[ DO NOT PUBLISH] 

## In the 

# United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________
No. 23

- 13063
Non

- Argument Calendar

____________________
JOHN DOE,
Plaintiff

- Appellant,

versus FLORIDA GULF COAST UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES,

Defendant

- Appellee.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 2:23

- cv

- 00245

- SPC

- KCD

____________________ USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 1 of 102 Opinion of the Court 23

- 13063

Before L UCK , B RASHER , and A BUDU , Circuit Judges.

P ER C URIAM : John Doe, a male former student at Florida Gulf Coast University, appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to pursue this action anonymously up to the point of trial

. Because we cannot say the district court abused its discretion, we affirm.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY We, like the district court, largely draw the relevant facts from the complaint. This action arises out of a Title IX proceeding initiated by Jane Roe. Doe and Roe
, who both attended the University , dated from about January to June 2019

. After their relationship ended
, the two continued to occasionally speak to each other
, and , on at least on e occasion before the incident relevant here, had sex. In the Title IX proceeding, Roe alleged that Doe sexually harassed her on October 6 , 2019 by having sex with her when she was too intoxicated to consent

. A fter an investigation and hearing held by school officials, Doe was found responsible for sexual harassment

. Doe was immediately suspended and placed on disciplinary probation for a period following his suspension. He appeal ed the decision internally, and it was upheld. Doe then unsuccessfully sought a writ of certiorari from the Circuit Court of the Twe ntieth Judicial Circuit in and for Lee County , Florida

. USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 2 of 1023

- 13063 Opinion of the Court 3 Following the administrative process
, Doe filed this lawsuit
, asserting that the University violated his due process rights , Title IX, and its contract with Doe. In short, Doe claim ed that the school deprived him of several procedural rights during the Title IX proceeding and that the school officials involved “acted with gender bias in coming to their decision against” him

. To support his claims, Doe attached to his complaint several text messages he exchanged with Roe. Relevant here, some of these mess ages reflect that both Doe and Roe drank on multiple occasions (they were under 21)
, at least occasionally used mar ijuana , and that Roe had “lots of anxiety” and took medication for it

. Some messages also relate

to an incident in which Roe told Doe she believed she had contracted a sexually transmitted infection and that Doe should get tested for one as well. Doe maintains he never had an infection

. Doe moved to proceed anonymously , asserting that three factors weighed in his favor. First, because the University was a public one, he was “challenging government activity.” Second, he’d have to disclose information of the “utmost intimacy” because his complaint and the evidence attached discussed h is and Roe’s sexual encounters, Roe’s potential infection
, Roe’s mental healthand medication, Doe and Roe’s alcohol and drug use, and the sexual harassment determination against Doe. Revealing the sexual harassment determination against him
, in particular , he argued, would cause him embarrassment and harm from potential employers seeing this information. And third, Doe would have to “admit to illegal conduct” by presenting text messages that showed he drank and did drugs. USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 3 of 104 Opinion of the Court 23

- 13063

The district court denied the motion

. First, the court found that the government

- activity factor did not weigh in favor of granting anonymity because the University was not “the ‘government’ in the traditional sense.” Second, Doe and Roe’s sexual history
, information about Roe’s potential infection
, and Doe’s sexual harassment determination were not information of the “utmost intimacy

. ” Third, Roe

— not Doe

— potentially had an infection
, and the confidentiality of any sensitive medical history could be maintained through a protective order

. Finally, while Doe feared criminal prosecution , there was no indication one was forthcoming and the statute of limitation s had already run on Doe’s alcohol and drug

use

. Doe appealed the district court ’s denial. W e have appellate jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine

. Plaintiff B v. Francis , 631 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir. 2011).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review for an abuse of discretion a district court’s denial of a motion to proceed anonymously. In re Chiquita Brands Int’l, Inc. , 965 F.3d 1238 , 1246 (11th Cir. 2020). “This is an ‘extremely limited and highly deferential’ standard of review,” id. (quoting In re Clerici , 481 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2007) ) , that gives the district court “a zone of choice within which” it can “go either way, ” id. (quoting United States v. Frazier , 387 F.3d 1244, 1259 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc) ). “ W e must affirm the district court ’ s choice ‘ unless we find that the district court has made a clear error of judgment, USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 4 of 1023

- 13063 Opinion of the Court 5 or has applied the wrong legal standard

. ’ ” Id. (quoting Frazier , 387 F.3d at 1259).
DISCUSSION
A complaint “must name all the parties” to a lawsuit. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). This rule “creates a strong presumption in favor of parties[] proceeding in their own names.” Plaintiff B , 631 F.3d at 1315. But the rule isn’t “absolute,” and a party can proceed anonymously if he “establish[es] ‘ a substantial privacy right which outweighs the customary and constitutionally

- embedded presumption of openness in judicial proceedings .’” Chiquita Brands
, 965 F.3d at 1247 (quoting Plaintiff B , 631 F.3d at 1315

– 16).
We have laid out several considerations relevant to determining whether a district court should allow a litigant to proceed anonymously. “[T]he ‘first step’” of the analysis is to consider

“ whether the party seeking anonymity (1) is challenging government activity; (2) would be compelled, absent anonymity, to disclose information of utmost intimacy; or (3) would be compelled, absent anonymity, to admit an intent to engage in illegal conduct and thus risk criminal prosecution .” Id. (quoting Plaintiff B , 631 F.3d at 1316). “The ‘information of utmost intimacy’ standard” generall y relates to topics like “abortion” as well as “prayer and personal religious beliefs.” Plaintiff B , 631 F.3d at 1316. “ On the other hand, courts have often denied the protection of anonymity in cases where plaintiffs allege sexual assault, even when revealing the plaintiff ’ s identity may cause her to ‘ suffer some personal USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 5 of 106 Opinion of the Court 23

- 13063

embarrassment. ’” Id. (quoting Doe v. Frank
, 951 F.2d 320 , 324 (11th Cir. 1992 ) )

. Beyond the first step, courts must “ carefully review all thecircumstances of a given case and then decide whether the customary practice of disclosing the plaintiff ’ s identity should yield to the plaintiff ’ s privacy concerns .” Frank
, 951 F.2d at 323 . We have considered, for example, whether “t he party seeking anonymity is a minor ,” whether the person “ faces a real threat of physical harm absent anonymity ,” Chiquita Brands
, 965 F.3d at 1247, and whether the movant would face “social stigma” if forced to proceed under the movant’s true name, see Frank
, 951 F.2d at 324. Ultimately, the inquiry “ is a totality

- of

- the

- circumstances ” one. Chiquita Brands
, 965 F.3d at 1247 n.5. We begin with the district court’s analysis of the first and third step

- one factors. As to the first factor

—whether Doe challenges government activity

— the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that
, even though Doe’s lawsuit was against a public entity (the University) , this did not necessarily weigh in favor of anonymity

. See Frank
, 951 F.2d at 324 (“[T] he fact that Doe is suing the Postal Service does not weigh in favor of granting Doe ’ s request for anonymity. ”). W hile Doe contends the district court wrongly read his motion as arguing the first step

- one factor alone was dispositive, we find no indication of that in the district court’s order.
We also see no error in how the district court addressed Doe’s concerns over an alleged fear of prosecution , the third USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 6 of 1023

- 13063 Opinion of the Court 7

step

- one factor

. Th e district court found that any statute of limitation s related to Doe’s drug and alcohol use had already run by the time of its order , and Doe doesn’t challenge that determination. If Doe cannot be prosecuted, it follows that he will not , as the third factor requires, “risk criminal prosecution” by revealing his identity. Plaintiff B , 631 F.3d at 1316. And as it relates to his sexual harassment determination, Doe ’s lawsuit will not force him to admit an intent to engage in illegal conduct

. To the contrary, Doe alleges that the University reached the wrong result because it violated his constitutional rights and refused to follow its established procedures for handling sexual harassment allegations.

M oving to the second factor and the other relevant circumstance

— like potential social stigma

— we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion. As to Doe and Roe’s sexual history
, and any accompanying information related to Roe’s potential infection
, we have recognized that “ courts have often denied the protection of anonymity in cases where plaintiffs allege sexual assault, even when revealing the plaintiff ’ s identity may cause her to ‘ suffer some personal embarrassment

. ’ ” Plaintiff B , 631 F.3d at 1316 (quoting Frank
, 951 F.2d at 324 ). And here, Doe contends that his complaint and supporting materials reveal

— at most, in his view

— consensual encounters, so the district court did not make a clear errorin judgment when finding this information did not warrant granting the motion

. See id. We also can’t say that the district court abused its discretion in determining that the information about Roe did not compel USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 7 of 108 Opinion of the Court 23

- 13063 granting anonymity. The information related to her is similar to the information Doe relies on as to himself, which we’ve already determined did not require granting the motion . A nd we’ve never held that medical information alone establishe s grounds for anonymity

. See id. ; s ee also Doe v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wis

. , 112 F.3d 869 , 872 (7th Cir. 1997) (“[T] he fact that a case involves a medical issue is not a sufficient reason for allowing the use of a fictitious name, even though many people are understandably secretive about their medical problems. ”)

. Next, t o the extent Doe argue s that information about his alcohol and drug use is of the utmost intimacy , that position finds no support in our precedent
, and this information is n’t anything like what we have previously held falls into this category

. See Plaintiff B , 631 F.3d at 1316 ; Frank
, 951 F.2d at 324 n.6 (rejecting argument that alcoholism is information of the utmost intimacy).

Doe also hasn’t demonstrated the district court abused its discretion when it found that any alleged social stigma Doe will face didn’t outweigh the presumption that his proceeding should be a public one . Put simply, he does not cite any evidence of these harms
, and instead only asserts in briefing that they are “near[ly] certain[]” to occur

. Compare Doe v. Stegall , 653 F.2d 180, 182 n.6 (5th Cir. Unit A Aug. 1981) ( noting that the plaintiffs “ offered several documentary exhibits to bolster their assertions that they might be subjected to retaliatory harassment or violence if their identities were publicly revealed ”); S. Methodist Univ. Ass ’ n of Women Law Students v. Wynne & Jaffe , 599 F.2d 707, 711, 71 3 (5th Cir. 1979) USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 8 of 1023

- 13063 Opinion of the Court 9 (affirming denial of motion to proceed anonymously even where three plaintiffs submitted affidavits in support of the alleged harms)

. Finally, Doe tries to rely on his “age and status” as a college student to support his argument that his motion should have be en granted. Our precedent has considered “whether the plaintiffs were minors

. ” Plaintiff B , 631 F.3d at 1316 . B ut Doe is not a minor, and he wasn’t a minor at any time relevant to this law suit. So this, like Doe’s other arguments, does not demonstrate the district court abused its discretion. W e are satisfied that the district court adequately considered the totality of the circumstances and made a determination well within the zone of choices available to it.

Doe end s by cautioning that affirming the district court would “likely result in no Title IX litigant being able to proceed anonymously
, ” cit ing a case from the First Circuit he believes supports reversal here

. But we agree with the First Circuit “ that the confidentiality of a Title IX disciplinary proceeding may sometimes

— but not always

— furnish grounds for finding an exceptional case warranting pseudonymity. ” Doe v. Mass. Inst. of Tech.
, 46 F.4th
61 , 74 (1st Cir. 2022) (emphasis added). As shown here, the district courts in our ci rcuit are more than capable of balancing plaintiffs ’ privacy interests against the constitutional right to access judicialproceedings and exercising their broad discretion to grant anonymity in appropriate cases. USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 9 of 1010 Opinion of the Court 23

- 13063

CONCLUSION
T he district court thoroughly reviewed the circumstances presented to it and made no clear error in judgment when denying Doe’s motion. The order denying the motion to proceed anonymously is therefore AFFIRMED

. USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 10 of 10