p. 1



# OAR Box 1135 Prepped by Candice Davis



## Document

Number: 

# 18 ) II-A- 3 Docket Number: 

# A-86-0 3

Printed 4/21/200811:41:17

AM Sheet 18 of 65P. 2



## NATIONALPETROLEVM\REflNERS ASSOCIATION

•UIT C lOO O I.. . L .T.tC TN W WASHINGTON . O C 200) .



### FL-80-8 3

INTERRELATION

OF DIESE L ENGIN E LUBRICAN T QUALIT Y AN DSULFURCONTEN T OF DIESE L FUE L

b y W . C . Gerge l Th e Lubrizo l Corporatio n Wickliffe , Ohi o

Presente da t the 198 0 FUEL S AN D LUBRICANT S MEETING Novembe r 6-7 , 198 0 Houston , Texa sP. 3
FL-80-8 3

ABSTRAC T Automotiv e diese l fue l qualit yha s alway s bee n o f in

terest . Currently , manypublication s hav e discusse d th e possibilit yo f fue l deterioration
. Th e increas e i n sulfu r conten t o f diese l fue l ha s bee n th e subjec t o f particula r discussio n becaus e o f th e corrosiv e wea r cause d b

ya n attac k o n engin e part s b ysulfu r acid s generate d durin g th e combustio n process . Th e tren d towar d a n increas e i n diese l fue l sulfu r conten t i s reviewe d fromth e standpoin t o f Nort h Americ a a s wel l a s othe r part s o f th e world . On e majo r manufacture r o f four-cycl e diese l engine s ha s expresse d a grea t concer n relativ e t o th e cor rosiv e actio n o f hig hsulfu r fuel . I n orde r t o broade n th e scope , th e attitud e o f othe r diese l engin e manufacturer s throughou t th e worl d i s analyze d an d compared . Th e leve l o f alkalinit yo f a n engin e oi l ma yhav e a significan t effec t o n th e contro l o f th e corrosiv e attac k b

yth e hig hsulfu r fuel . Th e method s o f alkalinit yo r TB Nmeasuremen t ar e contraste d i n thi s paper . Th e tes t methods , a s the yappl yt o th e use d oi l analysis , ar e reviewed
. Anumbe r o f manufacturer s ar e concerne d abou t th e leve l o f sulfate d as hi n diese l engin e oil
. Th e in

terrelationshi p o f TB Nan d sulfate d as har e discussed
. Tes t method s t o quantif yth e corrosiv e effect s o f hig h sulfu r fue l ar e presented . Dat a ar e presente d shewin g th e abilit yo f oil s o f varyin g TB Nan d qualit ylevel s t o contro l bot hth e deposi t formin g tendencie s an d corrosiv e effect s o f hig hsulfu r diese l fuels . I f a tren d towar d increasin g sulfu r value s o f automo
tiv e diese l fuel s i s real , the n i t i s conclude d tha t a n arbitrar yselectio n o f ne woi l TB Nvalue s wil l no t necessaril yresul t i n th e desire d engin e protection
. Engin e cil s o f carefull ybalance o compositio n appea r t o b e require d fo r effectiv e contro l o f diese l fue l sulfur-induce d problems .FL-80-8 3 P. 4

. • ,

INTRODUCTIO N Automotiv e diese l fue l qualit yha s alway s bee n o f interest
. Currentl yman ypubli

cation s hav e discusse d th e possibilit yo f fue l deteriora

tion
. (1 , 2 , 3,) * Th e diese l engin e ha s a numbe r o f performanc e benefits : fue l economy , relativel ylo w operatin g cost s and goo d engin e performance . I f fue l deteriora

tio n i s occurrin g today , wha t i s thi s deterioratio n doin g t o th e performanc e o f th e diese l engine ? Diese l engine , builder s mus t conside r fue l qualit yi n term s o f futur e engin e designs
. Th e diese l engin e marke t i s expandin g ver yrapidl ybecaus e o f th e obviou s advantag e o f diese l operatio n ove r gasolin e opera tion
. A s a n example , diese l truc k production

- i n th e perio d from195 5 t o 197 7 increase d al

mos t 110 0 percent . Increase o dieselizatio n ha s logicall yre sulte d i n th e increase d us e o f diese l fuel . Th e rapi d growt ho f diese l us e i s projecte d t o con tinu e wel l int o th e 1980's . T o cop e wit hth e eve r in

creasin g us e o f diese l fuel , re finer s ar e considerin g increasin g th e distillatio n spa n fromabou t 650° F u p t o 720° F i n orde r t o maximiz e yiel d o f diese l fuel . Extensio n o f th e boilin g rang e o f diese l fue l coul d caus e problem s becaus e th e highe r boilin g frac

tion s normall ycontai n highe r Quantitie s o f waxycomponents . Problem s o f handlin g th e diese l fue l shcul d als o b e ex pecte d t o increase
. Associate d •Number s i n parenthese s refe r t o reference s shown a t th e en g o f thi s paper" ! wit hhandlin g problem s i s a pos sibl e increas e i n wate r conten t o f diese l fuel . Increase o wate r conten t ca n lea d t o a numbe r o f problems , suc ha s excessiv e alga e growt hi n storag e tank s whic hca n lea d rusting
. Rus t particle s ca n plu g fue l line s an d fue l fil

ters . Wate r contaminatio n o f diese l fue l ca n produc e injecto r foulin g leadin g t o costl yrepair s
Th e increas e i n th e sulfu r conten t o f diese l fue l ha s bee n th e subjec t o f particula r discus

sion
. Diese l fue l sulfu r ha s bee n calle d "You r Diesel' s Silen t Enemy."(3 ) Diese l fue l sulfu r damag e gives

- n o advanc e warning
. Th e diese l engin e wil l ru n nor mall yunti l pisto n ring s stic k o r th e pisto n ring s an d cylinde r liner s ar e wor n t o th e poin t o f excessiv e blow-byo r oi l consump tion
. Thes e abnormalitie s ar e cause d b

yacidi c by-product s re sultin g fro mth e hig hsulfu r fuel .
Durin g th e combustio n pro cess , th e sulfu r compound s i n th e diese l fue l oxidiz e t o fermsul

fu r oxides
. Th e combinatio n o f wate r and th e sulfu r oxioe s re sul t i n sulfu r acids
. Wate r i s presen t i n th e incomin g ai r bu t i t i s als o a by-produc t o f com bustion
. Approximatel y3 5 per cen t b yweigh t o f th e product s o f diese l fue l combustio n i s wate r i f complet e conversio n t o carbo n dicxid e an d wate r i s assumec . Ther e i s alway s a degre e o f blow-byo f th e combustio n prod

uct s pas t th e pisto n rings
. Th e sulfu r acid s presen t i n th e blow-byca n accumulat e i n th e lubricatin g oi l system . Th e sul

fur acic s ma ychemicall yattac k cylinde r liners , pisto n rings , exhaus t valv e guide s an c ethe r engin e parts . 

# fFL-80-8 3 P. 5

DIESE L FUE L SULFUR LEVEL S

I s th e sulfu r leve l o f diese l fue l increasing ? Thi s questio n wil l b e discusse d fro mtw o stand

points : Nort hAmeric a an d World

wide
.
I n Nort hAmerica , dat a fro m differen t source s ar e available :
1 . Unite d State s Departmen t o f Energ ydat a 2 . Moto r Vehicl e Manufactur

er s Associatio n 3 . Larg e specialt ydiese l engin e oi l supplie r •4 . Engin e oi l additiv e manu facture r

1 . Unite d State s Departmen t o f Energv . TYP E 

### C- B

T- T

R- R
S- M TABL E 1

DO E FUE L CODE S DESCRIPTIO N Diese l fue l oil s fo r cit ybu s an d simila r operation s Fuel s fo r diese l engine s in
. trucks , tractors , an d sim

ila r servic e Fue l fo r railroa d diese l engine s Heavy-distillat e an d residua l fuel s fo r larg e station

ar yan d marin e diese l engine s Thirtee n differen t propertie s o f diese l fuel s ar e tabulated . Sulfu r conten t i s on e o f th e 1 3 properties
. Th e sulfu r conten t i s expresse d a s weigh t percen t an d i s determine d b yAST M D129 .
Th e America n Petroleu mInsti

tut e (API ) an d th e Eartlesvill e Energ yTechnolog yCente r o f th e Unite d State s Departmen t o f Ener
gy(DOE ) hav e conducte d annua l survey s o f diese l fue l oi l pro duce d i n refinerie s i n th e Unite d States . Sample s o f diese l fue l typ
ica l o f • thos e manufacture d a t esc hrefiner yar e analyze d b yth e refiner s i n accordanc e wit hrec ommendation s fromth e Subcommit

te e o n Fuel s Survey s o f th e Pe
troleumProduct s Committe e o f th e API . Th e DO E classifie s th e data . Annua l report s hav e bee n prepare d sinc e 1950 . Th e OO E subdivide s fuel s int o four group s o f service : Th e DO E plot s th e averag e value s o f th e propertie s surveye d i n orde r t o sho wtrends . Graph s for ' annua l sulfu r value s prepare d b

yth e DO E (4 ) ar e show n below : SULFUR CONTEN T TREN D LINE S

C- B Fue l i * * • » * a

Grap h1FL-80-8 3 P. 6

T- T Fue l

0 *

- 4 , «w * -W l e » * * » -S

J >• ' i « * * M *

* ' (

- - 

# r

•

1

_ 

# 1 :

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## lu i<-n<i

Grap h 2

R- R Fue l

<* d *.* • • *, • :%

Grap h 3

S- M Fue l TABL E 2 TwentyYea r Averag e DO E SULFU

R LEVEL S Fue l Typ e
C- B T- T R- R Averag e Sulfu r Level , 0. 1 0.2 3 0.2 7 The heav

ydistillat e fuel , S-M , use d i n stationar yan d ma rin e diese l engine s ha s had aver ag e sulfur value s tha t hav e ranged fro

m0. 3 t o 0. 9 percent . Averag e value s d o no t neces saril ygive a

" correc t indicatio n i f ther e i s concern abou t the maximu mvalues . Tabl e 3 list s the averag e an

d maximu

msulfur value s reporte d b

ythe DO E for the las t te n years . The dat a ar e divide d b

yfive region s of . the United States . The dat a i n Tabl e 3 sugges t the sulfur leve l i n T- T fuel s ha s eithe r remaine d the sam e o r ha s slightl ydecrease d ove r the las t decade . 2 . Moto r Vehicl e Manufacturer s Associatio n

<%*.:* • • ? o •»•

« *»***** • * « -

- ' • n «i -f

^ r% rrf

i

•• .- !

Grap hk Inspection o f the tren d line s o f the C-B , T-T , an d R-R fuel s showtha t the sulfur leve l hav e bee n remarkabl yconstan t fo r th e pas t twentyyears . The Moto r Vehicl e Manufactur

er s Associatio n (MVMA ) release d the result s o f a nationa l diese l fue l surve

yo n Januar

y15 , 1980.(5 ) C

n Jul y15 , 1979 , MVM A personne l obtaine d two-gallo n sample s o f diese l fue l fro ma varietyo f diese l fue l pump s i n 1 3 citie s acros s the Unite c States . Atota l o f 7 9 sample s wer e taken . The sample s repre sented the diese l fue l fo r sal e b y2 3 differen t refiners
. Th e sample s wer e evaluate d for 1 5 differen t properties
. Sulfur conten t wa s on e o f th e properties
. Tabl e k summarize s the result s o f the surveyfro mP. 7

TABL E5 FL-80-8 3

D- A LlSUCAK TCOPAN YFLE L SUWE Y SLLFUf i LEVE L O

TDIESE L FUEL S

Servic e Area Baltimor e Mar y 1an o urtlngto n Hes t Virgini a Inalanapoli s InoIan a Keme r .es t Virgini a Minneapoli s Minnesot a Ne » Orlean s Louisian

a Ocal a Fioriaa Pomon a Californi a Tuls a 0<ianom a Vancouver dtsningtcn Comoir.e o

TOTA L • Perio

c A B . A B A B A

A B A E A B A 6 A B A e A 5 Sample s Analyze a Fo r Sulfu r 14 9 17 7 11 2 -AO O 12 3 20 4

.
J O 10 9
3 9 A 3 20 8 11 5 18 3 5 5 20 6 9 1 10 3 72 1 168 9 24i C Mea nX

o f Stanoar o Sulfu r Pe r Ceviatio n Samol e ( * Sulfur ) 0.2 3 0.2 0 0.2 4 0.2 4 0.2 8 0.2 3 0.2 0
0.3 2 0.3 2
0.2 5 0.2 9 0.2 7 0.2 8 0.2 7 0.3 0 0.2 6 0.2 8 0.3 1 0.2 7 0.2 6 0.26 5 0.C 6

0.1 0 0.0 9 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1 0 C.0 3
0.1 2 0.1 1
0.1 5 0.1 1 0.1 4 0.1 0 0.1 5 0.C 8 0.1 5 0.0 7 0.1 3 0.0 9 0.1 4 O.i i * Sample s

0.40 * o r Hicne r Sulfu r 0.6 7 3.3 9 6.2 5 6.5 0 13.8 2 8.3 3 0. 0
16.6 7 1 7 .o 3
11.8 6 20.9 3 13.3 1 11.3 0 20.2 2 10.5 1 16.9 5 6.59 . 22.3 3 9.0 1 12X 2 10.5 C nignes t

Keporte o X Sulfu r 0.4 0 0.6 2 0.4 6 0.6 6 0.5 3 0.5 5 C.2 5
C.5 6 0.6 4
C.5 3

• 0.4 9 0.9 3 C.6 0 0.6 3 0.6 C 1.0 0 0.4 7 0.6 3
1.0 0 1X 0 A « Perio cSectence r1 , 1979 t o Decemoe r15 , 1979 B • Perio o ney tnru Jul y 1980

par t o f 197 9 an d 0.26 % fo r th e secon c quarte r o f 1980 . Lookin g a t th e number s o f sample s exceedin g 0.4 % sulfu r reveal s a n interestin g trend .

Surve yPerio d Sept . thr u Dec . 197 9 Ma ythr u Jul y198 0 * Sample s 

### 0A% o r Highe rSulfu r 

### 9.0 1 12.0 2 I t woul d appea r a s thoug hth e sulfu r conten t o f fuel s purchase d i n th e fiel d i s graduall yin

creasing , i t coul d b e argue d tha t suc ha chang e i s onl ysligh t and resulte d froma norma l sta
tistica l variation
. Further , th e increas e doe s no t appea r t o b e localize d i n an yparticula r geographi c are a of th e unite d States . 4 . ENGIN E OI L ADDITIV E PRODUCE R Fiel d testin g o f engin e lub

ricant s i s a n integra l an a fina l par t o f th e evaluatio n o f diese l engin e oi l additives
. I f sulfu r level s o f diese l fue l ar e in

creasing , th e result s o f suc h fiel d trial s coul d b e affecte d i n a n advers e manner . Th e Lubrizc l Corporatio n ha s monitore d th e fue l sulfu r leve l o f th e fuel s involve d i n thei r fiel d testin g o f lubricants
. Th e result s o f thi s proara mar e show n i n Tabl e 6.(7 )r^'-M^ySE"'" ' P. 8

FL-80-8 3 TABL E 3

OEPARTKCNTO F EI€RG Y T- TTYP E FUE L SULFU R LEVEL S
Surve y Yea r

197 9 197 8 197 7 197 6 197 5 197 4 197 3 197 2 197 1 197 0 EASTER

N f » 5 3 5 6 5 8 5 7 5 6 5 8 5 7 6 2 6 3 7 5 A » .2 0 .1 8 .1 9 .2 0 .1 7 .2 0 .1 9 .1 7 .1 9 .1 8 H • .5 0 .4 6 .5 0 .4 7 .3 8 .5 2 .5 0 .5 2 .5 5 .5 0 SOUTHER

N
« 2 6 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 3 7 2 9 3 4 A
.2 4 .2 4 .2 3 .2 5 .2 2 .2 4 .2 4 .1 9 .2 1 .2 7 M
.8 9 .9 7 .9 0
1.1 6
1.1 0 1.0 7 1.1 0 1.1 0 1.0 0 1.1 0 REFlteR

Y CENTRA

L
» 6 2 6 0 6 4 7 1 6 5 7 5 7 5 6 7 6 4 7 4 A
.2 4 .2 2 .2 4 .2 5 .2 5 .2 4 .2 4 .2 3 .2 5 .2 5 £Ci »
M
.4 6 .4 6 .6 7 .8 0 .8 0 .7 2 .7 6 .7 0 .7 0 .7 2 ROCK

Y MOUNTAI

N » 3 3 2 9 3 5 3 5 3 4 3 9 3 8 3 5 3 5 3 9 A
.2 5 .2 8 .2 2 .2 4 .2 4 .2 6 .2 5 .2 4 .2 2 .2 3 M
.5 9 .4 7 .4 6 .4 6 .4 6 .5 1 .6 5 .5 0 .4 8
.4 7 | WESTER

N t
2 8 2 7 3 2 3 6 3 7 3 6 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 A
.2 3 .3 1 .2 2 .2 3 .2 4 .2 6 .2 3 .2 2 .1 8 .2 3 M
.5 9
1.1 0 .4 6 .4 7 .6 0 .5 0 .4 9 .4 3 .4 9 .4 7

•* = Numbe r Sample s A r Averag e valu e M = Maximu n Valu e
th e standpoin t o f sulfu r level ,

TABL E 4

"CTtf l /eyr^ i e N»T:a«U . •*nfv:rj>Gi ::ss L rjs. S -£3X I

S.SVE V 1TI >
K -"EOJU * 3IESEL "JE . SJLfU-t-JVEL S

:amoi t .:c3-.a.cn i-.ZUOattOJl 'I'.tOtm 3i.::n; i :«troi t .:% V«;»i« « •a'.tmi ••'ipr.ieolij/J t ••a w 'ar * ::t y •"-•.Itcal^it i t . :zuls ; « u .** • •_::•/ Sa rincsni a :eac:i a "ct» l »v«r»<j t •anolin g

_ 3 iu i ' :at« ; ."uiy

ijiroiea j

• s •7 IJ . 1J7 ?

% •'II
.

- , 

### ! i .3 1 ,^ . . i l ..' a .VS .mi .J .5 C
.- 5 ..A .: c

. • A lJl* J

-a'.'
. .3 3 .J O .:?

. j .:> .Z3 .:« .;» . i i . 1 .

. j

. ^ .'.a*. .2 1 --.c .

.4 6 .2 0 .a^ t .J l .3 3 .ZS :2

.-. l .13 .:» •L. 

### .h
• 1 6
..' 1

Th e dat a shown i n Tabl e 4 ar e i n genera l agreemen t wit hthos e shown i n Tabl e 3 , i.e
. th e DO E an d MVM Asurvey s ar e i n substan

tia l agreement . Th e MVMAnation

wid e averag e sulfu r conten t fo r # 2 regula r diese l wa s 0.31% . Amaximu mvalu e o f 0.77 % wa s reported . 3 . LARG E SPECIALT Y OIESE L ENGIN E OI L SUPPLIE R Th e D- ALubrican t Compan yo f Indianapolis , Indian a ha s con ducte d a n extensiv e surve yo f use r diese l fuels.(6 ) Tw o sur vey s wer e carrie d out :

Surve yPerio d Sept . thr u Dec . 197 9 Ma ythr u Jul y198 0 Numbe r o f Sample s 72 1 168 9 241 0 Th e diese l fue l sample s eval

uate d wer e representativ e o f fuel s use d i n bot hon-highwa yan d off-highwa yapplications
. Tabl e 5 summarize s th e re sult s o f bot hsurve yperiods
. Th e mea n sulfu r value s fo r bot h period s wer e essentiall yiden

tical ; 0.27 % fo r th e las tFL-80-8 3 P. 9

TABL E 6

•

Purcnas e Locatio n (State ) Californi a Connecticu t Georgi a Icano Inaian a Micniga n Minnesot a Ne w*ort < SULFU

RVALUE S CFOEE T TES T OIESE L FUEL S TH E LU6RIZ0 L CCflPORATIC N Nuice r o f Samoles 1 5 1 7 7 9 i 2 7 aNortr i Carolin a1 Chlo Crego n Pennsylvani a Tennesse e Texa s fcasnington TOTA L 3

6 1 6 IS 2 1 5 1* 7 Sulfu rLevel ,

win .

mmm. 0.1 9
— 0.2 3 0.0 9

_0.2 5 0.2 5 O. U

. _ 0.1 2 

### o. n 0.1 2 0.1 8
— 0.2 6 0^0 9 Avq. 0.2 6 0.2 4 0.2 2 0.3 2 0.2 2 0.3 4 0.3 7 0.3 1 0.1 4 0.2 9 0.2 8 0.2 9 0.2 2 3.0 9 0.3 3 o"7 & x« t
van .

. 0.3 0

— - 0.3 7 0.3 3 0.5 0 0.4 5 0.5 3
— 0.5 4 0.4 5 0.4 4 0.2 3
— 0.4 4 

## o »

Th e result s show n i n Tabl e 6 ar e i n aenera l agreemen t wit hth e dat a presente d b

yth e DOE , MVM

A an d als o th e larg e specialt y diese l engin e oi l supplier
.
GENERA L ASSESSN€N T O F UNITE D STATE S OIESE L FUE L SULFUR TREN O Th e diese l fue l sulfu r leve l dat a collecte d b

yfou r differen t source s indicat e tha t fue l sulfu r value s i n th e Unite d State s hav e no t rise n appreciably
. Althoug h th e larg e specialt ydiese l engin e oi l supplier' s surve yindicate s tha t ther e ma yb e a tren d towar d increasin g fue l sulfu r values , th e maximumvalue s ar e th e sam e a s hav e bee n experience d durin g th e las t decade . WORLD-WID E DIESE L FUE L SULFUR LEVEL S Sulfu r level s i n variou s part s o f th e worl d ar e o f inter

es t especiall yt o multinationa l builder s o f diese l engines
. ^Iti-nationa l diese l engin e builder s wan t t o b e abl e t o se t thei r policie s relativ e t o drai n oi l interval s o n a world-wid e basis
. I n Europe , th e Europea n Eco
nomi c Communit y(EEC ) Counci l o f Minister s adopte d maximu mlevel s fo r diese l fue l sulfu r o n Octobe r 1 , 1980.(Se e Tabl e 7 )

TABL E 7 EE C SULFU R LEGISLATIO N

Automotiv e Diese l Diese l Fue l an d Heatin g Oi l Legislatio n Dat e Oct . 1 , 197 6 Oct . 1 , 198 0 Basi c

Grad e 0.5ma x 0.3ma x Hig hSulfu r

Grad e 0. 8 ma x 0. 5 ma x
Th e abov e EE C legislatio n reflect s th e pressur e i n Europ e t o reduc e sulfu r level s o f fuel . Thes e reduction s ar e believe d necessar yi n orde r t o reduc e ai r pollution
. Table. 8 list s th e te n EE C member s (generall ycalle d th e Commo n Market) .

TABL E 8 EE C MEMBER S Belgium Oenmar k Franc e Greec e Irelan d Ital y

Luxembour g Netherland s Unite d Kingdo m Wes t German y EE C legislatio n i s i n realit y a stron g recommendatio n t o th e membe r countries
. Irelan d i s allowe d th e flexibilit yt o con formt o th e EE C sulfu r level s u p t o Octobe r 1985 . I t i s unlikel y tha t Ital ywil l confor mt o th e EE C sulfu r level s excep t fo r pos sibl ylarg e metropolita n area s suc ha s Milan , Rome , an d Turin
.P.1 0 rsr^f^i^ T

FL-80-8 3

Th e sulfu r level s o f diese l fue l i nothe r area s o f th e worl d ar e show

ni nTabl e 9 . Thes e lev el s o f sulfu r hav e bee ncommo n for some time.(8 )

TABL E 9 INTERNATIONA L DIESE L FUE L SULFU R LEVEL S
COUNTR Y Austri a Brazi l Ira n Ital y Portuga l Sout h Afric a Spai n Swede n Switzerlan d Venezuel a % Sulfu r

AVERAGE
- MAXIMU M
1. 0 1. 0 0. 9

0. 5 0. 6

1.3

. 1. 2 0. 5 0. 6 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5
The Caterpilla r offic e i n Geneva , Switzerlan dha s collecte d sulfu r leve l dat a ona variet y o f diese l fue l sample s whic horigi nate di nAfrica , Europ e

TABL E SULFLF ANALYSE

S Of

Countr y At> u Onao i Algeri a Canar yIslana s Egyp t Finlan o franc e Cacor . Ira n Israe l Ital y Ivor yCoas t Keny a Malaw i Morocco Netherland s Norwa y Saua l Araoi a Scotlan d Sout n Afric a Soal n Tanzani a Tunisi a inlte- a Kingdo m Yeme n Yugoslavi a Zair e 1 0 INTERNATIONAL OIES a FUEL

S Mmce r Samples
i 

### I 1 9 2 1 6 2 2 1 4 1 1 

### i 2 2 1 5 1 1 7 1 4 1 1 1 2 Min .

_ — 0.4 1 0.6 9 ~ O.S O 0.84 3 0.8 6 — C.5 4 ~ ~ • • 0.9 3 0.4 5 — 0.S 3 — — 0.5 4 0.6 6 — mm. — 0. 7 » Sulfu r

Avq . 0.9 5 0.1 3 0.9 7 1.4 1 0.3 9 0.7 1 0.6 6 0.9 3 0.4 6 0.6 9 0.9 5 0.9 5 0.7 6 0.9 5 0.-4 6 0.3 6 0.9 6 0.3 4 0.6 7 0.6 9 0.9 5 0.9 1 0.3 7 1.0 0 0.3 6 0.9 5 m » .

mm. — 1.3 5 1.9 2

— • 0.8 2 0.87 6 1.0 0 — 0.7 7 — — — 0.9 6 0.4 7 — 1. 3 — — 1.1 9 — 1.0 1 — — — 1. 2 andth e Nea r East . Tabl e 1 0 sum marize s th e dat a o n7 1 sample s fro m 2 6 countrie s whic hwer e col lecte dfro

m mi d197 8 t o mi d 1980.(9 ) Th e averag e sulfu r valu e on th e 7 1 diese l fuel s analyze dwa s 0.84X ; th e maximu

m sulfu r valu e encountere dwa s 1.92X . Approxi matel y 25 % o f th e sample s show n i nTabl e 1 0 ar e believe dt o b e marin e fuels . Th e remainde r o f th e sample s wer e fuel s use di n lan dbase doperations . Minin g activitie s wer e a majo r sourc e p f the fue l sample s use di nth e lan d base doperations . RESUM E O F SULFURLEVE L STUDIE S Ther e ma y

b e a tendenc y

for sulfu r value s o f diese l fuel s t o b e increasin g i nth e Unite d States . Fue l collectio nsurvey s shoul dcontinu e t o verif y thi s possibility . Base do nth e dat a collected , th e maximu m fue l sul fur value s foun

di na recen t ex tensiv e survey(6 ) d o no t appea r t o b e i nexces s o f thos e maximu m value s reporte dove r th e las t te n years . A

stud y o f th e tota l poundag e o f sulfu r flowing fro m the U.S . refinerie s woul db e helpfu l i norde r t o definitivel y kno w i f th e diese l fue l sulfu r leve l i s increasing . Internationally , i t appear s tha t many

sample s o f fue l contai n fairl y highlevel s o f sulfur . Legislatio nonth e Europea ncon tinen t shoul dtendt o minimiz e th e increas e o f diese l fue l sul fur i ntha t are a o f th e world .
ENGIN E BUILDER S POSITIO N 

### C N

TOTA L 7 1 0.1 3 0.8 4 DIESE L FUE L SULFURLEVEL S On e majo r manufacture r c f four cycl e diese l engine s ha s expresse dconsiderabl e concer nFL-80-8 3 P.1 1

relativ e t o th e corrosiv e actio n o f highsulfu r diese l fuel . The reaso nfor thi s cdncer nlie s i n the fac t tha t some fiel dengin e failure s hav e bee nattribute dt o the us e o f hig hsulfur-bearin g diese l fuels . A s a resul t o f thi s concern , th e manufacture r ha s mad e certai nrecommendation s relativ e t o the compositio no f the enain e oil .
Tabl e 1 1 summarize s the know n publishe drecommendation s o f America nan

dEuropea nengin e builder s relativ e t o actio nt o b e take ni f hig hsulfur-bearin g fuel s ar e encountered . Becaus e o f the concer nove r possibl e rising diese l fue l sul fu r conten t andit s interrelatio n wit hengin e performance , the En gin e Manufacturer s Associatio n (EMA ) wil l lis t AST M D-289 6 TBN value s o f th e oil s liste di n thei r 198 1 Handboo ko f Engin e Lubricants .
ALKALINIT YANDTOTAL BAS E NUMBE R

Tota l Bas e Numbe r (TBN ) i s a measur e o f the alkalinit y o r basicit y

o f a nengin e oil .
TBN i s numericall y

equa l t o the numbe r o f milligram s o f po tassiu m hydroxid e (KOH) , a highl y alkalin e substance , havin g the sam e aci dneutralizin g powe r a s on e gra m o f engin e oil . The highe r the TBN , the greate r the aci dneutralizin g capacit y

o f th e oil .
Tabl e 1 2 list s the approxi mat e TB N leve l o f variou s diese l engin e oils . TABL E 1 2 DIESE L ENGIN E OI L ALKALINIT YVALUE S DIESE L ENGIN E OI L TYP E Universal * Generatio n3 Railroa d Generatio n4 Railroa d Mediu m Spee dMarin e Cross-Hea dMarin e 

### TB N

6-1 0 1 0 1 3 20-3 0 50-7 0 •1.000 % tota l sulfate das hoi l meetin g AP I CD , AP I SF , MIL-L-210AC , MIL-L-46152 B
Protectiv e TBN

come s fro

m oi l solubl e base s suc has thos e de rive dfro

m calcium , magnesium , sodiu m andbarium . Whe nthes e base s reac t wit hacid s (suc has sulfu r acids) , th e product s ar e neutra l andnon-corrosiv e t o fer rou s metal . Th e protectiv e oi l solubl e base s ar e generall y con taine di nth e metalli c detergent s use di nthe formulatio no f diese l engin e oi l additives . A les s protectiv e for m o f TBN come s fro

m wea knitroge nbase s presen t i nsom e ashles s disper sants . Ashles s dispersant s ar e ofte nuse dt o formulat e diese l engin e oil s i norde r t o protec t agains t sludg e andvarnis hfor mation . Graph5 illustrate s the dif ferenc e betwee nthe tw o kind s o f TBN . Oi l A

o f 9. 5 TE

N wa s com pare dt o Oi l B o f 6. 8 TBN i na fiel dtes t utilizin g Caterpilla r 169 3 mode l engines . Th e differ enc e i nTBN

betwee nthe two'oil s i s du e t o th e incorporatio no f ashles s dispersan t containin g a wea knitroge nbase , th o r at- a r^f ?•* TBN depletio no f Oi l A i s sionlf - f Tcantl y greate r tha nwit hOi l B . .P.1 2

TABL E 1 1 FL-80-G 3
ATTITLG E O

F OIESE L EfGIf * 6UIUJER S RELATIV E T

O SULFU R CCNTE M C F CIESE L TLE

L Engin e Sullee r eerlle t Caterpillar(lO ) Country Franc e U.S.A . Positio no nOiese i Fue l Sulfur Conten t N c Putlisne o Positio n A . Orai nInterva l Seductio n Xfue l Grai n Sulfur Interva l < 0. 4 Kipia l 0.4-1. 0 5CXNorma l >1. 0 25 XNorma l

Cumin s (ii )

Detroi t Clese l (13.14 )

OeuU(XS ) U.S.A .

OAF Franc e Daimler-Senz!12 ) German y
U.S.A .

Cerman y

Mercece s Sen * (18 ) 6rari l 6 . StandardOrai nInterva l 1 . Fo r fuel s u o t o 1.5 * sulfu r 2 . Oi l oualit y a . cf l C O t> . TE N • 2 0 time s XSulfu r c . unknow

n fue i Sulfu r Are a TE N G37A

. "If f Canad a 1 0 Al l Other s 2 0 3 . ASTM 0-289 6 for 1EH 4 . O Uorai na t 50 Xinitia l TE N 5 . Us e wea r meta l analyses ' (chromiu m an diron ) for orai n indication 6 . Oil s d f sam

e TE N may no t giv e sam e performanc e 1 . Fue l Sulfu r i s recormenoe o no t t o excee d1. 0 mas s percen t 2 . Emergenc y

specification s allo

w fue l t o contai n2.O

Xmas s sulfur . Hig n TeN cil s an o snorte r orai n interval s t o C e jseo . N dspecifi c TB N dr drai nperiodspecified . N dPuollshe o Posltid n Reduc e drai nInterva l B y 50 Xi f fue l sulfu r exceed s 0.5 X 1 . us e fue l oelo

w o.JXsulfu r fo r mos t satisfactory

performanc e 2 . Re-ouc

e drai ninterva l whe nfue l i s aoove C.J * sulfur . (N o detail s • given ) 3 . Applicaol e fo r2 - an d 4-cycl e engine s Fue l Sulfu rOrai n Interval,Km s

CC/S E CO/S E TJToS c 10,00 0 Fia t Intenaticna i Harveste r (16 )

Mac K M.A.N.(17 ) Ital y U.S.A .

U.S.A . Cerman y < 6.5 k

> 0.5 X 10 , M O

5,00 0 N OPuolisne dPositio n Orai nInterva l Reoucti a XFue l Orai n Sulfur Interva l < 0.5 XNorma l 0.5-1. 0 50 XNorma l > 1.0 X• 25 XNorma l No PuOllshe o Posltidn I f nigh-sulfu

r fue l i s o i l when TB

N fall s t d 20

Xne woi l value . TE

N tes t metho d no t scecifle c 1 . TE N retentio n a s oetermine c o y ln-ncus e tes t i s imocrtan t 2 . Atjou t 1 0 TE N minimj m Pegas o Saure r Scani a vci/ci;? : Soai r Switzerian c Swece n i.ece r No Puoiisne c Positio n

K> Puclisne c 3 ositicr , N OP-ucIisnec Positio n

-.. -Z.iX iiaAimuir

afue . s-.Tur . 2 . TE N zf use e oi l -nus

t repai r socve 50 % ne w ci i vai. e c > -n*

Z-Iii- e c r nd t les s trar . ;. ; : y

4ST f i-i£ -FL-80-8 3 P.1 3

Th e apnarenfc.—lew—advantag e fo r Oi l C A

i s lost . Bot hoil s reache dth e poin t o f equa l TB N an dTA N (Tota l Aci dNumber ) a t essentiall y

th e same oi l miles . GRAP H 5

•avxui VWSU S CI L -ssss -~:t! a 'ti t :«c « •Cictnilla : 'JS»S Snu w

•* i 1 2 : s : a » : a n: « -o OIL ML B > 100 0

Th e "fals e sens e o f security " wit hoil s derivin g TB N fro m ash les s dispersant s woul db e eve n mor e pronounce di f fuel s o f hig h sulfu r conten t wer e used . ar e critica l sinc e remainin g TBN i s a rea l measur e o f protectio n agains t aci dcorrosion . AST M 0-66 4 measure s th e protectiv e TBN o f a use doil . AST M D-289 6 give s misleadin g value s becaus e i t measure s bot hth e portectiv e TBN an dth e less-protectiv e for m o f TBN whic hcome s fro

m wea knitro ge nbases . Grap h6 illustrate s th e larg e difference s i nTB N tha t ca nb e obtaine do nuse doil s whe n th e two differen t AST M tes t meth od s ar e used .

GRAP H 6

:3M>a«isaN a r»sn » >»< * m a IST S z-iiH • 10-

- 3 - N . * -

- 4 -

- 3 - 

### x . ^^-~«^^_ ^ ^^ :-:s» «

l •: « ::rel:i: m \ Ti c M \ N

O Cl i :rii n \ KO -ours \ :x

Stufu r'ua i \ \ ^

_ ^«*: s T Y

n a 300 "ES T -SXtlS *cc Distinguishin g betwee nth e tw o kind s o f TB

N i na formulate d oi l may b e difficult . The America nSociet y for Testin g Material s (ASTM ) ha s de velope dtw

o tes t method s for TB N measurement : AST M

0-66 4 an

dAST M 0-2896 . Tabl e 1 3 summarize s th e es sentia l differenc e betwee nthe tw o tes t methods.(20 ) The TB N value s o f use doil s Th e difference s i nTEN value s o nuse ddiese l oil s ha s als o bee n reporte db

y Clevenge r an d Rozalsky.(20 ) Thei r wor kha s als o indicate dtha t th e AST M D-289 6 TB

N value s o na use doi l ma y b e th e same afte r thre e dif feren t mode s o f engin e usag e eve n thoughth e same use doil s showe d markedl y

differen t AST M

0-66 4 TBN values . A noi l condemnatio nlimi t o f 50 * o f th e initia l AST M 0-289 6 TEN ha s bee nrecommende db y a



### 1 0TABL E 1 3 SUMMAR YO F DIFFEREN TBETWEE N AST M D-66 4 an d AST

M D-289 6 P.1 4

FL-80-8 3

TES T PARAMETE R Titratio nSolven t

Titran t

Determinatio no f Endpoin t i n absenc e o f inflectio n AST M D-66 4 Toluen e and Isopropy l Alcoho l Alcoholi c Hydrochlori c Aci d
Buffe r Endpoin t AST M D-289 6 Chlorobenzen e an dGlacia l Aceti c Aci d Perchlori c Aci d i nGlacia l Aceti c Aci d COMMENT S

Toxicit y

o f D-289 6 solven t require s us e of fum e hoo d Perchlori c aci d titrate s weake r base s andgive s large r TB

N result s Bac kTitratio nBac ktitratio nste p wit hSodiu

m improve s tes t Acetat e Solutio nprecisio nfo r use doi l

majo r four-cycl e diese l engin e manufacturer . Th e us e of th e AST M D-289 6 TBN

tes t metho dca n b e very

misleadin g whe napplie d t o use ddiese l engin e oil . Graph s 7 and8 illustrat e th e magnitud e o f th e differenc e be twee nAST M

D-289 6 andAST M

D-66 4 whe nbot hmethod s ar e use dt o

GRAP H7 determin e anoi l condemnatio n point . A

single-cylinde r labor ator y engin e wa s runcontinuousl y unde r condition s o f n o drai nt o generat e sample s o f use ddiese l engin e oil .

GRAP H 8

T» . VC«SU J CI L -om j AST X5-189 4 a/ERSU S JST M i

CI L :

: L -aofiFL-80-8 3 P.1 5

The initia l TBN s o f th e ne w oil s wer e essentiall y th e same a s measure db

y th e tw o tes t methods . Oi l TBN

Tes t Metho d Cod e AST M

0-289 6 AST M

0-66 4 C 0 

### 10.6 0

14.4 5 10.7 0

14.4 0

No t onl y

were - th e TBN

value s onth e use doil s differen t a s measure db

y AST M D-289 6 andAST M D-664 , bu t the D-289 6 TB N value s increase d(afte r aninitia l de crease) . Th e us e o f the AST M D-289 6 metho dt o determin e th e condemnatio nlimi t o f th e oil s woul dhav e ledt o a gros s error . Base do nvariou s publishe djudge ment s for the condemnatio nlimi t o f oils , bot hOi l C andOi l 0 ha d los t thei r abilit y

t o protec t th e engin e agains t acidi c corrosio n afte r abou t 25 0 hours.(20,21,22 )

The AST M

0-289 6 procedure(23 ) indicate s tha t on e ca n"calculat e th e quantit y

o f sampl e require d fro m it s expecte dTota l Bas e Numbe r (TBN ) a s follows : Approximat e Weigh t o f Sample, g = 28/Expecte dTBN " Unfortunately , whe ndrai noil s ar e bein g measured , the expecte d TB N i s no t reall y

known . A

num be r o f drai noi l sample s wer e measure dfor alkalinit y conten t usin g ASTM

D-2896 . Variou s sam pl e size s wer e 'used . The dat a obtaine dar e show

ni nTabl e 14 . I t i s obviou s tha t th e AST M D-289 6 give s anincredibl y larg e rang e o f TB

N value s dependin g o n sampl e size . Further , th e large r the sampl e selected , the lowe r the TEN ! TABL E 1 4

AST M D-289 6 TB

N VALUE S ON ORAI N OIL S Orai n Oi l Cod e


### A B C 0 E F AST M

0-289 6 TB N Sampl e Size , gram s 0. 1 17. 5 20.8 6 26.7 9 28.4 5 32.3 5 31.3 5 1. 0 5. 0

4.7 8 5.7 0 4.2 4 5.3 3 4.4 2 6.2 8 3.7 2 4.4 1 2.0 5

Whil e i t i s beyondth e scop e o f thi s pape r t o stud y th e prope r metho dt o determin e th e TBN o f drai noils , i t doe s appea r how eve r tha t th e AST M 0-289 6 i s questionabl e a s a tes t metho dt o determin e th e TBN

o f a drai noil .
TOTAL BAS E NUMBE RANO SULFATE DAS H Th e amoun t o f basi c metal , derive dfro

m calcium , magnesium , sodiu m o r bariu

m containe di na n oi l ca nb e determine db y us e o f the AST M

D-87 2 tes t method . In thi s method , th e oi l sampl e i s burne ds o a s to . leav e only ' a nas h deposit . The as hdeposi t i s treate dwit hsulfuri c acid . Th e meta l conten t o f th e oi l i s ex presse da s th e percen t sulfate d ash . (^ Protectiv e TEN

an dpercentag e ,-^?o f sulfate das har e directl y re - / relate dt o on e another . Tabl e 1 5 ^show s th e relationshi po f TBN and sulfate das hfor four basi c -met als . Th e tabl e show s th e maximu m possibl e TE

N fo r th e specia l cas e o f a noi l containin g n o zin c di thiophosphat e (ZCP ) andi nwhic h al l o f th e meta l contribute s t o the TBN . Thi s specia l for m o f



### 1 2 

# ' fM^ %ydLhri, dtii*^^"** vP.1 6

j-bz

metalli c detergen t i s calle d a metalli c phenate . Sulfonate s ar e a n exampl e o f meta l containin g detergents . Onl yth e "over
basing " i n a sulfonat e detergen t contribute s t o th e alkalinity
.
A"majo r two-cycl e diese l en gin e manufacture r wil l allo w 1.000 % sulfate d as h maximumi f magnesiu m

o r calciumdetergent s ar e used . Becaus e o f thi s rea l worl d limitation , Tabl e 1 5 wa s base d o n a n oi l containin g 1.000 % sulfate d ash . TABL E 1 6

UNIVERSAL ENGII * OI L LIMITATION S LIMI T REASON 1.000 % Maximu

m Sulfate dAs n 1 0 TB N Minimu m

0.10 XMinimu

m Zin c a s ZD P Two-Cycl e Engin e Builde r Maximu

m Four-Cycl e En gin e Builde r Minimu m fo rUS

A an a Canaaa T o Meet AP I S

r Anti-wea r Requirements

TABL E 1 5

RELATIONSHI P OF TB

N ANO SULFATE DAS H Sourc e o f Stron g Bas e

Maoresicm Calciu m Sociu m Bariu m OI L ANALYSI S

% Sulfate c As h 1.00 0 1.00 0 1.00 0 1.00 0 TB

N

9. A S. 2 7. 9 4. 8 % Meta l
0.2 0 0.2 9 0.3 2 0.3 9 Th e ZD P Wil l contribut e 0.15 %

sulfate d ash . t o th e Universa l oil
. A s a consequenc e o f th e ZD P content , th e maximu mallowabl e percentag e o f sulfate d as h (a s th e basi c metal ) i s reduce d t o 0.85 % i n orde r t o maintai n th e 1.000 % maximum
. Wit hthi s restriction , th e maximu mpossibl e TB Ni s furthe r reduce d by15% . Unde r thes e con ditions , th e larges t possibl e TB N fro mmetalli c bas e (magnesium ) i s 8.0 .

Studyo f Tabl e 1 5 wil l indi

cat e tha t non e o f th e metal s wil l contribut e 1 0 TB Nt o a n oi l whe n th e tota l sulfate d as h o f th e oi l i s restricte d t o 1.000% . Commercially , i n orde r t o develo p a Universa l oi l whic h wil l mee t "bothth e AP I C D an d AP I S F oualit ylevels , th e engin e oi l mus t contai n a minimumleve l o f ZDP . Additionally , th e oi l mus t als o mee t th e TB Nan d sulfate d as hleve l o f a majo r four-cycl e and majo r two-cycl e engin e build

er . Tabl e 1 6 describe s th e limi

tation s place d o n a Universa l oil
. T o produc e a 1 0 TEN/1.000 % as hoi l unde r thes e conditions , a t leas t 2. 0 TB Nmus t b e supplie d fromothe r non-metalli c contrib

utin g alkalin e sources . Thes e source s ar e generall ywea k nitro

ge n base s (presen t i n som e ash

les s dispersants ) whic hma yno t provid e protectio n agains t aci a corrosio n i n diese l engines
.
HIG H SULFUR FUE L TEST S Th e standar d Caterpilla r 1G 2 Tes t wa s modifie d t o asses s th e performanc e o f engin e oil s whe n high-sulfu r fue l wa s used . Tabl e 1 7 summarize s th e pertinen t operatin g parameter s o f thi s modifie d test .

i •*CL.-0U-OJ P.1 7

TABL E 1 7 HIG H SULFU

R CATERPILLA

R1G 2 TES T Tes t Time , Hour s Fue l Sulfur , %wt * Drai nInterva l Engin e Speed , rp

m Engin e Load , BT U input/minut e Inle t Ai r Temperature , °F ~ Oil-to-Bearin g Temperature , ° F •Norma l 0.4 % sulfu r 1G 2 fue l plu s 1.0 % 48 0 1. 4 Non e 180 0 ± 1 0 585 0 ±5 0 25 5 ± 5 20 5 ± 5 Caterpilla r sulfu r a s D i tertiar y

buty l disulfid e Nin e differen t oils hav e bee n evaluate di nthi s tes t proce dure . The oils wer e selecte ds o a s t o hav e a wid e spa no f bot h TB N value s an

dchemistr y

types . Tabl e 1 8 give s the propertie s o f the tes t oils . test , makeu poi l wa s adde dperi odicall y

bu t n o force doi l addi tion s wer e mad e a s i na norma l Caterpilla r 1G 2 test . Th e pisto n wa s inspecte dever y 12 0 hour s fo r deposits . Th e pisto nring s wer e no t remove ddurin g th e inspection . I norde r t o establis ha base lin e t o evaluat e th e effect s o f high-sulfu r fuel , Universa l Oi l # 1 wa s teste db

y exactl y

th e same procedur e a s outline dabov e ex cep t tha t standar d0.4 % sulfu r Caterpilla r 1G 2 fue l wa s used . Tabl e 1 9 represent s th e tes t result s afte r 48 0 hour s o f oper ation . Pisto ndeposit s andto p groov e fillin g wer e rate daccord ing t o the norma l Caterpilla r 1G 2 assessmen t procedure . Oi l con sumptio nrate s onal l 1 0 test s wer e mor e tha nthe maximu m pre scribe drat e for the Caterpilla r 1G 2 test .
TABL E 1 8
HIG H SULFURFUE L TES T OIL S

Tes t Oi l numbe r
1 2 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 Tes t Oi l

Descriptio

n

Universal * » 1 Universa l #1 • rem* * Universa l 02 Universa l fi Mac k EO- K"X " Mac k EO- K"Y " Mac k EO- KH Z " Railroa dOiese l Marin e Oiese l 1B N AST M 0-66 4 6.4 9 13.9 4 6.8 2 7.0 1 14. 1 8.9 2 6.3 8 13. 0 30. 6 AST M

0-289 6 6.5 5 13.9 7 6.4 5 7.3 1 14. 8 9.4 7 8.6 5 13. 2 30. 0 TES T OI L ANALYSE S

Sulfate d Ash X 1.0 0 1.9 5 0.9 0 1.0 0 1.9 5 1. 0 1.1 0 1.5 3 3.6 7 Elementa l Analyses , *

Calciu m
0.2 4 0.5 3 0.1 4 0.2 2 0.5 4 0.0 9 0.2 7 0.4 8 1.0 7 Magnesiu

m 

### N U Ni l 0.0 4 Ni l Ni l 0.0 9 Ni l Ni l Ni l Phosphoru s

0.0 9 0.0 9 0.1 0 0.1 3 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.1 1 Ni l 0.0 4 Lin c

0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1 1 0.1 5 0.1 2 0.1 3 0.1 3 Ni l 0.0 4

• A universa l oi l l s define di nthi s tabl e a s a noi l o f les s tha nl.OOOX sulfate das han dmeetin g the AP I S E an dAP I C O qualit y level . ••T8 N Booste r i s 40 0 TBN calciu m sulfonate . Prio r t o engin e assembly , eac ho f the pisto nring s andeac h hal f o f the bearin g wa s weighe d s o tha t weigh t los s determina tion s coul db e made . Durin g the The following conclusion s ca n b e draw

nfro m the hig hsulfu r Caterpilla r 1G 2 tes t work : 1 . The Universa l engin e oils



### 1 4P.1 8

FL-80-8 3 TABL E 1 9

46 0 HOU RHIGHSULFU

RFIC L CATERPILLA

R1C 2 TES T OATA

TES T NL»«E< !

1

2

3

A

c

(

7

8

9

IC TES T OI L

OESCRIPTIC N

l/ilversa l # 1 (0.4 X Sulfu r Baseline )

universa l ( 1

universa l # 1 * TB N Booste r

universa l # 2

traversa l # 3

Mac kEO- K"X "

Mac kEO- K"Y "

Mac kEO- K"Z "

Failr'ca o

•"arin e Pisto nCeoosit s To p Croov e Fillin g X 9 3

10 0

9 4

9 8

9 6

3 7

e 9

9 6

IC O

£ 6 *eigr.te a

Tota l Oemerlt s (WTO ) 36 3

1098. 5

575. 9

796. 5

812. 4

222. 8

641. 0

520. 0

1259. 3

J15. 0 PISTO

N SINGS fiino No *

1 2 3 4 Tota l
1 2 3 4 Tota l
1 2 3 A Tota l
1 2 3 A Tota l
1 2 3 4 Tota l
1 2 3 li Tota l
1 2 3 A Tota l
1 2 3 4 Tota l
1 2 3 A Tota l
1 2 3 A Tcta l aeign t

Loss , ng . 33. 2 12. 1 10. 0
• 5. 3 50. 0
814. 0 160. 0 25. 0 35. 0 1054. 0
122. 0 24. 0 11. 0 27. 0 164. 0
921. 0 105. 0 43. 0 64. 0 1153. 0
37-5. 0 33. 0 10. 0 15. 0 434. 0
133. 0 23. 0 9. 0 16. 0 223. 0
4C2. 0 49. 0 25. 0 13. 0 489. 0
461. 0 40. 0 14. 0 26. 0 543. 0
247. 0 26. 0 9. 0 35. 0 319. 0
91. 0 16. 0 5. 0 61. 0 173. 0 RIN

G CA P Rin g No .

1 2 3 A

1 2 3 A

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 A

1 2 3 A

1 2 3 A

1 2 3 A

1 2 . 3 A

1 2 3 A

1 2 3 A Increase , Irene s

.00 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00 1

.02 1 .00 3 .00 1 .00 5

.00 3 .00 1 .00 0 .01 0

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.00 4 .00 1 .00 1 .00 1

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.01 4 .00 1 .00 0 .00 1

.00 6 .00 2 .00 2 .00 2

.00 3 .00 1 .00 1 .00 2 Eea i

Uppe r

28. 2

239. 0

70. 0

194. 0

256. 0

63. 0

67. 0

80. 0

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1. 7

10. 0

16. 0

55. 0

110. 0

15. 0

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19. 0

20. 0

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i « ;r L-OU-U J P.1 9

containin g l.OOOXo r les s sulfate das htha t hav e bee nevaluate dt o dat e ar e no t effectiv e l ncontrol ling engin e wea r an dpis tondeposit s whe n1.4 % sulfu r fue l wa s used . 2 . Supplementin g a Universa l oi l wit ha calciu

m sulfo nat e TEN

booste r t o pro duc e a noi l o f 1 4 TBN appear s t o reduc e engin e wear . Pisto ndeposi t lev el s ar e als o reduced . 3 . Compariso no f thre e Mac k EO- Kqualit y

oil s indi cate s tha t on e oi l con tainin g 1.95 % sulfate das h an d1 4 TBN

allow s consid erabl y les s engin e wea r an dpisto ndeposit s than tw o othe r Mac kEO- Koil s o f approximatel y

1.0 % sul fatedash . Graph9 show s the TB N (ASTM 0-664 ) de pletio ncurve s fo r th e thre e Mac kEO- Koils , "X" , "Y " an d"Z" . Oil s "Y " and "Z " di dno t maintai na n adequat e TBN

leve l throughou t the 48 0 hou r test . I ncontrast , oi l "X " ha da TB

N o f abou t 3 a t the endo f the test . The maintenanc e o f alka linit y level ' i s probabl y directl y

relate dt o ring wea r protection . 4 . The 1 4 TBN

Mac kEO- Koi l i s mor e effectiv e i ncon trollin g engin e deposit s thana 1 4 TBN

oi l prepare d b y supplementin g a Univer sa l oi l plu s TB

N booster . Wea r result s o nbot hoil s appea r t o b e abou t th e same . 5 . A railroa ddiese l oi l o f 1 3 TB N gav e a significant ly , highe r leve l o f de posit s tha ntw o 1 4 TB

N oils . Rin g wea r appear s t o b e abou t 80 % highe r thanth e tw

o 1 4 TB

N oils . I t i s no t knowni f th e lac ko f zin c dithio phosphat e i nth e railroa d oi l wa s responsibl e for th e highe r rin g wear . 6 . A 3 0 TBN

marin e diese l oi l appear s t o b e abou t a s effectiv e i ncontrollin g rin g wea r a s th e 1 4 TBN Mac kEO- Koi l andth e TB N booste dUniversa l oi l o f 1 4 TBN . Pisto ndeposit s wer e abou t 50 % highe r tha n obtaine dwit hth e 1 4 TBN Mac kEO- Koil . GRAP H9

TB N DEPLETIO N MAC KEO- KOIL S

i 1

Additiona l tes t wor kmus t b e don e t o determin e i f the high sulfu r Caterpilla r 1G 2 tes t cor relate s wit hactua l fiel dperfor mance .
SUMMAR Y 1 . Mor e dat a ar e neede dt o substantiat e i f a n



### 1 6P.2 0

increas e i ndiese l fue l sulfu r i s occurrin g i nthe Unite dStates . 2 . Fro m a ninternationa l standpoint , diese l fuel s containin g hig hlevel s o f sulfu r hav e bee nfound . I t i s difficul t t o asses s l f ther e i s a rea l trend towar ddiese l fue l sulfu r increas e i ncountrie s out sid e o f -th

e Unite d States . Legislatio nen acte di nvariou s Europea n countrie s lead s t o a con clusio ntha t diese l fue l sulfu r level s wil l de crease . Marin e diese l fuel s hav e characteris ticall y containe dhig h level s o f sulfur . Ther e i s a lac ko f dat a whic h sugges t a nincreas e i n sulfu r level . 3 . Many diese l engin e build er s recogniz e the poten tia l problem s wit hfuel s o f hig hsulfu r levels . On e majo r engin e manufac ture r ha s recommende dth e us e o f highl y

alkalin e oil s t o contro l th e acid induce dwea r produce db y hig hsulfu r fuels . 4 . Protectiv e TBN

andsul fate das har e directl y relate dt o eac hother . Increase dlevel s o f pro tectiv e TBN

wil l caus e sulfate das hlevel s o f oil s t o excee d1.000% . 5 , The AST M

D-289 6 tes t metho dappear s t o b e no t suitabl e fo r measurin g TBN o ndrai noils . 6 . A Caterpilla r 1G 2 modifie d t o operat e onhig hsulfu r fue l appear s t o hav e promis e a s a tes t metho d



### 1 7 FL-80-8 3

t o quantif y

th e deposi t an dwea r contro l abilitie s o f engin e oils . Correla tio nwit hfiel dresult s mus t b e obtained . 7 . Test s conducte di na modi fie dCaterpilla r 1G 2 tes t usin g 1.4 % sulfu r fue l indicat e that :
a . Universal/1.000 % sul fate das hoil s ar e no t effectiv e i ncontrol lin g engin e wear . b . Oil s o f th e same TB N d o no t necessaril y

provid e th e same engin e pro tection . c . A narbitrar y

selectio n o f ne w oi l TBN

value s wil l no t necessaril y resul t i nth e desire d engin e wea r protection .

' •P.2 1

REFERENCE S 1 . Osenga , M. , "What' s the Problem wit hDiese l Fuel?" , Oiese l andGa s Turbin e Prog ress , Apri l 1980 , page s 24-34 . 2 . Annonymous , "Diese l Fuel : The Wors t i s Ye t t o Come" , Commercia l Ca r Journal , Februar y

1980 , page s 92-96 . 3 . Caterpilla r Tracto r Company , "Fue l Sulfur" , SEBD0526 , Novembe r 1979 . 4 . Shelton , E.M. , "Diese l Fue l Oils , 1979" , BETC/PPS-79/5 , Bartlesvill e Energy Tech nology Center , U.S . Depart men t o f Energy , Bartlesville , Oklahoma , Decembe r 1979 , page s 32-35 . 5 . Moto r Vehicl e Manufacturer s Association , "MVM

A Nationa l Diese l Fue l Survey" , Summe r Season-Januar y

15 , 1980 . 6 . Dat a obtaine dfro m D- A Lub rican t Company , Indianapolis , Indiana , Decembe r 21 , 197 9 an dSeptembe r 17 , 1980 . Use d wit hpermission . 7 . Unpublishe ddat a o f the Lubrizo l Corporation , wickliffe , Ohio. " 8 . Provide db

y interna l Lubrizo l contacts . 9 . Dat a obtaine dfro m Cater pilla r Tracto r Overseas , Geneva , Switzerland , Augus t 6 , 1980 . Use dwit hpermis sion . 10 . Oavis , H.E. , "Hig hSulfu r Fuel-New

Diese l Engin e Lub ricationRecommendations" , Caterpilla r Tracto r Compan y informatio nletter , Jun e 18 , 1980 . 11 . Cummin s Engin e Company , "Fue l for Cummin s Engines" , Bul leti nNumbe r 33769001-03 , Marc h1980 . 12 . Daimler-Ben z Specification s for Operativ e Materials , Grou p200 , Shee t 215.3 . 13 . Detroi t Diese l Allison , "Fue l andLubricatin g Oil s fo r Detroi t Diese l Engines" , Bul leti n7S E 27 0 (Rev . 12-79) . 14 . Detroi t Diese l Allison , "Fue l andLubricatin g Oil s fo r Detroi t Diese l Fue l Pinche r Engines" , Bulleti n7S E 369 . 15 . Klockner-Humboldt-Oeut z AG , Technische s Rundschreiben , T R 0199-1063E , Cologne , 1.9.78 . 16 . Internationa l pany , "Hiah Harveste r

Sulfu r Advisory" , Bulleti nNo . 79-34 , Septembe r 1979 . CornFue l ESB 17 . M.A.N. , Servic e Bulleti no n Unfavorabl e Operatin g Condi tions . 18 . Industrial e Brazil , S.A . Aditivo s 

### d o
19 . Translatio no f Volv o memo t o Lubrizo l Scandanavia , "Speci fication s o f Longlif e Oils" , May 7 , 1980 . 20 . Clevenger , J.E . an dI . Rozalsky , "Influenc e o f Oi l Drai nPerio donConnectin g Ro dBearing s i nLinehau l Diese l Truc kEngines" , SAE Pape r 801369 , presente d Octobe r 20-23 , SAE Fuel s and Lubricant s Meeting , Baltimore , Maryland . 21 . Dyson , A. , L . J . Richard s and K . R . Williams , "Diese l En gin e Lubricants : Thei r Se lectio nandUtilizatio nwit h



### 1 8P.2 2

Particula r Referenc e t o Oi l Alkalinity" , presente da t th e Institutio no f Mechanica l Enaineer s Genera l Meetin g i n England , May

17 , 1957 . 22 . Edgar , J.A. , "Contro l o f Wea r i nPisto nEngines" , Institu tio no f Mechanica l Engineer s Conferenc e onLubricatio nan d Wear , London , Enaland , Octobe r 3 , 1957 . 23 . Standar dTes t Metho dfo r Tota l Bas e Numbe r o f Petro leu m Product s b

y Polentio metri c Perchlori c Aci dTitra tion , ANSI/AST M

D-289 6 (I P 276/75) , Annua l Boo ko f AST M Standards . FL-80-8 3



### 1 9