Survey staff in the NPS Washington Office before
beginning work on a nomination. NHL Survey staff
members will examine the survey record to determine if the
site in question has already been studied and reviewed by
the Advisory Board. Survey staff may also provide
technical assistance to those preparing nominations.

Criteria of Significance:

Preparation of NHL nominations largely follows proce-
dures set forth in National Register Bulletin 16, Guidelines
for Completing National Register of Historic Places
Forms. NHL nominations, however, must address more
rigorous criteria for the designation (36 CFR Part 65.4).
Unlike the National Register, which uses four criteria of
significance, potential NHL properties are evaluated
according to six criteria of national significance. Properties
eligible for NHL status are those:

(1) that are associated with events that have made a
significant contribution to, and are identified with, or
that outstandingly represent, the broad national
Patterns of United States history and from which an
understanding and appreciation of those pattems may
be gained; or

(2) that are associated importantly with the lives of
persons nationally significant in the history of the
United States; or

(3) that represent some great idea or ideal of the
American people; or

(4) that embody the distinguishing characteristics of
an architectural type specimen exceptionally valuable
for a study of a period, style or method of construc-
tion, or that represent a significant, distinctive and
exceptional entity whose components may lack
individual distinction; or

(5) that are composed of integral parts of the
environment not sufficiently significant by reason of
historical association or artistic merit to warrant
individual recognition but collectively compose an
entity of exceptionally historical or artistic sig-
nificance, or outstandingly commemorate or illustrate
a way of life or culture; or

(6) that have yielded or may be likely to yield
information of major scientific importance
revealing new cullures, or by shedding light_upon
Periods of occupation over large areas of the United
States. Such sites are those which have yielded, or
which may reasonably be expected to yield data
affecting theories, concepts and ideas to a major
degree. (emphasis added)

‘The specific criterion addressed should be cited in the
statement of significance on the nomination form. Unlike
other NHL nominations, archeological candidates must
always address Criterion 6 In addition to others cited.

Nuestra Senora de Pilar los Adaes NHL, LA, (NHL
criterion 1). The administrative capital of the Spanish
Province of Texas between 1751 and 1770, this presidio
played a major role in maintaining the balance of power
between Spain and France during the 18th century.

Application of Criterion 6 is at once the most critical and
the most challenging component of an archeological NHL
nomination. Nominations made under Criterion 6 must
address two questions:

1. What information is the site likely to yield?
2. Is the information nationally important?

Answers to both questions must be well documented and
logically organized. In order to establish the national
significance of an archeological resource, preparers must
show how the data make a major contribution to the
existing corpus of information. This standard requires that
potentially recoverable data are likely to revolutionize or
substantially modify a major prehistoric or historic concept,
Tesolve a substantial historical or anthropological debate, or
close a serious gap in a major theme of United States
prehistory or history.

Puukohola Heiau NHL, HI (NHL criterion 4). "Temple
of the Hill of the Whale" is one of Hawaii’s most famous

temple sites. The site was built or rebuilt by
Kamehameha the Great in 1791. From this site
Kamehameha extended his authority over the Hawaiian
Islands and founded the Hawalian kingdom.



The magnitude of the threat confronting our nation’s most
significant archeological resources is reflected in the latest
Teport_on threatened and damaged NHLs. Although
archeological NHLs make up only 10 percent of all NHL
Properties, nearly 33 percent of the 79 most endangered
NHLs are primarily recognized for their archeological
resources, Thus, archeological resources are not only
underrepresented in NHL listings, they are also among the
most threatened of NHL resources.

NHL designation provides nationally significant archeo-
logical resources with preservation protections in accord-
ance with Section 106 and Section 110(f) of the National
Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Section 8 of the
National Park System General Authorities Act of 1970, and
Section 9 of the Mining in the National Parks Act of 1976.

Archeological NHLs on Federal lands are further protected
by the Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1979.

Registration, legislative remedies, and legal protections
alone cannot preserve our nation’s threatened archeological
heritage. Public awareness is an important part of
Protection. Public involvement can be increased by
education programs, publicity and promotion campaigns,
and other outreach activities. Public awareness can
discourage the looting and vandalism of archeological sites,
increase support for stronger protective legislation, and
encourage provision of greater amounts of public and
Private funding. Preserving archeological Properties
through the NHL Program in these comprehensive ways
insures they will continue to exist for the “inspiration and
benefit of the people of the United States."

Suggested Reading

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation,
1984

History Division, National Park Service.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as Amended. 2nd Edition. Washington, DC.

History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the National Historic Landmarks Program.

1987a
Washington, DC.
19876 Catalog of National Historic Landmarks. Washington, DC.
Levy, Ben
1988 “Historians in the NHL Program.” CRM Bulletin 11(1):15-16.

National Park Service

“National Historic Landmarks Program.” Federal Register: Notices, 48(23):4652-4661.
Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines.” Federal

National Register Bulletin 16.

ed National Historic Landmarks. Preservation Assistance

Interagency Resources Division,

1983a

1983b “Archeology and Historic Preservation:
Register: Notices, 48(190):44716-44740,

1986 "Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Forms.”
Interagency Resources Division, Washington, DC.

1987a Section 8 Report on Threatened and Damag:
Division, Washington, DC.

1987b Systemwide Cultural Resources Summary and Action Program (RSAP).
Washington, DC.

1988

Act." Federal Register:

Waldbauer, Richard C.
1987

Weber, Sandra S.
1988

Technical Briefs are designed and

“Guidelines for Federal Agency Responsibilities, Under Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation
Notices, 53(31):4727-4746,

“Archeological Resources in the NHL Program.” CRM Bulletin, 10(6): 6.

"Systemwide Cultural Resources Summary and Action Program." CRM Bulletin, 11(2):3-5.

Produced by the Departmental Consulting Archeologist and the Archeological

Assistance Division of the National Park Service. The editors are Francis P. McMunamon and Richard C. Waldbauer.

‘The graphic designer is Jullette G. Tahar. Submit comments,

topics for future briefs, and requests for copies to: U.S.

Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Archeological Assistance Division, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC

20013-7127.



+ State Archeological Societies: Organized in every State
and in most territories, State archeological societies draw
their membership from the professional and avocational
archeological communities.

+ Advocacy Groups: Regional, State and local historical
societies, environmental groups, and other organizations
can play a major role in identifying potential NHLs.

+ Individuals: Individual professional and avocational
archeologists, as well as any other private party, can also
participate in identifying properties of potential national
significance.

NHL Designation--the Process

Preparing the Nomination:

Once identified, NHL candidates enter the nomination
phase. All nominations are prepared on standard National
Register forms; there is no special NHL nomination form.
Although anyone can prepare an archeological NHL
nomination, it is recommended that individuals preparing
the forms meet the Secretary of the Interior's Professional
Qualification Standards for Archeology. Fully set forth in
the Secretary of the Interior’ s Standards and Guidelines for
Archeology and Historic Preservation, they include: (1) a
graduate degree in a relevant discipline, (2) one year of
full-time professional experience or its equivalent, (3) four
months supervised field and analytic experience, and (4)
demonstrated ability to carry research to completion. At
least one year of experience at the supervisory level is also
required in the study of prehistoric or historic archeological
resources.

Prospective preparers should contact the nearest NPS
Regional Office at the earliest stage of work in order to
receive guidance and technical assistance in preparing the
draft nomination. Requests for technical assistance should
be addressed to the NHL Coordinator, National Park
Service, in the appropriate region. These are:

Malling Address

Mid-Atlantic Regional Office CT, DC, DE, IN, MA, ME,
Preservation Planning Branch MD, Ml, NH, NJ, NY, OH,
143 South Third Street PA, RL VA, VT, WV
Philadelphia, PA 19106

(215) 597-1090

Service Area

Southeast Regional Office
National Register Program
Division.
75 Spring Street, S.W.
Atlanta, GA. 30303
(404) 331-2643

AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA,
MS, NC, SC, TN, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands

Rocky Mountain Regional CO, IA, IL, KS, MN, MO,
Office MT, NM, ND, NE, OK,
Cultural Resources Division SD, TX, UT, WI, WY
P.O. Box 25287
Denver, CO 80225
(303) 236-2875

Western Regional Office
National Register Program
Division

AZ, CA, HI, ID, NV, OR,
WA, American Samoa,
Guam, Commonwealth of

P.O. Box 36062 the Norther Marianas,
San Francisco, CA 94102 Republic of Palau,

(415) 556-0302 Federated States of
Micronesia, Republic of the
Marshall Islands
Alaska Regional Office AK
Cultural Resources Division
2525 Gambell Street

Anchorage, AK 99503
(907) 271-2641

Initial drafts of NHL nomination studies should be
submitted no later than 120 days prior to National Park
System Advisory Board meetings at which they are to be
considered. Following consultation with the appropriate
NHL Coordinator in the NPS Regional Office, preparers
will be advised about additional consultation with NHL

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Franklin Court, Independence National Historical Park,
PA. Many nationally significant archeological sites and
districts within the National Park Service system are
NHLs. One that is not is Franklin Court, the site of
Benjamin Franklin’s residence in Philadelphia, though it
may be eligible under criterion 2. The painted steel frame
in the foreground is the site of his "good house,”
demolished in 1812. Concrete-covered viewing ports
allow visitors to see surviving portions of the foundation.



Nauvoo Historic District NHL, I. (NHL criterion 3).
Established by Mormon leader Joseph Smith in 1839,
Nauvoo was occupied by Icarians, another religious
denomination, after the Mormons left. The site is
significant as a locale associated with major 19th century
revitalization religious movements.

Integrity:

Both the National Register and the NHL Survey require
site integrity. NHL candidates, however, must possess a
substantially higher degree of integrity than that required
for Nationab Register designation. This higher measure of
integrity may include, but is not limited to, unusually intact
or undisturbed deposits or features and archeological
resources exhibiting a demonstrably high degree of
preservation.

The extent of the differences in this standard of integrity is
illustrated in Exception (3) of the NHL criteria. A property
may be eligible for designation if, according to Exception
(3), there are archeological resources related to "a building
or structure no longer standing [and] the person or event
associated with it is of transcendent importance in the
nation’s history and the associations consequential” (36
CFR Part 65.4[b][3])).

Themes, Subthemes, and Facets:

NHL nominations must cite relevant themes, subthemes,
and facets. The NHL Survey utilizes a thematic framework
to classify cultural resources. This framework classifies
the nation’s history and prehistory into 34 themes. Each of
these, in tum, is divided into subthemes and facets
expressing more precise topical and chronological
categories. The "Cultural Developments: Indigenous
American Populations” theme, for example, consists of the
following subthemes:

A. The Earliest Inhabitants

B. Post-Archaic and Pre-Contact Developments

C. Prehistoric Archeology: Topical Facets

D. Ethnohistory of indigenous American Populations

Each subtheme is divided into a number of facets. Those
associated with “The Earliest Inhabitants” subtheme, for
example, include "Early Peopling of the New World,”
“Archaic Adaptations of the Caribbean,” and "Domesti-
cation of the Dog." A listing of these may be found in the
publication, History and Prehistory in the National Park
System and the National Historic Landmarks Program (for
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402: Order
Number 024-0050121-1, $3.75).

Nomination Review:

Archeological nomination forms are sent to the appropriate
NPS Regional Office for initial review and approval.
Approved nominations are then sent to the Chief Historian,
History Division, Washington Office (WASO), NPS.
Those passing review are then presented by the Chief
Historian to an ad hoc review panel of professionals from
relevant disciplines. Nominations may be referred back for
revision at any stage of this process. Nominations
supported by the ad hoc panel are reviewed by the
Associate Director, Cultural Resources, WASO, for final
approval. The study becomes a formal NHL nomination of
the NPS upon approval by the Associate Director.

The National Park System Advisory Board ordinarily
reviews NHL nominations and makes recommendations for
designation to the Secretary of the Interior. Nominations
are presented by NPS twice a year to the Advisory Board.
In accordance with law and NHL regulations, public notice
of Advisory Board review of NHL nomination studies must
be made at least 60 days prior to each Board meeting.
National Park Service administrative requirements make it
necessary for nominations to be complete in all respects no
later than 90 days before the Advisory Board meets.

At its meetings, the Advisory Board weighs the advice of
the NPS and considers the findings of the ad hoc panel.
Following this, the Advisory Board makes its recommenda-
tion to the Secretary of the Interior. Properties are
designated as NHLs when approved by the Secretary. If

Nauvoo Temple Sunstone. One of last two surviving
sunstones, once located at the tops of the columns on the
Nauvoo Temple.



ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Technical Brief No. 3, December 1988

ARCHEOLOGY IN THE NATIONAL
HISTORIC LANDMARKS PROGRAM

By Robert S. Grumet
Archeologist, Mid-Atlantic Regional Office
National Park Service

The National Park Service 's National Historic Landmarks
(NHL) Program plays a major role in preserving
America's nationally significant cultural resources.
National Historic Landmark designation increases public
awareness of archeology by highlighting the importance of
our most significant prehistoric and historic archeological
resources. By disseminating information on threats to
archeological NHLs, the Program draws attention to the
worst problems confronting our finest sites. By sponsoring
study of nationally significant archeological resources, the
NHL Program helps us to better understand our past. And
by increasing the nwnber of archeological NHLs, the
Program publicizes the benefits and limitations of current
laws and statutes meant to protect our archeological
heritage.

Following the introduction, this publication explains what
the NHL Program is; describes the process by which NHLs
are identified, nominated, and designated; defines the
major issues involving NHL prehistoric and historic
archeological resources, and shows how the NHL Program
can help to meet the challenge confronting our national
archeological heritage .

INTRODUCTION
What Are Archeological Resources?

Archeological resources are the material remains of human
life or activities that are capable of providing scientific or
humanistic understandings of past human behavior, cultural
adaptation, and related topics.  Archeologists apply
scientific or scholarly techniques such as controlled
observation, contextual measurement, controlled collection,
analysis, interpretation, and explanation to collect and
analyze those resources. Material remains of particular
interest to archeologists include physical evidence of
human habitation, occupation, use, or activity within sites,
locations, or contexts.

Because of their nature, archeological resources are
particularly vulnerable to three types of destruction. They
are: (1) severe physical deterioration in the form of erosion
and other natural processes, (2) inappropriate construction,
alteration, or demolition caused by project designs that do

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

not fully consider impacts upon archeological resources,
and (3) looting and vandalism.

The Special Characteristics of
Archeological Resources

Archeological monuments, ruins, and objects were among
the first cultural resources to be recognized and protected
under Federal law. Public concern about threats to
Prehistoric ruins on Federal land in the Southwest rallied
political support for the protective Antiquities Act of 1906.
Indeed, it has generally been relatively easy to identify,
evaluate, and designate such spectacular sites as the pueblo
tuins in New Mexico's Chaco Culture National Historical
Park and the mound complexes at Cahokia, Ilinois, or
Moundville, Alabama.

Most archeological resources, however, are far less
conspicuous. Many deposits are deeply buried. Others are
little more than stained soil or a scattering of broken rock.
Once found, it is frequently difficult to determine the
original form or function of an archeological resource.

Archeological resources are not only elusive, they are also
among our nation’s most numerous class of cultural
resources. Two basic facts account for this situation. First,
people have been living in North America for at least
12,000 years. During that time they have left numerous
remains. Second, most things built by the earliest
European settlers (and many built by their descendants),
have left little more than archeological evidence of their
existence.

Tens of thousands of sites have been found since
Europeans first came to American shores. Many hundreds
have been scientifically studied since Thomas Jefferson
conducted the first modern systematic excavation of an
Indian mound in Virginia in 1792. Untold thousands of
sites, known and unknown, have been destroyed. Most
archeologists agree, however, that other thousands await
discovery and scientific study.

Once found, archeological deposits must be carefully
examined and meticulously recorded. As already
mentioned, their form, content, and function may be



ot ee a)

Pecos Pueblo NHL, NM (NHL criterion 6). Pecos was
an important Pueblo community strategically located
along trade routes connecting the Great Plains with the
Rio Grande Valley. A series of Spanish Missions
occupied the site between the early 1600s and the time of
the site’s final abandonment in 1838. Today, Pecos
Pueblo is part of the National Park System and known as
Pecos National Monument .

not already listed, newly designated NHLs are also
automatically placed in the National Register.

MAJOR ISSUES INVOLVING NATIONAL
HISTORIC LANDMARK ARCHEOLOGICAL
RESOURCES

The Need to Reach Representative Levels in the
Overall Number of Archeological NHLs

Only about 180, approximatively ten percent of all NHLs
nationwide, have been recognized based upon their
archeological significance. Archeologists agree that there
are large numbers of presently unrecognized nationally
significant archeological resources worthy of NHL
designation. If we are to bring the number of archeological
NHLs up to representative levels, we must intensively
examine those kinds of properties as well as identify new
ones. The extent of this need can be seen in a recent study
conducted by the ten NPS regional offices of cultural
resources in the National Park System. Approximately
36,700 archeological sites were identified in a 20 percent
sample of NPS park lands. Of these, 38 percent, or 13,946
sites, have been identified as possessing potential national
significance or being likely to contribute to the national
significance of areas or districts in which they are located
(NPS 1987b).

The Need to Recognize the Full Range of Nationally

Significant Archeological Resources Associated With

or Located Within the Boundaries of Existing NHL
Properties

Archeological resources are associated with virtually every
NHL. As noted above, the presence of many of these

resources is not easily recognized. Standing structures
designated as NHLs frequently have not had their
archeological components identified or evaluated, Many
subthemes and facets in the NHL thematic framework (see
above), moreover, are entirely absent or seriously
underrepresented. In order to more fully understand and
Preserve our archeological heritage, these gaps must be
filled by identifying unrepresented and underrepresented
archeological themes and designating properties associated
with them.

Existing NHL procedures should more effectively be used
to identify and evaluate larger numbers of archeological
Tesources of all types associated with or located within the
boundaries of existing NHLs.

Destroyed or irrevocably altered buildings considered for
NHL de-designation pose a special challenge. Special
NHL criteria considerations outlined above are used to
assess archeological remains of destroyed buildings or
associated archeological features. This is done because the
definition of their integrity must differ from that used for
intact buildings. These criteria for archeological resources
should be evaluated when the NHL designation of standing
structures judged to have lost their integrity is considered
for removal. Loss of integrity of above-ground resources
might not affect the integrity of significant archeological
Tesources. Although this varies from case to case, loss of
structural integrity of above-ground resources can result in
increased emphasis on the significance of remaining
archeological resources by providing new information in
the form of undiscovered features or deposits.

NHL PROGRAM AND ARCHEOLOGICAL
PRESERVATION: FACING THE CHALLENGE

Improving Representation

It was noted above that only 10 percent of the more than
1,840 NHLs are recognized for their archeological
significance. Many more must be identified, evaluated,
and designated if we are to preserve our nation's most
significant prehistoric and historic archeological resources.

NHL surveys, studies, nominations, and boundary and
condition assessments are powerful preservation tools for
archeological resources. Planning is the necessary first
step in this process, Comprehensive planning in the NHL
Program is centered around the thematic framework
organizing information about cultural resources by theme,
subtheme, and facet. Once established, thematic contexts
provide the framework of site significance which is the
basis for the systematic identification, evaluation,
registration, and preservation of prehistoric and historic
archeological resources. Together, these _ planning
Processes help identify preservation goals and objectives,
set preservation priorities, and guide all other decisions
involving the effective management of our nation’s most
significant archeological resources.



Moccasin Bend Archeological District NHL, TN, (NHL.
criterion 5). Archeological resources located within this
district possess national significance under the "Original
Inhabitants" and "Major American Wars" themes.
Moccasin Bend contains the best preserved and most
diverse assemblage of prehistoric archeological resources
in the Tennessee River Valley. It also contains sites
associated with early Spanish exploration and is the
locale of several sites associated with Civil War military
operations in and around the strategic town of
Chattanooga.

difficult. to interpret. Precise determinations of site
boundaries, artifact type and style, feature function, and
site condition almost always require extensive testing and
verification. Historic archeological resources, such as
building foundations or associated features of standing
structures such as cisterns, mill races, or garden paths,
moreover, are not always recognized or adequately treated.
Methods used by archeologists to collect and analyze data
further contribute to the special status of archeological
resources. In order to accurately analyze archeological
data, archeologists must carefully record the positions of all
artifacts and deposits encountered during excavations. This
physical relationship between excavated materials and their
exact location is called “archeological context." Artifacts
and other deposits located within their archeological
context are said to have “integrity.” Integrity is lost when
archeological resources are disturbed or removed without
careful context documentation.

Excavation is the primary method archeologists use to
recover information. Although some excavations only
uncover, sample, and re-bury archeological deposits, all
excavations permanently alter the context of archeological
resources to some degree. This places archeologists in a
unique position--the excavations necessary to recover
archeological resources always affect the data they collect.

Archeologists have responded to this paradox by working
to preserve archeological resources in place whenever
possible. When excavation is necessary, extraordinarily
rigorous methods are used to recover, record, and analyze
data within the context of their discovery. In order to
Preserve as much of the context as possible, archeologists
generally strive to collect relatively small samples from
sites that can be preserved. Total recovery of archeological

Tesources from a locale usually occurs only when all other
alternatives for preservation are exhausted.

Such practices preserve the all-important contextual record
and permit future study. This is important because
archeological resources are significant not just for what
they have already revealed, but for what they can tell us
about past lifeways at some later date when more
sophisticated techniques and analytic methods are
available. By preserving archeological resources in place
and keeping careful records of what has been recovered,
archeologists work to assure that our past indeed has a
future.

This combination of factors presents a considerable
challenge to those identifying and designating nationally
significant archeological resources as NHLs. They also
explain why archeological resources are susceptible to
many threats. Through its use as a planning tool, through
identification of potential NHLs, and by evaluating threats
to existing ones, the NHL Program can provide an extra
degree of protection to nationally significant archeological
Tesources. NHL designation heightens awareness of
archeology nationwide through attracting publicity to sites.
In these ways, the NHL Program can help meet the
challenge faced by America’s threatened archeological
resources (36 CFR 65.2).

THE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS
PROGRAM

What Are National Historic Landmarks?

National Historic Landmarks are historic and archeological
Properties found to be nationally significant and designated
as Landmarks by the Secretary of the Interior. They are
acknowledged as our Nation’s most important historic and
archeological resources. They consist of buildings,
structures, districts, objects, and sites commemorating
historical events and cultural pattems that changed the
course of history. They illustrate architectural, artistic,
humanistic, social, political, educational, and cultural
achievements. They include primary sites associated with
Native American and ethnographic history.

Role and Function of the NHL Program

What the Program Is:

‘The National Park Service conducts the National Historic
Landmarks Program to identify, designate, and encourage
Protection of buildings, structures, sites, and objects of
national significance. Its mission is to preserve “historic
sites, buildings, and objects of national significance for the
inspiration and benefit of the people of the United States”
(Historic Sites Act of 1935).

What it Does:

NHL designation by the Secretary of the Interior aids
planning by government agencies, private organizations,
and individuals by identifying properties of national



significance. Designation is also one of the major tools for
scrutinizing areas proposed for addition to the National
Park System and for nomination to the. World Heritage
List. An example is Cahokia Mounds, which is an
archeological NHL that has been designated a World
Heritage site,

‘There are several other parts of the NHL Program managed
by the National Park Service besides designation of
Properties as NHLs. For example, the condition of
threatened and endangered NHLs is monitored through
Periodic inspections, and an annual report to Congress is
compiled by the Preservation Assistance Division. The
division encourages protection of endangered NHLs
through improving public awareness about the threats.
“Landmarks at Risk" bulletins detail the threats to specific
NHLs as well as precisely what can be done to remedy
those conditions.

Enabling Legislation:

A substantial body of Federal legislation has been enacted
over the last eighty years to preserve and protect America’s
cultural resources. Major milestones in this legislative
history and the development of the NHL Program within
these laws are summarized below.

The National Historic Landmarks Survey

Identification and evaluation of potential NHL properties
are coordinated through the National Historic Landmarks
Survey. The History Division administers the NHL
Survey. Several methods may be used to determine NHL
candidacy. History Division historians ordinarily identify
potential NHLs in theme studies based upon the NHL
outline of U.S. history and archeology. Individual site
studies can be undertaken by other bureau professionals,
Professionals in other Federal agencies, State Historic

Preservation Officers, and others, Whatever their source,
all studies must be reviewed in the History Division for
technical accuracy. Nominations successfully passing this
review are then considered for presentation to the National
Park System Advisory Board.

Identifying Potential NHLs:

Any public agency and all private groups and individuals
can recommend potential NHLs. These include, but are not
limited to:

+ Federal Agencies: Many Federai agencies actively work
to preserve and protect archeological resources. Among
these are the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land
Management, the Department of Agriculture's Forest
Service, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Archeologists and others employed by these and other
Federal agencies play a major role in identifying
archeological resources of potential national significance.

The States: State Historic Preservation Officers
(SHPOs), play a major role in identifying potential
archeological NHLs. Several states have increased the
effectiveness of their participation in this process by
incorporating NHL identification into their statewide
comprehensive plans by reviewing potential NHLs within
their borders, and by initiating State NHL nomination
Programs.

Professional Organizations: Professional archeological
organizations can play a major role in identifying
potential archeological NHLs. The NHL Committee of
the Society for American Archaeology, the largest
organization representing American archeologists, has
Participated in the NHL Program by reviewing some
NHL nominations through a Memorandum of Under-
standing with the National Park Service.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK PROGRAM

Historie Sites Act of 1935 (Pub. L. 74-292; 49 Stat. 666;
16 U.S.C. 461 et seq): The first Federal law to establish
historic preservation as a policy of the Federal government.
To implement this policy, the Act established a survey of
historic and archeological sites, buildings, and objects.
Provisions in the Act authorized a register of nationally
significant properties and provided for use of this list to
identify properties for entry into the National Park System.
4 gave the Secretary of the Interior general authority to
take steps to preserve NHLs, through National Park
Service management, if necessary. Regulations for the
NHL Program are contained in 36 CFR 65.

National Historie Preservation Act of 1966, as am-
mended (Pub. L. 89-665, Pub. L. 96-515; 80 Stat. 915;
16 U.S.C. 470 et seq): This Act expanded the register
authorized in the Historic Sites Act of 1935 to include
Properties of State and local significance. Renamed the
National Register of Historic Places, it includes NHLs.

The act provides specific protections for NHLs under
Section 110(f). Regulations which implement this
provision are contained in 36 CFR Part 800.10.

General Authorities Act of 1970 (90 Stat. 40; 16 U.S.C.
1-5): This Act directs the Secretary of the Interior to
Prepare an annual report to Congress (known as the
Section 8 Report) identifying NHLs exhibiting known or
Potential damage or threats to the integrity of their
resources. The Act further authorizes National Park
Service studies of NHLs for possible recommendation to
‘Congress for inclusion in the National Park System.

Mining in the National Parks Act of 1976 (90 Stat.
1342; 16 U.S.C. 1980): Section 9 of this Act directs the
Secretary of the Interior to request advice from the
Advisory Council for Historic Preservation to protect
NHLs threatened with destruction by surface mining

activities.