# Annex F. S ource Apportionment Studies

Table F-1. Epidemiologic studi es of ambient PM sources, factors, or constituents

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 31 Grouping method: PCA + PMF/CMB hybrid (COPREM)

# of groups: 12, but only 6 used in relating to health effects, and CO, NO 2 Groups/Factors/ Sources: Road, vehicle, salt, biomass, oil, coal, rock, lime, NaNO 3 , NH 4 NO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 3 , (NH 4 SO 4 ) PM variables used: Mass contribution of

sources Reference: Andersen et al. (2007, 093201 )

Location: 1 monitor in Copenhagen, Denmark/ 6 yr, but apportionment done for 1.5 yr only (2002-2003)

Particle Size: PM 10
Results: Single pollutant models: Biomass, secondary compounds, oil, and crus tal significantly associated with CVD HA (4-day ma). Biomass and secondary components si gnificantly associated with respiratory HA (5-day ma). No significant effects for asthma HA in children (6-day ma).

Two pollutant models: Crustal effect for CVD admissions remained robust. Biomass effect for respiratory admissions was highest. Effect of vehicle source remained robust for asthma admissions in children in presence of other PM 10 sources.
Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 16 elements + NO 3 , SO 4 , EC, OC Grouping method: NR

# of groups: NR Groups/Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Every component (16 elements + NO 3 , SO 4 ,EC, OC) Reference: Bell et al. (Bell et al., 2009, 191007 )

Location: PM 2.5 : 2000-2005 (6 yr)/106 US counties/EPA composition data

PM 10 : 1987-2000/100 counties/EPA composition data

Particle Size: PM 10 , PM 2.5 Results: Mortality: Ni significantly increased PM 10 mortality risks. However, effect of Ni was not significant when New York City was removed, in a sensitivity analysi s conducted by selectively removing ci ties from the ov erall estimate.

Hospital Admissions: CVD and respiratory HAs higher in counties with higher EC, Ni, and V PM 2.5 . In CVD association between PM 2.5 , RR and V robust to inclusion of EC or V, and V robust to inclusion of EC.

Subjects: NR

Exposure: 1998-2009 (8.3 yr) N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 16 elements + CO, NO 2 , SO 2 , EC, OC Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 4 Groups/Factors/ Sources: Vehicle (CO, NO 2 , EC, OC), Soil (Al, Ca, Fe, Si), Combustion (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), Factor 4 (Br, Cl, Pb) PM variables used: individual components, then groupings Reference: Cakmak et al. (2009, 191995 )

Location: 1 monitor in Santiago, Chile

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Individual components: EC, OC only stat. sign. risk estimates for total, cardiac, and respiratory mortality for 1-day lag after adjustment for other elements.

Groupings: Lag 1. Vehicle factor: Increased total mortality, cardiac mo rtality, and respiratory mortality. Soil factor: increased cardiac mortality and respiratory mortality (but smaller than vehicle factor RRs). Combustion fact or: greatest RR for respirato ry mortality, but significant for total and cardiac mortality. Fact or 4: increased total, cardiac, and respiratory mortality. Poin t estimates for Factor 1 significantly diff erent from Factors 3 and 4. Elderly had higher risk estimates for combustion and soil sources. No significant effect modification by gender or season.

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 15 elements + EC, OC, NO 3 Grouping method: NR

# of groups: NR Groups/Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Every component Reference: Franklin et al. (2008, 097426 )

Location: STN/25 communities/2000-2005 (6 yr)

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: The PM 2.5 -mortality association was significantly modified by Al, As, Sulfate, Ni, and Si. When including a combination of species proportions and using backwards e limination Al, sulfate, and Ni remained signi ficant. Al and Ni explained most of th e residual heterogeneity.

Note: Hyperlinks to the reference citations throughout this doc ument will take you to the NCEA HERO database (Health and Environmental Research Online) at http://epa.gov/hero . HERO is a database of scientific literature used by U.S. EPA in the process of developing science assessments such as the Integrated Science Assessments (ISA) and the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

.



### December 2009 F-1Subjects: Children with physician diagnosed asthma and symptoms or medication use in previous 12 mo, and resided within 30km of New Haven county monitor

Exposure: NR N: 149 children Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 17 elements + EC Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 6 Groups/Factors/ Sources: Vehicle (EC, Zn, Pb, Cu, Se), road dust (Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Ba, Ti), sulfur (S, P), biomass burning, (K) oil (V, Ni), sea salt (Na, Cl)

In addition, effects of NO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and O 3 were included in the health outcomes model PM variables used: Groupings and individual elements Reference: Gent et al. (2009, 180399 )

Location: 2 monitors in New Haven, CT/ 3.5 yr

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Overall: Trace elements originating from motor vehicle, road dust, biomass burning, and oil sources associated with symptoms and/or medication use. No a ssociations with S or sea salt.

Specific Results: PM 2.5 mass from motor vehicle or road dust associat ed with increased odds of respiratory symptoms or inhaler use. Reduced odds of wheeze or inhaler use with same day S. Significant reducti ons odds of wheeze with biomass burning.

Co-pollutant: Positive effects of motor vehicles and road dust on wheez e were robust to the inclusion of gaseous copollutants. However, NO 2 increases association with wheeze.

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: NR Grouping method: Comparison of: PMF; (absolute) PCA; UNMIX

# of groups: 6-10

Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Different research groups gave different names to sources Sources for which association with health was analyzed: Soil, traffic, Secondary SO 4 , NO 3 (Washington, DC only), residual oil (Washington, DC only), Wood smoke/ biomass combustion, Sea salt, incinerator (Washington, DC only), primary coal (Washington, DC only), Cu smelter (Phoenix only) PM variables used: Mass contribution of

sources Reference: Ito et al. (2006, 088391 )

Location: Washington, DC

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Overall, PM 2.5 effects observed at lag 3. Lag structure of asso ciation varied across source types, but consistent across investigators for total (nonaccidental mo rtality): soil factor - mostly positive at various lags (not significant); seco ndary sulfate - strongest associat ion at lag 3; nitrate - mostly negative except at lag 3; residual oil - strongest association at la g 2 (not significant); wood-burning - increasing asso ciation as lag increases (not signific ant); incinerator - significant negative associations at lag 0; primary coal - significant association at lag 3.

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 15 elements Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 8 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Soil/crustal (PM fine), mobile vehicle exhaust (PM fine), coal (PM fine), fuel oil; metals, salt manganese, residual PM variables used: Tracers: Si, V, Cl, Pb, Se Reference: Laden et al. (2000, 012102 )

Location: Monitors in 6 Eastern US cities (Harvard Six Cities Study)

Particle Size: NR Results: Lag 0-1 avg for all results. Overall 6 cities, mobile source factor (using Pb as tracer) had greatest association with daily mortality (3.4%) with 10 μg/m3 increase. The greatest effects for mortality due to mobile sources were observed in Madison (Portage), Knoxville (Kingston-Harriman), and St. Louis, although the M adison results were not statistically significan t. The coal source factor was only significant in Boston (Watertown) - 2.8% increase in mortality and the overall percent increase was also significant (1.1%). Deaths fr om pneumonia attributable to coal combus tion sources was 7.9% (CI 3.1-12.7%) and statistically significant. The crustal factor was not associated with mortality in an y city, although this factor was not a sig nificant predictor in the regression model for Boston (W atertown) due to its low contribution to PM 2.5 mass. For specific elements included simultaneously, S, Pb, and Ni were significantly associated with overall mortality (3.0, 1. 6, 1.5%, respectively). Bos ton had the greatest percent increase in mortality for S (7.9%), Knoxville for Pb (15.0%), and Steubenville for Ni (8.2%), although the CIs are all quite large.

Reanalysis results: (Schwartz, 2003, 042811 ) Effects changed slightly. New percent increases in mortality for combined cities are 3.5 and 0.79 for traffic and coal, respectively. The coal factor in Boston decreased to 2. 1% increased mortality. A residua l oil factor in Boston and Steubenville resulted in at 22.9% increase in daily deaths (but was not significant in the original analysis).

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 13 elements Grouping method: Absolute PCA

# of groups: 5 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Crustal; long range transported; oil combustion; soil; traffic PM variables used: Tracers: Si (crustal); S (long-range transport); Ni (oil combustion); Cl (salt); ABS (local traffic). Reference: Lanki et al. (2006, 088412 )

Location: Monitors in Helsinki, Finland, Amsterdam,The Netherlands and Erfurt, Germany

Particle Size: UF/PM 2.5 Results: Highest observed effects were for crustal sources and salt at lag 3 (when analyzing source s), but not consistent or significant. In multipollutant models only ABS associated with ST-segment depression, but wide CIs. When examining indicator elements of a source, local traffic found to be the most toxic, but when exami ned per IQR long-range transport and traffic had similar effects.



### December 2009 F-2Results: All had significant associations with mortality. Traffic density and EC had the largest effects.

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: NR Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NR Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Mass contribution of 16 constituents Reference: Lippmann et al. (2006, 091165 )

Location: U.S.

Particle Size: PM 10 for risk estimates, PM 2.5 for speciation data Results: The strongest predictions of the variation in PM 10 risk estimates across the 90 NMMAPs MSAs was for Ni and V. Elevated, but nonsignificant increases were associated with EC, Zn, SO 4 2-, Cu, Pb, and OC. Al and Si had the lowest values.

Subjects: Elderly only

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 10 elements, OC, EC, CO, NO 2 ; SO 2 Grouping method: Unspecified type of factor analysis

# of groups: 3 or 5 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Motor exhaust/road dust, soil, vegetative burning, local SO 2 , regional SO 4 PM variables used: First used individual constituents: S, Zn, Pb, K, OC, EC, TC (AL+Si+Ca+Fe+Ti), then factor scores Reference: Mar et al. (2000, 001760 )

Location: 1 monitor in Phoenix, AZ

Particle Size: NR

Results: Cardiovascular mortal ity associated with PM 2.5 mass on lag 1 and 4 (6 and 4%, respectively). EC and TC associated with CV mortality for lag 1 (RR = 1.05); OC was weakly associated with CV mortality for lags 1 and 3. For total mortality, regional sulfate was positively asso ciated at lag 0, but negatively associated at lag 3. The local SO 2 and the soil factors were negatively associated with total mortality. For CV mortality, se condary sulfate was positively asso ciated at lag 0, motor vehic le at lag 1, and vegetative burning at lag 3.

Reanalysis results (Mar, 2003): Similar associ ations were observed.

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: NR Grouping method: Comparison of: PMF (absolute); PCA; UNMIX

# of groups: 6-10

Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Different labs gave different names to sources (see Hopke et al, table 2) Sources for which association with health was analyzed: Soil, Traffic, secondary SO 4 , NO 3 , (Washington, DC only), residual oil (Washington, DC only), woodsmoke/ biomass combustion, sea salt, incinerator (Washington, DC only); primary coal (Washington, DC only); Cu smelter (Phoenix only) PM variables used: Mass contribution of

sources Reference: Mar et al. (2006, 086143 )

Location: Phoenix, AZ

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Using daily PM 2.5 data found the following associations with card iovascular mortality: Sec ondary sulfate - greatest effect observed for all sources and at lag 0; traffic - associated at lag 1; copper smelter associated at lag 0; sea salt - had the greatest statistical significance and observ ed at lag 5; biomass/wood burning - less consistent lag stru cture but greatest association at lag 3; soil - did not show an association or consist ent lag structure. For to tal (nonaccidental) mortality associations were weaker and consis tently observed for only: copper smelter - lag 0; sea salt - lag 5.

Subjects NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 15 elements, EC, OC; NO 3 ; SO 4 , PM 2.5 mass Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NA Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Mass contribution of every constituent Reference: Ostro et al. (2007, 091354 )

Location: Monitors in 6 CA counties, some with 2 monitors, for 4 yr

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Effects were greater during the winter months. In the all year anal ysis, at 3-day lag associat ions observed for EC, OC, NO 3 and Zn. During winter months (Oct -March) effects obser ved for most species for both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality at lag 3 (EC, OC, SO 4 , Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Pb, S, Si, Ti, Zn) and (OC, NO 3 , SO 4 , Fe, Mn, S, V, Zn), respectively.

Subjects NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 9 elements,EC, OC, PM 2.5 mass, SO 4 , NO 3 Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NA Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Mass contribution of every constituent Reference: Ostro et al. (2009, 191971 )

Location: Monitors in 6 CA counties, some with 2 monitors/4 yr

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: The following associations were obser ved with cardiovascular mortality: PM 2.5 (lag 3); EC (lag 2); NO 3 (lag 3); SO 4 (lag 3); Fe (lag 2); K (lag 2); S (lag 3); Ti (lag 2); Zn (lag 3).



### December 2009 F-3Subjects: Medicare enrollees 65 or older

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: SO 4 , NO 3 , Si, EC, OCM, Na, NH 4 Grouping method: NR

# of groups: NR Groups/Factors/ Sources: Only suggested in discussion PM variables used: Tracers Reference: Peng et al. (2009, 191998 )

Location: 119 urban communities STN data/2000-2006

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: CVD HAs: EC associated with same-day CVD HAs in singl e and multi-pollutant models. In single pollutant models associations also observed for sulfate, nitrate, OCM, and ammonium. However, the sulfate, nitrate, OCM, and ammonium associations were reduced in the multi-pollutant models.

Respiratory HAs: OCM associated with same-day respiratory HAs in single and multi-pollutant models. Some evidence for sulfate associations at one and two-day lag.

Subjects: Adult asthma subjects, max 2 km from single monitor

Exposure: NR N: 78 Number of Constituents considered for grouping: Unknown Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 6 Groups/Factors/ Sources: Long range (PM mass, S, K, Zn), local combustion-traffic (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe), soil (Si, Al, Ca, Fe, Mn), oil (V, Ni), salt (Na, Cl), unidentified PM variables used: every component individually, then groupings Reference: Penttinen et al. (2006, 087988 )

Location: Helsinki 1996-1997 (7 mo)

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Long range PM 2.5 associated with decreased mean PEF in the morning at lag 1. Local combustion PM 2.5 associated with decreased mean PEF in the eveni ng for lag 1. Local combustion PM 2.5 associated with decreased mean PEF in the afternoon and evening for 5-day mean lag. Negat ive significant association between long-range PM 2.5 and asthma symptom prevalence at lag 3. Sea-salt PM 2.5 negatively associated with bronchodilator us e at lag 3 and 5-day mean lag. Sea-salt PM 2.5 negatively associated with corticosteroid use for 5-day mean lag. Unidentified PM 2.5 negatively associated with corticosteroid use at lag 1. Most consistent negative responses for local co mbustion, although not always si gnificant. No consistent or significant associations between 5-day avg concentrations of elements and PEF, cough, asthma symptoms, or medication use.

Subjects: Healthy male young police officers

Exposure: 4 consecutive days N: 9 Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 10 elements; 3
gaseous pollutants; 2 physical variables Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 4 when 13+2 constituents included; 3 when only 9 “PM-associated” constituents included Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Soil; automotive steel wear; gasoline combustion; speed-changing traffic PM variables used: Mass contribution or score of sources Reference: Riediker et al. (2004, 091261 )

Location: Inside 9 state police patrol cars

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Using two different factor analysis models f ound most significant effects (MCL, SDNN, PNN 50 , supraventricular ectopic beats, % neutrophils, % lymphocytes , MCV, von Willebrand Factor, and protein C) were for “speed-change factor” (i.e., Cu, S, aldehydes). Some associations observed fo r “crustal” and none for “steel wear” and “gasoline.”

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: NR Grouping method: Comparison of: PMF, CMB-LGO, “a priori decision”

# of groups: 9,11 (6 of them common between methods) Groups/ Factors/ Sources: gasoline, diesel, wood smoke/ biomass burning, soil, secondary SO 4 /ammonium sulfate, secondary nitrate/ ammonium nitrate, metal processing, railroad, bus and highway, cement kiln, power plants, other OC, ammonium bisulfate PM variables used: Mass contribution or score of sources, and tracers Reference: Sarnat et al. (2008, 097972 )

Location: 1monitor in Atlanta. GA for 2 yr

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Sulfate secondary associated with 1.2- 2.0% increase in RD visits, signific ant negative association RD visits and primary emissions from coal-fired power pl ants. CVD significantly associated with ot her OC (1.014), biomass (1.033), diesel and gas for CMB-LGO. For PMF and CVD visits: diesel (1. 025), gas, wood smoke, metal processing (1.013). Year-long associations: PMF diesel, EC, CMB-LGO gas, Zn and bioma ss combustion sources (CMB-L GO biomass burning, PMF wood smoke, and K). Diesel and gas sources association with RD in the warm season (1.2-2.1% per IQR).

Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 11 elements, TC, NO 3 Grouping method: Comparison of: PMF, UNMIX, Multilinear Engine

# of groups: 8 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Vegetative burning; As-rich Vehicle; SO 4 ; NO 3 ; Soil; Cu-rich; Marine PM variables used: Tracers: TC (vegetative burning); As (As-rich); Zn (vehicle); Si (soil) Reference: Schreuder et al. (2006, 097959 )

Location: 1monitor in Spokane, WA for 7 yr

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Si, As, and Zn were not associated with any health outco mes; while an IQR increase in TC (vegetative burning) was associated with a 2% increase in respiratory ED visits.



### December 2009 F-4Subjects: NR

Exposure: NR N: NR Number of Constituents considered for grouping: 8 metals, IPM, FPM, SO 4 , CX, DCM, ACE, CO Grouping method: Unspecified type of factor analysis

# of groups: 5 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Oil burning, motor emissions, resuspended dust, secondary aerosol, industrial sources PM variables used: individual constituents, then factor scores, then tracers Reference: Tsai et al. (2000, 006251 )

Location: 3 NJ sites for 2 summers (ATEOS study)

Particle Size: NR

Results: RR associated with 10 μg/m3 increases: Newark - 1.03 for i ndustrial and total daily deaths; 1.02 for sulfate and total daily deaths; 1.04 for sulfate and cardi opulmonary deaths. Camden - 1.11 for oil bur ning sources and total daily deaths; 1.10 industrial and total daily deaths; 1.12 fo r oil burning sources and cardiopulmonar y daily deaths; 1.02 for sulfate and cardiopulmonary daily deaths

Subjects: Adult males

Exposure: CAD n: 56, data collected 12 times over 6 mo for every subject, but extended period of missing PM data Number of Constituents considered for grouping: Apportionment based on particle size distribution. Grouping method: PMF

# of groups: 5 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Airborne soil, local traffic, local fuel combustion, remote traffic (diesel), secondary aerosols PM variables used: Mass contribution or score of sources Reference: Yue et al. (2007, 097968 )

Location: 1monitor in German city, 30.000 samples

Particle Size: UF/PM 2.5

Results: Overall, repolarization parameters influenced by traffic-related particles; vWF increased in response to traffic-related particles and combustion-generated aeros ols. All source factors contri buted to increasing CRP levels.



### December 2009 F-5

# Table F-2. Human clinical studies of ambient PM sources, factors, or constituents

Subjects: Adult 18-45, healthy vs. asthmatic

Exposure: CAPs, healthy and asthmatic subjects exposed at different times N: 12 healthy, 12 asthmatic Constituents considered for grouping: 7 elements, EC, NO 3 , SO 4 Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 4 (note: OC data was unavailable) Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Crustal (Al Si CA K Fe),S (2 metrics of SO 4 + elemental S), Total Mass+NO 3 , EC PM variables used: Total mass, then tracers: SO 4 , EC, Fe Study: Gong et al. (2003, 042106 )

Location: Los Angeles, CA

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Fe and EC associated with a decrease in ST-segment volt age 2 days post-exposure. EC a ssociated with an increase in ST-segment voltage immediately following expos ure. Sulfate content associated with a decrease in systolic BP 4 h post-exposure.

Subjects: Elderly, COPD vs. healthy/ CAPs

Exposure: NO 2 (full factorial) N: 6 healthy, 18 COPD Constituents considered for grouping: 7 elements + EC Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 3 (note: OC was unavailable) Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Crustal (Al Si CA K Fe), S (= SO 4 ),Na PM variables used: Total mass, then tracers:, SO 4 , Si, Fe, EC Study: Gong et al. (2005, 087921 )

Location: Los Angeles, CA

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Mass concentration of CAPs not observed to significantly affect lung function. However, sulfate content was associated with a decrease lung function (FEV 1 and FVC), which was enhanc ed by coexposure to NO 2

. Subjects: Healthy adults

Exposure: CAPs N: 35 male; 2 female Constituents considered for grouping: 8 elements and SO 4 Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 2 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Fe/SO 4 /Se/V/Zn/Cu PM variables used: Factor scores, then mass contribution of all 9 constituents Reference: Huang et al. (2003, 087377 )

Location: Chapel Hill, NC

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Associations observed between sulfate,Zn, and Se content and increases in BAL neutrophils. Increases in fibrinogen associated with Cu, Zn, and V content.

Subjects: Healthy adults 19-50 yr/CAPs

Exposure: O 3 N: 23 Constituents considered for grouping: unknown Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NA Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Every constituent in univariate analysis, then OC and SO 4 in multivariate analysis Reference: Urch et al. (2004, 055629 )

Location: Toronto, Canada

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: CAPs-induced increase in diastolic BP significantly associated with carbon content of the particles.

Subjects: Healthy adults/CAPs

Exposure: O 3 N: 24 Constituents considered for grouping: 14 elements, EC, OC Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NA Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Every constituent in univariate analysis, then OC and SO 4 in multivariate analysis Reference: Urch et al. (2004, 055629 )

Location: Toronto, Canada

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Both organic and EC content of CAPs associated with an increase in brachial artery vasoconstriction.



### December 2009 F-6

# Table F-3. Toxicological studies of ambien t PM sources, factors, or constituents

Subjects: Rats

Exposure: CAPs (3-day mean CAPs concentration range: 126.1-481.0 μg/m3) CAPs (3-day mean CAPs concentration
range: 126.1-481.0 μg/m3) N: 7-10 rats × 2 levels CAPs × 2 levels SO 2 × 6 runs in different

seasons Constituents considered for grouping: 20 elements; OC; EC Grouping method: Previous study in same city (Clarke et al., 2000, 013252 ) and PCA of this experiment’s data

# of groups: 4 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: V/Ni, S, Al/Si, Br/Pb PM variables used: 4 tracers (Si, SO 4 , V, Pb) and EC, OC in univariate step. 4 tracers (Si, SO 4 , V, Pb) in multivariate step Reference: Batalha et al. (2002, 088109 )

Location: Boston, MA

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Univariate analyses for first day not significant for L/W rati o. Univariate analyses for second and third day and second+third day mean were similar. Presented second+third day mean regression data. CAPs mass, Si, Pb, SO 4 , EC, OC significant for decreased L/W ratio in normal+CB rats exposed to CAPs. Si, SO 4 significant for decreased L/W ratio in normal rats. Si, OC significant for decreased L/W ratio in CB rats. Multivariate analysis using normal+CB rats for Si, SO 4 , V, Pb - only Si remained sign ificant with decreased L/W ratio.

Subjects: Normal human bronchial epithelial and human AM

Exposure: (2-3X105 cells/mL; 11 or 50 μg/mL) N: NR Constituents considered for grouping: 12 elements Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 2 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Cr/Al/Si/Ti/Fe/Cu (“crustal”), Zn/As/V/Ni/Pb/ Se PM variables used: NR Reference: Becker et al. (2005, 088590 )

Location: Chapel Hill, NC; repeated sampling for 1 yr

Particle Size: PM 10 Results: Cr/Al/Si/Ti/Fe/Cu associated with IL-8 release in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and IL-6 release in AM. Zn/As/V/Ni/Pb/Se not associated with any endpoints. Stepwise linear regression with i ndividual constituents Fe and Si associated with IL-6 release in AM. Cr associated with IL-8 release in NHBE cells.

Subjects: Dogs

Exposure: CAPs (avg for all studies, paired: 203.4, crossover: 360.8 μg/m3) repeated exposure with several weeks in between N: 10 dogs, 20 paired exposures, 24

crossover Constituents considered for grouping: 19 elements, black C Grouping method: PCA

# of groups: 4 for exposure in paired runs,6 for exposure in

crossover runs Groups/ Factors/ Sources: V/Ni, S, Al/Si, Br/Pb, S, Na/Cl, Cr PM variables used: All elements, then factor scores Reference: Clarke et al. (2000, 013252 )

Location: Boston, MA

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: No significant differences between base line, sham, or CAPs group for BAL cell di fferential percentages. Total BAL protein increased with CAPs compared to sham. No significant hematological effects with C APs exposure. Mixed linear regression analyses (statistics not provided): Al and Ti (3- day avg. concentrations) associated with dose-dependent decreases in BAL AM and increas es in BAL PMN percentages. Sulfate associated with increased WBC. BC, Al, Mn, Si, Zn, Ti, V, Fe, Ni associated with increased blood P MN. Na associated with increased blood lymphocytes. Al, Mn, Si associated with decreased blood lymphocytes. CAPs mass and BC associated with decreased blood eosinophils. CAPs mass associated wi th decreased platelet count. R egression using results of fa ctor analysis: None for 3-day avg. concentration for BAL parameters . V/Ni for increased AM perc entage and Br/Pb for increased PMN percentage for 3rd-day only concentration. V/Ni and Al/Si for increased blood PM N percentage and decreased blood lymphocyte percentage. Al/Si also for increased WB C counts. Na/Cl for increased blood lym phocyte percentage. S for decreased RBC and hemoglobin.

Subjects Primary human airway epithelial cells (100,000 cells/mL; dose not provided)

Exposure: NR N: NR Constituents considered for grouping: NR Grouping method: CMB, but not on coarse and ultrafine

# of groups: 6 or 7 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Mobile, residual, oil, wood, soil, secondary SO 4 , secondary NO 3 PM variables used: Mass contribution of constituents, then mass contribution of sources Reference: Duvall et al. (2008, 097969 )

Location: 5 US cities

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Linear regression with individual constituents: Sulfate associ ated with increased IL-8 mRNA expression. Sr associated with increased COX-2 and decreased HO-1 mR NA expressions. K associated with decreased HO-1 mRNA expression.

Linear regression with sources: Si gnificance levels not provided.



### December 2009 F-7Subjects: Rats

Exposure: CAPs (3-day mean CAPs concentration range: 126.1-481.0 μg/m3) N: 7-10 rats × 2 levels CAPs × 2 levels SO 2 × 6 runs in different

seasons Constituents considered for grouping: 20 elements, OC, EC Grouping method: Previous study in same city (Clarke et al.), and PCA of this experiment’s data

# of groups: 4 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: V/Ni, S, Al/Si/Ca, Br/Pb PM variables used: 4 tracers (I, SO 4 ,V, Pb) and EC, OC Reference: Godleski et al. (2002, 156478 )

Location: Boston, MA

Particle Size: NR

Results: Increased percent of PMNs in BALF in CAPs-exposed rats at 24 h. CAPs af fected lung tissue mRNA involved in pro-inflammation, immune, and vascular endothe lial responses. Linear regre ssion: Increased PMN associated with CAPs mass, Br, P b, SO 4 , EC, and OC.

Subjects Rats (Sprague Dawley)

Exposure: CAPs (avg. mass concentration 600 μg/m3); also carbon black and ROFA N: 13 experiments (1 rat/group at each time point) Constituents considered for grouping: 20 elements Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NA Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Mass contribution of every constituent Reference: Gurgueira et al. (2002, 036535 )

Location: Boston, MA

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Increased oxidative stress in heart and lungs following CAPs exposure (and ROFA exposure).

Univariate regression: Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ca most significant responses for lung (r 2 >0.40). Al, Si, Ti, Fe, and total mass most significant response for heart (r 2 >0.49).

Subjects Rats (SH and WKY)

Exposure: CAPs (144-2758 μ g/m3) N: 6 1-day , 1-strain runs, 7 2-day, 2-strain runs, 4-9 rats per

run. Constituents considered for grouping: NR Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NA Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Mass contribution of every constituent Reference: Kodavanti et al. (2005, 087946 )

Location: RTP, NC

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: No significant correlations between biologi c responses and exposure variabl es (i.e., CAP mass, OC, inorganic C, sulfate, and other major elemental constituents). Al, Cu, Zn correlated with biologic responses when constituents normalized per unit mass o f CAP (μg/mg). Zn correlated with plasma fibrinogen in SH rats (p = 0.0023).

Subjects: Mice (C57 and ApoE)

Exposure: CAPs (avg. mass concentration 113 μg/m 3 ) N: C57: 3-6 mice/group

ApoE -/- : 9-10 mice/group Constituents considered for grouping: 19 elements + OC, EC, NO 3 Grouping method: (Absolute) PCA

# of groups: 4 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Regional SO 4 (S/Si/OC); Resuspended soil (CA/Fe/Al/Si);RO power plants (V/Ni/Se); traffic and unknown PM variables used: Mass contribution of

sources Reference: Lippmann et al. (2005, 087453 )

Location: Rural location upwind from New York City

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: ApoE null mice: Resuspended soil associated with decreas ed HR during exposure, but increased HR after exposure. Secondary sulfate associated with decreased HR after exposure. Re sidual oil associated with increased RMSSD and SDNN in afterno on following exposure. Secondary sulfate asso ciated with decreased RMSSD and SDNN in night following exposure. Resuspended soil associated with increased RMSSD at night following exposure. PM mass associated with decreased HR during exposure and decreased RMSSD at night following exposure.

C57 mice: Motor vehicle/other source cat egory associated with decrease in RM SSD in afternoon following exposure

Subjects: Mice (ApoE -/- )

Exposure: CAPs (avg. mass concentration 85.6 μ g/m 3 ) N: 12 ApoE -/- mice (6/group) Number of Constituents considered for grouping: NR Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NR Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Mass contribution of every constituent in CAPs portion of study, contribution of 16 constituents in epi portion Reference: Lippmann et al. (2006, 091165 )

Location: Rural location upwind from New York City

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Lag for HR elevations on 14 days with wind from NW was sa me day. Lag for SDNN reduction on 14 days with wind from NW was 0, 1 and 2.

GAM analysis: Β coefficient significant for Ni and HR (but not V, Cr, or Fe). Β coefficient significant for Ni and log SDNN (but not V, Cr, or Fe).



### December 2009 F-8Subjects: NR

Exposure: CAPs (90,000/well; 300 μg/mL) N: 110 samples Constituents considered for grouping: 19 elements + OC, EC, NO 3 Grouping method: (Absolute) PCA

# of groups: 4 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Regional SO 4 soil; unknown oil combustion PM variables used: Mass contribution of

sources Reference: Maciejczyk and Chen (2005, 087456 )

Location: Rural; upwind from New York City

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Correlation : V and Ni positively correlated with NF- κ B. Oil combustion correlated the greatest with NF- κ B (0.316). Significance not provided. Only 2% of mass contri bution originates from this source.

Subjects: Dogs

Exposure: N: 8 dogs, 24 exposure-days in 1997-98; 4 dogs, 21 exposure-days in 2001-2002 Constituents considered for grouping: 13 elements, BC, EC, OC Grouping method: Compared 3 factor-analytic models within a SEM model

# of groups: 4 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: Oil Combustion V/Ni; power plants S ;road dust Al/Si ;motor vehicles BC/OC/EC PM variables used: Mass contribution of every constituent Reference: Nikolov et al. (2008, 156808 )

Location: Boston, MA

Particle Size: NR Results: Univariate response for respiratory out comes: road dust and oil combustion asso ciated with decreased respiratory frequency; motor vehicles associated with increased respiratory frequency; mo tor vehicles associated with increased PEF; road dust associa ted with decreased penh and motor vehicles associated with increased penh.

Multivariate responses for respiratory outcome: Road dust associated with decreased resp iratory rate; Motor vehicles associated with increased airway irritation.

Subjects: Rats (Sprague-Dawley)

Exposure: CAPs (avg. mass concentration range 150-2520 μg/m3) acetylcysteine full factorial N: 4-8 rats (1-2 per group - sham, CAPs, sham/NAC, CAP/NAC) 10 exposures Constituents considered for grouping: 20 elements Grouping method: No grouping was performed

# of groups: NA Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Mass contribution of every constituent Reference: Rhoden et al. (2004, 087969 )

Location: Boston, MA

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Increased oxidative stress and inflammation in lungs of CAPs animals that was attenuated with NAC.

Univariate regression: Al, Si, Fe, K, Pb, and Cu most significantly correlated with lung TBARS. No significant correlations for lung carbonyls or lung PMN.

Subjects: Rats (Sprague-Dawley

Exposure: CAPs (3-day avg. mass concentration range 126.1-481 μg/m3) N: 7-10 rats/group (air/sham, SO 2 /sham, air/CAP, SO 2 /CAP) × 6 runs in different

seasons Constituents considered for grouping: 15 elements (used Clarke 2000 to select tracers) Grouping method: Previous study in same city (Clarke et al. 2000)

# of groups: 6 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: V/Ni S Al/Si Br/Pb

______ Na/Cl Cr PM variables used: Mass contribution of 8 elements in univariate step.

Tracers (Si, SO 4 , V, Pb, Br, Cl) and EC, OC in multivariate step. Reference: Saldiva et al. (2002, 025988 )

Location: Boston, MA

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: Increased percent and number of PMN in majority of air and SO 2 rats exposed to CAPs, but signi ficance levels not provided. Other responses (protein, LDH, NAG) were variable and depended upon the CAPs exposure. No CAPs effect on histopathology.

Linear regression: V, Br, Pb, SO 4 , EC, OC, Si, CAP mass associated with increased PMN and lymphocytes for normal+CB rats. Only V not associated with PMN in norma l rats. Lymphocyte response due to CB rats, but not observed for SO 4 , Si, or mass in this group. Br, Pb, SO 4 , EC, OC, Si associated with increased total protein in CB ra ts. Cl and V associated with decreased LDH in CB rats. No BAL effects in normal rats exposed to CAPs. V, Br, Pb, EC, OC, and Cl associated with increased neut rophil density in lungs of norm al rats.

Subjects Rats (Fisher 344)

Exposure: 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/rat via intratracheal instillation N: 5 rats/dose Constituents considered for grouping: NR Grouping method: CMB

# of groups: 13 Groups/ Factors/ Sources: secondary NO 3 ; secondary NH 4 ; secondary SO 4 ; coke production; vegetative detritus; natural gas combust; road dust; wood combust; meat cooking gasoline; diesel other OM; other mass PM variables used: Mass contribution of every constituent, then mass contribution of

sources Reference: Seagrave et al. (2006, 091291 )

Location: 4 SE US sites for 2

seasons

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Potency depended upon season and site of sample collection. In general, effects were greater in the winter.

PLS analysis : 2 major constituents identified (OC, Pb, hopanes/steranes, nitrate, As for firs t and major metal oxides for the second), gasoline most important predictor for both constituents, with diesel influencing sec ond constituent and nitrate influencing fir st constituent. First constituent affected cytotoxic responses, second cons tituent affected infl ammatory responses.



### December 2009 F-9Subjects: BEAS-2B cells (35000 cells/cm2; 10, 20, 40, 80 μg/cm2)

Exposure: Loose surface soil sweepings through mechanical tumbler and cascade impactor N: 6; 16 runs over 6 mo Constituents considered for grouping: 13 elements, TC, 5 OC variables, 4 EC variables, 2 ions, EU, one ratio (Ca: Al), OP, CO 3 Grouping method: PLS

# of groups: NR Groups/ Factors/ Sources: NR PM variables used: Mass contribution every constituent (?) Reference: Veranth et al. (2006, 087479 )

Location: 8 sites in the western US

Particle Size: PM 2.5 Results: Dose-related increase in IL-6 and decreases in cell viability for all soil types. IL-8 responses more variable and dependent u pon soil type. Univariate correlations. Low correlations for all co nstituents tested with IL-6. Highest correlations for EC1 (R 2 = 0.50) and pyrolyzed OC (R 2 = 0.46), then Ca/Al (R 2 = 0.21). Carbonate carbon, EC3, and Sr correlated with IL-8 (R 2 = 0.27, 0.13, and 0.25, respectively). EC and Ni correlated with IL -8 trend over the range of 10-80 μg/cm2 (R 2 = 0.39 and 0.27, respecti vely). Multivariate redundancy analysis OC1, OC3, OC2, EC2, Br, EC 1, Ni correlated with IL-8 release, dec reased viability, and decreased IL-6 at lo w and high doses. Ni, EC1, and EC2 correlated with IL-6 release at the high dose, decreased IL-6 at t he low dose, decreased IL-8 rele ase, and decreased viability. Br wa s negatively associated.

Subjects: Dogs

Exposure: CAPs (avg. mass concentration range 161.3-957.3 μg/m 3 ) repeated exposure with several weeks in between N: 6 dogs, 20
exposures Constituents considered for grouping: 15 elements (+EC OC?) (used Clarke et al. 2000) Grouping method: Previous study in same city (Clarke et al. 2000)

# of groups: 6 (but did not use all in analysis of health effects) Groups/ Factors/ Sources: V/Ni S Al/Si Br/Pb Na/Cl Cr PM variables used: Univariate: Mass Number Ni, S, Si, BC Multivariate: Ni, S, Si , BC Reference: Wellenius et al. (2003, 055691 )

Location: Boston, MA

Particle Size: PM 2.5

Results: ST-segment elevation increased with CAPs.

Univariate regression: Si and Pb associated with peak ST-segment elevat ion and integrated ST-s egment change.CAPs mass or number concentration were not associated with any change.

Multivariate regression: Si associated with peak ST-segment el evation and integrated ST-segment change.

Subjects: Alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383); 1 × 106 cells/ml

Exposure: Soluble components exposure concentration range from 20-200 pg of PM/cell N: 45 PM samples, 3

runs Constituents considered for grouping: 43 + EC, OC Grouping method: PMF

# of groups: 9 Groups/Factors/ Sources: Mobile, water soluble carbon, sulfate, soil, iron, Cd and Zn point source, Pb, pyrotechnics, platinum PM variables used: Mass contribution of

sources Reference: Zhang et al. (2008, 192008 )

Location: Metro area of Denver, CO/ 45 samples through 1 yr

Particle Size: 2.5; filtered to 0.22 um Results: Started with regression on 9 sources, t hen 3 (water-soluble carbon factor, soil dust source, iron source). Soil dust source wa s not significant. Final regression model e xcluded 3 days of outliers (Fe source most significant, then water-soluble carbon fact or, then soil dust source) for ROS effects, with adjusted R 2 of 0.774. Fe source likely associated with industrial source and includes high loadings of water-soluble Fe and Ti (not identified); water-soluble C fact or derived from both secondary organic aerosol and biomass smoke (largely consists of polar organic compounds); so il dust source identified by water-soluble resuspended dust elements and contains Mg an d Ca.



### December 2009 F-10

# Annex F References

Andersen ZJ; Wahlin P; Raaschou-Nielsen O; Scheike T; Lo ft S (2007). Ambient particle source apportionment and daily hospital admissions among children and elderly in C openhagen. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 17: 625-636.

093201

Batalha JR; Saldiva P H; Clarke RW; Coull BA; Stearns RC; Lawrence J; Murthy GG; Koutrakis P; Godleski JJ (2002). Concentrated ambient air particles induce vasoconstriction of small pulmonary arteries in rats. Environ Health Perspect, 110: 1191-1197. 088109

Becker S; Mundandhara S; Devlin RB; Madden M (2005). Regulation of cytokine production in human alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells in response to ambi ent air pollution particles: further mechanistic studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 207: 269-275. 088590

Bell ML; Ebisu K; Peng RD; Dominici F (2009). Adverse health effects of particulate air pollution: modification by air conditioning. Epidemiology, 20: 682-686. 191007

Cakmak S; Dales RE; Vida CB (2009). Components of particulat e air pollution and mortality in Chile. Int J Occup Environ Health, 15: 152-158. 191995

Clarke RW; Coull B; Reinisch U; Catalano P; Killingsworth CR; Koutrakis P; Kavouras I; Murthy GGK; Lawrence J; Lovett E; Wolfson JM; Verrier RL; Godles ki JJ (2000). Inhaled concentrated am bient particles are associated with hematologic and bronchoalveolar lavage changes in canines. Environ Health Perspect, 108: 1179-1187. 013252

Duvall RM; Norris GA; Dailey LA; Burke JM; McGee JK; Gilmour MI; Gordon T; Devlin RB (2008). Source apportionment of particulate matter in the US and associa tions with lung inflammatory markers. Inhal Toxicol, 20:

671-683. 097969

Franklin M; Koutrakis P; Schwartz J (2008). The role of particle composition on the association between PM2.5 and mortality. Epidemiology, 19: 680-689. 097426

Gent JF; Koutrakis P; Belanger K; Triche E; Holford TR; Bracken MB; Leaderer BP (2009) . Symptoms and medication use

in children with asthma and traffic-related sources of fi ne particle pollution. Environ Health Perspect, 117: 1168-

1174. 180399

Godleski JJ; Clarke RW; Coull BA; Saldiva PHN; Jiang NF; Lawrence J; Koutrakis P (2002). Composition of inhaled urban air particles determines acute pulm onary responses. Ann Occup Hyg, 46: 419-424. 156478

Gong H Jr; Linn WS; Clark KW; Anderson KR; Geller MD; Siout as C (2005). Respiratory responses to exposures with fine particulates and nitrogen dioxide in the elderl y with and without COPD. Inhal Toxicol, 17: 123-132. 087921

Gong H Jr; Linn WS; Sioutas C; Terrell SL; Clark KW; Anders on KR; Terrell LL (2003). Controlled exposures of healthy
and asthmatic volunteers to concentrated ambient fine particles in Los Angeles. Inhal Toxicol, 15: 305-325. 042106

Gurgueira SA; Lawrence J; Coull B; Murthy GGK; Gonzal ez-Flecha B (2002). Rapid incr eases in the steady-state concentration of reactive oxygen species in the lungs and heart after particulate air pollution inhalation. Environ Health Perspect, 110: 749-755. 036535

Huang Y-CT; Ghio AJ; Stonehuerner J; McGee J; Carter JD; Grambow SC; Devlin RB (2003). The role of soluble components in ambient fine particles-induced changes in human lungs and blood. Inhal Toxicol, 15: 327-342.

087377

Ito K; Christensen WF; Eatough DJ; Henry RC; Kim E; Laden F; Lall R; Larson TV; Neas L; Hopke PK; Thurston GD (2006). PM source apportionment and health effects: 2 An investigation of intermethod variability in associations between source-apportioned fine particle mass and daily mortality in Washington, DC. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 16: 300-310. 088391

Note: Hyperlinks to the reference citations throughout this doc ument will take you to the NCEA HERO database (Health and Environmental Research Online) at http://epa.gov/hero . HERO is a database of scientific literature used by U.S. EPA in the process of developing science assessments such as the Integrated Science Assessments (ISA) and the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

.



### December 2009 F-11

### Kodavanti UP; Schladweiler MC; Ledbetter AD; McGee JK; Walsh L; Gilmour PS; Highfill JW; Davies D; Pinkerton KE; Richards JH; Crissman K; Andrews D; Costa DL (2005) . Consistent pulmonary and systemic responses from inhalation of fine concentrated ambient particles: roles of rat strains used and physic ochemical properties. Environ Health Perspect, 113: 1561-1568. 087946

Laden F; Neas LM; Dockery DW; Schwartz J (2000). Associati on of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six US cities. Environ Health Perspect, 108: 941-947. 012102

Lanki T; De Hartog JJ; Heinrich J; Hoek G; Janssen NAH; Peters A; Stolzel M; Timonen KL; Vallius M; Vanninen E; Pekkanen J (2006). Can we identify sources of fine particles responsible for exercise-induced ischemia on days with elevated air pollution? The ULTRA st udy. Environ Health Perspect, 114: 655-660. 088412

Lippmann M; Hwang J; Maclejczyk P; Chen L (2005). PM s ource apportionment for short-term cardiac function changes in ApoE-/- mice. Environ Health Perspect, 113: 1575-1579. 087453

Lippmann M; Ito K; Hwang JS; Maciejczyk P; Chen LC (2006). Ca rdiovascular effects of nickel in ambient air. Environ Health Perspect, 114: 1662-1669. 091165

Maciejczyk P; Chen LC (2005). Effects of subchronic exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) in mice: VIII source-related daily variations in in vitro responses to CAPs. Inhal Toxicol, 17: 243-253. 087456

Mar TF; Ito K; Koenig JQ; Larson TV; Eatough DJ; Henry RC; Kim E; Laden F; Lall R; Neas L; Stolzel M; Paatero P; Hopke PK; Thurston GD (2006). PM sour ce apportionment and health effects: 3 Investigation of inter-method

variations in associations between estimated source cont ributions of PM25 and daily mortality in Phoenix, AZ. J Expo Sci Environ Epid emiol, 16: 311-320. 086143

Mar TF; Norris GA; Koenig JQ; Larson TV (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995- 1997. Environ Health Perspect, 108: 347-353. 001760

Nikolov MC; Coull BA; Catalano PJ; Diaz E; Godleski JJ (2008). Statistical methods to evaluate health effects associated with major sources of air pollution: a case-study of breat hing patterns during exposure to concentrated Boston air particles. J Roy Stat Soc C Appl Stat, 57: 357-378. 156808

Ostro B; Feng W-Y; Broadwin R; Green S; Lipsett M (2007). Th e effects of components of fine particulate air pollution on mortality in California: results from CALF INE. Environ Health Perspect, 115: 13-19. 091354

Ostro B; Roth L; Malig B; Marty M (2009). The effects of fi ne particle components on respiratory hospital admissions in children. Environ Health Perspect, 117: 475–480. 191971

Peng R; Bell M; Geyh A; McDermott A; Zeger S; Samet J; Dominici F (2009). Emergency admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Environ Health Perspect, 117:
957-963. 191998

Penttinen P; Vallius M; Tiittanen P; Ruuskanen J; Pekkanen J (2006). Source-specific fine particles in urban air and respiratory function among adult asth matics. Inhal Toxicol, 18: 191-198. 087988

Rhoden CR; Lawrence J; Godleski JJ; Gonzalez-Flecha B (2004) . N-acetylcysteine prevents lung inflammation after shortterm inhalation exposure to concentrated ambient particles. Toxicol Sci, 79: 296-303. 087969

Riediker M; Devlin RB; Griggs TR; Herbst MC; Bromberg PA; Williams RW; Cascio WE (2004). Cardiovascular effects in patrol officers are associated with fine particulate matter from brake wear and engine emissions. Part Fibre Toxicol,

1: 2. 091261

Saldiva PHN; Clarke RW; Coull BA; Stearns RC; Lawrence J; Krishna-Murthy GG; Diaz E; Koutrakis P; Suh H; Tsuda A; Godleski JJ (2002). Lung inflammation induced by concentr ated ambient air particles is related to particle composition. Am J Respir Cr it Care Med, 165: 1610-1617. 025988

Sarnat JA; Marmur A; Klein M; Kim E; Russell AG; Sarnat SE; Mulholland JA; Hopke PK; Tolbert PE (2008). Fine particle sources and cardiorespiratory morbidity: An appl ication of chemical mass balance and factor analytical source-apportionment methods. Envir on Health Perspect, 116: 459-466. 097972

Schreuder AB; Larson TV; Sheppard L; Claiborn CS (2006). Ambient woodsmoke and associated respiratory emergency department visits in Spokane, Washington. Int J Occup Environ Health, 12: 147-153. 097959

Schwartz J (2003). Daily deaths associated with air pollution in six US cities a nd short-term mortality displacement in

Boston. 042811

December 2009 F-12

### December 2009 F-13 Seagrave JC; McDonald JD; Bedrick E; Edgerton ES; Gigliotti AP; Jansen JJ; Ke L; Naeher LP; Seilkop SK; Zheng M; Mauderley JL (2006). Lung toxicity of ambient particulate matter from southeastern US sites with different contributing sources: relationships between composition and effects. Environ Health Perspect, 114: 1387-93.

091291

Tsai FC; Apte MG; Daisey JM (2000). An exploratory analys is of the relationship between mortality and the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter. Inhal Toxicol, 12: 121-135. 006251

Urch B; Brook JR; Wasserstein D; Brook RD; Rajagopalan S; Corey P; Silverman F (2004). Relative contributions of
PM2.5 chemical constituents to acute arterial vaso constriction in humans. I nhal Toxicol, 16: 345-352. 055629

Veranth JM; Moss TA; Chow JC; Labban R; Nichols WK; Walton JC; Walton JG; Yost GS (2006). Correlation of in vitro cytokine responses with the chemical composition of soil-d erived particulate matter. Environ Health Perspect, 114:

341-349. 087479

Wellenius GA; Coull BA; Godleski JJ; Koutrakis P; Okabe K; Savage ST (2003). Inhalation of concentrated ambient air particles exacerbates myocardial ischemia in cons cious dogs. Environ Health Perspect, 111: 402-408. 055691

Yue W; Schneider A; Stolzel M; Ruckerl R; Cyrys J; Pan X; Zareba W; Koenig W; Wichmann HE; Peters A (2007). Ambient source-specific particles are associated with prol onged repolarization and increased levels of inflammation in male coronary artery disease patients. Mutat Res Fund Mol Mech Mutagen, 621: 50-60. 097968

Zhang Y; Schauer JJ; Shafer MM; Hannigan MP; Dutton SJ (2008). Source apportionment of in vitro reactive oxygen species bioassay activity from atmospheric particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol, 42: 7502-7509. 192008