United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

In cooperation with

North Carolina Department

of Environment, Health,

and Natural Resources;

North Carolina Agricultural

Research Service;

North Carolina Cooperative

Extension Service;

Rowan Soil and Water

Conservation District; and

Rowan County Board of

Commissioners

Soil Survey of

Rowan County,

North Carolina

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided

into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and

management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map,

identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map

legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a

general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the

general soil map. These maps

can be useful in planning the use

and management of small areas.

To find information about your

area of interest, locate that area

on the Index to Map Sheets,

which precedes the soil maps.

Note the number of the map

sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map unit

symbols that are in that area. Turn

to the Contents, which lists the

map units by symbol and name

and shows the page where each

map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the

Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, and local

agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has leadership for the Federal

part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1993. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1995. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1995. This soil survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service; the North Carolina

Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources; the North Carolina

Agricultural Research Service; the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service; the

Rowan Soil and Water Conservation District; and the Rowan County Board of

Commissioners. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Rowan Soil and

Water Conservation District. The Rowan County Board of Commissioners provided

financial assistance for the survey.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its

programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all

programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication

of program information (Braille, large print, audio tape, etc.) should contact USDA’s

TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D.C., 20250 or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD).

USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.
5

Contents

Cover ....................................................................... 1

How to Use This Soil Survey .................................. 3

Contents .................................................................. 5

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of the County ................................. 11

How This Survey Was Made ................................... 13

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 15

1. Cecil-Pacolet................................................ 15

2. Pacolet ......................................................... 16

3. Hiwassee-Cecil ............................................ 16

4. Cecil-Vance-Enon ........................................ 17

5. Hiwassee-Mecklenburg................................ 18

6. Enon-Mecklenburg-Poindexter ..................... 18

7. Ashlar-Vance-Rion-Wedowee ...................... 19

8. Badin-Uwharrie-Tatum ................................. 20

9. Cid-Badin-Misenheimer ............................... 21

10. Badin-Goldston .......................................... 22

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 25

ApB—Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 26

ArA—Armenia loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

frequently flooded ........................................ 27

AsB—Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes ............................................. 29

AsC—Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes ............................................. 31

AsD—Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25

percent slopes ............................................. 33

BaB—Badin channery silt loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 36

BaC—Badin channery silt loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes ............................................. 37

BaD—Badin channery silt loam, 15 to 30

percent slopes ............................................. 39

BgB—Badin-Goldston complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 41

BgC—Badin-Goldston complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes ............................................. 44

CcB—Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 46

CcC—Cecil sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .......................................................... 48

CeB2—Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 50

CeC2—Cecil sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 52

CfB—Cecil-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 54

ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

frequently flooded ........................................ 55

CmB—Cid-Lignum complex, 1 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 57

DoA—Dogue fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 60

DoB—Dogue fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 62

EnB—Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 64

EnC—Enon fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .......................................................... 65

EsC—Enon very cobbly loam, 4 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony ........................................ 67

EsD—Enon very cobbly loam, 15 to 25

percent slopes, very stony ........................... 69

EuB—Enon-Urban land complex, 2 to 10

percent slopes ............................................. 71

HeB—Helena sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 73

HsD—Hiwassee loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes .......................................................... 75

HwB2—Hiwassee clay loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 77

HwC2—Hiwassee clay loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 79

IrB—Iredell loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes .............. 81

KcB—Kirksey-Cid complex, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .......................................................... 83

LgA—Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ..... 85

MbB—Mecklenburg loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 87

MbC—Mecklenburg loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .......................................................... 89

MeB2—Mecklenburg clay loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 91

MeC2—Mecklenburg clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded ................................ 93

MkB—Misenheimer-Kirksey complex, 0 to 5

percent slopes ............................................. 95
6

OkA—Oakboro silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, frequently flooded ............................ 98

PaB—Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 99

PaC—Pacolet sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes ........................................................ 101

PaD—Pacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes ........................................................ 103

PaE—Pacolet sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent

slopes ........................................................ 105

PcB2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 107

PcC2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 109

Pt—Pits, quarries ............................................. 110

PxB—Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes ........................................... 111

PxC—Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 8 to

15 percent slopes ...................................... 113

PxD—Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 15 to

25 percent slopes ...................................... 115

PxE—Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 25 to

45 percent slopes ...................................... 118

RnB—Rion-Wedowee complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes ........................................... 120

RnC—Rion-Wedowee complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes ........................................... 122

RoB—Rion-Wedowee-Ashlar complex, 2 to

8 percent slopes ........................................ 124

RoC—Rion-Wedowee-Ashlar complex, 8 to

15 percent slopes ...................................... 126

RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded................................... 129

SaB—Saw-Pacolet complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes ........................................................ 131

SaC—Saw-Pacolet complex, 8 to 15 percent

slopes ........................................................ 133

ScB2—Saw-Pacolet complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 135

SeB—Sedgefield fine sandy loam, 1 to 6

percent slopes ........................................... 138

TaB—Tatum-Badin complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes ........................................................ 140

TaC—Tatum-Badin complex, 8 to 15 percent

slopes ........................................................ 142

TbB2—Tatum-Badin complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 144

Ud—Udorthents, loamy .................................... 146

Uf—Urban land ................................................ 148

UhC—Uwharrie loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes,

very stony .................................................. 148

UhE—Uwharrie loam, 15 to 45 percent

slopes, very stony ...................................... 150

UrB—Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes ........................................................ 152

UwB2—Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 154

UwC2—Uwharrie silty clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 156

VaB—Vance sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes ........................................................ 158

VaC—Vance sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes ........................................................ 160

VnB2—Vance sandy clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 161

VnC2—Vance sandy clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded .............................. 163

WaA—Wahee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded................................... 165

WkB—Wickham fine sandy loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes ........................................... 167

ZeB—Zion-Enon complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes ........................................................ 169

ZeC—Zion-Enon complex, 8 to 15 percent

slopes ........................................................ 171

Use and Management of the Soils .................... 175

Crops and Pasture ........................................... 175

Woodland Management and Productivity ......... 180

Recreation ........................................................ 182

Wildlife Habitat ................................................. 184

Engineering ...................................................... 185

Soil Properties .................................................... 191

Engineering Index Properties ........................... 191

Physical and Chemical Properties .................... 192

Soil and Water Features ................................... 193

Classification of the Soils .................................. 195

Soil Series and Their Morphology ......................... 195

Appling Series .................................................. 196

Armenia Series ................................................ 197
7

Ashlar Series .................................................... 198

Badin Series ..................................................... 199

Cecil Series ...................................................... 200

Chewacla Series .............................................. 201

Cid Series ........................................................ 202

Dogue Series ................................................... 203

Enon Series...................................................... 205

Goldston Series................................................ 206

Helena Series................................................... 207

Hiwassee Series .............................................. 208

Iredell Series .................................................... 209

Kirksey Series .................................................. 210

Lignum Series .................................................. 211

Mecklenburg Series.......................................... 213

Misenheimer Series ......................................... 213

Mocksville Series ............................................. 214

Oakboro Series ................................................ 215

Pacolet Series .................................................. 216

Poindexter Series ............................................. 217

Rion Series ...................................................... 218

Riverview Series .............................................. 219

Saw Series ....................................................... 220

Sedgefield Series ............................................. 221

Tatum Series .................................................... 222

Udorthents ....................................................... 223

Uwharrie Series................................................ 224

Vance Series .................................................... 225

Wahee Series ................................................... 226

Wedowee Series .............................................. 227

Wickham Series ............................................... 228

Zion Series ....................................................... 229

Formation of the Soils ........................................ 231

Factors of Soil Formation ................................. 231

Processes of Horizon Differentiation ................ 233

References .......................................................... 235

Glossary .............................................................. 237

Tables .................................................................. 251

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation ........... 252

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ......... 253

Table 3.--Growing Season ................................ 253

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent

of the Soils ................................................. 254

Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre

of Crops and Pasture ................................. 256

Table 6.--Prime Farmland ................................. 261

Table 7.--Woodland Management and

Productivity ................................................ 262

Table 8.--Recreational Development ................. 272

Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat ................................... 279

Table 10.--Building Site Development ............... 285

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities............................. 292

Table 12.--Construction Materials ..................... 300

Table 13.--Water Management ......................... 305

Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties .......... 312

Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties

of the Soils ................................................. 324

Table 16.--Soil and Water Features .................. 330

Table 17.--Classification of the Soils ................. 333

9

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in

Rowan County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The

survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements

needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the

environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and

agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed

for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers,

developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites

for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance.

Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special

restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to

identify soil properties that are used in making various decisions for land use or land

treatment. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify

and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is

responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Wet soils are poorly suited to

use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to

basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.

Mary T. Kollstedt

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

11

ROWAN COUNTY is in the west-central part of North

Carolina, about 111 miles west of Raleigh, the State

Capital, and 42 miles northeast of Charlotte, the

State’s largest city. The county is in the Piedmont

physiographic province. It is bounded on the north by

the South Yadkin River, which separates it from Davie

County, and on the northeast by the Yadkin River and

the impounded waters of High Rock Lake, which

separate it from Davidson County. It is bordered on the

southeast by Stanly County, on the south by Cabarrus

County, and on the west by Iredell County. Rowan

County has a total area of about 523 square miles, or

334,924 acres.

In 1990, the county had a population of 110,605

(15). Salisbury, the county seat and the county’s

largest town, had a population of 23,087. Spencer had

a population of 3,219; China Grove, a population of

2,732; and Granite Quarry, a population of 1,646.

This soil survey updates the survey of Rowan

County published in 1915 (7). It provides more detailed

maps on aerial photographs and contains more

interpretive information.

General Nature of the County

This section gives general information about Rowan

County. It describes the history and development;

transportation; physiography, relief, and drainage;

water supply; and climate.

History and Development

Rowan County was established on April 12, 1753. It

originally included all of the territory north to Virginia,

east to present-day Guilford County, and west to the

mountains. This area now makes up all or a part of 26

counties. The county was named for Matthew Rowan,

who was acting governor of the colony. The current

boundaries of the county were established in 1836.

The first European settlers in the survey area were

Scotch-Irish immigrants. They travelled the Great

Wagon Road from Pennsylvania in the 1740’s. They

sought less crowded land that would be rich for

farming and settled the area that is presently the

western part of Rowan County. German settlers

arrived a little later and settled the area that is

presently the eastern part of the county. The soils of

the survey area were highly productive, and an

agricultural economy began to develop. The first crops

included corn, oats, barley, vegetables, tobacco, and

flax. All of the crops were grown for home use. By

1775, corn was the most important crop and wheat

was the second most important (7).

As the cotton gin became widely used, cotton

Soil Survey of

Rowan County, North Carolina

By Clifford M. McCachren and William E. Woody, Natural Resources Conservation

Service

Soils surveyed by Clifford M. McCachren, William E. Woody, and Ronald B. Stephens,

Natural Resources Conservation Service, and David T. Knight, Richard L. Livingston,

and Douglas A. Adamo, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and

Natural Resources

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with

North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources;

North Carolina Agricultural Research Service; North Carolina Cooperative

Extension Service; Rowan Soil and Water Conservation District; and Rowan County

Board of Commissioners
12 Soil Survey

became an important cash crop in the county and

remained important until the mid-20th century. In the

late 19th century, tobacco became an important cash

crop. A number of tobacco factories and warehouses

were built in Salisbury around 1880, and production

increased until 1890. In 1890, tobacco was grown on

390 acres and produced a total yield of 187,724

pounds. Tobacco production has since decreased. By

1910, tobacco was grown on only 7 acres and

produced a total yield of only 2,350 pounds (7). Today,

tobacco is not grown in the county for market.

Agriculture is a vital industry in Rowan County.

According to the North Carolina Cooperative

Extension Service, the agricultural income for the

county in 1992 was about 47 million dollars. Dairy

production and sales made up about 28 percent of the

income. Beef cattle made up 15 percent. Field crops,

including corn, soybeans, and small grains, made up

13 percent. Horticultural crops, including field grown

vegetables and nursery and greenhouse plants, made

up 22 percent. Poultry, swine, horses, and forest

products contributed to the remaining 22 percent of

the agricultural income.

In 1993, according to the 1994 North Carolina

Agricultural Statistics, the county had about 38,600

acres of harvested cropland. Included in this acreage

were 10,100 acres used for corn for grain, 6,800 acres

used for corn silage, 6,600 acres used for soybeans,

6,200 acres used for wheat, and 2,900 acres used for

barley. About 15,000 acres were used for hay, and

about 25,000 acres were used for pasture (6). The

remaining acreage was mainly woodland.

The Piedmont Research Station of the North

Carolina Agricultural Research Service, located in

Rowan County, provides data on soils and crops that

are typical of the survey area.

The first industry to impact Rowan County was gold

mining. The Gold Hill Mining District flourished

following a major gold strike in 1842. Gold mining was

profitable until the Civil War.

In the late 1800’s, the granite industry began in the

granite belt of eastern Rowan County. Large scale

quarrying operations began in 1906. The industry

thrived until the mid-1900’s when concrete replaced

granite in most construction and curbing operations.

The railroad industry had a major impact on the

economy of Rowan County when a steam locomotive

repair shop was built northeast of Salisbury in 1896.

The town of Spencer, the second largest town in the

county, grew around this shop, which prospered until

diesel power replaced steam power for the trains.

Today, the facility is a transportation museum operated

by the State of North Carolina.

The first successful textile mill was built in Salisbury

in 1888. Since that time textiles have been the

dominant industry in Rowan County. Today, the major

industries in the county include the manufacture of

cotton yarns, sheeting, and other fabrics; the

manufacture of polyester filament yarns; truck

assembly; and grocery distribution. Other industries

include metals, paving machinery, chemicals, bricks,

various food products, trucking, and numerous other

manufacturing and service industries.

Transportation

Interstate 85 runs through Salisbury. Interstate 77

and Interstate 40 intersect a few miles west of Rowan

County. U.S. Highways 29, 52, 70, and 601 also

traverse the county and allow highway access to all of

the major cities in the southeastern part of the United

States. Forty-two freight carriers and one interstate

bus company serve the county.

A main north-south railway line and east-west

routes converge at Salisbury, where freight service

and passenger service are available.

The Rowan County Airport at Salisbury is available

for all-weather instrument landings and has a 5,550-

foot-long, lighted runway. Douglas International Airport

at Charlotte is 45 miles south of Salisbury.

Greensboro/Highpoint/Winston-Salem Regional

Airport is 45 miles north of Salisbury.

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

Rowan County is in the central part of the Piedmont

physiographic region of North Carolina. The county is

characterized by broad, gently rolling to hilly

landscapes that have moderately steep or steep

slopes along rivers and major tributaries.

Most of the county is at elevations between 560 and

850 feet. There are a few prominent peaks above the

general landscape. The highest peak is Youngs

Mountain at Barber. It has an elevation of 1,100 feet.

Other peaks include Dunn Mountain (an elevation of

1,000 feet), Balfour Mountain (an elevation of 1,000

feet), and Flat Swamp Mountain at High Rock Dam

(an elevation of 910 feet). The lowest elevation in the

county, 560 feet, is the water level of Tuckertown

Reservoir.

Most areas of the county are drained directly into

the South Yadkin and Yadkin Rivers by creeks that flow

generally northeastward. The major watersheds are

Fourth Creek, Third Creek, and North Second Creek,

which flow to the South Yadkin River, and Grants

Creek, Crane Creek, Second Creek, and Panther

Creek, which flow to High Rock Lake on the Yadkin

River. The southwestern part of the county, generally
Rowan County, North Carolina 13

south of North Carolina Highway 152, is drained by

Irish Buffalo, Coldwater, Dutch Buffalo, and Little

Buffalo Creeks, which flow southward into Cabarrus

County.

Water Supply

Rowan County has adequate supplies of water from

rivers, creeks, lakes, and ground water for agricultural,

municipal, and industrial uses. Most of the municipal

and industrial water is supplied by the Yadkin River. It

is provided through the water system of Salisbury,

which supplies Salisbury, Spencer, East Spencer, and

Granite Quarry. This system has a daily capacity of

18,000,000 gallons. Landis receives water from two

surface lakes. All other municipalities receive water

from wells. Most of the water for rural residents is

supplied by private wells.

Two large lakes, used for hydroelectric generation,

impound waters of the Yadkin River along the

southeastern border of the county. High Rock Lake

has a surface area of more than 15,000 acres. It is a

major recreational site in the region. Tuckertown

Reservoir, which has more than 1,000 acres of

backwater adjoining Rowan County, provides access

to this larger body of water.

Numerous smaller lakes and ponds and perennial

and intermittent streams occurring throughout the

county provide water for livestock, irrigation, and

recreational uses.

Climate

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Salisbury, North

Carolina, in the period 1900 to 1993. Table 2 shows

probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last

freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the

growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 42 degrees F

and the average daily minimum temperature is 31

degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which

occurred on January 28, 1940, is -11 degrees. In

summer, the average temperature is 77 degrees and

the average daily maximum temperature is 89

degrees. The highest recorded temperature, which

occurred on August 27, 1943, is 105 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They

are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total average annual precipitation is about 46

inches. Of this, 24 inches, or about 53 percent, usually

falls in April through September. The growing season

for most crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of

10, the rainfall in April through September is less than

13 inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period

of record was 5.3 inches on August 29, 1943.

Thunderstorms occur on about 41 days each year,

and most occur in July.

The average seasonal snowfall is about 7 inches.

The greatest snow depth at any one time during the

period of record was 21 inches. On the average, 2

days of the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the

ground.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 54 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 83 percent. The sun shines

67 percent of the time possible in summer and 56

percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the

southwest. Average windspeed is highest, 8.8 miles

per hour, in March and April.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in Rowan County.

The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil.

The profile extends from the surface down into the

material in which the soil formed.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, climate, relief, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind

of landform or with a segment of the landform. By

observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the

survey area and relating their position to specific

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a

concept, or model, of how they formed. Thus, during

mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to

predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the

kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location

on the landscape.
14

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soillandscape relationship, are sufficient to verify

predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify the soils. After describing the soils and

determining their properties, the soil scientists

assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).

Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic

class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely

defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for

comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil

taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used

in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and

character of soil properties and the arrangement of

horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area are generally collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. The

data from these analyses and tests and from fieldobserved characteristics and soil properties are used

to predict behavior of the soils under different uses.

Interpretations are field tested through observation of

the soils in different uses under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only

on soil properties but also on such variables as

climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are

predictable over long periods of time, but they are not

predictable from year to year. For example, soil

scientists can predict with a relatively high degree of

accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table

within certain depths in most years, but they cannot

assure that a high water table will be at a specific level

in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in accurately

locating boundaries.

The general procedures followed in making this

survey are described in the “National Soil Survey

Handbook” of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service and in the “Soil Survey Manual” (10, 13).

Before fieldwork began, preliminary boundaries of

slopes and landforms were plotted stereoscopically on

aerial photographs taken in 1981 at a scale of

1:15,840. United States Geological Survey geologic

and topographic maps at a scale of 1:24,000 were

also used. Map units were then designed according to

the pattern of soils interpreted from photographs,

maps, and field observations.

Samples for chemical and physical analyses were

taken from the site of the typical pedon of some of the

major soils in the survey area. Most of the analyses

were made by the North Carolina State University

Soils Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina. Commonly

used laboratory procedures were followed (9).

After completion of the soil mapping on aerial

photographs, map unit delineations were transferred

by hand to orthophotographs at a scale of 1:24,000.

Surface drainage and cultural features were

transferred from 7.5-minute topographic maps of the

United States Geological Survey.

The descriptions, names, and delineations of the

soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those

of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are

the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications

in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of

mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey

areas.
15

The general soil map shows broad areas that have

a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each

map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural

landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or

miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or

miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit

can occur in another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be

identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or a building or other

structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from

place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other

characteristics that affect management.

1. Cecil-Pacolet

Gently sloping to steep, well drained upland soils that

have a loamy surface layer and a predominantly

clayey subsoil; moderately deep to very deep to

saprolite; very deep to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: Western and north-central

parts

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges and side

slopes

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 18

Cecil soils—53 percent

Pacolet soils—27 percent

Minor soils—20 percent (including Appling,

Chewacla, Hiwassee, and Mecklenburg soils)

Soil Characteristics

Cecil

Surface layer: Yellowish red sandy clay loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, red sandy clay loam,

red clay loam, red clay, red clay that has brownish

yellow mottles, and red clay loam that has

brownish yellow mottles

Underlying material: Red loam saprolite that has

brownish yellow mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Pacolet

Surface layer: Reddish brown sandy clay loam

Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; middle part—red sandy

clay that has reddish yellow mottles; lower part—

red sandy clay loam

Underlying material: Upper part—red loam saprolite

that has reddish yellow, yellowish red, and

yellowish brown mottles; middle part—yellowish

red loam saprolite; lower part—multicolored loam

saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Agriculture

Management concerns: Erodibility, soil fertility, and

equipment use in the steeper areas

Urban development

Management concerns: Restricted permeability, low

strength, and slope in the steeper areas

General Soil Map Units
16 Soil Survey

Recreational development

Management concerns: Slope in the steeper areas

2. Pacolet

Gently sloping to steep, well drained upland soils that

have a loamy surface layer and a predominantly

clayey subsoil; moderately deep to saprolite; very deep

to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: Southwestern and northcentral parts

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges and side

slopes

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 14

Pacolet soils—52 percent

Minor soils—48 percent (including Cecil, Enon,

Appling, Chewacla, Helena, Rion, Saw, Vance,

and Wedowee soils)

Soil Characteristics

Pacolet

Surface layer: Reddish brown sandy clay loam

Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; middle part—red sandy

clay that has reddish yellow mottles; lower part—

red sandy clay loam

Underlying material: Upper part—red loam saprolite

that has reddish yellow, yellowish red, and

yellowish brown mottles; middle part—yellowish

red loam saprolite; lower part—multicolored loam

saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Agriculture

Management concerns: Erodibility, soil fertility, and

equipment use in the steeper areas

Urban development

Management concerns: Restricted permeability, low

strength, and slope in the steeper areas

Recreational development

Management concerns: Slope in the steeper areas

3. Hiwassee-Cecil

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained

upland soils that have a loamy surface layer and a

predominantly clayey subsoil; deep or very deep to

saprolite; very deep to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: West-central and northeastern

parts

Landform: Piedmont uplands and high stream terraces

Landscape position: Broad ridges that have broad to

narrow side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 8

Hiwassee soils—30 percent

Cecil soils—28 percent

Minor soils—42 percent (including Chewacla,

Enon, Mecklenburg, and Pacolet soils)

Soil Characteristics

Hiwassee

Surface layer: Dark reddish brown clay loam

Subsoil: Upper part—dark red clay; middle part—red

clay that has strong brown mottles; lower part—

red clay loam that has strong brown mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic to

mafic metamorphic or igneous rock or old alluvium

Cecil

Surface layer: Yellowish red sandy clay loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, red sandy clay loam,

red clay loam, red clay, red clay that has brownish

yellow mottles, and red clay loam that has

brownish yellow mottles

Underlying material: Red loam saprolite that has

brownish yellow mottles

Depth class: Very deep
Rowan County, North Carolina 17

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Agriculture

Management concerns: Erodibility, soil fertility, tilth,

and equipment use in the steeper areas

Urban development

Management concerns: Restricted permeability, low

strength, and slope in the steeper areas

Recreational development

Management concerns: Slope in the steeper areas

4. Cecil-Vance-Enon

Gently sloping or strongly sloping, well drained upland

soils that have a loamy surface layer and a

predominantly clayey subsoil; moderately deep and

very deep to saprolite; very deep to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: Areas east of Interstate

Highway 85 and a smaller area in the

northwestern part of the county

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 22

Cecil soils—29 percent

Vance soils—18 percent

Enon soils—18 percent

Minor soils—35 percent (including Appling,

Chewacla, Helena, Mecklenburg, Pacolet, Rion,

Wedowee, and Zion soils)

Soil Characteristics

Cecil

Surface layer: Yellowish red sandy clay loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, red sandy clay loam,

red clay loam, red clay, red clay that has brownish

yellow mottles, and red clay loam that has

brownish yellow mottles

Underlying material: Red loam saprolite that has

brownish yellow mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Vance

Surface layer: Brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, brownish yellow clay;

brownish yellow clay that has red and very pale

brown mottles; yellowish brown clay that has

brownish yellow, very pale brown, and red mottles;

and brownish yellow clay that has red, very pale

brown, and light brownish gray mottles

Underlying material: Multicolored sandy clay loam and

loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Enon

Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, brownish yellow

sandy clay loam, strong brown clay, yellowish

brown clay, and yellowish brown, light olive brown,

and white clay loam

Underlying material: Multicolored loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland, pasture, and woodland

Agriculture

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Urban development

Management concerns: Cecil—restricted permeability,

low strength, and slope in the steeper areas;

Vance and Enon—restricted permeability, low

strength, shrink-swell potential, and slope in the

steeper areas
18 Soil Survey

Recreational development

Management concerns: Slope in the steeper areas

5. Hiwassee-Mecklenburg

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained

upland soils that have a loamy surface layer and a

predominantly clayey subsoil; moderately deep to very

deep to saprolite; very deep to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: West-central part

Landform: Piedmont uplands and high stream terraces

Landscape position: Broad ridges that have broad to

narrow side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 8

Hiwassee soils—30 percent

Mecklenburg soils—29 percent

Minor soils—41 percent (including Cecil,

Chewacla, Enon, and Pacolet soils)

Soil Characteristics

Hiwassee

Surface layer: Dark reddish brown clay loam

Subsoil: Upper part—dark red clay; middle part—red

clay that has strong brown mottles; lower part—

red clay loam that has strong brown mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic to

mafic metamorphic or igneous rock or old alluvium

Mecklenburg

Surface layer: Reddish brown clay loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, reddish brown clay,

red clay, red clay that has reddish yellow mottles,

and yellowish red clay loam

Underlying material: Multicolored silty clay loam and

loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Agriculture

Management concerns: Erodibility, soil fertility, tilth,

and equipment use in the steeper areas

Urban development

Management concerns: Hiwassee—restricted

permeability, low strength, and slope in the

steeper areas; Mecklenburg—restricted

permeability, low strength, shrink-swell potential,

and slope in the steeper areas

Recreational development

Management concerns: Slope in the steeper areas

6. Enon-Mecklenburg-Poindexter

Gently sloping to steep, well drained upland soils that

have a loamy surface layer and a clayey or loamy

subsoil; moderately deep or deep to saprolite;

moderately deep to very deep to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: Central and northwestern parts

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges and

narrow side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 14

Enon soils—23 percent

Mecklenburg soils—17 percent

Poindexter soils—10 percent

Minor soils—50 percent (including Armenia, Cecil,

Chewacla, Helena, Hiwassee, Iredell,

Mocksville, Pacolet, Sedgefield, and Zion soils)

Soil Characteristics

Enon

Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, brownish yellow

sandy clay loam, strong brown clay, yellowish

brown clay, and yellowish brown, light olive brown,

and white clay loam

Underlying material: Multicolored loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet
Rowan County, North Carolina 19

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Mecklenburg

Surface layer: Reddish brown clay loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, reddish brown clay,

red clay, red clay that has reddish yellow mottles,

and yellowish red clay loam

Underlying material: Multicolored silty clay loam and

loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Poindexter

Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer: Dark yellowish brown and strong

brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—brown sandy clay loam; lower

part—strong brown sandy clay loam

Underlying material: Loam saprolite that is

multicolored in shades of yellow, black, and green

Bedrock: Upper part—weathered, partially

consolidated mafic igneous rock; lower part—

unweathered mafic igneous rock

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Agriculture

Management concerns: Erodibility, soil fertility, and

equipment use in the steeper areas

Urban development

Management concerns: Enon and Mecklenburg—

restricted permeability, low strength, shrink-swell

potential, and slope in the steeper areas;

Poindexter—depth to bedrock, low strength, and

slope in the steeper areas

Recreational development

Management concerns: Slope in the steeper areas

7. Ashlar-Vance-Rion-Wedowee

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained

upland soils that have a loamy surface layer and a

clayey or loamy subsoil; moderately deep to very deep

to saprolite; moderately deep to very deep to bedrock;

rock outcrops in some areas

Setting

Location in the county: Eastern part, in a northeast- to

southwest-trending strip that includes the Granite

Quarry and Faith areas

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges and side

slopes

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 4

Ashlar soils—25 percent

Vance soils—12 percent

Rion soils—10 percent

Wedowee soils—10 percent

Minor soils and other inclusions—43 percent

(including Chewacla, Enon, Pacolet, and Saw

soils and rock outcrops)

Soil Characteristics

Ashlar

Surface layer: Brown sandy loam

Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow sandy loam;

lower part—light yellowish brown sandy loam that

has reddish yellow mottles

Underlying material: Mottled reddish yellow and light

yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam saprolite

Bedrock: Unweathered granite

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from granite or

other coarse grained felsic igneous rock

Vance

Surface layer: Brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, brownish yellow clay;

brownish yellow clay that has red and very pale

brown mottles; yellowish brown clay that has

brownish yellow, very pale brown, and red mottles;

and brownish yellow clay that has red, very pale

brown, and light brownish gray mottles
20 Soil Survey

Underlying material: Multicolored sandy clay loam and

loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Rion

Surface layer: Brown sandy loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, light yellowish brown

sandy clay loam, brown sandy clay loam, strong

brown sandy clay loam, and mottled brown and

strong brown sandy clay loam

Underlying material: Multicolored sandy loam and fine

sandy loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Wedowee

Surface layer: Brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, strong brown sandy

clay loam that has brownish yellow mottles, strong

brown clay that has yellowish red mottles,

yellowish red clay that has red and brownish

yellow mottles, and yellowish red sandy clay loam

that has red, brownish yellow, and strong brown

mottles

Underlying material: Multicolored sandy loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Agriculture

Management concerns: Ashlar—erodibility, rooting

depth, soil fertility, and slope in the steeper areas;

Vance, Rion, and Wedowee—erodibility, soil

fertility, and slope in the steeper areas

Urban development

Management concerns: Ashlar—depth to bedrock and

slope in the steeper areas; Vance—restricted

permeability, low strength, shrink-swell potential,

and slope in the steeper areas; Rion—slope in the

steeper areas; Wedowee—low strength and slope

in the steeper areas

Recreational development

Management concerns: Ashlar—depth to bedrock and

slope in the steeper areas; Vance, Rion, and

Wedowee—slope in the steeper areas

8. Badin-Uwharrie-Tatum

Gently sloping to steep, well drained upland soils that

have a loamy surface layer and a predominantly

clayey subsoil; very stony surface in some areas;

moderately deep to very deep to saprolite; moderately

deep to very deep to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: Southeastern corner

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges and side

slopes

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 5

Badin soils—41 percent

Uwharrie soils—19 percent

Tatum soils—10 percent

Minor soils—30 percent (including Cid, Enon,

Lignum, and Oakboro soils)

Soil Characteristics

Badin

Surface layer: Yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, reddish yellow silty

clay loam, yellowish red silty clay, red silty clay,

and mottled red, reddish yellow, and brownish

yellow channery silty clay loam

Bedrock: Upper part—weathered, partially

consolidated argillite; lower part—unweathered

argillite

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 30 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rock of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Uwharrie

Surface layer: Yellowish brown silty clay loam
Rowan County, North Carolina 21

Subsoil: In sequence downward, red silty clay, red clay,

red clay that has brownish yellow mottles, red silty

clay that has brownish yellow mottles, and red silty

clay loam

Underlying material: Multicolored silt loam saprolite

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rock of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Tatum

Surface layer: Yellowish red silty clay loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, red silty clay, red clay,

red silty clay that has brownish yellow mottles, and

silty clay loam that is multicolored in shades of red

and yellow

Underlying material: Multicolored silt loam saprolite

Bedrock: Weathered, partially consolidated argillite

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rock of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Agriculture

Management concerns: Badin—erodibility, soil fertility,

rooting depth, and equipment use in the steeper

areas; Uwharrie—erodibility, soil fertility, and

equipment use in the steeper areas and the very

stony areas; Tatum—erodibility, soil fertility, and

equipment use in the steeper areas

Urban development

Management concerns: Badin and Tatum—restricted

permeability, low strength, shrink-swell potential,

and depth to bedrock; Uwharrie—restricted

permeability, low strength, shrink-swell potential,

and slope in the steeper areas

Recreational development

Management concerns: Badin—content of rock

fragments and slope in the steeper areas;

Uwharrie—slope in the steeper areas and surface

stones in the stony areas; Tatum—slope in the

steeper areas

9. Cid-Badin-Misenheimer

Nearly level to strongly sloping, well drained to

somewhat poorly drained upland soils that have a

loamy surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil;

shallow to moderately deep to saprolite; shallow to

moderately deep to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: Southeastern corner

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Cid and Misenheimer—broad

flats and low ridges; Badin—broad to narrow

ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 30 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 5

Cid soils—34 percent

Badin soils—19 percent

Misenheimer soils—14 percent

Minor soils—33 percent (including Goldston,

Kirksey, Lignum, and Oakboro soils)

Soil Characteristics

Cid

Surface layer: Light brownish gray silt loam

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, brownish yellow silty

clay loam that has pale brown mottles, brownish

yellow silty clay, brownish yellow silty clay that has

grayish brown mottles, and yellowish brown

channery silty clay that has light gray mottles

Bedrock: Upper part—weathered, partially

consolidated argillite; lower part—unweathered

argillite

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from

December through May; perched

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rock of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Badin

Surface layer: Yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, reddish yellow silty

clay loam, yellowish red silty clay, red silty clay,

and mottled red, reddish yellow, and brownish

yellow channery silty clay loam

Bedrock: Upper part—weathered, partially
22 Soil Survey

consolidated argillite; lower part—unweathered

argillite

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 30 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rock of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Misenheimer

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown channery

silt loam that has light gray mottles; lower part—

light yellowish brown channery silt loam that has

gray mottles

Bedrock: Upper part—weathered, partially

consolidated argillite; lower part—unweathered

argillite

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

High water table: 1.0 to 1.5 feet from December

through April; perched

Slope range: 0 to 5 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rock of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, and cropland

Agriculture

Management concerns: Cid—wetness, depth to

bedrock, and soil fertility; Badin—erodibility, soil

fertility, rooting depth, and slope in the steeper

areas; Misenheimer—wetness, soil fertility, and

rooting depth

Urban development

Management concerns: Cid—wetness, restricted

permeability, low strength, and shrink-swell

potential; Badin—depth to bedrock, shrink-swell

potential, low strength, and slope in the steeper

areas; Misenheimer—wetness and depth to

bedrock

Recreational development

Management concerns: Cid—wetness, depth to

bedrock, and restricted permeability; Badin—

depth to bedrock, content of rock fragments, and

slope in the steeper areas; Misenheimer—

wetness, content of rock fragments, and depth to

bedrock

10. Badin-Goldston

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained to

excessively drained upland soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil; shallow to

moderately deep to saprolite; shallow to moderately

deep to bedrock

Setting

Location in the county: Southeastern corner

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges and side

slopes

Slope range: 2 to 30 percent

Extent and Composition

Percent of the county: 2

Badin soils—43 percent

Goldston soils—14 percent

Minor soils—43 percent (including Cid, Kirksey,

Lignum, Misenheimer, Oakboro, and Tatum

soils)

Soil Characteristics

Badin

Surface layer: Yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil: In sequence downward, reddish yellow silty

clay loam, yellowish red silty clay, red silty clay,

and mottled red, reddish yellow, and brownish

yellow channery silty clay loam that has mottles

Bedrock: Upper part—weathered, partially

consolidated argillite; lower part—unweathered

argillite

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 30 percent

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rock of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Goldston

Surface layer: Yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil: Light yellowish brown very channery silt loam

Bedrock: Upper part—weathered, partially

consolidated argillite; lower part—unweathered

argillite

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Well drained to excessively drained

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope range: 2 to 30 percent
Rowan County, North Carolina 23

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rock of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Agriculture

Management concerns: Badin—erodibility, soil fertility,

rooting depth, and slope in the steeper areas;

Goldston—rooting depth, droughtiness, soil

fertility, and slope in the steeper areas

Urban development

Management concerns: Badin—depth to bedrock,

shrink-swell potential, and low strength;

Goldston—depth to bedrock

Recreational development

Management concerns: Content of rock fragments,

depth to bedrock, and slope in the steeper areas

25

The map units delineated on the detailed maps

represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the

survey area. The map unit descriptions in this section,

along with the maps, can be used to determine the

suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. They

also can be used to plan the management needed for

those uses. More information about each map unit is

given under the heading “Use and Management of the

Soils.”

A map unit delineation on a map represents an area

dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a

taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for

the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,

the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of

some observed properties may extend beyond the

limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and

some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic

classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to those

of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may

or may not be mentioned in the map unit description.

For example, the map unit Cecil sandy clay loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes, eroded, includes small areas

having slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 15

percent. The unit also includes small areas that are

slightly eroded. Generally, only those inclusions that

are significant to use and management or that add to

the user’s understanding of the map unit concept are

discussed.

Some included soils and miscellaneous areas have

properties and behavioral characteristics divergent

enough to affect use or to require different

management. These are called contrasting, or

dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are in small

areas and could not be mapped separately because of

the scale used. Some small areas of strongly

contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified

by a special symbol on the maps. The included areas

of contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are

mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A few included

areas may not have been observed, and consequently

they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especially

where the pattern was so complex that it was

impractical to make enough observations to identify all

the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in no

way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data.

The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The

delineation of such segments on the map provides

sufficient information for the development of resource

plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned,

onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the

soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit and gives the principal

hazards and limitations to be considered in planning

for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer, all the soils of a series have major

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer, slope, stoniness, degree of erosion, and

other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis

of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil

phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil

maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil

phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use

or management. For example, Cecil sandy clay loam,

2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded, is a phase of the Cecil

series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

complexes. A complex consists of two or more soils or

Detailed Soil Map Units
26 Soil Survey

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. Badin-Goldston complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes, is an example.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. Urban land is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables (see “Contents”) give

properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities,

and potentials for many uses. The Glossary defines

many of the terms used in describing the soils or

miscellaneous areas.

ApB—Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

southwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 40 acres

Composition

Appling soil and similar inclusions: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 12 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

12 to 16 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

16 to 27 inches—yellowish red sandy clay that has

brownish yellow and red mottles

27 to 38 inches—strong brown clay that has red and

brownish yellow mottles

38 to 47 inches—red, strong brown, and yellow sandy

clay loam

Underlying material:

47 to 60 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The slowly permeable Vance soils in saddles and on

foot slopes

• Wedowee soils that have saprolite at a depth of less

than 40 inches and are on narrow ridges and side

slopes

• The moderately well drained, slowly permeable

Helena soils along drainageways

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a red subsoil

and are on small knolls and ridge crests

• Random areas of Appling soils that have a surface

layer of loamy sand

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland

Other Uses: Pasture and woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility
Rowan County, North Carolina 27

Management measures and considerations:

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting dwellings.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

ArA—Armenia loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, frequently flooded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands and river or stream

valleys in most parts of the county

Landscape position: Upland flats, head of

drainageways, areas along upland drainageways,

depressional areas, and flood plains
28 Soil Survey

Shape of areas: Oblong or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres

Composition

Armenia soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

5 to 14 inches—gray clay

14 to 23 inches—gray clay that has yellowish brown

and greenish gray mottles

23 to 31 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

yellowish brown and greenish gray mottles

31 to 40 inches—light olive gray clay that has light

olive brown mottles

40 to 50 inches—light olive gray clay that has dark

greenish gray, reddish brown, and greenish gray

mottles

50 to 61 inches—olive gray clay loam that has olive,

dark greenish gray, and light olive brown mottles

Underlying material:

61 to 65 inches—multicolored clay loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from

December through April; apparent

Hazard of flooding: Frequent for brief periods from

December through April

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Nearly level

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: None or slight

Soil reaction: Moderately acid in the surface layer

except where it has been limed; slightly acid to

slightly alkaline in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained, loamy Chewacla soils

along drainageways of the flood plains

• The moderately well drained Iredell soils in the

slightly higher landscape positions

• The moderately well drained or somewhat poorly

drained Sedgefield soils in the slightly higher

landscape positions

• The somewhat poorly drained Wahee soils in the

slightly higher landscape positions on the flood plains

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Armenia soils that have a surface

layer of silt loam

• Random areas of Armenia soils in which reaction in

the lower part of the subsoil ranges to strongly acid

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting crop

production.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited

Suitability for hayland: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting the

production of pasture and hay crops.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

• Maintaining drainageways and ditches helps to

remove excess water.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soil is saturated.

• Maintaining drainageways and planting trees that

are tolerant of wetness help to increase seedling

survival rates.
Rowan County, North Carolina 29

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and

shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

dwellings.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness, low strength, and

shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross streams and flood plains.

• Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness limitation.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting camp

areas.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting picnic

areas.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Wetness and flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 6W, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

AsB—Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the eastcentral part of the county

Landscape position: Broad and narrow ridges and side

slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Ashlar soil and similar inclusions: 65 percent

Rock outcrop: 20 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Ashlar

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

17 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam

that has reddish yellow mottles

Underlying material:

30 to 37 inches—mottled reddish yellow and light

yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam saprolite

Bedrock:

37 inches—unweathered granite

Rock outcrop

Rock outcrop consists of unweathered granite that

is exposed at the surface. In this map unit, about 20

percent of the soil surface has rock outcrops that

average about 30 feet in length and 20 feet in width

and are about 100 feet apart.
30 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Ashlar—moderately deep; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Drainage class: Ashlar—well drained; Rock outcrop—

not applicable

Permeability: Ashlar—moderately rapid; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Depth to high water table: Ashlar—more than 6.0 feet;

Rock outcrop—not applicable

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Ashlar—low; Rock outcrop—not

applicable

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Ashlar—medium; Rock outcrop—very

rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Ashlar—moderate; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Soil reaction: Ashlar—moderately acid to very strongly

acid in the surface layer except where it has been

limed and strongly acid or very strongly acid in the

subsoil and underlying material; Rock outcrop—

not applicable

Parent material: Ashlar—residuum weathered from

granite or other coarse grained felsic igneous rock;

Rock outcrop—not applicable

Depth to bedrock: Ashlar—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Rock outcrop—not applicable

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the clayey Saw soils

• Random areas of the clayey Wedowee soils that

have hard bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches

• Random areas of Rion soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of more than 60 inches

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Ashlar soils that have a surface

layer of gravelly sandy loam

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Ashlar soils that have a surface

layer of loamy sand

Use and Management

Major Uses: Pasture and woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—unsuited

Management concerns: Ashlar—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Rock outcrop—equipment

use

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the areas of Rock outcrop, managing

this map unit for cropland is difficult.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximizes crop productivity.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—

unsuited

Suitability for hayland: Ashlar—poorly suited; Rock

outcrop—unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use, rooting depth,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the areas of Rock outcrop, managing

this map unit for pasture and hayland is difficult.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Ashlar

soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Ashlar—well suited; Rock outcrop—

unsuited

Productivity class: Ashlar—moderately high for loblolly

pine; Rock outcrop—not applicable

Management concerns: Equipment use and windthrow

hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Planting trees by machine and mechanical site

preparation may not be feasible in areas of Rock

outcrop.

• Logging roads may not be feasible, and special

designs and layouts are needed.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Ashlar

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.
Rowan County, North Carolina 31

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Ashlar—

suited; Rock outcrop—unsuited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Ashlar—

poorly suited; Rock outcrop—unsuited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and rock

outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the

Ashlar soil.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and rock

outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and rock

outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Ashlar soil.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Ashlar—well suited; Rock outcrop—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Large stones and rock

outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Camp sites should be located in areas of the Ashlar

soil.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Ashlar—well suited; Rock outcrop—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and rock

outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Picnic facilities should be located in areas of the

Ashlar soil.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Rock outcrop, depth to

bedrock, and content of rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is difficult to manage for playgrounds

because of the rock outcrops.

• Playgrounds should be located in areas of the

Ashlar soil, where large enough.

• The depth to bedrock should be determined before

grading for playgrounds.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Ashlar—IIIe; Rock

outcrop—VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Ashlar—8S, based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species; Rock

outcrop—none assigned

AsC—Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the eastcentral part of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Ashlar soil and similar inclusions: 65 percent

Rock outcrop: 20 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Ashlar

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam
32 Soil Survey

17 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam

that has reddish yellow mottles

Underlying material:

30 to 37 inches—mottled reddish yellow and light

yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam saprolite

Bedrock:

37 inches—unweathered granite

Rock outcrop

Rock outcrop consists of unweathered granite that

is exposed at the surface. In this map unit, about 20

percent of the soil surface has rock outcrops that

average about 30 feet in length and 20 feet in width

and are about 100 feet apart.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Ashlar—moderately deep; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Drainage class: Ashlar—well drained; Rock outcrop—

not applicable

Permeability: Ashlar—moderately rapid; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Depth to high water table: Ashlar—more than 6.0 feet;

Rock outcrop—not applicable

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Ashlar—low; Rock outcrop—not

applicable

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Ashlar—medium; Rock outcrop—very

rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Ashlar—severe; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Soil reaction: Ashlar—moderately acid to very strongly

acid in the surface layer except where it has been

limed and strongly acid or very strongly acid in the

subsoil and underlying material; Rock outcrop—

not applicable

Parent material: Ashlar—residuum weathered from

granite or other coarse grained felsic igneous rock;

Rock outcrop—not applicable

Depth to bedrock: Ashlar—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Rock outcrop—not applicable

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the clayey Saw soils

• Random areas of the clayey Wedowee soils that

have hard bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches

• Random areas of Rion soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of more than 60 inches

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Ashlar soils that have a surface

layer of gravelly sandy loam

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Ashlar soils that have a surface

layer of loamy sand

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—unsuited

Management concerns: Ashlar—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Rock outcrop—equipment

use

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the areas of Rock outcrop, managing

this map unit for cropland is difficult.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—

unsuited

Suitability for hayland: Ashlar—poorly suited; Rock

outcrop—unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use, rooting depth,

and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the areas of Rock outcrop, managing

this map unit for pasture and hayland is difficult.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Ashlar

soil.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination in areas of the Ashlar soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Ashlar—well suited; Rock outcrop—

unsuited

Productivity class: Ashlar—moderately high for loblolly

pine; Rock outcrop—not applicable

Management concerns: Equipment use and windthrow

hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended
Rowan County, North Carolina 33

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Planting trees by machine and mechanical site

preparation may not be feasible in areas of Rock

outcrop.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Ashlar

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

• Logging roads and skid trails may not be feasible,

and special designs and layouts are needed.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Ashlar—

suited; Rock outcrop—unsuited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Ashlar—

poorly suited; Rock outcrop—unsuited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, slope, and

rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the

Ashlar soil.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and rock

outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, slope, and

rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Ashlar soil.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Slope and rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Camp sites should be located in areas of the Ashlar

soil.

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and keep

sediments onsite.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Slope and rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Picnic facilities should be located in areas of the

Ashlar soil.

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and keep

sediments onsite.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Slope and rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Ashlar—IVe; Rock

outcrop—VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Ashlar—8S, based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species; Rock

outcrop—none assigned

AsD—Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the eastcentral part of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres
34 Soil Survey

Composition

Ashlar soil and similar inclusions: 65 percent

Rock outcrop: 20 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Ashlar

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

17 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam

that has reddish yellow mottles

Underlying material:

30 to 37 inches—mottled reddish yellow and light

yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam saprolite

Bedrock:

37 inches—unweathered granite

Rock outcrop

Rock outcrop consists of unweathered granite that

is exposed at the surface. In this map unit, about 20

percent of the soil surface has rock outcrops that

average about 30 feet in length and 20 feet in width

and are about 100 feet apart.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Ashlar—moderately deep; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Drainage class: Ashlar—well drained; Rock outcrop—

not applicable

Permeability: Ashlar—moderately rapid; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Depth to high water table: Ashlar—more than 6.0 feet;

Rock outcrop—not applicable

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Ashlar—low; Rock outcrop—not

applicable

Slope class: Moderately steep

Surface runoff: Ashlar—rapid; Rock outcrop—very

rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Ashlar—very severe; Rock

outcrop—not applicable

Soil reaction: Ashlar—moderately acid to very strongly

acid in the surface layer except where it has been

limed and strongly acid or very strongly acid in the

subsoil and underlying material; Rock outcrop—

not applicable

Parent material: Ashlar—residuum weathered from

granite or other coarse grained felsic igneous rock;

Rock outcrop—not applicable

Depth to bedrock: Ashlar—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Rock outcrop—not applicable

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a clayey

subsoil, are redder than the Ashlar soil, and have hard

bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Ashlar soils that have a surface

layer of gravelly sandy loam

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Ashlar soils that have a surface

layer of loamy sand

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Ashlar—poorly suited; Rock outcrop—

unsuited

Management concerns: Ashlar—erodibility and

equipment use; Rock outcrop—equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting crop

production because of the slope and rock outcrops.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—

unsuited

Suitability for hayland: Ashlar—poorly suited; Rock

outcrop—unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use, rooting depth,

and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the areas of Rock outcrop, managing

this map unit for pasture and hayland is difficult.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Ashlar

soil.

• Constructing trails facilitates the grazing of livestock

in areas where access is limited.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination in areas of the Ashlar soil.
Rowan County, North Carolina 35

Woodland

Suitability: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—unsuited

Productivity class: Ashlar—moderately high for loblolly

pine; Rock outcrop—not applicable

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and windthrow hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Planting trees by machine and mechanical site

preparation may not be feasible.

• Reforestation immediately after harvest using

minimal site preparation and recommended tree

species helps to control erosion and siltation of

streams.

• Using cable logging methods helps to overcome the

limitation to road and trail construction caused by the

large amount of rock outcrops on the soil surface.

• Logging roads and skid trails may not be feasible,

and special designs and layouts are needed.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Ashlar

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, slope, and

rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope and building in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the

Ashlar soil.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, slope, and

rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Ashlar—suited; Rock outcrop—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, slope, and

rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Ashlar soil.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope, large stones, and rock

outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Camp sites should be located in areas of the Ashlar

soil.

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Large stones should be removed as necessary.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• Picnic facilities should be located in areas of the

Ashlar soil.

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Large stones should be removed as necessary.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Slope and rock outcrops

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Ashlar—VIe; Rock

outcrop—VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Ashlar—8R, based on

loblolly pine as the indicator species; Rock

outcrop—none assigned
36 Soil Survey

BaB—Badin channery silt loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 150 acres

Composition

Badin soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—reddish yellow silty clay loam

9 to 16 inches—yellowish red silty clay

16 to 25 inches—red silty clay

25 to 35 inches—mottled red, reddish yellow, and

brownish yellow channery silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

43 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to extremely acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and

more than 40 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Goldston soils that have soft

bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches

• Random areas of Badin soils that have a surface

layer of channery silty clay loam or silty clay loam and

commonly occur in cultivated areas

• The moderately well drained or somewhat poorly

drained Cid, Lignum, and Misenheimer soils along

drainageways

• The moderately well drained Kirksey soils along

drainageways

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Badin soils that have a surface

layer of loam or fine sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, rooting depth, and

soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to
Rowan County, North Carolina 37

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Windthrow hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased by harvesting

windthrown trees, which result from high winds and

the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and

depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade this soil prior to building.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Locating sites on the deeper soils included in the

map unit may improve the performance of filter fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Content of rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Content of rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Content of rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8D, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

BaC—Badin channery silt loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Composition

Badin soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent
38 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—reddish yellow silty clay loam

9 to 16 inches—yellowish red silty clay

16 to 25 inches—red silty clay

25 to 35 inches—mottled red, reddish yellow, and

brownish yellow channery silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

43 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to extremely acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and

more than 40 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Goldston soils that have soft

bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches

• Random areas of Badin soils that have a surface

layer of channery silty clay loam or silty clay loam and

commonly occur in cultivated areas

• The moderately well drained or somewhat poorly

drained Cid, Lignum, and Misenheimer soils along

drainageways

• The moderately well drained Kirksey soils along

drainageways

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Badin soils that have a surface

layer of silt loam or fine sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Other Uses: Cropland and hayland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, rooting depth, and

soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Windthrow hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended
Rowan County, North Carolina 39

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased by harvesting

windthrown trees, which result from high winds and

the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, slope, and

shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade this soil prior to building.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Locating sites on the deeper soils included in the

map unit may improve the performance of filter fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8D, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

BaD—Badin channery silt loam, 15 to 30

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Narrow side slopes

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres
40 Soil Survey

Composition

Badin soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—reddish yellow silty clay loam

9 to 16 inches—yellowish red silty clay

16 to 25 inches—red silty clay

25 to 35 inches—mottled red, reddish yellow, and

brownish yellow channery silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

43 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Moderately steep

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to extremely acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and

more than 40 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Goldston soils that have soft

bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches

• Random areas of the eroded Badin soils that have a

surface layer of channery silty clay loam

• Tatum soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of 40

to 60 inches and are on the less sloping parts of the

landscape

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Badin soils that have a surface

layer of silt loam or fine sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated

crops because the slope limits equipment use.

• Cultivation should be restricted to the less sloping

areas of this map unit, or areas on better suited soils

should be selected for cropland.

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Suited

Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Constructing trails facilitates the grazing of livestock

in areas where access is limited.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and windthrow hazard
Rowan County, North Carolina 41

Management measures and considerations:

• Establishing permanent plant cover on roads and

landings after logging operations helps to control

erosion and siltation of streams.

• Reforestation immediately after harvest using

minimal site preparation and recommended tree

species helps to control erosion and siltation of

streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Productivity may be increased by harvesting

windthrown trees, which result from high winds and

limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope and building in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade this soil prior to building.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8R, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

BgB—Badin-Goldston complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Ridgetops

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres

Composition

Badin soil and similar inclusions: 60 percent

Goldston soil and similar inclusions: 25 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent
42 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

Badin

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—reddish yellow silty clay loam

9 to 16 inches—yellowish red silty clay

16 to 25 inches—red silty clay

25 to 35 inches—mottled red, reddish yellow, and

brownish yellow channery silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

43 inches—unweathered argillite

Goldston

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 17 inches—light yellowish brown very channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

17 to 27 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

27 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Badin—moderately deep; Goldston—

shallow

Drainage class: Badin—well drained; Goldston—well

drained to excessively drained

Permeability: Badin—moderate; Goldston—moderately

rapid

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Badin—moderate; Goldston—

low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Badin—medium; Goldston—rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Moderately acid to extremely acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: Badin—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock and more than 40 inches to hard bedrock;

Goldston—10 to 20 inches to soft bedrock and 20

to 40 inches or more to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• The moderately well drained or somewhat poorly

drained Misenheimer soils on low ridges, in flat areas,

and along drainageways

• Random areas of Badin soils that have a surface

layer of channery silty clay loam and commonly occur

in cultivated areas

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Badin and Goldston soils that

have a surface layer of channery loam or channery

fine sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Badin—suited; Goldston—poorly suited

Management concerns: Badin—erodibility and soil

fertility; Goldston—erodibility, droughtiness,

rooting depth, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Because of the shallow rooting depth, managing

areas of the Goldston soil for economical crop

production is difficult.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Badin—well suited; Goldston—

suited

Suitability for hayland: Badin—well suited; Goldston—

poorly suited

Management concerns: Badin—soil fertility;

Goldston—droughtiness, rooting depth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the
Rowan County, North Carolina 43

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Goldston

soil.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Badin—well suited; Goldston—suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Badin—windthrow hazard;

Goldston—seedling survival and windthrow

hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Maintaining surface litter helps to increase water

infiltration and reduce seedling mortality rates.

• Productivity may be increased by harvesting

windthrown trees, which result from high winds and

the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Badin—

suited; Goldston—poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and shrinkswell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade these soils prior to building.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Goldston soil.

• Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse

material helps to strengthen buildings and prevent

damage caused by shrinking and swelling of the Badin

soil.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Locating sites on the deeper soils included in the

map unit may improve the performance of filter fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Badin—poorly suited; Goldston—suited

Management concerns: Badin—low strength;

Goldston—depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength in areas of the Badin soil.

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Goldston soil.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Badin—suited; Goldston—poorly suited

Management concerns: Badin—content of rock

fragments; Goldston—depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Camp sites should be located in areas of the Badin

soil.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Badin—suited; Goldston—poorly suited

Management concerns: Badin—content of rock

fragments; Goldston—depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Picnic facilities should be located in areas of the

Badin soil.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Content of rock fragments and

depth to bedrock
44 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• The depth to bedrock should be determined before

grading for playgrounds.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Badin—IIIe; Goldston—

IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 8D in areas of the Badin soil

and 7D in areas of the Goldston soil

BgC—Badin-Goldston complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or long and narrow

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Badin soil and similar inclusions: 60 percent

Goldston soil and similar inclusions: 25 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Badin

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—reddish yellow silty clay loam

9 to 16 inches—yellowish red silty clay

16 to 25 inches—red silty clay

25 to 35 inches—mottled red, reddish yellow, and

brownish yellow channery silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

43 inches—unweathered argillite

Goldston

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 17 inches—light yellowish brown very channery

silt loam

Underlying material:

17 to 27 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

Bedrock:

27 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Badin—moderately deep; Goldston—

shallow

Drainage class: Badin—well drained; Goldston—well

drained to excessively drained

Permeability: Badin—moderate; Goldston—moderately

rapid

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Badin—moderate; Goldston—

low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Badin—medium or rapid; Goldston—

rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to extremely acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: Badin—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock and more than 40 inches to hard bedrock;

Goldston—10 to 20 inches to soft bedrock and 20

to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Tatum soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of 40

to 60 inches and are on the upper side slopes and on

ridge crests

• Random areas of Badin soils that have a surface

layer of channery silty clay loam and commonly occur

in cultivated areas

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Badin and Goldston soils that

have a surface layer of channery loam or channery

fine sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and cropland
Rowan County, North Carolina 45

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Badin—suited; Goldston—poorly suited

Management concerns: Badin—erodibility and soil

fertility; Goldston—erodibility, droughtiness,

rooting depth, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Because of the shallow rooting depth, managing

areas of the Goldston soil for economical crop

production is difficult.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Badin—well suited; Goldston—

suited

Suitability for hayland: Badin—suited; Goldston—

poorly suited

Management concerns: Badin—erodibility and soil

fertility; Goldston—erodibility, droughtiness,

rooting depth, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to minimize erosion and increase

germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Goldston

soil.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Badin—well suited; Goldston—suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Badin—windthrow hazard;

Goldston—seedling survival and windthrow

hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Maintaining surface litter helps to increase the

infiltration of water and reduce seedling mortality

rates.

• Productivity may be increased by harvesting

windthrown trees, which result from high winds and

the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Badin—

suited; Goldston—poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope, depth to bedrock, and

shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade these soils prior to building.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Goldston soil.

• Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse

material helps to strengthen buildings and prevent

damage caused by shrinking and swelling of the Badin

soil.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Locating sites on the deeper soils included in the

map unit may improve the performance of filter fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Badin—poorly suited; Goldston—suited

Management concerns: Badin—low strength;

Goldston—depth to bedrock and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength in areas of the Badin soil.
46 Soil Survey

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Goldston soil.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Badin—suited; Goldston—poorly suited

Management concerns: Badin—content of rock

fragments and slope; Goldston—depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Camp sites should be located in areas of the Badin

soil.

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Badin—suited; Goldston—poorly suited

Management concerns: Badin—content of rock

fragments and slope; Goldston—depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Picnic facilities should be located in areas of the

Badin soil.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope, content of rock

fragments, and depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• The depth to bedrock should be determined before

grading for playgrounds.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Badin—IVe; Goldston—

IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 8D in areas of the Badin soil

and 7D in areas of the Goldston soil

CcB—Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

western parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Cecil soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 12 inches—red sandy clay loam

12 to 21 inches—red clay

21 to 32 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

32 to 51 inches—red clay loam that has brownish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

51 to 60 inches—red loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping
Rowan County, North Carolina 47

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have saprolite at

a depth of less than 40 inches

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

• Random areas of Hiwassee soils that have a surface

layer of dark red clay loam, are dark red in the upper

part of the subsoil, and commonly occur in cultivated

areas

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a surface

layer of loam or fine sandy loam

• Appling soils that have a subsoil that is yellower than

that of the Cecil soil and are on the more level parts of

the landscape

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting dwellings.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited
48 Soil Survey

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

CcC—Cecil sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

western parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Cecil soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 12 inches—red sandy clay loam

12 to 21 inches—red clay

21 to 32 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

32 to 51 inches—red clay loam that has brownish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

51 to 60 inches—red loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have saprolite at

a depth of less than 40 inches

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

• Random areas of Hiwassee soils that have a surface

layer of dark red clay loam, are dark red in the upper

part of the subsoil, and commonly occur in cultivated

areas

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a surface

layer of loam or fine sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and urban development
Rowan County, North Carolina 49

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.
50 Soil Survey

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

CeB2—Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

western parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 300 acres

Composition

Cecil soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—red sandy clay loam

10 to 16 inches—red clay loam

16 to 33 inches—red clay

33 to 41 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

41 to 51 inches—red clay loam that has brownish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

51 to 71 inches—red loam saprolite that has brownish

yellow mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have saprolite at

a depth of less than 40 inches

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam

• Random areas of the slowly permeable Mecklenburg

soils that are less acid than the Cecil soil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Hiwassee soils that have a surface

layer of dark red clay loam and are dark red in the

upper part of the subsoil

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Hayland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

helps to stabilize the soil, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.
Rowan County, North Carolina 51

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage from

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting dwellings.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.
52 Soil Survey

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 7C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

CeC2—Cecil sandy clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

western parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 60 acres

Composition

Cecil soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—red sandy clay loam

10 to 16 inches—red clay loam

16 to 33 inches—red clay

33 to 41 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

41 to 51 inches—red clay loam that has brownish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

51 to 71 inches—red loam saprolite that has brownish

yellow mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have saprolite at

a depth of less than 40 inches

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam

• Random areas of the slowly permeable Mecklenburg

soils that are less acid than the Cecil soil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Hiwassee soils that have a surface

layer of dark red clay loam and are dark red in the

upper part of the subsoil

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations helps to

stabilize the soil, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.
Rowan County, North Carolina 53

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage from

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures on the contour and in

conformance with the natural slope or locating picnic

facilities in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil

performance.

• A level area with a surface of gravel fill material

should be provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe
54 Soil Survey

Woodland ordination symbol: 7C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

CfB—Cecil-Urban land complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in and near

Salisbury, Spencer, Landis, and other urban areas

throughout the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Rectangular or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres

Composition

Cecil soil and similar inclusions: 55 percent

Urban land: 30 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Cecil

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—red sandy clay loam

10 to 16 inches—red clay loam

16 to 33 inches—red clay

33 to 41 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

41 to 51 inches—red clay loam that has brownish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

51 to 71 inches—red loam saprolite that has brownish

yellow mottles

Urban land

Urban land consists of areas mostly covered by

commercial, industrial, or other urban buildings, paved

streets and sidewalks, paved parking lots, closely

spaced houses, or other impervious materials so that

identification of the natural soil is not feasible.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Cecil—very deep; Urban land—not

applicable

Permeability: Cecil—moderate; Urban land—not

applicable

Depth to high water table: Cecil—more than 6.0 feet;

Urban land—not applicable

Hazard of flooding: Cecil—none; Urban land—not

applicable

Shrink-swell potential: Cecil—low; Urban land—not

applicable

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Cecil—medium; Urban land—very

rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Cecil—severe; Urban land—

not applicable

Soil reaction: Cecil—very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Urban land—not applicable

Parent material: Cecil—residuum weathered from

felsic metamorphic or igneous rock; Urban land—

not applicable

Depth to bedrock: Cecil—more than 60 inches; Urban

land—not applicable

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have saprolite at

a depth of less than 40 inches

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam

• Random areas of the slowly permeable Mecklenburg

soils that are less acid than the Cecil soil

• The slowly permeable Vance soils that have a yellow

subsoil and are in saddles and on foot slopes

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Hiwassee soils that have a surface

layer of dark red clay loam and are dark red in the

upper part of the subsoil

Use and Management

Major Uses: Urban development

Other Uses: None

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Limited size of natural soil

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• Crop production is generally not feasible because of

the size of areas of the Cecil soil and the intermittent

areas of Urban land.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Limited size of natural soil

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• The production of pasture and hay crops is generally

not feasible because of the limited size of areas of the

Cecil soil and the intermittent areas of Urban land.
Rowan County, North Carolina 55

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Productivity class: Not applicable

Management concerns: Limited size of natural soil

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• Timber production is rarely feasible because of the

limited size of areas of the Cecil soil and the

intermittent areas of Urban land, but trees could be

planted primarily for their aesthetic value.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Cecil—well suited; Urban land—not

applicable

Management concerns: Limited size of natural soil

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• The Cecil soil has few limitations affecting dwellings.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Cecil—suited; Urban land—not applicable

Management concerns: Cecil—restricted permeability;

Urban land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Cecil—suited; Urban land—not applicable

Management concerns: Cecil—low strength; Urban

land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Carefully planning the location of roads helps to

minimize the disturbance of existing structures.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Cecil—well suited; Urban land—not

applicable

Management concerns: Cecil—limited size and

urbanization; Urban land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Trees or environmental plantings can be used to

screen camp areas from urban areas.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Cecil—well suited; Urban land—not

applicable

Management concerns: Cecil—limited size and

urbanization; Urban land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Trees or environmental plantings can be used to

screen picnic areas from urban areas.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Cecil—suited; Urban land—not applicable

Management concerns: Cecil—slope and content of

rock fragments; Urban land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Trees or environmental plantings can be used to

screen playground areas from urban areas.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Cecil—IIIe; Urban land—

VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned

ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, frequently flooded

Setting

Landform: River or stream valleys and drainageways

of the Piedmont, in areas throughout the county

Landscape position: Flood plains

Shape of areas: Long and narrow or oblong

Size of areas: 5 to 2,000 acres
56 Soil Survey

Composition

Chewacla soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—reddish brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 11 inches—reddish brown sandy clay loam

11 to 17 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

17 to 25 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam that

has light brownish gray and strong brown mottles

25 to 32 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that

has brown and strong brown mottles

Underlying material:

32 to 38 inches—grayish brown clay loam

38 to 47 inches—gray clay loam that has yellowish red

and strong brown mottles

47 to 60 inches—light gray sandy clay loam that has

pockets of clay and sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from

November through April; apparent

Hazard of flooding: Frequent for brief to long periods

from November through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Nearly level

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: None or slight

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer and the upper part of the subsoil

except where the surface layer has been limed;

very strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower

part of the subsoil and in the underlying material

Parent material: Recent alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Riverview soils in the slightly higher

landscape positions, commonly closest to the stream

channel

• The clayey Wahee soils in the slightly higher

landscape positions at the base of upland slopes on

adjacent stream terraces

• Soils that have a clayey subsoil and are in

landscape positions similar to those of the Chewacla

soil

• Poorly drained soils in low, depressional areas at the

foot of upland slopes

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Chewacla soils that have a surface

layer of silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Other Uses: Cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the potential for flooding and wetness

during the growing season, managing this map unit for

cropland is difficult.

• Harvesting crops as soon as possible helps to

reduce the risk of damage caused by flooding.

• Installing a drainage system that includes open

ditches, perforated tile, or land shaping helps to

increase productivity.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting caused by

equipment.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Harvesting hay crops as soon as possible helps to

reduce the risk of damage caused by flooding.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to

improve the productivity of moisture-sensitive crops.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for yellow-poplar

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soil is saturated.
Rowan County, North Carolina 57

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

dwellings.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength, flooding, and

wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross streams and flood plains.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness and flooding

limitations.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting camp

areas.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to overcome the

wetness limitation.

• This map unit should not be used for picnic areas

after heavy rains when flooding is a hazard.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

facilities helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

• This map unit should not be used for playgrounds

after heavy rains when flooding is a hazard.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVw

Woodland ordination symbol: 7W, based on yellowpoplar as the indicator species

CmB—Cid-Lignum complex, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges and broad upland

flats

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 400 acres

Composition

Cid soil and similar inclusions: 65 percent

Lignum soil and similar inclusions: 20 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Cid

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—light brownish gray silt loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 6 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that

has pale brown mottles

10 to 19 inches—brownish yellow silty clay

19 to 27 inches—brownish yellow silty clay that has

grayish brown mottles

27 to 35 inches—yellowish brown channery silty clay

that has light gray mottles

Bedrock:

35 to 39 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

39 inches—unweathered argillite
58 Soil Survey

Lignum

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—light olive brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 9 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that

has reddish yellow mottles

18 to 23 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that

has reddish yellow, olive yellow, and light brownish

gray mottles

23 to 29 inches—brownish yellow silty clay that has

light gray mottles

29 to 36 inches—mottled brownish yellow and light

gray silty clay loam

Underlying material:

36 to 54 inches—multicolored channery silt loam

saprolite

Bedrock:

54 to 60 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Cid—moderately deep; Lignum—deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Cid—slow; Lignum—very slow

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from

December through May; perched

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or slow

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate or severe

Soil reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: Cid—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Lignum—40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Badin soils that have a subsoil that

is redder than that of the Cid or Lignum soil and are on

small ridges and small knolls

• Random areas of the deep, loamy Kirksey soils on

the lower parts of the landscape

• The shallow, loamy Misenheimer soils in the slightly

lower, flat areas

• Poorly drained soils in depressional areas and along

drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Cid and Lignum soils that have a

surface layer of loam

• Random areas of Cid and Lignum soils in which

reaction in the lower part of the subsoil and in the

underlying material ranges to slightly acid

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Other Uses: Cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness, soil fertility, and

erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soils are not wet helps to prevent clodding and

rutting caused by equipment.

• Using open ditches and diversions to divert water

helps to improve productivity.

• Planting wetness-tolerant species in undrained

areas helps to improve productivity.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Wetness, erodibility, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and minimize

erosion.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Using open ditches and diversions to divert water

helps to improve productivity.
Rowan County, North Carolina 59

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Cid—equipment use and

windthrow hazard; Lignum—seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soils are saturated.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Cid

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Cid—wetness, shrink-swell

potential, and depth to bedrock; Lignum—wetness

and shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Building structures on the highest part of the

landscape and using an artificial drainage system help

to reduce the risk of damage caused by wetness.

• Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse

material helps to strengthen buildings and prevent

damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads to safely remove surface runoff

helps to improve soil performance.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

camp sites helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope, wetness, content of

rock fragments, and restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and helps to

minimize the wetness and permeability limitations.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs
60 Soil Survey

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6W in areas of the Cid soil

and 7W in areas of the Lignum soil

DoA—Dogue fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landform: River or stream valleys of the Piedmont,

mainly along Grants, Second, Third, and Fourth

Creeks

Landscape position: Low stream terraces

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 25 acres

Composition

Dogue soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

6 to 10 inches—pale brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches—olive yellow clay loam that has very

pale brown mottles

18 to 23 inches—olive yellow clay loam that has pale

yellow and reddish yellow mottles

23 to 31 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light

gray and olive yellow mottles

31 to 38 inches—mottled olive yellow, light gray, and

strong brown clay

38 to 50 inches—mottled gray, strong brown, and

yellowish brown clay

Underlying material:

50 to 60 inches—pale yellow sandy clay loam that has

light gray mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from

January through March; apparent

Hazard of flooding: Rare

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Nearly level

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: None or slight

Rock fragments on the surface: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Old alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained, frequently flooded

Chewacla soils that have a loamy subsoil and are on

flood plains along drainageways

• Moderately well drained soils that have a loamy

subsoil and are in landscape positions similar to those

of the Dogue soil

• The somewhat poorly drained Wahee soils in low,

depressional areas

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Dogue soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam or loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and hayland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Harvesting crops as soon as possible helps to

reduce the risk of damage caused by flooding.

• Installing an artificial drainage system helps to

reduce the wetness limitation and improve productivity.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting caused by

equipment.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited
Rowan County, North Carolina 61

Management concerns: Rare flooding, wetness, and

soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to periods when the

soil is not saturated helps to prevent rutting and

damage to tree roots due to compaction.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to reduce the risk of damage caused by

wetness.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads to safely remove surface runoff

helps to improve soil performance.

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross drainageways or wet areas.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Building structures on the highest part of the

landscape helps to reduce the risk of damage caused

by flooding.

• This map unit should not be used for camp areas

after heavy rains when flooding is a hazard.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Building structures on the highest part of the

landscape helps to reduce the risk of damage caused

by flooding.

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• This map unit should not be used for picnic areas

after heavy rains when flooding is a hazard.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and minimize

the wetness limitation.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• This map unit should not be used for playgrounds

after heavy rains when flooding is a hazard.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 9A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species
62 Soil Survey

DoB—Dogue fine sandy loam, 2 to 6

percent slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landform: River or stream valleys of the Piedmont,

mainly along Grants, Second, Third, and Fourth

Creeks and the South Yadkin River

Landscape position: Low stream terraces

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Dogue soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

6 to 10 inches—pale brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches—olive yellow clay loam that has very

pale brown mottles

18 to 23 inches—olive yellow clay loam that has pale

yellow and reddish yellow mottles

23 to 31 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light

gray and olive yellow mottles

31 to 38 inches—mottled olive yellow, light gray, and

strong brown clay

38 to 50 inches—mottled gray, strong brown, and

yellowish brown clay

Underlying material:

50 to 60 inches—pale yellow sandy clay loam that has

light gray mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

High water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet from January through

March; apparent

Hazard of flooding: Rare

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Old alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Dogue soils that are not subject to flooding and are

on the upper side slopes and in the slightly higher

landscape positions

• Moderately well drained soils that have a loamy

subsoil and are in landscape positions similar to those

of the Dogue soil

• Random areas of the well drained Wickham soils

that have a red loamy subsoil

• Random areas of the eroded Dogue soils that have

a surface layer of sandy clay loam or clay loam and

commonly occur in cultivated areas

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Dogue soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam or loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland

Other Uses: Pasture and woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting caused by

equipment.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and minimize

erosion.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.
Rowan County, North Carolina 63

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to periods when the

soil is not saturated helps to prevent rutting and

damage to tree roots due to compaction.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Building structures on the highest part of the

landscape or in areas of the nonflooding included soils

helps to reduce the risk of damage caused by

flooding.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads to safely remove surface runoff

helps to improve soil performance.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Building structures on the highest part of the

landscape helps to reduce the risk of damage caused

by flooding.

• Locating camp sites on raised surfaces of gravel fill

material helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Moderately suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope, content of rock

fragments, and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and minimize

the wetness limitation.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species
64 Soil Survey

EnB—Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres

Composition

Enon soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

10 to 17 inches—strong brown clay

17 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay

27 to 33 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light olive

brown, and pale yellow clay loam

Underlying material:

33 to 72 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed;

strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Sedgefield soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• Mecklenburg soils that have a subsoil that is redder

than that of the Enon soil, have a moderate shrinkswell potential, and are on small knolls

• Random areas of Zion soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a surface

layer of clay loam and commonly occur in cultivated

areas

• Random areas of Mocksville soils that have a loamy

subsoil

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a surface

layer of loam or sandy loam

• Random areas of Vance soils that are more acid

than the Enon soil

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and cropland

Other Uses: Pasture and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited
Rowan County, North Carolina 65

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and low

strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive soil erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tents and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tables and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope, restricted permeability,

and small stones

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitations.

• Small stones should be removed.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 7A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

EnC—Enon fine sandy loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres
66 Soil Survey

Composition

Enon soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

10 to 17 inches—strong brown clay

17 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay

27 to 33 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light olive

brown, and pale yellow clay loam

Underlying material:

33 to 72 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed;

strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Sedgefield soils on foot

slopes and along drainageways

• Mecklenburg soils that have a subsoil that is redder

than that of the Enon soil, have a moderate shrinkswell potential, and are on the upper side slopes and

on ridge crests

• Random areas of Zion soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a surface

layer of clay loam and commonly occur in cultivated

areas

• Random areas of Poindexter soils that have a loamy

subsoil and have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40

inches

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a surface

layer of loam or sandy loam

• Random areas of Vance soils that are more acid

than the Enon soil

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Other Uses: cropland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine
Rowan County, North Carolina 67

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and low

strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 7A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

EsC—Enon very cobbly loam, 4 to 15

percent slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

northwestern part of the county
68 Soil Survey

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Enon soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly loam

8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

13 to 33 inches—yellowish brown clay

33 to 39 inches—light olive brown clay

Underlying material:

39 to 60 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Rock fragments on the surface: Stones 10 to 24

inches in diameter and about 42 inches apart;

boulders averaging about 40 inches in diameter

and 40 to 50 feet apart

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed;

strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that do not have a very

cobbly or very stony surface

• The moderately well drained Sedgefield soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• Random areas of Zion soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas where rock outcrops are widely

scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a cobbly or

stony surface

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting crop

production because of stones and cobbles.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting the

production of pasture and hay crops because of

stones and cobbles.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Planting trees by machine and mechanical site

preparation may not be feasible.

• Logging roads and skid trails may not be feasible,

and special designs and layouts are needed.

• In this map unit, the required distances for skidding

and cabling are longer than usual.

• Tracked equipment should be not be used, and

sharp stones may cause damage to rubber-tired

equipment.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and

stones

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.
Rowan County, North Carolina 69

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Clearing stones from the building site may be

necessary.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and low

strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Stones, slope, and content of

rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Camp sites should be located in the less stony

areas.

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Cobbles and stones should be removed as

necessary.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Stones, slope, and content of

rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Picnic facilities should be located in the less stony

areas.

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Cobbles and stones should be removed as

necessary.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Stones, slope, and content of

rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 7X, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

EsD—Enon very cobbly loam, 15 to 25

percent slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

northwestern part of the county

Landscape position: Very narrow ridges and side

slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or long and narrow

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Enon soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly loam
70 Soil Survey

8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

13 to 33 inches—yellowish brown clay

33 to 39 inches—light olive brown clay

Underlying material:

39 to 60 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Moderately steep

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Rock fragments on the surface: Stones 10 to 24

inches in diameter and about 42 inches apart;

boulders averaging about 40 inches in diameter

and about 40 to 50 feet apart

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed;

strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that do not have a very

cobbly or very stony surface

• Random areas of Zion soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Mocksville soils that have a loamy

subsoil

• Random areas of Poindexter soils that have a loamy

subsoil and have hard bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60

inches

• Random areas where rock outcrops are widely

scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a cobbly or

stony surface

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: None

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting crop

production because of cobbles, stones, and the slope.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting the

production of pasture and hay crops because of the

slope, stones, cobbles, and boulders.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Increasing the typical number of seedlings per unit

area can help to produce an adequate stand.

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Planting trees by machine and mechanical site

preparation may not be feasible.

• Logging roads and skid trails may not be feasible,

and special designs and layouts are needed.

• In this map unit, the required distances for skidding

and cabling are longer than usual.

• Tracked equipment should be not be used, and

sharp stones may cause damage to rubber-tired

equipment.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope and building in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and restricted

permeability
Rowan County, North Carolina 71

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential, low

strength, and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and stones

Management measures and considerations:

• Camp sites should be located in the less stony

areas.

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Large stones should be removed as necessary.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and stones

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Picnic facilities should be located in the less stony

areas.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Stones and slope

Management measures and considerations:

 • This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 7X, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

EuB—Enon-Urban land complex, 2 to 10

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in and near

Salisbury and Spencer

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges

Shape of areas: Rectangular

Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres

Composition

Enon soil and similar inclusions: 50 percent

Urban land: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Enon

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

10 to 17 inches—brown clay

17 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay

27 to 33 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light olive

brown, and pale yellow clay loam

Underlying material:

33 to 72 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Urban land

Urban land consists of areas mostly covered by

commercial, industrial, or other urban buildings, paved

streets and sidewalks, paved parking lots, closely
72 Soil Survey

spaced houses, or other impervious material so that

identification of the natural soil is not feasible.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Enon—very deep; Urban land—not

applicable

Drainage class: Enon—well drained; Urban land—not

applicable

Permeability: Enon—slow; Urban land—not applicable

Depth to high water table: Enon—more than 6.0 feet;

Urban land—not applicable

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Enon—high; Urban land—not

applicable

Slope class: Gently sloping or strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Enon—medium; Urban land—rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Enon—moderate; Urban

land—not applicable

Soil reaction: Enon—strongly acid to slightly acid in

the surface layer except where it has been limed;

strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil and

underlying material; Urban land—not applicable

Parent material: Enon—residuum weathered from

mafic or intermediate igneous or metamorphic

rock; Urban land—not applicable

Depth to bedrock: Enon—more than 60 inches; Urban

land—not applicable

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Sedgefield soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• Mecklenburg soils that have a subsoil that is redder

than that of the Enon soil, have a moderate shrinkswell potential, and are on small knolls

• Random areas of Zion soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of the eroded Enon soils that have a

surface layer of clay loam

• Random areas of Mocksville soils that have a loamy

subsoil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a surface

layer of loam or sandy loam

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Limited size of natural soil

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• Crop production is generally not feasible because of

the limited size of areas of the Enon soil and the

intermittent areas of Urban land.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Limited size of natural soil

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• The production of pasture and hay crops is generally

not feasible because of the limited size of areas of the

Enon soil and the intermittent areas of Urban land.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Productivity class: Not applicable

Management concerns: Limited size of natural soil

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• Timber production is rarely feasible because of the

limited size of areas of the Enon soil and the

intermittent areas of Urban land, but trees could be

planted primarily for their aesthetic value.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Enon—poorly suited; Urban land—not

applicable

Management concerns: Enon—shrink-swell potential;

Urban land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Enon—poorly suited; Urban land—not

applicable

Management concerns: Enon—restricted permeability;

Urban land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Outlets of public sewage systems should be

accessed, where possible, so that areas of this map

unit will not be needed for septic tank systems.
Rowan County, North Carolina 73

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Enon—poorly suited; Urban land—not

applicable

Management concerns: Enon—shrink-swell potential

and low strength; Urban land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Carefully planning the location of roads helps to

minimize the disturbance of existing structures.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Enon—suited; Urban land—not applicable

Management concerns: Enon—limited size of areas,

urbanization, and restricted permeability; Urban

land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Trees or environmental plantings can be used to

screen camp areas from urban areas.

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tents and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Enon—suited; Urban land—not applicable

Management concerns: Enon—limited size of areas,

urbanization, and restricted permeability; Urban

land—not applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Trees or environmental plantings can be used to

screen picnic areas from urban areas.

• Locating picnic areas on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tables and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Enon—suited; Urban land—not applicable

Management concerns: Enon—limited size of areas,

slope, and shrink-swell potential; Urban land—not

applicable

Management measures and considerations:

• Trees or environmental plantings can be used to

screen playground areas from urban areas.

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Enon—IIIe; Urban

land—VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned

HeB—Helena sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the southcentral part of the county but also in smaller areas

scattered throughout the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges, toe slopes, head of

drainageways, areas along drainageways, and

depressional areas

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Helena soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—olive brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 11 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

11 to 19 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay that has

reddish yellow mottles

19 to 25 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay that has

yellowish brown, red, and light gray mottles

25 to 30 inches—brownish yellow clay that has light

gray, dark yellowish brown, and brownish yellow

mottles

30 to 35 inches—yellow clay that has light gray,

brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown mottles

35 to 42 inches—light gray clay loam that has

brownish yellow mottles

Underlying material:

42 to 60 inches—light gray loam saprolite that has

strong brown mottles
74 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from

January through April; perched

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Vance soils on small knolls and

side slopes

• Random areas of the moderately well drained or

somewhat poorly drained Sedgefield soils that are

more basic in reaction than the Helena soil

• Poorly drained soils along drainageways and in

depressions

• Random areas of Helena soils that have a gravelly

surface layer

• Random areas of Helena soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Helena soils that have a surface

layer of loamy sand

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Installing an artificial drainage system helps to

reduce the wetness limitation and improve productivity.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting caused by

equipment.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to periods when the

soil is not saturated helps to prevent rutting and

damage to tree roots due to compaction.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to reduce the risk of damage caused by

wetness.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as
Rowan County, North Carolina 75

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads to safely remove surface runoff

helps to improve soil performance.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

camp sites helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope, wetness, and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and minimize

the wetness and permeability limitations.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

HsD—Hiwassee loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Uplands and old high stream terraces of the

Piedmont, mainly in the vicinity of Barber and

Cleveland and areas southward

Landscape position: Very narrow ridges and side

slopes

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 4 to 25 acres

Composition

Hiwassee soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent
76 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown loam

Subsoil:

8 to 38 inches—dark red clay

38 to 49 inches—red clay loam

49 to 60 inches—red sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Moderately steep

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Slightly acid to very strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic to

mafic metamorphic or igneous rock or old alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a red

subsoil and have saprolite within a depth of 40 inches

• Random areas of Hiwassee soils that have a surface

layer of clay loam

• The slowly permeable Enon soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Hiwassee soil and are

on the lower side slopes

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of soils that are similar to the

Hiwassee soil but have a dark red subsoil that extends

to a depth of more than 60 inches

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Managing this map unit for cultivated crops is difficult

because the slope limits equipment use.

• Cultivation should be restricted to the less sloping

areas of this map unit, or areas on better suited soils

should be selected for cropland.

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Suited

Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Reforestation immediately after harvest using

minimal site preparation and recommended tree

species helps to control erosion and siltation of

streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitation.
Rowan County, North Carolina 77

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope and building in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8R, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

HwB2—Hiwassee clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Uplands and old high stream terraces of the

Piedmont, mainly in the vicinity of Barber and

Cleveland and areas southward

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres

Composition

Hiwassee soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 11 inches—dark reddish brown clay loam

11 to 32 inches—dark red clay

32 to 57 inches—red clay that has strong brown

mottles

57 to 67 inches—red clay loam that has strong brown

mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None
78 Soil Survey

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Slightly acid to very strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic to

mafic metamorphic or igneous rock or old alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The slowly permeable Mecklenburg soils on the

lower parts of the landscape

• The slowly permeable Enon soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Hiwassee soil and are

on the lower parts of the landscape

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a red subsoil

• Random areas of Hiwassee soils that have a surface

layer of loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, soil fertility, and tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

farming, crop residue management, and rotations of

soil-conserving crops helps to stabilize the soil, control

surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting dwellings.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength
Rowan County, North Carolina 79

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 7C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

HwC2—Hiwassee clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Uplands and old high stream terraces of the

Piedmont, mainly in the vicinity of Barber and

Cleveland and areas southward

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 80 acres

Composition

Hiwassee soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 11 inches—dark reddish brown clay loam

Subsoil:

11 to 32 inches—dark red clay

32 to 57 inches—red clay that has strong brown

mottles

57 to 67 inches—red clay loam that has strong brown

mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Slightly acid to very strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic to

mafic metamorphic or igneous rock or old alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The slowly permeable Mecklenburg soils on the

lower parts of the landscape

• The slowly permeable Enon soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Hiwassee soil and are

on the lower parts of the landscape

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a red subsoil

• Random areas of Hiwassee soils that have a surface

layer of loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Pasture and cropland

Other Uses: Woodland
80 Soil Survey

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, soil fertility, and tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations helps to

stabilize the soil, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface helps to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.
Rowan County, North Carolina 81

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 7C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

IrB—Iredell loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges and broad upland

flats

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Iredell soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—light olive brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 13 inches—yellowish brown clay

13 to 21 inches—yellowish brown clay that has pale

olive mottles

21 to 25 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light

olive brown and olive gray mottles

25 to 32 inches—multicolored sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

32 to 60 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

High water table: At a depth of 1.0 to 2.0 feet from

December through April; perched

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Very high

Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to neutral in the surface

layer; neutral to moderately alkaline in the subsoil

and underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the well drained Enon soils that

have a high shrink-swell potential

• The well drained Mecklenburg soils that have a

subsoil that is redder than that of the Iredell soil, have

a moderate shrink-swell potential, and are on small

knolls and ridges

• The poorly drained Armenia soils in depressional

areas and along drainageways

• Random areas of the well drained Zion soils that

have hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Sedgefield soils that have a high

shrink-swell potential

• Random areas of Iredell soils that have a surface

layer of silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Pasture and woodland

Other Uses: Cropland
82 Soil Survey

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, root

penetration, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent clodding and rutting

caused by equipment.

• Using open ditches and diversions to divert water

helps to improve productivity.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Wetness and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increases forage production.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soil is saturated.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces

mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to reduce the risk of damage caused by

wetness.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness limitation.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

camp sites helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the
Rowan County, North Carolina 83

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and minimize

the wetness limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

KcB—Kirksey-Cid complex, 2 to 6 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Broad upland flats and broad

ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 40 acres

Composition

Kirksey soil and similar inclusions: 70 percent

Cid soil and similar inclusions: 15 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Kirksey

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—olive yellow silty clay loam

14 to 24 inches—olive yellow silty clay loam that has

light gray and yellowish brown mottles

24 to 36 inches—mottled olive yellow and light gray

silty clay loam

36 to 42 inches—mottled olive yellow, yellowish brown,

and light brownish gray silty clay loam

Bedrock:

42 to 45 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

45 inches—unweathered argillite

Cid

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—light brownish gray silt loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 6 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that

has pale brown mottles

10 to 19 inches—brownish yellow silty clay

19 to 27 inches—brownish yellow silty clay that has

grayish brown mottles

27 to 35 inches—yellowish brown channery silty clay

that has light gray mottles

Bedrock:

35 to 39 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

39 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Kirksey—deep; Cid—moderately deep

Drainage class: Kirksey—moderately well drained;

Cid—moderately well drained or somewhat poorly

drained

Permeability: Kirksey—moderately slow; Cid—slow

High water table: Kirksey—perched at a depth of 1.5 to

3.0 feet from December through March; Cid—

perched at a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from

December through May

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Kirksey—low; Cid—moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe
84 Soil Survey

Soil reaction: Kirksey—very strongly acid or strongly

acid in the surface layer and subsoil except where

the surface layer has been limed and strongly acid

to extremely acid in the underlying material; Cid—

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile except where the surface layer has been

limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: Kirksey—40 to 60 inches to hard

bedrock; Cid—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Lignum soils that have a clayey

subsoil and have soft bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60

inches

• Random areas of the shallow Misenheimer soils that

have soft bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches

• The well drained Badin soils that have a subsoil that

is redder than that of the Kirksey or Cid soil and are on

small ridges and small knolls

• Oakboro soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of

40 to 60 inches and are along drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Kirksey and Cid soils in which

reaction in the lower part of the subsoil and in the

underlying material ranges to slightly acid

• Poorly drained soils in depressional areas and along

drainageways

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Wetness, erodibility, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soils are not wet helps to prevent rutting caused by

equipment.

• Installing an artificial drainage system helps to

reduce the wetness limitation and improve productivity.

• Planting wetness-tolerant species in undrained

areas helps to improve productivity.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Wetness, erodibility, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soils are too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Kirksey—slight limitations;

Cid—equipment use and windthrow hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soils are saturated.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Cid

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Kirksey—wetness; Cid—

wetness, shrink-swell potential, and depth to

bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Building structures on the highest part of the
Rowan County, North Carolina 85

landscape and using an artificial drainage system help

to reduce the risk of damage caused by wetness.

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to reduce the risk of damage caused by

wetness.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built.

• Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse

material helps to strengthen buildings and prevent

damage caused by shrinking and swelling of the Cid

soil.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads to safely remove surface runoff

helps to improve soil performance.

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross wet areas and drainageways.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and keeps

the sites drier during wet periods.

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

camp sites helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Diversions help to remove excess surface water.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and keeps

the sites drier during wet periods.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope, content of rock

fragments, and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and helps to

minimize the wetness limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6W, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

LgA—Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Broad upland flats and broad

ridges

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Lignum soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—light olive brown silt loam
86 Soil Survey

Subsurface layer:

4 to 9 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that

has reddish yellow mottles

18 to 23 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that

has reddish yellow, olive yellow, and brownish gray

mottles

23 to 29 inches—brownish yellow silty clay that has

light gray mottles

29 to 36 inches—mottled brownish yellow and light

gray silty clay loam

Underlying material:

36 to 54 inches—multicolored channery silt loam

saprolite

Bedrock:

54 to 60 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow

High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from

December through May; perched

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Nearly level

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: None or slight

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Cid soils that have hard bedrock at

a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Kirksey soils that have hard

bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• The well drained Badin soils that have a subsoil that

is redder than that of the Lignum soil, have soft

bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches, and are on

small ridges and small knolls

• Oakboro soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of

40 to 60 inches and are along drainageways

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Lignum soils that have a surface

layer of loam

• Random areas of Lignum soils in which reaction in

the lower part of the subsoil and in the underlying

material ranges to slightly acid

• Poorly drained soils in depressional areas and along

drainageways

Use and Management

Major Uses: Pasture and woodland

Other Uses: Cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting caused by

equipment.

• Using open ditches and diversions to divert water

helps to improve productivity.

• Planting wetness-tolerant species in undrained

areas helps to improve productivity.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Wetness and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Using open ditches and diversions to divert water

helps to improve productivity.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended
Rowan County, North Carolina 87

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Bedding prior to planting helps to establish seedlings

and increases seedling survival rates.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soil is saturated.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to reduce the risk of damage caused by

wetness.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

• Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse

material helps to strengthen buildings and prevent

damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads to safely remove surface runoff

helps to improve soil performance.

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross wet areas and drainageways.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

camp sites helps to minimize the wetness and

permeability limitations.

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Diversions help to remove excess surface water.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness and permeability limitations.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and minimize

the wetness limitation.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 7W, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

MbB—Mecklenburg loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges
88 Soil Survey

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Mecklenburg soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—reddish brown loam

Subsoil:

7 to 28 inches—reddish brown clay

28 to 35 inches—yellowish red clay loam

Underlying material:

35 to 60 inches—yellowish red clay loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed;

moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a subsoil that

is yellower than that of the Mecklenburg soil

• The moderately permeable Hiwassee soils that have

a low shrink-swell potential and are on ridge crests

and small knolls

• Random areas of Poindexter soils that have a loamy

subsoil that is yellower than that of the Mecklenburg

soil

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a

surface layer of clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a

surface layer of fine sandy loam or sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and helps to ensure planting success.
Rowan County, North Carolina 89

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tents and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tables and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope, content of rock

fragments, and restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and helps to minimize the permeability limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

MbC—Mecklenburg loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres

Composition

Mecklenburg soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—reddish brown loam

Subsoil:

7 to 28 inches—reddish brown clay

28 to 35 inches—yellowish red clay loam

Underlying material:

35 to 60 inches—yellowish red clay loam saprolite
90 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed;

moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a subsoil that

is yellower than that of the Mecklenburg soil

• The moderately permeable Hiwassee soils that have

a low shrink-swell potential and are on the upper side

slopes

• Random areas of Poindexter soils that have a loamy

subsoil that is yellower than that of the Mecklenburg

soil

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a

surface layer of clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a

surface layer of fine sandy loam or sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as
Rowan County, North Carolina 91

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

MeB2—Mecklenburg clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Mecklenburg soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—reddish brown clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches—reddish brown clay

14 to 24 inches—red clay

24 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow

mottles

30 to 38 inches—yellowish red clay loam

Underlying material:

38 to 50 inches—multicolored silty clay loam saprolite

50 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Slow or medium
92 Soil Survey

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed;

moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a subsoil that

is yellower than that of the Mecklenburg soil

• The moderately permeable Hiwassee soils that have

a low shrink-swell potential and are on ridge crests

and small knolls

• Random areas of Poindexter soils that have a loamy

subsoil that is yellower than that of the Mecklenburg

soil

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a

surface layer of loam or sandy clay loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

farming, crop residue management, and rotations of

soil-conserving crops helps to stabilize the soil, control

surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.
Rowan County, North Carolina 93

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tents and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tables and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

MeC2—Mecklenburg clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Mecklenburg soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—reddish brown clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches—reddish brown clay

14 to 24 inches—red clay

24 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow

mottles

30 to 38 inches—yellowish red clay loam

Underlying material:

38 to 50 inches—multicolored silty clay loam saprolite

50 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed;

moderately acid to neutral in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a subsoil that

is yellower than that of the Mecklenburg soil
94 Soil Survey

• The moderately permeable Hiwassee soils that have

a low shrink-swell potential and are on the upper side

slopes and on narrow ridgetops

• Random areas of Poindexter soils that have a loamy

subsoil that is yellower than that of the Mecklenburg

soil

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a

surface layer of loam or sandy clay loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Pasture

Other Uses: Woodland and cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations helps to

stabilize the soil, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength
Rowan County, North Carolina 95

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

MkB—Misenheimer-Kirksey complex, 0 to

5 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Broad upland flats and broad

ridges

Shape of areas: Irregularly shaped

Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres

Composition

Misenheimer soil and similar inclusions: 65 percent

Kirksey soil and similar inclusions: 20 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Misenheimer

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 12 inches—light yellowish brown channery silt

loam that has light gray mottles

12 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown channery silt

loam that has gray mottles

Bedrock:

18 to 22 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

22 inches—unweathered argillite

Kirksey

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—olive yellow silty clay loam

14 to 24 inches—olive yellow silty clay loam that has

light gray and yellowish brown mottles

24 to 36 inches—mottled olive yellow and light gray

silty clay loam

36 to 42 inches—mottled olive yellow, yellowish brown,

and light brownish gray silty clay loam

Bedrock:

42 to 45 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

45 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Misenheimer—shallow; Kirksey—deep

Drainage class: Misenheimer—moderately well

drained or somewhat poorly drained; Kirksey—

moderately well drained
96 Soil Survey

Permeability: Misenheimer—moderate or moderately

rapid; Kirksey—moderately slow

High water table: Misenheimer—perched at a depth of

1.0 to 1.5 feet from December through April;

Kirksey—perched at a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from

December through March

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping

Surface runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of water erosion: Slight or moderate

Soil reaction: Misenheimer—extremely acid to strongly

acid throughout the profile except where the

surface layer has been limed; Kirksey—very

strongly acid or strongly acid in the surface layer

and subsoil except where the surface layer has

been limed and strongly acid to extremely acid in

the underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: Misenheimer—10 to 20 inches to

soft bedrock and 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock;

Kirksey—40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Lignum soils that have a clayey

subsoil and have soft bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60

inches

• Random areas of Cid soils that have a clayey

subsoil

• The well drained Badin soils that have a subsoil that

is redder than that of the Misenheimer or Kirksey soil

and are on small ridges and knolls

• The well drained Goldston soils on small ridges and

knolls

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Misenheimer and Kirksey soils in

which reaction in the lower part of the subsoil and in

the underlying material ranges to slightly acid

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Misenheimer—suited; Kirksey—well suited

Management concerns: Misenheimer—wetness,

rooting depth, and soil fertility; Kirksey—erodibility,

wetness, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soils are not wet helps to prevent clodding and

rutting caused by equipment.

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Installing an artificial drainage system helps to

reduce the wetness and improve productivity.

• Because of the shallow rooting depth, managing

areas of the Misenheimer soil for economical crop

production is difficult.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Misenheimer—poorly suited; Kirksey—well

suited

Management concerns: Misenheimer—wetness,

rooting depth, and soil fertility; Kirksey—wetness,

erodibility, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the shallow rooting depth, managing

areas of the Misenheimer soil for the economical

production of pasture and hay crops is difficult.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soils are too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and minimize

erosion.

Woodland

Suitability: Misenheimer—suited; Kirksey—well suited

Productivity class: Misenheimer—moderately high for

shortleaf pine; Kirksey—moderately high for

loblolly pine

Management concerns: Misenheimer—equipment

use, seedling survival, and windthrow hazard;

Kirksey—small size of areas

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.
Rowan County, North Carolina 97

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soils are saturated.

• Bedding prior to planting helps to establish seedlings

and increases seedling survival rates.

• Maintaining surface litter helps to increase water

infiltration and reduce seedling mortality rates.

• Increasing the typical number of seedlings per unit

area can help to produce an adequate stand.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the

Misenheimer soil by harvesting windthrown trees,

which result from high winds and the limited rooting

depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements:

Misenheimer—poorly suited; Kirksey—suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Misenheimer—wetness and

depth to bedrock; Kirksey—wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Only dwellings without basements should be built.

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to reduce the risk of damage caused by

wetness.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Misenheimer—depth to

bedrock and wetness; Kirksey—wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Misenheimer—suited; Kirksey—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Misenheimer—wetness and

depth to bedrock; Kirksey—low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness limitation.

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross drainageways or wet areas.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Misenheimer—poorly suited; Kirksey—

suited

Management concerns: Misenheimer—wetness and

depth to bedrock; Kirksey—wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

camp sites helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Misenheimer—poorly suited; Kirksey—

suited

Management concerns: Misenheimer—depth to

bedrock; Kirksey—wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Misenheimer—poorly suited; Kirksey—

suited

Management concerns: Misenheimer—wetness,

content of rock fragments, and depth to bedrock;

Kirksey—slope and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and minimize

the wetness limitation.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.
98 Soil Survey

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Misenheimer—IIIw;

Kirksey—IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Misenheimer—6D,

based on shortleaf pine as the indicator species;

Kirksey—6W, based on loblolly pine as the

indicator species

OkA—Oakboro silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, frequently flooded

Setting

Landform: River and stream valleys of the Piedmont,

in the southeastern corner of the county

Landscape position: Flood plains

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres

Composition

Oakboro soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—light olive brown silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

13 to 19 inches—olive yellow silt loam that has light

gray mottles

19 to 28 inches—pale yellow silty clay loam that has

light gray and strong brown mottles

28 to 40 inches—olive yellow silty clay loam that has

light gray and brownish yellow mottles

40 to 50 inches—mottled olive yellow, brownish yellow,

light gray, and gray silty clay loam

Bedrock:

50 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 1.0 foot to 2.0 feet from

December through April; apparent

Hazard of flooding: Frequent for brief periods from

November through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Nearly level

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: None or slight

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Recent alluvium derived from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The poorly drained, clayey Armenia soils that have

hard bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches and

are in low areas at the base of upland slopes

• Random areas of soils that are similar to the

Oakboro soil but have hard bedrock at a depth of more

than 60 inches

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of less than 40 inches

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Oakboro soils that have a surface

layer of loam

• The deeper, less silty Chewacla soils along streams

that originate in areas of igneous rock

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the potential for flooding during the

growing season, managing this map unit for cropland

is difficult.

• Planting wetness-tolerant crops in undrained areas

helps to improve productivity.

• Harvesting crops as soon as possible helps to

reduce the risk of damage caused by flooding.

• Installing an artificial drainage system helps to

reduce the wetness limitation and improve productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Suited

Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when
Rowan County, North Carolina 99

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to

improve the productivity of moisture-sensitive crops.

• Harvesting hay crops as soon as possible helps to

reduce the risk of damage caused by flooding.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for yellow-poplar

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soil is saturated.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

dwellings.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross streams and flood plains.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting camp

areas.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit should be used for picnic areas only

during periods when flooding is not a hazard.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

facilities helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

• This map unit should not be used after heavy rains

when flooding is a hazard.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVw

Woodland ordination symbol: 7W, based on yellowpoplar as the indicator species

PaB—Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the northcentral and southwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular or oblong

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Composition

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam
100 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—red clay

24 to 29 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow

mottles

29 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite

that has yellowish red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed; very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Saw soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Rion soils that have a loamy

subsoil

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of gravelly sandy loam

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Pacolet soil

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have saprolite at a

depth of more than 40 inches

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting dwellings.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as
Rowan County, North Carolina 101

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

PaC—Pacolet sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the northcentral and southwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or long and narrow

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—red clay

24 to 29 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow

mottles

29 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite

that has yellowish red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe
102 Soil Survey

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed; very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Saw soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Rion soils that have a loamy

subsoil that is yellower than that of the Pacolet soil

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of gravelly sandy loam

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Pacolet soil

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have saprolite at a

depth of more than 40 inches

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope
Rowan County, North Carolina 103

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

PaD—Pacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the northcentral and southwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or long and narrow

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—red clay

24 to 29 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow

mottles

29 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite

that has yellowish red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Moderately steep

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed; very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 20 to 60 inches
104 Soil Survey

• Random areas of soils that have a loamy subsoil

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam or gravelly sandy loam

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Pacolet soil

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Managing this map unit for cultivated crops is difficult

because the slope limits equipment use.

• Cultivation should be restricted to the less sloping

areas in this map unit, or areas on better suited soils

should be selected for cropland.

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Suited

Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Constructing trails facilitates the grazing of livestock

in areas where access is limited.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating pastures.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Reforestation immediately after harvest using

minimal site preparation and recommended tree

species helps to control erosion and siltation of

streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitation.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope and building in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.
Rowan County, North Carolina 105

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8R, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

PaE—Pacolet sandy loam, 25 to 45

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the northcentral and southwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow side slopes

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—red clay

19 to 24 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow

mottles

24 to 29 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

29 to 50 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite

that has yellowish red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Steep

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed; very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of soils that have a yellow loamy

subsoil

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam or gravelly sandy loam

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 20 to 60 inches

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of loam
106 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting crop

production because of the slope.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited

Suitability for hayland: Unsuited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the slope, managing this map unit for

pasture and hayland is difficult.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Constructing trails facilitates the grazing of livestock

in areas where access is limited.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Using cable logging methods helps to overcome the

equipment use limitation and prevent the acceleration

of erosion caused by road construction, skid trails, and

disturbance of the forest floor by machinery.

• Reforestation immediately after harvest using

minimal site preparation and recommended tree

species helps to control erosion and siltation of

streams.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

dwellings because of the slope.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and
Rowan County, North Carolina 107

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8R, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

PcB2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the northcentral and southwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular or oblong

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Composition

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—reddish brown sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 18 inches—red clay

18 to 24 inches—red sandy clay that has reddish

yellow mottles

24 to 33 inches—red sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

33 to 44 inches—red loam saprolite that has reddish

yellow, yellowish red, and yellowish brown mottles

44 to 60 inches—yellowish red loam saprolite

60 to 72 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed; very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Saw soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Rion soils that have a loamy

subsoil

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Pacolet soil

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have saprolite at a

depth of more than 40 inches

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of clay loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

farming, crop residue management, and rotations of

soil-conserving crops helps to stabilize the soil, control

surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to
108 Soil Survey

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting dwellings.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species
Rowan County, North Carolina 109

PcC2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the northcentral and southwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—reddish brown sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 18 inches—red clay

18 to 24 inches—red sandy clay that has reddish

yellow mottles

24 to 33 inches—red sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

33 to 44 inches—red loam saprolite that has reddish

yellow, yellowish red, and yellowish brown mottles

44 to 60 inches—yellowish red loam saprolite

60 to 72 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed; very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Saw soils that have hard bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Rion soils that have a loamy

subsoil

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Pacolet soil

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have saprolite at a

depth of more than 40 inches

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a surface

layer of clay loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations helps to

stabilize the soil, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to
110 Soil Survey

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

Pt—Pits, quarries

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, in areas throughout the

county; the largest quarries are located at

Woodleaf and southeast of Salisbury
Rowan County, North Carolina 111

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Rectangular or irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Composition

Pits and quarries consist of excavated areas where

the soil has been removed and the underlying bedrock

has been mined for use mostly as construction

aggregate or as block granite. Pits are as much as 250

feet or more deep, and most have nearly vertical side

walls. Most of the abandoned quarries are filled with

water.

Inclusions

• Areas of undisturbed soils along the outer edge of

map unit delineations

• Rubble and spoil embankments along the outer

edge of map unit delineations

• Random areas that have been graded or filled to

facilitate quarrying operations

Use and Management

Recommendations for reclamation and use of this

map unit require onsite examination.

Agricultural Development

The exposed rock and rock rubble cannot support

significant plant growth.

Urban Development

Areas of this map unit are unsuited for urban

development because of the open pits, exposed rock,

and rock rubble.

Recreational Development

Areas of this map unit are unsuited for recreational

development because of the open pits, exposed rock,

and rock rubble.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned

PxB—Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 2

to 8 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

northwestern and southern parts of the county

Landscape position: Ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 40 acres

Composition

Poindexter soil and similar inclusions: 50 percent

Mocksville soil and similar inclusions: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Poindexter

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown and strong brown

loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—brown sandy clay loam

15 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

26 to 39 inches—loam saprolite that is multicolored in

shades of green, black, and yellow

Bedrock:

39 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

mafic igneous rock

43 inches—unweathered mafic igneous rock

Mocksville

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 9 inches—yellowish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

15 to 21 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam that

has very pale brown and strong brown mottles

21 to 29 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish

brown, and brownish yellow sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

29 to 42 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

42 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Poindexter—moderately deep;

Mocksville—very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium
112 Soil Survey

Hazard of water erosion: Poindexter—severe;

Mocksville—moderate

Soil reaction: Poindexter—strongly acid to neutral

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Mocksville—strongly acid to

neutral in the surface layer and slightly acid to

slightly alkaline in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: Poindexter—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock; Mocksville—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a clayey

subsoil

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a red

clayey subsoil

• Random areas of Zion soils that have a clayey

subsoil and have hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40

inches

• The moderately well drained, clayey Sedgefield soils

along drainageways

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Poindexter and Mocksville soils

that have a gravelly surface layer

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Poindexter and Mocksville soils

that have a surface layer of sandy loam or fine sandy

loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Other Uses: Cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poindexter—suited; Mocksville—well suited

Management concerns: Poindexter—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Mocksville—erodibility and

soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Poindexter soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Well suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Poindexter—

suited; Mocksville—well suited

Management concerns: Poindexter—depth to bedrock

and erodibility; Mocksville—erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade areas of the Poindexter soil prior to building.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poindexter—poorly suited; Mocksville—

suited
Rowan County, North Carolina 113

Management concerns: Poindexter—depth to bedrock;

Mocksville—restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Poindexter soil has severe limitations affecting

septic tank absorption fields.

• Absorption fields should be located in areas of the

Mocksville soil.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poindexter—suited; Mocksville—well suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6A in areas of the

Poindexter soil and 8A in areas of the Mocksville

soil

PxC—Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 8

to 15 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

northwestern and southern parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 75 acres

Composition

Poindexter soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Mocksville soil and similar inclusions: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Poindexter

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown and strong brown

loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—brown sandy clay loam

15 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

26 to 39 inches—loam saprolite that is multicolored in

shades of green, black, and yellow

Bedrock:

39 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

mafic igneous rock

43 inches—unweathered mafic igneous rock

Mocksville

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 9 inches—yellowish brown loam
114 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

15 to 21 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam that

has very pale brown and strong brown mottles

21 to 29 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish

brown, and brownish yellow sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

29 to 42 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

42 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Poindexter—moderately deep;

Mocksville—very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Poindexter—strongly acid to neutral

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Mocksville—strongly acid to

neutral in the surface layer and slightly acid to

slightly alkaline in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: Poindexter—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock; Mocksville—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Enon soils that have a clayey

subsoil

• Random areas of Zion soils that have a clayey

subsoil and have hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40

inches

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a red

clayey subsoil

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of less than 20 inches

• Random areas of Poindexter and Mocksville soils

that have a gravelly surface layer

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Poindexter and Mocksville soils

that have a surface layer of sandy loam or fine sandy

loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Other Uses: Cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Poindexter—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Mocksville—erodibility and

soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Poindexter soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine
Rowan County, North Carolina 115

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Poindexter—slope, depth to

bedrock, and erodibility; Mocksville—slope and

erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade these soils prior to building.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poindexter—poorly suited; Mocksville—

suited

Management concerns: Poindexter—depth to bedrock;

Mocksville—restricted permeability and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Poindexter soil has severe limitations affecting

septic tank absorption fields.

• Absorption fields should be located in areas of the

Mocksville soil.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Poindexter—IIIe;

Mocksville—IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6A in areas of the

Poindexter soil and 8A in areas of the Mocksville

soil

PxD—Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 15

to 25 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

northwestern and southern parts of the county

Landscape position: Very narrow ridges and side

slopes

Shape of areas: Long and narrow or oblong

Size of areas: 5 to 60 acres
116 Soil Survey

Composition

Poindexter soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Mocksville soil and similar inclusions: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Poindexter

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown and strong brown

loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—brown sandy clay loam

15 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

26 to 39 inches—loam saprolite that is multicolored in

shades of green, black, and yellow

Bedrock:

39 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

mafic igneous rock

43 inches—unweathered mafic igneous rock

Mocksville

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 9 inches—yellowish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

15 to 21 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam that

has very pale brown and strong brown mottles

21 to 29 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish

brown, and brownish yellow sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

29 to 42 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

42 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Poindexter—moderately deep;

Mocksville—very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Moderately steep

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Poindexter—strongly acid to neutral

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Mocksville—strongly acid to

neutral in the surface layer and slightly acid to

slightly alkaline in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: Poindexter—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock; Mocksville—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the stony Enon soils that have a

clayey subsoil

• Zion soils that have a clayey subsoil, have hard

bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches, and are on the

lower, less sloping side slopes

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of less than 20 inches

• Random areas of Poindexter and Mocksville soils

that have a gravelly surface layer

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Poindexter and Mocksville soils

that have a surface layer of sandy loam or fine sandy

loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Managing this map unit for cultivated crops is difficult

because the slope limits equipment use.

• Cultivation should be restricted to the less sloping

areas of this map unit, or areas on better suited soils

should be selected for cropland.

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.
Rowan County, North Carolina 117

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Suited

Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Reforestation immediately after harvest using

minimal site preparation and recommended tree

species helps to control erosion and siltation of

streams.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope and building in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Poindexter—slope and depth

to bedrock; Mocksville—slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.
118 Soil Survey

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6R in areas of the

Poindexter soil and 8R in areas of the Mocksville

soil

PxE—Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 25

to 45 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

northwestern and southern parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow side slopes

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres

Composition

Poindexter soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Mocksville soil and similar inclusions: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Poindexter

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown and strong brown

loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—brown sandy clay loam

15 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

26 to 39 inches—loam saprolite that is multicolored in

shades of green, black, and yellow

Bedrock:

39 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

mafic igneous rock

43 inches—unweathered mafic igneous rock

Mocksville

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 9 inches—yellowish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

15 to 21 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam that

has very pale brown and strong brown mottles

21 to 29 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish

brown, and brownish yellow sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

29 to 42 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

42 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Poindexter—moderately deep;

Mocksville—very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Steep

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Poindexter—strongly acid to neutral

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Mocksville—strongly acid to

neutral in the surface layer and slightly acid to

slightly alkaline in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: Poindexter—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock; Mocksville—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of soils that have a clayey subsoil

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of less than 20 inches

• Random areas of Poindexter and Mocksville soils

that have a gravelly surface layer

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Poindexter and Mocksville soils

that have a surface layer of sandy loam or fine sandy

loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited
Rowan County, North Carolina 119

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting crop

production because of the slope.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited

Suitability for hayland: Unsuited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the slope, managing this map unit for

pasture and hayland is difficult.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Constructing trails facilitates the grazing of livestock

in areas where access is limited.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Reforestation immediately after harvest using

minimal site preparation and recommended tree

species helps to control erosion and siltation of

streams.

• Using cable logging methods helps to overcome the

equipment use limitation and prevent the acceleration

of erosion caused by road construction, skid trails, and

disturbance of the forest floor by machinery.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

dwellings because of the slope.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Poindexter—slope and depth

to bedrock; Mocksville—slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.
120 Soil Survey

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6R in areas of the

Poindexter soil and 8R in areas of the Mocksville

soil

RnB—Rion-Wedowee complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southwestern part of the county

Landscape position: Ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Rion soil and similar inclusions: 50 percent

Wedowee soil and similar inclusions: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Rion

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown sandy clay loam

11 to 21 inches—brown sandy clay loam

21 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

26 to 38 inches—mottled brown and strong brown

sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

38 to 46 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

46 to 60 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

Wedowee

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 12 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

12 to 15 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has brownish yellow mottles

15 to 20 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red mottles

20 to 29 inches—yellowish red clay that has red and

brownish yellow mottles

29 to 34 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam that

has red, brownish yellow, and strong brown

mottles

Underlying material:

34 to 60 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Rion—very strongly acid to slightly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Wedowee—extremely acid

to strongly acid throughout the profile except

where the surface layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the slowly permeable Vance soils

• The moderately well drained Helena soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• Random areas of Rion and Wedowee soils that have

a gravelly surface layer

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

• Random areas of Ashlar and Saw soils that have

hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas where stones, boulders, and rock

outcrops are widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Pacolet soils that have a subsoil that is redder than

that of the Rion or Wedowee soil and are on small

knolls and ridge crests

• Random areas of Appling soils that have saprolite at

a depth of more 40 inches

• Cecil soils that have a subsoil that is redder than

that of the Rion or Wedowee soil, have saprolite at a
Rowan County, North Carolina 121

depth of more than 40 inches, and are on small knolls

and on ridge crests

• Random areas of Rion and Wedowee soils that have

a surface layer of loam or loamy sand

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and cropland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting dwellings.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Rion—well suited; Wedowee—suited

Management concerns: Rion—few limitations;

Wedowee—restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls in areas of the Wedowee soil.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Rion—well suited; Wedowee—suited

Management concerns: Rion—few limitations;

Wedowee—low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength in areas of the Wedowee

soil.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as
122 Soil Survey

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

RnC—Rion-Wedowee complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southwestern part of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Rion soil and similar inclusions: 55 percent

Wedowee soil and similar inclusions: 30 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Rion

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown sandy clay loam

11 to 21 inches—brown sandy clay loam

21 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

26 to 38 inches—mottled brown and strong brown

sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

38 to 46 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

46 to 60 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

Wedowee

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 12 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

12 to 15 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has brownish yellow mottles

15 to 20 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red mottles

20 to 29 inches—yellowish red clay that has red,

brownish yellow, and strong brown mottles

29 to 34 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam that

has red and brownish yellow mottles

Underlying material:

34 to 60 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Rion—very strongly acid to slightly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Wedowee—extremely acid

to strongly acid throughout the profile except

where the surface layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the slowly permeable Vance soils

• The moderately well drained Helena soils along

drainageways

• Random areas of Rion and Wedowee soils that have

a surface layer of gravelly sandy loam

• Random areas of Ashlar and Saw soils that have

hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas where stones, boulders, and rock

outcrops are widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a subsoil

that is redder than that of the Rion or Wedowee soil
Rowan County, North Carolina 123

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a subsoil that

is redder than that of the Rion or Wedowee soil and

have saprolite at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Random areas of Rion and Wedowee soils that have

a surface layer of loamy sand

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Other Uses: Cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Rion—slope; Wedowee—

restricted permeability and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls in areas of the Wedowee soil.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Rion—slope; Wedowee—low

strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.
124 Soil Survey

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

RoB—Rion-Wedowee-Ashlar complex, 2

to 8 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the southern

part of the county

Landscape position: Ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Rion soil and similar inclusions: 30 percent

Wedowee soil and similar inclusions: 30 percent

Ashlar soil and similar inclusions: 25 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Rion

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown sandy clay loam

11 to 21 inches—brown sandy clay loam

21 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

26 to 38 inches—mottled brown and strong brown

sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

38 to 46 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

46 to 60 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

Wedowee

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 12 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

12 to 15 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has brownish yellow mottles

15 to 20 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red mottles

20 to 29 inches—yellowish red clay that has red,

brownish yellow, and strong brown mottles

29 to 34 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam that

has red and brownish yellow mottles

Underlying material:

34 to 60 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

Ashlar

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

17 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam

that has reddish yellow mottles

Underlying material:

30 to 37 inches—mottled reddish yellow and light

yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam saprolite

Bedrock:

37 inches—unweathered granite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Rion and Wedowee—very deep; Ashlar—

moderately deep
Rowan County, North Carolina 125

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Rion and Wedowee—moderate; Ashlar—

moderately rapid

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Rion—very strongly acid to slightly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Wedowee—extremely acid

to strongly acid throughout the profile except

where the surface layer has been limed; Ashlar—

moderately acid to very strongly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed and

strongly acid or very strongly acid in the subsoil

and underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: Rion and Wedowee—more than 60

inches; Ashlar—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the slowly permeable Vance soils

• The moderately well drained Helena soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• Random areas of Rion, Wedowee, and Ashlar soils

that have a gravelly surface layer

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas where stones, boulders, and rock

outcrops are widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Pacolet soils that have a subsoil that is redder than

that of the Rion, Wedowee, or Ashlar soil and are on

small knolls and on ridge crests

• Random areas of Saw soils

• Random areas of Appling soils that have saprolite at

a depth of more 40 inches

• Cecil soils that have a subsoil that is redder than

that of the Rion, Wedowee, or Ashlar soil, have

saprolite at a depth of more than 40 inches, and are

on small knolls and on ridge crests

• Random areas of Rion, Wedowee, and Ashlar soils

that have a surface layer of loamy sand

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Rion and Wedowee—well suited; Ashlar—

suited

Management concerns: Rion and Wedowee—

erodibility and soil fertility; Ashlar—erodibility,

rooting depth, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Ashlar soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Rion and Wedowee—well suited; Ashlar—

suited

Management concerns: Rion and Wedowee—

erodibility and soil fertility; Ashlar—erodibility,

rooting depth, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Ashlar

soil.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Rion and Wedowee—slight

limitations; Ashlar—windthrow hazard
126 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Ashlar

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Rion and

Wedowee—well suited; Ashlar—suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Rion and

Wedowee—well suited; Ashlar—poorly suited

Management concerns: Rion and Wedowee—few

limitations; Ashlar—depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the

Ashlar soil.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Ashlar soil.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Rion—well suited; Wedowee—suited;

Ashlar—poorly suited

Management concerns: Rion—few limitations;

Wedowee—restricted permeability; Ashlar—depth

to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Areas of the Rion and Wedowee soils should be

used for absorption fields.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls in areas of the Wedowee soil.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Rion—well suited; Wedowee and Ashlar—

suited

Management concerns: Rion—few limitations;

Wedowee—low strength; Ashlar—depth to

bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength in areas of the Wedowee

soil.

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Ashlar soil.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and small stones

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Rion and Wedowee—IIe;

Ashlar—IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 8A in areas of the Rion and

Wedowee soils and 8S in areas of the Ashlar soil

RoC—Rion-Wedowee-Ashlar complex, 8

to 15 percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the southern

part of the county
Rowan County, North Carolina 127

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Rion soil and similar inclusions: 30 percent

Wedowee soil and similar inclusions: 30 percent

Ashlar soil and similar inclusions: 25 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Rion

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown sandy clay loam

11 to 21 inches—brown sandy clay loam

21 to 26 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

26 to 38 inches—mottled brown and strong brown

sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

38 to 46 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

46 to 60 inches—multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite

Wedowee

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 12 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

12 to 15 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has brownish yellow mottles

15 to 20 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish

red mottles

20 to 29 inches—yellowish red clay that has red and

brownish yellow mottles

29 to 34 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam that

has red, brownish yellow, and strong brown

mottles

Underlying material:

34 to 60 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite

Ashlar

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

17 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam

that has reddish yellow mottles

Underlying material:

30 to 37 inches—mottled reddish yellow and light

yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam saprolite

Bedrock:

37 inches—unweathered granite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Rion and Wedowee—very deep; Ashlar—

moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Rion and Wedowee—moderate; Ashlar—

moderately rapid

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Rion—very strongly acid to slightly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed; Wedowee—extremely acid

to strongly acid throughout the profile except

where the surface layer has been limed; Ashlar—

moderately acid to very strongly acid in the

surface layer except where it has been limed and

strongly acid or very strongly acid in the subsoil

and underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: Rion and Wedowee—more than 60

inches; Ashlar—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the slowly permeable Vance soils

• The moderately well drained Helena soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• Random areas of Rion, Wedowee, and Ashlar soils

that have a gravelly surface layer

• Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas where stones, boulders, and rock

outcrops are widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Pacolet soils that have a subsoil

that is redder than that of the Rion, Wedowee, or

Ashlar soil

• Random areas of Saw soils

• Random areas of Cecil soils that have a subsoil that

is redder than that of the Rion, Wedowee, or Ashlar

soil and have saprolite at a depth of more than 40

inches

• Random areas of Rion, Wedowee, and Ashlar soils

that have a surface layer of loamy sand
128 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Rion and Wedowee—

erodibility and soil fertility; Ashlar—erodibility,

rooting depth, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Ashlar soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Rion and Wedowee—well suited; Ashlar—

suited

Management concerns: Rion and Wedowee—

erodibility, equipment use, and soil fertility;

Ashlar—erodibility, equipment use, rooting depth,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Ashlar

soil.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Rion and Wedowee—slight

limitations; Ashlar—windthrow hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Ashlar

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Rion and

Wedowee—suited; Ashlar—poorly suited

Management concerns: Rion and Wedowee—slope;

Ashlar—slope and depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the

Ashlar soil.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Ashlar soil.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Rion and Wedowee—suited; Ashlar—poorly

suited

Management concerns: Rion—slope; Wedowee—

restricted permeability and slope; Ashlar—depth

to bedrock and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Areas of the Rion and Wedowee soils should be

used for absorption fields.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls in areas of the Wedowee soil.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Rion—slope; Wedowee—low

strength and slope; Ashlar—depth to bedrock and

slope
Rowan County, North Carolina 129

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads in areas of the Ashlar soil.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength in areas of the Wedowee

soil.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 8A in areas of the Rion and

Wedowee soils and 8S in areas of the Ashlar soil

RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded

Setting

Landform: River and stream valleys of the Piedmont,

in areas throughout the county

Landscape position: Flood plains

Shape of areas: Long and narrow or oblong

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Riverview soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches—brown loam

18 to 29 inches—yellowish brown loam

29 to 36 inches—strong brown loam that has very pale

brown mottles

36 to 49 inches—brown loam that has light gray and

yellowish red mottles

49 to 59 inches—mottled brown and light gray loam

Underlying material:

59 to 72 inches—brown sandy loam that has light gray

and brownish yellow mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from

December through March; apparent

Hazard of flooding: Occasional for brief periods from

December through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Nearly level

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: None or slight

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Recent alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches
130 Soil Survey

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils in low,

depressional areas at the foot of upland slopes

• Excessively drained, sandy soils adjacent to the

deeper stream channels

• Moderately well drained soils in the slightly lower

landscape positions

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Riverview soils that have a surface

layer of silt loam or fine sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Flooding and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Harvesting row crops as soon as possible helps to

reduce the risk of damage caused by flooding.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting caused by

equipment.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Harvesting hay crops as soon as possible helps to

reduce the risk of damage caused by flooding.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

dwellings.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross streams and flood plains.

• Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to overcome the flooding limitation.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting camp

areas.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit should not be used for picnic areas

during periods when flooding is a hazard.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding
Rowan County, North Carolina 131

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit should not be used for playgrounds

after heavy rains when flooding is a hazard.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 11A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

SaB—Saw-Pacolet complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southwestern part of the county

Landscape position: Ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres

Composition

Saw soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Saw

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 20 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

20 to 23 inches—red sandy clay loam

23 to 26 inches—red sandy loam

Underlying material:

26 to 29 inches—multicolored gravelly sandy loam

saprolite

Bedrock:

29 inches—unweathered granite

Pacolet

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—red clay

24 to 29 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow

mottles

29 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite

that has yellowish red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Saw—moderately deep; Pacolet—very

deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Saw—very strongly acid to moderately

acid throughout the profile except where the

surface layer has been limed; Pacolet—very

strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface layer

except where it has been limed and very strongly

acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Pacolet—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Rion and Ashlar soils that have a

loamy subsoil

• Random areas of Saw and Pacolet soils that have a

gravelly surface layer

• Random areas of Saw and Pacolet soils that have a

surface layer of sandy clay loam

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas where stones, boulders, and rock

outcrops are widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Saw or Pacolet soil

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture
132 Soil Survey

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Saw—suited; Pacolet—well suited

Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, rooting

depth, soil fertility; Pacolet—erodibility and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Saw soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Pacolet—erodibility and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Saw soil.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Saw—windthrow hazard;

Pacolet—slight limitations

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Saw

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Saw—

suited; Pacolet—well suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Saw—poorly

suited; Pacolet—well suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock;

Pacolet—few limitations

Management measures and considerations:

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Saw soil.

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the Saw

soil.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Saw—poorly suited; Pacolet—suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock;

Pacolet—restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Areas of the Pacolet soil should be used for

absorption fields.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock and

low strength; Pacolet—low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Saw soil.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited
Rowan County, North Carolina 133

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Pacolet—slope; Saw—slope,

small stones, and depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• The depth to bedrock should be determined before

grading for playgrounds.

• Small stones should be removed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6D in areas of the Saw soil

and 8A in areas of the Pacolet soil

SaC—Saw-Pacolet complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southwestern part of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 20 acres

Composition

Saw soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Saw

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 20 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

20 to 23 inches—red sandy clay loam

23 to 26 inches—red sandy loam

Underlying material:

26 to 29 inches—multicolored gravelly sandy loam

saprolite

Bedrock:

29 inches—unweathered granite

Pacolet

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—red clay

24 to 29 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow

mottles

29 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite

that has yellowish red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Saw—moderately deep; Pacolet—very

deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Saw—very strongly acid to moderately

acid throughout the profile except where the

surface layer has been limed; Pacolet—very

strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface layer

except where it has been limed and very strongly

acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material
134 Soil Survey

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Pacolet—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Rion and Ashlar soils that have a

loamy subsoil

• Random areas of Saw and Pacolet soils that have a

gravelly surface layer

• Random areas of Saw and Pacolet soils that have a

surface layer of sandy clay loam

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas where stones, boulders, and rock

outcrops are widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Saw or Pacolet soil

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Pacolet—erodibility and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Saw soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, rooting

depth, equipment use, and soil fertility; Pacolet—

erodibility, equipment use, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Saw soil.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Saw—windthrow hazard;

Pacolet—slight limitations

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Saw

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Saw—poorly

suited; Pacolet—suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock;

Pacolet—slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Saw soil.

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the Saw

soil.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and prevent sediments from leaving the

site.
Rowan County, North Carolina 135

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Saw—poorly suited; Pacolet—suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock;

Pacolet—restricted permeability and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Areas of the Pacolet soil should be used for

absorption fields.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock, low

strength, and slope; Pacolet—low strength and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Saw soil.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• The depth to bedrock should be determined before

grading for playgrounds.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Saw—IIIe; Pacolet—IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6D in areas of the Saw soil

and 8A in areas of the Pacolet soil

ScB2—Saw-Pacolet complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southwestern part of the county

Landscape position: Ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Composition

Saw soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Pacolet soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Saw

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—reddish brown sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

5 to 23 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

23 to 29 inches—red sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

29 to 34 inches—multicolored gravelly sandy loam

saprolite
136 Soil Survey

Bedrock:

34 inches—unweathered granite

Pacolet

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—reddish brown sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 18 inches—red clay

18 to 24 inches—red sandy clay that has reddish

yellow mottles

24 to 33 inches—red sandy clay loam

Underlying material:

33 to 44 inches—red loam saprolite that has reddish

yellow, yellowish red, and yellowish brown mottles

44 to 60 inches—yellowish red loam saprolite

60 to 72 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Saw—moderately deep; Pacolet—deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Saw—very strongly acid to moderately

acid throughout the profile except where the

surface layer has been limed; Pacolet—very

strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface layer

except where it has been limed and very strongly

acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Pacolet—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Rion and Ashlar soils that have a

loamy subsoil

• Random areas of Saw and Pacolet soils that have a

gravelly surface layer

• Random areas of Saw and Pacolet soils that have a

surface layer of sandy loam

• Random areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth

of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas where stones, boulders, and rock

outcrops are widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wedowee soils that have a subsoil

that is yellower than that of the Saw or Pacolet soil

• Random areas of Saw and Pacolet soils that have a

surface layer of clay loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Saw—suited; Pacolet—well suited

Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, rooting

depth, tilth, and soil fertility; Pacolet—erodibility,

tilth, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

farming, crop residue management, and rotations of

soil-conserving crops helps to stabilize the soil, control

surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Saw soil.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Pacolet—erodibility and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using shallow-rooted or drought-tolerant plants

helps to improve productivity in areas of the Saw soil.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.
Rowan County, North Carolina 137

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Saw—equipment use,

seedling survival, and windthrow hazard;

Pacolet—equipment use and seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Saw

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability for dwellings without basements: Saw—

suited; Pacolet—well suited

Suitability for dwellings with basements: Saw—poorly

suited; Pacolet—well suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock;

Pacolet—few limitations

Management measures and considerations:

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Saw soil.

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the Saw

soil.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Saw—poorly suited; Pacolet—suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock;

Pacolet—restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Areas of the Pacolet soil should be used for

absorption fields.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Saw—depth to bedrock and

low strength; Pacolet—low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Blasting or special grading equipment may be

needed to construct roads on the Saw soil.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Saw—slope, small stones,

and depth to bedrock; Pacolet—slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• The depth to bedrock should be determined before

grading for playgrounds.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.
138 Soil Survey

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Small stones should be removed.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6D in areas of the Saw soil

and 6C in areas of the Pacolet soil

SeB—Sedgefield fine sandy loam, 1 to 6

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

northwestern, central, and south-central parts of

the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges, toe slopes, head of

drainageways, areas along drainageways, and

depressional areas

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Sedgefield soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 8 inches—pale yellow fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown clay loam that has

light olive gray mottles

13 to 24 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light

brownish gray mottles

24 to 31 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light

olive brown and light brownish gray mottles

31 to 35 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray

mottles

35 to 40 inches—mottled yellowish brown, olive gray,

and light gray clay

Underlying material:

40 to 62 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

High water table: At a depth of 1.0 to 1.5 feet from

January through March; perched

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or slow

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer and subsoil except where the

surface layer has been limed and moderately acid

to slightly alkaline in the underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from

intermediate and mafic metamorphic or igneous

rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Helena soils that are more acid

than the Sedgefield soil

• The well drained Enon soils on ridge crests and

small knolls

• The poorly drained Armenia soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Sedgefield soils that have a

surface layer of loam

• Random areas of Iredell soils that have a very high

shrink-swell potential

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Other Uses: Cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting caused by

equipment.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to
Rowan County, North Carolina 139

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soil is saturated.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to reduce the risk of damage caused by

wetness.

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water.

• Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse

material helps to strengthen buildings and prevent

damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness limitation.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

camp sites helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

• Diversions help to remove excess surface water.

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows surface water to run off and helps to

keep the sites drier during wet periods.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.
140 Soil Survey

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Using an artificial drainage system or diversions

helps to remove excess surface water and minimize

the wetness limitation.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8W, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

TaB—Tatum-Badin complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Tatum soil and similar inclusions: 50 percent

Badin soil and similar inclusions: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Tatum

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 9 inches—yellow silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—red silty clay

15 to 30 inches—red clay

30 to 41 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

41 to 50 inches—red silty clay loam that has brownish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

50 to 58 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite

Bedrock:

58 to 60 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

Badin

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—reddish yellow silty clay loam

9 to 16 inches—yellowish red silty clay

16 to 25 inches—red silty clay

25 to 35 inches—mottled red and reddish yellow

channery silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

43 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Tatum—deep; Badin—moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Tatum—severe; Badin—

moderate

Soil reaction: Tatum—very strongly acid or strongly

acid throughout the profile except where the

surface layer has been limed; Badin—strongly

acid to extremely acid throughout the profile

except where the surface layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: Tatum—40 to 60 inches to soft

bedrock; Badin—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have soft

bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches

• Random areas of Tatum and Badin soils that have a

surface layer of silty clay loam

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum and Badin soils that have a

surface layer of loam or very fine sandy loam
Rowan County, North Carolina 141

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Tatum—well suited; Badin—suited

Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility and soil

fertility; Badin—erodibility, rooting depth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Badin soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Tatum—slight limitations;

Badin—windthrow hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Badin

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Tatum—shrink-swell potential;

Badin—depth to bedrock and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade areas of the Badin soil prior to building.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and prevent sediments from leaving the

site.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Tatum—suited; Badin—poorly suited

Management concerns: Tatum—depth to bedrock and

restricted permeability; Badin—depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Areas of the Tatum soil should be used for

absorption fields.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Tatum—well suited; Badin—suited

Management concerns: Tatum—few limitations;

Badin—content of rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.
142 Soil Survey

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Tatum—well suited; Badin—suited

Management concerns: Tatum—few limitations;

Badin—content of rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Tatum—suited; Badin—poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Playgrounds should be located in areas of the Tatum

soil, where large enough.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Tatum—IIe; Badin—IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 8A in areas of the Tatum soil

and 8D in areas of the Badin soil

TaC—Tatum-Badin complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Tatum soil and similar inclusions: 50 percent

Badin soil and similar inclusions: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Tatum

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 9 inches—yellow silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—red silty clay

15 to 30 inches—red clay

30 to 41 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

41 to 50 inches—red silty clay loam that has brownish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

50 to 58 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite

Bedrock:

58 to 60 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

Badin

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—reddish yellow silty clay loam

9 to 16 inches—yellowish red silty clay

16 to 25 inches—red silty clay

25 to 35 inches—mottled red and reddish yellow

channery silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 to 43 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

43 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Tatum—deep; Badin—moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Tatum—very severe; Badin—

severe

Soil reaction: Tatum—very strongly acid or strongly

acid throughout the profile except where the

surface layer has been limed; Badin—strongly

acid to extremely acid throughout the profile

except where the surface layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite
Rowan County, North Carolina 143

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: Tatum—40 to 60 inches to soft

bedrock; Badin—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have soft

bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches

• Random areas of Tatum and Badin soils that have a

surface layer of silty clay loam

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum and Badin soils that have a

surface layer of loam or very fine sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility and soil

fertility; Badin—erodibility, rooting depth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Badin soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Tatum—slight limitations;

Badin—windthrow hazard

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Badin

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Tatum—slope and shrinkswell potential; Badin—slope, depth to bedrock,

and shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade areas of the Badin soil prior to building.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Tatum—suited; Badin—poorly suited

Management concerns: Tatum—depth to bedrock,

restricted permeability, and slope; Badin—depth to

bedrock and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.
144 Soil Survey

• Areas of the Tatum soil should be used for

absorption fields.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Tatum—slope; Badin—slope

and content of rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Tatum—slope; Badin—slope

and content of rock fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Tatum—IIIe; Badin—IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 8A in areas of the Tatum soil

and 8D in areas of the Badin soil

TbB2—Tatum-Badin complex, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands in the southeastern

corner of the county

Landscape position: Ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Tatum soil and similar inclusions: 55 percent

Badin soil and similar inclusions: 30 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Tatum

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—red silty clay

14 to 33 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

33 to 40 inches—red silty clay that has brownish

yellow mottles

40 to 45 inches—silty clay loam that is multicolored in

shades of red and yellow

Underlying material:

45 to 55 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite

Bedrock:

55 to 60 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite
Rowan County, North Carolina 145

Badin

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 26 inches—reddish yellow silty clay

26 to 34 inches—yellowish red channery silty clay

loam

Bedrock:

34 to 41 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

argillite

41 inches—unweathered argillite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Tatum—deep; Badin—moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Tatum—very strongly acid or strongly

acid throughout the profile except where the

surface layer has been limed; Badin—strongly

acid to extremely acid throughout the profile

except where the surface layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: Tatum—40 to 60 inches to soft

bedrock; Badin—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Goldston soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of

less than 20 inches and are on small knolls and along

the outer edge of map unit delineations

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have soft

bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches

• Random areas of Tatum and Badin soils that have a

surface layer of channery silty clay loam

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum and Badin soils that have a

surface layer of silt loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Tatum—well suited; Badin—suited

Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility, tilth, and

soil fertility; Badin—erodibility, tilth, soil fertility, and

rooting depth

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

farming, crop residue management, and rotations of

soil-conserving crops helps to stabilize the soil, control

surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Badin soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Tatum—well suited; Badin—suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Tatum—equipment use and

seedling survival; Badin—equipment use, seedling

survival, and windthrow hazard
146 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Badin

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Tatum—shrink-swell potential;

Badin—depth to bedrock and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Special earthmoving equipment may be needed to

grade areas of the Badin soil prior to building.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and prevent sediments from leaving the

site.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Tatum—suited; Badin—poorly suited

Management concerns: Tatum—depth to bedrock and

restricted permeability; Badin—depth to bedrock

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Areas of the Tatum soil should be used for

absorption fields.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Tatum—IIIe; Badin—IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6C in areas of the Tatum soil

and 6D in areas of the Badin soil

Ud—Udorthents, loamy

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, in areas throughout the

county where natural soil has been excavated or

built up by earthy fill material
Rowan County, North Carolina 147

Landscape position: Variable; commonly broad ridges

and side slopes

Shape of areas: Rectangular or irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 190 acres

Composition

Udorthents and similar inclusions: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Typical Profile

A typical pedon is not given due to the variable

nature of the soils.

Udorthents consist of miscellaneous areas where

the natural soils have been altered by cutting, filling,

and shaping. The surface layer is loamy soil material

that is variable in composition, depth, slope, and ability

to grow plants. Borrow areas, cut and fill areas, fly ash

deposits, and sanitary landfills make up most of this

map unit.

In borrow areas, all of the original soil has been

excavated to saprolite or bedrock for use as

construction material. The cuts are up to 25 feet deep

and may have steep to vertical slopes on one or more

sides. The more recent excavated areas are bare and

subject to accelerated erosion. The older areas are

eroded, but many have stabilized under pine or other

vegetation.

In cut and fill areas, soil has been removed from

one place and deposited at another to achieve a

particular land conformation. Most of these areas are

in school yards that have athletic fields, in areas of

major highway interchanges, and on industrial sites.

Most of these areas are stabilized with grass, trees, or

other landscaping plants.

Fly ash deposits consist of ponds where fly ash

from coal-burning plants is deposited or allowed to

settle out.

Sanitary landfills are excavated areas where deeply

graded trenches, as much as 30 feet deep, have been

backfilled with alternating layers of solid refuse and

soil material. Most areas are seeded to grass or trees

after the final cover is added.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Shallow to very deep

Drainage class: Well drained or moderately well

drained

Permeability: Moderate to very slow

Depth to high water table: Variable; commonly more

than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Nearly level to strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium to very rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate to very severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral

Parent material: Not applicable

Depth to bedrock: Variable; commonly 20 to more than

60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of undisturbed natural soils

• Small areas that are covered by buildings or

pavement

• Random areas of Udorthents that have bedrock at a

depth of less than 40 inches

Similar inclusions:

• Soils that are similar to Udorthents but that have

clayey underlying material

Use and Management

Major Uses: Urban and recreational uses

Other Uses: Woodland

Recommendations for reclamation and use of this

map unit require onsite examination.

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Highly variable soil properties,

erodibility, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Most of this map unit is not available for use as

cropland.

• Managing this map unit for crop production is difficult

because the soils are highly disturbed.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Highly variable soil properties,

erodibility, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Most of this map unit is not available for pasture and

hayland.

• Managing this map unit for the production of pasture

and hay crops is difficult because the soils have highly

variable properties.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Highly variable soil properties,

erodibility, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Managing this map unit for woodland is difficult

because the soils have highly variable properties.

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended
148 Soil Survey

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Highly variable soil properties

(including depth to bedrock, differential settling,

highly disturbed soils, restricted permeability, and

hazardous gas emission in areas of sanitary

landfills)

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations because of

highly variable soil properties.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Recreational Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, differential

settling, highly disturbed soils, and slope in some

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations because of

highly variable soil properties.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned

Uf—Urban land

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the business

districts of Salisbury and Spencer

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Rectangular or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 300 acres

Composition

Urban land: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Urban land consists of areas mostly covered by

commercial, industrial, or other urban buildings, paved

streets and sidewalks, paved parking lots, closely

spaced houses, or other impervious material so that

identification of the natural soil is not feasible.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Soil properties and qualities are highly variable in

the limited, undeveloped areas. The major problem is

excessive runoff during rainstorms, which causes

excessive flooding in low areas.

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of undisturbed soils located between

urban facilities

• Small areas of Udorthents, consisting primarily of

cut and fill land

Use and Management

Major Uses: Urban development

Other Uses: None

Agricultural Development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Limited size of natural soil

areas

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit cannot be used for agricultural

purposes because of urban development.

Urban Development

Suitability:

• The current land use is urban development, and

changes in land use are not anticipated.

Recreational Development

Suitability:

• The current land use is urban development, and

changes in land use are not anticipated.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned

UhC—Uwharrie loam, 2 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southeastern corner of the county

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Uwharrie soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown loam
Rowan County, North Carolina 149

Subsurface layer:

2 to 10 inches—brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 15 inches—yellowish red clay loam

15 to 45 inches—red clay

45 to 53 inches—red clay loam

Underlying material:

53 to 72 inches—red loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping to strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate or severe

Rock fragments on the surface: Stones averaging

about 10 inches in diameter; boulders averaging

about 5 feet in diameter and about 50 feet apart

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the nonstony Uwharrie soils

• Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Badin soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• The slowly permeable Enon soils on the lower side

slopes

• Few scattered areas of rock outcrops

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have an

extremely stony surface layer

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Recreation

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting crop

production because of stones.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Suited

Suitability for hayland: Unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Managing this map unit for hay production is difficult

because of the very stony surface.

• It is necessary to remove stones or limit equipment

use to the less stony areas.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for yellow-poplar

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Planting trees by machine and mechanical site

preparation may not be feasible.

• Logging roads and skid trails may not be feasible,

and special designs and layouts are needed.

• Tracked equipment should be not be used, and

sharp stones may cause damage to rubber-tired

equipment.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.
150 Soil Survey

• Clearing stones from the building site may be

necessary.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Large stones and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Large stones should be removed as necessary.

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Large stones and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Large stones should be removed as necessary.

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Large stones and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 7X, based on yellowpoplar as the indicator species

UhE—Uwharrie loam, 15 to 45 percent

slopes, very stony

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southeastern corner of the county

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or long and narrow

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Composition

Uwharrie soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown very stony loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 10 inches—dark brown very stony loam

Subsoil:

10 to 15 inches—yellowish red clay loam

15 to 45 inches—red clay

45 to 53 inches—red clay loam

Underlying material:

53 to 72 inches—red loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Moderately steep or steep
Rowan County, North Carolina 151

Surface runoff: Rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Rock fragments on the surface: Stones averaging

about 10 inches in diameter; boulders averaging

about 5 feet in diameter and 50 feet apart

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the nonstony Uwharrie soils

• Random areas of soils that have soft bedrock at a

depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Badin soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• The slowly permeable Enon soils on the lower side

slopes

• Few scattered areas of rock outcrops

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have an

extremely stony surface layer

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Recreation

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Equipment use and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting crop

production because of surface stones and the slope.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited

Suitability for hayland: Unsuited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the slope and surface stones, managing

this map unit for pasture and hayland is difficult.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

• It is necessary to remove stones and limit equipment

use to the less sloping and less stony areas.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Constructing trails facilitates the grazing of livestock

in areas where access is limited.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for yellow-poplar

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Planting trees by machine and mechanical site

preparation may not be feasible.

• Logging roads and skid trails may not be feasible,

and special designs and layouts are needed.

• In this map unit, the required distances for skidding

and cabling are longer than usual.

• Tracked equipment should be not be used, and

sharp stones may cause damage to rubber-tired

equipment.

• Reforestation immediately after harvest using

minimal site preparation and recommended tree

species helps to control erosion and siltation of

streams.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope on the less sloping parts of the map unit

helps to improve soil performance.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.
152 Soil Survey

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Large stones and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating camping facilities in the less sloping areas

help to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Large stones should be removed as necessary.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Large stones and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads and trails on the contour and

locating picnic facilities in the less sloping areas help

to overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Large stones should be removed as necessary.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Large stones and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

playgrounds.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 7R, based on yellowpoplar as the indicator species

UrB—Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southeastern corner of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Uwharrie soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 9 inches—brownish yellow silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—red silty clay

14 to 27 inches—red clay

27 to 38 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

38 to 49 inches—red silty clay that has brownish

yellow mottles

Underlying material:

49 to 60 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches
Rowan County, North Carolina 153

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Badin soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have a surface

layer of silty clay loam and commonly occur in

cultivated areas

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

• Few scattered areas of rock outcrops

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have a surface

layer of loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.
154 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

UwB2—Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southeastern corner of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Uwharrie soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—red silty clay

14 to 23 inches—red clay

23 to 36 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

36 to 47 inches—red silty clay that has brownish

yellow mottles

47 to 56 inches—red silty clay loam

Underlying material:

56 to 60 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Badin soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have a surface

layer of silt loam or loam

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have a surface

layer of clay loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour
Rowan County, North Carolina 155

farming, crop residue management, and rotations of

soil-conserving crops helps to stabilize the soil, control

surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.
156 Soil Survey

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

UwC2—Uwharrie silty clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the

southeastern corner of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Uwharrie soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—red silty clay

14 to 23 inches—red clay

23 to 36 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles

36 to 47 inches—red silty clay that has brownish

yellow mottles

47 to 56 inches—red silty clay loam

Underlying material:

56 to 60 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Random areas of Badin soils that have soft bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have a surface

layer of silt loam or loam

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have a surface

layer of clay loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Pasture and cropland

Other Uses: Woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations helps to

stabilize the soil, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.
Rowan County, North Carolina 157

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Potential productivity: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as
158 Soil Survey

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

VaB—Vance sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, in areas throughout the

county except in the easternmost part; some of

the larger areas are located south and east of

Salisbury

Landscape position: Ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Composition

Vance soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches—brownish yellow clay

18 to 26 inches—brownish yellow clay that has red

and very pale brown mottles

26 to 33 inches—yellowish brown clay that has

brownish yellow, very pale brown, and red mottles

33 to 38 inches—brownish yellow clay that has red,

very pale brown, and light brownish gray mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 50 inches—multicolored sandy clay loam

saprolite

50 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid in

the surface and subsurface layers except where

the surface layer has been limed and strongly acid

or very strongly acid in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the moderately permeable Appling

soils that have a low shrink-swell potential

• The moderately well drained Helena soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• The moderately permeable Cecil and Pacolet soils

that have a subsoil that is redder than that of the

Vance soil, have a low shrink-swell potential, and are

on small knolls and on ridgetops

• Random areas of the moderately permeable

Wedowee soils that have a low shrink-swell potential

• Random areas of Vance soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam or clay loam

• Random areas of Enon soils that are more basic in

reaction than the Vance soil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Vance soils that have a surface

layer of coarse sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland and cropland

Other Uses: Pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.
Rowan County, North Carolina 159

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing a graveled area for tents and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing a graveled area for tables and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and content of rock

fragments

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Rock fragments should be removed by raking, and

the surface should be covered with fill material.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 7A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species
160 Soil Survey

VaC—Vance sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, in areas throughout the

county except in the easternmost part; some of

the larger areas are located south and east of

Salisbury

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres

Composition

Vance soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

8 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches—brownish yellow clay

18 to 26 inches—brownish yellow clay that has red

and very pale brown mottles

26 to 33 inches—yellowish brown clay that has

brownish yellow, very pale brown, and red mottles

33 to 38 inches—brownish yellow clay that has red,

very pale brown, and light brownish gray mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 50 inches—multicolored sandy clay loam

saprolite

50 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid in

the surface and subsurface layers except where

the surface layer has been limed and strongly acid

or very strongly acid in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the moderately permeable

Wedowee soils that have a low shrink-swell potential

• The moderately well drained Helena soils along

drainageways and foot slopes

• The moderately permeable Pacolet soils that have a

subsoil that is redder than that of the Vance soil, have

a low shrink-swell potential, and are on ridgetops and

the upper side slopes

• Random areas of Vance soils that have a surface

layer of sandy clay loam or clay loam

• Random areas of Enon soils that are more basic in

reaction than the Vance soil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Vance soils that have a surface

layer of coarse sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to
Rowan County, North Carolina 161

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 7A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

VnB2—Vance sandy clay loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, in areas throughout the

county except in the easternmost part

Landscape position: Ridges
162 Soil Survey

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 100 acres

Composition

Vance soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

10 to 17 inches—yellowish red clay

17 to 30 inches—brownish yellow clay that has red

mottles

30 to 34 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red,

and light gray clay

34 to 38 inches—brownish yellow clay that has red,

very pale brown, and light brownish gray mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid in

the surface and subsurface layers except where

the surface layer has been limed and strongly acid

or very strongly acid in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the moderately permeable Appling

soils that have a low shrink-swell potential

• The moderately well drained Helena soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• The moderately permeable Cecil and Pacolet soils

that have a subsoil that is redder than that of the

Vance soil, have a low shrink-swell potential, and are

on small knolls and on ridgetops

• Random areas of the moderately permeable

Wedowee soils that have a low shrink-swell potential

• Random areas of Vance soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam

• Random areas of Enon soils that are more basic in

reaction than the Vance soil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Vance soils that have a surface

layer of clay loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland and urban development

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

farming, crop residue management, and rotations of

soil-conserving crops helps to stabilize the soil, control

surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited
Rowan County, North Carolina 163

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing a graveled area for tents and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing a graveled area for tables and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

VnC2—Vance sandy clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, in areas throughout the

county except in the easternmost part

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 4 to 30 acres

Composition

Vance soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent
164 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown sandy clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

10 to 17 inches—yellowish red clay

17 to 30 inches—brownish yellow clay that has red

mottles

30 to 34 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red,

and light gray clay

34 to 38 inches—brownish yellow clay that has red,

very pale brown, and light brownish gray mottles

Underlying material:

38 to 60 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of water erosion: Very severe

Soil reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid in

the surface and subsurface layers except where

the surface layer has been limed and strongly acid

or very strongly acid in the subsoil and underlying

material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Random areas of the moderately permeable

Wedowee soils that have a low shrink-swell potential

• The moderately well drained Helena soils along

drainageways and foot slopes

• The moderately permeable Pacolet soils that have a

subsoil that is redder than that of the Vance soil, have

a low shrink-swell potential, and are on ridgetops and

the upper side slopes

• Random areas of Enon soils that are more basic in

reaction than the Vance soil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Vance soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion;

using resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations helps to

stabilize the soil, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of rainfall.

• Restricting tillage to dry periods and incorporating

crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil

surface help to minimize clodding and crusting and

maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability for pasture: Well suited

Suitability for hayland: Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Special care is needed to prevent further erosion

when renovating pastures or establishing seedbeds.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting logging operations to dry periods helps to
Rowan County, North Carolina 165

prevent rutting and possible root damage caused by

compaction.

• Preparing the site by harrowing helps to establish

seedlings, reduce seedling mortality rates, and

increase early seedling growth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 6C, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

WaA—Wahee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded

Setting

Landform: River or stream valleys of the Piedmont,

mainly along the South Yadkin River, the Yadkin

River, and the larger creeks

Landscape position: Low stream terraces

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 60 acres

Composition

Wahee soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent
166 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 7 inches—light brownish gray loam

Subsoil:

7 to 12 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam that

has light brownish gray and brown mottles

12 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown clay that has

light brownish gray and yellowish red mottles

19 to 26 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light

brownish gray and red mottles

26 to 40 inches—light gray clay that has strong brown,

brownish yellow, and yellowish red mottles

40 to 48 inches—gray clay that has brownish yellow

and strong brown mottles

48 to 60 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish

yellow and strong brown mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from

December through March; apparent

Hazard of flooding: Occasional for brief periods from

December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Slope class: Nearly level

Surface runoff: Slow

Hazard of water erosion: None or slight

Rock fragments on the surface: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

the surface and subsurface layers except where

the surface layer has been limed and extremely

acid to strongly acid in the subsoil

Parent material: Old alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained, frequently flooded

Chewacla soils that have a loamy subsoil and are on

flood plains along drainageways

• The moderately well drained Dogue soils in the

slightly higher landscape positions

• Random areas of poorly drained soils in low,

depressional areas

• Random areas of soils that are similar to the Wahee

soil but have a loamy subsoil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wahee soils that have a surface

layer of fine sandy loam or silt loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Pasture and cropland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the potential for flooding during the

growing season, managing this map unit for cropland

is difficult.

• Installing a drainage system that includes open

ditches or land shaping helps to increase productivity.

• Performing tillage and harvesting operations when

the soil is not wet helps to prevent clodding and rutting

caused by equipment.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when

the soil is too wet helps to prevent compaction,

decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction, which occur when the soil is saturated.
Rowan County, North Carolina 167

• Bedding prior to planting and maintaining

drainageways help to establish seedlings and increase

seedling survival rates.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting

dwellings because of flooding.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and

restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength, wetness, and

flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness limitation.

• Constructing bridges or using culverts is necessary

to cross drainageways.

• Intercepting and diverting underground water from

seeps and springs help to reduce the wetness

limitation.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting camp

areas.

• A site on better suited soils should be selected.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing raised surfaces of gravel fill material for

tables and other facilities helps to minimize the

wetness limitation.

• This map unit should not be used for picnic areas

after heavy rains when flooding is a hazard.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• An artificial drainage system should be used, the

better drained parts of the map unit should be

developed, or a site on better suited soils should be

selected.

• Locating facilities on raised surfaces of gravel fill

material helps to minimize the wetness limitation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 9W, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

WkB—Wickham fine sandy loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes

Setting

Landform: River or stream valleys of the Piedmont

Landscape position: High stream terraces

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Wickham soil and similar inclusions: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—reddish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

24 to 34 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has

brownish yellow mottles

34 to 42 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has brownish yellow and red mottles

42 to 50 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam that

has brownish yellow and red mottles

Underlying material:

50 to 70 inches—multicolored sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained
168 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderate

Depth to high water table: More than 60 inches

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Parent material: Old alluvium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Dogue soils that have a

clayey subsoil and are in the slightly lower positions

and on foot slopes

• The somewhat poorly drained Wahee soils that have

a clayey subsoil and are in low, depressional areas

• Well drained soils that have a clayey subsoil and are

in landscape positions similar to those of the Wickham

soil

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Wickham soils that have a surface

layer of loam or sandy loam

Use and Management

Major Uses: Cropland and pasture

Other Uses: Woodland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns:

• This map unit has slight limitations affecting

woodland management.

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting dwellings.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosioncontrol structures, such as sediment fences and catch

basins, help to keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

• Installing septic system distribution lines during dry

periods helps to minimize smearing and sealing of

trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting local

roads and streets.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.
Rowan County, North Carolina 169

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting camp

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit has few limitations affecting picnic

areas.

Management measures and considerations:

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9A, based on loblolly

pine as the indicator species

ZeB—Zion-Enon complex, 2 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Composition

Zion soil and similar inclusions: 60 percent

Enon soil and similar inclusions: 25 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Zion

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

9 to 15 inches—brown clay

15 to 19 inches—yellowish brown clay

19 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

Underlying material:

23 to 31 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Bedrock:

31 to 38 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

mafic rock

38 inches—unweathered mafic rock

Enon

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

10 to 17 inches—strong brown clay

17 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay

27 to 33 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light olive

brown, and white clay loam

Underlying material:

33 to 72 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Zion—moderately deep; Enon—very

deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Zion—slow or moderately slow; Enon—

slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Gently sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Moderate

Soil reaction: Zion—very strongly acid to moderately

acid in the surface layer and the upper part of the

subsoil except where the surface layer has been

limed and strongly acid to neutral in the lower part

of the subsoil and in the underlying material;

Enon—strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface

layer except where it has been limed and slightly
170 Soil Survey

acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil and

underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: Zion—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Enon—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Sedgefield soils along

drainageways and in depressional areas

• Mecklenburg soils that have a subsoil that is redder

than that of the Zion or Enon soil, have a moderate

shrink-swell potential, and are on small knolls

• Random areas of Mocksville and Poindexter soils

that have a loamy subsoil

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Zion and Enon soils that have a

surface layer of loam or sandy loam

• Random areas of Vance soils that are more acid

than the Zion and Enon soils

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Zion—suited; Enon—well suited

Management concerns: Zion—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Enon—erodibility and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops

help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and

maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Zion soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Zion—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Enon—erodibility and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Zion soil.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Zion—windthrow hazard;

Enon—slight limitations

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Zion

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Zion—shrink-swell potential

and depth to bedrock; Enon—shrink-swell

potential

Management measures and considerations:

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Zion soil.

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the Zion

soil.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.
Rowan County, North Carolina 171

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Zion—restricted permeability

and depth to bedrock; Enon—restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and low

strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating camp sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tents and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating picnic sites on the higher parts of the

landscape allows good surface drainage.

• Providing a graveled area for tables and other

facilities helps to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope, restricted permeability,

and small stones

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutting, filling, and grading should be limited to only

those areas that need to be shaped.

• Using diversions helps to remove excess surface

water and minimize the permeability limitation.

• Small stones should be removed.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6D in areas of the Zion soil

and 7A in areas of the Enon soil

ZeC—Zion-Enon complex, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

Landform: Piedmont uplands, mainly in the central and

northwestern parts of the county

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong or irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Zion soil and similar inclusions: 65 percent

Enon soil and similar inclusions: 20 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Zion

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

9 to 15 inches—brown clay

15 to 19 inches—yellowish brown clay

19 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

Underlying material:

23 to 31 inches—multicolored loam saprolite
172 Soil Survey

Bedrock:

31 to 38 inches—weathered, partially consolidated

mafic rock

38 inches—unweathered mafic rock

Enon

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam

10 to 17 inches—strong brown clay

17 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay

27 to 33 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light olive

brown, and white clay loam

Underlying material:

33 to 72 inches—multicolored loam saprolite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Zion—moderately deep; Enon—very

deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Zion—slow or moderately slow; Enon—

slow

Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Hazard of flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Slope class: Strongly sloping

Surface runoff: Medium

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Soil reaction: Zion—very strongly acid to moderately

acid in the surface layer and the upper part of the

subsoil except where the surface layer has been

limed and strongly acid to neutral in the lower part

of the subsoil and in the underlying material;

Enon—strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface

layer except where the surface layer has been

limed and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the

subsoil and underlying material

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Depth to bedrock: Zion—20 to 40 inches to hard

bedrock; Enon—more than 60 inches

Inclusions

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Sedgefield soils on foot

slopes and along drainageways

• Random areas of Mecklenburg soils that have a

subsoil that is redder than that of the Zion or Enon soil

and have a moderate shrink-swell potential

• Random areas of Mocksville and Poindexter soils

that have a loamy subsoil

• Random areas where stones and boulders are

widely scattered on the surface

Similar inclusions:

• Random areas of Zion and Enon soils that have a

surface layer of loam or sandy loam

• Random areas of Vance soils that are more acid

than the Zion and Enon soils

Use and Management

Major Uses: Woodland

Other Uses: Cropland and pasture

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Zion—erodibility, rooting

depth, and soil fertility; Enon—erodibility and soil

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include

conservation tillage, crop residue management,

stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to

minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize

the infiltration of water.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Zion soil.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Zion—suited; Enon—well suited

Management concerns: Zion—erodibility, rooting

depth, equipment use, and soil fertility; Enon—

erodibility, equipment use, and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and

increase germination.

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the

production of high-quality forage and reduce the

hazard of erosion.

• Incorporating plant residue into the soil helps to

improve the water-holding capacity, and using shallowrooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep

rooting depth of the Zion soil.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when harvesting hay crops.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing
Rowan County, North Carolina 173

a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help

to maintain pastures and increase forage production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to

recommendations based on soil tests helps to

increase the availability of plant nutrients and

maximize productivity when establishing, maintaining,

or renovating hayland and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Zion—windthrow hazard;

Enon—slight limitations

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended

by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity

and ensure planting success.

• Productivity may be increased in areas of the Zion

soil by harvesting windthrown trees, which result from

high winds and the limited rooting depth.

Urban Development

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Zion—shrink-swell potential,

depth to bedrock, and slope; Enon—shrink-swell

potential and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Only dwellings without basements should be built on

the Zion soil.

• Designing structures so that they conform to the

natural slope helps to overcome the slope limitation.

• Reinforcing foundations and basements or

backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevent damage caused by shrinking

and swelling.

• Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving

equipment may be needed to grade areas of the Zion

soil.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain

soil stability and keep sediments onsite.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Zion—restricted permeability

and depth to bedrock; Enon—restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic

tank absorption fields.

• The Rowan County Health Department should be

contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and low

strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads on the contour and providing

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts,

help to maintain road stability.

• Providing sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds

help to improve soil strength.

• As much of the shrink-swell clay as possible should

be removed and the thickness of the base aggravate

increased.

• Installing geotextile fabric between the base

aggravate and final surface of the road helps to

overcome the limitations.

• Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible

after construction helps to stabilize the soil and

prevent excessive erosion.

Recreational Development

Camp areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for tents and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Picnic areas

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• Locating facilities in the less sloping areas helps to

overcome the slope limitation.

• A level area with a graveled surface should be

provided for picnic tables and other facilities.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Playgrounds

Suitability: Poorly suited
174

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Extensive grading, including cutting and filling, is

needed.

• The depth to bedrock should be determined before

grading for playgrounds.

• Leaving a buffer zone of grass, trees, and shrubs

adjacent to streams and drainageways helps to

minimize siltation and provides shade.

• Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as

possible helps to maintain soil stability and prevent

erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Based on loblolly pine as

the indicator species, 6D in areas of the Zion soil

and 7A in areas of the Enon soil
175

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis for predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,

highways and other transportation systems, and parks

and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.

It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations

of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent

construction failures caused by unfavorable soil

properties.

Generally, the soils in Rowan County that are well

suited to crops are also well suited to urban uses. The

data concerning specific soils in the county can be

used in planning future land use patterns. The

potential for farming should be considered relative to

any soil limitations and the potential for nonfarm

development.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern that is in harmony with

nature.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use

it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very

firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

R. Bruce Rider, district conservationist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and pasture

is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture

plants best suited to the soils are identified, the

system of land capability classification used by the

Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained,

the estimated yields of the main crops and hay and

pasture plants are listed for each soil, and prime

farmland is described.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed

information given in the description of each soil under

the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in the

tables. Specific information can be obtained from the

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension

Service.

Federal and State regulations require that any area

designated as wetlands cannot be altered without prior

approval. Contact the local office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service for identification of

hydric soils and potential wetlands.

The acreage of cropland in Rowan County has

slightly decreased during the past 10 years. Cropland

has been converted to pasture or hayland due to lack

of profit in farming row crops.

In 1993, more than 38,600 acres in Rowan County

were used for harvested crops (6). About 15,000 acres

were used for hay and 25,000 acres for pasture. Corn

for grain and silage and soybeans are the dominant

row crops. Wheat and barley are other row crops.

Wheat is the most common close-growing crop, and

barley is the second most common. A small acreage

of oats is also grown. Because of the suitable soils and

a favorable climate, many field crops that are not

commonly grown in Rowan County could be produced.

Grass seed could be produced from fescue and

orchardgrass. According to the North Carolina

Cooperative Extension Service, the average farm size

in 1994 was 141 acres.

Specialty crops include vegetables, flowers, and

Use and Management of the Soils
176 Soil Survey

many nursery plants. Some areas are used for

melons, strawberries, sweet corn, tomatoes, peppers,

or other vegetables.

Very deep soils that have slopes of less than 8

percent, that are characterized by good natural

drainage, and that warm up early in spring are

especially well suited to many vegetables. These soils

include Appling, Cecil, Enon, Hiwassee, Mecklenburg,

Pacolet, Rion, Wedowee, Uwharrie, Vance, and

Wickham soils.

The latest information about specialty crops can be

obtained at the local office of the North Carolina

Cooperative Extension Service or the Natural

Resources Conservation Service.

Most of the row crops and small grains are grown

on the well drained or moderately well drained, nearly

level or gently sloping, very deep to moderately deep

soils on uplands and stream terraces. These soils

include Appling, Badin, Cecil, Dogue, Enon, Helena,

Hiwassee, Mecklenburg, Pacolet, Rion, Sedgefield,

Wedowee, Uwharrie, Vance, and Wickham soils.

Strongly sloping to moderately steep areas of Badin,

Hiwassee, Mecklenburg, Mocksville, Pacolet,

Poindexter, Rion, Tatum, Uwharrie, Vance, and

Wedowee soils are commonly used for hay and

pasture. Nearly level soils on flood plains, such as

Riverview and Chewacla soils, are occasionally used

for row crops but are mainly used for pasture.

Some areas that are idle, wooded, or pastured have

good potential for use as cropland. Food production

could be increased considerably by applying the latest

technology to all of the cropland in the survey area.

The information in this soil survey can facilitate the

application of such technology.

Cropland

Management considerations on cropland in the

county include controlling erosion, installing a drainage

system, improving soil fertility, applying a system of

chemical weed control, and improving tilth.

Erosion control.—Water erosion is a major hazard

on most of the soils used for crops or pasture in

Rowan County. Nearly level soils that are not subject

to accelerated erosion and that are considered

agriculturally productive are Chewacla, Oakboro,

Riverview, and Wahee soils on flood plains; Dogue

soils on stream terraces; and Lignum soils on uplands.

Erosion is a hazard on all of the soils that have slopes

of more than 2 percent. As the slope increases, the

hazard of erosion and the difficulty in controlling

erosion also increase.

Loss of the surface layer through erosion is

damaging. Soil productivity is reduced as the surface

layer is lost and part of the subsoil is incorporated into

the plow layer. Loss of the surface layer is especially

damaging on soils that have a clayey subsoil (such as

Appling, Cecil, Dogue, Enon, Helena, Hiwassee,

Iredell, Mecklenburg, Pacolet, Sedgefield, Tatum,

Uwharrie, Vance, and Wedowee soils) and on soils

that have a limited root zone because they are

moderately deep or shallow to bedrock (such as

Ashlar, Badin, Goldston, Poindexter, Saw, and Zion

soils). Erosion on farmland results in the

sedimentation of streams. Controlling erosion

minimizes the pollution of water by runoff carrying

plant nutrients, soil particles, and plant residue. It

improves the quality of water for municipal use, for

recreation, and for fish and wildlife.

In many sloping areas of clayey soils, preparing a

good seedbed is difficult because much or all of the

original friable surface layer has been lost through

erosion. This degree of erosion is common in areas of

Badin, Cecil, Hiwassee, Mecklenburg, Pacolet, Saw,

Tatum, Uwharrie, and Vance soils.

Erosion-control practices provide a protective

surface cover, reduce runoff, and increase the rate of

water infiltration. A cropping system that keeps a

vegetative cover on the surface for extended periods

helps to minimize soil loss and maintain the productive

capacity of the soil. In sloping areas, including forage

crops of grasses and legumes in the cropping system

helps to control erosion. The forage crops also add

nitrogen to the soil and improve tilth. Improved

cropping systems, conservation tillage, crop residue

management, terraces, stripcropping, grassed

waterways, contour farming, and field borders are

some of the practices that can reduce the hazard of

erosion on cropland.

Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the

surface increase the rate of water infiltration, reduce

runoff, and help to control erosion. These practices

can be effective on most of the soils in the survey

area. In the more sloping areas that are used for corn

or double cropped with soybeans, no-till farming is

effective in controlling erosion.

Terraces and diversions shorten the length of

slopes and thus minimize erosion caused by runoff.

They are most effective on very deep, well drained

soils that have smooth slopes of less than 8 percent.

Cecil, Enon, Hiwassee, Mecklenburg, Pacolet, and

Uwharrie soils are examples. These measures are

less effective on soils that have irregular slopes

because these soils would be excessively wet in

terrace channels, would have a clayey subsoil

exposed in the terrace channels, or would have

bedrock within a depth of 40 inches.

Contour farming and contour stripcropping help to

control erosion on many of the soils in the survey area.
Rowan County, North Carolina 177

They are best suited to soils that have smooth,

uniform slopes.

Information about erosion-control measures for

each kind of soil is available at the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Drainage.—Wetness is a management concern on

a very small percentage of the cropland in Rowan

County. Some nearly level soils are so wet that

production of the crops commonly grown in the survey

area is difficult unless a drainage system is installed. A

clayey subsoil and poor drainage outlets, however, can

limit the effectiveness of artificial drainage. Because of

this, few areas of Armenia, Chewacla, Cid, Lignum,

Oakboro, and Wahee soils have been drained in order

to produce row crops and small grains.

Managing drainage in conformance with regulations

concerning wetlands may require special permits and

extra planning. The local office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service should be contacted

for identification of hydric soils and potential wetlands.

Soils along the flood plains in Rowan County are

frequently or occasionally flooded for brief periods,

generally between November and April. Flash flooding

as a result of intensive rainfall can occur on the upper

reaches of stream bottoms at any time of the year and

can damage or destroy crops.

Soil fertility.—The soils in Rowan County generally

are low in natural fertility and are naturally acid.

Additions of lime and fertilizer are needed for the

production of most kinds of crops.

Liming requirements are a major concern on

cropland. The acidity level in the soil affects the

availability of many nutrients to plants. Lime

neutralizes exchangeable aluminum in the soil and

thus counteracts the adverse effects of high levels of

aluminum on many crops. Liming adds calcium (from

calcitic lime) or calcium and magnesium (from

dolomitic lime) to the soil.

A soil test is a guide to what amount and kind of

lime should be used. The desired pH levels may differ,

depending on the soil properties and the crop to be

grown.

Nitrogen fertilizer is required for most crops. It is

generally not required, however, for clover, in some

rotations of soybeans, or for alfalfa that is established.

A reliable soil test is not available for predicting

nitrogen requirements. Appropriate rates of nitrogen

application are described in the section “Yields per

Acre.”

Soil tests can indicate the need for phosphorus and

potassium fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium tend

to build up in the soil.

Chemical weed control.—The use of herbicides for

weed control is a common practice on the cropland in

Rowan County. It decreases the need for tillage and is

an integral part of modern farming. Selected soil

properties, such as organic matter content and texture

of the surface layer, affect the rate of herbicide

application. Estimates of both of these properties were

determined for the soils in this survey area. Table 15

shows a general range of organic matter content in the

surface layer of the soils. The texture of the surface

layer is shown in the USDA texture column in table 14.

In some areas the organic matter content projected

for a soil may be outside the range shown in the table.

The content can be higher in soils that have received

large amounts of animal or manmade waste. Soils that

have recently been brought into cultivation may have a

higher content of organic matter in the surface layer

than similar soils that have been cultivated for a long

time. Conservation tillage can increase the content of

organic matter in the surface layer. A lower content of

organic matter is common where the surface layer has

been partly or completely removed by erosion or land

smoothing. Current soil tests should be used for

specific organic matter determinations.

Tilth.—Soil tilth is an important factor in the

germination of seeds and the infiltration of water into

the soil. Soils that have good tilth have a granular and

porous surface layer.

Most of the soils used for crops in Rowan County

have a surface layer that has a low content of organic

matter (less than 1 percent). Intense rainfall results in

the formation of a crust on the surface of some of

these soils. The crust is hard when dry and almost

impervious to water. It reduces the rate of water

infiltration and increases the runoff rate. Regular

additions of crop residue, manure, and other organic

matter help to improve soil structure and prevent

crusting, thereby increasing the infiltration rate. A good

content of organic matter ranges from 1.5 to 2 percent.

Soils that have a greater clay content in the surface

layer, such as Badin, Cecil, Hiwassee, Mecklenburg,

Pacolet, Saw, Tatum, Uwharrie, and Vance soils,

become cloddy if they are cultivated under wet

conditions.

Stones and boulders are common on the surface in

some areas of Enon and Uwharrie soils. In these

areas, the rock fragments prevent tillage and the land

is used mainly for woodland.

Pasture and Hayland

In 1994, Rowan County had more than 30,100 beef

and dairy cattle (6). Most of the pasture and hayland

supports a mixture of grasses and legumes. Most of

the hay is grown in rotation with pasture. The

harvested hay commonly is rolled into large, round

bales or is used as grass silage.
178 Soil Survey

Selection of forage species.—The soils in the

survey area vary widely in their ability to produce

grasses and legumes because of differences in depth

to bedrock, internal drainage, and available water

capacity. The forage species selected for planting

should be appropriate for the soil. A successful

livestock enterprise depends on a forage program that

provides large quantities of good-quality feed. In most

areas of hayland and pasture in Rowan County,

renovation, brush control, and measures that prevent

overgrazing are needed.

The nearly level and gently sloping, deep and very

deep, well drained soils should be planted to the

highest producing crops, such as corn silage, alfalfa,

and mixtures of alfalfa and orchardgrass. Sod-forming

grasses, such as tall fescue and orchardgrass,

minimize erosion in the steeper areas. Alfalfa should

be seeded with cool-season grasses in areas where

the soil is at least 2 feet deep and is well drained. The

more poorly drained soils and the soils that are less

than 2 feet deep are suited to clover-grass mixtures or

to pure stands of clover or grasses. Legumes can be

established through renovation in areas that support

sod-forming grasses.

The intended use should be considered when

forage species are selected. Selected species should

provide maximum quality and versatility in the forage

program. Legumes generally produce higher quality

feed than grasses. They should be grown to the

maximum extent possible. The taller legumes, such as

alfalfa and red clover, are more versatile than legumes

that are used primarily for grazing, such as white

clover. Orchardgrass and tall fescue are best suited to

use as hay and silage.

Tall fescue is an important cool-season grass. It is

suited to a wide range of soil conditions and is grown

for both pasture and hay. The growth that occurs from

August through November commonly accumulates in

the field and is used for grazing in late fall and in

winter. For maximum production, nitrogen fertilizer

should be applied during the period when the grass is

accumulating. The rate of application should be based

on the desired level of production.

Warm-season grasses that are planted during the

period from early April through late May help to

supplement cool-season grasses, such as tall fescue.

They grow well during warm periods, especially from

mid-June through September, when the growth of

cool-season grasses is slow. Examples of warmseason grasses are switchgrass, big bluestem,

indiangrass, Caucasian bluestem, and coastal

bermudagrass.

Maintenance of pasture and hayland.—Applications

of fertilizer and lime are needed for the production of

pasture and hay on most soils in the county because

the soils are low in fertility, particularly calcium and

phosphorus. Fertilizer and lime requirements should

be based on the results of soil tests, on the kind of

forage, and the desired yield. Fertilizer and lime should

be incorporated into a well prepared seedbed prior to

planting. Fertility levels should be maintained by using

annual topdress applications after the sod has been

established. For maximum yields, fertilizer should be

applied to cool-season plants (fescue, orchardgrass,

and clover) in spring and fall, just prior to the growing

season.

Rotational grazing that uses crossfencing is needed

to prevent overgrazing or undergrazing pastures.

Grazing closer than 3 inches on most species of

pasture and hay plants greatly reduces forage

production. Undergrazing reduces feeding value,

wastes forage, and increases the hazard of diseases

and insects. Mowing helps to control uneven growth

and weeds and keep plants at their most nutritious

stage.

Access roads to and through pastureland should be

installed on the contour to prevent erosion and to

facilitate fertilization and pasture management.

Renovation can increase forage yields in areas that

have a good stand of grass. It includes partially

destroying the sod, applying lime and fertilizer, and

seeding desirable forage species. Adding legumes to

the stand of grass provides high-quality feed. Legumes

increase summer production and transfer nitrogen

from the air into the soil. Under growing conditions,

alfalfa can fix 200 to 300 pounds of nitrogen per acre

per year, red clover can fix 100 to 200 pounds, and

ladino clover can fix 100 to 150 pounds. An acre of

annual forage legumes, such as Korean lespedeza or

vetch, can fix 75 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per year.

Additional information about managing pasture and

hayland can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the North

Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in table 5. In any given year,

yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in

the table because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors. The land capability classification is

also shown in the table.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations are also

considered.
Rowan County, North Carolina 179

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the

proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

A high level of management includes maintaining

proper soil reaction and fertility levels as indicated by

standard soil tests. The application rate of nitrogen for

corn on soils that have a yield potential of 125 to 150

bushels per acre should be 140 to 160 pounds per

acre. If the yield potential for corn is 100 bushels per

acre or less, a rate of 100 to 120 pounds of nitrogen

per acre should be used. The application of nitrogen in

excess of that required for potential yields generally is

not recommended. The excess nitrogen fertilizer that

is not utilized by the crop is an unnecessary expense

and causes a hazard of water pollution. If corn is

grown after the harvest of soybeans, nitrogen rates

can be reduced by about 20 to 30 pounds per acre.

For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the

irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the

crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is

uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to

a minimum.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown

in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed

because the acreage of such crops is small. The local

office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service

or of the North Carolina Cooperative Extension

Service can provide information about the

management and productivity of the soils for those

crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for use as cropland (11).

Crops that require special management are excluded.

The soils are grouped according to their limitations for

field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for

crops, and the way they respond to management. The

criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major

and generally expensive landforming that would

change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the

soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major

reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a

substitute for interpretations designed to show

suitability and limitations of groups of soils for

woodland and for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped

at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit.

Only class and subclass are used in this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The

numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and

narrower choices for practical use. The classes are

defined as follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode, but they have

other limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their

use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,

w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The

letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of

erosion unless a close-growing plant cover is

maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil

interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils

the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial

drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used

in only some parts of the United States, shows that the

chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the soils

of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only

the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the

soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They

have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture,

woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation.
180 Soil Survey

The capability classification of each map unit

component is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map

Units” and in table 5.

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the

Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that responsible levels of government, as well as

individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise

use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of

physical and chemical characteristics for producing

food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is

available for these uses. It could be cultivated land,

pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not

urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities,

growing season, and moisture supply are those

needed for the soil to economically produce sustained

high yields of crops when proper management,

including water management, and acceptable farming

methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has

an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from

precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and

growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an

acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no

rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not

excessively erodible or saturated with water for long

periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during

the growing season or is protected from flooding. The

slope ranges mainly from 0 to 8 percent. More detailed

information about the criteria for prime farmland is

available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

About 157,000 acres in the survey area, or nearly

47 percent of the total acreage, meets the soil

requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of

this land are throughout the county, but most are in the

western part.

A recent trend in land use in some parts of the

survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland

to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime

farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal

lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty,

and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated.

The map units in the survey area that are

considered prime farmland are listed in table 6. This

list does not constitute a recommendation for a

particular land use. On some soils included in the list,

measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such

as flooding or wetness are needed. Onsite evaluation

is needed to determine whether or not the hazard or

limitation has been overcome by corrective measures.

The extent of each listed map unit is shown in table 4.

The location is shown on the detailed soil maps. The

soil qualities that affect use and management are

described under the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Woodland Management and Productivity

Albert Coffey, forester, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, and Wayne Alexander, county forest technician, North

Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural

Resources, Division of Forest Resources, helped prepare this

section.

Owners of woodland in Rowan County have many

objectives. These objectives include producing timber;

conserving wildlife, soil, and water; preserving esthetic

values; and providing opportunities for recreational

activities, such as commercial hunting. Public demand

for clean water and recreational areas creates

pressures and opportunities for owners of woodland.

For purposes of forest inventory, the predominant

forest types identified in Rowan County are as

described in the following paragraphs (8).

Loblolly-shortleaf. This forest type covers 33,760

acres. It is predominantly loblolly pine, shortleaf pine,

or other kinds of southern yellow pine (excluding

longleaf pine and slash pine) or a combination of these

species. Commonly included trees are oak, hickory,

and gum.

Oak-pine. This forest type covers 24,856 acres. It is

predominantly hardwoods, usually upland oaks. Pine

species make up 25 to 50 percent of the stand.

Commonly included trees are gum, hickory, and

yellow-poplar.

Oak-hickory. This forest type covers 79,354 acres. It

is predominantly upland oaks or hickory, or both.

Commonly included trees are yellow-poplar, elm,

maple, and black walnut.

Oak-gum. This forest type covers 8,385 acres. It is

bottom-land forest consisting predominantly of

blackgum, sweetgum, oaks, or a combination of these

species. Commonly included trees are willow, ash,

elm, hackberry, and maple.

Elm-ash. This forest type covers 4,143 acres. It is

predominantly elm and ash. Commonly included trees

are willow, sycamore, beech, and maple.

The landowner interested in timber production is

faced with the challenge of producing greater yields

from smaller areas. Meeting this challenge requires

intensive management and silvicultural practices.

Many modern silvicultural techniques resemble those

long practiced in agriculture. They include establishing,
Rowan County, North Carolina 181

weeding, and thinning a desirable young stand;

propagating the more productive species and genetic

varieties; providing short rotations and complete fiber

utilization; and controlling insects, diseases, and

weeds. Even though timber crops require decades to

grow, the goal of intensive management is similar to

the goal of intensive agriculture. This goal is to

produce the greatest yield of the most valuable crop

as quickly as possible.

Commercial forests cover about 150,500 acres, or

about 45 percent of the land area of Rowan County

(8). Commercial forest is land that is producing or is

capable of producing crops of industrial wood and that

has not been withdrawn from timber production.

Loblolly pine is the most important timber species in

the county because it grows fast, is adapted to the soil

and climate, brings the highest average sale value per

acre, and is easy to establish and manage.

One of the first steps in planning intensive

woodland management is to determine the potential

productivity of the soil for several alternative tree

species. The most productive and valued trees are

then selected for each soil type. Site and yield

information enables a forest manager to estimate

future wood supplies. These estimates are the basis of

realistic decisions concerning expenses and profits

associated with intensive woodland management, land

acquisition, or industrial investments.

The potential productivity of woodland depends on

physiography, soil properties, climate, and the effects

of past management. Specific soil properties and site

characteristics, including soil depth, texture, structure,

and depth to the water table, affect forest productivity

primarily by influencing available water capacity,

aeration, and root development. The net effects of the

interaction of these soil properties and site

characteristics determine the potential site

productivity.

This soil survey can be used by woodland

managers planning ways to increase the productivity

of forest land. Some soils respond better to

applications of fertilizer than others, and some are

more susceptible to landslides and erosion after roads

are built and timber is harvested. Some soils require

special reforestation efforts. In the section “Detailed

Soil Map Units,” the description of each map unit in the

survey area suitable for timber includes information

about productivity, limitations in harvesting timber, and

management concerns in producing timber. Table 7

summarizes this forestry information and rates the

soils for a number of factors to be considered in

management. Slight, moderate, and severe are used

to indicate the degree of the major soil limitations to be

considered in management.

Table 7 lists the ordination symbol for each soil. The

first part of the ordination symbol, a number, indicates

the potential productivity of a soil for the indicator

species in cubic meters per hectare per year. The

larger the number, the greater the potential

productivity. Potential productivity is based on the site

index and the point where mean annual increment is

the greatest.

The second part of the ordination symbol, a letter,

indicates the major kind of soil limitation affecting use

and management. The letter R indicates a soil that has

a significant limitation because of the slope. The letter

X indicates that a soil has restrictions because of

stones or rocks on the surface. The letter W indicates

a soil in which excessive water, either seasonal or

year-round, causes a significant limitation. The letter T

indicates a soil that has, within the root zone,

excessive alkalinity or acidity, sodium salts, or other

toxic substances that limit the development of

desirable trees. The letter D indicates a soil that has a

limitation because of a restricted rooting depth, such

as a shallow soil that is underlain by hard bedrock, a

hardpan, or other layers that restrict roots. The letter C

indicates a soil that has a limitation because of the

kind or amount of clay in the upper part of the profile.

The letter S indicates a dry, sandy soil. The letter F

indicates a soil that has a high content of coarse

fragments. The letter A indicates a soil having no

significant limitations that affect forest use and

management. If a soil has more than one limitation,

the priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, C, S, and F.

Ratings of the erosion hazard indicate the

probability that damage may occur if site preparation

or harvesting activities expose the soil. The risk is

slight if no particular preventive measures are needed

under ordinary conditions; moderate if erosion-control

measures are needed for particular silvicultural

activities; and severe if special precautions are needed

to control erosion for most silvicultural activities.

Ratings of moderate or severe indicate the need for

construction of higher standard roads, additional

maintenance of roads, additional care in planning

harvesting and reforestation activities, or the use of

special equipment.

Ratings of equipment limitation indicate limits on the

use of forest management equipment, year-round or

seasonal, because of such soil characteristics as

slope, wetness, stoniness, and susceptibility of the

surface layer to compaction. As slope gradient and

length increase, the use of wheeled equipment

becomes more difficult. On the steeper slopes, tracked

equipment is needed. On the steepest slopes, even

tracked equipment cannot be operated and more

sophisticated systems are needed. The rating is slight
182 Soil Survey

if equipment use is restricted by wetness for less than

2 months and if special equipment is not needed. The

rating is moderate if slopes are so steep that wheeled

equipment cannot be operated safely across the

slope, if wetness restricts equipment use from 2 to 6

months per year, if stoniness restricts the use of

ground-based equipment, or if special equipment is

needed to prevent or minimize compaction. The rating

is severe if slopes are so steep that tracked equipment

cannot be operated safely across the slope, if wetness

restricts equipment use for more than 6 months per

year, if stoniness restricts the use of ground-based

equipment, or if special equipment is needed to

prevent or minimize soil compaction. Ratings of

moderate or severe indicate a need to choose the best

suited equipment and to carefully plan the timing of

harvesting and other management activities.

Ratings of seedling mortality refer to the probability

of the death of the naturally occurring or properly

planted seedlings of good stock in periods of normal

rainfall, as influenced by kinds of soil or topographic

features. Seedling mortality is caused primarily by too

much water or too little water. The factors used in

rating a soil for seedling mortality are texture of the

surface layer, depth to a high water table and the

length of the period when the water table is high, rock

fragments in the surface layer, rooting depth, and the

aspect of the slope. The mortality rate generally is

highest on soils that have a sandy or clayey surface

layer. The risk is slight if, after site preparation,

expected mortality is less than 25 percent; moderate if

expected mortality is between 25 and 50 percent; and

severe if expected mortality exceeds 50 percent.

Ratings of moderate or severe indicate that it may be

necessary to use containerized or larger than usual

planting stock or to make special site preparations,

such as bedding, furrowing, installing a surface

drainage system, and providing artificial shade for

seedlings. Reinforcement planting is often needed if

the risk is moderate or severe.

Ratings of windthrow hazard indicate the likelihood

that trees will be uprooted by the wind. A restricted

rooting depth is the main reason for windthrow. The

rooting depth can be restricted by a high water table, a

fragipan, or bedrock or by a combination of such

factors as soil wetness, texture, structure, and depth.

The risk is slight if strong winds break trees but do not

uproot them, moderate if strong winds blow a few trees

over and break many trees, and severe if moderate or

strong winds commonly blow trees over. Ratings of

moderate or severe indicate that care is needed in

thinning or that the stand should not be thinned at all.

Special equipment may be needed to prevent damage

to shallow root systems in partial cutting operations. A

plan for the periodic removal of windthrown trees and

the maintenance of a road and trail system may be

needed.

The potential productivity of common trees on a soil

is expressed as a site index and a volume number.

The predominant common trees are listed in table 7 in

the order of their observed occurrence. Generally, only

two or three tree species dominate. The first tree listed

for each soil is the indicator species for that soil. An

indicator species is a tree that is common in the area

and that is generally the most productive on a given

soil.

For soils that are commonly used for timber

production, the yield is predicted in cubic feet per acre

per year. It is predicted at the point where mean

annual increment culminates. The estimates of the

productivity of the soils in this survey are based mainly

on loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and yellow-poplar

(3, 5).

The site index is determined by taking height

measurements and determining the age of selected

trees within stands of a given species. This index is the

average height, in feet, that the trees attain in a

specified number of years (50 years in this survey).

This index applies to fully stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands. Productivity of a site can be

improved through management practices, such as

bedding, ditching, practicing water management,

applying fertilizer, and planting genetically improved

species.

The volume is the yield likely to be produced by the

most important trees, expressed in cubic feet per acre

per year.

Trees to plant are those that are used for

reforestation or, under suitable conditions, natural

regeneration. They are suited to the soils and can

produce a commercial wood crop. The desired

product, topographic position (such as a low, wet

area), and personal preference are three factors

among many that can influence the choice of trees for

use in reforestation.

Recreation

Recreational opportunities in Rowan County are

numerous and diverse. The county provides four

parks. The largest, Dan Nicholas Park, is located 8

miles southeast of Salisbury. It is open year-round. It

includes a 10-acre lake which is available for fishing

and paddle boating, miniature golf, live animal exhibits

and a petting zoo, tennis courts, an 80-site family

campground, picnic shelters, playgrounds, and sports
Rowan County, North Carolina 183

fields. Ellis Park is located 2 miles north of Salisbury

and is 11 acres in size. It offers volleyball courts,

tennis courts, and ball fields. Sloan Park is located 8

miles west of Salisbury. It provides picnic shelters,

playgrounds, and a ball field and includes the historic

Kerr Mill, a restored grist mill that is open for tours.

Bakers Creek Park is located at the southwestern

edge of the county. It offers picnic shelters,

playgrounds, tennis courts, a lighted ball field, and a

1-mile-long nature trail.

Other recreational facilities in the county are

numerous municipal and private parks and sports

fields, five golf courses, and facilities at public schools,

Catawba College, Livingstone College, and the

Salisbury YMCA.

High Rock Lake is a 15,000-acre lake on the

southeastern border of the county and a major

recreational site in the region. Opportunities for

boating, fishing, and water sports are available at this

lake and in the Tuckertown Reservoir, located south of

High Rock Lake.

Hunting is popular in the county. Deer hunting is a

major outdoor activity. Rabbit, squirrel, raccoon, quail,

mourning dove, and other small game species are

also hunted.

As the county population continues to increase,

new public and private facilities will need to be

developed. Information about soils and soil properties

is essential for planning and developing new

recreational facilities in addition to maintaining or

improving existing facilities.

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 8

according to the limitations that affect their suitability

for recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also

important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for

recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In table 8, the degree of soil limitation is expressed

as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil

properties are generally favorable and that limitations

are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that

limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,

design, or special maintenance. Severe means that

soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can

be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special

design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a

combination of these measures.

The information in table 8 can be supplemented by

other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table

11 and interpretations for dwellings without basements

and for local roads and streets in table 10.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have gentle slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the period

of use. The surface is free of stones and boulders, is

firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. If grading is

needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock should be

considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.
184 Soil Survey

Wildlife Habitat

Kenneth B. Knight, wildlife biologist, North Carolina Wildlife

Resources Commission, and Albert C. Henry, Jr., biologist, Natural

Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section.

The soils and land use patterns in Rowan County

provide habitat for a large variety of game and

nongame wildlife. Cropland that is interspersed with

pine woods, hardwood stands, old fields, and

numerous ponds and lakes create habitat that is

suitable for many native, introduced, and migratory

species. The soils are generally well suited to the

production of plants that provide the food and cover

needed by wildlife.

Deer inhabit all areas of the county. The largest

population occurs in the eastern part where there are

large areas of land that are more remote and less

developed. In 1987 and 1988, wild turkey, the only

other big game species in the county, was stocked in

the eastern part of the county and in other more

remote areas of the county. Populations of wild turkey

are becoming established. The turkeys are currently

protected from hunting.

Other game species in the county include cottontail

rabbit, gray squirrel, bobwhite quail, mourning dove,

and several species of migratory waterfowl.

Populations of game and nongame species in

Rowan County are good and should remain good if old

fields and other habitat essentials are maintained.

Because nearly all of Rowan County is privately

owned, the maintenance and improvement of wildlife

habitat depend on private landowners. Information and

assistance relating to the development and

management of areas for wildlife habitat are available

from the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the North Carolina Wildlife

Resources Commission.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also

affect the construction of water impoundments. The

kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the

amount and distribution of food, cover, and water.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing

plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment

of desirable plants.

In table 9, the soils in the survey area are rated

according to their potential for providing habitat for

various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used

in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,

and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils

that are suitable for establishing, improving, or

maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in

determining the intensity of management needed for

each element of the habitat. The ratings in table 9 are

intended to be used as a guide and are not site

specific. Onsite investigation is needed for individual

management plans.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat

is impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and

seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties

and features that affect the growth of grain and seed

crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture

are also considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover,

lespedeza, and alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the

surface layer, available water capacity, wetness,

surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and

soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild

herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod,

beggarweed, and pokeberry.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce

nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and

foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the

growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the

root zone, available water capacity, and wetness.
Rowan County, North Carolina 185

Examples of these plants are oak, yellow-poplar, black

cherry, sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory,

blackberry, and blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing

shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated

good are autumn-olive and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

spruce, red cedar, and juniper.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded.

Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants

are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction,

salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of

wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, cattail,

rushes, sedges, and reeds.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, levees, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are waterfowl feeding areas

and ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, and areas that are overgrown with grasses,

herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas produce grain

and seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild

herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas

include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, mourning dove,

field sparrow, cottontail rabbit, and red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and

associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous

plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild

turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, gray

squirrel, gray fox, raccoon, bobcat, and white-tailed

deer.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open or

swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife

attracted to such areas are ducks, Canadian geese,

herons, muskrat, mink, river otter, and beaver.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has limitations.

For example, estimates and other data generally apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Because of the map scale, small areas of different

soils may be included within the mapped areas of a

specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a high water

table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure

aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected

about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand

and silt fractions, and the kind of adsorbed cations.

Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability,

corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water

capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting

engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed
186 Soil Survey

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if

soil properties and site features are generally

favorable for the indicated use and limitations are

minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties

or site features are not favorable for the indicated use

and special planning, design, or maintenance is

needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and

severe if soil properties or site features are so

unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special

design, significant increases in construction costs, and

possibly increased maintenance are required. Special

feasibility studies may be required where the soil

limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock or a very firm, dense layer, stone content,

soil texture, and slope. The time of the year that

excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a

high water table and the susceptibility of the soil to

flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls or

banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture

and depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. Depth to a high water table,

depth to bedrock, large stones, and flooding affect the

ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and

grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6

feet are not considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, depth to a

high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope

affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil

strength (as inferred from the engineering

classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost

action potential, and depth to a high water table affect

the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, depth to a high water table,

depth to bedrock, and the available water capacity in

the upper 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding,

wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand,

clay, or organic matter in the surface layer affect

trafficability after vegetation is established. Soil tests

are essential to determine liming and fertilizer needs.

Help in making soil tests or in deciding what soil

additive, if any, should be used can be obtained from

the office of the Rowan County Soil and Water

Conservation District or the local office of the North

Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 11 shows the degree and the kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

Table 11 also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and that good performance and

low maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that
Rowan County, North Carolina 187

soil properties and site features are moderately

favorable for the use and one or more soil properties

or site features make the soil less desirable than the

soils rated good; and poor indicates that one or more

soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the

use and overcoming the unfavorable properties

requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly

alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, depth to a high water table, depth to

bedrock, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent.

Large stones and bedrock interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can

be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of

the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field

to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances

require that this material be of a certain thickness. The

Rowan County Health Department can provide

detailed information on and guidance in developing

sanitary facilities.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water. The animal waste lagoons commonly

used in farming operations are not considered in the

ratings. They are generally deeper than the lagoons

referred to in the table and rely on anaerobic bacteria

to decompose waste materials.

Table 11 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes

up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1

or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are

excavated to provide material for the embankments.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site features,

and observed performance of the soils. Considered in

the ratings are slope, permeability, depth to a high

water table, depth to bedrock, flooding, large stones,

and content of organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid

permeability in the soil or a water table that is high

enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter

is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon

because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope or bedrock

can cause construction problems, and large stones

can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of

landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the

site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste

is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin

layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in table 11 are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water table,

slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture,

stones and boulders, and soil reaction affect trench

landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6

feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or

moderate may not be valid. Onsite investigation is

needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the material

during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that

are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy

and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to

soil blowing.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock or the water table to permit

revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a

landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer

generally has the best workability, more organic

matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from

the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the

final cover.
188 Soil Survey

Construction Materials

Table 12 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones,

depth to a high water table, and slope. How well the

soil performs in place after it has been compacted and

drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from

the engineering classification of the soil) and shrinkswell potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair have more than 35 percent silt- and claysized particles and have a plasticity index of less than

10. They have a moderate shrink-swell potential,

slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to

the water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a

plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell

potential, many stones, or slopes of more than 25

percent. They are wet and have a water table at a

depth of less than 1 foot. They may have layers of

suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet

thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In table 12, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at

least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,

large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable

source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as

slate, mudstone, and weathered granite are not

considered to be sand and gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by

slope, a water table, rock fragments, and bedrock.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones

and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes

of less than 8 percent. They are naturally fertile or

respond well to fertilizer and are not so wet that

excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or

soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are

not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than

15 percent, or have a high water table at or near the

surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter
Rowan County, North Carolina 189

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 13 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and

levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable for

the indicated use and limitations are minor and are

easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site

features are not favorable for the indicated use and

special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil

properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increase in construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives the restrictive features that

affect each soil for drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area. Ponds that are

less than about 2 acres in size are shown on the maps

with a special symbol because of the scale of

mapping.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth greater than the height of the embankment can

affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders. Depth to a high water

table affects the amount of usable material. It also

affects trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water

movement, permeability, depth to a high water table or

depth of standing water if the soil is subject to

ponding, slope, and susceptibility to flooding.

Excavating and grading, and the stability of ditchbanks

are affected by depth to bedrock, large stones, slope,

and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of

the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme

acidity. Availability of drainage outlets is not considered

in the ratings.

Drainage may be a major management

consideration in some areas. Management of drainage

in conformance with regulations concerning wetlands

may require special permits and extra planning. The

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service should be contacted for identification of hydric

soils and potential wetlands.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is

affected by the availability of suitable irrigation water,

the depth of the root zone, and soil reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large

stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction of

terraces and diversions. Maintenance of terraces and

diversions is adversely affected by a restricted rooting

depth, a severe hazard of soil blowing or water

erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted

permeability.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect

the construction of grassed waterways. A low available

water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and restricted

permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.

191

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed (9). During the survey, many shallow borings

are made and examined to identify and classify the

soils and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples

are taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine grain-size distribution.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers of

each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each

soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages, by weight, of sand,

silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than

2 millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil

that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and

less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as 15 percent, by

volume, an appropriate modifier is added, for example,

“gravelly.” Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified soil classification system (2) and the

system adopted by the American Association of State

Highway and Transportation Officials (1).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, SC-SM.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and

A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b,

A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an

additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as

subgrade material can be indicated by a group index

number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the

best subgrade material to 20, or higher, for the

poorest.

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter

and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a

percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The

percentages are estimates determined mainly by

converting volume percentage in the field to weight

percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3

Soil Properties
192 Soil Survey

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit,

and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 15 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey

area. The estimates are based on field observations

and on test data for these and similar soils.

Clay as a soil separate, or component, consists of

mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002

millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated clay

content of each major soil layer is given as a

percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less

than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence the shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after

drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the

estimated moist bulk density of each major soil

horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of

soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

movement of water through the soil when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of

soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage in each major

soil layer is stated in inches of water per inch of soil.

The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that

affect the retention of water and the depth of the root

zone. The most important properties are the content of

organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil

structure. Available water capacity is an important

factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and

in the design and management of irrigation systems.

Available water capacity is not an estimate of the

quantity of water actually available to plants at any

given time. It is the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the amount at

wilting point.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and

is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH

of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For

many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for

fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of

corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume

change occurs mainly because of the interaction of

clay minerals with water and varies with the amount

and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the

load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in

soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling

of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling

of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For

others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind

and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on

measurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special

design is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture
Rowan County, North Carolina 193

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The

classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;

moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high, more than 6

percent. Very high, more than 9 percent, is sometimes

used.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil

to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six

factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation

(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss

by sheet and rill erosion. Losses are expressed in tons

per acre per year. These estimates are based primarily

on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter (up to

4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability.

Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. The higher the

value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill

erosion by water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur over a sustained period without

affecting crop productivity. The rate is expressed in

tons per acre per year.

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that

have similar properties affecting their resistance to soil

blowing in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the

susceptibility to soil blowing. The soils assigned to

group 1 are the most susceptible to soil blowing, and

those assigned to group 8 are the least susceptible.

The groups are as follows:

1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine

sands.

2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine

sands, loamy very fine sands, and sapric soil material.

3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy

loams, and very fine sandy loams.

4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and

silty clay loams.

4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, and

silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent clay.

5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are less

than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy

clays, and hemic soil material.

6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay

loams that are less than 35 percent clay.

7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are less

than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material.

8. Soils that are not subject to soil blowing because

of coarse fragments on the surface or because of

surface wetness.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table

15, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil. Organic matter affects the available water

capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of

nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 16 gives estimates of various soil and water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff

from precipitation. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups. They are grouped according to the infiltration

of water when the soils are thoroughly wet and receive

precipitation from long-duration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep or very deep, well drained to

excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These

soils have a high rate of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep to very deep, moderately well

drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine

texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have

a moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a permanent high water table,

soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the

surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly

impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate

of water transmission.

If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in table

16, the first letter is for drained areas and the second

is for undrained areas.

Flooding, the temporary covering of the soil surface

by flowing water, is caused by overflowing streams, by

runoff from adjacent slopes, or by inflow from high

tides. Shallow water standing or flowing for short

periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered

flooding. Standing water in swamps and marshes or in

a closed depression is considered ponding.

Table 16 gives the frequency and duration of

flooding and the time of year when flooding is most

likely to occur.
194

Frequency, duration, and probable dates of

occurrence are estimated. Frequency generally is

expressed as none, rare, occasional, or frequent.

None means that flooding is not probable; rare that it is

unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions

(the chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent

in any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average,

once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to

50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on

the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of

flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Duration

is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2

to 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if

more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in

months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding

occurs during the stated period.

The information on flooding is based on evidence in

the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt,

or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in

organic matter content with increasing depth; and little

or no horizon development.

Also considered is local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a

saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates

are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone,

namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic

features) in the soil. Indicated in table 16 are the depth

to the high water table; the kind of water table—that is,

perched or apparent; and the months of the year that

the water table commonly is high. A water table that is

seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated

in table 16.

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water

in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water

stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is

allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A

perched water table is water standing above an

unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched,

water table is separated from a lower one by a dry

zone.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to the

water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping. The

rock is specified as either soft or hard. If the rock is

soft or fractured, excavations can be made with

trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the

rock is hard or massive, blasting or special equipment

generally is needed for excavation.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil

layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and the amount of sulfates in the saturation

extract.
195

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(12). Beginning with the broadest, these categories

are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family,

and series. Classification is based on soil properties

observed in the field or inferred from those

observations or on laboratory measurements. Table 17

shows the classification of the soils in the survey area.

The categories are defined in the following

paragraphs.

ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Ultisol. Other orders in this survey area are

Alfisol, Entisol, Inceptisol, and Mollisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders,

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or

properties that reflect the most important variables

within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a

suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud,

meaning humid climate, plus ult, from Ultisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great

groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; and base status. Each great group is

identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix

that indicates a property of the soil. An example is

Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizon

development, plus udult, the suborder of the Ultisols

that occurs in humid climates).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the

great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive.

Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders,

or great groups. Extragrades have some properties

that are not representative of the great group but do

not indicate transitions to any other known kind of soil.

Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives

preceding the name of the great group. The adjective

Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great

group. An example is Typic Hapludults.

FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup

on the basis of physical and chemical properties and

other characteristics that affect management.

Generally, the properties are those of horizons below

plow depth where there is much biological activity.

Among the properties and characteristics considered

are particle-size class, mineral content, temperature

regime, depth of the root zone, consistence, moisture

equivalent, slope, and permanent cracks. A family

name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by

terms that indicate soil properties. An example is

clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults.

SERIES. The series consists of soils that have

similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are

similar in color, texture, structure, reaction,

consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and

arrangement in the profile. There can be some

variation in the texture of the surface layer or of the

underlying material within a series. The Badin series is

an example of clayey, mixed, thermic, Typic

Hapludults.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. The descriptions are

arranged in alphabetic order.

Characteristics of the soil and the material in which

it formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a

small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of

the series in the survey area is described. The location

of the typical pedon is described, and coordinates

generally are identified by the State plane grid system

or by longitude and latitude. The detailed description of

each soil horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey

Manual” (13). Many of the technical terms used in the

descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (12) and in

“Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (14). Unless otherwise stated,

colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. Following

the pedon description is the range of important

characteristics of the soils in the series.

Classification of the Soils
196 Soil Survey

The map units of each soil series are described in

the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Appling Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults

Typical Pedon

Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes; 2.6 miles

west of China Grove on North Carolina Highway 152,

about 1.6 miles northwest on Secondary Road 1211,

about 0.3 mile north on Secondary Road 1539, about

0.3 mile west on a farm road, about 100 feet south in a

field; Enochville USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35

degrees 35 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 38 minutes 10 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

E—8 to 12 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine

roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BE—12 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; common fine distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—16 to 27 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

clay; common fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) and few fine distinct red (2.5YR 5/8) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine

roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine

flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—27 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

common medium distinct red (2.5YR 5/8) and

common fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few fine roots; few fine pores; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—38 to 47 inches; mottled brownish yellow (10YR

6/6), strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and yellow (2.5Y

7/6) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine

flakes of mica; common pockets of saprolite

material; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—47 to 60 inches; multicolored sandy loam saprolite;

massive; friable; few fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: In most pedons, few or common in the A

and Bt horizons and few to many in the BC and C

horizons

Rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by volume, in

the A horizon and less than 10 percent in the Bt

horizon; mostly gravel

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Ap or A horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y and value and chroma

of 4 to 6

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, coarse

sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand

BA or BE horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—sandy clay loam or sandy loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles—shades of red, brown, or yellow;

throughout the horizon in most pedons

Texture—sandy clay, clay, or clay loam that has

thin layers of sandy clay loam

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is mottled in these

colors

Texture—clay loam, sandy clay, or sandy clay

loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4
Rowan County, North Carolina 197

to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is mottled in these

colors

Texture—variable; commonly loamy saprolite

Armenia Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands and small river and

stream valleys

Landscape position: Broad upland flats, head of

drainageways, depressional areas, areas along

drainageways, and flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic

Argiaquolls

Typical Pedon

Armenia loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently

flooded; 0.5 mile north of Rowan Prison Unit on U.S.

Highway 29-601, about 0.25 mile east on Secondary

Road 2545, about 200 feet south in second-growth

trees; China Grove USGS topographic quadrangle; lat.

35 degrees 37 minutes 23 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 31 minutes 28 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2)

loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable;

many fine roots; few fine manganese concretions;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Btg1—5 to 14 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common

fine roots; many fine prominent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8) irregularly shaped masses of iron

accumulation; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds; common fine manganese concretions;

neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg2—14 to 23 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; very firm;

very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots;

common medium prominent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron

accumulation; few fine distinct greenish gray (5GY

5/1) irregularly shaped iron depletions; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine

manganese concretions; 2 percent, by volume,

quartz gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg3—23 to 31 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very firm; very sticky and very plastic; few fine

roots; common medium prominent yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) irregularly shaped masses of

iron accumulation; common fine distinct greenish

gray (5GY 5/1) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

common fine manganese concretions; 2 percent,

by volume, quartz gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual

wavy boundary.

Btg4—31 to 40 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

firm; very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots;

few fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6)

irregularly shaped masses of iron accumulation;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few

fine manganese concretions; 1 percent, by

volume, quartz gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual

wavy boundary.

Btg5—40 to 50 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

firm; very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots;

common medium distinct dark greenish gray (5G

4/1) and few fine distinct greenish gray (5BG 5/1)

irregularly shaped iron depletions; common fine

distinct reddish brown (5YR 5/4) irregularly

shaped masses of iron accumulation; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine

manganese concretions; 1 percent, by volume,

quartz gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

BCg—50 to 61 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very firm;

moderately sticky and very plastic; many medium

distinct olive (5Y 5/3) and light olive brown (2.5Y

5/4) irregularly shaped masses of iron

accumulation; many medium distinct dark

greenish gray (5G 4/1) irregularly shaped iron

depletions; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—61 to 65 inches; multicolored clay loam saprolite;

massive; friable; slightly alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 30 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Concretions: Few or common dark concretions

Rock fragments: 0 to 6 percent, by volume, throughout

the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the A horizon

except where limed; slightly acid to slightly alkaline

in the B and C horizons

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 1 to 3

Texture—loam
198 Soil Survey

Btg horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 3 to 6 and

chroma of 0 to 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of brown or yellow

Texture—clay, sandy clay, clay loam, or silty clay

Btgc horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 3 to 6 and

chroma of 0 to 2

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray or green; iron accumulations in

shades of brown or yellow

Texture—clay, sandy clay, clay loam, or silty clay

BCg horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y is neutral

in hue and has value of 3 to 8 and chroma of 0

or 2 or it is multicolored

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray or green; iron accumulations in

shades of brown or yellow

Texture—clay loam or sandy clay loam

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y and value

and chroma of 3 to 8 or is mottled in these

colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray or green; iron accumulations in

shades of brown or yellow

Texture—clay loam or sandy clay loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon is multicolored or has hue of

7.5YR to 5Y and value and chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray

Texture—loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or

clay loam saprolite

Cg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 3 to 8 and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray or green; iron accumulations in

shades of brown or yellow

Texture—loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam

saprolite

The Armenia soils in Rowan County are considered

taxadjuncts to the series because they do not have a

mollic epipedon and have mixed clay mineralogy.

These differences, however, do not significantly affect

the use and management of the soils.

Ashlar Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Parent material: Residuum weathered from coarse

grained felsic igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic

Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Ashlar sandy loam in an area of Ashlar-Rock outcrop

complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 4.2 miles south of

Faith on Secondary Road 1006, about 1.6 miles west

on Secondary Road 2564, about 0.25 mile south on a

farm road, 180 feet west in a field; Rockwell USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 31 minutes 49

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 28 minutes 40

seconds W.

A—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; many fine

roots; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 17 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine roots; few fine

flakes of mica; 3 percent, by volume, gravel;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—17 to 24 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) sandy loam; few fine distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) mottles; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few

fine flakes of mica; 2 percent, by volume, gravel;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw3—24 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) sandy loam; common fine distinct reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8) mottles; weak fine granular

structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine flakes of

mica; 10 percent, by volume, gravel; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—30 to 37 inches; mottled reddish yellow (7.5YR

6/8) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly

sandy loam saprolite; few fine flakes of mica; 20

percent, by volume, gravel; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

R—37 inches; unweathered granite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 10 to 38 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Mica flakes: Few or common throughout the profile
Rowan County, North Carolina 199

Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; ranging from gravel to

stones

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in the

A and E horizons except where the surface layer

has been limed; strongly acid or very strongly acid

in the B and C horizons

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, coarse

sandy loam, loamy coarse sand, or fine sandy

loam

Bw horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—fine sandy loam or

sandy loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon is multicolored, is mottled, or

commonly has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to

8, and chroma of 1 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam saprolite

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, fractured, coarse

grained felsic igneous rock that can be dug with

difficulty with hand tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered, coarse grained

felsic igneous rock

Badin Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 30 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Badin channery silt loam, 2 to 8 slopes; 1.7 miles

northwest of the intersection of North Carolina

Highway 49 and Secondary Road 1004 (Stokes Ferry

Road) on Secondary Road 1004, about 1.5 miles

north on Secondary Road 2152, about 0.5 mile east

on Secondary Road 2148, about 60 feet north in a

wooded area, 60 feet west of a logging road; High

Rock USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees

31 minutes 37 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 12

minutes 47 seconds W.

A—0 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

channery silt loam; moderate fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; 20 percent, by volume, channers; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—6 to 9 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) silty

clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine and medium roots; 5 percent, by

volume, channers; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt1—9 to 16 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine

roots; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5

percent, by volume, channers; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—16 to 25 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) silty clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine

roots; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5

percent, by volume, channers; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—25 to 35 inches; mottled red (2.5YR 4/8), reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/6), and brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) channery silty clay loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; 15 percent, by

volume, channers; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Cr—35 to 43 inches; weathered, partially consolidated

argillite that can be dug with difficulty with a spade;

silt loam in fractures; diffuse wavy boundary.

R—43 inches; unweathered, fractured argillite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock;

more than 40 inches to hard bedrock

Rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A,

E, and B horizons and 15 to 40 percent in the BC

and C horizons; mostly channers

Reaction: Strongly acid to extremely acid throughout
200 Soil Survey

the profile except where the surface layer has

been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 2 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or silty clay

loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 or 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, or

very fine sandy loam

BA horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR and value and

chroma of 4 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, or

silty clay loam

BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, or

silty clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6,

and chroma of 4 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay, silty clay, or silty

clay loam

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is mottled in

these colors

Mottles—shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam, clay

loam, or silt loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8, is mottled, or is

multicolored

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or silty clay

loam saprolite

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated fine grained rock of the Carolina

Slate Belt that can be dug with difficulty with

hand tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered fine grained rock

of the Carolina Slate Belt

Cecil Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults

Typical Pedon

Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded;

4.8 miles west of China Grove on North Carolina

Highway 152, about 1.0 mile north on Secondary

Road 1350, about 2.75 miles west on Secondary

Road 1554, about 0.35 mile northeast on a farm road,

200 feet southeast of the road, in a field; Enochville

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 36

minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 40

minutes 56 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy clay

loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable;

common fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BA—7 to 10 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots; few fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 16 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

roots; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; few

fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—16 to 33 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine flakes

of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—33 to 41 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; few fine

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

flakes of mica; few distinct clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—41 to 51 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam;

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Rowan County, North Carolina 201

C—51 to 71 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) loam saprolite;

few medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

mottles; many flakes of mica; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristic

Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: Few or common in the B horizon; few to

many in the C horizon

Rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent throughout the profile;

mostly gravel

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 2 to 8

Texture—sandy clay loam or sandy loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

BA horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 6 or 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of yellow; in the

lower part of horizon

Texture—clay, sandy clay, or clay loam

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 10R or 5YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles—shades of yellow or brown

Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon is multicolored or has hue of 10R

or 5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8

Texture—loamy saprolite

Chewacla Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Recent alluvium

Landform: River and stream valleys and drainageways

of the Piedmont

Landscape position: Flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic

Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently

flooded; 1.4 miles west of Rowan County Airport on

Secondary Road 1516 (Airport Road), 0.35 mile south

on a farm road, 100 yards south of the last culvert,

100 feet west of the wood line on the west side of

Grants Creek; Rockwell USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 38 minutes 06 seconds N.

and long. 80 degrees 33 minutes 03 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam;

moderate medium granular structure; friable; many

fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—6 to 11 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy

clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine

pores; many fine krotovinas; few fine flakes of

mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—11 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; many fine

pores; many fine krotovinas; few fine flakes of

mica; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw3—17 to 25 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; many fine

pores; common medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron

accumulation; few medium distinct light brownish

gray (2.5Y 6/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

many fine krotovinas; few fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg—25 to 32 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; common medium distinct

brown (7.5YR 4/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

irregularly shaped masses of iron accumulation;

few fine flakes of mica; few fine dark organic

stains; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Cg1—32 to 38 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay

loam; massive; friable; common fine flakes of mica;

common fine organic stains; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Cg2—38 to 47 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam;

massive; few fine roots; common medium

prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of

iron accumulation; few fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.
202 Soil Survey

Cg3—47 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/1) sandy clay

loam that has pockets of clay and sand; few fine

roots; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 15 to 70 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: Few to many throughout the profile

Rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent in the A horizon and

the upper part of the B horizon and 0 to 15

percent in the lower part of the B horizon; mostly

gravel

Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth

of 40 inches except where the surface layer has

been limed; very strongly acid to slightly alkaline

below a depth of 40 inches

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 1 to 6

Texture—loam

Ab horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 5, and

chroma of 1 to 6

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, silt

loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, loamy fine

sand, or loamy sand

BA horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, or silty clay loam

Bw horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray in the upper part of horizon; iron

accumulations in shades of red, brown, or

yellow in most pedons

Texture—sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clay

loam, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or fine sandy

loam

Bg horizon:

Color—horizon is neutral in hue or has hue of

10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1

or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clay

loam, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or fine sandy

loam

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow in most pedons

Texture—sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clay

loam, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or fine sandy

loam

BCg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clay

loam, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or fine sandy

loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—loamy within a depth of 40 inches;

variable below a depth of 40 inches

Cg horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 0 to 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—loamy within a depth of 40 inches;

variable below a depth of 40 inches

Cid Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad upland flats and broad

ridges

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Cid silt loam in an area of Cid-Lignum complex, 1 to 6
Rowan County, North Carolina 203

percent slopes; 0.4 mile southeast of Gold Hill on U.S.

Highway 52, about 200 feet north on a logging road,

240 feet west in a wooded area; Gold Hill USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 41 minutes 37

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 20 minutes 01

second W.

A—0 to 2 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt

loam; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine roots; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

E—2 to 6 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt

loam; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine roots; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BE—6 to 10 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine

faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) irregularly shaped iron

depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—10 to 19 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; common fine roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—19 to 27 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty

clay; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common

fine roots; common fine distinct grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—27 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

channery silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; firm; many coarse prominent light gray

(10YR 7/2) iron depletions; 15 percent, by volume,

channers; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cr—35 to 39 inches; weathered, partially consolidated

argillite that can be dug with difficulty with a spade;

diffuse wavy boundary.

R—39 inches; unweathered argillite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the A

and B horizons and 5 to 25 percent in the BC

horizon; mostly channers

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 1 to 4

Texture—silt loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 6 or 7, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture—silt loam, loam, or very fine sandy loam

BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray within 24 inches of the upper

boundary of horizon; iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or

clay

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is a mixture of

these colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow in some pedons

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay, silty clay

loam, or clay

BCg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay, silty clay

loam, or clay

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated fine grained rock of the Carolina

Slate Belt; can be dug with difficulty with hand

tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered fine grained rock

of the Carolina Slate Belt

Dogue Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained
204 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderately slow

Parent material: Old alluvium

Landform: River and stream valleys and drainageways

of the Piedmont

Landscape position: Low stream terraces

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Dogue fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, rarely

flooded; in north Salisbury, 0.3 mile north of Grant’s

Creek on Secondary Road 1910 (Old Mocksville

Road), 0.2 mile on Secondary Road 1912 (Hawkinston

Road), 1,100 feet south of a brick house, in a field;

Salisbury USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35

degrees 41 minutes 37 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 27 minutes 57 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many

fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

E—6 to 10 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy

loam; moderate fine granular structure; very

friable; common fine roots; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BE—10 to 18 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) clay loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; common

fine roots; few fine distinct very pale brown (10YR

7/3) irregularly shaped iron depletions; few fine

flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—18 to 23 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) clay

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

roots; common fine distinct pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4)

irregularly shaped iron depletions; few fine

prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/8) irregularly

shaped masses of iron accumulation; few fine

flakes of mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—23 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; moderately sticky and moderately plastic;

common fine roots; common medium distinct light

gray (10YR 6/1) and olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6)

irregularly shaped iron depletions; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine

crystals of feldspar; few fine flakes of mica; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—31 to 38 inches; mottled olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6),

light gray (10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; common fine roots; light gray areas are

iron depletions and strong brown areas are iron

accumulations; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds; few fine crystals of feldspar; few

fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt4—38 to 50 inches; mottled gray (N 5/0), strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8), and yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; few fine roots; gray areas are iron

depletions and strong brown areas are iron

accumulations; few distinct clay films on faces of

peds; few fine crystals of feldspar; few fine flakes

of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—50 to 60 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy clay

loam; massive; friable; many coarse distinct light

gray (10YR 6/1) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Mica flakes: Few or common in the B and C horizons

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the A

and B horizons and 0 to 25 percent in the C

horizon; mostly gravel

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout

the profile except where the surface layer has

been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture—fine sandy loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 6

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, or

very fine sandy loam

BE horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of brown in some pedons

Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam

Bt horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is a mixture of

these colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow
Rowan County, North Carolina 205

Texture—clay, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or

sandy clay

Btg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and

chroma of 0 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—clay, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or

sandy clay

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is a mixture of

these colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—sandy clay, sandy clay loam, clay loam,

or sandy loam

BCg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—sandy clay, clay loam, sandy clay loam,

or sandy loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is a mixture of

these colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—typically stratified;

ranging from sand to sandy clay loam

Cg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2 or is neutral in hue

and has value of 4 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—typically stratified;

ranging from sand to sandy clay loam

Enon Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 2.3 miles

south of Rowan Mills on U.S. Highway 29-601, about

1.0 mile east on Secondary Road 2538, about 400

feet west on an unmarked road, 140 feet north at the

eastern edge of a power line right-of-way; China Grove

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 36

minutes 32 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 31

minutes 57 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine

roots; few fine manganese concretions;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

BA—7 to 10 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; few fine

manganese concretions; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very

firm; moderately sticky and very plastic; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

few fine manganese concretions; slightly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—17 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very firm; moderately sticky and very plastic; few

fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; few fine manganese concretions; few fine

feldspar crystals; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—22 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

firm; moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few

fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—27 to 33 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR

5/6), light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4), and pale yellow

(2.5Y 8/4) clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure and massive; firm; few fine roots;

common fine streaks of black and green minerals;

neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

C—33 to 72 inches; multicolored loam saprolite;

massive; friable; moderately alkaline.
206 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 50 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Concretions: Few or common in some horizons of

most pedons; mostly manganese

Rock fragments (fine sandy loam phase): Less than 15

percent, by volume, throughout the profile; mostly

gravel

Rock fragments (very cobbly loam, very stony phase):

40 to less than 60 percent, by volume, in the A

horizon and 0 to 15 percent in the B and C

horizons; mostly gravel, cobbles, and stones

Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the A and E

horizons except where the surface layer has been

limed; strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the B and

C horizons

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—fine sandy loam or

loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, or loam

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay loam, sandy

clay loam, or loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of yellow, brown,

white, or gray; in the lower part of horizon

Texture—clay or clay loam

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of yellow or brown

Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam

C horizon:

Color—multicolored

Texture—variable; typically loamy saprolite

Goldston Series

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Well drained to excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, thermic,

shallow Typic Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Goldston channery silt loam in an area of BadinGoldston complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 7.0 miles

east of Liberty on Secondary Road 1004 (Stokes

Ferry Road), 1.1 miles north on Secondary Road

1005, about 40 feet east of the road, in a cleared field;

High Rock USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35

degrees 31 minutes 55 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 14 minutes 39 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

channery silt loam; moderate fine granular

structure; friable; common fine and coarse roots;

20 percent, by volume, slate channers; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—4 to 17 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

very channery silt loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; common fine roots; common fine

pores; 55 percent, by volume, slate channers;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cr—17 to 27 inches; weathered, fractured argillite that

can be dug with difficulty with a spade; silt loam in

fractures; strongly acid; gradual irregular

boundary.

R—27 inches; unweathered, fractured argillite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches to soft bedrock; 20

to 40 inches or more to hard bedrock

Rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent, by volume, in the A

and E horizons and 35 to 60 percent in the B

horizon; mostly channers

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 1 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or very fine

sandy loam
Rowan County, North Carolina 207

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam

Bw horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of brown, yellow,

or red

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or very fine

sandy loam

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated fine grained rock of the Carolina

Slate Belt; can be dug with difficulty with hand

tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered fine grained rock

of the Carolina Slate Belt

Helena Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad ridges, toe slopes, areas

along drainageways, head of drainageways, and

depressional areas

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Helena sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes; 0.6 mile

south of the interchange bridge of North Carolina

Highway 152 and U.S. Highway 29 at China Grove on

U.S. Highway 29, about 3.5 miles southeast on

Secondary Road 1337, about 200 feet west on

Secondary Road 1343, about 80 feet south in an old

field; China Grove USGS topographic quadrangle; lat.

35 degrees 32 minutes 12 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 33 minutes 05 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) sandy loam;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many

fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BA—8 to 11 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) sandy

clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—11 to 19 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

sandy clay; strong coarse prismatic structure

parting to moderate medium subangular blocky;

firm; moderately sticky and moderately plastic;

common fine roots; common fine pores; common

fine faint reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) irregularly

shaped masses of iron accumulation; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—19 to 25 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sandy clay; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; firm; moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; few fine roots; few fine pores; common fine

faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and few fine

prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) irregularly shaped

masses of iron accumulation; few fine distinct light

gray (10YR 7/1) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—25 to 30 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine

roots; few fine pores; common medium distinct

light gray (10YR 7/1) irregularly shaped iron

depletions; few medium prominent dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/6) and common medium faint

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) irregularly shaped

masses of iron accumulation; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—30 to 35 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) clay; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; very firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine

roots; common medium distinct light gray (10YR

7/1) irregularly shaped iron depletions; common

medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and

few fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron

accumulation; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BCg—35 to 42 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay loam;

massive; firm; moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; few fine roots; many coarse prominent

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) irregularly shaped

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Cg—42 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loam

saprolite; massive; firm; many coarse distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) irregularly shaped

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.
208 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 40 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 1 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 8, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, loamy

sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, or loam

BA horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 8, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam or

clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5

to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is a mixture of

these colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray within 24 inches of the upper

boundary of horizon; iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—dominantly clay,

sandy clay, or clay loam; thin subhorizons of

sandy clay loam in some pedons

Btg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay, sandy clay, or

clay loam

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 8, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, clay loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

BCg horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, clay loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon is multicolored or has hue of 5YR

to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, fine sandy loam, or loam saprolite

Cg horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, fine sandy loam, or loam saprolite

Hiwassee Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic and

mafic metamorphic or igneous rock or old alluvium

Landform: Piedmont uplands and old high stream

terraces

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults

Typical Pedon

Hiwassee clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded;

800 feet east of the headquarters of the Piedmont

Research Station on Secondary Road 1526 (Sherrills

Ford Road), 95 feet south on a farm road, 100 feet

east in a cultivated field; Rowan Mills USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 41 minutes 48

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 37 minutes 12

seconds W.

Ap1—0 to 4 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4)

clay loam; moderate medium granular structure;

friable; few fine flakes of mica; common fine roots;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Rowan County, North Carolina 209

Ap2—4 to 11 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4)

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine flakes of mica; common

fine roots; few fine black concretions; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt1—11 to 32 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay;

moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine

flakes of mica; few very fine roots; many distinct

clay films on faces of peds; few fine black

concretions; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—32 to 57 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; few

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few very

fine roots; many distinct clay films on faces of

peds; common fine flakes of mica; few fine black

concretions; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

BC—57 to 67 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam;

common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: None to common throughout the profile

Concretions: Few or common throughout the profile in

most pedons

Rock fragments: As much as 35 percent, by volume, in

some pedons; mostly gravel and cobbles

Reaction: Slightly acid to very strongly acid throughout

the profile except where the surface layer has

been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 2 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay loam or loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 4 to 8; each pedon must have at

least one subhorizon with moist value of 3 and

at least one subhorizon with moist value of 4

Mottles—shades of brown or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay, sandy clay, clay

loam, or silty clay

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles—shades of yellow or brown

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay loam, silty clay

loam, or sandy clay loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 10R to 10YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is mottled in

shades of these colors

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, sandy

clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam saprolite

Iredell Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad ridges and broad upland

flats

Slope range: 1 to 8 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic

Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Iredell loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes; 0.9 mile west of

Needmore on Secondary Road 1984, about 450 feet

north on a farm road, 120 feet west in a field; Cool

Springs USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35

degrees 48 minutes 57 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 38 minutes 57 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; common

fine roots; common fine manganese concretions;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

moderate fine angular blocky structure; very firm;

very sticky and very plastic; common fine roots;

many distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine

feldspar crystals; few fine manganese concretions;

slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—13 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very

firm; very sticky and very plastic; common fine

roots; few medium distinct pale olive (5Y 6/3)

irregularly shaped iron depletions; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine

feldspar crystals; few fine manganese concretions;

slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—21 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

common fine roots; common medium prominent

light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) and few fine prominent
210 Soil Survey

olive gray (5Y 5/2) irregularly shaped iron

depletions; few fine feldspar crystals; few fine

manganese concretions; neutral; diffuse wavy

boundary.

BC—25 to 32 inches; multicolored sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

many medium streaks of black, yellow, and brown

minerals; neutral; diffuse wavy boundary.

C—32 to 60 inches; multicolored sandy loam saprolite;

massive; friable; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: None to common throughout the profile

Concretions: Few to many in the A, B, and BC

horizons; mostly manganese

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon;

moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the B

horizon; neutral to moderately alkaline in the C

horizon

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture—loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 6 or 7, and

chroma of 1 to 3

Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, silt

loam, or clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 6

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray in the lower part of horizon; iron

accumulations in shades of red, brown, or

yellow

Texture—clay

BC horizon:

Color—multicolored with hue of 10YR to 5Y, value

of 4 to 8, and chroma of 3 to 6

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay loam, or

clay loam

C horizon:

Color—multicolored in shades of white, gray,

brown, yellow, or black

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or

silt loam saprolite

The Iredell soils in Rowan County are considered

taxadjuncts to the series because they have mixed

clay mineralogy and have an average of more than 60

percent clay in the Bt horizon. These differences,

however, do not significantly affect the use and

management of the soils.

Kirksey Series

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad ridges and upland flats

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aquic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Kirksey silt loam in an area of Kirksey-Cid complex, 2

to 6 percent slopes; 1.3 miles west of the Yadkin River

on Secondary Road 1002 (Bringle Ferry Road), 0.6

mile south on Secondary Road 2143, about 25 feet

west of the road, in a field; Gold Hill USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 34 minutes 42

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 15 minutes 18

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silt

loam; moderate fine granular structure; very

friable; common fine roots; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 14 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/8) silty clay

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—14 to 24 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) silty clay

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common medium distinct light gray (10YR

6/1) irregularly shaped iron depletions; few fine

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) irregularly

shaped masses of iron accumulation; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—24 to 36 inches; mottled olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6)

and light gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; light gray
Rowan County, North Carolina 211

areas are iron depletions; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; 5 percent, by volume, channers;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—36 to 42 inches; mottled olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6),

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) silty clay loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; firm; light brownish

gray areas are iron depletions and yellowish

brown areas are iron accumulations; 10 percent,

by volume, channers; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cr—42 to 45 inches; weathered, partially consolidated

argillite that can be dug with difficulty with a spade;

silty clay loam in the cracks and seams; diffuse

wavy boundary.

R—45 inches; unweathered argillite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock

Rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, in the A

and B horizons and less than 30 percent in the C

horizon; mostly channers

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in the A

and B horizons except where the surface layer

has been limed; extremely acid to strongly acid in

the C horizon

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

AB or BA horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or very

fine sandy loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray within 24 inches of the upper

boundary of horizon; iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5

to 8, and chroma of 2 to 8 or is a mixture of

these colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay

loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is mottled in

these colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, fine

sandy loam, or sandy loam saprolite

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated fine grained rock of the Carolina

Slate Belt; can be dug with difficulty with hand

tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered fine grained rock

of the Carolina Slate Belt

Lignum Series

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad upland flats and broad

ridges

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Lignum silt loam in an area of Cid-Lignum complex, 1

to 6 percent slopes; 0.5 mile south of Gold Hill on

North Carolina Highway 52, about 150 feet north on a

logging road opposite the Perlite Plant, 80 feet south in

a wooded area; Gold Hill USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 31 minutes 00 seconds N.

and long. 80 degrees 19 minutes 50 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

E—4 to 9 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; very strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.
212 Soil Survey

Bt1—9 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine roots; common fine faint reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8) irregularly shaped masses of

iron accumulation; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—18 to 23 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few fine roots; common fine distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) and olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) irregularly

shaped masses of iron accumulation; few fine

distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly

shaped iron depletions; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—23 to 29 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few fine roots; common fine distinct light gray

(10YR 7/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; 5

percent, by volume, channers; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—29 to 36 inches; mottled brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) and light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine

roots; light gray areas are iron depletions; 10

percent, by volume, channers; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—36 to 54 inches; multicolored channery silt loam

saprolite; massive; 25 percent, by volume,

channers; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cr—54 to 60 inches; weathered, partially consolidated

argillite that can be dug with difficulty with a

spade.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock

Rock fragments: Less than 25 percent, by volume, in

the A and E horizons, less than 15 percent in the

B and BC horizons, and 10 to 50 percent in the C

horizon; mostly channers

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 1 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 1 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, or

very fine sandy loam

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay

loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray in the upper part of horizon; iron

accumulations in shades of red, brown, or

yellow

Texture—silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, or clay

loam

Btg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, or clay

loam

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is a mixture of

these colors

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam, silt loam, silty

clay loam, or clay loam

BCg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam, silt loam, silty

clay loam, or clay loam

C horizon:

Color—variable

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, silty clay

loam, silt, or sandy clay loam saprolite

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially
Rowan County, North Carolina 213

consolidated fine grained rock of the Carolina

Slate Belt; can be dug with difficulty with hand

tools

Mecklenburg Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Mecklenburg clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded;

0.9 mile west of Barber on U.S. Highway 70, about 600

feet west of the intersection of Secondary Road 1741

on U.S. Highway 70, about 180 feet south in a field;

Cleveland USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35

degrees 43 minutes 15 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 39 minutes 37 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots; common fine manganese

concretions; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 14 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common

fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; common fine manganese concretions;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—14 to 24 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

few fine manganese concretions; neutral; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt3—24 to 30 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; common

medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; few fine roots; few distinct clay films on

faces of peds; few fine manganese concretions;

neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—30 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine streaks of black minerals; few fine

manganese concretions; neutral; gradual wavy

boundary.

C1—38 to 50 inches; multicolored silty clay loam

saprolite; massive; friable; neutral; diffuse wavy

boundary.

C2—50 to 60 inches; multicolored loam saprolite;

massive; friable; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 58 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: None or few throughout the profile

Concretions: Few to many in the A and B horizons;

mostly manganese

Rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent, by volume, in the A

horizon and 0 to 10 percent in the B horizon;

mostly gravel

Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon

except where the surface layer has been limed;

moderately acid to neutral in the B and C horizons

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 3 to 6,

and chroma of 2 to 6; where it has value of less

than 4, horizon is less than 6 inches thick

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay loam or loam

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 6 in the upper part of horizon;

hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8 in the lower part

Mottles—shades of brown, yellow, or red; in the

lower part of horizon in most pedons

Texture—clay

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value

of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is mottled in

these colors

Mottles—shades of brown, yellow, or red

Texture—loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam

C horizon:

Color—multicolored

Texture—variable; typically loamy saprolite

Misenheimer Series

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite
214 Soil Survey

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Broad ridges and broad upland

flats

Slope range: 0 to 5 percent

Taxonomic class: Loamy, siliceous, thermic, shallow

Aquic Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Misenheimer channery silt loam in an area of

Misenheimer-Kirksey complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes;

1.6 miles south of Pooletown on Secondary Road

1005, about 0.1 mile south of the junction of

Secondary Road 2155 on Secondary Road 1005,

about 40 feet east in a wooded area; High Rock USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 34 minutes 06

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 14 minutes 29

seconds W.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

channery silt loam; moderate fine granular

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 25

percent, by volume, slate channers; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—6 to 12 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 20

percent, by volume, slate channers; common fine

distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) irregularly shaped iron

depletions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bw2—12 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; many medium

distinct gray (5Y 6/1) irregularly shaped iron

depletions; common fine pores; 30 percent, by

volume, slate channers; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Cr—18 to 22 inches; weathered, partially consolidated

argillite that can be dug with difficulty with a spade;

silt loam in fractures; strongly acid; gradual

irregular boundary.

R—22 inches; unweathered, fractured argillite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches to soft bedrock; 20

to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly channers

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout

the profile except where the surface layer has

been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 1 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or loam

Bw horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 6

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray and iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow in some pedons

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, or

silty clay loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Color—multicolored with hue of 10YR to 5Y

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam saprolite

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated fine grained rock of the Carolina

Slate Belt; can be dug with difficulty with hand

tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered fine grained rock

of the Carolina Slate Belt

Mocksville Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Mocksville loam in an area of Poindexter-Mocksville

complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes; 0.8 mile north on

Academy Street in Cleveland, 500 feet south across a

creek, in a wooded area; Cleveland USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 44 minutes 24 seconds N.

and long. 80 degrees 40 minutes 04 seconds W.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable;
Rowan County, North Carolina 215

many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

E—2 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; common

fine and medium roots; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 15 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sandy clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; moderately

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—15 to 21 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sandy clay loam; common fine distinct very pale

brown (10YR 7/3) and common fine faint strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine

flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

BC—21 to 29 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR

5/6), yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), and brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy clay loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; few fine flakes of

mica; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C1—29 to 42 inches; multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite; massive; very friable; neutral; gradual

wavy boundary.

C2—42 to 60 inches; multicolored loam saprolite;

massive; friable; slightly alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 18 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: None to common throughout the profile

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral in the A and E

horizons; moderately acid to neutral in the B

horizon; slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the C

horizon

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture—fine sandy loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 8

Texture—fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Mottles—shades of brown or yellow

Texture—dominantly sandy clay loam, clay loam,

or loam; thin lenses or pockets of clay in some

pedons

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is mottled in

these colors

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is mottled in

these colors in the upper part; horizon typically

becomes multicolored at greater depths

Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam,

loamy fine sand, or loamy sand saprolite

Oakboro Series

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Recent alluvium derived from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: River and stream valleys of the Piedmont

Landscape position: Flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic

Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Oakboro silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently

flooded; 6.0 miles east of Liberty on Secondary Road

1004, about 0.8 mile east on Secondary Road 2148,

about 1.2 miles north on Secondary Road 1005, about

120 feet west in a wooded area; High Rock USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 32 minutes 41

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 14 minutes 25

seconds W.

A—0 to 4 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine

and coarse roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—4 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine and coarse roots; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—13 to 19 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) silt loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable;

common coarse roots; few fine distinct light gray

(2.5Y 7/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw3—19 to 28 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) silty clay

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; common fine distinct light
216 Soil Survey

gray (2.5Y 7/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

irregularly shaped masses of iron accumulation;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw4—28 to 40 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) silty clay

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; common medium distinct

light gray (2.5Y 7/2) irregularly shaped iron

depletions; few fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw5—40 to 50 inches; mottled olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6),

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), light gray (2.5Y 7/2),

and gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; brownish

yellow areas are iron accumulations and gray

areas are iron depletions; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

R—50 inches; unweathered, fractured argillite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 50 inches

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly channers

Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid throughout

the profile except where the surface layer has

been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and

chroma of 3 to 6

Texture—silt loam or loam

BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Texture—silt loam or loam

Bw horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8, or it is mottled in

these colors in the lower part

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray within a depth of 24 inches; iron

accumulations in shades of red, brown, or

yellow

Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam

Bg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

5 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2, is neutral in hue

and has value of 4 to 8, or is mottled in these

colors

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Color—variable

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—variable

Cr layer (if it occurs):

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated fine grained rock of the Carolina

Slate Belt; can be dug with difficulty with hand

tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered, fractured fine

grained rock of the Carolina Slate Belt

Pacolet Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults

Typical Pedon

Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

eroded; 1.2 miles south of the South Yadkin River on

U.S. Highway 601, about 1.5 miles west on Secondary

Road 1948, about 125 feet north in a field on the eastfacing slope; Cooleemee USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 46 minutes 24 seconds N.

and long. 80 degrees 31 minutes 52 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) sandy

clay loam; weak fine granular structure; friable;

many fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 18 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

fine subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine

grains of feldspar; common fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Rowan County, North Carolina 217

Bt2—18 to 24 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay; few

fine distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) mottles;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; common

fine grains of feldspar; common fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—24 to 33 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine roots; common fine grains of feldspar;

common fine flakes of mica; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C1—33 to 44 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) loam saprolite;

massive; common medium distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; common fine

grains of feldspar; common fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—44 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loam

saprolite; massive; many fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

C3—60 to 72 inches; multicolored loam saprolite;

massive; many fine grains of feldspar; many fine

flakes of mica; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: In most pedons, few or common in the A

and B horizons and few to many in the C horizon

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A

horizon except where limed; very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the B and C horizons

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 1 to 4

Texture—sandy clay loam or sandy loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam,

loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 2.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 6 or 8

Mottles—shades of yellow or brown; in the upper

part of horizon in some pedons and in the lower

part in most pedons

Texture—clay, sandy clay, or clay loam

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 6 or 8

Mottles—shades of red, yellow, or brown

Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or

sandy loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 6 or 8 or is multicolored

Mottles—shades of red, yellow, or brown

Texture—loamy saprolite

Poindexter Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Poindexter loam in an area of Poindexter-Mocksville

complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes; 1.5 miles east of

Barber on Old U.S. Highway 70, about 1.1 miles north

on North Carolina Highway 801, about 0.65 mile east

on Secondary Road 1952, about 0.2 mile north on a

private drive, 450 feet north of the farm gate on a farm

road, 20 feet east of the road; Rowan Mills USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 44 minutes 22

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 35 minutes 47

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2)

loam; moderate fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine roots; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

E—3 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; few fine manganese

concretions; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—15 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy
218 Soil Survey

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine green

and black minerals; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—26 to 39 inches; loam saprolite that is multicolored

in shades of green, black, and yellow; massive;

friable; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cr—39 to 43 inches; weathered, partially consolidated

mafic igneous rock that can be dug with difficulty

with a spade; diffuse irregular boundary.

R—43 inches; unweathered mafic igneous rock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 14 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock; 40

to 60 inches to hard bedrock

Mica flakes: Few to many throughout the profile

Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral throughout the

profile except where the surface layer has been

limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, loam, or silt loam

BA or BE (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y and value and chroma

of 4 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, loam, or silt loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of brown or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—dominantly sandy

clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam; thin

lenses or bodies of clay in some pedons

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of brown or yellow

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, or loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon is multicolored and commonly is in

shades of brown, yellow, black, green, olive,

and gray

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam, fine sandy

loam, sandy loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam,

or silty clay loam saprolite

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated mafic high-grade metamorphic or

igneous rock that can be dug with difficulty with

hand tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered mafic high-grade

metamorphic or igneous rock

Rion Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Rion sandy loam in an area of Rion-Wedowee

complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 4.6 miles west of

China Grove on North Carolina Highway 152, about

0.6 mile south on Secondary Road 1350, about 0.4

mile east of Goodnight’s on a farm road, 90 feet east

of a right-angle turn, 225 feet south in a field;

Enochville USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35

degrees 33 minutes 42 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 39 minutes 12 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam;

moderate medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—8 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

sandy clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; few fine

flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—11 to 21 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy clay

loam; friable; few fine roots; common fine quartz

and feldspar crystals; few fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—21 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky
Rowan County, North Carolina 219

structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine quartz

and feldspar crystals; common fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—26 to 38 inches; mottled brown (7.5YR 5/4) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine quartz and feldspar crystals; common fine

flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C1—38 to 46 inches; multicolored sandy loam

saprolite; massive; friable; common fine quartz

and feldspar crystals; common fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—46 to 60 inches; multicolored fine sandy loam

saprolite; massive; very friable; many medium

feldspar crystals; common fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: None to common throughout the profile

Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid throughout

the profile except where the surface layer has

been limed

Ap or A horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of red, brown,

yellow, or gray; gray mottles are not indicative of

wetness

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—dominantly sandy

clay loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy

loam; thin layers of sandy clay in some pedons

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value

of 4 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is mottled in

these colors

Mottles—shades of red, brown, yellow, or gray;

gray mottles are not indicative of wetness

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam,

sandy loam, loam, or clay loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon is multicolored or has hue of

2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 6, and chroma of

4 to 8

Mottles—shades of red, brown, yellow, white, or

gray; gray mottles are not indicative of wetness

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loamy sand, or

coarse loamy sand saprolite

Riverview Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Recent alluvium

Landform: River and stream valleys of the Piedmont

Landscape position: Flood plains

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Fluventic

Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally

flooded; 4.0 miles west of Mount Vernon on Secondary

Road 1003, about 2.5 miles north on Secondary Road

1979, about 200 feet northeast of a house on the flood

plain, in a pasture; Cool Springs USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 51 minutes 20 seconds N.

and long. 80 degrees 40 minutes 13 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam; weak

medium granular structure; friable; many fine

roots; few fine flakes of mica; slightly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bw1—10 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots; common fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—18 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; common fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

Bw3—29 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam;

few medium faint very pale brown (10YR 7/3)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine

flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bw4—36 to 49 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2)
220 Soil Survey

irregularly shaped iron depletions; few fine distinct

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) irregularly shaped masses

of iron accumulation; common fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw5—49 to 59 inches; mottled brown (7.5YR 4/4) and

light gray (10YR 7/2) loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; light gray areas are iron

depletions; common fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—59 to 72 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam;

massive; very friable; common medium distinct

light gray (10YR 7/2) and common fine distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) irregularly shaped iron

depletions; common fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 24 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: None to common throughout the profile

Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A

horizon except where limed; very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the Bw, BC, and C horizons

Other characteristics: Buried A and B horizons below

a depth of 25 inches in some pedons; these

horizons have the same colors and textures as the

A and B horizons

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 2 to 6; where it has value of 3 and

chroma of 2, horizon is less than 7 inches thick

Texture—loam

Bw horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray and iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow in the lower

part of horizon

Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, silt loam, sandy

clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—loam, sandy clay loam, fine sandy loam,

or sandy loam

C horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value and

chroma of 4 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—dominantly loam, fine sandy loam, sandy

loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or sand;

strata of finer or coarser textured material in

most pedons

Saw Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults

Typical Pedon

Saw sandy loam in an area of Saw-Pacolet complex, 2

to 8 percent slopes; 4.3 miles west of China Grove on

North Carolina Highway 152, about 550 feet north on

a private road, 600 feet west on a farm road, 35 feet

south of the road, in a field; Enochville USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 34 minutes 34

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 39 minutes 54

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam;

weak medium granular structure; friable; common

fine roots; 1 percent, by volume, porphyritic granite

gravel and feldspar crystals that are 1/16 to 1/4 inch

in diameter; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt—8 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; few fine

prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

sticky and plastic; few fine roots; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent, by volume,

porphyritic granite gravel and feldspar crystals that

are 1/16 to 1/4 inch in diameter; common fine flakes

of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC1—20 to 23 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 5 percent, by

volume, porphyritic granite gravel and feldspar

crystals that are 1/16 to 1/4 inch in diameter;

common fine flakes of mica; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC2—23 to 26 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
Rowan County, North Carolina 221

5 percent, by volume, porphyritic granite gravel

and feldspar crystals that are 1/16 to 1/2 inch in

diameter; many fine flakes of mica; moderately

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—26 to 29 inches; multicolored gravelly sandy loam

saprolite; massive; very friable; 20 percent, by

volume, porphyritic granite gravel and feldspar

crystals that are 1/16 to 1/2 inch in diameter; many

fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; abrupt

irregular boundary.

R—29 inches; unweathered porphyritic granite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 19 to 33 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Mica flakes: Few or common in the A, E, and B

horizons; few to many in the BC and C horizons

Rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by volume, in

the A and C horizons and less than 15 percent in

the E, B, and BC horizons; mostly gravel

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or sandy

clay loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—sandy loam

BE or BA horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Texture—sandy clay loam or clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—dominantly hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 or 8; hue of 10YR,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 6 or 8 in part of

horizon in some pedons

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of yellow or brown

Texture—clay, sandy clay, or clay loam

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 6 or 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of yellow or brown

Texture—sandy clay loam, clay loam, or sandy

loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon is multicolored or has hue of

2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of

6 or 8

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of yellow or brown

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam saprolite

Cr layer (if it occurs):

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated felsic metamorphic or igneous

rock that can be dug with difficulty with hand

tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered felsic

metamorphic igneous rock

Sedgefield Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained or somewhat

poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from

intermediate and mafic metamorphic or igneous

rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands and drainageways

Landscape position: Broad ridges, toe slopes, head of

drainageways, and depressional areas

Slope range: 1 to 6 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, thermic Aquultic

Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Sedgefield fine sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes; 4.6

miles south of Faith on Secondary Road 1006, about

1.4 miles west on Secondary Road 1221, about 1.0

mile south on Secondary Road 2567, about 180 feet

west of the road, in a wooded area; Rockwell USGS

topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 30 minutes 36

seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 28 minutes 45

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine

sandy loam; moderate fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

E—3 to 8 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) fine sandy

loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable;

many fine roots; strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt1—8 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

very firm; very sticky and very plastic; common

fine roots; common medium distinct light olive gray

(5Y 6/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine
222 Soil Survey

black minerals; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—13 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine

roots; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine soft

black concretions; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—24 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very firm; very sticky and very plastic; few fine

roots; common fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y

5/4) and light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) irregularly

shaped iron depletions; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds; few fine manganese concretions;

slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—31 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very firm; very sticky and very plastic; few fine

roots; common medium distinct gray (5Y 6/1)

irregularly shaped iron depletions; common fine

manganese concretions; slightly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

BC—35 to 40 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR

5/8), olive gray (5Y 4/2), and light gray (5Y 7/1)

clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; moderately sticky and moderately plastic;

olive gray and light gray areas are iron depletions;

few distinct clay films on faces of peds; common

fine and medium manganese concretions; slightly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—40 to 62 inches; multicolored loam saprolite;

massive; firm; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Concretions: None to common throughout the profile

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the A

and E horizons; mostly gravel

Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon

and the upper part of the Bt horizon; moderately

acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the Bt

horizon and in the C horizon

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 1 to 4

Texture—fine sandy loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy

sand, or loam

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—sandy loam or sandy clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray in the upper 10 inches of

horizon; iron accumulations in shades of red,

brown, or yellow

Texture—clay, clay loam, or sandy clay

Btg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—clay, clay loam, or sandy clay

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam

BCg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam

C horizon:

Color—multicolored

Texture—variable; commonly loamy saprolite

Tatum Series

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent
Rowan County, North Carolina 223

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Tatum silty clay loam in an area of Tatum-Badin

complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded; 1.8 miles east

of Liberty on Secondary Road 1004 (Stokes Ferry

Road), 0.2 mile north on Secondary Road 2142, about

200 feet west in a field; Gold Hill USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 34 minutes 24 seconds N.

and long. 80 degrees 18 minutes 18 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty clay

loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable;

many fine roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 14 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable;

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—14 to 33 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; few fine

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

5 percent, by volume, channers; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—33 to 40 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay;

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent, by

volume, channers; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

BC—40 to 45 inches; silty clay loam that is

multicolored in shades of red and yellow; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent,

by volume, channers; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C—45 to 55 inches; multicolored silt loam saprolite;

massive; friable; 10 percent, by volume, channers;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Cr—55 to 60 inches; weathered, partially consolidated

argillite that can be dug with difficulty with a spade;

silt loam in fractures.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 30 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock;

more than 60 inches to hard bedrock

Rock fragments: 0 to 40 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel and channers

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

Ap or A horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam or silt

loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 3 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, or

fine sandy loam

BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, silty clay

loam, clay loam, or loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma

of 6 or 8

Mottles—shades of yellow or brown; in the lower

part of horizon

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay, clay, silty

clay loam, or clay loam

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 10R or 5YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is mottled in these

colors

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay, or clay

C horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is multicolored

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay saprolite

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated fine grained rock of the Carolina

Slate Belt; can be dug with difficulty with hand

tools

Udorthents

Depth class: Shallow to very deep

Drainage class: Well drained or moderately well

drained

Permeability: Moderate to very slow

Parent material: Fill areas—mixture of natural soil

material; excavated areas—variable, depending

on the type of underlying bedrock; landfills—

alternating layers of nonsoil material and soil

material

Landform: Piedmont uplands
224 Soil Survey

Landscape position: Broad to narrow ridges and side

slopes

Slope range: 0 to 10 percent

Taxonomic class: Udorthents

Typical Pedon

A typical pedon is not given due to the variable

nature of the soil material.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of soil material: 0 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: Excavated areas—0 to more than

60 inches; fill areas—40 to more than 60 inches;

landfills—generally more than 20 feet

Rock fragments: Commonly less than 15 percent, by

volume; ranging from gravel to stones

Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid throughout

the profile except where the surface layer has

been limed

Fill areas:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—variable; commonly

loamy

Excavated areas:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—variable; commonly

loamy

Landfills:

Color—variable

Texture—variable; commonly loamy material that

has layers of nonsoil material

Uwharrie Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from argillite

and other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate

Belt

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 45 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded; 0.6 mile north of U.S. Highway 52 at Gold Hill

on Secondary Road 2140, about 0.3 mile north on

Secondary Road 2142, about 600 feet north on a farm

road, 1,400 feet northwest in a field along the wood

line; Gold Hill USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35

degrees 32 minutes 21 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 20 minutes 11 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty

clay loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable;

many fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—8 to 14 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) silty clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—14 to 23 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—23 to 36 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; common

fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; moderately sticky and moderately plastic;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—36 to 47 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay;

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—47 to 56 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—56 to 60 inches; multicolored silt loam saprolite;

massive; friable; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Rock fragments (loam and silty clay loam phases): 0

to 15 percent, by volume, throughout the profile;

mostly gravel

Rock fragments (very stony phase): 15 to less than 60

percent, by volume, gravel, cobbles, and stones in

the A and E horizons; less than 10 percent, by

volume, mostly gravel in the B and C horizons

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 6
Rowan County, North Carolina 225

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam, silt

loam, or loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or loam

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 2.5YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 6,

and chroma of 6 or 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam, loam, silty

clay loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 6 or 8

Mottles—shades of yellow or brown

Texture—clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay

loam

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 6 or 8

Mottles—shades of brown, yellow, or gray

Texture—silty clay, clay, clay loam, silty clay loam,

loam, or silt loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon is multicolored or is mottled in

shades of red, yellow, brown, and gray

Texture—loamy saprolite

Vance Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Vance sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 1.0 mile

north of the intersection of Secondary Road 2140 and

U.S. Highway 52 at Gold Hill on U.S. Highway 52,

about 0.75 mile north on a private road to a cleared

field, 300 feet east along the field border, 300 feet

north in the field; Gold Hill USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 32 minutes 36 seconds N.

and long. 80 degrees 21 minutes 01 second W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam;

moderate medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—8 to 10 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy

loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine roots; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 26 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) clay;

common medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) and

few fine faint very pale brown (10YR 7/4) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very firm; moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; few fine roots; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—26 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

common coarse distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) and very pale brown (10YR 7/4) and common

coarse prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) mottles; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; very firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—33 to 38 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay;

many fine prominent red (2.5YR 4/8), common

fine distinct very pale brown (10YR 7/4), and few

fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) mottles;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

firm; very sticky and very plastic; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C1—38 to 50 inches; multicolored sandy clay loam

saprolite; massive; firm; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C2—50 to 60 inches; multicolored loam saprolite;

massive; friable; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 24 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A

and E horizons and less than 10 percent in the B

and C horizons

Reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid in the

A and E horizons except where the surface layer

has been limed; strongly acid or very strongly acid

in the B and C horizons

Ap or A horizon:

Color—typically hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to

6, and chroma of 2 to 6; chroma ranging to 8 in

eroded phases
226 Soil Survey

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or sandy

clay loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Texture—sandy clay loam or clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles—shades of red, brown, or yellow and

shades of gray or white in the lower part of

horizon; gray and white mottles are not

indicative of wetness

Texture—clay, sandy clay, or clay loam

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles—shades of red, yellow, brown, gray, or

white; gray and white mottles are not indicative

of wetness

Texture—clay, sandy clay, clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or loam

C horizon:

Color—multicolored

Texture—variable; commonly clay loam, sandy

clay loam, loam, or sandy loam saprolite

Wahee Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Parent material: Old alluvium

Landform: River and stream valleys and drainageways

of the Piedmont

Landscape position: Low stream terraces

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Aeric

Endoaquults

Typical Pedon

Wahee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally

flooded; 0.45 mile south of the South Yadkin River on

U.S. Highway 601, about 0.35 mile east on a farm

road, 150 feet south in a wooded area; Churchland

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 46

minutes 16 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 29

minutes 57 seconds W.

A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate

fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and

medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

E—4 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loam;

moderate fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; common fine distinct brown

(7.5YR 5/4) irregularly shaped iron accumulations;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—7 to 12 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

fine roots; many medium distinct light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

brown (7.5YR 5/4) irregularly shaped masses of

iron accumulation; common fine pores; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—12 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

clay; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

firm; moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few

fine roots; common fine pores; many medium

distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly

shaped iron depletions; common fine prominent

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) irregularly shaped masses

of iron accumulation; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—19 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine

roots; many medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions;

common fine prominent red (2.5YR 5/8) irregularly

shaped masses of iron accumulation; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg1—26 to 40 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) clay;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very firm;

moderately sticky and very plastic; few fine roots;

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and few fine

prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) irregularly

shaped masses of iron accumulation; few distinct

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Btg2—40 to 48 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) clay; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very firm; moderately

sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; many

medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and

common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

irregularly shaped masses of iron accumulation;
Rowan County, North Carolina 227

few distinct clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg3—48 to 60 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) clay loam; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; firm; moderately

sticky and plastic; few fine roots; many medium

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and common

fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

irregularly shaped masses of iron accumulation;

few distinct clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in the

A and E horizons except where the surface layer

has been limed; extremely acid to strongly acid in

the B and C horizons

A or Ap horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 5 and

chroma of 0 to 3

Texture—loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—loam, silt loam, very fine sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, or sandy loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in

shades of gray; iron accumulations in shades of

red, brown, or yellow

Texture—clay, clay loam, silty clay, sandy clay, or

sandy clay loam

Btg horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—clay, clay loam, silty clay, sandy clay, or

sandy clay loam

BCg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay

loam, sandy clay, or fine sandy loam

Cg horizon (if it occurs):

Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is

neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and

chroma of 1 or 2

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in

shades of red, brown, or yellow

Texture—variable; commonly loamy

Wedowee Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic

metamorphic or igneous rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults

Typical Pedon

Wedowee sandy loam in an area of Rion-Wedowee

complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 4.2 miles west of

Rockwell on North Carolina Highway 152, about 0.2

mile north of Shuping Mill on Secondary Road 2561,

about 160 feet west on a farm road, 30 feet north in a

field; Rockwell USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35

degrees 33 minutes 15 seconds N. and long. 80

degrees 28 minutes 52 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam;

weak medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

E—8 to 12 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy

loam; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; few fine roots; few fine feldspar crystals;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

BE—12 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; common fine distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine

feldspar crystals; few fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—15 to 20 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine
228 Soil Survey

feldspar crystals; few fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—20 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay;

common fine faint red (2.5YR 4/8) and few fine

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; few fine feldspar

crystals; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—29 to 34 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; common fine distinct red (2.5YR 4/8),

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6), and few medium faint strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine

feldspar and quartz crystals; few fine flakes of

mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—34 to 60 inches; multicolored sandy loam saprolite;

massive; very friable; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: None or few in the A and E horizons and

the upper part of the B horizon; none to common

in the lower part of the B horizon and in the C

horizon

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout

the profile except where the surface layer has

been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 8

Texture—sandy loam

E horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy

sand, coarse sandy loam, coarse loamy sand,

or loam

BE or BA horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 7, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Mottles—shades of brown or yellow

Texture—sandy clay loam, sandy loam, loam, fine

sandy loam, or clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 6 or 8

Mottles—shades of red, yellow, or brown; in the

lower part of horizon in most pedons and in the

upper part in some pedons

Texture—clay, sandy clay, clay loam, or sandy clay

loam

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles—shades of red, yellow, or brown

Texture—sandy clay loam, clay loam, loam, or fine

sandy loam

C horizon:

Color—multicolored

Texture—variable; commonly sandy clay loam,

clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam,

or sandy clay saprolite

Wickham Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Parent material: Old alluvium

Landform: River and stream valleys of the Piedmont

Landscape position: High stream terraces

Slope range: 2 to 8 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Wickham fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 4

miles west of Mount Vernon on Secondary Road 1003

(Cool Springs Road), 2.5 miles north on Secondary

Road 1979 to Scotch Irish Plantation, 1,250 feet

northeast of the house, in a pasture; Cool Springs

USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 51

minutes 14 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 40

minutes 17 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable;

many fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—8 to 24 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—24 to 34 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/8) clay

loam; few medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine roots; few faint clay
Rowan County, North Carolina 229

films on faces of peds; moderately acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt3—34 to 42 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; common medium distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6) and common fine distinct red

(2.5YR 4/8) mottles; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine

pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—42 to 50 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; common medium distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6) and red (2.5YR 4/8) mottles;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—50 to 70 inches; multicolored sandy loam; massive;

friable; slightly brittle; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 36 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: None to common throughout the profile

Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume,

throughout the profile; mostly gravel

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile except where the surface

layer has been limed

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 8

Texture—fine sandy loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 6

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam,

loamy fine sand, or loamy sand

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 2.5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6,

and chroma of 6 or 8

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam

Bt horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6,

and chroma of 4 to 8

Mottles—shades of yellow, red, or brown; in the

lower part of horizon in some pedons

Texture—dominantly sandy clay loam, clay loam,

loam, or sandy loam; thin layers of sandy clay

or clay in some pedons

BC horizon:

Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 8

Mottles—shades of yellow, red, or brown; in most

pedons

Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam,

sandy clay loam, or clay loam

C horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is mottled in

these colors

Texture—variable; commonly loam, sandy loam, or

sandy clay loam

Zion Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow or moderately slow

Parent material: Residuum weathered from mafic or

intermediate igneous or metamorphic rock

Landform: Piedmont uplands

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Slope range: 2 to 15 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Zion sandy loam in an area of Zion-Enon complex, 2

to 8 percent slopes; one block north of North Rowan

High School in Spencer on Oakwood Drive, two blocks

west of Pinecroft Drive, 80 feet northeast of the street,

in an area of pine forest; Salisbury USGS topographic

quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 42 minutes 00 seconds N.

and long. 80 degrees 25 minutes 50 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam;

moderate medium granular structure; friable; many

fine roots; few fine manganese concretions;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—6 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty

clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine roots; few fine feldspar crystals;

few fine manganese concretions; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; very firm;

very sticky and very plastic; many fine roots; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine

feldspar crystals; common fine manganese

concretions; moderately acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt2—15 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

firm; very sticky and very plastic; common fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

few fine feldspar crystals; many fine manganese

concretions; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—19 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very
230

firm; common fine roots; many black minerals;

many prominent pockets of gray and green

saprolite; few fine manganese concretions; 5

percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

C—23 to 31 inches; multicolored loam saprolite;

massive; friable; 5 percent gravel; neutral; gradual

wavy boundary.

Cr—31 to 38 inches; weathered, partially consolidated

mafic rock that can be dug with difficulty with a

spade; diffuse wavy boundary.

R—38 inches; unweathered mafic rock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock

Concretions: Few to many in the A, B, BC, and C

horizons; mostly manganese

Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A,

E, BA, and BE horizons, 0 to 15 percent in the Bt

horizon, and 5 to 40 percent in the BC and C

horizons; mostly gravel

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in the

A and E horizons and the upper part of the B

horizon except where the surface layer has been

limed; strongly acid to neutral in the lower part of

the B horizon and in the C horizon

A or Ap horizon:

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 2 to 4

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 6

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, loam, or silt loam

BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):

Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam, loam,

silt loam, or clay loam

Bt horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is multicolored

Mottles (if they occur)—yellow or brown

Texture—clay, clay loam, or silty clay

BC horizon:

Color—horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is multicolored

Mottles (if they occur)—shades of yellow or brown

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay loam, sandy

clay loam, clay, or loam

C horizon:

Color—multicolored in shades of yellow, brown, or

red

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loamy saprolite

Cr layer:

Type of bedrock—weathered, partially

consolidated mafic or intermediate igneous and

high-grade metamorphic rock that can be dug

with difficulty with hand tools

R layer:

Type of bedrock—unweathered mafic or

intermediate igneous and high-grade

metamorphic rock
231

This section describes the factors of soil formation

as they relate to the soils in Rowan County and

explains the major processes of soil horizon

development.

Factors of Soil Formation

Soils are formed by processes of the environment

acting upon geologic materials, such as metamorphic,

igneous, and sedimentary rocks and fluvial stream

sediments. The characteristics of a soil are determined

by the combined influence of parent material, climate,

plant and animal life, relief, and time. These five factors

are responsible for profile development and the

chemical properties that differentiate soils (4).

Parent Material

Parent material is the unconsolidated mass from

which a soil forms. The character of this mass affects

the kind of profile that develops and the degree of this

development. In Rowan County, parent material is a

major factor in determining what kind of soil forms and

can be correlated to some degree to geologic

formations. The general soil map can be used as an

approximate guide to the geology of the county.

The general soil map units and the geologic

material of their parent material are as follows:

The soils of the Cecil-Pacolet and Pacolet general

soil map units formed in materials weathered from

felsic metamorphic and igneous rocks (such as

granite, biotite gneiss, and biotite schist).

The soils of the Ashlar-Vance-Rion-Wedowee

general soil map unit formed in materials weathered

from felsic metamorphic and igneous rocks (such as

porphyritic granite and other coarse grained rocks).

The soils of the Hiwassee-Cecil, Cecil-Vance-Enon,

and Hiwassee-Mecklenburg general soil map units

formed generally in materials weathered from mixed

felsic, intermediate, and mafic igneous and

metamorphic rocks (including granites, biotite gneiss,

hornblende gneiss, diorite, and schists and in old

alluvium in a few places).

The soils of the Enon-Mecklenburg-Poindexter

general soil map unit formed in materials weathered

from mafic and intermediate igneous and

metamorphic rocks (such as diorite, gabbro,

hornblende gneiss, and schist).

The soils of the Badin-Uwharrie-Tatum, Cid-BadinMisenheimer, and Badin-Goldston general soil map

units formed in materials weathered from argillite and

other fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt.

Parent material is largely responsible for the

chemical and mineralogical composition of soils and

for the major differences among the soils of the county.

Major differences in parent material, such as

differences in texture, can be observed in the field.

Less distinct differences, such as differences in

mineralogical composition, can be determined only by

careful laboratory analysis.

Climate

Climate, particularly precipitation and temperature,

affects the physical, chemical, and biological

relationships in the soil. It influences the rates at which

rocks weather and organic matter decomposes. The

amount of leaching in a soil is related to the amount of

rainfall and the movement of water through the soil.

The effects of climate also control the kinds of plants

and animals living in and on a soil. Temperature

influences the kind and growth of organisms and the

speed of chemical and physical reactions in the soil.

Rowan County has a warm, humid climate. It is

located on a moderate plateau ranging in elevation

from about 560 to 1,100 feet. The climate favors rapid

chemical processes, which result in the decomposition

of organic matter and the weathering of rocks.

The effects of climate are reflected in the soils of

Rowan County. Mild temperatures throughout the year

and abundant rainfall have resulted in the depletion of

organic matter and considerable leaching of soluble

bases and oxidizing. Because variations in the climate

are small, climate has probably not caused major local

differences among soils. Climate has mainly affected

the formation of soils in Rowan County by altering the

parent material through changes in temperature and in

the amount of precipitation and through influences on

plant and animal life.

Formation of the Soils
232 Soil Survey

Plant and Animal life

Plants and animals influence the formation and

differentiation of soil horizons. The type and number of

organisms in and on the soil are determined in part by

climate and in part by the nature of the soil material,

relief, and the age of the soil. Bacteria, fungi, and other

micro-organisms aid in the weathering of rocks and in

the decomposition of organic matter. The plants and

animals that live on a soil are the primary source of

organic material.

Plants largely determine the kinds and amounts of

organic matter that are added to a soil under normal

conditions and the way in which the organic matter is

added. They also are important for the changes of

base status and in the leaching process of a soil.

Animals convert complex compounds into simpler

forms, add organic matter to the soil, and modify

certain chemical and physical properties of the soil. In

Rowan County most of the organic material

accumulates on the surface. It is acted upon by microorganisms, fungi, earthworms, and other forms of life

and by direct chemical reaction. It is mixed with the

uppermost mineral part of the soil by the activities of

earthworms and other small invertebrates. Rodents

have not significantly affected the formation of soils in

the county.

Under the native forest of the survey area, not

enough bases were brought to the surface by plants to

counteract the effects of leaching. Generally, the soils

of Rowan County developed under a hardwood forest.

Trees took up elements from the subsoil and added

organic matter to the soil by depositing leaves, roots,

twigs, and other plant remains on the surface. The

material deposited on the surface was acted upon by

organisms and underwent chemical reaction.

Organic material decomposes rapidly in the county

because of the moderate temperatures, the abundant

moisture supply, and the character of the organic

material. It decays so rapidly that little of it

accumulates in the soil.

Relief

Relief causes differences in internal drainage,

surface runoff, soil temperature, and the extent of

geologic erosion. Relief in Rowan County is primarily

determined by the kind of underlying bedrock, the

geology of the area, and the extent that the landscape

is dissected by streams.

Relief affects the movement of water through the

profile, which is important in soil formation because it

aids chemical reactions and is necessary for leaching.

Slopes in the county range from 0 to 45 percent. In

the uplands, where slopes are less than 8 percent, the

soils generally have deeper, better defined profiles

than the steeper soils. Examples are the well

developed Appling, Cecil, and Hiwassee soils. Relief

affects the depth of soils. On some soils that have

slopes of 15 percent, geologic erosion removes soil

material almost as fast as it forms. As a result, most of

the strongly sloping to steep soils have a thin solum.

Examples are Mocksville and Pacolet soils, which are

not as deep to saprolite or as well developed as the

less sloping soils.

Drainage also can be affected by relief. For

example, a high water table is commonly associated

with nearly level or gently sloping relief. Helena,

Iredell, and Sedgefield soils on uplands are

moderately well drained or somewhat poorly drained

because they are gently sloping and have a slow rate

of internal water movement.

Soils at the lower elevations are less sloping and

receive runoff from the adjacent higher areas. The

runoff tends to accumulate in the nearly level to

slightly concave areas. Examples are the moderately

well drained Dogue soils and somewhat poorly drained

Wahee soils on stream terraces and the somewhat

poorly drained Chewacla soils and poorly drained

Armenia soils on flood plains.

Time

The length of time that soil material has been

exposed to the soil-forming processes accounts for

some differences between soils. The formation of a

well defined profile, however, also depends on other

factors. Less time is required for a profile to develop in

coarse textured material than in similar but finer

textured material in the same environment. Less time

is required for a profile to develop in a warm, humid

area where the plant cover is dense, as in Rowan

County, than in a cold, dry area where the plant cover

is sparse.

Soils vary considerably in age. The length of time

that a soil has been forming is generally reflected in

the profile. Old soils generally have better defined

horizons than young soils. In Rowan County, the

effects of time as a soil-forming factor are more

apparent in the older soils, such as Cecil and

Hiwassee soils, which are on the broader parts of the

uplands. These soils have well defined horizons. In

contrast, young soils, such as Chewacla soils, formed

in recent alluvium on flood plains. They have not been

in place long enough to develop as completely as

Cecil and Hiwassee soils.
Rowan County, North Carolina 233

Processes of Horizon

Differentiation

One or more soil-forming processes are involved in

the formation of a succession of layers, or horizons, in

a soil. These processes are the accumulation of

organic matter; the leaching of carbonates and other

soluble material; the chemical weathering, mainly by

hydrolysis, of primary minerals into silicate clay

minerals; the translocation of silicate clay and some

silt-sized particles from one horizon to another; and

the reduction and transfer of iron.

These processes have been active in the formation

of most of the soils in Rowan County. The interaction

of the first four processes is indicated by the strongly

expressed horizons in Appling soils. All five processes

have probably been active in the formation of the

moderately well drained Helena soils.

Some organic matter has accumulated in all of the

soils in the survey area. Most of the soils contain low

amounts of organic matter in the surface layer.

Most of the soils in the survey area are acid in the

upper layers unless the surface has been limed mainly

because of the low content of carbonates in the parent

material and because of the leaching of carbonates.

Cecil and Pacolet soils are examples.

Some of the soils in the survey area have basic

reaction in the layers at or near the surface. These

soils formed from parent material that has a high

content of carbonates. Examples are Enon and Iredell

soils.

The translocation of clay minerals is an important

process in the development of many soils in the

survey area. As clay minerals are removed from the A

horizon, they accumulate as clay films on the faces of

peds, in pores, and in root channels in the B horizon.

As silicate clay forms from primary minerals, some

iron is commonly released as hydrated oxides. These

oxides are generally red. Even if they occur in small

amounts, they give the soil material a brownish color.

They are largely responsible for the strong brown,

yellowish brown, reddish brown, red, or dark red

colors that are dominant in the subsoil of many soils in

the survey area.

The reduction and transfer of iron have occurred in

all of the soils that are not characterized by good

natural drainage. This process, known as gleying, is

evidenced by a gray matrix color and by iron or clay

depletions. Some of the iron may be reoxidized and

segregated and thus form yellow, brown, red, or other

brightly colored masses of iron accumulation in an

essentially gray matrix in the subsoil. Nodules or

concretions of iron or manganese commonly also form

as a result of this process. Soil features associated

with chemically reduced iron are referred to as

redoximorphic features (16). Gleying has occurred in

Armenia, Helena, Sedgefield, and Wahee soils.

235

(1) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986.

Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and

testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils

for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(3) Beck, Donald E. 1962. Yellow-poplar site index curves. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest

Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Res. Note 180.

(4) Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole, and R.J. McCracken. 1980. Soil genesis and classification.

3d. ed.

(5) Coile, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index of young stands of loblolly and

shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. J. For. 51: 432-435.

(6) North Carolina Agricultural Statistics. 1994. North Carolina agricultural statistics.

N.C. Dep. Agric. and U.S. Dep. Agric., no. 178, pp. 84.

(7) United States Department of Agriculture. 1915. Soil survey of Rowan County,

North Carolina.

(8) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1991. Forest statistics

for North Carolina, 1990. Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Resour. Bull. SE-120.

(9) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation

Service. 1996. Soil survey laboratory methods manual. Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. 42.

(10) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. National soil

survey handbook. Soil Surv. Staff. (Available in the State Office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service at Raleigh, North Carolina)

(11) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land

capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

(12) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil

taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil

surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(13) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil

survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

(14) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Keys

to soil taxonomy. 6th ed. Soil Surv. Staff, Soil Manage. Support Serv. Tech

Monogr. 19.

References
236

(15) United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1994. Estimate

of resident population of states and counties, 1990-92. PPL-3.

(16) Vepraskas, Michael J. 1992. Redoximorphic features for identifying aquic

conditions. N.C. State Univ., N.C. Agric. Res. Serv. Bull. 301.
237

Access road. A road constructed to facilitate the use

and management of the land. Access roads are

designed for limited traffic and typically consist of

a cut slope, a roadbed, and a fill outslope.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods

are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Amphibolite. A metamorphic rock consisting mainly

of amphibole and plagioclase and having little or

no quartz. As the content of quartz increases, the

rock grades into hornblende plagioclase gneiss.

Andesite. A fine grained igneous rock that has no

quartz or orthoclase. It is composed of about 75

percent plagioclase feldspars with the balance

being ferromagnesian silicates. Andesite is

important as lavas and is possibly formed by

fractional crystallization from basaltic magma.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Aquifer. A water-bearing bed or stratum of permeable

rock, sand, or gravel capable of fielding

considerable quantities of water to wells or

springs.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Atterberg limits. Atterberg limits are measured for

soil materials passing the No. 40 sieve. They

include the liquid limit (LL), which is the moisture

content at which the soil passes from a plastic to a

liquid state, and the plasticity index (PI), which is

the water content corresponding to an arbitrary

limit between the plastic and semisolid states of

consistency of a soil.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ............................................................ 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high .............................................. more than 12

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree,

generally referring to the section at breast height

and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of

stand density, commonly expressed in square

feet.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of

earth constructed on or nearly on a contour,

supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material,

and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage

and to prevent accelerated erosion.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Glossary
238 Soil Survey

Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by

volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of

sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as

much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the

longest axis. A single piece is called a channer.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese

and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Clayey. A general textural term that includes sandy

clay, silty clay, and clay. According to family level

criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific

textural name referring to fine earth (particles less

than 2 millimeters in size) containing 35 percent or

more clay, by weight, within the control section.

The content of rock fragments is less than 35

percent, by volume.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Clod. See Aggregate, soil.

Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles

2 millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in

diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles

(flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches)

long.

Coarse-loamy. According to family level criteria in the

soil taxonomic system, soil containing less than 18

percent, by weight, clay and 15 percent or more

fine sand or coarser material.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded

rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material

is 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and

extremely cobbly soil material is more than 60

percent.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane that typically takes the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of

puddled soil material; and the manner in which the

soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.
Rowan County, North Carolina 239

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting

farming operations on sloping farmland in such a

way that tillage is across the general slope.

Crust. A thin, hard layer of soil material that forms on

the surface of cultivated areas as the result of fine

soil material settling out of ponding.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Dbh (diameter at breast height). The diameter of a

tree at 4.5 feet above the ground level on the uphill

side.

Delineation. The process of drawing or plotting

features on a map with lines and symbols.

Denitrification. The biochemical reduction of nitrate or

nitrite to gaseous nitrogen either as molecular

nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.

Depression (depressional area). A portion of land

surrounded on all sides by higher land. These

areas generally do not have outlets for drainage.

Depth class. Refers to the depth to a root-restricting

layer. Unless otherwise stated, this layer is

understood to be consolidated bedrock. The depth

classes in this survey are:

Very shallow ............................... less than 10 inches

Shallow ............................................. 10 to 20 inches

Moderately deep .............................. 20 to 40 inches

Deep ................................................. 40 to 60 inches

Very deep ................................. more than 60 inches

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diabase. A rock of basaltic composition consisting

primarily of labradorite and pyroxene and

characterized by ophitic texture.

Dike. A long, narrow, crosscutting mass of igneous

rock that extends to or crops out on the land

surface.

Diorite. A coarse grained igneous rock that has the

composition of andesite (no quartz or orthoclase).

It is composed of about 75 percent plagioclase

feldspars with the balance being ferromagnesian

silicates.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized—

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and

very poorly drained. These classes are defined in

the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Drainageway. A narrow, gently sloping to very steep,

concave colluvial area along an intermittent or

perennial stream.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Eroded (soil phase). Because of erosion, these soils

have lost an average of 25 to 75 percent of the

original A horizon or the uppermost 2 to 6 inches if

the original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid
240 Soil Survey

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Erosion classes. Classes based on estimates of past

erosion. The classes are as follows:

Class 1.—Soils that have lost some of the original

A horizon but on the average less than 25 percent

of the original A horizon or of the uppermost 8

inches (if the original A horizon was less than 8

inches thick). Throughout most of the area, the

thickness of the surface layer is within the normal

range of variability of the uneroded soil. Class 1

erosion typically is not designated in the name of

the map unit or in the map symbol.

Class 2.—Soils that have lost an average of 25 to

75 percent of the original A horizon or of the

uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was

less than 8 inches thick). Throughout most

cultivated areas of class 2 erosion, the surface

layer consists of a mixture of the original A horizon

and material from below. Some areas may have

intricate patterns ranging from uneroded spots to

spots where all of the original A horizon has been

removed.

Class 3.—Soils that have lost an average of 75

percent or more of the original A horizon or of the

uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was

less than 8 inches thick). In most cultivated areas

of class 3 erosion, material that was below the

original A horizon is exposed. The plow layer

consists entirely or largely of this material.

Class 4.—Soils that have lost all of the original A

horizon or of the uppermost 8 inches (if the

original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick)

plus some or all of the deeper horizons throughout

most of the area. The original soil can be identified

only in spots. Some areas may be smooth, but

most have an intricate pattern of gullies.

Erosion hazard. A term describing the potential for

future erosion, inherent in the soil itself, in

inadequately protected areas. The following

definitions are based on estimated annual soil loss

in metric tons per hectare (values determined by

the Universal Soil Loss Equation assuming bare

soil conditions and using rainfall and climate

factors for North Carolina):

0 tons per hectare ............................................. none

Less than 2.5 tons per hectare ......................... slight

2.5 to 10 tons per hectare .......................... moderate

10 to 25 tons per hectare ............................... severe

More than 25 tons per hectare .............. very severe

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Felsic rock. A general term for light-colored igneous

rock and some metamorphic crystalline rock that

have an abundance of quartz, feldspars,

feldspathoids, and muscovite mica.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Field border. A strip of perennial vegetation (trees,

shrubs, or herbaceous plants) established on the

edge of a field to control erosion, provide travel

lanes for farm machinery, control competition from

adjacent woodland, or provide food and cover for

wildlife.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated

soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the

downhill side of the road.

Fine-loamy. According to family level criteria in the soil

taxonomic system, soil containing 18 to 35

percent, by weight, clay and 15 percent or more

fine sand or coarser material.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Flat. A general term for a level or nearly level surface

or small area of land marked by little or no relief.

Flooding. The temporary covering of the soil surface

by flowing water from any source, such as

overflowing streams, runoff from adjacent or

surrounding slopes, and inflow from high tides.

The frequency of flooding generally is expressed

as none, rare, occasional, or frequent. None

means that flooding is not probable. Rare means

that flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is

nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year).

Occasional means that flooding occurs

infrequently under normal weather conditions (the

chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year).

Frequent means that flooding occurs often under

normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding

is more than 50 percent in any year). The duration

of flooding is expressed as very brief (less than 2

days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month),

and very long (more than 1 month).
Rowan County, North Carolina 241

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river

action, as a fluvial plain.

Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Geomorphic surface. A part of the surface of the

land that represents an episode of landscape

development and consists of one or more

landforms. It is a mappable part of the land

surface that is defined in terms of morphology

(relief, slope, aspect, etc.); origin (erosional,

constructional, etc.); age (absolute or relative);

and stability of component landforms.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Gneiss. A coarse grained metamorphic rock in which

bands rich in granular minerals alternate with

bands that are dominantly schistose minerals. It is

commonly formed by the metamorphism of

granite.

Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

grade toward a protected waterway.

Granite. A coarse grained igneous rock dominated by

light-colored minerals, consisting of about 50

percent orthoclase and 25 percent quartz with the

balance being plagioclase feldspars and

ferromagnesian silicates. Granites and

granodiorites comprise 95 percent of all intrusive

rocks.

Granodiorite. A plutonic rock roughly intermediate in

composition between granite and diorite.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A very small valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated

except by blasting or by the use of special

equipment that is not commonly used in

construction.

High-grade metamorphic rocks. Highly

metamorphosed rocks, such as gneiss and schist.

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue

from these crops can be used to control erosion

until the next crop in the rotation is established.

These crops return large amounts of organic

matter to the soil.

High stream terrace. A terrace, commonly 20 feet or

higher in elevation than the adjacent flood plain,

that is no longer subject to flooding.

High water table (seasonal). The highest level of a

saturated zone (the apparent or perched water

table) over a continuous period of more than 2

weeks in most years, but not a permanent water

table.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well defined outline; hillsides generally have

slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction

between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is

dependent on local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation

of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey

Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified
242 Soil Survey

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4)

a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the

letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil.

The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but

it can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Hornblende. A rock-forming ferromagnesian silicate

mineral of the amphibole group.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a high water table, the infiltration rate and

permeability after prolonged wetting, and depth to

a very slowly permeable layer. The slope and the

kind of plant cover are not considered but are

separate factors in predicting runoff.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a

molten or partially molten state. Major varieties

include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are

andesite, basalt, and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil

under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate;

the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ......................................... moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Intermediate rock. Igneous or metamorphic

crystalline rock that is intermediate in composition

between mafic and felsic rock.

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or other

surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation include:

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and

under low pressure to the surface of the soil or

into the soil through such applicators as emitters,

porous tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made

by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for

tree and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface

through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.

Kaolinite. An aluminosilicate clay mineral with a 1:1

layer structure; that is, a silicon tetrahedral sheet

alternating with an aluminum octahedral sheet.

Little or no expansion occurs when water mixes

with the clay.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent

landforms.

Landform. The description of a given terrain based on
Rowan County, North Carolina 243

position and configuration. Examples are flood

plain, stream terrace, fan, mountain slope, and

ridge.

Landform position. A particular place within a

landform. Examples are summit of a ridge,

shoulder of a ridge, nose slope, side slope, back

slope, and foot slope.

Landscape. A collection of related, natural landforms;

generally, the land surface that can be seen in a

single view.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loamy. A general textural term that includes coarse

sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very

fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, clay loam,

sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam. According to

family level criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a

specific textural name referring to fine earth

(particles less than 2 millimeters in size) of loamy

very fine sand or finer textured material that

contains less than 35 percent clay, by weight,

within the control section. The content of rock

fragments is less than 35 percent, by volume.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for

silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion until

the next crop in the rotation is established. These

crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low stream terrace. A terrace in an area that floods,

commonly 3 to 10 feet higher in elevation than the

adjacent flood plain.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Mafic rock. A dark rock composed predominantly of

magnesium silicates. It contains little quartz,

feldspar, or muscovite mica.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide

or manganese oxide generally are considered a

type of redoximorphic concentration.

Mean annual increment. The average yearly volume

of a stand of trees from the year of origin to the

age under consideration.

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment

for seeding, brush management, and other

management practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Micas. A group of silicate minerals characterized by

sheet or scale cleavage. Biotite is the

ferromagnesian black mica. Muscovite is the

potassic white mica.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface

horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation

and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the

upper part of the subsoil.

Montmorillonite. An aluminosilicate clay mineral with

2:1 layer structure; that is, two silicon tetrahedral

sheets enclosing an aluminum octahedral sheet.

Considerable expansion may occur when water

mixes with the clay.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of

silt and clay in approximately equal amounts.

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees
244 Soil Survey

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a

color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of

4.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds

making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of

iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered

types of redoximorphic concentrations.

No-till planting. A method of planting crops in which

there is virtually no seedbed preparation. A thin

slice of the soil is opened, and the seed is planted

at the desired depth.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low ................................... less than 0.5 percent

Low ................................................ 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low .............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ....................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High ............................................... 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management. For

example, slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piedmont. The physiographic region of central North

Carolina characterized by rolling landscapes

formed from the weathering of residual rock

material.

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or

pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Porphyritic. A textural term for igneous rocks in which

larger crystals, called phenocrysts, are set in a

finer groundmass. The groundmass may be

crystalline or glassy, or both.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content

of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

no properties restricting the penetration of roots to

this depth.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.
Rowan County, North Carolina 245

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Ridge. A long, narrow elevation of the land surface,

usually having a sharp crest and steep sides.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Rippable. Rippable bedrock or hardpan can be

excavated using a single-tooth ripping attachment

mounted on a tractor with a 200-300 drawbar

horsepower rating.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly on

the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Runoff class (surface). Refers to the rate at which

water flows away from the soil over the surface

without infiltrating. Six classes of rate of runoff are

recognized:

Ponded.—Little of the precipitation and water that

runs onto the soil escapes as runoff, and free

water stands on the surface for significant periods.

The amount of water that is removed from ponded

areas by movement through the soil, by plants, or

by evaporation is usually greater than the total

rainfall. Ponding normally occurs on level and

nearly level soils in depressions. The water depth

may fluctuate greatly.

Very slow.—Surface water flows away slowly, and

free water stands on the surface for long periods

or immediately enters the soil. Most of the water

passes through the soil, is used by plants, or

evaporates. The soils are commonly level or nearly

level or are very porous.

Slow.—Surface water flows away so slowly that

free water stands on the surface for moderate

periods or enters the soil rapidly. Most of the water

passes through the soil, is used by plants, or

evaporates. The soils are nearly level or very

gently sloping, or they are steeper but absorb

precipitation very rapidly.

Medium.—Surface water flows away so rapidly

that free water stands on the surface for only short

periods. Part of the precipitation enters the soil

and is used by plants, is lost by evaporation, or

moves into underground channels. The soils are

nearly level or gently sloping and absorb

precipitation at a moderate rate, or they are

steeper but absorb water rapidly.

Rapid.—Surface water flows away so rapidly that

the period of concentration is brief and free water

does not stand on the surface. Only a small part of

the water enters the soil. The soils are mainly

moderately steep or steep and have moderate or

slow rates of absorption.
246 Soil Survey

Very rapid.—Surface water flows away so rapidly

that the period of concentration is very brief and

free water does not stand on the surface. Only a

small part of the water enters the soil. The soils

are mainly steep or very steep and absorb

precipitation slowly.

Saddle. A localized concave dip in a main ridge where

intermittent drainage starts to form on the adjacent

side slope.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0

millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist

of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85

percent or more sand and not more than 10

percent clay.

Sandy. A general textural term that includes coarse

sand, sand, fine sand, very fine sand, loamy

coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, and

loamy very fine sand. According to family level

criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific

textural name referring to fine earth (particles less

than 2 millimeters in size) of sand or loamy sand

that contains less than 50 percent very fine sand,

by weight, within the control section. The content

of rock fragments is less than 35 percent, by

volume.

Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material underlying

the genetically developed soil and grading to

bedrock below.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Schist. A metamorphic rock dominated by fibrous or

platy minerals. It has schistose cleavage and is a

product of regional metamorphism.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Side slope. The landscape position that is just below

the shoulder and just above the toe slope,

occupying most of the mountainside or hillside.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site

based on the height of the dominant stand at an

arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average

height attained by dominant and codominant trees

in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is

75 feet, the site index is 75.

Skeletans. Coatings of light-colored, low luster silica

flour or silica dust adhering to the natural surfaces

in soil materials.

Skidding. A method of moving felled trees to a nearby

central area for transport to a processing facility.

Most systems involve pulling the trees with wire

cables attached to a bulldozer or rubber-tired

tractor. Generally, felled trees are skidded or

pulled with one end lifted to reduce friction and soil

disturbance.

Skid trails. The paths left from skidding logs and the

bulldozer or tractor used to pull them.

Slate. A fine grained metamorphic rock that has well

developed slaty cleavage. It is formed by the lowgrade regional metamorphism of shale.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In

this survey, classes for simple slopes are as

follows:

Nearly level ......................................... 0 to 3 percent

Gently sloping ..................................... 2 to 8 percent

Strongly sloping ................................ 8 to 15 percent

Moderately steep ............................ 15 to 25 percent

Steep ............................................... 25 to 45 percent

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.
Rowan County, North Carolina 247

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil compaction. An alteration of soil structure that

ultimately can affect the biological and chemical

properties of the soil. Compaction decreases the

extent of voids and increases bulk density.

Soil map unit. A kind of soil or miscellaneous area or

a combination of two or more soils or one or more

soils and one or more miscellaneous areas that

can be shown at the scale of mapping for the

defined purposes and objectives of the soil survey.

Soil map units are generally designed to reflect

significant differences in use and management

among the soils of a survey area.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Soil strength. Load-supporting capacity of a soil at

specific moisture and density conditions.

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Specialty crop. Crops, such as strawberries and

tomatoes, that require intensive management and

a specific combination of soils and climate.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to soil blowing and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on

the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects

the soil from soil blowing and water erosion after

harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the

next crop, and during the early growing period of

the new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,

ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon.

Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in

color and lower in content of organic matter than

the overlying surface layer.

Suitability ratings. Ratings for the degree of

suitability of soils for pasture, crops, woodland,

and engineering uses. The ratings and the general

criteria used for their selection are as follows:

Well suited.—The intended use may be initiated

and maintained by using only the standard

materials and methods typically required for that

use. Good results can be expected.

Suited.—The limitations affecting the intended use

make special planning, design, or maintenance

necessary.

Poorly suited.—The intended use is difficult or

costly to initiate and maintain because of certain

soil properties, such as steep slopes, a severe

hazard of erosion, a high water table, low fertility,

and a hazard of flooding. Major soil reclamation,

special design, or intensive management practices

are needed.

Unsuited.—The intended use is very difficult or

costly to initiate and maintain, and thus it generally

should not be undertaken.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a

series recognized in the classification system.
248 Soil Survey

Such soils are named for a series they strongly

resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to

that series because they differ in ways too small to

be of consequence in interpreting their use and

behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only

when one or more of their characteristics are

slightly outside the range defined for the family of

the series for which the soils are named.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a

field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” The textural classes

are defined as follows:

Sands (coarse sand, sand, fine sand, and very

fine sand).—Soil material in which the content of

sand is 85 percent or more and the percentage of

silt plus 11/2 times the percentage of clay does not

exceed 15.

Loamy sands (loamy coarse sand, loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, and loamy very fine sand).—Soil

material in which, at the upper limit, the content of

sand is 85 to 90 percent and the percentage of silt

plus 11/2 times the percentage of clay is not less

than 15 and, at the lower limit, the content of sand

is 70 to 85 percent and the percentage of silt plus

twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30.

Sandy loams (coarse sandy loam, sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, and very fine sandy loam).—Soil

material in which the content of clay is 20 percent

or less, the percentage of silt plus twice the

percentage of clay exceeds 30, and the content of

sand is 52 percent or more or soil material in

which the content of clay is less than 7 percent,

the content of silt is less than 50 percent, and the

content of sand is 43 to 52 percent.

Loam.—Soil material that contains 7 to 27 percent

clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52

percent sand.

Silt loam.—Soil material that contains 50 percent

or more silt and 12 to 27 percent clay or 50 to 80

percent silt and less than 12 percent clay.

Silt.—Soil material that contains 80 percent or

more silt and less than 12 percent clay.

Sandy clay loam.—Soil material that contains 20

to 35 percent clay, less than 28 percent silt, and

45 percent or more sand.

Clay loam.—Soil material that contains 27 to 40

percent clay and 20 to 45 percent sand.

Silty clay loam.—Soil material that contains 27 to

40 percent clay and less than 20 percent sand.

Sandy clay.—Soil material that contains 35

percent or more clay and 45 percent or more

sand.

Silty clay.—Soil material that contains 40 percent

or more clay and 40 percent or more silt.

Clay.—Soil material that contains 40 percent or

more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less

than 40 percent silt.

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base

of a hill; part of a foot slope.

Topography. The relative positions and elevations of

the natural or manmade features of an area that

describe the configuration of its surface.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Underlying material. Technically the C horizon; the

part of the soil below the biologically altered A and

B horizons.

Understory. The trees and other woody species

growing under a more or less continuous cover of

branches and foliage formed collectively by the

upper portions of adjacent trees and other woody

growth.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Water table (apparent). A thick zone of free water in

the soil. The apparent water table is indicated by

the level at which water stands in an uncased

borehole after adequate time is allowed for

adjustment in the surrounding soil.

Water table (perched). A saturated zone of water in

the soil standing above an unsaturated zone.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the
Rowan County, North Carolina 249

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wetness. A general term applied to soils that hold

water at or near the surface long enough to be a

common management problem.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by

the wind.

251

Tables
252 Soil Survey

 Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

 (Recorded in the period 1900-93 at Salisbury, North Carolina)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

 | Temperature | Precipitation

 | | __________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10|

 | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- | Average _______________________ _____________

 Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of

 | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with

 |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch

 | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more

 | | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | o | o | o | o | o | | | | |

 | F | F | F | F | F | Units | In | In | In | _ _ _ _ _ _____ __ __ | __ |

 | | | | | | | | | |

January-----| 51.5 | 30.5 | 41.0 | 74 | 6 | 135 | 3.71 | 2.08| 5.15| 6

 | | | | | | | | | |

February----| 54.4 | 31.7 | 43.0 | 76 | 10 | 151 | 3.92 | 2.26| 5.39| 6

 | | | | | | | | | |

March-------| 63.0 | 38.7 | 50.9 | 84 | 17 | 350 | 4.31 | 2.67| 5.80| 7

 | | | | | | | | | |

April-------| 72.6 | 46.9 | 59.7 | 91 | 27 | 581 | 3.62 | 2.16| 4.92| 6

 | | | | | | | | | |

May---------| 80.7 | 55.7 | 68.2 | 95 | 36 | 860 | 3.91 | 2.00| 5.58| 6

 | | | | | | | | | |

June--------| 87.3 | 63.7 | 75.5 | 100 | 47 | 1,045 | 4.18 | 2.17| 5.95| 6

 | | | | | | | | | |

July--------| 90.0 | 67.4 | 78.7 | 101 | 54 | 1,163 | 4.81 | 2.70| 6.69| 7

 | | | | | | | | | |

August------| 88.7 | 66.2 | 77.4 | 100 | 52 | 1,120 | 4.41 | 2.14| 6.37| 6

 | | | | | | | | | |

September---| 83.2 | 60.2 | 71.7 | 97 | 41 | 924 | 3.55 | 1.41| 5.42| 4

 | | | | | | | | | |

October-----| 73.4 | 47.8 | 60.6 | 90 | 27 | 618 | 3.16 | 1.13| 5.04| 4

 | | | | | | | | | |

November----| 62.4 | 37.9 | 50.1 | 81 | 17 | 303 | 2.75 | 1.24| 4.15| 4

 | | | | | | | | | |

December----| 52.6 | 31.3 | 42.0 | 73 | 9 | 143 | 3.76 | 2.08| 5.24| 6

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Yearly: | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Average---| 71.6 | 48.2 | 59.9 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Extreme---| 105 | -11 | --- | 102 | 4 | --- | --- | ---| ---| ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7,394 | 46.09 | 38.38| 52.36| 68

 | | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by

adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the

temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F).
Rowan County, North Carolina 253

 Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

 (Recorded in the period 1900-93 at Salisbury, North Carolina)

 _____________________________________________________________

 |

 | Temperature

 |__________________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | or lower | or lower | or lower _____________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Mar. 28 | Apr. 11 | Apr. 24

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Mar. 22 | Apr. 5 | Apr. 18

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Mar. 8 | Mar. 24 | Apr. 8

 | | |

 First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 30 | Oct. 23 | Oct. 12

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Nov. 5 | Oct. 28 | Oct. 17

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Nov. 17 | Nov. 7 | Oct. 27

 | | | _____________________________________________________________

 Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1900-93 at Salisbury,

 North Carolina)

__________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily minimum temperature

 | during growing season

 |___________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | | | __________________________________________________

 | Days | Days | Days ____ ____ ____

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 218 | 199 | 178

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 227 | 208 | 186

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 243 | 223 | 200

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 260 | 239 | 214

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 269 | 248 | 221

 | | | __________________________________________________
254 Soil Survey

 Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 ApB |Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 3,597 | 1.1

 ArA |Armenia loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded----------------------------| 833 | 0.2

 AsB |Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------| 2,159 | 0.6

 AsC |Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------| 688 | 0.2

 AsD |Ashlar-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes-------------------------------| 141 | *

 BaB |Badin channery silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------| 3,960 | 1.2

 BaC |Badin channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 1,374 | 0.4

 BaD |Badin channery silt loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes----------------------------------| 210 | 0.1

 BgB |Badin-Goldston complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 1,914 | 0.6

 BgC |Badin-Goldston complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 783 | 0.2

 CcB |Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 2,628 | 0.8

 CcC |Cecil sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 1,898 | 0.6

 CeB2 |Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------| 57,952 | 17.3

 CeC2 |Cecil sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------| 12,048 | 3.6

 CfB |Cecil-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------| 3,173 | 0.9

 ChA |Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded---------------------------| 25,138 | 7.5

 CmB |Cid-Lignum complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 6,764 | 2.0

 DoA |Dogue fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded-----------------------| 499 | 0.1

 DoB |Dogue fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, rarely flooded-----------------------| 1,043 | 0.3

 EnB |Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 19,766 | 5.9

 EnC |Enon fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 8,582 | 2.6

 EsC |Enon very cobbly loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes, very stony--------------------------| 523 | 0.2

 EsD |Enon very cobbly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony-------------------------| 166 | *

 EuB |Enon-Urban land complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes------------------------------------| 2,061 | 0.6

 HeB |Helena sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 4,238 | 1.3

 HsD |Hiwassee loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 652 | 0.2

 HwB2 |Hiwassee clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 18,943 | 5.7

 HwC2 |Hiwassee clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 2,830 | 0.8

 IrB |Iredell loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------------------| 702 | 0.2

 KcB |Kirksey-Cid complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 382 | 0.1

 LgA |Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 415 | 0.1

 MbB |Mecklenburg loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 2,003 | 0.6

 MbC |Mecklenburg loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 681 | 0.2

 MeB2 |Mecklenburg clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------| 11,849 | 3.5

 MeC2 |Mecklenburg clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------| 4,544 | 1.4

 MkB |Misenheimer-Kirksey complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes---------------------------------| 3,082 | 0.9

 OkA |Oakboro silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded-----------------------| 1,420 | 0.4

 PaB |Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 554 | 0.2

 PaC |Pacolet sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 861 | 0.3

 PaD |Pacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 12,688 | 3.8

 PaE |Pacolet sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 862 | 0.3

 PcB2 |Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------------| 18,936 | 5.7

 PcC2 |Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------| 17,508 | 5.2

 Pt |Pits, quarries---------------------------------------------------------------------| 219 | 0.1

 PxB |Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------| 913 | 0.3

 PxC |Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------------| 3,266 | 1.0

 PxD |Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes-----------------------------| 7,205 | 2.2

 PxE |Poindexter-Mocksville complex, 25 to 45 percent slopes-----------------------------| 678 | 0.2

 RnB |Rion-Wedowee complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 4,443 | 1.3

 RnC |Rion-Wedowee complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 3,175 | 0.9

 RoB |Rion-Wedowee-Ashlar complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------| 4,273 | 1.3

 RoC |Rion-Wedowee-Ashlar complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------| 1,028 | 0.3

 RvA |Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------------------------| 436 | 0.1

 SaB |Saw-Pacolet complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 844 | 0.3

 SaC |Saw-Pacolet complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 651 | 0.2

 ScB2 |Saw-Pacolet complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 620 | 0.2

 SeB |Sedgefield fine sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------| 3,061 | 0.9

 TaB |Tatum-Badin complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 1,279 | 0.4

 TaC |Tatum-Badin complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 446 | 0.1

 TbB2 |Tatum-Badin complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 1,134 | 0.3

 Ud |Udorthents, loamy------------------------------------------------------------------| 4,078 | 1.2

 | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 255

 Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 Uf |Urban land-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 2,644 | 0.8

 UhC |Uwharrie loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, very stony----------------------------------| 164 | *

 UhE |Uwharrie loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, very stony---------------------------------| 164 | *

 UrB |Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 488 | 0.1

 UwB2 |Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------| 816 | 0.2

 UwC2 |Uwharrie silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------| 293 | 0.1

 VaB |Vance sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 9,300 | 2.8

 VaC |Vance sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 1,754 | 0.5

 VnB2 |Vance sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------| 4,398 | 1.3

 VnC2 |Vance sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------| 829 | 0.2

 WaA |Wahee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded----------------------------| 772 | 0.2

 WkB |Wickham fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 622 | 0.2

 ZeB |Zion-Enon complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 1,558 | 0.5

 ZeC |Zion-Enon complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 2,942 | 0.9

 | Water-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 9,381 | 2.8

 | |-----------|-------

 | Total--------------------------------------------------------------------| 334,924 | 100.0

 | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
256 Soil Survey

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

 (Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the

 soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Barley | Wheat |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 ApB-------------| IIe | 95 | 14 | 35 | 55 | 50 | 5 | 8.0

 Appling | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 ArA-------------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.0

 Armenia | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 AsB**: | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar---------| IIIe | 55 | 6 | 20 | 25 | 20 | --- | 3.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop---| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | |

 AsC**: | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar---------| IVe | 50 | 5 | 15 | 20 | 15 | --- | 2.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop---| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | |

 AsD**: | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar---------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop---| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | |

 BaB-------------| IIIe | 85 | 14 | 25 | 50 | 40 | --- | 6.5

 Badin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BaC-------------| IVe | 75 | 12 | 20 | 45 | 35 | --- | 6.0

 Badin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BaD-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.5

 Badin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 BgB: | | | | | | | |

 Badin----------| IIIe | 85 | 14 | 25 | 50 | 40 | --- | 6.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Goldston-------| IVs | 65 | --- | 20 | 40 | 35 | --- | 4.0

 | | | | | | | |

 BgC: | | | | | | | |

 Badin----------| IVe | 75 | 12 | 20 | 45 | 35 | --- | 6.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Goldston-------| IVs | 60 | --- | 20 | 35 | 30 | --- | 4.0

 | | | | | | | |

 CcB-------------| IIe | 90 | 14 | 35 | 55 | 50 | 5 | 8.0

 Cecil | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CcC-------------| IVe | 80 | 12 | 25 | 50 | 45 | 4 | 7.0

 Cecil | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CeB2------------| IIIe | 80 | 12 | 25 | 50 | 45 | 4 | 7.0

 Cecil | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CeC2------------| IVe | 70 | 10 | 20 | 45 | 40 | 4 | 6.0

 Cecil | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CfB**: | | | | | | | |

 Cecil----------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | |

 Urban land-----| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 257

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Barley | Wheat |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 ChA-------------| IVw | 80 | 18 | 45 | --- | --- | --- | 9.0

 Chewacla | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 CmB-------------| IIe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 40 | 35 | --- | 7.0

 Cid-Lignum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 DoA-------------| IIw | 120 | 18 | 50 | 70 | 60 | --- | 9.5

 Dogue | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 DoB-------------| IIe | 115 | 16 | 45 | 65 | 55 | --- | 9.5

 Dogue | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EnB-------------| IIIe | 85 | 14 | 30 | 45 | 40 | --- | 8.5

 Enon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EnC-------------| IVe | 75 | 13 | 25 | 40 | 40 | --- | 8.0

 Enon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EsC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.5

 Enon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EsD-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Enon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 EuB**: | | | | | | | |

 Enon-----------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | |

 Urban land-----| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | |

 HeB-------------| IIe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 45 | 40 | --- | 7.0

 Helena | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HsD-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8.0

 Hiwassee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HwB2------------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 55 | 45 | 6 | 8.5

 Hiwassee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 HwC2------------| IVe | 80 | 16 | 30 | 50 | 40 | 5 | 7.5

 Hiwassee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 IrB-------------| IIe | 65 | 12 | 25 | --- | --- | --- | 7.0

 Iredell | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 KcB: | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey--------| IIe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 40 | 35 | --- | 5.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Cid------------| IIe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 40 | 35 | --- | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 LgA-------------| IIw | 80 | 12 | 30 | 40 | 35 | --- | 6.0

 Lignum | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MbB-------------| IIe | 90 | 16 | 40 | 55 | 45 | 6 | 6.0

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MbC-------------| IVe | 70 | 14 | 30 | 45 | 35 | 5 | 5.0

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
258 Soil Survey

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Barley | Wheat |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 MeB2------------| IIIe | 70 | 14 | 30 | 45 | 35 | 5 | 5.0

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MeC2------------| IVe | 65 | 12 | 25 | 40 | 30 | 4 | 4.0

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 MkB: | | | | | | | |

 Misenheimer----| IIIw | 60 | 12 | 20 | --- | 30 | --- | 5.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey--------| IIe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 40 | 35 | --- | 5.5

 | | | | | | | |

 OkA-------------| IVw | 80 | 15 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | 8.0

 Oakboro | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PaB-------------| IIe | 90 | 14 | 35 | 55 | 50 | 5 | 7.0

 Pacolet | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PaC-------------| IVe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 45 | 45 | 4 | 5.5

 Pacolet | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PaD-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.5

 Pacolet | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PaE-------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pacolet | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PcB2------------| IIIe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 45 | 45 | 4 | 6.0

 Pacolet | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PcC2------------| IVe | 75 | 10 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 3 | 4.5

 Pacolet | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 Pt**------------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pits, quarries | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 PxB: | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter-----| IIe | 60 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 45 | 2 | 5.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville-----| IIe | 85 | 10 | 35 | 50 | 45 | 3 | 8.5

 | | | | | | | |

 PxC: | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter-----| IIIe | 50 | 8 | 20 | 45 | 40 | 2 | 5.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville-----| IVe | 70 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 45 | 2 | 6.0

 | | | | | | | |

 PxD: | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter-----| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville-----| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.0

 | | | | | | | |

 PxE-------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Poindexter- | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 RnB: | | | | | | | |

 Rion-----------| IIe | 80 | 10 | 25 | 45 | 40 | 4 | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee--------| IIe | 85 | 14 | 35 | 55 | 50 | 5 | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 259

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Barley | Wheat |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 RnC: | | | | | | | |

 Rion-----------| IVe | 70 | 9 | 20 | 40 | 35 | 3 | 5.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee--------| IVe | 75 | 13 | 25 | 50 | 45 | 4 | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 RoB: | | | | | | | |

 Rion-----------| IIe | 80 | 10 | 25 | 45 | 40 | 4 | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee--------| IIe | 85 | 14 | 35 | 55 | 50 | 5 | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar---------| IIIe | 70 | 8 | 20 | 35 | 30 | 2 | 4.0

 | | | | | | | |

 RoC: | | | | | | | |

 Rion-----------| IVe | 70 | 9 | 20 | 40 | 35 | 3 | 5.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee--------| IVe | 75 | 13 | 25 | 50 | 45 | 4 | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar---------| IVe | 65 | 7 | 15 | 30 | 25 | 2 | 4.0

 | | | | | | | |

 RvA-------------| IIw | 130 | 20 | 50 | --- | --- | --- | 10.0

 Riverview | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 SaB: | | | | | | | |

 Saw------------| IIe | 75 | 12 | 25 | 50 | 45 | 4 | 5.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet--------| IIe | 90 | 14 | 35 | 55 | 50 | 5 | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 SaC: | | | | | | | |

 Saw------------| IIIe | 70 | 10 | 20 | 45 | 40 | 4 | 5.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet--------| IVe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 45 | 45 | 4 | 5.5

 | | | | | | | |

 ScB2: | | | | | | | |

 Saw------------| IIIe | 70 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 40 | 4 | 5.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet--------| IIIe | 80 | 12 | 30 | 45 | 45 | 4 | 6.0

 | | | | | | | |

 SeB-------------| IIe | 85 | 16 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | 5.5

 Sedgefield | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 TaB: | | | | | | | |

 Tatum----------| IIe | 90 | 14 | 30 | 55 | 50 | 5 | 8.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Badin----------| IIIe | 85 | 14 | 25 | 50 | 40 | --- | 6.5

 | | | | | | | |

 TaC: | | | | | | | |

 Tatum----------| IIIe | 85 | 13 | 30 | 50 | 40 | 5 | 7.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Badin----------| IVe | 75 | 12 | 20 | 45 | 35 | --- | 6.0

 | | | | | | | |

 TbB2: | | | | | | | |

 Tatum----------| IIIe | 80 | 12 | 25 | 45 | 40 | 4 | 7.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Badin----------| IVe | 70 | 12 | 20 | 40 | 30 | --- | 5.5

 | | | | | | | |

 Ud**------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Udorthents, | | | | | | | |

 loamy | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
260 Soil Survey

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Barley | Wheat |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

 Uf**------------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Urban land | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 UhC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Uwharrie | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 UhE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Uwharrie | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 UrB-------------| IIe | 90 | 14 | 35 | 55 | 55 | 5 | 8.0

 Uwharrie | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 UwB2------------| IIIe | 80 | 13 | 30 | 45 | 50 | 4 | 6.0

 Uwharrie | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 UwC2------------| IVe | 65 | 12 | 25 | 40 | 45 | 4 | 5.0

 Uwharrie | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 VaB-------------| IIIe | 80 | 12 | 35 | 55 | 50 | --- | 8.0

 Vance | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 VaC-------------| IVe | 75 | 10 | 30 | 50 | 45 | --- | 8.0

 Vance | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 VnB2------------| IVe | 75 | 10 | 30 | 50 | 45 | --- | 7.0

 Vance | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 VnC2------------| IVe | 70 | 10 | 25 | 45 | 40 | --- | 6.0

 Vance | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WaA-------------| IIw | 110 | 18 | 45 | --- | --- | --- | 10.0

 Wahee | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 WkB-------------| IIe | 115 | 18 | 50 | 60 | 50 | 6 | 9.5

 Wickham | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 ZeB: | | | | | | | |

 Zion-----------| IIIe | 60 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 45 | --- | 6.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Enon-----------| IIIe | 85 | 14 | 30 | 45 | 40 | --- | 8.5

 | | | | | | | |

 ZeC: | | | | | | | |

 Zion-----------| IVe | 50 | 10 | 20 | 45 | 40 | --- | 5.0

 | | | | | | | |

 Enon-----------| IVe | 75 | 13 | 25 | 40 | 40 | --- | 8.0

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Animal unit month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one

 mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days.

 ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Rowan County, North Carolina 261

 Table 6.--Prime Farmland

 (Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not

 considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions

 are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Map | Soil name

 symbol | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 ApB |Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 CcB |Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

 CeB2 |Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded

 ChA |Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded (where drained and either protected from

 | flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season)

 DoA |Dogue fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded

 DoB |Dogue fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, rarely flooded

 EnB |Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

 HeB |Helena sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 HwB2 |Hiwassee clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded

 MbB |Mecklenburg loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

 MeB2 |Mecklenburg clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded

 OkA |Oakboro silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded (where drained and either protected

 | from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season)

 PaB |Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

 PcB2 |Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded

 RnB |Rion-Wedowee complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes

 RvA |Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded

 SeB |Sedgefield fine sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes

 UrB |Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

 UwB2 |Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded

 VaB |Vance sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

 WkB |Wickham fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
262 Soil Survey

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity

 (Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that

 information was not available)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ApB-------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine,

 Appling | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 65 | 99 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| 74 | 56 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 64 | 39 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 88 | 86 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ArA-------------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 67 | 88 |Loblolly pine,

 Armenia | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 58 | 84 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| 44 | 29 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 47 | 32 |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AsB**, AsC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar---------| 8S |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 120 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 70 | 109 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AsD**: | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar---------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 120 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 70 | 109 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BaB, BaC--------| 8D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 Badin | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 68 | 106 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 63 | 46 |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| 65 | 48 |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 66 | 48 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BaD-------------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 Badin | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 68 | 106 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 63 | 46 |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| 65 | 48 |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 66 | 48 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BgB**, BgC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Badin----------| 8D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 68 | 106 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 63 | 46 |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| 65 | 48 |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 66 | 48 |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 263

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BgB**, BgC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Goldston-------| 7D |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 76 | 103 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 68 | 106 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 66 | 48 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 69 | 51 |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CcB, CcC--------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 83 | 116 |Loblolly pine,

 Cecil | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 69 | 108 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 71 | 110 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 79 | 61 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 81 | 63 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 79 | 61 |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| 72 | 54 |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| 81 | 63 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 76 | 70 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 92 | 93 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CeB2, CeC2------| 7C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 72 | 96 |Loblolly pine,

 Cecil | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 63 | 93 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 65 | 100 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 64 | 47 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ChA-------------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 |Yellow-poplar,

 Chewacla | | | | | |Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 142 | loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 97 | 128 | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 80 | 74 | American

 | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| --- | --- | sycamore.

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CmB**: | | | | | | | | |

 Cid------------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 66 | 86 |White oak,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 56 | 80 | loblolly pine.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 52 | 36 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
264 Soil Survey

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 CmB**: | | | | | | | | |

 Lignum---------| 7W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 76 | 103 |Loblolly pine.

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 68 | 50 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 |

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 66 | 101 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 68 | 50 |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB--------| 9A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 131 |Loblolly pine,

 Dogue | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 80 | 62 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | 106 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 93 | 95 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 EnB, EnC--------| 7A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 73 | 98 |Loblolly pine,

 Enon | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 63 | 95 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 87 | 98 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 88 | 86 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 EsC-------------| 7X |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 73 | 98 |Loblolly pine,

 Enon | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 63 | 95 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 87 | 98 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 88 | 86 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 EsD-------------| 7X |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 73 | 98 |Loblolly pine,

 Enon | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 63 | 95 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 87 | 98 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 88 | 86 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HeB-------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine,

 Helena | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 66 | 101 | yellow-poplar.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 265

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HsD-------------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 120 |Loblolly pine,

 Hiwassee | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | 120 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 80 | 62 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 85 | 81 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 HwB2, HwC2------| 7C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 71 | 95 |Loblolly pine,

 Hiwassee | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 68 | 106 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 75 | 58 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 75 | 57 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 IrB-------------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 67 | 88 |Loblolly pine,

 Iredell | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 58 | 84 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| 44 | 29 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 47 | 32 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 KcB**: | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey--------| 6W |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 67 | 88 |Loblolly pine.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Cid------------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 66 | 86 |White oak,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 56 | 80 | loblolly pine.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 52 | 36 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LgA-------------| 7W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 76 | 103 |Loblolly pine.

 Lignum | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 68 | 50 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 |

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 66 | 101 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 68 | 50 |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
266 Soil Survey

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MbB, MbC--------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 79 | 68 |Loblolly pine,

 Mecklenburg | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 64 | 97 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 62 | 95 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 97 | 102 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MeB2, MeC2------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 66 | 86 |Loblolly pine,

 Mecklenburg | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 59 | 86 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MkB**: | | | | | | | | |

 Misenheimer----| 6D |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Shortleaf pine------| 58 | 84 |Shortleaf pine,

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 59 | 42 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| 59 | 42 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackjack oak-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey--------| 6W |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 67 | 88 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- | white oak.

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 OkA-------------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Yellow-poplar-------| 99 | 105 |Yellow-poplar,

 Oakboro | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 78 | 60 | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 79 | 150 | American

 | | | | | |Loblolly pine-------| 98 | 149 | sycamore,

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- | loblolly pine.

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PaB, PaC--------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 78 | 107 |Loblolly pine,

 Pacolet | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 267

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PaD-------------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 78 | 107 |Loblolly pine,

 Pacolet | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PaE-------------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 78 | 107 |Loblolly pine,

 Pacolet | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PcB2, PcC2------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine,

 Pacolet | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 60 | 88 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PxB**, PxC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter-----| 6A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 60 | 88 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 65 | 100 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville-----| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 80 | 122 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 78 | 126 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 83 | 65 |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PxD**: | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter-----| 6R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 60 | 88 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 65 | 100 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville-----| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 80 | 122 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 78 | 126 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 83 | 65 |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
268 Soil Survey

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 PxE**: | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter-----| 6R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 60 | 88 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 65 | 100 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville-----| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 80 | 122 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 78 | 126 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 83 | 65 |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RnB**, RnC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Rion-----------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| 65 | 48 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 80 | 62 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 80 | 79 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee--------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 70 | 109 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 65 | 88 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RoB**, RoC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Rion-----------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| 65 | 48 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 80 | 62 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 80 | 79 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee--------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 70 | 109 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 269

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RoB**, RoC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar---------| 8S |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 120 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 70 | 109 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RvA-------------| 11A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 100 | 154 |Loblolly pine,

 Riverview | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 110 | 124 | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 100 | 138 | sweetgum.

 | | | | | | | | |

 SaB**, SaC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Saw------------| 6D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet--------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 78 | 107 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | 110 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ScB2**: | | | | | | | | |

 Saw------------| 6D |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 65 | 85 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet--------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 60 | 88 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 SeB-------------| 8W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 Sedgefield | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |American elm--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TaB**, TaC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum----------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 78 | 107 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 72 | 54 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 68 | 105 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 83 | 77 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
270 Soil Survey

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TaB**, TaC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Badin----------| 8D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 68 | 106 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 63 | 46 |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| 65 | 48 |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 66 | 48 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 TbB2**: | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum----------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 72 | 54 | yellow-poplar.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 68 | 105 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 83 | 77 |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Badin----------| 6D |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 60 | 88 | white oak.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 |

 | | | | | |Scarlet oak---------| 60 | 43 |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 UhC-------------| 7X |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Yellow-poplar-------| 96 | 100 |Loblolly pine,

 Uwharrie | | | | | |Black oak-----------| 84 | 66 | white oak.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 UhE-------------| 7R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Yellow-poplar-------| 96 | 100 |Loblolly pine,

 Uwharrie | | | | | |Black oak-----------| 84 | 66 | white oak.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 UrB-------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 81 | 112 |Loblolly pine,

 Uwharrie | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 63 | 95 | white oak.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| 84 | 66 |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 96 | 100 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 UwB2, UwC2------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine,

 Uwharrie | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 58 | 84 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 271

 Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 VaB, VaC--------| 7A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 73 | 98 |Loblolly pine,

 Vance | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 68 | 106 | white oak.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 76 | 58 |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 72 | 54 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 VnB2, VnC2------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 65 | 85 |Loblolly pine,

 Vance | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WaA-------------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine,

 Wahee | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | 106 | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- | American

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- | sycamore,

 | | | | | |Swamp chestnut oak--| --- | --- | water oak.

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WkB-------------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 131 |Loblolly pine,

 Wickham | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 89 | 88 | white oak.

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 84 | 66 |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 82 | 64 |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ZeB**, ZeC**: | | | | | | | | |

 Zion-----------| 6D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 60 | 88 |

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 60 | 91 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Enon-----------| 7A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 73 | 98 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 63 | 95 | white oak.

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 87 | 98 |

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 88 | 86 |

 | | | | | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Productivity class is the yield in cubic feet per acre per year calculated at the age of culmination of

 mean annual increment for fully stocked natural stands.

 ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
272 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Recreational Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions

 of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 ApB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Appling | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 ArA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Armenia | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 AsB*: | | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | droughty,

 | | | small stones, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AsC*: | | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AsD*: | | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BaB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Badin | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 BaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Badin | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 BaD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Badin | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BgB*: | | | | |

 Badin----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 Goldston-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | |

 Badin----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 273

 Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | |

 Goldston-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 CcB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Cecil | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 CcC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Cecil | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 CeB2------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Cecil | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 CeC2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Cecil | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 CfB*: | | | | |

 Cecil----------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 ChA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Chewacla | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 CmB*: | | | | |

 Cid------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | erodes easily. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | small stones, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 Lignum---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 DoA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Dogue | flooding. | wetness, | small stones, | wetness. | wetness.

 | | percs slowly. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 DoB-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Dogue | flooding. | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness.

 | | percs slowly. | small stones, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 EnB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Enon | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 EnC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Enon | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
274 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 EsC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Enon | small stones. | small stones. | large stones, | large stones. | small stones,

 | | | slope, | | large stones.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 EsD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Enon | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | slope. | large stones,

 | | | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 EuB*: | | | | |

 Enon-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 HeB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Helena | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 HsD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Hiwassee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 HwB2------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Hiwassee | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 HwC2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Hiwassee | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 IrB-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Iredell | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | |

 Kirksey--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | erodes easily. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | small stones, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 Cid------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | erodes easily. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | small stones, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 LgA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Lignum | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 MbB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Mecklenburg | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 MbC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Mecklenburg | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 MeB2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Mecklenburg | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 MeC2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Mecklenburg | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 275

 Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MkB*: | | | | |

 Misenheimer----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness, | depth to rock. | small stones, | wetness. | depth to rock.

 | depth to rock. | | wetness, | |

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 Kirksey--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | erodes easily. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | small stones, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 OkA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Oakboro | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | flooding.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. |

 | | | | |

 PaB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Pacolet | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 PaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Pacolet | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 PaD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Pacolet | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 PaE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Pacolet | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 PcB2------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Pacolet | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 PcC2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Pacolet | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Pt*. | | | | |

 Pits, quarries | | | | |

 | | | | |

 PxB*: | | | | |

 Poindexter-----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 Mocksville-----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 PxC*: | | | | |

 Poindexter-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Mocksville-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 PxD*: | | | | |

 Poindexter-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Mocksville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
276 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 PxE*: | | | | |

 Poindexter-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

 Mocksville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 RnB*: | | | | |

 Rion-----------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 RnC*: | | | | |

 Rion-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 RoB*: | | | | |

 Rion-----------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | droughty,

 | | | small stones, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 RoC*: | | | | |

 Rion-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | droughty,

 | | | | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 RvA-------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Riverview | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 SaB*: | | | | |

 Saw------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 277

 Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 SaB*: | | | | |

 Pacolet--------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 SaC*: | | | | |

 Saw------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Pacolet--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | |

 Saw------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 Pacolet--------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 SeB-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Sedgefield | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 TaB*: | | | | |

 Tatum----------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Badin----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 TaC*: | | | | |

 Tatum----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Badin----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 TbB2*: | | | | |

 Tatum----------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Badin----------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Ud*. | | | | |

 Udorthents, loamy | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
278 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 UhC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Uwharrie | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones. | large stones.

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 UhE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Uwharrie | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | large stones,

 | | | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 UrB, UwB2-------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Uwharrie | | | slope. | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

 UwC2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Uwharrie | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 VaB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Vance | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 VaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Vance | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 VnB2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Vance | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 VnC2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Vance | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 WaA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wahee | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | |

 WkB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Wickham | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 ZeB*: | | | | |

 Zion-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | droughty,

 | | | small stones, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 Enon-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 ZeC*: | | | | |

 Zion-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | | droughty,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Enon-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Rowan County, North Carolina 279

 Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat

 (See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the

 soil was not rated)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ApB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Appling | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ArA----------------|Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair.

 Armenia | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AsB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AsC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AsD*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BaB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Badin | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BaC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Badin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BaD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Badin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BgB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Goldston----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Goldston----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CcB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Cecil | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CcC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Cecil | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CeB2---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Cecil | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
280 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CeC2---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Cecil | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CfB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Cecil-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ChA----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair.

 Chewacla | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CmB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Cid---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Lignum------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DoA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Dogue | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DoB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Dogue | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 EnB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Enon | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 EnC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Enon | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 EsC, EsD-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Enon | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 EuB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HeB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Helena | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HsD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Hiwassee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HwB2---------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Hiwassee | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HwC2---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Hiwassee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 IrB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Iredell | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 281

 Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Cid---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Lignum | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MbB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MbC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MeB2---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MeC2---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MkB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Misenheimer-------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OkA----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair.

 Oakboro | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PaB----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Pacolet | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PaC----------------|Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Pacolet | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PaD, PaE-----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Pacolet | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PcB2---------------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Pacolet | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PcC2---------------|Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very

 Pacolet | poor. | | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits, quarries | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PxB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter--------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville--------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PxC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter--------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville--------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
282 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PxD*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter--------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville--------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 PxE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter--------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville--------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RnB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion--------------|Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RnC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion--------------|Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RoB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion--------------|Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RoC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion--------------|Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RvA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Riverview | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SaB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Saw---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet-----------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 283

 Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SaC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Saw---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet-----------|Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Saw---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet-----------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SeB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Sedgefield | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 TaB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 TaC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 TbB2*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ud*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, loamy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UhC----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Uwharrie | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UhE----------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Uwharrie | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UrB, UwB2----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Uwharrie | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UwC2---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Uwharrie | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 VaB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Vance | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
284 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 VaC----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Vance | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 VnB2---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Vance | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 VnC2---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Vance | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WaA----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair.

 Wahee | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WkB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Wickham | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ZeB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Zion--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ZeC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Zion--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Rowan County, North Carolina 285

 Table 10.--Building Site Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ApB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 Appling | too clayey. | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 ArA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Armenia | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | wetness,

 | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | flooding.

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 AsB*: | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| droughty,

 | | | | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AsC*: | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | | depth to rock.| | | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AsD*: | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BaB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Badin | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 BaC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Badin | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | large stones,

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 BaD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Badin | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 BgB*: | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 Goldston---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock,| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.

 | | large stones. | | depth to rock,| large stones. |

 | | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
286 Soil Survey

 Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | large stones,

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Goldston---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock,| | | slope, |

 | | large stones. | | | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

 CcB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Cecil | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 CcC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Cecil | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 CeB2--------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Cecil | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 CeC2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Cecil | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 CfB*: | | | | | |

 Cecil------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ChA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Chewacla | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding.

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 CmB*: | | | | | |

 Cid--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength. | wetness.

 | wetness. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | |

 | | depth to rock.| | | |

 | | | | | |

 Lignum-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness.

 | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | |

 | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Dogue | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | | |

 EnB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 Enon | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 EnC---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Enon | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope.

 | slope. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 EsC---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Enon | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope. | low strength. | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 287

 Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 EsD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Enon | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | small stones,

 | | slope. | shrink-swell. | slope. | low strength, | large stones,

 | | | | | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 EuB*: | | | | | |

 Enon-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HeB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Helena | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | wetness.

 | | | shrink-swell. | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 HsD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Hiwassee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 HwB2--------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Hiwassee | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 HwC2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Hiwassee | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 IrB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Iredell | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness.

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | | |

 Kirksey----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness.

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 Cid--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength. | wetness.

 | wetness. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | |

 | | depth to rock.| | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 LgA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Lignum | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness.

 | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | |

 | | | | | |

 MbB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Mecklenburg | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 MbC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Mecklenburg | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 MeB2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Mecklenburg | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 MeC2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Mecklenburg | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
288 Soil Survey

 Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MkB*: | | | | | |

 Misenheimer------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | depth to rock.

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.|

 | | | | | |

 Kirksey----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 OkA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Oakboro | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | | |

 PaB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Pacolet | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 PaC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Pacolet | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 PaD, PaE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Pacolet | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 PcB2--------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Pacolet | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 PcC2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Pacolet | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Pt*. | | | | | |

 Pits, quarries | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PxB*: | | | | | |

 Poindexter-------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Mocksville-------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 PxC*: | | | | | |

 Poindexter-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | slope,

 | slope. | | slope. | | low strength. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Mocksville-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 PxD*, PxE*: | | | | | |

 Poindexter-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Mocksville-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RnB*: | | | | | |

 Rion-------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 289

 Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RnC*: | | | | | |

 Rion-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 RoB*: | | | | | |

 Rion-------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| droughty,

 | | | | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 RoC*: | | | | | |

 Rion-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | | depth to rock.| | | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 RvA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Riverview | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 SaB*: | | | | | |

 Saw--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.

 | | | | depth to rock.| low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Pacolet----------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 SaC*: | | | | | |

 Saw--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| slope,

 | | depth to rock.| | | low strength, | depth to rock.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Pacolet----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | | |

 Saw--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.

 | | | | depth to rock.| low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
290 Soil Survey

 Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | | |

 Pacolet----------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 SeB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Sedgefield | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | wetness.

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

 TaB*: | | | | | |

 Tatum------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 TaC*: | | | | | |

 Tatum------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | large stones,

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 TbB2*: | | | | | |

 Tatum------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | depth to rock.

 | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 Ud*. | | | | | |

 Udorthents, loamy| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 UhC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Uwharrie | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | large stones.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 UhE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Uwharrie | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | large stones,

 | | | | | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 UrB, UwB2---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Uwharrie | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 UwC2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Uwharrie | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 VaB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Vance | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 291

 Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 VaC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Vance | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 VnB2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Vance | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 VnC2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Vance | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 WaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wahee | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, |

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 WkB---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight.

 Wickham | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 ZeB*: | | | | | |

 Zion-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | droughty,

 | | | shrink-swell. | | low strength. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Enon-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 ZeC*: | | | | | |

 Zion-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | droughty,

 | | | shrink-swell. | slope. | low strength. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Enon-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope.

 | slope. | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
292 Soil Survey

 Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 ApB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Appling | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 ArA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Armenia | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 AsB*: | | | | |

 Ashlar-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AsC*: | | | | |

 Ashlar-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AsD*: | | | | |

 Ashlar-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BaB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Badin | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 BaC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Badin | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 BaD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Badin | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 BgB*: | | | | |

 Badin--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 293

 Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BgB*: | | | | |

 Goldston-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | |

 Badin--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Goldston-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 CcB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Cecil | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 CcC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Cecil | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 CeB2----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Cecil | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 CeC2----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Cecil | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 CfB*: | | | | |

 Cecil--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 ChA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Chewacla | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 CmB*: | | | | |

 Cid----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Lignum-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | | hard to pack,

 | | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 DoA, DoB------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Dogue | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | flooding, | wetness, | | hard to pack.

 | | wetness. | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
294 Soil Survey

 Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 EnB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Enon | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 EnC, EsC------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Enon | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 EsD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Enon | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 EuB*: | | | | |

 Enon---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 HeB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Helena | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 HsD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Hiwassee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 HwB2----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Hiwassee | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 HwC2----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Hiwassee | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 IrB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Iredell | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | |

 Kirksey------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | wetness, | wetness. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey.

 | | | | |

 Cid----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 LgA-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Lignum | percs slowly, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | wetness, | | hard to pack,

 | | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 MbB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Mecklenburg | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 295

 Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MbC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Mecklenburg | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 MeB2----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Mecklenburg | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 MeC2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Mecklenburg | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 MkB*: | | | | |

 Misenheimer--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness. | depth to rock, | seepage, | wetness. | small stones,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Kirksey------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | wetness, | wetness. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey.

 | | | | |

 OkA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Oakboro | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | wetness. | depth to rock, | wetness. |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 PaB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 Pacolet | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 PaC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Pacolet | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 PaD, PaE------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Pacolet | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 PcB2----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 Pacolet | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 PcC2----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Pacolet | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Pt*. | | | | |

 Pits, quarries | | | | |

 | | | | |

 PxB*: | | | | |

 Poindexter---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | depth to rock. |

 | | | | |

 Mocksville---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
296 Soil Survey

 Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 PxC*: | | | | |

 Poindexter---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock.

 | | slope, | seepage. | depth to rock. |

 | | depth to rock. | | |

 | | | | |

 Mocksville---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | percs slowly, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | too sandy,

 | slope. | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 PxD*, PxE*: | | | | |

 Poindexter---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | slope, | seepage, | slope, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock. | slope. | depth to rock. |

 | | | | |

 Mocksville---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope.

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

 RnB*: | | | | |

 Rion---------------|Slight-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 RnC*: | | | | |

 Rion---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 RoB*: | | | | |

 Rion---------------|Slight-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Ashlar-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | | |

 RoC*: | | | | |

 Rion---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Wedowee------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 297

 Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 RoC*: | | | | |

 Ashlar-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 RvA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Riverview | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer.

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 SaB*: | | | | |

 Saw----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 Pacolet------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 SaC*: | | | | |

 Saw----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Pacolet------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | |

 Saw----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 Pacolet------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Fair:

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 SeB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Sedgefield | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 TaB*: | | | | |

 Tatum--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Badin--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 TaC*: | | | | |

 Tatum--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
298 Soil Survey

 Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 TaC*: | | | | |

 Badin--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 TbB2*: | | | | |

 Tatum--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Badin--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Ud*. | | | | |

 Udorthents, loamy | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | |

 | | | | |

 UhC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Uwharrie | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 UhE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Uwharrie | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 UrB, UwB2-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Uwharrie | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 UwC2----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Uwharrie | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 VaB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Vance | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 VaC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Vance | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 VnB2----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Vance | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 VnC2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Vance | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 WaA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Wahee | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 299

 Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 WkB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Wickham | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 ZeB*: | | | | |

 Zion---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Enon---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 ZeC*: | | | | |

 Zion---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Enon---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
300 Soil Survey

 Table 12.--Construction Materials

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 ApB-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Appling | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 ArA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Armenia | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 AsB*, AsC*: | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

 AsD*: | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

 BaB, BaC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Badin | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 BaD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Badin | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 BgB*, BgC*: | | | |

 Badin----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Goldston-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 CcB, CcC, CeB2, CeC2--|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Cecil | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 CfB*: | | | |

 Cecil----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Urban land. | | | |

 | | | |

 ChA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Chewacla | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 CmB*: | | | |

 Cid------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 301

 Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 CmB*: | | | |

 Lignum---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 DoA, DoB--------------|Fair: |Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Dogue | wetness. | | too sandy. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 EnB, EnC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Enon | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 EsC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Enon | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 EsD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Enon | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 EuB*: | | | |

 Enon-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 Urban land. | | | |

 | | | |

 HeB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Helena | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 HsD-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Hiwassee | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 HwB2, HwC2------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Hiwassee | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 IrB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Iredell | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 KcB*: | | | |

 Kirksey--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Cid------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 LgA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Lignum | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 MbB, MbC, MeB2, MeC2--|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mecklenburg | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
302 Soil Survey

 Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 MkB*: | | | |

 Misenheimer----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | |

 Kirksey--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 OkA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Oakboro | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | thin layer, | | | large stones,

 | wetness. | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 PaB, PaC--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pacolet | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 PaD-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pacolet | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 PaE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pacolet | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 PcB2, PcC2------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pacolet | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Pt*. | | | |

 Pits, quarries | | | |

 | | | |

 PxB*: | | | |

 Poindexter-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones,

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. | depth to rock.

 | | | |

 Mocksville-----------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 PxC*: | | | |

 Poindexter-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones,

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. | slope,

 | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | |

 Mocksville-----------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 PxD*: | | | |

 Poindexter-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 Mocksville-----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 303

 Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 PxE*: | | | |

 Poindexter-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope.

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 Mocksville-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 RnB*: | | | |

 Rion-----------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 RnC*: | | | |

 Rion-----------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 RoB*: | | | |

 Rion-----------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 RoC*: | | | |

 Rion-----------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Wedowee--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Ashlar---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 RvA-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Riverview | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | thin layer.

 | | | |

 SaB*, SaC*, ScB2*: | | | |

 Saw------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Pacolet--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 SeB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Sedgefield | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
304 Soil Survey

 Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 TaB*, TaC*, TbB2*: | | | |

 Tatum----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Badin----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Ud*. | | | |

 Udorthents, loamy | | | |

 | | | |

 Uf*. | | | |

 Urban land | | | |

 | | | |

 UhC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Uwharrie | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 UhE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Uwharrie | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

 UrB, UwB2, UwC2-------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Uwharrie | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 VaB, VaC, VnB2, VnC2--|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Vance | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 WaA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Wahee | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 WkB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Wickham | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 ZeB*, ZeC*: | | | |

 Zion-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | shrink-swell, | | |

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 Enon-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Rowan County, North Carolina 305

 Table 13.--Water Management

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ApB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 Appling | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ArA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Armenia | | hard to pack, | flooding. | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 AsB*: | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | piping. | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AsC*, AsD*: | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | seepage, | | droughty, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | piping. | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BaB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock |Depth to rock.

 Badin | seepage, | thin layer. | | slope. | |

 | depth to rock,| | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BaC, BaD----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope,

 Badin | slope. | thin layer. | | slope. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 BgB*: | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock |Depth to rock.

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | slope. | |

 | depth to rock,| | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Goldston---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Large stones, |Large stones,

 | depth to rock.| piping, | | large stones, | depth to rock.| droughty.

 | | large stones. | | droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | slope. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Goldston---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones,

 | depth to rock,| piping, | | large stones, | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty.

 | | | | | |

 CcB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 Cecil | seepage, | piping, | | soil blowing. | |

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CcC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope.

 Cecil | slope. | piping, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
306 Soil Survey

 Table 13.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CeB2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Cecil | seepage, | piping, | | | |

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CeC2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 Cecil | slope. | piping, | | | |

 | | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CfB*: | | | | | |

 Cecil------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 | seepage, | piping, | | | |

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ChA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness--------|Wetness.

 Chewacla | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | |

 | | hard to pack, | | | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CmB*: | | | | | |

 Cid--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily,

 | depth to rock,| hard to pack. | depth to rock,| wetness, | erodes easily,| depth to rock,

 | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | wetness. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 Lignum-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slope, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | depth to rock,| thin layer, | percs slowly. | percs slowly, | wetness. | erodes easily.

 | slope. | hard to pack, | | slope. | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 DoA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Favorable.

 Dogue | seepage. | wetness. | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 DoB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope----------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Favorable.

 Dogue | seepage, | wetness. | | soil blowing, | soil blowing. |

 | slope. | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 EnB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly.

 Enon | slope. | hard to pack. | | soil blowing, | percs slowly. |

 | | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 EnC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Enon | slope. | hard to pack. | | soil blowing, | soil blowing, | percs slowly.

 | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. |

 | | | | | |

 EsC, EsD----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones,

 Enon | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | large stones, | slope,

 | | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 EuB*: | | | | | |

 Enon-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly.

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | soil blowing, | percs slowly. |

 | | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HeB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Percs slowly.

 Helena | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness, | percs slowly. |

 | | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 307

 Table 13.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HsD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 Hiwassee | slope. | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HwB2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Hiwassee | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HwC2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 Hiwassee | slope. | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 IrB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness--------|Wetness,

 Iredell | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness. | | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | | |

 Kirksey----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope----------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 | seepage, | piping. | | slope, | wetness. |

 | depth to rock,| | | erodes easily.| |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Cid--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily,

 | depth to rock,| hard to pack. | depth to rock,| wetness, | erodes easily,| depth to rock,

 | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | wetness. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 LgA---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Lignum | depth to rock.| thin layer, | | percs slowly. | wetness. | erodes easily.

 | | hard to pack, | | | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MbB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly.

 Mecklenburg | slope, | hard to pack. | | slope. | |

 | seepage. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MbC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope,

 Mecklenburg | slope. | hard to pack. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 MeB2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly.

 Mecklenburg | slope, | hard to pack. | | slope. | |

 | seepage. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MeC2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope,

 Mecklenburg | slope. | hard to pack. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 MkB*: | | | | | |

 Misenheimer------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock |Wetness, |Depth to rock, |Wetness,

 | depth to rock.| thin layer, | | depth to rock.| wetness. | depth to rock.

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Kirksey----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 | seepage, | piping. | | erodes easily.| wetness. |

 | depth to rock.| | | | |

 | | | | | |

 OkA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness--------|Wetness.

 Oakboro | seepage, | piping, | | flooding. | |

 | depth to rock.| wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PaB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 Pacolet | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PaC, PaD, PaE-----|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope, |Slope.

 Pacolet | slope. | piping. | | | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
308 Soil Survey

 Table 13.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PcB2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Pacolet | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PcC2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 Pacolet | slope. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Pt*. | | | | | |

 Pits, quarries | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PxB*: | | | | | |

 Poindexter-------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 | seepage. | piping, | | erodes easily,| depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | thin layer. | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 Mocksville-------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Too sandy, |Favorable.

 | seepage. | seepage, | | | soil blowing. |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 PxC*, PxD*, PxE*: | | | | | |

 Poindexter-------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping, | | erodes easily,| erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Mocksville-------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope, |Slope.

 | seepage, | seepage, | | | too sandy, |

 | slope. | piping. | | | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 RnB*: | | | | | |

 Rion-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Droughty.

 | seepage. | piping. | | droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RnC*: | | | | | |

 Rion-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping. | | droughty. | soil blowing. | droughty.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 | slope. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RoB*: | | | | | |

 Rion-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Droughty.

 | seepage. | piping. | | droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | piping. | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 RoC*: | | | | | |

 Rion-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping. | | droughty. | soil blowing. | droughty.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 309

 Table 13.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RoC*: | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 | slope. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | seepage, | | droughty, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | piping. | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 RvA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding-------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Riverview | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SaB*: | | | | | |

 Saw--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 | seepage. | hard to pack. | | droughty, | soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 Pacolet----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SaC*: | | | | | |

 Saw--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | droughty, | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock.| soil blowing. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Pacolet----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope, |Slope.

 | slope. | piping. | | | soil blowing. |

 | | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | | |

 Saw--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock |Depth to rock.

 | seepage. | hard to pack. | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 Pacolet----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SeB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 Sedgefield | seepage, | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness. | soil blowing, | percs slowly.

 | slope. | | | | percs slowly. |

 | | | | | |

 TaB*: | | | | | |

 Tatum------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily.

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| |

 | depth to rock,| | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock |Depth to rock.

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | slope. | |

 | depth to rock,| | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 TaC*: | | | | | |

 Tatum------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | slope. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
310 Soil Survey

 Table 13.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 TbB2*: | | | | | |

 Tatum------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily.

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| |

 | depth to rock,| | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Badin------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock |Depth to rock.

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | slope. | |

 | depth to rock,| | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Ud*. | | | | | |

 Udorthents, loamy| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 UhC, UhE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope, |Large stones,

 Uwharrie | slope. | hard to pack. | | | large stones. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 UrB, UwB2---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily.

 Uwharrie | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 UwC2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Uwharrie | slope. | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily.

 | | | | | |

 VaB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly.

 Vance | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly, | |

 | | | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 VaC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Vance | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 VnB2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly.

 Vance | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 VnC2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Vance | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 WaA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness--------|Wetness, |Wetness,

 Wahee | | hard to pack, | flooding. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WkB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Soil blowing---|Favorable.

 Wickham | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ZeB*: | | | | | |

 Zion-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock |Droughty.

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | droughty, | |

 | depth to rock,| | | soil blowing. | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Enon-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly.

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | soil blowing, | percs slowly. |

 | | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 311

 Table 13.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ZeC*: | | | | | |

 Zion-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | droughty, | depth to rock.| droughty.

 | | | | soil blowing. | |

 | | | | | |

 Enon-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | soil blowing, | soil blowing, | percs slowly.

 | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. |

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
312 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ApB-----------| 0-12|Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |86-100|80-100|55-91 |15-35 | <35 | NP-7

 Appling |12-38|Sandy clay, |MH, ML, CL|A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|70-95 |51-80 | 41-74 | 15-30

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-47|Sandy clay, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|70-90 |40-75 | 25-45 | 8-22

 | | clay loam, | | A-7 | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |47-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ArA-----------| 0-5 |Loam----------|CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|75-95 |51-80 | 20-50 | 5-20

 Armenia | | | ML | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |

 | 5-50|Clay, silty |CH |A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 55-100| 30-70

 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |50-65|Sandy loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |85-100|75-100|55-90 |30-70 | 25-40 | 7-20

 | | sandy clay | | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 AsB*, AsC*, | | | | | | | | | | | |

 AsD*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar------| 0-9 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-2 |80-100|75-100|40-80 |20-50 | <25 | NP-6

 | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 9-37|Sandy loam, |GM-GC, |A-2, A-2,| 0 | 0-8 |55-100|50-100|30-75 |15-50 | 15-25 | NP-6

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM, | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, coarse | GM, SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 37 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock | | | | | | | | | | | |

 outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BaB, BaC, BaD-| 0-6 |Channery silt |ML, SM, |A-4, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-10 |60-100|50-85 |45-85 |30-80 | 25-50 | 4-20

 Badin | | loam. | SC-SM, GM| A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 6-35|Silty clay, |CL, CH, ML|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-98 | 30-65 | 15-35

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-43|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 43 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 313

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 BgB*, BgC*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin--------| 0-6 |Channery silt |ML, SM, |A-4, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-10 |60-100|50-85 |45-85 |30-80 | 25-50 | 4-20

 | | loam. | SC-SM, GM| A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 6-35|Silty clay, |CL, CH, ML|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-98 | 30-65 | 15-35

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-43|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 43 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Goldston-----| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, SM, ML|A-2-4, | 0-5 |10-20 |60-80 |50-80 |30-80 |25-75 | 20-40 | NP-10

 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 4-17|Very channery |GM, SM, ML|A-2-4, | 0-10 |20-50 |40-80 |30-80 |25-80 |20-60 | 20-40 | NP-10

 | | silt loam, | | A-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery| | A-1-b | | | | | | | |

 | | very fine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |17-27|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 27 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CcB, CcC------| 0-9 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |84-100|80-100|67-90 |26-42 | <30 | NP-7

 Cecil | 9-12|Sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-100|68-95 |38-81 | 21-35 | 3-17

 | | loam, clay | ML, CL | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |12-51|Clay, clay |MH, ML, CH|A-7, A-5 | 0 | 0-5 |97-100|92-100|72-100|55-95 | 41-80 | 9-37

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |51-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CeB2, CeC2----| 0-7 |Sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-100|68-95 |38-81 | 21-35 | 3-17

 Cecil | | loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-10|Sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-100|68-95 |38-81 | 21-35 | 3-17

 | | loam, clay | ML, CL | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-51|Clay, clay |MH, ML, CH|A-7, A-5 | 0 | 0-5 |97-100|92-100|72-100|55-95 | 41-80 | 9-37

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |51-71|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CfB*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cecil--------| 0-7 |Sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-100|68-95 |38-81 | 21-35 | 3-17

 | | loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-10|Sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-100|68-95 |38-81 | 21-35 | 3-17

 | | loam, clay | ML, CL | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-51|Clay, clay |MH, ML, CH|A-7, A-5 | 0 | 0-5 |97-100|92-100|72-100|55-95 | 41-80 | 9-37

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |51-71|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
314 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ChA-----------| 0-6 |Loam----------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |98-100|95-100|70-100|55-90 | 25-49 | 4-20

 Chewacla | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | |

 | 6-25|Sandy clay |SM, SC-SM,|A-4, | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|60-100|36-70 | 20-45 | 2-15

 | | loam, loam, | ML, CL | A-7-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 |25-47|Silt loam, |ML, MH, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|60-100|51-98 | 22-61 | 4-28

 | | clay loam, | CL, CH | A-7 | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |47-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 CmB*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cid----------| 0-6 |Silt loam-----|SM, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |35-75 | <35 | NP-10

 | 6-27|Silty clay |ML, MH, |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|60-98 | 45-70 | 15-36

 | | loam, silty | CL, CH | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |27-35|Channery silty|ML, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-95 |50-85 | 45-70 | 15-36

 | | clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-39|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 39 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lignum-------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|80-100|80-100|55-90 | 20-35 | 5-19

 | 9-36|Silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|70-100|55-90 | 45-70 | 22-45

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |36-54|Channery silt |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-15 |70-85 |35-80 |30-80 |20-75 | 30-50 | 8-18

 | | loam, silt | ML, SM | A-7, A-2| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |54-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB------| 0-10|Fine sandy |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|50-100|20-50 | <25 | NP-10

 Dogue | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 |10-18|Sandy clay |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-100|40-70 | 25-50 | 5-20

 | | loam, clay | SC | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |18-50|Clay loam, |CL, CH, SC|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|65-100|40-90 | 35-60 | 16-40

 | | clay, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |50-60|Stratified |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |80-100|60-100|35-100|10-40 | <30 | NP-10

 | | sand to sandy| SP-SM, | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 EnB, EnC------| 0-7 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM,|A-2-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|80-100|60-85 |25-49 | <30 | NP-10

 Enon | | loam. | SC | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 7-10|Clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|80-100|70-90 |50-80 | 25-40 | 7-20

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-33|Clay loam, |CH, CL |A-7-6 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-98 |65-95 | 40-90 | 25-65

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-72|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 315

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 EsC, EsD------| 0-8 |Very cobbly |GM, GC, |A-1, |15-25 |25-50 |45-85 |35-75 |25-55 |10-35 | <30 | NP-10

 Enon | | loam. | SM, SC | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-13|Sandy clay |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 5-10 |80-100|80-100|70-90 |50-80 | 25-40 | 7-20

 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |13-39|Clay, clay |CH, CL |A-7-6 | 0 | 0-10 |85-100|80-100|65-98 |55-95 | 40-75 | 25-49

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |39-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 EuB*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon---------| 0-7 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM,|A-2-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|80-100|60-85 |25-49 | <30 | NP-10

 | | loam. | SC | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 7-10|Clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|80-100|70-90 |50-80 | 25-40 | 7-20

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-33|Clay loam, |CH, CL |A-7-6 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-98 |65-95 | 40-90 | 25-65

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-72|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeB-----------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|51-95 |26-75 | <35 | NP-10

 Helena | | | SC, ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 8-11|Sandy clay |CL, SC |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|70-90 |38-70 | 30-49 | 15-26

 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |11-42|Clay loam, |CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|73-97 |56-86 | 50-85 | 24-50

 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |42-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HsD-----------| 0-8 |Loam----------|ML, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |40-75 | 18-30 | 3-15

 | 8-49|Clay, silty |ML, MH |A-7-5, | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|80-100|51-95 | 40-80 | 12-36

 | | clay, clay | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |49-60|Sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-99 |60-90 |36-70 | 20-49 | 4-20

 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, CL| A-7 | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 HwB2, HwC2----| 0-11|Clay loam-----|CL, ML, |A-7-6, | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|88-100|50-85 | 25-49 | 3-23

 Hiwassee | | | CL-ML | A-6, A-4| | | | | | | |

 |11-67|Clay, silty |ML, MH |A-7-5, | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|95-100|80-100|51-95 | 40-80 | 12-36

 | | clay, clay | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 IrB-----------| 0-6 |Loam----------|ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |99-100|90-100|85-95 |45-70 | 25-38 | 5-12

 Iredell | 6-25|Clay----------|CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 |99-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 54-115| 29-85

 |25-32|Loam, sandy |CL, CH, SC|A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |98-100|85-100|70-95 |40-75 | 41-60 | 20-39

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |32-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
316 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|88-100|80-95 |70-90 | 15-40 | NP-8

 | 8-42|Silty clay |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|90-98 |80-95 | 20-50 | 7-26

 | | loam, clay | | A-5, A-7| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |42-45|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 45 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cid----------| 0-6 |Silt loam-----|SM, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |35-75 | <35 | NP-10

 | 6-27|Silty clay |ML, MH, |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|60-98 | 45-70 | 15-36

 | | loam, silty | CL, CH | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |27-35|Channery silty|ML, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-95 |50-85 | 45-70 | 15-36

 | | clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-39|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 39 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|80-100|80-100|55-90 | 20-35 | 5-19

 Lignum | 9-36|Silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|70-100|55-90 | 45-70 | 22-45

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |36-54|Channery silt |CL, ML, SM|A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-15 |70-85 |35-80 |30-80 |20-75 | 30-50 | 8-18

 | | loam, silt | | A-7, A-2| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |54-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MbB, MbC------| 0-7 |Loam----------|ML, SM, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-90 |36-65 | 20-40 | NP-15

 Mecklenburg | | | CL-ML, CL| | | | | | | | |

 | 7-28|Clay----------|CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|80-100|75-95 | 51-75 | 20-43

 |28-35|Loam, sandy |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|80-100|50-80 | 25-49 | 8-25

 | | clay loam, | | A-7 | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MeB2, MeC2----| 0-7 |Clay loam-----|CL |A-6, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|80-100|50-80 | 25-49 | 11-25

 Mecklenburg | | | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |

 | 7-30|Clay----------|CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|80-100|75-95 | 51-75 | 20-43

 |30-38|Loam, sandy |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|80-100|50-80 | 25-49 | 8-25

 | | clay loam, | | A-7 | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 317

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 MkB*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Misenheimer--| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, SM, ML|A-4, | 0-5 | 0-15 |65-90 |55-80 |30-80 |25-75 | 20-40 | NP-10

 | | loam. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 6-18|Channery silt |GM, SM, ML|A-4, | 0-5 | 0-15 |65-90 |55-80 |30-80 |25-75 | 20-45 | NP-15

 | | loam, | | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |18-22|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 22 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey------| 0-8 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|88-100|80-95 |70-90 | 15-40 | NP-8

 | 8-42|Silty clay |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|90-98 |80-95 | 20-50 | 7-26

 | | loam, clay | | A-5, A-7| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |42-45|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 45 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 OkA-----------| 0-4 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |96-100|95-100|85-100|60-90 | <35 | NP-15

 Oakboro | | | CL | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-50|Loam, silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |96-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | <35 | NP-15

 | | loam, silty | CL | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 50 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaB, PaC, PaD-| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, | 0-1 | 0-2 |85-100|80-100|42-90 |16-42 | <28 | NP-7

 Pacolet | | | | A-1-b, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-29|Sandy clay, |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-38|Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | sandy clay | SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-6

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaE-----------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, | 0-1 | 0-2 |85-100|80-100|42-90 |16-42 | <28 | NP-7

 Pacolet | | | | A-1-b, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-24|Sandy clay, |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-29|Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | sandy clay | SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-50|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-6

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
318 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PcB2, PcC2----| 0-7 |Sandy clay |SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 | 20-40 | 4-17

 Pacolet | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-24|Sandy clay, |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-33|Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | sandy clay | SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-72|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-6

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt*. | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits, | | | | | | | | | | | |

 quarries | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PxB*, PxC*, | | | | | | | | | | | |

 PxD*, PxE*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter--| 0-7 |Loam----------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|85-100|55-90 | <25 | NP-7

 | 7-26|Clay loam, |SC, CL |A-6 | 0 | 0 |90-100|80-100|60-100|35-85 | 30-40 | 11-20

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |26-39|Loam, sandy |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|80-100|55-95 |30-70 | <20 | NP-5

 | | loam. | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 |39-43|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 43 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville--| 0-9 |Loam----------|SM, SC-SM,|A-2-4, | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|50-100|30-60 | <25 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 9-29|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-6, | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|80-100|35-70 | 29-45 | 11-20

 | | clay loam, | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-60|Sandy loam, |SC, ML, |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|50-100|30-60 | <35 | NP-12

 | | fine sandy | CL, SC-SM| A-2-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion---------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM |A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-80 |20-45 | <35 | NP-7

 | 8-38|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-85 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | sandy clay | CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Sandy loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |90-100|80-100|60-85 |15-50 | <36 | NP-12

 | | sandy clay | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 319

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee------| 0-12|Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|80-100|50-99 |23-50 | <30 | NP-6

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |12-15|Loam, sandy |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-97 |40-75 | <32 | NP-15

 | | clay loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | |

 |15-29|Sandy clay, |SC, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|65-97 |45-75 | 28-58 | 5-30

 | | clay loam, | CL, MH | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-60|Sandy clay |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-54 | 5-25

 | | loam, clay | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoB*, RoC*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion---------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM |A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-80 |20-45 | <35 | NP-7

 | 8-38|Sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-85 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | sandy clay | CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Sandy loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |90-100|80-100|60-85 |15-50 | <36 | NP-12

 | | sandy clay | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee------| 0-12|Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 | 0 |95-100|80-100|50-99 |23-50 | <30 | NP-6

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 |12-15|Loam, sandy |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-97 |40-75 | <32 | NP-15

 | | clay loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | |

 |15-29|Sandy clay, |SC, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|65-97 |45-75 | 28-58 | 5-30

 | | clay loam, | CL, MH | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-60|Sandy clay |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-54 | 5-25

 | | loam, clay | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar-------| 0-9 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-2 |80-100|75-100|40-80 |20-50 | <25 | NP-6

 | | | | A-1 | | | | | | | |

 | 9-37|Sandy loam, |GM-GC, |A-2, A-2,| 0 | 0-8 |55-100|50-100|30-75 |15-50 | 15-25 | NP-6

 | | fine sandy | SC-SM, | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, coarse | GM, SM | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 37 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 RvA-----------| 0-10|Loam----------|CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-80 | 15-30 | 3-14

 Riverview | | | ML | | | | | | | | |

 |10-59|Sandy clay |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-95 | 20-40 | 3-20

 | | loam, silty | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |59-72|Loamy fine |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-95 |15-45 | <20 | NP-7

 | | sand, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sand. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
320 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SaB*, SaC*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Saw----------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-90 |20-40 | 20-35 | NP-7

 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-20|Clay, sandy |ML, MH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 | 38-65 | 11-30

 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |20-29|Sandy clay |SM, SC-SM,|A-1-b, | 0 | 0-15 |60-100|55-100|40-90 |13-50 | 20-40 | NP-10

 | | loam, sandy | GM | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 29 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet------| 0-8 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, | 0-1 | 0-2 |85-100|80-100|42-90 |16-42 | <28 | NP-7

 | | | | A-1-b, | | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-29|Sandy clay, |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |29-38|Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | sandy clay | SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-6

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Saw----------| 0-5 |Sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-5 |85-100|85-100|65-90 |36-65 | 30-50 | 3-15

 | | loam. | SC-SM, ML| A-5, A-7| | | | | | | |

 | 5-23|Clay, sandy |ML, MH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 | 38-65 | 11-30

 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |23-34|Sandy clay |SM, SC-SM,|A-1-b, | 0 | 0-15 |60-100|55-100|40-90 |13-50 | 20-40 | NP-10

 | | loam, sandy | GM | A-2-4, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet------| 0-7 |Sandy clay |SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 | 20-40 | 4-17

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-24|Sandy clay, |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |24-33|Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15

 | | sandy clay | SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-72|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-6

 | | fine sandy | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 SeB-----------| 0-8 |Fine sandy |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|50-100|30-60 | <35 | NP-12

 Sedgefield | | loam. | ML, CL | A-6 | | | | | | | |

 | 8-40|Sandy clay, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|73-93 |60-85 | 45-85 | 25-60

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |40-62|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 321

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 TaB*, TaC*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum--------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-100|60-90 | 20-34 | 5-15

 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-41|Silty clay |MH, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-95 |60-95 |55-95 | 50-80 | 20-45

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |41-58|Silty clay |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-95 |55-95 |45-90 | 20-40 | 5-15

 | | loam, silt | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |58-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin--------| 0-6 |Channery silt |ML, SM, |A-4, A-6,| 0-1 | 0-10 |60-100|50-85 |45-85 |30-80 | 25-50 | 4-20

 | | loam. | SC-SM, GM| A-2-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 6-35|Silty clay, |CL, CH, ML|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-98 | 30-65 | 15-35

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |35-43|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 43 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 TbB2*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum--------| 0-6 |Silty clay |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|75-90 |65-90 |60-85 | 32-44 | 12-20

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 6-40|Silty clay |MH, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-95 |60-95 |55-95 | 50-80 | 20-45

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |40-55|Silty clay |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-95 |55-95 |45-90 | 20-40 | 5-15

 | | loam, silt | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |55-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin--------| 0-6 |Silty clay |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|75-95 |65-90 |60-85 | 30-49 | 11-20

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 6-34|Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-98 | 30-65 | 15-35

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery | | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |34-41|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 41 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ud*. | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | | | |

 loamy | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
322 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 UhC, UhE------| 0-10|Loam----------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 |15-25 |35-50 |90-100|85-100|65-100|51-98 | 25-40 | NP-10

 Uwharrie |10-15|Silt loam, |ML, MH |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 | 0-30 |75-100|65-100|60-100|51-98 | 32-61 | 4-28

 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |15-45|Silty clay, |MH, CL, CH|A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |95-100|95-100|70-100|60-95 | 40-80 | 20-40

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |45-53|Silty clay, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 0-10 |95-100|95-100|70-95 |60-95 | 25-65 | 6-35

 | | clay loam, | CL-ML, MH| A-7 | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |53-72|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 UrB-----------| 0-9 |Silt loam-----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 | 25-40 | NP-10

 Uwharrie | 9-38|Silty clay, |MH, CL, CH|A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|75-95 | 40-80 | 20-40

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-49|Silty clay, |MH, CL, CH|A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 | 30-60 | 10-35

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |49-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 UwB2, UwC2----| 0-8 |Silty clay |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 | 30-50 | 10-20

 Uwharrie | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 8-47|Silty clay, |MH, CL, CH|A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|75-95 | 40-80 | 20-40

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |47-56|Silty clay, |MH, CL, CH|A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 | 30-60 | 10-35

 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |56-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 VaB, VaC------| 0-10|Sandy loam----|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|55-80 |15-40 | <27 | NP-7

 Vance |10-38|Clay loam, |CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|75-95 |65-80 | 51-80 | 25-48

 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 VnB2, VnC2----| 0-10|Sandy clay |CL, SC |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|70-95 |40-70 | 25-40 | 8-20

 Vance | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-38|Clay loam, |CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|75-95 |65-80 | 51-80 | 25-48

 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |38-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 WaA-----------| 0-7 |Loam----------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-98 |51-75 | 20-35 | 2-10

 Wahee | | | CL | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-60|Clay, clay |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|51-92 | 38-81 | 16-54

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 WkB-----------| 0-8 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|70-100|45-80 | <25 | NP-7

 Wickham | | loam. | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |

 | 8-50|Sandy clay |CL-ML, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|75-100|30-70 | 20-41 | 3-15

 | | loam, clay | SC, SM | A-6, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |

 |50-70|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 323

 Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | > 10 | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 ZeB*, ZeC*: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Zion---------| 0-6 |Sandy loam----|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|85-100|50-100|20-50 | <25 | NP-10

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |

 | 6-19|Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-95 | 41-80 | 20-50

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |19-23|Clay loam, |CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-95 |70-95 |65-95 | 50-70 | 30-40

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |23-31|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 |31-38|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | 38 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon---------| 0-7 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM,|A-2-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|80-100|60-85 |25-49 | <30 | NP-10

 | | loam. | SC | A-4 | | | | | | | |

 | 7-10|Clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|80-100|70-90 |50-80 | 25-40 | 7-20

 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |

 |10-33|Clay loam, |CH, CL |A-7-6 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-98 |65-95 | 40-90 | 25-65

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |

 |33-72|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
324 Soil Survey

 Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire

 profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer.

 Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ApB--------------| 0-12| 5-20|1.40-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 3 | .5-2

 Appling |12-38|35-60|1.25-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |38-47|20-50|1.25-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |47-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ArA--------------| 0-5 |10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.24|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 6 | 1-4

 Armenia | 5-50|35-60|1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|6.1-7.8 |High---------|0.20| | |

 |50-65|15-30|1.30-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|6.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AsB*, AsC*, AsD*:| | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar----------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.30-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| 2 | 3 | .5-1

 | 9-37| 5-15|1.30-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | 37 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BaB, BaC, BaD----| 0-6 |10-27|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| 2 | 5 | 1-3

 Badin | 6-35|35-55|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |

 |35-43| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 43 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BgB*, BgC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin-----------| 0-6 |10-27|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| 2 | 5 | 1-3

 | 6-35|35-55|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |

 |35-43| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 43 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Goldston--------| 0-4 | 5-27|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| 1 | 8 | .5-2

 | 4-17| 5-27|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.05| | |

 |17-27| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 27 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CcB, CcC---------| 0-9 | 5-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.14|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 3 | .5-1

 Cecil | 9-12|20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |12-51|35-70|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |51-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CeB2, CeC2-------| 0-7 |20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 5 | .5-1

 Cecil | 7-10|20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |10-51|35-70|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |51-71| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CfB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cecil-----------| 0-7 |20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 5 | .5-1

 | 7-10|20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |10-51|35-70|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |51-71| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ChA--------------| 0-6 |10-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-4

 Chewacla | 6-25|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |25-47|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |47-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 325

 Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CmB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cid-------------| 0-6 |10-25|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 2 | 5 | .5-2

 | 6-27|35-60|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |27-35|35-60|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |35-39| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 39 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lignum----------| 0-9 |10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 3 | .5-2

 | 9-36|35-55|1.25-1.55| <0.06 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |36-54|20-40|1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |54-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB---------| 0-10| 5-10|1.35-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 3 | .5-1

 Dogue |10-18|20-30|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |18-50|35-50|1.45-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |50-60| 5-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EnB, EnC---------| 0-7 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 Enon | 7-10|20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |10-33|35-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |33-72| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EsC, EsD---------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.11|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.10| 3 | 8 | .5-2

 Enon | 8-13|20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |13-39|35-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |39-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EuB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon------------| 0-7 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 | 7-10|20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |10-33|35-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |33-72| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeB--------------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.58-1.62| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 5 | .5-2

 Helena | 8-11|20-35|1.46-1.56| 0.2-0.6 |0.13-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |11-42|35-60|1.44-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.15|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |42-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HsD--------------| 0-8 |10-35|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 6 | .5-2

 Hiwassee | 8-49|35-60|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |49-60| 7-35|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HwB2, HwC2-------| 0-11|10-35|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 6 | .5-2

 Hiwassee |11-67|35-60|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 IrB--------------| 0-6 |15-35|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 6 | .5-2

 Iredell | 6-25|50-80|1.20-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.22|5.6-7.3 |Very high----|0.20| | |

 |25-32|15-35|1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|6.1-7.8 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |32-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey---------| 0-8 | 4-20|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 5 | .5-2

 | 8-42|18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |42-45| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 45 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
326 Soil Survey

 Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cid-------------| 0-6 |10-25|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 2 | 5 | .5-2

 | 6-27|35-60|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |27-35|35-60|1.25-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |35-39| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 39 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA--------------| 0-9 |10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 3 | .5-2

 Lignum | 9-36|35-55|1.25-1.55| <0.06 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |36-54|20-40|1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |54-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MbB, MbC---------| 0-7 | 8-25|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 5 | .5-2

 Mecklenburg | 7-28|40-60|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |28-35|20-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.14|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |35-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MeB2, MeC2-------| 0-7 |20-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.14|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 2 | 6 | .5-1

 Mecklenburg | 7-30|40-60|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |30-38|20-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.14|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| | |

 |38-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MkB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Misenheimer-----| 0-6 | 7-27|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| 1 | 5 | .5-1

 | 6-18| 7-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| | |

 |18-22| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey---------| 0-8 | 4-20|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 5 | .5-2

 | 8-42|18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| | |

 |42-45| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 45 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 OkA--------------| 0-4 |10-27|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 5 | 1-4

 Oakboro | 4-50|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.25|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | 50 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaB, PaC, PaD----| 0-8 | 8-20|1.00-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 Pacolet | 8-29|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |29-38|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |38-60|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaE--------------| 0-8 | 8-20|1.00-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 Pacolet | 8-24|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |24-29|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |29-50|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PcB2, PcC2-------| 0-7 |20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 2 | 5 | .5-1

 Pacolet | 7-24|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |24-33|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |33-72|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits, quarries | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 327

 Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PxB*, PxC*, PxD*,| | | | | | | | | | |

 PxE*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter-----| 0-7 |10-25|1.25-1.45| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 5 | .5-2

 | 7-26|20-35|1.35-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.19|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |26-39|10-35|1.30-1.55| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.15|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |39-43| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 43 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville-----| 0-9 | 8-20|1.30-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | 0-2

 | 9-29|18-35|1.30-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |29-60|15-25|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion------------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 | 8-38|18-35|1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |38-60| 2-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee---------| 0-12| 5-20|1.25-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-3

 |12-15|14-30|1.30-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |15-29|35-45|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |29-60|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoB*, RoC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion------------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 | 8-38|18-35|1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 |38-60| 2-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee---------| 0-12| 5-20|1.25-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-3

 |12-15|14-30|1.30-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |15-29|35-45|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |29-60|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar----------| 0-9 | 5-15|1.30-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| 2 | 3 | .5-1

 | 9-37| 5-15|1.30-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 | 37 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RvA--------------| 0-10|10-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 5 | .5-2

 Riverview |10-59|18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |59-72| 4-18|1.20-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.11|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SaB*, SaC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Saw-------------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.20| 2 | 3 | .5-2

 | 8-20|35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |20-29| 5-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | 29 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet---------| 0-8 | 8-20|1.00-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 | 8-29|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |29-38|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |38-60|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Saw-------------| 0-5 |20-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 2 | 5 | <1

 | 5-23|35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |23-34| 5-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| | |

 | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
328 Soil Survey

 Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ScB2*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet---------| 0-7 |20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 2 | 5 | .5-1

 | 7-24|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |24-33|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |33-72|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SeB--------------| 0-8 | 8-20|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 Sedgefield | 8-40|35-60|1.25-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-6.5 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |40-62| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TaB*, TaC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum-----------| 0-9 |12-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 3 | .5-2

 | 9-41|45-60|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |41-58|12-27|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 |58-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin-----------| 0-6 |10-27|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.15| 2 | 5 | 1-3

 | 6-35|35-55|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |

 |35-43| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 43 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TbB2*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum-----------| 0-6 |27-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 6 | 0-2

 | 6-40|45-60|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |40-55|12-27|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| | |

 |55-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin-----------| 0-6 |27-40|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 2 | 7 | .5-2

 | 6-34|35-55|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |

 |34-41| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ud*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | | |

 loamy | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 UhC, UhE---------| 0-10|10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 4 | 8 | .2-5

 Uwharrie |10-15|15-35|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| | |

 |15-45|35-75|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |45-53|15-60|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |53-72| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 UrB--------------| 0-9 |10-27|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.43| 4 | 5 | 1-3

 Uwharrie | 9-38|35-60|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |38-49|27-50|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |49-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 UwB2, UwC2-------| 0-8 |27-35|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 6 | .5-2

 Uwharrie | 8-47|35-60|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |

 |47-56|27-50|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |56-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 VaB, VaC---------| 0-10| 8-20|1.45-1.70| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 Vance |10-38|35-60|1.25-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |38-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 329

 Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind |

 Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors|erodi-|Organic ________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 VnB2, VnC2-------| 0-10|20-35|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 2 | 5 | .5-1

 Vance |10-38|35-60|1.25-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 |38-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WaA--------------| 0-7 |10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 5 | .5-5

 Wahee | 7-60|35-70|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WkB--------------| 0-8 | 8-15|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 3 | .5-2

 Wickham | 8-50|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |50-70| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ZeB*, ZeC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Zion------------| 0-6 | 5-18|1.30-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 2 | 3 | .5-2

 | 6-19|35-60|1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.19|4.5-7.3 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |19-23|35-50|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.15|5.1-7.3 |High---------|0.17| | |

 |23-31| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 |31-38| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | 38 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon------------| 0-7 | 5-15|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-2

 | 7-10|20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| | |

 |10-33|35-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.28| | |

 |33-72| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
330 Soil Survey

 Table 16.--Soil and Water Features

 ("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the

 text. The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is

 not a concern or that data were not estimated)

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ApB---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 Appling | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ArA---------------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Low.

 Armenia | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AsB*, AsC*, AsD*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Hard |Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BaB, BaC, BaD-----| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High.

 Badin | | | | | | | | >40 |Hard | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BgB*, BgC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | >40 |Hard | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Goldston---------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | |20-40|Hard | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CcB, CcC, CeB2, | | | | | | | | | | |

 CeC2-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Cecil | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CfB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cecil------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ChA---------------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Nov-Apr|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 Chewacla | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CmB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cid--------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Dec-May|20-40|Hard |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lignum-----------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Dec-May|40-60|Soft |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DoA, DoB----------| C |Rare--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Dogue | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EnB, EnC, EsC, | | | | | | | | | | |

 EsD--------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 Enon | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 EuB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HeB---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Helena | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HsD, HwB2, HwC2---| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 Hiwassee | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Rowan County, North Carolina 331

 Table 16.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 IrB---------------| C/D |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Low.

 Iredell | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 KcB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey----------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Dec-Mar|40-60|Hard |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cid--------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Dec-May|20-40|Hard |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Dec-May|40-60|Soft |High-----|High.

 Lignum | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MbB, MbC, MeB2, | | | | | | | | | | |

 MeC2-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 Mecklenburg | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MkB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Misenheimer------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-1.5|Perched |Dec-Apr|10-20|Soft |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | |20-40|Hard | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kirksey----------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Dec-Mar|40-60|Hard |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 OkA---------------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Nov-Apr|1.0-2.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr|40-60|Hard |High-----|Moderate.

 Oakboro | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaB, PaC, PaD, | | | | | | | | | | |

 PaE, PcB2, PcC2--| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Pacolet | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits, quarries | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 PxB*, PxC*, PxD*, | | | | | | | | | | |

 PxE*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Poindexter------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |Moderate |Moderate.

 | | | | | | | |40-60|Hard | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mocksville------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RoB*, RoC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rion-------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Wedowee----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ashlar-----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Hard |Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RvA---------------| B |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Mar|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 Riverview | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SaB*, SaC*, ScB2*:| | | | | | | | | | |

 Saw--------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Hard |Moderate |Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pacolet----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SeB---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-1.5|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 Sedgefield | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
332 Soil Survey

 Table 16.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TaB*, TaC*, TbB2*:| | | | | | | | | | |

 Tatum------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |40-60|Soft |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Badin------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | >40 |Hard | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ud*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, loamy| | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 UhC, UhE, UrB, | | | | | | | | | | |

 UwB2, UwC2-------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 Uwharrie | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 VaB, VaC, VnB2, | | | | | | | | | | |

 VnC2-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Vance | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WaA---------------| D |Occasional |Very brief|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Wahee | | | to brief.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WkB---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Wickham | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ZeB*, ZeC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Zion-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Hard |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Enon-------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Rowan County, North Carolina 333

 Table 17.--Classification of the Soils

 (An asterisk in the first column indicates that the soil is a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a

 description of those characteristics of the soil that are outside the range of the series)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 Appling-------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 *Armenia-------------------| Fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Argiaquolls

 Ashlar--------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Badin---------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Cecil---------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 Chewacla------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

 Cid-----------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Dogue---------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Enon----------------------| Fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Goldston------------------| Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, thermic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts

 Helena--------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Hiwassee------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 *Iredell-------------------| Fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Hapludalfs

 Kirksey-------------------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Lignum--------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Mecklenburg---------------| Fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Misenheimer---------------| Loamy, siliceous, thermic, shallow Aquic Dystrochrepts

 Mocksville----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalfs

 Oakboro-------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

 Pacolet-------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 Poindexter----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalfs

 Rion----------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Riverview-----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts

 Saw-----------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 Sedgefield----------------| Fine, mixed, thermic Aquultic Hapludalfs

 Tatum---------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Udorthents----------------| Udorthents

 Uwharrie------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Vance---------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Wahee---------------------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aeric Endoaquults

 Wedowee-------------------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

 Wickham-------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Zion----------------------| Fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________