesting

Evidence of

Prejudice

(“Hate Crimes”)

According to the Campus Security Act, postsecondary institutions are

required to report statistics concerning the occurrence of certain

criminal offenses that “manifest evidence of prejudice based on race,

religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, as prescribed by the Hate

Crimes Statistics Act (28 U.S.C. 534).”11 The crimes specified in the

regulations are murder, forcible rape, and aggravated assault. The

category of all forcible sex offenses, including forcible rape, was

included on the questionnaire so that there would be equivalent

reporting categories for both crimes manifesting evidence of prejudice

and other crimes.

Very few institutions reported occurrences of crimes manifesting

evidence of prejudice, ranging from 0 percent reporting occurrences of

murder to 1 percent reporting occurrences of aggravated assault (table

7). The number of these crimes reported was also very small, ranging

from 0 murders in all 3 years to 100 aggravated assaults in 1993

(table 8).

 

11 Federal Register

Table 7.--Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of specified criminal

offenses that manifest evidence of prejudice (“hate crimes”) for 1992, 1993, and 1994

1992 1993 1994

Criminal offense Yes No Don’t

know Yes No Don’tknow Yes No Don’tknow

Murder.............................................. 0 97 3 0 98 2 0 99 1

Aggravated assault ............................ (+) 96 4 1 97 2 1 97 2

All forcible sex offenses, including

forcible rape .................................... (+) 96 4 (+) 98 2 (+) 98 2

Forcible rape* ................................... (+) 96 4 (+) 98 2 (+) 98 2

 (+) Less than 0.5 percent.

*Forcible rape is a subset of all forcible sex offenses.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title

IV financial aid programs. The “don’t know” category includes a few institutions that keep combined crime statistics for multiple campuses, and so

could not respond only for the sampled campus. Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated response. Percents may not sum to

100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
18

Table 8.--Estimated total number of specified criminal offenses that manifest evidence of prejudice (“hate

crimes”) at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994

Criminal offense 1992 1993 1994

Murder.......................................................................... 0 0 0

Aggravated assault ........................................................ 50 100 90

All forcible sex offenses, including forcible rape ........... 30 20 10

Forcible rape*............................................................... 20 10 (+)

(+) Rounds to less than 10 crimes.

*Forcible rape is a subset of all forcible sex offenses.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. The numbers of crimes have been rounded to the nearest 10. Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated

response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.

Arrests for Crimes

Occurring on

Campus

Postsecondary institutions are required to report statistics concerning

the number of arrests for the following crimes occurring on campus:

liquor law violations, drug abuse violations, and weapons possessions.

On-campus arrests per year for the various crimes were reported by 9

to 14 percent of institutions over the 3 years (table 9). It should be

noted that the FBI definition for liquor law violations excludes

drunkenness and driving under the influence.

Table 9.--Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any arrests on campus for liquor law, drug abuse,

and weapons possession violations for 1992, 1993, and 1994

1992 1993 1994

Crime Yes No Don’t

know Yes No Don’tknow Yes No Don’tknow

Liquor law violations ......................... 11 84 4 12 85 2 13 85 2

Drug abuse violations......................... 11 85 4 12 85 2 14 84 2

Weapons possessions ......................... 9 86 4 11 86 2 10 88 2

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. The “don’t know” category includes a few institutions that keep combined crime statistics for multiple campuses, and so could

not respond only for the sampled campus. Percents may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
19

Public 4-year institutions were much more likely than other types of

institutions to report on-campus arrests for all three types of crimes

(table 10). Institutions that have campus housing (both those with less

than 25 percent and those with 25 percent or more of their students in

campus housing) were more likely to report arrests for all three crimes

than institutions that do not have campus housing, and larger

institutions were more likely than smaller ones to report arrests for

these crimes. For example, arrests for liquor law violations in 1994

were reported by 63 percent of public 4-year institutions, a third of

institutions with campus housing, and 56 percent of institutions with

10,000 or more students, compared with less than 0.5 percent of forprofit less-than-2-year institutions, 3 percent of institutions without

campus housing, and 1 percent of institutions with less than 200

students.

Table 10.--Percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any arrests on campus for liquor law, drug abuse,

and weapons possession violations for 1994, by institutional characteristics

Institutional characteristic Liquor law

violations

Drug abuse

violations

Weapons

possessions

All institutions1..................................................... 13 14 10

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year......................................... (+) 0 0

Other less-than-2-year ............................................... 3 11 5

Public 2-year............................................................. 14 14 12

Private 2-year............................................................ 4 5 3

Public 4-year............................................................. 63 66 49

Private 4-year............................................................ 17 16 9

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ................................................... 3 6 3

Less than 25 percent.................................................. 33 30 24

25 percent or more .................................................... 33 29 21

Metropolitan status2

Large city.................................................................. 8 10 8

Mid-size city ............................................................. 15 15 12

Urban fringe.............................................................. 11 12 8

Town or rural ............................................................ 20 18 11

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ............................................................ 1 2 1

200 to 999................................................................. 7 7 5

1,000 to 2,999 ........................................................... 18 13 7

3,000 to 9,999 ........................................................... 35 38 26

10,000 or more.......................................................... 56 63 53

(+) Less than 0.5 percent.

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
20

Table 11.--Estimated total number of arrests on campus for liquor law, drug abuse, and weapons possession

violations for 1992, 1993, and 1994

Crime 1992 1993 1994

Liquor law violations .................................................... 18,310 18,440 20,430

Drug abuse violations.................................................... 4,010 5,510 7,230

Weapons possessions .................................................... 1,760 1,930 1,960

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. The numbers of crimes have been rounded to the nearest 10.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Eucation Institutions, 1996.

On-campus arrests for liquor law violations were much more common

than for drug abuse violations or weapons possessions, ranging from

an estimated 18,310 in 1992 to 20,430 in 1994 (table 11). Oncampus arrests for drug abuse violations ranged from an estimated

4,010 in 1992 to 7,230 in 1994, and for weapons possessions from

1,760 in 1992 to 1,960 in 1994.

To allow comparisons across kinds of institutions, the number of

arrests was standardized by the total number of students to obtain the

number of reported arrests for the various crimes per 1,000 students.

Liquor law violations resulted in an estimated 1.29 arrests per 1,000

students in 1992, 1.27 per 1,000 students in 1993, and 1.40 per 1,000

students in 1994 (table 12). Arrests per 1,000 students for liquor law

violations generally were higher for public 4-year than for other types

of institutions. Institutions with 25 percent or more of their students

in campus housing had a higher number of arrests per 1,000 students

for liquor law violations than did institutions with less than 25 percent

of their students in campus housing, which in turn had a higher

number of arrests per 1,000 students than did institutions with no

campus housing. For example, 1994 arrests for liquor law violations

were 2.84 per 1,000 students at public 4-year institutions compared

with 0.03 per 1,000 students at for-profit less-than-2-year institutions,

and were 0.09 per 1,000 students at institutions without campus

housing compared with 3.00 arrests per 1,000 students at institutions

with 25 percent or more of students in campus housing. Institutions in

mid-size cities and towns or rural areas also tended to have a greater

number of arrests per 1,000 students for liquor law violations than did

institutions in large cities or urban fringe areas, and larger institutions

had a greater number of arrests per 1,000 students than did smaller

institutions.

An estimated 0.28 arrests per 1,000 students for drug abuse violations

occurred in 1992, 0.38 per 1,000 students in 1993, and 0.50 per 1,000

students in 1994 (table 12). As with liquor law violations, arrests per

1,000 students for drug abuse violations
21

generally were higher for public 4-year than for other types of

institutions (with the exception of the other less-than-2-year

institutions), and they were higher for institutions with more campus

housing. No clear patterns of differences emerged for metropolitan

status and size of the institution.

There were an estimated 0.12 arrests per 1,000 students for weapons

possessions in 1992 and 0.13 per 1,000 students in both 1993 and

1994 (table 12). Institutions that have campus housing were more

likely to report arrests for weapons possessions than were institutions

that do not have campus housing.

Table 12.--Number of campus arrests per 1,000 students for liquor law, drug abuse, and weapons possession

violations at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994, by institutional characteristics

Liquor law violations Drug abuse violations Weapons possessions

Institutional characteristic 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994

All institutions1.......................... 1.287 1.273 1.404 0.281 0.379 0.496 0.124 0.134 0.135

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 0.000 0.072 0.028 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Other less-than-2-year .................... 0.445 0.092 0.116 0.331 0.597 0.948 0.122 0.341 0.230

Public 2-year.................................. 0.307 0.291 0.339 0.073 0.107 0.091 0.054 0.051 0.058

Private 2-year................................. 0.675 0.932 1.254 0.142 0.263 0.390 0.030 0.086 0.232

Public 4-year.................................. 2.581 2.574 2.837 0.526 0.689 0.949 0.197 0.213 0.188

Private 4-year................................. 0.628 0.595 0.632 0.192 0.269 0.332 0.121 0.128 0.162

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 0.129 0.105 0.087 0.070 0.078 0.095 0.036 0.052 0.046

Less than 25 percent....................... 1.529 1.513 1.575 0.308 0.455 0.571 0.171 0.168 0.164

25 percent or more ......................... 2.578 2.583 2.996 0.535 0.703 0.954 0.193 0.208 0.223

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................................... 0.825 0.783 0.775 0.225 0.309 0.320 0.116 0.129 0.112

Mid-size city .................................. 1.825 1.666 1.754 0.331 0.437 0.616 0.122 0.146 0.151

Urban fringe................................... 0.912 0.810 1.044 0.216 0.314 0.439 0.093 0.094 0.099

Town or rural ................................. 1.689 2.088 2.403 0.389 0.500 0.672 0.189 0.184 0.199

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 0.000 0.082 0.985 0.102 0.437 0.602 0.000 0.264 0.386

200 to 999...................................... 0.291 0.229 0.336 0.304 0.226 0.402 0.256 0.198 0.332

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 0.929 0.964 0.939 0.258 0.307 0.322 0.108 0.110 0.074

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 0.981 1.023 1.175 0.159 0.282 0.344 0.123 0.130 0.124

10,000 or more............................... 1.695 1.641 1.780 0.366 0.472 0.640 0.119 0.133 0.130

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
22

Definitions Used for

Compiling Crime

Statistics

The Campus Security Act specifies that the crimes are to be defined

in accordance with the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program.

However, other studies, such as the annual compilation of crime

statistics from large higher education institutions by The Chronicle of

Higher Education, have found that many institutions are not using

these definitions. This PEQIS study asked institutions which one set

of definitions the institution used for compiling their crime statistics

for the targeted crimes: the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting

(UCR)/National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

definitions, state crime definitions, or some other set of definitions.

The FBI UCR/NIBRS definitions were used by 40 percent of

postsecondary institutions, state crime definitions by 45 percent of

institutions, and other definitions by 16 percent of institutions (table

13). Use of definitions varied greatly by institutional characteristics.

While 83 percent of public 4-year, 61 percent of private 4-year, and

48 percent of public 2-year institutions used the FBI definitions, 24

percent or fewer of the private 2-year and the less-than-2-year

institutions used these definitions. About two-thirds of the institutions

with campus housing (both less than 25 percent and 25 percent or

more) used the FBI definitions, compared with 26 percent of

institutions without campus housing. Larger institutions used the FBI

definitions more frequently than did smaller institutions. Most

institutions that did not use the FBI definitions used state crime

definitions instead, although 20 to 28 percent of the private 2-year and

the less-than-2-year institutions, institutions with no campus housing,

and institutions with less than 200 students used some other set of

definitions. Other definitions reported by respondents include local

police definitions, common knowledge, and the school reporting

system. Almost no institutions indicated that they used a combination

of federal and state definitions.

The relationship between institutional size and use of the various

definitions produces some interesting student-level comparisons.

While about the same percentage of institutions used the FBI and state

crime definitions, about three-quarters (73 percent) of students

attended institutions that used the FBI definitions, 24 percent attended

institutions that used state crime definitions, and 4 percent attended

institutions that used some other set of definitions (not shown in

tables). Thus, the majority of students attended institutions using the

mandated FBI definitions, and most of the remaining students attended

institutions using state crime definitions.
23

Table 13.--Percent of postsecondary institutions using each set of definitions for compiling crime statistics, by

institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic FBI UCR/

NIBRS definitions1

State crime

definitions

Other

definitions2

All institutions3.......................... 40 45 16

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 17 56 27

Other less-than-2-year .................... 16 57 28

Public 2-year.................................. 48 43 9

Private 2-year................................. 24 56 20

Public 4-year.................................. 83 17 1

Private 4-year................................. 61 32 7

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 26 53 21

Less than 25 percent....................... 68 25 6

25 percent or more ......................... 62 31 7

Metropolitan status4

Large city....................................... 39 42 19

Mid-size city .................................. 37 49 14

Urban fringe................................... 42 41 17

Town or rural ................................. 44 44 13

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 17 57 25

200 to 999...................................... 36 47 16

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 61 31 8

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 65 32 4

10,000 or more............................... 81 18 1

1

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR)/National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS).

2Other definitions reported by respondents include local police definitions, common knowledge, and the school reporting system. Almost no

institutions indicated that they used a combination of federal and state definitions.

3Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

4Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Percents are computed across each row, but may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
24
25

3. Annual Security

Reports

he Campus Security Act requires postsecondary institutions to

publish and distribute an annual security report containing

information about campus security policies and crime statistics. The

report is to be distributed annually to all current students and

employees and, upon request, to prospective students and employees.

This section describes the formats institutions use for compiling the

annual security report information and the ways in which they

disseminate the information.

Formats for Annual

Security Reports

Most institutions (87 percent) compiled annual security report

information for students and staff (table 14), although the proportion

ranged from 64 percent of other less-than-2-year institutions to 98

percent of public 4-year institutions. Similarly, small institutions were

less likely to compile security report information than were larger

institutions, ranging from 76 percent of institutions with less than 200

students to 100 percent of institutions with 10,000 or more students.

Almost all students (98 percent) attended institutions that compiled

annual security report information (not shown in tables).

Frequently used approaches for compiling annual security report

information were as a stand-alone publication about campus security,

used by 70 percent of institutions that compiled an annual security

report, and as part of the text of another student or employee

publication, used by 49 percent of institutions12 (table 14). Annual

security report information was published as an article in the campus

newspaper by 20 percent, in electronic format (e.g., on the campus

computer network) by 6 percent, and in some other format by 9

percent of institutions compiling an annual security report.

The formats used for compiling annual security report information,

particularly the use of a stand-alone publication about campus

security, varied by institutional characteristics (table 14). Public and

private 4-year and public 2-year institutions generally were more

likely to use a stand-alone publication about campus security than

were private 2-year and all less-than-2-year institutions. Institutions

 

12 Institutions could indicate multiple formats for compiling their annual security report

information. Thus, the percents for the annual security report format sum to more than 100

percent.

T
26

Table 14.--Percent of postsecondary institutions that compile annual security report information for students

and staff, and the format in which the annual security report is compiled, by institutional

characteristics: 1996

Format for annual security report1

Institutional characteristic

Compile

annual

security

report

Stand-alone

publication

about campus

security

Part of text of

another

student or

employee

publication

Article in

campus

newspaper

Electronic

format

Other

format

All institutions2.......................... 87 70 49 20 6 9

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 79 54 56 1 0 10

Other less-than-2-year .................... 64 52 57 2 4 7

Public 2-year.................................. 93 77 49 34 9 8

Private 2-year................................. 88 60 47 10 1 12

Public 4-year.................................. 98 91 46 42 22 11

Private 4-year................................. 91 82 40 30 7 9

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 83 61 53 14 3 9

Less than 25 percent....................... 99 79 50 31 10 11

25 percent or more ......................... 92 90 36 29 11 8

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 85 65 50 21 5 8

Mid-size city .................................. 92 70 45 23 5 11

Urban fringe................................... 85 76 46 16 6 7

Town or rural ................................. 84 71 56 21 8 10

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 76 56 55 3 (+) 10

200 to 999...................................... 88 65 50 19 3 10

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 95 83 39 26 8 7

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 99 86 44 36 12 8

10,000 or more............................... 100 89 49 51 27 10

(+) Less than 0.5 percent.

1Based on those institutions that compile an annual security report. Institutions could indicate multiple formats for compiling their annual security

report information. Thus, the percents for the annual security report format sum to more than 100 percent.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
27

with campus housing, especially those with a high percentage of

students in campus housing, were more likely than institutions without

campus housing to use a stand-alone publication, and larger

institutions were more likely than smaller ones to use this approach.

Public 4-year institutions and institutions with 10,000 or more

students were particularly likely to compile security report information

in an electronic format compared with other types and sizes of

institutions.

Dissemination

Approaches

Institutions that compile an annual security report usually had that

report available at student orientation, registration, and/or other

student activities (85 percent), and frequently had it available in

various offices and/or building lobbies around the institution (67

percent; table 15).13 Mailing upon request to prospective students

and/or employees was used by 64 percent of institutions that compile

an annual security report, and mailing upon request to current students

and/or employees by 60 percent of such institutions. Only 19 percent

of the institutions that compile a report used a direct mailing to each

current student and/or employee.

Half of the institutions that compile a security report and that have

campus housing distributed the security report in student residence

halls. About a third of the institutions that compile a security report

posted it on campus bulletin boards, and about a quarter placed the

report in campus mailboxes and/or published it in the campus

newspaper. Other dissemination approaches were infrequently used.

There was some variation by institutional characteristics in

dissemination approaches used. For example, public 4-year

institutions generally were more likely than other types of institutions

to use direct mailing to each current student and/or employee, mailing

upon request to current students and/or employees, and mailing upon

request to prospective students and/or employees.

 

13 Institutions could disseminate their security report in multiple ways. Thus, the percents for the

dissemination approaches sum to more than 100 percent.
28

Table 15.--Percent of postsecondary institutions that disseminate their annual security report information in

various ways, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Direct

mailing to

each current

student

and/or

employee

Mailing upon

request to

current

students

and/or

employees

Mailing upon

request to

prospective

students

and/or

employees

Mailing

to every

household

in the

institution’s

enrollment

area

Placement

in campus

mail boxes

Posting on

the campus

computer

network or

Web page

All institutions2.......................... 19 60 64 1 25 5

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 1 32 34 (+) 4 0

Other less-than-2-year .................... 3 58 52 2 8 1

Public 2-year.................................. 22 78 81 4 35 6

Private 2-year................................. 14 51 54 1 17 1

Public 4-year.................................. 47 87 93 1 39 18

Private 4-year................................. 32 71 80 1 44 5

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 10 49 52 2 17 2

Less than 25 percent....................... 32 74 84 2 35 8

25 percent or more ......................... 36 79 84 (+) 43 9

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 17 54 63 1 20 4

Mid-size city .................................. 19 56 62 2 25 3

Urban fringe................................... 21 59 62 1 28 5

Town or rural ................................. 22 72 73 1 31 6

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 3 37 38 (+) 9 (+)

200 to 999...................................... 12 58 63 1 23 3

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 35 79 83 2 42 5

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 38 78 88 3 38 7

10,000 or more............................... 44 87 91 5 40 23
29

Table 15.--Percent of postsecondary institutions that disseminate their annual security report information in

various ways, by institutional characteristics: 1996--continued

Institutional characteristic

Distribution

in student

residence

halls1

Available in

various

offices and/or

building

lobbies

around the

institution

Available at

student

orientation,

registration,

and/or other

student

activities

Publication

in the

campus

newspaper

Posting on

campus

bulletin

boards

Other

All institutions2.......................... 50 67 85 22 36 13

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. (#) 47 85 2 43 12

Other less-than-2-year .................... (#) 52 71 3 24 16

Public 2-year.................................. 53 81 86 34 38 12

Private 2-year................................. 49 58 81 15 29 10

Public 4-year.................................. 63 90 93 44 27 16

Private 4-year................................. 45 75 83 32 34 14

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ -- 58 83 16 39 12

Less than 25 percent....................... 57 89 86 33 36 12

25 percent or more ......................... 46 76 88 29 25 16

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 51 64 80 25 35 11

Mid-size city .................................. 53 68 85 24 34 12

Urban fringe................................... 45 61 86 18 36 15

Town or rural ................................. 51 74 87 21 34 13

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 27 50 85 7 38 12

200 to 999...................................... 54 60 76 19 37 12

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 46 84 89 28 32 9

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 56 86 92 39 35 17

10,000 or more............................... 62 86 88 45 29 16

(+) Less than 0.5 percent.

(#) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

--Not applicable, based only on those institutions that have campus housing.

1Based on those institutions that have any campus housing.

2

 Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated response. Percents are based on those institutions that compile an annual

security report. Institutions could disseminate their security report in multiple ways. Thus, the percents for the dissemination approaches sum to more

than 100 percent.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
30
31

4. Campus Security

Procedures and

Programs

he Campus Security Act was intended, in part, to encourage

postsecondary institutions to put more emphasis on campus safety

and on crime prevention services and programs. This section of the

report provides information about what postsecondary institutions are

doing to improve campus security, including access to rape crisis

counseling, increases in lighting levels in campus areas, services and

programs concerning campus safety, and types of public safety

employees providing campus security.

Access to Rape

Crisis Counseling

The Campus Security Act requires notification to students of existing

on- and off-campus counseling, mental health, or other student

services available for victims of sex offenses. One aspect of such

services is rape crisis counseling. The survey asked whether students

and staff at the institution have access to rape crisis counseling

through various sources. Most institutions (82 percent) indicated that

students and staff had access to rape crisis counseling through a rape

crisis center or hotline run by the community (table 16). A rape crisis

center or hotline run by the institution was much less common,

available at 10 percent of the institutions. Rape crisis counseling was

available at a campus mental health or counseling center at 38 percent

of the institutions, at a campus health center at 29 percent of

institutions, and from some other source at 15 percent of the

institutions.

The availability of rape crisis counseling through a rape crisis center

or hotline run by the institution, a campus health center, and a campus

mental health or counseling center varied by institutional type,

percentage of students in campus housing, and institutional size, such

that larger institutions, institutions with campus housing, and public

4-year institutions were particularly likely to have these resources.

T
32

Table 16.--Percent of postsecondary institutions indicating that students and staff have access to rape crisis

counseling through various sources, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Rape crisis

center or hotline

run by the

institution

Rape crisis

center or hotline

run by the

community

Campus health

center

Campus mental

health or

counseling

center

Other

source

All institutions1.......................... 10 82 29 38 15

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 4 84 1 5 13

Other less-than-2-year .................... 4 69 8 20 18

Public 2-year.................................. 6 82 29 47 15

Private 2-year................................. 7 82 20 29 14

Public 4-year.................................. 33 90 84 84 16

Private 4-year................................. 13 81 55 68 17

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 5 81 10 19 14

Less than 25 percent....................... 18 88 56 70 11

25 percent or more ......................... 18 85 70 78 19

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................................... 10 77 26 33 12

Mid-size city .................................. 11 88 32 42 16

Urban fringe................................... 9 84 28 36 18

Town or rural ................................. 9 80 31 43 14

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 5 80 8 11 15

200 to 999...................................... 4 78 21 34 15

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 15 86 51 63 13

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 16 89 56 75 16

10,000 or more............................... 30 91 77 84 17

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
33

Table 17.--Percent of postsecondary institutions that increased lighting levels in various campus areas in the

last 5 years, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic Within

campus buildings

In parking lots

and structures

On campus grounds

and walkways

All institutions1.......................... 51 66 60

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 35 42 30

Other less-than-2-year .................... 41 65 55

Public 2-year.................................. 69 86 82

Private 2-year................................. 38 58 46

Public 4-year.................................. 68 91 96

Private 4-year................................. 61 75 78

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 42 57 46

Less than 25 percent....................... 72 82 82

25 percent or more ......................... 65 81 90

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................................... 46 57 51

Mid-size city .................................. 54 68 61

Urban fringe................................... 48 69 60

Town or rural ................................. 54 69 69

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 35 45 36

200 to 999...................................... 49 65 56

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 63 88 86

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 74 88 91

10,000 or more............................... 74 91 94

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.

Increased Lighting

Levels

Institutions were asked whether they had increased lighting levels in

various campus areas in the last 5 years. The 5-year time frame was

used since approximately 5 years had elapsed since the passage of the

campus crime legislation and the survey data collection. In that

period, 66 percent of institutions had increased lighting levels in

parking lots and structures, 60 percent had increased lighting levels on

campus grounds and walkways, and 51 percent had increased lighting

levels within campus buildings (table 17). Public and private 4-year

and public 2-year institutions generally were more likely to have

increased lighting levels than private 2-year and all less-than-2-year

institutions. Institutions with campus housing more frequently had

increased lighting levels than did institutions without
34

campus housing, as did larger institutions compared with smaller

institutions. For example, 96 percent of public 4-year institutions and

94 percent of institutions with 10,000 or more students had improved

lighting on campus grounds and walkways, compared with 30 percent

of for-profit less-than-2-year institutions and 36 percent of institutions

with less than 200 students.

Services and

Programs

Concerning

Campus Safety

Part of the intent of the campus security legislation was to encourage

postsecondary education institutions to pay more attention to the

prevention of crime on campus. One way that institutions can do this

is through services or programs that foster campus safety. Institutions

were asked whether they offered various services or programs

concerning campus safety, and whether the service or program had

been instituted or improved in the last 5 years.

Most institutions with campus housing indicated that they limited

access to residence halls (90 percent; table 18). About two-thirds of

all institutions limited access during nights and weekends to academic

buildings, had a program of publishing or posting safety reminders,

and gave safety/crime prevention presentations to campus groups;

about half had foot or bicycle patrols by security personnel, night-time

escort services, and emergency phone systems; and a third had

victim’s assistance programs. Night-time shuttle bus or van services

were offered by 12 percent of institutions.

Table 18.--Percent of postsecondary institutions that offer various services or programs concerning campus

safety, and the percent that have instituted or improved the service or program within the last 5

years: 1996

Service or program Offer Instituted or improved in

last 5 years1

Foot or bicycle patrols by security personnel..................................... 46 78

Night-time escort services................................................................ 48 71

Night-time shuttle bus or van services.............................................. 12 77

Limited access to residence halls2..................................................... 90 66

Limited access during nights and weekends to academic buildings ... 64 57

Emergency phone systems................................................................ 45 77

Program of publishing or posting safety reminders............................ 63 80

Safety/crime prevention presentations to campus groups................... 64 82

Victim’s assistance programs........................................................... 33 72

1Based on institutions that offered that service or program.

2

Percent of institutions with limited access to residence halls is based on those institutions that have any campus housing.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
35

The majority of institutions offering various campus safety services

and programs had instituted or improved them in the last 5 years

(table 18). Initiation or improvement rates ranged from 57 percent for

limiting access during nights and weekends to academic buildings to

82 percent for safety or crime prevention presentations to campus

groups.

The percentage of institutions offering various campus safety services

or programs varied by institutional type and size, and the presence of

campus housing (table 19). The general pattern was that public 4-

year institutions most frequently offered the various services or

programs, followed by private 4-year and public 2-year institutions.

Less-than-2-year institutions tended to offer these programs and

services much less frequently than other types of institutions.

Institutions with campus housing (both those with less than 25 percent

and those with 25 percent or more of their students in campus

housing) were more likely to offer the various services or programs

than were institutions without campus housing, and larger institutions

were more likely than smaller ones to offer the services or programs.

For example, foot or bicycle patrols by security personnel were

offered by more than 93 percent of public 4-year institutions, 95

percent of institutions with 10,000 or more students, and about 80

percent of institutions with campus housing compared with 6 percent

of for-profit less-than-2-year institutions, 17 percent of institutions

with less than 200 students, and 29 percent of institutions without

campus housing.
36

Table 19.--Percent of postsecondary institutions that offer various services or programs concerning

campus safety, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Foot or bicycle

patrols by

security

personnel

Night-time

escort

services

Night-time

shuttle bus

or van

services

Limited access

to residence

halls1

Limited access

during nights

and weekends

to academic

buildings

All institutions2.......................... 46 48 12 90 64

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 6 15 (+) (#) 32

Other less-than-2-year .................... 23 22 2 (#) 59

Public 2-year.................................. 68 65 6 79 77

Private 2-year................................. 42 47 12 90 63

Public 4-year.................................. 93 83 36 95 94

Private 4-year................................. 71 71 24 92 85

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 29 35 3 -- 50

Less than 25 percent....................... 80 73 26 86 92

25 percent or more ......................... 79 74 29 93 91

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 45 50 12 91 58

Mid-size city .................................. 50 51 15 89 63

Urban fringe................................... 44 48 9 93 64

Town or rural ................................. 44 46 10 88 69

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 17 23 4 73 39

200 to 999...................................... 37 43 6 90 67

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 79 74 16 92 86

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 83 79 24 94 88

10,000 or more............................... 95 93 45 94 93
37

Table 19.--Percent of postsecondary institutions that offer various services or programs concerning campus

safety, by institutional characteristics: 1996--continued

Institutional characteristic Emergency phone

systems

Program of

publishing or posting

safety reminders

Safety/crime

prevention

presentations to

campus groups

Victim’s assistance

programs

All institutions2.......................... 45 63 64 33

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 27 47 43 18

Other less-than-2-year .................... 38 48 50 20

Public 2-year.................................. 50 70 74 33

Private 2-year................................. 38 54 52 29

Public 4-year.................................. 79 88 94 70

Private 4-year................................. 57 75 79 43

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 35 52 50 22

Less than 25 percent....................... 61 83 91 49

25 percent or more ......................... 67 83 87 56

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 40 63 59 28

Mid-size city .................................. 51 62 67 35

Urban fringe................................... 49 64 64 37

Town or rural ................................. 38 61 64 32

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 31 48 47 22

200 to 999...................................... 36 58 58 22

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 54 73 80 45

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 71 87 88 54

10,000 or more............................... 88 90 95 70

(+) Less than 0.5 percent.

(#)Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

--Not applicable, based only on those institutions that have campus housing.

1Based on those institutions that have any campus housing.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
38

Public Safety

Employees

Campus security can be provided by many types of public safety

employees. Security may be provided by sworn officers

(i.e., officers with full arrest power) who are employees of the

institution or who are employees of a state or local law enforcement

agency (e.g., state police who are assigned to police duties on a public

college campus). Security may also be provided by security officers

or guards who are not sworn officers, by contract security (firms or

individuals who are not employees of the institution who provide

security under contract), or by other types of security personnel.

Institutions may use just one type of public safety employee or

different types to serve different security functions.

About a third of the institutions used security officers or guards for

campus security, 28 percent used sworn officers employed by a state

or local law enforcement agency, 24 percent used contract security,

and 18 percent used sworn officers employed by the institution (table

20). Eight percent of the institutions said that security was provided

by city or state police when called (e.g., through the use of 911 or

other local emergency numbers),14 and 15 percent indicated that

security was provided by other types of security personnel. A

particularly striking finding was the very high percentage of public 4-

year institutions and institutions with 10,000 or more students,

compared with other institutional types and sizes, that used sworn

officers employed by the institution.

Many institutions, especially less-than-2-year institutions, indicated

that they used sworn officers employed by a state or local law

enforcement agency. This category was intended to refer to officers

that were assigned specifically to the campus, and not to city or state

police who served the campus as one part of a larger patrol area.

However, this was not explicit in the definitions of security personnel

provided on the questionnaire, and it appears that many institutions

interpreted this category to include city and state police officers

serving the campus as part of a larger patrol area.

Institutions were also asked to indicate which one type of public safety

employee had the primary responsibility for providing campus

security. Twenty-three percent of the institutions indicated that

security officers or guards had primary responsibility for campus

security, 19 percent used sworn officers employed by a state or local

law enforcement agency, 17 percent primarily used sworn officers

employed by the institution, 14 percent gave primary responsibility

 

14 This category was not given on the questionnaire. However, it was created from the “other,

specify” category since it was mentioned frequently by institutions.
39

Table 20.--Percent of postsecondary institutions using various types of public safety employees to provide

campus security, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Sworn

officers

employed

by the

institution

Sworn

officers

employed

by a state

or local law

enforcement

agency

Security

officer/

guard

Contract

security

City or state

police when

called

Other

security

All institutions1.......................... 18 28 34 24 8 15

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. (+) 35 5 10 16 19

Other less-than-2-year .................... 10 40 25 18 7 11

Public 2-year.................................. 30 33 48 30 5 14

Private 2-year................................. 6 23 32 30 6 10

Public 4-year.................................. 80 26 55 23 2 18

Private 4-year................................. 17 19 56 35 3 12

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 10 32 21 21 10 15

Less than 25 percent....................... 37 27 49 39 2 15

25 percent or more ......................... 34 20 66 25 4 15

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................................... 17 23 29 33 4 16

Mid-size city .................................. 20 27 39 25 8 17

Urban fringe................................... 19 33 32 18 10 16

Town or rural ................................. 18 33 36 18 11 10

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 2 34 13 12 14 14

200 to 999...................................... 8 24 32 33 6 15

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 26 26 55 33 2 14

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 48 27 58 29 4 15

10,000 or more............................... 75 23 68 26 3 24

(+) Less than 0.5 percent.

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: For each type of public safety employee, institutions indicated whether they used that type of employee. Thus, percents across each row do not

sum to 100.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
40

for security to contract security, 7 percent indicated that they

primarily used city or state police when called, 8 percent gave primary

responsibility to other types of security, and 12 percent indicated no

public safety employees (table 21). As with the overall use of various

types of campus security, the most striking finding was the very high

percentage of public 4-year institutions and institutions with 10,000 or

more students that indicated that sworn officers employed by the

institution had primary responsibility for campus security. Less-than2-year and private 2-year institutions, institutions without campus

housing, and institutions with less than 1,000 students generally were

more likely to indicate that they had no public safety employees.
41

Table 21.--Percent of postsecondary institutions indicating which one type of public safety employee has

primary responsibility for providing campus security, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Sworn

officers

employed

by the

institution

Sworn

officers

employed

by a state

or local law

enforcement

agency

Security

officer/

guard

Contract

security

City or state

police when

called

Other

security

No public

safety

employees

All institutions1.......... 17 19 23 14 7 8 12

Type

For-profit less-than-2-

 year..............................

(+) 33 4 7 15 16 24

Other less-than-2-year .... 8 33 18 12 6 6 17

Public 2-year.................. 27 15 29 15 4 6 4

Private 2-year................. 4 18 31 20 5 4 18

Public 4-year.................. 80 7 9 4 1 0 0

Private 4-year................. 15 6 46 22 2 4 5

Percent of students in

campus housing

No campus housing ........ 8 25 15 14 10 11 18

Less than 25 percent....... 35 10 30 22 (+) 1 0

25 percent or more ......... 31 7 44 10 3 4 1

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................... 15 14 18 25 3 10 15

Mid-size city .................. 19 17 27 12 7 8 10

Urban fringe................... 17 22 23 8 8 9 12

Town or rural ................. 16 25 25 8 10 4 13

Institutional size

(enrollment)

Less than 200 ................. 2 32 12 8 14 10 23

200 to 999...................... 7 16 25 23 5 11 13

1,000 to 2,999 ................ 21 12 39 21 0 5 1

3,000 to 9,999 ................ 46 4 33 10 3 3 1

10,000 or more............... 73 3 20 3 1 1 0

(+) Less than 0.5 percent.

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Zeros indicate that no institution in the sample gave the indicated response. Percents are computed across each row, but may not sum to 100

because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
42
43

5. Summary

he Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act was passed

by Congress in 1990 in response to concerns about crime and

security at postsecondary education institutions. This Act requires

institutions participating in student financial aid programs under Title

IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 to disclose information about

campus safety policies and procedures and to provide statistics

concerning whether certain crimes took place on campus. The 1996

PEQIS survey on Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary

Education Institutions collected information from institutions about

campus crime statistics for 1992, 1993, and 1994; annual security

reports compiled by institutions; and campus security procedures and

programs. This survey was the first attempt to gather such

information from a nationally representative sample of postsecondary

institutions. The results of this survey provide the first national

estimates about campus crime and security and allow comparisons to

be made between various kinds of institutions. These survey results

also provide the context for interpreting the campus crime and security

information provided to the public by individual institutions.

The survey included public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit

postsecondary education institutions at all levels (less-than-2-year, 2-

year, and 4-year, including graduate-level) that participate in federal

Title IV financial aid programs, since these are the institutions to

which the Campus Security Act applies. This very diverse group of

institutions includes colleges and universities, trade and technical

schools, nursing and allied health schools, and other postsecondary

schools such as cosmetology and business schools. It is important to

keep in mind the diverse nature of these institutions when interpreting

the survey results. Results tended to vary substantially by

institutional type, whether the institution had campus housing, and the

size of the institution. In general, public 4-year institutions, those with

campus housing, and larger institutions were likely to show similar

patterns of results, since these analysis variables are related to each

other.

T
44
45

6. Survey Methodology

and Data Reliability

Postsecondary

Education Quick

Information System

he Postsecondary Education Quick Information System (PEQIS)

was established in 1991 by the National Center for Education

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. PEQIS is designed to

conduct brief surveys of postsecondary institutions or state higher

education agencies on postsecondary education topics of national

importance. Surveys are generally limited to two or three pages of

questions, with a response burden of about 30 minutes per respondent.

Most PEQIS institutional surveys use a previously recruited,

nationally representative panel of institutions. The sampling frame for

the PEQIS panel recruited in 1992 was constructed from the 1990-91

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)

Institutional Characteristics file. Institutions eligible for the PEQIS

frame for the panel recruited in 1992 included 2-year and 4-year

(including graduate-level) institutions (both institutions of higher

education and other postsecondary institutions) and less-than-2-year

institutions of higher education located in the 50 states, the District of

Columbia, and Puerto Rico: a total of 5,317 institutions.

The PEQIS sampling frame for the panel recruited in 1992 was

stratified by instructional level (4-year, 2-year, less-than-2-year),

control (public, private nonprofit, private for-profit), highest level of

offering (doctor's/first professional, master's, bachelor's, less than

bachelor's), total enrollment, and status as either an institution of

higher education or other postsecondary institution. Within each of

the strata, institutions were sorted by region (Northeast, Southeast,

Central, West), whether the institution had a relatively high minority

enrollment, and whether the institution had research expenditures

exceeding $1 million. The sample of 1,665 institutions was allocated

to the strata in proportion to the aggregate square root of full-timeequivalent enrollment. Institutions within a stratum were sampled

with equal probabilities of selection. During panel recruitment, 50

institutions were found to be ineligible for PEQIS, primarily because

they had closed or offered just correspondence courses. The final

unweighted response rate at the end of PEQIS panel recruitment in

spring 1992 was 98 percent (1,576 of the 1,615 eligible institutions).

The weighted response rate for panel recruitment was 96 percent.

T
46

Each institution in the PEQIS panel was asked to identify a campus

representative to serve as survey coordinator. The campus

representative facilitates data collection by identifying the appropriate

respondent for each survey and forwarding the questionnaire to that

person.

Sample and

Response Rates

The sample for this survey consisted of 1,017 2-year and 4-year

(including graduate-level) postsecondary institutions in the PEQIS

panel (two-thirds of the panel institutions at these levels), plus a

supplementary sample of 505 less-than-2-year postsecondary

institutions, for a total sample of 1,522 institutions. In April 1996,

questionnaires (see appendix C) were mailed to the PEQIS

coordinators at the panel institutions and to the chief executive officer

(CEO) at the institutions in the supplementary sample. Coordinators

and CEOs were told that the survey was designed to be completed by

the person at the institution most knowledgeable about the institution’s

security procedures and crime statistics.

Some 219 institutions out of the 1,522 institutions in the total sample

were found to be out of the scope of the survey. Of these institutions,

140 were ineligible because they indicated on the survey form that

they did not participate in federal Title IV financial aid programs, and

79 were ineligible because they were closed or were not postsecondary

institutions. This left 1,303 eligible institutions. These 1,303

institutions represent the universe of approximately 6,310

postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of

Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. Telephone followup of nonrespondents was

initiated in May 1996; data collection and clarification was completed

in July 1996. For the eligible institutions that received surveys, an

unweighted response rate of 93 percent (1,218 responding institutions

divided by the 1,303 eligible institutions in the sample) was obtained.

The weighted response rate for this survey was 94 percent. The

unweighted overall response rate was 91 percent (97.6 percent panel

recruitment participation rate multiplied by the 93.5 percent survey

response rate). The weighted overall response rate was 90 percent

(96.1 percent weighted panel recruitment participation rate multiplied

by the 93.8 percent weighted survey response rate).
47

Weighted item nonresponse rates ranged from 0 percent to 4.4

percent. Item nonresponse rates for most items were less than 1

percent. The item nonresponse for the crime statistics was about 2

percent for 1993 and 1994, and about 4 percent for 1992. Because

the item nonresponse rates were so low, imputation for item

nonresponse was not implemented.

Sampling and

Nonsampling

Errors

The response data were weighted to produce national estimates (see

table 22). The weights were designed to adjust for the variable

probabilities of selection and differential nonresponse. The findings in

this report are estimates based on the sample selected and,

consequently, are subject to sampling variability.

The survey estimates are also subject to nonsampling errors that can

arise because of nonobservation (nonresponse or noncoverage) errors,

errors of reporting, and errors made in data collection. These errors

can sometimes bias the data. Nonsampling errors may include such

problems as misrecording of responses; incorrect editing, coding, and

data entry; differences related to the particular time the survey was

conducted; or errors in data preparation. While general sampling

theory can be used in part to determine how to estimate the sampling

variability of a statistic, nonsampling errors are not easy to measure

and, for measurement purposes, usually require that an experiment be

conducted as part of the data collection procedures or that data

external to the study be used.

To minimize the potential for nonsampling errors, the questionnaire

was pretested with respondents at institutions like those that completed

the survey. During the design of the survey and the survey pretest, an

effort was made to check for consistency of interpretation of questions

and to eliminate ambiguous items. The questionnaire and instructions

were extensively reviewed by the National Center for Education

Statistics; the Office of Postsecondary Education; and the National

Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong

Learning, U.S. Department of Education. Manual and machine

editing of the questionnaire responses were conducted to check the

data for accuracy and consistency. Cases with missing or inconsistent

items were recontacted by telephone. Data were keyed with 100

percent verification.
48

Table 22.--Number and percent of postsecondary institutions in the study that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs, and the estimated number and percent in the nation, by institutional

characteristics: 1996

Respondents National estimate1

Institutional characteristic Number Percent Number Percent

All institutions2......................... 1,218 100 6,310 100

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year............. 219 18 1,950 31

Other less-than-2-year ................... 107 9 310 5

Public 2-year................................. 276 23 1,110 18

Private 2-year................................ 105 9 870 14

Public 4-year................................. 242 20 590 9

Private 4-year................................ 269 22 1,470 23

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 707 58 4,160 66

Less than 25 percent....................... 223 18 800 13

25 percent or more ......................... 288 24 1,350 21

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 323 27 1,570 25

Mid-size city .................................. 336 28 1,690 27

Urban fringe................................... 295 25 1,500 24

Town or rural ................................. 245 20 1,470 24

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 268 22 2,500 40

200 to 999...................................... 248 20 1,530 24

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 209 17 1,040 16

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 242 20 830 13

10,000 or more............................... 251 21 420 7

1Data presented in all tables are weighted to produce national estimates. The sample was selected with probabilities proportionate to the square root of

full-time equivalent enrollment. Institutions with larger full-time equivalent enrollments have higher probabilities of inclusion and lower weights. The

weighted numbers of institutions have been rounded to the nearest 10.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Percents may not sum to 100 and numbers may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
49

Variances The standard error is a measure of the variability of estimates due to

sampling. It indicates the variability of a sample estimate that would

be obtained from all possible samples of a given design and size.

Standard errors are used as a measure of the precision expected from

a particular sample. If all possible samples were surveyed under

similar conditions, intervals of 1.96 standard errors below to 1.96

standard errors above a particular statistic would include the true

population parameter being estimated in about 95 percent of the

samples. This is a 95 percent confidence interval. For example, the

estimated percentage of institutions reporting that the institution uses

the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting definitions is 39.7 percent, and the

estimated standard error is 1.7 percent. The 95 percent confidence

interval for the statistic extends from [39.7 - (1.7 times 1.96)] to [39.7

+ (1.7 times 1.96)], or from 36.4 to 43.0 percent. Tables of standard

errors for each table and figure in the report are provided in appendix

B.

Estimates of standard errors were computed using a technique known

as jackknife replication. As with any replication method, jackknife

replication involves constructing a number of subsamples (replicates)

from the full sample and computing the statistic of interest for each

replicate. The mean square error of the replicate estimates around the

full sample estimate provides an estimate of the variances of the

statistics.15 To construct the replications, 51 stratified subsamples of

the full sample were created and then dropped one at a time to define

51 jackknife replicates.16 A computer program (WesVarPC),

distributed free of charge by Westat, Inc., through the Internet, was

used to calculate the estimates of standard errors. WesVarPC is a

stand-alone Windows application that computes sampling errors for a

wide variety of statistics (totals, percents, ratios, log-odds ratios,

general functions of estimates in tables, linear regression parameters,

and logistic regression parameters).

The test statistics used in the analysis were calculated using the

jackknife variances and thus appropriately reflected the complex

nature of the sample design. In particular, an adjusted chi-square test

using Satterthwaite's approximation to the design effect was used in

the analysis of the two-way tables.17 Finally, Bonferroni

 

15 K. Wolter. Introduction to Variance Estimation, Springer-Verlag, 1985.

16 Ibid, 183.

17 For example, see J.N.K.. Rao and A. Scott. "On Chi-square Tests for Multi-way Contingency

Tables with Cell Proportions Estimated from Survey Data," Annals of Statistics 12 (1984): 46-

60.
50

adjustments were made to control for multiple comparisons where

appropriate. For example, for an "experiment-wise" comparison

involving g pairwise comparisons, each difference was tested at the

0.05/g significance level to control for the fact that g differences were

simultaneously tested.

Background

Information

The survey was performed under contract with Westat, Inc., using the

Postsecondary Education Quick Information System (PEQIS). This is

the seventh PEQIS survey to be conducted. Westat's Project Director

was Elizabeth Farris, and the Survey Manager was Laurie Lewis.

Bernie Greene was the NCES Project Officer. The data were

requested by the Office of Postsecondary Education and the National

Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong

Learning, U.S. Department of Education.

This report was reviewed by the following individuals:

Outside NCES

• Gregory Henschel, National Institute on Postsecondary Education,

Libraries, and Lifelong Learning, U.S. Department of Education

• Charles Masten, Office of Postsecondary Education, U.S.

Department of Education

• Dorothy Siegel, Executive Director, Campus Violence Prevention

Center

• Douglas Tuttle, Director of Public Safety at the University of

Delaware and Immediate Past President of the International

Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA)

Inside NCES

• Nabeel Alsalam, Data Development and Longitudinal Studies

Group

• Michael Cohen, Statistical Standards and Services Group

• Mary Frase, Data Development and Longitudinal Studies Group

• William Freund, Surveys and Cooperative Systems Group

• Roslyn Korb, Surveys and Cooperative Systems Group
51

• Edith McArthur, Data Development and Longitudinal Studies

Group

For more information about the Postsecondary Education Quick

Information System (PEQIS) or the PEQIS Survey on Campus Crime

and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions,

contact Bernie Greene, Data Development and Longitudinal

Studies Group, National Center for Education Statistics, Office

of Educational Research and Improvement, 555 New Jersey Avenue,

NW, Washington, DC 20208-5651, telephone (202) 219-1366.

Institutions that have questions about the Campus Security Act

can call the Department of Education’s Customer Support Branch at

1-800-433-7327. Additional information about the Act is also

available on the World Wide Web at

http://www.ed.gov/offices/ope/ppi/security.html, where the Act and

the implementing regulations can be found.

Definitions of

Analysis Variables

• Type of institution: for-profit less-than-2-year, other less-than-2-

year, public 2-year, private 2-year, public 4-year, private 4-year.

Type was created from a combination of level (less-than-2-year, 2-

year, 4-year) and control (public, private nonprofit, private forprofit). Less-than-2-year institutions are defined as institutions at

which the highest level of offering is of less than 2 years duration;

2-year institutions are those at which the highest level of offering is

at least 2 but less than 4 years (below the baccalaureate degree); 4-

year institutions are those at which the highest level of offering is 4

or more years (baccalaureate or higher degree).18 For 2-year and 4-

year institutions, private comprises private nonprofit and private forprofit institutions; these private institutions are reported together

because there are too few 2-year and 4-year private for-profit

institutions in the sample for this survey to report them as separate

categories. For less-than-2-year institutions, “other” comprises

public and private nonprofit institutions; these institutions are

reported together because there are too few institutions in the

sample in either of these categories to report them separately, and

these institutions are very different from the for-profit less-than-2-

year institutions.

• Percent of students in campus housing: no campus housing, less

than 25 percent, 25 percent or more. The percent of

 

18 Definitions for level are from the data file documentation for the Integrated Postsecondary

Education Data System (IPEDS) Institutional Characteristics file, U.S. Department of

Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
52

students in campus housing is based on the percent of all students

(full and part time, undergraduate and graduate) at the institution in

campus housing (including dormitories, on-campus fraternities and

sororities, and institution-provided apartments) as reported on this

PEQIS questionnaire.

• Metropolitan status: large city, mid-size city, urban fringe, town

or rural. Metropolitan status is based on the locale codes assigned

to institutions by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Large city is

defined as the central city of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

with a population greater than or equal to 400,000 or a population

density greater than or equal to 6,000 persons per square mile. Midsize city is defined as the central city of an MSA but not designated

“large central city.” Urban fringe is defined as a place within an

MSA of a large or mid-size central city and defined as urban by the

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Urban fringe for this PEQIS survey

comprises institutions in the urban fringe of large cities and midsize cities. Town is defined as a place not within an MSA, but with

a population greater than or equal to 2,500 and defined as urban by

the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Rural is defined as a place with a

population less than 2,500 and defined as rural by the U.S. Bureau

of the Census. The category of town or rural for this PEQIS survey

comprises institutions in large towns, small towns, and rural areas.

Institutions are reported in these collapsed categories because there

are too few institutions in the sample in some of the individual

categories to report them separately. Analyses by metropolitan

status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the U.S. Bureau of

the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

• Institutional size (enrollment): less than 200 students, 200 to 999

students, 1,000 to 2,999 students, 3,000 to 9,999 students, 10,000 or

more students. Institutional enrollment size is based on the total

enrollment of the institution (undergraduate and graduate, full and

part time) in fall 1994.

Table 23 shows how the analysis variables of institutional type and

size, and the percent of students in campus housing are related to each

other. For example, most for-profit less-than-2-year institutions do

not have campus housing and have less than 200 students; most public

4-year institutions have campus housing and have 3,000 or more

students. Because of these relationships, differences on survey items

tend to covary by these analysis variables.
53

Table 23.--Relationship between the survey analysis variable institutional type, and the other survey analysis

variables percent of students in campus housing, metropolitan status, and institutional size: 1996

Institutional characteristic All

institutions

For-profit

less-than2-year

Other lessthan-2-yearPublic

2-year

Private

2-year

Public

4-year

Private

4-year

All institutions1.................. 6,310 1,950 310 1,110 870 590 1,470

Percent of students in campus

housing

No campus housing ................ 4,160 1,930 300 860 670 110 280

Less than 25 percent............... 800 20 (+) 200 90 230 270

25 percent or more ................. 1,350 (+) 10 50 120 250 920

Metropolitan status2

Large city............................... 1,570 590 50 110 270 110 450

Mid-size city .......................... 1,690 460 60 310 330 190 330

Urban fringe........................... 1,500 570 70 250 150 110 350

Town or rural ......................... 1,470 290 120 440 110 170 340

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ......................... 2,500 1,650 190 30 410 10 220

200 to 999.............................. 1,530 300 100 150 430 40 500

1,000 to 2,999 ........................ 1,040 10 20 370 30 100 520

3,000 to 9,999 ........................ 830 0 (+) 410 (+) 230 190

10,000 or more....................... 420 0 (+) 150 0 220 40

(+) Rounds to less than 10 institutions.

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: The numbers of institutions have been rounded to the nearest 10. Numbers may not sum to totals because of rounding. Zeros indicate that no

institution in the sample was in that category.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.

A-1

Appendix A

Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reporting/

National Incident-Based Reporting System Crime Definitions

Excerpted from the Implementing Regulations of the Campus Security Act

Federal Register, April 29, 1994, Vol. 59, No. 82
A-2
A-3

The following definitions are to be used for reporting the crimes listed in § 668.47 in accordance with the Federal

Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The definitions for murder, robbery, aggravated

assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, weapon law violations, drug abuse violations and liquor law violations are

excerpted from the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook. The definitions of forcible and nonforcible sex offenses

are excerpted from the National Incident-Based Reporting System Edition of the Uniform Crime Reporting

Handbook.

Crime Definitions From the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook

Murder

The willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another.

Robbery

The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by

force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.

Aggravated Assault

An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury.

This type of assault usually is accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great

bodily harm. (It is not necessary that injury result from an aggravated assault when a gun, knife, or other weapon

is used which could and probably would result in serious personal injury if the crime were successfully completed.)

Burglary

The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. For reporting purposes this definition includes:

unlawful entry with intent to commit a larceny or felony; breaking and entering with intent to commit a larceny;

housebreaking; safecracking; and all attempts to commit any of the aforementioned.

Motor Vehicle Theft

The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. (Classify as motor vehicle theft all cases where automobiles are

taken by persons not having lawful access even though the vehicles are later abandoned—including joyriding.)

Weapon Law Violations

The violation of laws or ordinances dealing with weapon offenses, regulatory in nature, such as: manufacture,

sale, or possession of deadly weapons; carrying deadly weapons, concealed or openly; furnishing deadly weapons to

minors; aliens possessing deadly weapons; and all attempts to commit any of the aforementioned.

Drug Abuse Violations

Violations of State and local laws relating to the unlawful possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and

making of narcotic drugs. The relevant substances include: opium or cocaine and their derivatives (morphine,

heroin, codeine); marijuana; synthetic narcotics (demerol, methadones); and dangerous nonnarcotic drugs

(barbituates, benzedrine).
A-4

Liquor Law Violations

The violation of laws or ordinances prohibiting: the manufacture, sale, transporting, furnishing, possessing of

intoxicating liquor; maintaining unlawful drinking places; bootlegging; operating a still; furnishing liquor to a

minor or intemperate person; using a vehicle for illegal transportation of liquor; drinking on a train or public

conveyance; and all attempts to commit any of the aforementioned. (Drunkenness and driving under the influence

are not included in this definition.)

Sex Offenses Definitions From the National Incident-Based Reporting System Edition of the Uniform Crime

Reporting Program

Sex Offenses—Forcible

Any sexual act directed against another person, forcibly and/or against that person’s will; or not forcibly or against

the person’s will where the victim is incapable of giving consent.

A. Forcible Rape—The carnal knowledge of a person, forcibly and/or against that person’s will; or not forcibly or

against the person’s will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her temporary or

permanent mental or physical incapacity (or because of his/her youth).

B. Forcible Sodomy—Oral or anal sexual intercourse with another person, forcibly and/or against that person’s

will; or not forcibly against the person’s will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her

youth or because of his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity.

C. Sexual Assault With An Object—The use of an object or instrument to unlawfully penetrate, however slightly,

the genital or anal opening of the body of another person, forcibly and/or against that person’s will; or not forcibly

or against the person’s will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her youth or because of

his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity.

D. Forcible Fondling—The touching of the private body parts of another person for the purpose of sexual

gratification, forcibly and/or against that person’s will; or, not forcibly or against the person’s will where the

victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her youth or because of his/her temporary or permanent mental

incapacity.

Sex Offenses—Nonforcible

Unlawful, nonforcible sexual intercourse.

A. Incest—Nonforcible sexual intercourse between persons who are related to each other within the degrees

wherein marriage is prohibited by law.

B. Statutory Rape—Nonforcible sexual intercourse with a person who is under the statutory age of consent.

Source: Federal Register, April 29, 1994, Vol. 59, No. 82.
B-1

Appendix B

Tables of Standard Errors
B-2
B-3

Table 1a.--Standard errors of the number and percent of postsecondary institutions in the nation that participate in

federal Title IV financial aid programs, and the number and percent of students enrolled at those

institutions in fall 1994, by institutional characteristics

Institutions Students

Institutional characteristic Number Percent Number Percent

All institutions1......................................... 108.00 -- 177,445.9 --

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year............................. 84.7 1.1 9,528.1 0.1

Other less-than-2-year ................................... 21.1 0.3 20,650.6 0.1

Public 2-year................................................. 28.0 0.5 111,240.0 0.5

Private 2-year................................................ 63.2 0.9 25,755.7 0.2

Public 4-year................................................. 12.1 0.3 80,467.5 0.4

Private 4-year................................................ 67.1 1.0 78,097.5 0.5

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ....................................... 128.9 1.2 154,729.4 0.9

Less than 25 percent...................................... 52.1 0.8 185,967.0 1.2

25 percent or more ........................................ 65.9 1.2 178,151.2 1.1

Metropolitan status2

Large city...................................................... 88.4 1.2 192,710.4 1.2

Mid-size city ................................................. 108.7 1.5 196,427.3 1.3

Urban fringe.................................................. 93.5 1.5 175,041.7 1.2

Town or rural ................................................ 80.2 1.4 129,618.2 0.9

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................................ 109.0 1.3 11,813.7 0.1

200 to 999..................................................... 91.7 1.4 48,211.7 0.3

1,000 to 2,999 ............................................... 42.8 0.8 76,696.9 0.5

3,000 to 9,999 ............................................... 31.4 0.5 145,245.7 1.0

10,000 or more.............................................. 11.3 0.2 175,147.7 0.9

--Estimate of standard error is not derived because it is based on a statistic estimated at 100 percent.

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Standard errors are computed on unrounded numbers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-4

Table 2a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions with campus housing and the mean percent

of students living in campus housing at institutions with housing, by institutional characteristics:

1996

Institutional characteristic Percent of institutions with

campus housing

Mean percent of students

living in campus housing1

All institutions2........................................................................ 1.2 1.3

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year............................................................ 0.6 (#)

Other less-than-2-year .................................................................. 1.7 (#)

Public 2-year................................................................................ 3.2 2.1

Private 2-year............................................................................... 3.8 4.3

Public 4-year................................................................................ 2.6 1.4

Private 4-year............................................................................... 3.8 2.0

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ...................................................................... -- --

Less than 25 percent..................................................................... 0.0 0.4

25 percent or more ....................................................................... 0.0 1.6

Metropolitan status3

Large city..................................................................................... 3.0 4.0

Mid-size city ................................................................................ 1.7 2.5

Urban fringe................................................................................. 2.4 2.8

Town or rural ............................................................................... 3.1 3.0

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ............................................................................... 1.8 (#)

200 to 999.................................................................................... 3.4 3.5

1,000 to 2,999 .............................................................................. 2.7 2.7

3,000 to 9,999 .............................................................................. 2.5 1.5

10,000 or more............................................................................. 1.5 0.9

(#) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

--Not applicable, based only on those institutions that have campus housing.

1Based on those institutions that have any campus housing.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-5

Table 3a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of

specified criminal offenses for 1992, 1993, and 1994

1992 1993 1994

Criminal offenses Yes No Don’t

know Yes No Don’tknow Yes No Don’tknow

Violent crimes1.................................. 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.2 1.4 0.5 1.1 1.2 0.5

Murder........................................... 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.4

Forcible sex offenses2..................... 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4

Robbery ......................................... 0.8 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.2 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.4

Aggravated assault ......................... 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.2 0.5

Nonforcible sex offenses3................... 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5

Property crimes4................................. 1.6 1.8 0.7 1.3 1.5 0.5 1.4 1.4 0.5

Burglary......................................... 1.5 1.7 0.7 1.4 1.6 0.5 1.5 1.6 0.5

Motor vehicle theft......................... 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.5

1Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports

for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act

requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which includes forcible rape), robbery, and aggravated assault. For this

report, a composite variable of total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this

report to violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

2Also includes those institutions that only keep combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses.

3Nonforcible sex offenses are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as statutory rape and incest. However, some institutions also include

crimes such as public lewdness and indecent exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.

4

Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the

United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires

institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larceny-theft. For this report, a composite variable of total property

crime was constructed from the two crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should be interpreted to

mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-6

Table 4a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of

specified criminal offenses for 1994, by institutional characteristics

Violent crimes1 Non- Property crimes4

Institutional characteristic

Total Murder

Forcible

sex

offenses2

Robbery

Aggravated

assault

forcible

sex

offenses3

Total Burglary

Motor

vehicle

theft

All institutions5........... 1.1 0.1 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.5 1.2

Type

For-profit less-than-2-

 year...............................

1.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.0 1.6 1.6 1.4

Other less-than-2-year ..... 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.0 1.7 3.4 3.1 2.2

Public 2-year................... 2.4 0.1 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.9 3.1 2.5

Private 2-year.................. 3.4 0.0 1.3 3.1 2.4 1.6 4.6 4.0 3.9

Public 4-year................... 2.7 0.8 2.9 2.2 3.5 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.7

Private 4-year.................. 3.7 0.0 2.0 2.5 4.1 2.2 4.9 4.6 3.7

Percent of students in

campus housing

No campus housing ......... 1.3 0.0 0.2 1.1 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.6 1.2

Less than 25 percent........ 4.2 0.4 2.5 3.1 3.8 2.4 4.4 4.3 3.4

25 percent or more .......... 3.0 0.2 2.1 2.1 3.3 2.5 3.5 3.7 3.9

Metropolitan status6

Large city........................ 2.7 0.2 0.9 2.1 2.3 1.2 3.0 3.2 2.1

Mid-size city ................... 1.9 0.2 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.8 2.4 2.3 2.5

Urban fringe.................... 1.7 0.1 1.0 1.1 1.7 1.5 3.6 3.1 2.6

Town or rural .................. 2.8 0.0 1.6 2.2 2.0 1.4 3.4 3.8 2.0

Institutional size

(enrollment)

Less than 200 .................. 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.0 0.9 2.2 2.4 1.6

200 to 999....................... 3.3 0.0 0.8 2.4 2.6 0.7 2.9 2.8 2.5

1,000 to 2,999 ................. 3.5 0.0 2.7 2.2 3.2 1.9 3.7 3.9 3.6

3,000 to 9,999 ................. 2.8 0.5 2.3 1.9 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.8 3.1

10,000 or more................ 1.7 0.4 1.4 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.1 1.6 1.9

1Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports

for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act

requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which includes forcible rape), robbery, and aggravated assault. For this

report, a composite variable of total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this

report to violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

2Also includes those institutions that only keep combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses.

3Nonforcible sex offenses are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as statutory rape and incest. However, some institutions also include

crimes such as public lewdness and indecent exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.

4

Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the

United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires

institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larceny-theft. For this report, a composite variable of total property

crime was constructed from the two crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should be interpreted to

mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.

5Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

6Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-7

Table 5a.--Standard errors of the estimated total number of specified criminal offenses reported by postsecondary

institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994

Criminal offense 1992 1993 1994

Violent crimes1.................................. 852.3 1,295.8 824.8

Murder........................................... 9.2 10.1 6.4

Forcible sex offenses2..................... 85.1 103.6 82.5

Robbery ......................................... 516.7 941.0 627.2

Aggravated assault ......................... 482.1 412.1 349.8

Nonforcible sex offenses3................... 135.6 204.6 149.8

Property crimes4................................. 1,393.7 1,527.7 1,469.8

Burglary......................................... 1,290.7 1,390.3 1,392.0

Motor vehicle theft......................... 406.1 372.0 355.9

1Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports

for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act

requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which includes forcible rape), robbery, and aggravated assault. For this

report, a composite variable of total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this

report to violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

2Also includes those institutions that only keep combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses.

3Nonforcible sex offenses are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as statutory rape and incest. However, some institutions also include

crimes such as public lewdness and indecent exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.

4

Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the

United States 1994. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires

institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larceny-theft. For this report, a composite variable of total property

crime was constructed from the two crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should be interpreted to

mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. Standard errors are computed on unrounded numbers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
Table 6a.--Standard errors of the number of specified crimes per 1,000 students at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994, by institutional

characteristics

Violent crimes1

Institutional characteristic Total Murder Forcible sex offenses2 Robbery Aggravated assault

1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994

All institutions5........... 0.058 0.088 0.055 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.035 0.064 0.042 0.033 0.028 0.023

Type

For-profit less-than-2-

 year...............................

0.130 0.176 0.319 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.018 0.000 0.125 0.163 0.319 0.044 0.044 0.012

Other less-than-2-year ..... 0.637 0.246 0.497 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.032 0.000 0.000 0.443 0.133 0.404 0.163 0.117 0.094

Public 2-year................... 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.013 0.019 0.020 0.019 0.016 0.012

Private 2-year.................. 0.243 0.232 0.721 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.044 0.153 0.144 0.188 0.172 0.150 0.691

Public 4-year................... 0.058 0.037 0.034 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.050 0.033 0.027

Private 4-year.................. 0.278 0.462 0.280 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.022 0.032 0.020 0.180 0.331 0.215 0.135 0.138 0.093

Percent of students in

campus housing

No campus housing ......... 0.027 0.025 0.026 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.016 0.020 0.022 0.018 0.016 0.011

Less than 25 percent........ 0.049 0.036 0.048 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.032 0.025 0.035 0.038 0.027 0.032

25 percent or more .......... 0.185 0.293 0.159 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.018 0.020 0.016 0.114 0.214 0.113 0.098 0.090 0.070

Metropolitan status6

Large city........................ 0.068 0.071 0.053 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.022 0.009 0.034 0.030 0.031 0.044 0.031 0.035

Mid-size city ................... 0.052 0.044 0.063 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.012 0.009 0.008 0.021 0.023 0.033 0.047 0.033 0.054

Urban fringe.................... 0.089 0.070 0.046 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.016 0.031 0.028 0.081 0.055 0.040

Town or rural .................. 0.285 0.512 0.266 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.022 0.019 0.022 0.201 0.375 0.199 0.099 0.146 0.082

Institutional size

(enrollment)

Less than 200 .................. 0.475 0.834 0.996 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.220 0.416 0.283 0.467 0.459 1.015

200 to 999....................... 0.981 1.774 0.918 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.032 0.028 0.018 0.721 1.287 0.684 0.310 0.511 0.278

1,000 to 2,999 ................. 0.185 0.118 0.110 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.028 0.042 0.030 0.060 0.025 0.071 0.166 0.098 0.065

3,000 to 9,999 ................. 0.056 0.039 0.040 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.012 0.008 0.008 0.021 0.023 0.020 0.043 0.028 0.031

10,000 or more................ 0.025 0.024 0.026 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.016 0.014 0.016 0.011 0.016

B-8
Table 6a.--Standard errors of the number of specified crimes per 1,000 students at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994, by institutional

characteristics--continued

Nonforcible Property crimes4

Institutional characteristic sex offenses3 Total Burglary Motor vehicle theft

1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994

All institutions5........... 0.011 0.016 0.012 0.102 0.107 0.106 0.093 0.096 0.099 0.029 0.027 0.026

Type

For-profit less-than-2-

 year...............................

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.244 0.293 0.511 0.183 0.266 0.188 0.104 0.140 0.488

Other less-than-2-year ..... 0.103 0.071 0.067 0.391 0.344 0.256 0.262 0.295 0.102 0.137 0.078 0.215

Public 2-year................... 0.007 0.007 0.010 0.072 0.087 0.078 0.067 0.083 0.069 0.027 0.024 0.028

Private 2-year.................. 0.014 0.015 0.101 0.796 1.234 1.334 0.563 1.080 1.179 0.481 0.417 0.611

Public 4-year................... 0.016 0.018 0.015 0.166 0.176 0.193 0.149 0.162 0.178 0.053 0.046 0.042

Private 4-year.................. 0.048 0.083 0.048 0.305 0.297 0.243 0.283 0.248 0.208 0.090 0.098 0.085

Percent of students in

campus housing

No campus housing ......... 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.063 0.080 0.077 0.052 0.072 0.060 0.030 0.030 0.039

Less than 25 percent........ 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.143 0.188 0.156 0.113 0.147 0.135 0.060 0.066 0.050

25 percent or more .......... 0.032 0.054 0.034 0.260 0.245 0.261 0.239 0.223 0.232 0.072 0.065 0.062

Metropolitan status6

Large city........................ 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.218 0.250 0.216 0.193 0.220 0.188 0.056 0.060 0.055

Mid-size city ................... 0.023 0.024 0.019 0.171 0.179 0.199 0.147 0.153 0.182 0.054 0.056 0.052

Urban fringe.................... 0.034 0.064 0.033 0.158 0.149 0.152 0.144 0.137 0.133 0.048 0.040 0.050

Town or rural .................. 0.011 0.013 0.025 0.327 0.278 0.282 0.316 0.268 0.278 0.029 0.022 0.022

Institutional size

(enrollment)

Less than 200 .................. 0.507 0.986 0.498 0.988 1.451 1.776 0.733 1.344 1.590 0.623 0.549 0.769

200 to 999....................... 0.006 0.018 0.015 0.826 0.571 0.534 0.764 0.476 0.481 0.148 0.193 0.186

1,000 to 2,999 ................. 0.022 0.021 0.022 0.300 0.296 0.318 0.252 0.262 0.263 0.075 0.048 0.071

3,000 to 9,999 ................. 0.010 0.019 0.019 0.133 0.153 0.140 0.123 0.133 0.118 0.053 0.052 0.053

10,000 or more................ 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.153 0.164 0.169 0.136 0.144 0.157 0.034 0.032 0.035

1Violent crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of

Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires institutions to report statistics for murder, forcible sex offenses (which includes forcible rape),

robbery, and aggravated assault. For this report, a composite variable of total violent crime was constructed from the four crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to

violent crime should be interpreted to mean murder, forcible sex offenses, robbery, and aggravated assault.

2Also includes those institutions that only keep combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses.

3Nonforcible sex offenses are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as statutory rape and incest. However, some institutions also include crimes such as public lewdness and indecent

exposure or follow definitions used in state statutes.

4

Property crimes are defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft (Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 1994. Federal Bureau of

Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 1995. Washington, DC.). The Campus Security Act requires institutions to report statistics for burglary and motor vehicle theft, but not for larceny-theft.

For this report, a composite variable of total property crime was constructed from the two crime categories required by the Act. Thus, all references in this report to property crime should be

interpreted to mean burglary and motor vehicle theft.

5Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV financial aid programs.

6Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary

Education Institutions, 1996.

B-9
B-10

Table 7a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any occurrences on campus of

specified criminal offenses that manifest evidence of prejudice (“hate crimes”) for 1992, 1993, and

1994

1992 1993 1994

Criminal offenses Yes No Don’t

know Yes No Don’tknow Yes No Don’tknow

Murder............................................... 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.4

Aggravated assault ............................. 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.5

All forcible sex offenses, including

forcible rape..................................... 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.4

Forcible rape*.................................... 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.4

*Forcible rape is a subset of all forcible sex offenses.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-11

Table 8a.--Standard errors of the estimated total number of specified criminal offenses that manifest evidence of

prejudice (“hate crimes”) at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994

Criminal offense 1992 1993 1994

Murder.......................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aggravated assault ........................................................ 12.7 22.2 25.1

All forcible sex offenses, including forcible rape ........... 20.5 8.1 3.9

Forcible rape*............................................................... 20.4 7.5 2.6

*Forcible rape is a subset of all forcible sex offenses.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response. Standard errors are computed on

unrounded numbers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-12

Table 9a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any arrests on campus for liquor

law, drug abuse, and weapons possession violations for 1992, 1993, and 1994

1992 1993 1994

Crime Yes No Don’t

know Yes No Don’tknow Yes No Don’tknow

Liquor law violations ......................... 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.5

Drug abuse violations......................... 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.9 1.2 0.5

Weapons possessions ......................... 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.5

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-13

Table 10a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions reporting any arrests on campus for liquor

law, drug abuse, and weapons possession violations for 1994, by institutional characteristics

Institutional characteristic Liquor law

violations

Drug abuse

violations

Weapons

possessions

All institutions1..................................................... 0.8 0.9 0.8

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year......................................... 0.3 0.0 0.0

Other less-than-2-year ............................................... 1.3 3.7 2.1

Public 2-year............................................................. 1.8 1.6 1.5

Private 2-year............................................................ 2.1 2.2 2.4

Public 4-year............................................................. 2.8 3.3 2.9

Private 4-year............................................................ 2.8 2.2 2.8

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ................................................... 0.5 0.6 0.4

Less than 25 percent.................................................. 2.9 2.6 2.6

25 percent or more .................................................... 3.2 2.6 3.2

Metropolitan status2

Large city.................................................................. 1.1 1.4 1.0

Mid-size city ............................................................. 1.3 1.8 1.3

Urban fringe.............................................................. 1.5 1.4 1.3

Town or rural ............................................................ 2.4 2.1 1.9

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ............................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.6

200 to 999................................................................. 2.1 1.8 2.0

1,000 to 2,999 ........................................................... 2.8 1.7 1.8

3,000 to 9,999 ........................................................... 1.8 2.5 2.5

10,000 or more.......................................................... 1.5 2.6 2.6

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-14

Table 11a.--Standard errors of the estimated total number of arrests on campus for liquor law, drug abuse, and

weapons possession violations for 1992, 1993, and 1994

Crime 1992 1993 1994

Liquor law violations .................................................... 1,356.2 1,306.4 1,595.8

Drug abuse violations.................................................... 284.2 361.5 425.2

Weapons possessions .................................................... 162.8 123.6 212.4

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. Standard errors are computed on unrounded numbers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-15

Table 12a.--Standard errors of the number of campus arrests per 1,000 students for liquor law, drug abuse, and

weapons possession violations at postsecondary institutions for 1992, 1993, and 1994, by institutional

characteristics

Liquor law violations Drug abuse violations Weapons possessions

Institutional characteristic 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994

All institutions1.......................... 0.096 0.089 0.107 0.019 0.024 0.028 0.011 0.008 0.014

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 0.000 0.068 0.027 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Other less-than-2-year .................... 0.373 0.066 0.064 0.143 0.284 0.417 0.098 0.201 0.145

Public 2-year.................................. 0.098 0.092 0.176 0.017 0.026 0.014 0.009 0.006 0.008

Private 2-year................................. 0.450 0.652 0.773 0.106 0.119 0.143 0.028 0.041 0.178

Public 4-year.................................. 0.191 0.174 0.191 0.040 0.046 0.058 0.015 0.015 0.011

Private 4-year................................. 0.138 0.137 0.173 0.037 0.052 0.051 0.050 0.026 0.067

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 0.042 0.030 0.019 0.015 0.013 0.013 0.006 0.006 0.006

Less than 25 percent....................... 0.175 0.164 0.252 0.033 0.051 0.058 0.014 0.014 0.018

25 percent or more ......................... 0.216 0.216 0.251 0.050 0.055 0.074 0.035 0.020 0.044

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................................... 0.122 0.126 0.127 0.028 0.041 0.035 0.010 0.016 0.015

Mid-size city .................................. 0.199 0.182 0.192 0.031 0.040 0.055 0.015 0.017 0.018

Urban fringe................................... 0.150 0.130 0.198 0.032 0.036 0.049 0.016 0.015 0.014

Town or rural ................................. 0.286 0.356 0.463 0.075 0.076 0.095 0.054 0.029 0.069

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 0.000 0.078 0.876 0.066 0.218 0.314 0.000 0.156 0.234

200 to 999...................................... 0.112 0.089 0.129 0.112 0.073 0.137 0.183 0.083 0.234

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 0.219 0.211 0.246 0.082 0.077 0.075 0.026 0.022 0.022

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 0.190 0.208 0.266 0.020 0.045 0.034 0.016 0.016 0.018

10,000 or more............................... 0.148 0.134 0.128 0.021 0.028 0.044 0.008 0.009 0.007

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-16

Table 13a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions using each set of definitions for compiling

crime statistics, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic FBI UCR/

NIBRS definition1

State crime

definitions

Other

definitions2

All institutions3.......................... 1.7 1.7 1.4

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 2.4 3.1 3.2

Other less-than-2-year .................... 4.0 4.8 4.2

Public 2-year.................................. 3.1 3.2 1.9

Private 2-year................................. 4.9 5.4 5.2

Public 4-year.................................. 2.4 2.3 0.6

Private 4-year................................. 4.0 4.2 2.3

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 1.8 2.1 1.8

Less than 25 percent....................... 3.6 3.1 2.1

25 percent or more ......................... 3.9 3.5 2.3

Metropolitan status4

Large city....................................... 3.4 3.8 3.1

Mid-size city .................................. 2.9 3.4 2.3

Urban fringe................................... 4.4 3.6 3.2

Town or rural ................................. 2.6 3.4 2.6

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 2.2 3.0 3.3

200 to 999...................................... 3.8 3.5 2.4

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 2.5 2.5 1.7

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 3.0 2.8 1.6

10,000 or more............................... 1.8 1.8 0.4

1

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR)/National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS).

2Other definitions reported by respondents include local police definitions, common knowledge, and the school reporting system. Almost no

institutions indicated that they used a combination of federal and state definitions.

3Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

4Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-17

Table 14a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions that compile annual security report

information for students and staff, and the format in which the annual security report is compiled, by

institutional characteristics: 1996

Format for annual security report1

Institutional characteristic

Compile

annual

security

report

Stand-alone

publication

about campus

security

Part of text of

another

student or

employee

publication

Article in

campus

newspaper

Electronic

format

Other

format

All institutions2.......................... 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 0.5 0.9

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 3.0 4.4 3.2 1.0 0.0 1.9

Other less-than-2-year .................... 4.5 6.6 7.0 0.8 1.5 4.8

Public 2-year.................................. 1.7 3.5 3.2 3.4 1.7 1.6

Private 2-year................................. 3.0 4.9 5.5 2.9 0.5 4.3

Public 4-year.................................. 1.2 1.8 3.1 3.0 2.4 1.6

Private 4-year................................. 2.4 3.5 4.2 4.8 1.5 2.3

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 1.6 2.3 1.9 1.6 0.5 1.3

Less than 25 percent....................... 0.6 2.8 4.2 4.1 1.6 3.0

25 percent or more ......................... 2.3 2.2 3.3 3.6 1.8 2.2

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 2.5 3.3 4.0 3.1 0.8 1.8

Mid-size city .................................. 1.7 3.5 2.6 2.5 0.8 1.8

Urban fringe................................... 2.6 3.4 4.6 2.3 1.1 1.7

Town or rural ................................. 3.0 3.0 4.4 3.2 1.7 2.2

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 2.5 3.4 2.6 1.6 0.2 2.3

200 to 999...................................... 2.2 4.0 4.5 3.9 1.2 2.3

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 1.5 2.2 3.5 2.6 1.5 2.0

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 0.3 2.2 3.2 2.7 2.0 1.3

10,000 or more............................... *0.2 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.1

*Statistic is estimated at 99.6 percent, which is rounded to 100 percent for presentation in the table.

1Based on those institutions that compile an annual security report.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-18

Table 15a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions that disseminate their annual security

report information in various ways, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Direct

mailing to

each current

student

and/or

employee

Mailing upon

request to

current

students

and/or

employees

Mailing upon

request to

prospective

students

and/or

employees

Mailing

to every

household

in the

institution’s

enrollment

area

Placement

in campus

mail boxes

Posting on

the campus

computer

network or

Web page

All institutions2.......................... 1.2 1.5 1.7 0.2 1.1 0.5

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 0.5 3.2 2.7 0.2 1.3 0.0

Other less-than-2-year .................... 0.8 6.0 6.6 2.0 2.3 0.5

Public 2-year.................................. 2.7 3.1 2.6 1.0 2.9 1.4

Private 2-year................................. 3.3 5.8 5.3 0.4 3.5 0.5

Public 4-year.................................. 3.4 1.8 1.5 0.3 2.5 2.1

Private 4-year................................. 3.7 3.0 3.0 0.6 3.3 1.4

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 1.3 1.9 1.9 0.3 1.6 0.4

Less than 25 percent....................... 3.1 3.0 2.7 1.0 4.5 1.4

25 percent or more ......................... 3.2 2.5 2.5 0.2 2.7 1.7

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 2.4 4.1 4.2 0.6 2.4 0.8

Mid-size city .................................. 2.4 3.2 3.2 0.6 2.5 0.6

Urban fringe................................... 2.4 4.5 3.9 0.5 3.0 1.1

Town or rural ................................. 3.1 2.9 3.6 0.5 2.9 1.6

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 1.1 3.4 2.6 0.2 1.8 0.2

200 to 999...................................... 2.4 3.8 3.4 0.5 3.0 1.2

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 3.3 2.2 2.0 0.9 3.8 1.4

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 3.3 2.8 1.9 1.1 3.0 1.4

10,000 or more............................... 2.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.9 1.7
B-19

Table 15a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions that disseminate their annual security

report information in various ways, by institutional characteristics: 1996--continued

Institutional characteristic

Distribution

in student

residence

halls1

Available in

various

offices and/or

building

lobbies

around the

institution

Available at

student

orientation,

registration,

and/or other

student

activities

Publication

in the

campus

newspaper

Posting on

campus

bulletin

boards

Other

All institutions2.......................... 2.6 1.6 1.2 1.9 1.9 1.2

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. (#) 4.8 2.9 1.1 5.6 2.7

Other less-than-2-year .................... (#) 7.1 7.3 0.8 5.5 3.5

Public 2-year.................................. 6.2 2.8 2.6 3.2 3.4 2.0

Private 2-year................................. 9.6 5.8 4.4 4.8 6.1 3.8

Public 4-year.................................. 3.4 1.8 1.3 2.8 3.0 1.9

Private 4-year................................. 4.0 3.9 3.2 4.9 3.1 2.6

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ -- 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.8 1.5

Less than 25 percent....................... 3.7 2.4 3.8 4.1 3.8 2.2

25 percent or more ......................... 3.0 2.8 2.5 3.8 3.4 2.6

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 5.8 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.6 2.1

Mid-size city .................................. 5.0 2.6 2.0 2.3 3.5 1.8

Urban fringe................................... 6.3 3.9 3.2 2.6 5.2 2.3

Town or rural ................................. 3.8 2.8 2.2 3.3 3.4 2.5

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 11.3 3.8 2.6 3.2 6.0 2.4

200 to 999...................................... 6.7 3.5 3.5 3.6 4.1 2.4

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 4.0 2.8 1.9 2.8 3.8 2.3

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 4.5 1.6 1.6 2.7 3.2 1.9

10,000 or more............................... 2.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8

 (#) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

--Not applicable, based only on those institutions that have campus housing.

1Based on those institutions that have any campus housing.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-20

Table 16a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions indicating that students and staff have

access to rape crisis counseling through various sources, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Rape crisis

center or hotline

run by the

institution

Rape crisis

center or hotline

run by the

community

Campus health

center

Campus mental

health or

counseling

center

Other

source

All institutions1.......................... 0.7 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.5

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 1.2 2.5 0.4 1.5 2.4

Other less-than-2-year .................... 1.8 5.3 2.5 4.0 2.9

Public 2-year.................................. 1.4 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.4

Private 2-year................................. 2.4 4.0 3.8 4.6 4.3

Public 4-year.................................. 2.9 1.9 2.6 2.5 2.0

Private 4-year................................. 2.1 3.0 3.8 4.0 3.6

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 0.8 2.0 1.0 1.2 1.6

Less than 25 percent....................... 1.9 2.7 4.0 3.5 2.1

25 percent or more ......................... 2.3 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.2

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................................... 1.5 3.4 2.3 2.7 2.0

Mid-size city .................................. 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.6

Urban fringe................................... 1.6 2.9 2.6 2.8 3.2

Town or rural ................................. 1.7 3.5 2.4 2.6 2.2

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 1.3 2.8 1.7 1.8 2.3

200 to 999...................................... 1.4 3.1 3.0 3.7 3.1

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 2.3 2.5 3.1 2.3 2.2

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 1.6 1.7 3.0 2.6 2.2

10,000 or more............................... 2.5 1.5 2.1 1.7 1.2

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-21

Table 17a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions that increased lighting levels in various

campus areas in the last 5 years, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic Within

campus buildings

In parking lots

and structures

On campus grounds

and walkways

All institutions1.......................... 1.6 1.4 1.4

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 3.0 3.7 3.2

Other less-than-2-year .................... 4.6 5.2 4.8

Public 2-year.................................. 3.5 2.1 2.4

Private 2-year................................. 5.4 5.3 5.9

Public 4-year.................................. 3.3 2.0 1.4

Private 4-year................................. 4.6 3.2 3.1

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 1.9 1.9 1.7

Less than 25 percent....................... 3.3 4.0 4.5

25 percent or more ......................... 3.8 3.0 2.6

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................................... 3.4 3.2 2.9

Mid-size city .................................. 2.2 2.9 2.2

Urban fringe................................... 3.0 4.1 3.4

Town or rural ................................. 4.2 3.2 3.3

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 3.0 3.0 3.2

200 to 999...................................... 3.4 3.0 2.8

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 3.8 1.6 1.9

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 2.7 1.8 1.7

10,000 or more............................... 1.7 1.5 0.9

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-22

Table 18a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions that offer various services or programs

concerning campus safety, and the percent that have instituted or improved the service or program

within the last 5 years: 1996

Service or program Offer Instituted or improved in

last 5 years1

Foot or bicycle patrols by security personnel..................................... 1.1 1.7

Night-time escort services................................................................ 1.4 2.0

Night-time shuttle bus or van services.............................................. 0.8 2.7

Limited access to residence halls2..................................................... 1.6 2.8

Limited access during nights and weekends to academic buildings ... 1.4 1.8

Emergency phone systems................................................................ 1.9 2.0

Program of publishing or posting safety reminders............................ 1.7 1.5

Safety/crime prevention presentations to campus groups................... 1.3 1.8

Victim’s assistance programs........................................................... 1.7 3.0

1Based on institutions that offered that service or program.

2

Percent of institutions with limited access to residence halls is based on those institutions that have any campus housing.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-23

Table 19a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions that offer various services or programs

concerning campus safety, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Foot or bicycle

patrols by

security

personnel

Night-time

escort

services

Night-time

shuttle bus

or van

services

Limited access

to residence

halls1

Limited access

during nights

and weekends

to academic

buildings

All institutions2.......................... 1.1 1.4 0.8 1.6 1.4

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 1.9 1.6 0.2 (#) 2.9

Other less-than-2-year .................... 3.6 3.9 0.5 (#) 5.2

Public 2-year.................................. 3.4 3.0 1.0 6.1 2.8

Private 2-year................................. 4.2 5.8 3.5 7.2 5.8

Public 4-year.................................. 2.2 2.4 2.0 1.2 1.5

Private 4-year................................. 3.2 4.0 2.8 2.4 2.9

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 1.4 1.5 0.7 -- 2.1

Less than 25 percent....................... 4.5 3.6 2.6 2.8 2.5

25 percent or more ......................... 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.2 2.3

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 2.1 2.8 1.4 4.4 3.1

Mid-size city .................................. 2.5 2.8 1.5 2.9 3.3

Urban fringe................................... 3.0 2.8 1.6 4.1 3.2

Town or rural ................................. 3.2 3.0 1.7 3.9 2.8

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 2.5 1.9 1.2 12.5 2.6

200 to 999...................................... 3.2 3.8 1.6 4.3 3.3

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 3.3 3.5 2.3 2.2 1.8

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 2.0 2.6 2.2 1.6 1.9

10,000 or more............................... 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.0 1.0
B-24

Table 19a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions that offer various services or programs

concerning campus safety, by institutional characteristics: 1996--continued

Institutional characteristic Emergency phone

systems

Program of

publishing or posting

safety reminders

Safety/crime

prevention

presentations to

campus groups

Victim’s assistance

programs

All institutions2.......................... 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.7

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.5

Other less-than-2-year .................... 4.7 4.7 5.0 3.8

Public 2-year.................................. 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.0

Private 2-year................................. 6.7 5.0 5.7 4.9

Public 4-year.................................. 2.9 2.2 1.9 3.1

Private 4-year................................. 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.4

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.8

Less than 25 percent....................... 3.0 3.5 2.8 4.3

25 percent or more ......................... 3.9 3.0 2.9 3.9

Metropolitan status3

Large city....................................... 3.7 2.8 3.4 3.0

Mid-size city .................................. 2.7 3.0 2.6 2.8

Urban fringe................................... 3.0 3.1 2.6 3.3

Town or rural ................................. 2.7 3.5 3.0 2.8

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.6

200 to 999...................................... 3.4 3.0 2.4 3.0

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 3.0 3.3 1.9 2.9

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 3.0 2.1 2.2 3.3

10,000 or more............................... 1.6 1.4 1.2 2.2

(#) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

-- Not applicable, based only on those institutions that have campus housing.

1Based on those institutions that have any campus housing.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-25

Table 20a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions using various types of public safety

employees to provide campus security, by institutional characteristics: 1996

Institutional characteristic

Sworn

officers

employed

by the

institution

Sworn

officers

employed

by a state

or local law

enforcement

agency

Security

officer/

guard

Contract

security

City or state

police when

called

Other

security

All institutions1.......................... 1.0 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.1

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year.............. 0.3 3.2 1.1 2.6 2.9 2.8

Other less-than-2-year .................... 2.6 5.0 3.3 3.4 2.7 2.6

Public 2-year.................................. 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.0 2.2

Private 2-year................................. 2.1 5.5 4.7 4.9 2.2 3.3

Public 4-year.................................. 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.2 1.0 1.7

Private 4-year................................. 2.4 2.8 3.8 3.9 1.8 2.1

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ........................ 0.8 1.9 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.6

Less than 25 percent....................... 3.2 3.4 3.5 4.1 1.1 2.6

25 percent or more ......................... 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.0 2.3

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................................... 1.8 2.8 2.5 2.6 1.1 2.1

Mid-size city .................................. 2.1 2.4 1.9 2.7 1.8 2.0

Urban fringe................................... 2.1 4.7 3.0 2.5 2.4 3.0

Town or rural ................................. 1.9 3.6 2.6 2.2 2.6 1.9

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ................................. 0.7 3.0 1.8 2.2 2.8 1.9

200 to 999...................................... 1.9 2.6 2.7 3.2 1.8 2.4

1,000 to 2,999 ................................ 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.6 0.8 2.4

3,000 to 9,999 ................................ 2.1 2.3 2.9 2.8 1.2 1.9

10,000 or more............................... 1.7 2.3 2.2 1.6 0.8 1.8

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-26

Table 21a.--Standard errors of the percent of postsecondary institutions indicating which one type of public safety

employee has primary responsibility for providing campus security, by institutional characteristics:

1996

Institutional characteristic

Sworn

officers

employed

by the

institution

Sworn

officers

employed

by a state

or local law

enforcement

agency

Security

officer/

guard

Contract

security

City or state

police when

called

Other

security

No public

safety

employees

All institutions1.......... 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3

Type

For-profit less-than-2-

 year..............................

0.3 3.2 1.0 1.8 2.9 2.4 3.3

Other less-than-2-year .... 2.5 5.0 3.1 2.6 2.6 1.6 3.6

Public 2-year.................. 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.4

Private 2-year................. 1.9 4.9 4.7 3.6 2.1 1.8 4.2

Public 4-year.................. 3.0 1.7 2.1 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.0

Private 4-year................. 2.2 2.0 4.1 2.9 1.6 1.4 2.8

Percent of students in

campus housing

No campus housing ........ 0.7 1.8 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7

Less than 25 percent....... 2.9 2.4 3.4 3.5 0.3 1.0 0.0

25 percent or more ......... 2.8 2.2 3.4 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3

Metropolitan status2

Large city....................... 1.7 2.4 2.3 2.6 1.1 2.3 2.4

Mid-size city .................. 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.8

Urban fringe................... 2.0 4.8 2.9 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.6

Town or rural ................. 1.8 3.4 2.6 1.5 2.4 1.4 3.4

Institutional size

(enrollment)

Less than 200 ................. 0.7 3.0 1.8 1.4 2.7 1.7 2.7

200 to 999...................... 1.8 2.4 2.8 2.6 1.8 2.2 2.6

1,000 to 2,999 ................ 3.1 2.3 3.2 3.3 0.0 1.8 0.7

3,000 to 9,999 ................ 2.1 1.4 2.9 1.6 1.0 1.1 0.7

10,000 or more............... 1.8 1.0 1.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.0

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-27

Table 22a.--Standard errors of the estimated number and percent of postsecondary institutions in the nation that

participate in federal Title IV financial aid programs, by institutional characteristics: 1996

National estimate1

Institutional characteristic Number Percent

All institutions2........................................................................ 108.00 --

Type

For-profit less-than-2-year............................................................ 84.7 1.1

Other less-than-2-year .................................................................. 21.1 0.3

Public 2-year................................................................................ 28.0 0.5

Private 2-year............................................................................... 63.2 0.9

Public 4-year................................................................................ 12.1 0.3

Private 4-year............................................................................... 67.1 1.0

Percent of students in campus housing

No campus housing ...................................................................... 128.9 1.2

Less than 25 percent..................................................................... 52.1 0.8

25 percent or more ....................................................................... 65.9 1.2

Metropolitan status3

Large city..................................................................................... 88.4 1.2

Mid-size city ................................................................................ 108.7 1.5

Urban fringe................................................................................. 93.5 1.5

Town or rural ............................................................................... 80.2 1.4

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ............................................................................... 109.0 1.3

200 to 999.................................................................................... 91.7 1.4

1,000 to 2,999 .............................................................................. 42.8 0.8

3,000 to 9,999 .............................................................................. 31.4 0.5

10,000 or more............................................................................. 11.3 0.2

--Estimate of standard error is not derived because it is based on a statistic estimated at 100 percent.

1Data presented in all tables are weighted to produce national estimates. The sample was selected with probabilities proportionate to the square root of

full-time equivalent enrollment. Institutions with larger full-time equivalent enrollments have higher probabilities of inclusion and lower weights. The

weighted numbers of institutions have been rounded to the nearest 10.

2Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

3Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. Standard errors are computed on unrounded numbers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-28

Table 23a.--Standard errors of the relationship of the survey analysis variable institutional type, and the other

survey analysis variables percent of students in campus housing, metropolitan status, and institutional

size: 1996

Institutional characteristic All

institutions

For-profit

less-than2-year

Other lessthan-2-yearPublic

2-year

Private

2-year

Public

4-year

Private

4-year

All institutions1.................. 108.0 84.7 21.1 28.0 63.2 12.1 67.1

Percent of students in campus

housing

No campus housing ................ 128.9 85.8 20.5 42.0 64.3 16.2 62.2

Less than 25 percent............... 52.1 11.7 1.4 29.7 24.0 17.2 33.4

25 percent or more ................. 65.9 2.7 5.4 18.9 29.9 19.0 55.1

Metropolitan status2

Large city............................... 88.4 52.7 7.9 11.2 54.8 12.6 54.4

Mid-size city .......................... 108.7 60.8 13.5 33.4 54.8 17.2 34.7

Urban fringe........................... 93.5 65.3 13.7 28.1 31.2 11.0 46.5

Town or rural ......................... 80.2 34.6 19.2 38.0 27.2 16.4 52.0

Institutional size (enrollment)

Less than 200 ......................... 109.0 88.2 19.6 13.6 52.3 5.3 62.8

200 to 999.............................. 91.7 28.4 12.7 26.2 44.4 12.3 68.2

1,000 to 2,999 ........................ 42.8 3.7 4.0 26.4 7.2 14.7 25.6

3,000 to 9,999 ........................ 31.4 0.0 1.4 21.4 1.5 12.2 13.4

10,000 or more....................... 11.3 0.0 1.4 7.0 0.0 5.8 4.0

1Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs.

2Analyses by metropolitan status exclude institutions in Puerto Rico, since the Bureau of the Census does not assign locale codes for Puerto Rico.

NOTE: Standard errors are computed on unrounded numbers. A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample is in that category.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-29

Table 24.--Standard errors for data not shown in tables: 1996

Item Estimate Standard error

Chapter 1, section on institutional characteristics

Percent of institutions with off-campus fraternities and sororities with residences

All institutions .......................................................................................................... 5 0.3

For-profit less-than-2-year......................................................................................... 0 0.0

Other less-than-2-year ............................................................................................... 0 0.0

Public 2-year............................................................................................................. 0 0.0

Private 2-year............................................................................................................ 0 0.0

Public 4-year............................................................................................................. 42 2.3

Private 4-year............................................................................................................ 6 0.9

Chapter 2, section on crime definitions

Percent of students at institutions using:

FBI UCR/NIBRS definitions...................................................................................... 73 1.3

State crime definitions............................................................................................... 24 1.2

Other definitions....................................................................................................... 4 0.5

Chapter 3, section on formats for security reports

Percent of students at institutions that compile an annual security report ....................... 98 0.3

NOTE: Data are for postsecondary education institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico that participate in federal Title IV

financial aid programs. A standard error of 0.0 appears if no institution in the sample gave the indicated response.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Postsecondary Education Quick Information System, Survey on

Campus Crime and Security at Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1996.
B-30
C-1

Appendix C

Survey Questionnaire
C-2
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FORM APPROVED

NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS O.M.B. No.: 1850-0731

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20208-5651 EXPIRATION DATE: 03/99

CAMPUS CRIME AND SECURITY AT

POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION QUICK INFORMATION SYSTEM

This survey is authorized by law (P.L. 103-382). While participation in this survey is voluntary, your cooperation is critical

to make the results of this survey comprehensive, accurate, and timely.

DEFINITIONS FOR THIS SURVEY:

Campus - is defined for this survey as (1) any building or property owned or controlled by an institution within the same

reasonably contiguous geographic area and used by the institution in direct support of, or in a manner related to, the

institution’s educational purposes; (2) any building or property owned or controlled by a student organization recognized

by the institution; or (3) any building or property controlled by the institution, but owned by a third party.

Sworn officer - has full arrest power as a peace officer or under other enabling legislation. Include any students who are

sworn.

Security officer/guard - has non-sworn duties typically assigned to security personnel or guards. May perform some

traditional police duties.

Contract security - firms or individuals, not employees of colleges or universities, who provide security under contract.

Other security - police or security personnel not described elsewhere.

Data collected in this survey will be used only for statistical purposes, will be published by the National Center

for Education Statistics in aggregate form only, and will not identify individual participants or their institutions.

IF ABOVE INSTITUTION INFORMATION IS INCORRECT, PLEASE UPDATE DIRECTLY ON LABEL.

Name of Person Completing This Form: _______________________________ Telephone Number:_______________

Title/Position: ______________________________________________________________________________________

THANK YOU. PLEASE KEEP A COPY OF THIS SURVEY FOR YOUR RECORDS.

RETURN COMPLETED FORM TO:

WESTAT, INC.

1650 Research Boulevard

Rockville, Maryland 20850

ATTN: Lewis, 923822

IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, CALL:

Laurie Lewis at Westat

800-937-8281, Ext. 8284 or 301-251-8284

Fax: 800-254-0984

E-mail: lewisl1@westat.com

According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, no persons are required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB

control number. The valid OMB control number for this information collection is 1850-0731. The time required to complete this information collection

is estimated to average 30 minutes per response, including the time to review instructions, search existing data resources, gather the data needed,

and complete and review the information collection. If you have any comments concerning the accuracy of the time estimate or suggestions for

improving this form, please write to: U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC 20202-4651. If you have any comments or concerns regarding

the status of your individual submission of this form, write directly to: National Center for Education Statistics, 555 New Jersey Avenue, NW,

Washington, DC 20202.

PEQIS Form No. 7, 04/96
1. Does your institution award any federal Title IV student financial aid? These programs include Federal Pell

Grants; Federal Stafford, PLUS, SLS, and Perkins Loans; Federal Direct Student Loans (FDSL); Federal WorkStudy; Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants; State Student Incentive Grants; and others.

Yes ................. 1 (Continue with question 2.) No................... 2 (Stop. Complete respondent section

on front and return questionnaire.)

For questions 2 through 4, enter “ DK” if your institution does not have information for a particular year or

criminal offense. Enter zero if your institution collects information about a particular offense, but there were

no occurrences or arrests for that offense.

2. For each of the following criminal offenses, enter the number of occurrences on campus that were reported to

local police agencies or to any official of the institution who has significant responsibility for student and campus

activities. Report for calendar years 1992, 1993, and 1994.

If your institution only keeps combined statistics for forcible and nonforcible sex offenses, check here and report

the combined statistics on line b.

Total occurrences

Criminal offense 1992 1993 1994

a. Murder

b. Forcible sex offenses (including forcible rape)

c. Nonforcible sex offenses

d. Robbery

e. Aggravated assault

f. Burglary

g. Motor vehicle theft

3. For the criminal offenses of murder, aggravated assault, all forcible sex offenses, and forcible rape, enter the

number of reported occurrences that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation,

or ethnicity (“ hate crimes” ), as prescribed by the Hate Crimes Statistics Act (28 U.S.C. 534). Report for calendar

years 1992, 1993, and 1994. Forcible rape is a subset of all forcible sex offenses.

Occurrences of hate crimes

Criminal offense 1992 1993 1994

a. Murder

b. Aggravated assault

c. All forcible sex offenses, including forcible rape (if available)

 d. Forcible rape

4. Enter the number of arrests in calendar years 1992, 1993, and 1994 for each of the following crimes occurring on

campus. Do not include drunkenness and driving under the influence in these statistics.

Number of arrests

Crime 1992 1993 1994

a. Liquor-law violations

b. Drug abuse violations

c. Weapons possessions

5. Which one of the following sets of definitions is used by your institution for compiling the crime statistics in

questions 2 and 4? (Circle one number.)

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR)/National Incident-Based

 Reporting System (NIBRS) definitions .............................................. 1

State crime definitions.......................................................................... 2

Other (specify) ____________________________________________ 3
6. Which of the following sources report possible criminal offenses at your institution to the office responsible for

campus security? If your campus has a particular source but the source does not report possible offenses, answer

“ No.” If your campus does not have a particular source (e.g., does not have residence halls), answer “ Not

applicable.” (Circle one number on each line.)

Not

Yes No

applicable

a. Campus security or law enforcement department ................................. 1 2 3

b. Dean of Students office ........................................................................ 1 2 3

c. Residence hall directors ....................................................................... 1 2 3

d. Office with responsibility for fraternities and sororities .......................... 1 2 3

e. Campus health center........................................................................... 1 2 3

f. Campus rape crisis center .................................................................... 1 2 3

g. Local law enforcement agencies (e.g., city police department) ............. 1 2 3

h. Other (specify) ____________________________________________ 1 2 3

7a. Does your institution compile annual security report information for students and staff?

Yes ................. 1 No................... 2 (Skip to question 8.)

7b. In which of the following formats does your institution compile the annual security report information? (Circle one

number on each line.)

Yes No

a. As a stand-alone publication (brochure, newsletter, etc.) about campus security........................ 1 2

b. As part of the text of a general student or employee handbook, catalog, course schedule, etc... 1 2

c. As an article in the campus newspaper...................................................................................... 1 2

d. In electronic format (e.g., on the campus computer network)..................................................... 1 2

e. Other (specify) ________________________________________________________________ 1 2

7c. In which of the following ways does your institution disseminate the annual security report information? (Circle one

number on each line.) Yes No

a. Direct mailing to each current student and/or employee.................................... 1 2

b. Mailing upon request to current students and/or employees.............................. 1 2

c. Mailing upon request to prospective students and/or employees....................... 1 2

d. Mailing to every household in the institution’s enrollment area.......................... 1 2

e. Placement in campus mail boxes ..................................................................... 1 2

f. Posting on the campus computer network or Web page ................................... 1 2

g. Distribution in student residence halls............................................................... 1 2

h. Available in various offices and/or building lobbies around the institution.......... 1 2

i. Available at student orientation, registration, and/or other student activities...... 1 2

j. Publication in the campus newspaper............................................................... 1 2

k. Posting on campus bulletin boards ................................................................... 1 2

l. Other (specify) ___________________________________________________ 1 2

8. Do students and staff at your institution have access to rape crisis counseling through any of the following

sources? (Circle one number on each line.) Yes No

a. Rape crisis center or hotline run by the institution............................................. 1 2

b. Rape crisis center or hotline run by the community........................................... 1 2

c. Campus health center ...................................................................................... 1 2

d. Campus mental health or counseling center ..................................................... 1 2

e. Other (specify) ___________________________________________________ 1 2

9. In the last 5 years, has your institution increased lighting levels in the following campus areas? (Circle one

number on each line.) Yes No

a. Within campus buildings................................................................................... 1 2

b. In parking lots and parking structures ............................................................... 1 2

c. On campus grounds and walkways................................................................... 1 2
10. Does your institution offer any of the following services or programs concerning campus safety? If yes, please

indicate whether they have been instituted or improved within the last 5 years.

Instituted or

improved in

Offer?

last 5 years?

 

Yes No Yes

No

a. Foot or bicycle patrols by security personnel .............................................. 1 2 1 2

b. Night-time escort services .......................................................................... 1 2 1 2

c. Night-time shuttle bus or van services ........................................................ 1 2 1 2

d. Limited access to residence halls ............................................................... 1 2 1 2

e. Limited access during nights and weekends to academic buildings............. 1 2 1 2

f. Emergency phone systems......................................................................... 1 2 1 2

g. Program of publishing or posting safety reminders ..................................... 1 2 1 2

h. Safety/crime prevention presentations to campus groups ........................... 1 2 1 2

i. Victim’s assistance programs ..................................................................... 1 2 1 2

11a. Which of the following types of public safety employees (as defined on the front of the questionnaire) provide

campus security at your institution? (Circle one number on each line.) Yes No

a. Sworn officers (i.e., with full arrest power) who are employees of the institution ......................... 1 2

b. Sworn officers (i.e., with full arrest power) who are employees of a state or local law

enforcement agency................................................................................................................... 1 2

c. Security officer/guard (exclude contract guards)......................................................................... 1 2

d. Contract security (include contract guards)................................................................................. 1 2

e. Other (specify) ________________________________________________________________ 1 2

11b. Which one of the above types of public safety employees has primary responsibility for providing campus security

at your institution? (Circle one letter.)

a b c d e

12a. Does your institution have any campus housing? (Include dormitories, on-campus fraternities and sororities, and

institution-provided apartments.)

Yes ................. 1 No................... 2 (Skip to question 13a.)

12b. What percent of all students at your institution (i.e., full time and part time, undergraduate and graduate) live in

campus housing, including dormitories, on-campus fraternities and sororities, and institution-provided apartments?

Percent living in campus housing: ___________%

13a. Does your institution have any off-campus fraternities and sororities?

Yes ................. 1 No................... 2 (Skip to question 14a.)

13b. Do the crime statistics in questions 2 through 4 include criminal offenses that occurred at these off-campus

fraternities and sororities?

Yes ................. 1 No................... 2

13c. What percent of all students at your institution live in off-campus fraternities and sororities?

Percent living in off-campus fraternities and sororities: ___________%

14a. Do the crime statistics in questions 2 through 4 include information for more than one campus?

Yes ................. 1 No................... 2 (Skip to question 15.)

14b. Please list all campuses covered by the crime statistics in questions 2 through 4: ___________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________
15. What office at your institution provided most of the information to complete this survey? (Circle one number.)

Campus security or law enforcement department................................................ 1

Other office (specify) _______________________________________________ 2