In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-21-00107-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF S.P., A CHILD

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2

Gregg County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2020-1949-CCL2

Before Morriss, C.J., Stevens and Carter,* JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss

____________________________________

*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
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MEMORANDUM OPINION

The Department of Family and Protective Services (Department) brought a petition for 

protection of a child, for conservatorship, and for termination of Father’s parental rights1to twoyear-old S.P.2 Following a bench trial, the trial court found that termination of the parent-child 

relationship was in S.P.’s best interest, and it terminated Father’s parental rights pursuant to 

Section 161.001(b)(1), grounds (D) and (E).

3

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), 

(E) (Supp.). Father’s appeal challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence as to the 

statutory grounds for termination.4 Because we conclude that the grounds for termination are 

supported by clear and convincing evidence, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Applicable Law and Standard of Review

“The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional 

dimensions.” In re E.J.Z., 547 S.W.3d 339, 343 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, no pet.) (quoting 

Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985)). “Indeed, parents have a fundamental right to 

make decisions concerning ‘the care, custody, and control of their children.’” Id. (quoting Troxel 

v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). “Because the termination of parental rights implicates 

fundamental interests, a higher standard of proof—clear and convincing evidence—is required at 

1Mother’s rights were also terminated, but she did not appeal the trial court’s order of termination. 

2To protect the child’s privacy, we refer to appellant as Father and to the child by initials. See TEX. R. APP. P.

9.8(b)(2). 

3Father submits his challenges to the trial court’s termination order in two points of error. However, because 

Section 161.001(b)(1), grounds (D) and (E), are interrelated, we have consolidated the two points of error in our 

discussion.

4Father does not challenge the trial court’s finding that termination of his parental rights was in S.P.’s best interest. 
3

trial.” Id. (quoting In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex. 2014)). “‘Clear and convincing 

evidence’ is that ‘degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or 

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.’” Id. (quoting TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 101.007) (citing In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009)). Based on this 

standard, we are required to “engage in an exacting review of the entire record to determine if the 

evidence is . . . sufficient to support the termination of parental rights.” Id. (quoting In re A.B., 

437 S.W.3d at 500).

Yet, “[d]espite the profound constitutional interests at stake in a proceeding to terminate 

parental rights, ‘the rights of natural parents are not absolute; protection of the child is 

paramount.’” Id. at 344 (quoting In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003)). “A child’s 

emotional and physical interests must not be sacrificed merely to preserve parental rights.” Id.

(quoting In re C.A.J., 459 S.W.3d 175, 179 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.)).

“In our legal sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the findings to determine whether the fact-finder reasonably could have formed a firm belief 

or conviction that the grounds for termination were proven.” In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d 915, 920

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (citing In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) 

(per curiam); In re J.L.B., 349 S.W.3d 836, 846 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.)). “We 

assume the trial court, acting as fact-finder, resolved disputed facts in favor of the finding, if a 

reasonable fact-finder could do so, and disregarded evidence that the fact-finder could have 

reasonably disbelieved or the credibility of which reasonably could be doubted.” Id. (citing In re 

J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573). 
4

“In our review of factual sufficiency, we give due consideration to evidence the trial 

court could have reasonably found to be clear and convincing.” Id. (citing In re H.R.M., 209 

S.W.3d 105, 109 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam)). “We consider only that evidence the fact-finder 

reasonably could have found to be clear and convincing and determine ‘whether the evidence is 

such that a fact[-]finder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the

. . . allegations.’” Id. (quoting In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 109 (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 

17, 25 (Tex. 2002))) (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264, 266 (Tex. 2002)). “If, in light of 

the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could not have credited in 

favor of the finding is so significant that a fact-finder could not reasonably have formed a firm 

belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 

S.W.3d at 266). 

“Only one predicate finding under Section 161.001[b](1) is necessary to support a 

judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s best 

interest.” In re O.R.F., 417 S.W.3d 24, 37 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. denied) (quoting

In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362) (citing In re K.W., 335 S.W.3d 767, 769 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2011, no pet.)). Yet, because the trial court’s finding under grounds D and E “may have 

implications for . . . parental rights to other children,” due process demands that we review the 

trial court’s findings under these grounds. In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 234 (Tex. 2019) (per 

curiam).
5

Sufficient Evidence Supports Termination Under Grounds D and E

When the record demonstrates clear and convincing evidence that a parent has 

“knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings 

which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child,” termination is proper on 

ground D. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(D). “A child is endangered when the 

environment creates a potential for danger that the parent is aware of, but disregards.” In re 

N.B., No. 06-12-00007-CV, 2012 WL 1605457, at *9 (Tex. App.—Texarkana May 8, 2012, no 

pet.) (mem. op.). “‘Environment’ refers to the acceptability of the child’s living conditions and a 

parent’s conduct in the home.” In re D.A.B., No. 04-19-00629-CV, 2020 WL 1036433, at *3 

(Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 4, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). “[S]ubsection (D) permits

termination [of parental rights] based on a single act or omission [by the parent].” In re L.C., 

145 S.W.3d 790, 797 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.); see In re A.B., 125 S.W.3d 769, 

776 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied). “Inappropriate, abusive, or unlawful conduct by 

a parent . . . can create an environment that endangers the physical and emotional well-being of a 

child as required for termination under subsection (D).” In re R.W., 627 S.W.3d 501, 511 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2021, no pet.). “Endanger” means, for purposes of grounds D and E, “to 

expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize.” Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 

533 (Tex. 1987); see In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 923. 

Termination is permitted on ground E when there is clear and convincing evidence that 

the parent “engaged in conduct . . . which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the 

child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E). “It is not necessary that the conduct be 
6

directed at the child or that the child actually suffer injury.” L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 923. “Under 

subsection (E), it is sufficient that the child’s well-being is jeopardized or exposed to loss or 

injury.” Id. (citing Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 367). “Further, 

termination under subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act or omission. Instead, a 

“voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is required.’” Id. (quoting 

Perez v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 148 S.W.3d 427, 436 (Tex. App.—El 

Paso 2004, no pet.) (citing In re K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225, 228 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1999, no 

pet.))). Courts may further consider parental conduct that did not occur in the child’s presence, 

including conduct before the child’s birth or after the child was removed from a parent’s care.

Walker v. Tex. Dep’t Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). Because they are interrelated, we consolidate our examination of 

grounds D and E. 

Kimberly DeGrasse, an investigator with the Department, testified that she was the 

investigator assigned to S.P.’s case, which also involved two other children, Z.B. and E.P.5 

Initially, DeGrasse received a report concerning the physical abuse of E.P. after E.P. had been 

taken to the emergency room by Father. DeGrasse said that she arrived at the hospital around 

1:00 a.m., when she learned that E.P. was going to be airlifted to Children’s Hospital in Dallas. 

But before E.P. was airlifted, DeGrasse was able to take photographs of E.P., who had 

“noticeable marks and bruises to his face” and “a small bruise in the inside of his ear.” E.P. also 

had an abrasion on his left cheek, bruising on his right eye, and dried blood on his lower lip. 

5DeGrasse recalled that at the time of the investigation, Z.B. was seven years old, S.P. was eighteen months old, and 

E.P. was eight months old. This appeal involves the termination of Father’s parental rights to S.P. 
7

DeGrasse conceded that an eight-month-old child might get bruises and bumps while learning to 

walk. But she did not believe that E.P.’s injuries were caused in that manner, stating, “[T]he 

marks and bruises that I observed on his head and face were consistent with physical abuse.” 

Although DeGrasse was not able to speak to Father at the hospital, she did have the 

opportunity to speak to detectives who had spoken to Father. DeGrasse was told by detectives

that Father had been the only parent with the children the night of the incident. According to the 

detectives, Father told them “that he had tripped and fallen over a boot, and that he blacked out at 

some point and he wasn’t really sure what had happened.” The detectives also told DeGrasse 

that there had been several inconsistencies in Father’s story and that those inconsistencies caused 

her to be concerned. Yet, Father told the emergency room staff that “he had -- was falling and 

tossed [E.P.] up onto the bed, and [E.P.] -- [E.P.] must have rolled off his bed and that would be 

how he sustained the injury.”

In addition, E.P.’s mother (Mother) told DeGrasse that on her way home from eating 

dinner with a friend, she received a phone call from Father informing her that E.P. was having a 

difficult time breathing and that he could not support his head. According to DeGrasse, the 

incident resulting in E.P.’s injuries occurred around 7:30 p.m., but Father did not take E.P. to the 

hospital until around 9:30 p.m. There was also evidence that Father did not take E.P. to the 

nearest hospital. On October 26, 2020, after the decision had been made to remove him from life 

support, E.P. passed away. 

Suzanne Dakil, M.D., who is board certified in child abuse pediatrics, testified that she 

saw E.P. while he was in the pediatric intensive care unit on October 24, 2020. According to 
8

Dakil, E.P. arrived at the hospital unresponsive. Dakil immediately set out to understand the 

events leading up to E.P.’s injuries. Initially, Dakil spoke with Mother on the telephone. Mother 

explained to Dakil that Father contacted her by telephone and told her “something was wrong 

with [E.P.]” Dakil stated, “[Mother’s] understanding of what had happened was that Father had 

been carrying [E.P.] and had fallen potentially tripped over something that was on the floor and 

fallen while carrying [E.P.]; and that was the extent of what she knew.” Dakil testified that her 

initial medical assessment for E.P. “was that he had significant brain swelling and subdural 

hemorrhage associated with trauma. The severity of his trauma was not consistent with a simple 

fall, even from an adult’s height, and [she] was highly concerned for child abuse.” Dakil stated 

that, after E.P. arrived at the hospital, the hospital staff did a CT scan of his brain. Explaining 

E.P.’s injuries, Dakil stated, “He had what we would say is global cerebral edema, meaning the 

entire brain was enormously swollen, which can lead to irreversible brain damage.” According 

to Dakil, E.P. was not responsive and was not breathing on his own. She said that the ultimate 

cause of E.P.’s death was that “[t]he brain swelling ultimately resulted in his inability -- to live 

without massive amounts of support. And if I remember correctly, ultimately, he was brain

dead.” Dakil stated that what had been reported as causing E.P.’s injuries did not match the 

child’s injuries, and that based on her training and experience, his injuries were more likely to 

have been caused by “[s]evere shaking, rapid acceleration, deceleration, back and forth 

movement resulting in bleeding around the brain, bleeding in the back of the eye and swelling of 

the brain tissue.” 
9

On cross-examination, Dakil stated that E.P. could not have caused his own injuries, and,

when asked if the injuries were inflicted intentionally, she stated, “So the -- the acts that were 

done, whatever they were, would have been intentional; it wouldn’t have been accidental to 

shake the child. Whether or not the intention was to kill the child, I can’t speak to that.”

6

Dusty Seay, a physical evidence specialist with the Longview Police Department,

7

explained that it was her responsibility to go to Mother and Father’s trailer to document the scene

and to determine if the trailer was a suitable place for a child to live. Seay described the trailer 

as having a large amount of clutter. The floors, which were reinforced with what she believed to 

be plywood, “were very weak where you could feel the moisture had -- had weakened [them].” 

Seay said that she was concerned about the children falling through the floor while playing or 

jumping. She explained, “It was very weak to the point that we stepped over it rather than on it 

in that area.” 

6By the time trial commenced, Father had been indicted on criminal charges resulting from E.P.’s death. 

Consequently, he asserted his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent to most questions he was asked. Father 

refused to answer the following questions: 

(1) Did you take E.P. to the Longview Hospital on or about October 23, 2020, or on or about October 

24, 2020? 

(2) On or about October 23, 2020, what happened to E.P.?

(3) On or about October 23, 2020, were you present when E.P. suffered some type of injury that 

ultimately led to his death?

(4) On or about October 23, 2020, was there a reason why you took E.P. to Longview Regional 

Hospital instead of taking him to Good Shepherd Hospital?

(5) Were you the primary caretaker of your children on October 23, 2020?

(6) Were you in the hotel that evening?

(7) How many nights did you stay in the hotel?

(8) Were you bug bombing your residence on or about October 23, 2020?

(9) Have you ever noticed any marks or bruises on the genitals of Z.B.?

(10) Did you cause the death of E.P.? 

7At the time of trial, Seay was a sergeant in training assigned to the patrol division of the Longview Police 

Department, a SWAT team member, and an instructor for the intermediate crime scene.
10

The kitchen sink contained several filthy baby bottles, and there was what looked like a 

dead roach next to the faucet. Seay stated that there were “[r]oaches, other small insects [she 

was] not familiar with, signs of small brown and black cylindrical fecal matter of insects, and 

pupal shells from where a fly had hatched.” She continued, “There was an unusually large

number of mattresses and box springs in the living room and the back bedroom.” Because there 

were bug bombs in the trailer, Seay speculated that the mattresses were standing “up on their 

side . . . to allow bug bombs to kill the insects, maybe bedbugs.” According to Seay, the 

mattresses were filthy and had a lot of stains on them. “[The mattresses] were not fit for anyone 

to sleep on. And there were some red stains on them believed to be blood.”

8

 On crossexamination, Seay was asked if the stains on the mattresses could have been caused by “the 

dishes in the sink and the litter in the litter box,” to which she responded, “Possibly.” In Seay’s 

opinion, the home was very unsanitary, and she did not believe that it was a safe environment for 

the children.

DeGrasse was also responsible for S.P. and Z.B. while the Department looked for a 

placement home for them.9 DeGrasse described S.P.’s and Z.B.’s condition, stating, “They were 

both very dirty, had very dirty clothing on.” At one point, Z.B. “indicated” to DeGrasse that he 

needed to use the bathroom. DeGrasse had been unaware that Z.B., who was around six or seven 

years old at the time, was still wearing diapers. When Z.B. came out of the bathroom stall, 

8Seay explained that the Texas Department of Public Safety had done presumptive testing on the mattresses, and the 

results showed that the stains on the mattresses were blood. Seay conceded that she did not know how the bloody 

stains got on the mattresses, but she said the stains “were red, some of them bright red which would indicate to [her] 

they were newer.”

9At the time of the incident, the children and parents were staying at a hotel. Mother told DeGrasse that they were 

“bombing their trailer for bugs” and had rented a hotel room for the night. 
11

DeGrasse noticed that he had urinated on his pants. DeGrasse found some clean clothes for Z.B., 

but when he began to get dressed “it was apparent that . . . his diaper had not been changed in 

quite a while.” She said, “There were different degrees of dried feces on him which indicated to 

me that he had not been changed or cleaned . . . in a long time.”

She also noticed that “there were different colored markings on Z.B.’s genital area. 

There were different short strokes and then circular patterns that were not visible until his diaper 

was removed.” DeGrasse said she had never seen any other child with similar marks on his 

genitals and that she was concerned for his safety. Specifically, DeGrasse was concerned that 

Z.B. had been sexually abused. DeGrasse explained that children who have been sexually 

abused “exhibit regressive bathroom behaviors such as bedwetting, still wearing diapers, 

frequent accidents, things like that.” She recalled that, when she was changing and cleaning 

Z.B., “he cried the entire time and pulled away from [her] as if he did not want to be seen or 

touched, which is also consistent with sexual abuse.” 

Although E.P. was not the subject of the termination proceeding, there was evidence that 

S.P. had been in the hotel room at the time E.P. sustained the injuries that resulted in his death.

If S.P. actually witnessed the incident, which was, according to the evidence, an intentional act 

on the part of Father, that would have had a negative impact on S.P.’s emotional well-being. 

Likewise, Z.B. was not the subject of the termination proceeding, but there was evidence that he 

had also been subjected to physical mistreatment on an ongoing basis while living in Father’s 

home. Father’s intentional or negligent behavior of failing to care for Z.B. would likewise have 

a negative impact on S.P.’s emotional well-being, if witnessed or known about. Moreover, the 
12

Department presented evidence that related directly to S.P. DeGrasse testified that when she had 

initial contact with S.P. and Z.B., they were both very dirty and were wearing very dirty clothing. 

Notably, at the time the Department became involved with S.P., she had previously been in the 

sole care of Father. 

As previously mentioned, S.P.’s home environment was clearly substandard.

Moreover, the trial court could consider Father’s refusal to answer questions by asserting 

his Fifth Amendment privilege. “In a civil case, the fact[-]finder may draw reasonable 

inferences from a party’s assertion of the privilege against self-incrimination.” Lozano v. 

Lozano, 52 S.W.3d 141, 150 (Tex. 2001). That does not change just because there are pending 

criminal charges arising out of the same conduct. Gebhardt v. Gallardo, 891 S.W.2d 327, 330 

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1995, no writ). Consequently, the trial court was free to draw a 

negative inference from Father’s refusal to answer questions about E.P.’s death or his ability or 

inability to care for his children.

Considering the entire record, we conclude that the evidence was both legally and 

factually sufficient to support termination under grounds D and E. As a result, we overrule 

Father’s points of error.
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We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

Date Submitted: January 3, 2022

Date Decided: January 26, 2022