OSS EXHIBITION CATALOGUE

To the men and women of the Office of Strategic Services, 

who showed us the way forward.
iv

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 BREAKING NEW GROUND 4 WILLIAM J. DONOVAN Foldout DONOVAN ARTIFACTS 6 THE OSS RANK AND FILE 8 OSS PROFILES I

10 OSS TRAINING

12 OSS IN THE FIELD

14 WILLIAM E. COLBY

16 THE LIMPING LADY

18 ALLEN W. DULLES

20 OSS IN ASIA

22 MARITIME OPERATIONS

24 OSS PROFILES II

26 MORALE OPERATIONS

28 SPY GEAR AND GADGETS Foldout OSS WEAPONS AND SUPPLIES

30 ARMORY

32 RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

34 RICHARD M. HELMS

36 WILLIAM J. CASEY

38 FAREWELL TO OSS

40 A FEW READINGS

42 IMAGE AND ARTIFACT CREDITS

45 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
vi

In the summer of 2011, the CIA Museum inaugurated a gallery dedicated to the 

Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the World War II outfit that was America’s first 

centralized intelligence agency. The mission of the gallery was to bring the OSS 

legacy to life and suggest how it has been reflected in the Central Intelligence 

Agency. Usually for better and sometimes for worse, the members of OSS who joined 

CIA in the late 1940s brought what they had learned in World War II to the Cold War. 

In 1941, the prominent New York lawyer William J. Donovan came to Washington to 

start assembling his team, first as the Coordinator of Information for President 

Roosevelt and then, in 1942, as the Director of OSS. OSS was in many ways a 

dream team. Among the first arrivals were some of the best minds in America—

distinguished academics from the great universities of the Northeast. They 

would run the Research and Analysis Branch and establish precedents for today’s 

Directorate of Intelligence. Then came the spies and paramilitary officers in the 

Secret Intelligence and Special Operations Branches, respectively. Among them were 

future CIA Directors Allen Dulles, Richard Helms, William Casey, and William Colby. 

Finally, many talented men and women ran the offices that make operations possible, 

like Research and Development, which created all manner of ingenious (and often 

lethal) devices for use in secret and special operations. 

Most of these men and women had the kind of wartime experiences that shape people 

for the rest of their lives. The gallery begins by portraying the event that 

changed their lives in 1941: the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the 

event that precipitated them into World War II and, at the same time, one of the 

greatest intelligence failures in American history, the kind of strategic surprise 

that OSS and later CIA would be tasked to prevent. Next, the gallery suggests how 

some officers came to join OSS and be trained for service in the foreign field. A 

simulated C-47 aircraft then transports visitors to the field where they meet some 

remarkable OSS officers in wartime context: Colby on skis in Norway to fight the 

Germans, Dulles monitoring the Third Reich from neutral Switzerland, and Virginia 

Hall behind German lines working alongside the French Resistance before D-Day.

Turning a corner, visitors enter a simulated OSS armory where they can see the broad 

variety of weapons, some rather unusual, that OSS assembled and deployed to the 

field. Turning more corners, visitors encounter other unusual artifacts such as an 

OSS spittoon used by highly skilled mapmakers; a one-of-a-kind portable printing 

press for producing black propaganda; and counterfeit skeletal Hitler postage 

stamps, secretly introduced into the German mails to undermine morale. 

Finally, visitors find themselves in Donovan’s office. Donovan was the spark and 

energy behind OSS. Without his entrepreneurial spirit, anything like OSS during 

World War II is hard to imagine. Roosevelt stands off to the side to remind 

visitors that without his support, Donovan probably would not even have come to 

Washington. 

Symbolically, visitors then step from Donovan’s office into a busy hallway of 

present-day CIA.
2 3

Seven months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President 

Roosevelt created OSS under the direction of Colonel Donovan.

I

n the war against the Axis, the need for 

an organization like the Office of Strategic 

Services was clear after Pearl Harbor, one 

of the great American intelligence failures of 

modern times. 

Since the American Revolution, various groups 

in the US Government had collected and 

disseminated intelligence. In the months 

before Pearl Harbor, the Army and the Navy 

were reading various Japanese codes. Their 

failure to work together was one of the 

reasons the Japanese were able to achieve 

surprise and destroy much of the US Pacific 

Fleet. 

The OSS became the first centralized 

intelligence agency of any note in 

American history, one which united 

various functions under one roof 

and enjoyed more than a degree 

of independence from any parent 

organization. 

In the words of official historian 

Thomas Troy, OSS “would collect 

information, conduct research and 

analysis, coordinate information, 

print and broadcast propaganda, 

mount special operations, inspire 

guerrilla action, and send 

commandos into battle.”

OSS existed for a little more than 

three years, from 1942 to 1945, but made 

a marked contribution to victory, especially in 

the European Theater of Operations and to the 

future of American intelligence.

OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES

BREAKING NEW GROUND

“

I have directed that all measures be taken for our 

 defense.... I assert that we will not only defend 

 ourselves to the uttermost, but will make it very 

 certain that this form of treachery shall never 

 again endanger us.” 

—President Franklin D. Roosevelt,

8 December 1941, the day after Pearl Harbor

USS Shaw exploding after being hit by Japanese bombs at Pearl Harbor.
4

5

and then on espionage and special operations, 

Donovan started building an intelligence 

service by energetic fits and starts. 

On 13 June 1942, a few months after the 

United States entered 

the war, Roosevelt 

turned the Office 

of the Coordinator 

of Information into 

OSS. Now Donovan’s 

limitless imagination, 

drive, and willingness 

to take risks were 

unleashed. OSS 

grew quickly, taking 

on responsibilities 

for various forms of 

unconventional warfare 

in many corners of the 

world. Reflecting the director’s style, some of 

the growth was chaotic, but overall it enabled 

OSS to support the war effort.

Donovan created OSS as America’s first 

centralized intelligence agency. Without 

Donovan, it is unlikely that there would have 

been anything like OSS in the United States 

during World War II.

 

LIMITLESS IMAGINATION AND DRIVE

Originally from Buffalo, New York, 

Donovan studied law at Columbia 

University and joined the New York 

National Guard, eventually becoming the 

commander of the 1st Battalion of the famous 

69th “Fighting Irish” 

Infantry Regiment. In 

World War I, he earned 

the Medal of Honor and 

many other awards for 

frontline valor.

By 1918, his distinctive 

leadership style had 

taken shape. He was 

an unorthodox yet 

inspiring leader who 

drove himself and his 

men hard. In battle, 

he displayed excellent 

military judgment and seemed both tireless 

and fearless. After the war, he served as 

Assistant Attorney General in Washington, 

started and ran a very successful Wall Street 

law firm, and ran unsuccessfully for Governor 

of New York in 1932 as a Republican. In the 

summer of 1940, Donovan traveled to Britain 

and returned with a report for Roosevelt on 

Britain’s staying power in its war against 

Hitler, who by then dominated the European 

continent. Roosevelt liked what he saw and 

heard of his fellow New Yorker and Columbia 

alumnus. 

In July 1941, Roosevelt brought Donovan 

into the Executive Branch as the Coordinator 

of Information, authorizing him “to collect 

and analyze all information...which may bear 

upon the national security.” Focusing first on 

research and analysis, the analytic function, General Donovan’s desk, medals, and map case. “

Bill Donovan is the sort of 

guy who thought nothing 

of parachuting into France, 

blowing up a bridge...then 

dancing on the roof of the St. 

Regis Hotel with a German spy.

”

 —John Ford,

 Movie director (and wartime OSS officer)

WILLIAM J. 

DONOVAN

General Donovan at his desk in OSS Headquarters, ca. 1943.
6 7

By the end of the war, about 7,500 OSS 

employees had served overseas, including 900 

women.

New OSS employees fell very roughly into two 

categories: those who were hired to serve in 

Washington or New York and those who went 

into the overseas pipeline. The rule of thumb 

was to hire domestic employees for skills they 

already possessed.

This was especially true of the world-class 

academics in the Research and Analysis (R&A) 

Branch, the OSS analytic function. Its chief, 

Harvard historian William L. Langer, recruited 

some 900 historians, economists, political 

scientists, psychologists, and anthropologists, 

and ended up with a roster that was said to 

read like “a Who’s Who of two generations of 

scholars.” This meant that most new members 

of R&A received a minimum of orientation or 

training upon joining OSS and simply continued 

working in their areas of expertise, such as 

the government of Germany or its economic 

capacity.

The opposite was true for those going 

overseas, especially if they were destined for 

paramilitary operations or classic espionage. 

The governing assumption was that Americans 

knew little about such dark arts and needed 

to learn them in order to accomplish their 

missions. As one historian put it, “Such 

activities were not taught at West Point or 

Annapolis.” 

TOP: At OSS Headquarters, General Donovan frowned upon 

those officers who forgot their badges. Their punishment was an 

extra large temporary badge.

BELOW: OSS trained communications officers at a facility in 

Prince William Forest Park before deploying them to the field.

Future DCI Richard Helms received a mysterious pitch to 

join OSS from Frederick Oechsner, a pre-war boss. Within 

a few weeks, he had begun training for OSS.

A t its peak in late 1944, OSS employed 

almost 13,000 men and women. Many 

 of the original members of OSS were 

Director William J. Donovan’s friends and 

colleagues. Among them were well-to-do New 

York lawyers and socialites—hence the joke 

that OSS really stood for “Oh So Social.”

But OSS was far more than a group of 

gentlemen spies. Along with some misfits, 

OSS attracted talented and adventuresome 

souls from many walks of life. Two-thirds 

of OSS personnel came out of the military, 

among them highly qualified volunteers for 

risky, unconventional missions not further 

described. The rest of the workforce was 

civilian and included many of the most 

prominent academics in America.

Some of the civilians were out-and-out 

socialists or communists, and at least five 

were later unmasked as clandestine Soviet 

agents reporting to Moscow. But Donovan 

did not discriminate against leftists who were 

open about their politics and well-suited for 

their jobs.

While not a champion of diversity for its 

own sake, Donovan was ahead of his time in 

offering opportunities to those with the right 

qualifications. Some 4,500 OSS employees 

were women. At least one prominent OSS 

analyst, Ralph Bunche, was African-American.

“Throw all your normal law-abiding 

 concepts out the window. Here’s a 

 chance to raise merry hell.”

 —Stanley P. Lovell

THE OSS RANK AND FILE

A WORKFORCE LIKE NO OTHER
8

9

FRANK HOLCOMB 1917–1991

In May 1941, Frank Holcomb found himself in Marine uniform working in 

the Office of Naval Intelligence, on his way to becoming an intelligence 

professional. Seven months later, Holcomb was in Tangier, Morocco, serving as 

assistant naval attaché under the warrior-scholar William Eddy, who reported 

to Donovan. The young Holcomb soon taught himself the art of espionage 

and ran agents to prepare for Operation Torch, the US invasion of North Africa 

in late 1942. Over the next year, Holcomb formally joined OSS and became 

part of the highly secretive X-2 Branch. He began to lead an extremely 

active life as a manager and practitioner of the arts of counterintelligence and 

counterespionage, first in Algeria and then in Sicily and France. During the 

Battle for Paris, his special counterintelligence (SCI) teams engaged a range 

of German intelligence targets in the capital. Holcomb continued this work 

at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force, standing up 

SCI teams on a broader scale and conducting deception operations against 

the Germans. For having been “largely instrumental in the destruction of a 

large portion of the German espionage network...in France,” Holcomb received 

awards usually reserved for senior officers, to include the American Legion of 

Merit and the French Legion of Honor. After the war, Holcomb continued his 

career in intelligence, making the transition from OSS to the follow-on element 

known as the Strategic Services Unit. 

JAMES LUCE 1911–1989

James Luce’s story reads like fiction, some young man’s dreams of barely 

credible wartime derring-do. A US Navy doctor who was wounded during the 

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Luce was detailed in 1943 to OSS Detachment 

101 in the China-Burma-India Theater. The plan was for him to set up and run 

a clinic at a forward operating base in North Burma, an extremely challenging 

task that he was able to accomplish with apparent ease. He studied local 

diseases, developed treatment protocols, and personally treated all manner 

of wounds and diseases, to include operating on the wounded himself, at a 

location never farther than 9 miles from Japanese positions. As a kind of 

additional duty, for six months he conducted special operations and amassed 

a record that any infantry officer would envy. In Donovan’s words, “Armed 

native soldiers and agents under him gave excellent intelligence...of enemy 

activities...when this information was of greatest benefit....They also harassed 

the Japanese by forming road blocks, attacking patrols, and laying down 

mortar fire....Before he was through, Commander Luce though not [a trained] 

Army man...was in charge of a fighting force the size of a battalion.” His next 

assignment was only slightly less stressful: to take charge of medical services 

for all of Detachment 101.

OSS PROFILES I

FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE

CONRAD LaGUEUX 1922–2001

Conrad LaGueux was an example of the many highly qualified young men who 

joined the Army and then found their way into OSS, the organization likely to 

make the best use of their skills. Capitalizing on his French language ability, 

OSS sent LaGueux to Casablanca, French Morocco, to command Operational 

Group PAT, a team of 15 men preparing to parachute into occupied France 

in the summer of 1944. Once on the ground, PAT linked up with the French 

Resistance to harass and disrupt the Nazi occupiers in the region of Tarn. The 

team’s derailment of a troop train led to the surrender of some 5,865 German 

officers and soldiers and set the stage for the liberation of Tarn. After his 

successful tour in the European theater, LaGueux went on to a new assignment 

in China, where he served with Nationalist Chinese commandos fighting the 

Japanese. After the war, LaGueux worked in private industry before joining the 

fledgling CIA in 1949. There he served in senior positions within the Far East 

Division. As the Deputy Chief of Saigon Station in 1975, LaGueux undertook 

a hazardous personal reconnaissance mission along the front lines north of 

Saigon. Judging the North’s victory to be imminent, he then led the successful 

evacuation of American officials and key South Vietnamese leaders as the city 

was falling to the communists.

 

BETTY LUSSIER 1922–

OSS was made for people who did not fit elsewhere—like Betty Lussier. Among 

her many talents, she was a qualified pilot. Though born in Canada, she had 

moved with her family to Maryland and had both American and Canadian 

passports. In 1942 she used her Canadian passport to travel to England and 

offer her services to the Royal Air Force, which put her to work as a ferry 

pilot. When she became frustrated with the restrictions on women fliers, she 

reverted to her US persona and turned to OSS. OSS placed her on an X-2 

team charged with disseminating ULTRA radio intercepts—while disguising their 

source—to US Army field commands. (The Allies were enormously successful 

at breaking German codes but had to be equally successful at protecting 

the source.) Though technically a clerical employee, Lussier soon applied 

her talents outside the office. In the words of an OSS evaluation, she came 

to be “accepted as an officer whose ability had gained respect.” In the late 

summer and fall of 1944, she worked on small teams to uncover and capture 

German stay-behind agents in southern France, employing a mix of street 

smarts, common sense, and insider tips. In one memorable case, after French 

and British interrogators had failed to make headway, she and her partner 

persuaded the paymaster for a German spy network to divulge the names of 

his 35 agents. In 1945, she married that partner, Ricardo Sicre, a man with 

a colorful past as a fighter for the Loyalists during the Spanish Civil War and a 

bright future in international business. 
10 11

At its best, OSS training produced 

officers who were fit and confident, 

able to think for themselves, and act 

decisively under enormous stress. 

Geared primarily toward employees going 

overseas, OSS training emphasized skills for 

special operations and espionage: shooting, 

demolitions, close combat, and clandestine 

communications, along with agent-handling, 

information-gathering, and report-writing 

skills. Training was mostly at locations around 

Washington, DC, like Prince William Forest 

Park, Catoctin Mountain Park, and Bethesda’s 

Congressional Country Club, whose greens 

were said to have been ruined by OSS practice 

grenades. 

At least initially, the instructors tended to have 

law-enforcement backgrounds, which led to 

some friction with the individualists who joined 

OSS seeking to escape military drudgery and 

wreak havoc on the enemy. Virtually everyone 

long remembered William “Dangerous Dan” 

Fairbairn, a former British policeman with a 

LEFT: In late 1940, British paramilitary officers William Fairbairn 

and Eric Sykes developed this specialized fighting knife, which 

was widely distributed to OSS officers. It is shown here with its 

unique scabbard, a modified spatula.

RIGHT: Fairbairn’s specialty in hand-to-hand combat stemmed 

from combining methods of judo and Chinese boxing and made 

him an ideal instructor for OSS in self-defense tactics.

colorful past on the streets of Shanghai. He 

took what was literally a hands-on approach to 

teaching his trainees how to fight in the gutter 

and survive. 

Quickly improvised to meet wartime needs, 

training in OSS was forever in a state of flux 

and change. It could, at one and the same 

time, seem haphazard and deadly serious. 

After 1945, some former OSS members 

described the training as bewildering or 

pointless. Others remembered it as physically 

challenging and surprisingly professional, 

especially toward the end of the war, when it 

reflected lessons learned from the field and 

increasing standardization. 

“You’re going to be taught to kill, to cheat, 

 to rob, to lie, and everything you learn is 

 moving you to one objective—just one, 

 that’s all—the success of your mission.” 

 —James Cagney,

 in the World War II spy film 13 Rue Madeleine

OSS TRAINING

FIGHT IN THE GUTTER AND SURVIVE

LEFT: The OSS training manual.

BELOW: The OSS training schedule for commando units focused on 

weapons, tactics, parachuting, and intelligence tradecraft. 
12 13

OSS operated primarily in the European Theater of Operations against German and Italian 

forces and to a lesser extent in Asia against the Japanese. The most important OSS 

components that operated overseas were:

 

Secret Intelligence (SI)

As OSS’s classic espionage branch, SI recruited 

and trained case officers, set up field stations 

overseas, and ran agent operations. Future 

CIA Directors Allen W. Dulles, Richard M. 

Helms, and William J. Casey all worked 

for SI. 

Special Operations (SO)

SO ran paramilitary guerilla operations in 

Europe and Asia. It included the Jedburghs, 

a code name for small detachments of 

OSS officers (and their British or French 

counterparts) who supported and advised 

French resisters in 1944; the various 

Operational Groups of American commandos 

who ran missions behind enemy lines in a 

number of countries; and Detachment 101, 

which famously operated against the Japanese 

in Burma. Future CIA Director William E. Colby 

was in SO.

Morale Operations (MO)

Charged with performing the “black 

propaganda” mission, MO created and 

disseminated information that looked and 

sounded like it originated with the enemy. For 

example, it ran false German newspapers and 

radio stations, spreading defeatist rumors and 

various other kinds of disinformation.

X-2

X-2 was the counterintelligence arm of OSS 

that had access to the ULTRA secret decrypts 

of German military communications and vetted 

SO and SI operations, sometimes exercising 

what amounted to veto power. Future CIA 

counterintelligence chief James Angleton 

started his career in X-2.

BELOW: A semisubmersible unit modeled after the canoe, 

Sleeping Beauty was developed by the British but also used by 

OSS IN THE FIELD OSS. 

WHO DID WHAT OVERSEAS?

Detachment 101 officers in Burma using an alternate means of transportation.

“It is one thing to be part of a massive invasion 

 force, but it is quite another to work in hostile 

 territory...[on] a small team working...with local 

 resistance forces.” —OSS Officer Franklin Lindsay
14 15

Colby, the son of an Army officer, 

attended Princeton and Columbia. He 

overcame poor eyesight to become a 

paratrooper. Jump school along with French 

language skills made him a good candidate 

for OSS. In August 1944, at the age of 24, 

he led a Jedburgh team into occupied France. 

Although he more than once came within a 

hair’s breadth of losing his life, 50 years later 

he described the mission casually as “to harass 

the Germans as much as possible...ambushes 

on the road, blowing up bridges, that sort of 

thing.”

In March 1945, he led the OSS NorwegianAmerican special operations team into occupied 

Norway. He spent the rest of the war in a 

grueling campaign to interdict a major northsouth rail line that Allied planners feared 

the Germans would use to move forces from 

north Norway to Germany to help defend the 

homeland.

Although awarded the Silver Star by Donovan 

in September 1945, Colby was modest about 

his wartime achievements. He was simply 

proud to have served on “a great crusade 

against a terrible enemy,” working for an 

organization that “had been remarkably free 

of...procedures.” It was an experience that 

shaped his approach to fighting communist 

totalitarianism when he joined CIA and 

started on the road to eventually becoming 

the Director of Central Intelligence from 1973 

to 1976.

A GREAT CRUSADE AGAINST A TERRIBLE ENEMY

BOTTOM: Colby speaking with 

other OSS paratroopers.

TOP: The airplane fuselage 

recreated in the OSS Gallery.

WILLIAM E. 

COLBY

In 1945, William E. Colby (standing) led a 

special operations team into Norway (under 

the codename “Operation RYPE”) to sabotage 

German rail links and prevent any German 

efforts to reinforce the homeland from the north. 

According to Colby, this team “was the first and 

only combined ski-parachute operation ever 

mounted by the US Army” during World War II.

“Surprise, kill, and vanish.” 

 —Motto of the Jedburgh teams, 

 the joint British-American commando program 
16 17

Virginia Hall was not the only female 

OSS officer who risked her life behind 

German lines, but she was the most 

successful and highly decorated. 

In the 1930s, she worked for the Department 

of State overseas until a hunting accident led 

to the amputation of her left leg at the knee. 

In 1941 and 1942, she worked under cover 

in France for the British Special Operations 

Executive (SOE), supporting paramilitary 

operations. SOE historian M.R.D. Foot 

described her as “the lynchpin of her section’s 

activities.” In 1944, she transferred from SOE 

to OSS, and, although known to the Gestapo, 

insisted on returning to occupied France. Often 

working alone, she reported how she spent 

her time “bicycling up and down mountains, 

checking drop zones, visiting various contacts, 

doing my wireless transmissions and then...[at 

night] out waiting, for the most part in vain, for 

deliveries” from England.

During her missions to France, Hall lived and 

worked under enormous pressure, narrowly 

escaping capture more than once. The 

Gestapo had a reasonably good idea of what 

she was up to and what she looked like and 

was said to have offered a large reward for the 

capture of “the limping lady.”

Soon after the war, she returned to France to 

do what she could for the civilians who had 

sheltered her and suffered at the hands of the 

Gestapo as a result. 

In September 1945, Donovan awarded the 

Distinguished Service Cross to Hall, the only 

civilian woman to earn that decoration in 

World War II.

She went on to join CIA and served until 

1966. Despite her obvious qualifications, she 

encountered frustrations with superiors who 

did not use her talents well. 

Like many OSS veterans, she found the habit 

of wartime security impossible to shake and, 

even in retirement, never said much about her 

exploits in France.

 

Virginia Hall’s passports

THE LIMPING LADY

“Many of my friends were killed for talking too 

 much.” 

 —Virginia Hall

THE LYNCHPIN OF HER SECTION’S ACTIVITIES

LEFT: Citation awarding the Distinguished 

Service Cross to Virginia Hall by order of 

President Harry S. Truman.

BELOW: The Virginia Hall display in the 

OSS Gallery.
18 19

A REMARKABLE WARTIME RECORD

Bern Station showed just how much 

OSS could accomplish in the realm 

of espionage. The station produced a 

remarkable stream of intelligence about Nazi 

Germany in addition to orchestrating a major 

covert action. 

Bern’s success would have been inconceivable 

without the leadership of its chief, Allen W. 

Dulles, a man with 

a keen sense of 

opportunity and the 

ability to find and 

make friends in all the 

right places. Starting 

virtually from scratch, 

with a handful of 

employees and little 

support of any kind, 

he built a network of contacts and established 

himself as the man to see to pass secrets to 

the United States.

One of his prize contacts was Fritz Kolbe, a 

German anti-Nazi with direct access to German 

Foreign Office traffic, who brought documents 

to Switzerland. This made him the Western 

Allies’ single best human source on German 

plans and intentions. Another prize contact 

was Hans Bernd Gisevius, a renegade German 

intelligence officer assigned to Switzerland who 

kept Dulles abreast of political developments 

inside the Reich. In the waning weeks of 

the war, Dulles embarked on a series of 

negotiations with SS General Karl Wolff and, 

with Washington’s approval, engineered an 

early surrender of Axis 

forces in Italy.

Dulles’s wartime record 

stood him in good 

stead and confirmed 

his predilection for 

intelligence work. 

Although he returned to 

his law practice in New 

York after the war, he could not resist the lure 

of secret service and joined CIA in 1951. Two 

years later, he became DCI and served in that 

position until 1961.

 

“When the fate of a nation and 

 the lives of its soldiers are at 

 stake, gentlemen do read each 

 other’s mail.” —Allen Dulles

OSS identification card of 

Allen Dulles.

ALLEN W. 

DULLES

Allen Dulles behind his desk in Bern, Switzerland. 
20 21

F

rom 1942 to 1945, Detachment 101 was one of the few OSS units 

to operate in Asia. With never more than 120 Americans on the 

ground, the unit recruited and trained thousands of indigenous 

fighters to operate behind the Japanese lines in Burma, where they 

gathered tactical intelligence, rescued downed fliers, and attacked the 

enemy when and where he was vulnerable. At the end of the war, 

the detachment received a well-deserved 

Presidential Unit Citation. 

Other OSS detachments operated in China 

and Thailand. While the mission in China was 

to fight the Japanese, OSS had to overcome 

numerous practical and political obstacles 

before it could collect intelligence and train 

guerrillas. Thailand was technically allied 

with the Japanese but home to a resistance 

movement with the potential to stage an 

uprising against the Japanese. Promising 

arms and training, OSS officers nurtured 

contacts with the Free Thai under the noses 

of Japanese occupiers. 

When the Japanese surrendered, OSS detachments played an important 

role in saving the lives of thousands of Allied prisoners of war by 

parachuting into their camps, keeping them safe from rogue Japanese, 

and arranging for medical care and evacuation.

FAR LEFT: Posting the latest 

news at Kyaukpyu Camp, 

Burma.

TOP: Personnel in the ChinaBurma-India Theater wore this 

patch on their left sleeves.

LOWER RIGHT: The OSS 

Gallery’s “In the Field” section.

LOWER LEFT: Detachment 

101 officers display their OSS IN ASIA machine guns in Burma.

“Working in very small groups made it easier to 

keep a low profile. Cultivating the confidence of 

the people in the field, treating their sick, supplying 

their needs, pressing them into service, and sending 

them to gather all types of information were 

essential to our mission.” —Harry “Skittles” Hengshoon,

 a civilian with Detachment 101, on its work to recruit 

 and train Burmese forces to fight the Japanese.

 

BEHIND JAPANESE LINES
22 23

RIGHT: Display of the American Lambertsen Diving Unit that 

OSS deployed.

The growing number of OSS coastal infiltration and sabotage projects eventually gave rise 

to an independent branch, the Maritime Unit, to develop specialized boats, equipment, 

and explosives. The unit fashioned underwater breathing gear, waterproof watches and 

compasses, an inflatable motorized surfboard, and a two-man kayak that proved so promising 

that the British ordered 275.

LEFT: The OSS Maritime Unit combat swimmers used this US 

Army Corps of Engineers compass during clandestine ferrying MARITIME OPERATIONS and coastal sabotage operations.

CATCH OF THE DAY

“A special weapon of the saboteur is the ‘Limpet,’ 

named after a shellfish which adheres to rocks. By 

means of a magnet or rivets, the Limpet anchors to 

a ship below the waterline....Although the hole it 

opens in the side of the ship is small, the result is 

devastating.” 

 —Stanley P. Lovell

The OSS Maritime Unit conducted numerous coastal sabotage 

operations, such as detonating limpet mines for ships (A), 

and worked to develop equipment like “GIMIK” (B), a 

semisubmersible that was never used operationally. GIMIK was 

the inspiration for a later CIA semisubmersible called SKIFF.

A

B
24 25

THE LANGER BROTHERS 

WILLIAM 1896–1977

WALTER 1899–1981

William and Walter Langer both contributed to the success of the OSS Research 

& Analysis (R&A) Branch in their own way, William by serving as its chief and 

Walter by writing one of its most insightful analytic products. 

World War I veteran William held a PhD in history from Harvard and before 

World War II taught at Clark and Harvard Universities. The intense and 

brilliant Langer set the tone for R&A, overseeing the recruitment of some 900 

of the best minds in America to conduct all-source research and analysis to 

support the war effort. Learning of the impending Allied invasion of North 

Africa in 1942, Langer’s analysts produced in-depth reports on Morocco, 

Algeria, and Tunisia in record time—what OSS Director Donovan called R&A’s 

“first victory.” Among his contributions to the intelligence profession after the 

war, Langer organized the Office of National Estimates in the newly established 

CIA and served on the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 

1961 to 1977.

William’s younger brother, Walter, was a Harvard-educated psychoanalyst 

with a practice in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 1941 on, Walter was 

in touch with Donovan, who was interested in the potential for applying 

psychology to warfare. Sometime in 1942, Donovan suggested that Walter 

prepare a psychological study of Hitler, and Walter became an unpaid OSS 

consultant from December 1942 to December 1945. Langer took the project 

very seriously. He and his team of experts scoured written sources for useful 

evidence and interviewed everyone they could find who had met Hitler. They 

accumulated more than 11,000 pages of data. The resulting study was 

remarkably prescient, predicting a military coup against Hitler, which occurred 

in 1944, and Hitler’s suicide, which occurred in 1945.

Dr. William Langer

Dr. Walter Langer

OSS PROFILES II

FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE

STANLEY P. LOVELL 1890–1976 

Whenever possible, Donovan wanted OSS to rely on its own resources. To 

that end, he directed the establishment of the Research & Development (R&D) 

Branch on 17 October 1942. He made an inspired choice to head the Branch: 

the self-described “sauce-pan chemist,” inventor, and entrepreneur from 

Boston, Stanley P. Lovell. As Lovell put it after the war, he quickly understood 

that OSS needed “its own special arsenal of tools and weapons” and that 

“only research and development [was] capable of creating such an arsenal.” 

The R&D Branch proceeded to develop all manner of special weapons and 

equipment to help OSS win the secret fight against the Axis. Lovell’s own 

skills, bolstered by his network of contacts in government and private industry, 

assured OSS Director Donovan that those intelligence officers going into the 

war zones possessed the best and newest collection, communication, and 

sabotage technology. Lovell returned to the private sector after the war, but he 

left a precedent for CIA to build on and stayed in touch with OSS veterans who 

went on to found CIA. At Lovell’s suggestion, then Director of Plans Allen Dulles 

created the Technical Services Staff, a separate, well-funded, well-staffed unit 

responsible for technical support in the fledgling Agency. Lovell’s OSS memoir, 

Of Spies & Strategems, became an instant hit when it was published in 1963.

 

SHERMAN KENT 1903–1986

It was OSS that introduced Sherman Kent, celebrated as the founder of 

analytic tradecraft, to the world of intelligence. After receiving a PhD in history 

from Yale, Kent spent several years teaching and researching before joining 

Donovan’s Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI) in 1941. When COI 

became OSS, he served in the Research & Analysis Branch as Chief of the 

Europe-Africa Division, overseeing intelligence preparations for the Allied 

invasion of North Africa in 1942. After the war, he returned briefly to Yale, 

where he wrote his classic Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy. 

In 1950, Kent joined CIA and helped William Langer form the new Office of 

National Estimates (ONE). Two years later, when Langer returned to academe, 

Kent became its chief and remained there for the next 15 years, serving four 

Directors of Central Intelligence and four US presidents. During his tenure 

at ONE, Kent formalized the Agency’s analytical tradecraft and founded the 

journal Studies in Intelligence, still published today. In 1997, he was one of 50 

Agency officers recognized as a “CIA Trailblazer” for having helped shape CIA’s 

history. In 2000, the Agency founded the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence 

to train young analysts.
26 27

The extent to which Morale Operations (MO), the branch of OSS 

responsible for “black propaganda,” succeeded in its mission of 

undermining enemy morale and encouraging resistance to the 

Axis is hard to know. What is known is that Donovan was enthusiastic 

about its potential and that a number of well-known and very creative 

artists worked in MO, both at home and overseas. Some of their 

products were memorable. 

For example, OSS used the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency to 

set up a dummy corporation to produce music for a “black” radio station 

that sounded like a bona fide German radio station. Often the music 

itself had little propaganda value and served only to attract listeners—

who were then treated to doses of Allied propaganda disguised as news. 

One such piece of music was the haunting tune “Lili Marlene,” sung for 

OSS by the émigré German star Marlene Dietrich. Its message about 

a soldier’s love and loss resonated with troops on both sides of the 

front lines.

BELOW: Real German stamp 

MORALE OPERATIONS and OSS-produced counterfeit.

“a judicious mixture of rumor and deception, with 

 truth as bait, to foster disunity and confusion.” —William J. Donovan

UNDERMINING THE ENEMY’S WILL TO FIGHT

Morale Operations designed and printed counterfeit German 

postage stamps that featured a skeletal version of Hitler’s face. 

The idea was to put them on letters for insertion into the German 

postal system.
28 29

I

n characteristic fashion, Donovan created the OSS Office of Research 

& Development (R&D) out of whole cloth. He personally recruited 

its chief, Stanley Lovell, an inventor and entrepreneur with some 

70 patents to his name who ran his own company in Massachusetts. 

Although Lovell described himself as “a sauce-pan chemist,” he was 

an inspired choice for the job. He instinctively understood the 

challenge, realizing that “OSS was itself...experimental. Nothing like 

it had ever existed in earlier American wars. We had to ‘play it by ear’ 

or not at all.” 

Under his leadership, R&D became remarkably productive. From 

its laboratory at the Congressional Country Club, it created silenced, 

flashless pistols; the inexpensive, one-shot, .45-caliber Liberator pistol; 

various explosives; concealed cameras; invisible inks; and, above all, 

its own “plant for documentation”—a very professional outfit to 

reproduce “perfect passports, worker’s identification papers, ration 

books, money, letters, and the myriad of little documents that served 

to confirm [OSS operatives’] assumed status.” A companion office 

in the Communications Branch created wiretap devices, electronic 

beacons, and excellent portable radios.

Jobs Register for the OSS Office of Research 

& Development.

SPY GEAR AND GADGETS

“I need every subtle device and every underhanded 

 trick to use against the Germans and the 

 Japanese.... You will have to invent them all....

 Start tomorrow.” 

 —Donovan to Lovell

PLAY IT BY EAR OR NOT AT ALL

A Research & Development officer prepares a piece of equipment for use.
30 31

S

tanley Lovell’s “mad scientists” did such a good job of creating and adapting weapons 

for paramilitary operations that OSS armories were well stocked with a broad variety of 

weapons—some rather conventional, others quite unusual or even unique. CIA Museum’s 

ample collection of OSS weapons reflects their success. OSS also acquired weapons through 

other means. The Liberator pistol was designed for widespread distribution to partisan groups 

during World War II. Underground forces could use it as a close-range, antipersonnel weapon to 

attack an enemy soldier and relieve him of his more powerful rifle or handgun. This .45-caliber 

weapon was easy to operate, and the US Army purchased them at $1.72 apiece. However, once 

the Army decided not to employ these weapons, OSS requested and received the stockpile.

LOWER RIGHT: The Woodsman’s Pal was ideal for cutting 

through jungle brush in Southeast Asia and could also be used to 

defeat a Japanese soldier wielding a samurai sword.

TOP: OSS personnel wrap 

Bren receivers in preparation 

for packing into parachute 

containers.

LOWER LEFT: The armory 

section in the OSS Gallery. ARMORY

A BROAD VARIETY OF WEAPONS

LEFT: The Liberator pistol

RIGHT: Page from the OSS 

Weapon’s Manual about the 

Liberator.

“Sabotage varies from highly technical coup de 

 main acts that require detailed planning and 

 the use of specifically trained operatives, to 

 innumerable simple acts which the ordinary 

 individual citizen-saboteur can perform.” 

 —OSS Simple Sabotage Field Manual
32 33

S

ome historians and memoir writers have 

argued that OSS analysts made the 

organization’s greatest contribution to the 

Allied victory. One of the largest branches in 

OSS, Research & Analysis (R&A) was certainly 

the apple of Donovan’s eye. His vision was 

to create a corps of strategic analysts who 

could draw on a variety of sources—whether 

overt or secret, public or private—and were 

as unfettered by bureaucratic allegiances as 

they could be. Analysts for the first all-source, 

centralized intelligence agency in American 

history, they were to be the men and women 

who could “connect the dots” to prevent 

another Pearl Harbor. 

At Donovan’s urging, R&A recruited a glittering 

array of American and European émigré 

scholars—especially historians, economists, 

political scientists, psychologists, and 

anthropologists. Even for the legions of OSS 

detractors in Washington, the value of R&A 

products was hard for anyone to dispute. They 

ranged from timely analyses of the Allied 

bombing campaign in Europe, to studies of the 

countries where Allied forces were fighting, to 

preparations for the occupation of Germany 

and debates over the future of the Japanese 

monarchy. 

Many R&A officers returned to their civilian 

pursuits at the end of the war, richer for the 

experience, while others, like Sherman Kent, 

went on to become trailblazers at CIA. 

BELOW: In 1942, OSS issued this spittoon to its senior 

geographer. For more than 60 years, senior geographers at CIA 

made a tradition of passing it down to their successors.

TOP: With offices on the third floor of Ford’s Theater in 

downtown Washington, DC, the Map Division of the Research & 

Analysis Branch produced 64 high-quality original models, like RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS this map of Italy.

“The shadow world of spies and dark intrigue 

 was a small, albeit interesting, part of OSS, but the 

 Research & Analysis Branch...was the heartbeat of 

 the organization.” —OSS veteran Betty McIntosh 

A GLITTERING ARRAY OF SCHOLARS

BELOW: R&A’s Map Division functioned as the central repository 

for target intelligence collected by OSS around the world. 

Winnowing out irrelevant details, the branch created accurate, 

customized maps for specific operations.

INSET: Psychoanalyst Walter Langer’s 249-page analysis of 

Adolf Hitler sought to explain the dictator’s persona and correctly 

predicted Hitler would end his life with suicide.
34 35

FROM JOURNALIST TO DIRECTOR

As a child growing up in a family that 

considered foreign language proficiency 

important, Richard Helms attended 

prestigious schools in Europe, learning French 

and German—skills that would prove useful 

later in life. At Williams College, he pursued 

a career in journalism. Following graduation, 

he worked for United Press, first in London 

and then in Berlin, where he interviewed Adolf 

Hitler. 

Following the Japanese 

attack on Pearl Harbor, 

Helms became a 

lieutenant in the US 

Naval Reserve and 

then joined OSS, assigned to the London 

office of the Secret Intelligence Branch, 

where he worked for and shared a flat with 

William Casey (who later also would become 

Director of Central Intelligence). There Helms 

supervised OSS efforts to infiltrate agents into 

Nazi Germany to collect intelligence and set up 

resistance networks.

After the war, Helms held various management 

positions as OSS transitioned into the Central 

Intelligence Group and then the CIA. He 

steadily moved up the CIA management 

chain, eventually serving as Director of Central 

Intelligence from 1966 to 1973. President 

Nixon fired him (for what Helms believed to 

be his refusal to aid in the Watergate coverup) 

and appointed him ambassador to Iran. 

During his Senate 

confirmation hearings, 

Helms lied to preserve 

the secrecy of CIA 

covert operations, 

and four years later, a 

judge convicted him of 

lying to Congress, a misdemeanor for which he 

received a two-year suspended sentence and 

$2,000 fine. Having held true to his secrecy 

oath, Helms wore his conviction like a badge of 

honor, believing that if he had done anything 

else, he would not have lived up to his oath to 

protect national security.

He received the National Security Medal in 

1983 and in 1997 was one of 50 Agency 

officers recognized as a “CIA Trailblazer” for 

his role in helping shape the Agency over the 

years. 

“The price for ridding society of 

bad is always high. love, daddy.” 

 —Richard Helms in a note to his son.

LEFT: Helms slipped into 

the Russian-occupied zone 

of Berlin in the fall of 1945 

and picked up this plate 

as a souvenir at Hitler’s 

Chancellery.

RIGHT: As Americans 

celebrated victory in Europe 

in May 1945, Helms wrote a 

touching and eloquent letter to 

his young son on a captured 

sheet of Adolf Hitler’s personal 

stationery.

RICHARD M. 

HELMS

Official photo of Richard Helms as it appears in his OSS file. 
36 37

A STRONG ADVOCATE OF COVERT OPERATIONS

After earning degrees from Fordham 

University and St. John’s University Law 

School, William Casey began work for 

a New York tax consulting firm. In 1943, he 

received a commission as a lieutenant in the 

Navy and wound up in OSS, where he became 

the chief of its Secret Intelligence Branch in 

Europe. 

Working in the OSS 

London office following 

the Normandy invasion, 

Casey organized and 

trained some 200 

agents recruited from 

the ranks of dissidents, 

political refugees, and 

underground labor groups to gather military 

intelligence within Nazi Germany in support 

of advancing Allied forces. On more than 

100 missions, agents entered the country 

surreptitiously by land or parachute, infiltrating 

major cities far behind enemy lines and 

radioing back intelligence on military forces 

and bombing targets.

Following the war, Casey became a wealthy 

New York lawyer and venture capitalist. He 

turned to politics in 1966, losing in a race 

for Congress. After that, he held several 

important positions, including Chairman of 

the Securities and Exchange Commission in 

1971 and head of the Export-Import Bank in 

1974. After managing 

Ronald Reagan’s 

successful presidential 

campaign in 1980, 

Casey served as 

Director of Central 

Intelligence from 

1981 to 1987. As 

DCI, he reversed 

the Agency’s decline 

under the Carter administration by expanding 

the budget, increasing the staff, and restoring 

morale. A strong advocate of covert 

operations, Casey directed aid to anti-Soviet 

guerrillas in Afghanistan and anti-Sandinista 

rebels in Nicaragua. He may be best 

remembered for his involvement in the IranContra scandal, which remains controversial to 

this day. Poor health forced Casey to resign, 

and he died three months later in May 1987. 

“All we could do was pop a guy 

into Germany with a radio and 

hope to hear from him.

” 

 —William J. Casey,

 reflecting on his SI work in London

Casey in Paris at the US Embassy.

WILLIAM J. 

CASEY

Casey as a young lawyer.
38 39

INSET: Memo regarding disclosure of classified information 

issued for OSS officers just a week before President Truman shut 

down the organization.

BELOW: The OSS Memorial Wall in CIA’s Lobby commemorates 

the 116 OSS officers who died in the line of duty during World FAREWELL TO OSS War II.

“At all times I ask you to bear in mind that the 

 Office of Strategic Services was created as a 

 war agency. It had, and it has now, no other 

 mandate. It was created solely to hasten the 

 defeat of our enemies. That job is done.” 

 —William J. Donovan

THE END OF AN UNUSUAL EXPERIMENT
40 41

Patrick K. O’Donnell, 

Operatives, Spies, and Saboteurs: The Unknown Story of the Men and 

Women of WWII’s OSS (New York: Free Press, 2004)

Joseph E. Persico, 

Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American 

Secret Agents during World War II (New York: Viking, 1979)

Kermit Roosevelt, editor, 

War Report of the OSS, two volumes (New York: Walker, 1976)

Troy J. Sacquety, 

The OSS in Burma: Jungle War against the Japanese (Lawrence, KS: 

University Press of Kansas, 2013)

Thomas F. Troy, 

Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central 

Intelligence Agency (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 

1981)

Douglas Waller, 

Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern 

American Espionage (New York: Free Press, 2011)

Michael Warner, 

The Office of Strategic Services: America’s First Intelligence Agency

(Washington, DC: CIA, 2000) 

Maochun Yu, 

OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 

1996)

A FEW READINGS

There is a great deal of good literature on OSS. The 

selections below are far from comprehensive, just a 

few suggestions for starting points.

 

Dixie Bartholomew-Feis, 

OSS and Ho Chi Minh: Unexpected Allies in the War Against Japan

(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006)

David K. E. Bruce and Nelson Lankford, 

OSS against the Reich: The World War II Diaries of Colonel David K. E. 

Bruce (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991)

John W. Brunner, 

OSS Weapons (Williamstown, NJ: Phillips Publications, 1994)

George C. Chalou, editor, 

The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II

(Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1991)

Peter Grose, 

Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994)

Barry M. Katz, 

Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic 

Services, 1942-45 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999)

Clayton D. Laurie, 

The Propaganda Warriors: America’s Crusade against Nazi Germany

(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1996)

Elizabeth P. McIntosh, 

Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS (New York: Random House, 

1999)
42 43

Page 20: Kyaukpyu Camp- NARA

Page 21: Patch- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of Norma LaGueux 

Hamilton; 101 Officers- Collection of Troy Sacquety

Page 22: GIMIK- CIA Museum Collection; Explosive Graphic- CIA Museum 

Collection

Page 23: Compass- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of Sam Backus; 

Divers- NARA

Page 24: Lovell- Collection of H. Keith Melton; Kent- NARA

Page 25: William Langer- NARA; Walter Langer- The Family of Walter C. 

Langer

Page 26: Framed Stamps- CIA Museum Collection

Page 27: Stamps- CIA Museum Collection

Page 28: Research and Development Officer- NARA

Page 29: Jobs Register- CIA Museum Collection

OSS Weapons and Supplies Foldout: Stinger- CIA Museum Collection; 

High Standard Pistol- CIA Museum Collection; Garrote- CIA Museum 

Collection courtesy of Robert Lowry; Button Compasses- Collection of H. 

Keith Melton; Matchbox Camera- CIA Museum Collection; Map- Collection of 

the Colby Family; Caltrop- CIA Museum Collection; Blood Chit- CIA Museum 

Collection courtesy of the family of Gustav Krause; Pocket Knife- CIA Museum 

Collection courtesy of Col. William H. Pietsch, Jr.

Page 30: Liberator- CIA Museum Collection; Weapons Manual- CIA 

Museum Collection

Page 31: Wrapping a Bren- NARA; Woodsmen’s Pal- CIA Museum 

Collection courtesy of Robert Lowry

Page 32: Map Division- NARA; Hitler Analysis- CIA Library’s HIC

Page 33: Spittoon- CIA Museum Collection

Page 34: Helms photo- NARA

Page 35: Plate- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of Cynthia Helms; Helms 

Letter- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of Dennis Helms

Page 36: Casey- Collection of Bernadette Casey-Smith

IMAGE AND ARTIFACT CREDITS

Front and Back Cover: Newspaper Headlines- Obtained through 

http://newspaperarchive.com

Page 2: Pearl Harbor- The National Archives and Records Administration 

(NARA)

Page 3: Insignia- CIA Museum Collection; Document- CIA Museum 

Collection courtesy of the CIA Library’s Historical Intelligence Collection (HIC)

Page 4: Donovan- NARA

Donovan Artifacts Foldout: Accoutrements of General William 

Donovan- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of David G. Donovan; Medal of 

Honor- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of the Donovan-Leisure law firm

Page 6: Letter- NARA; Telegram- NARA

Page 7: Badge- CIA Museum Collection; Communications Officers- NARA

Page 8: LaGueux-CIA Museum Collection courtesy of Norma LaGueux 

Hamilton; Lussier- Courtesy of Sarah Holcomb

Page 9: Holcomb- Courtesy of Sarah Holcomb; Luce- Collection of Troy 

Sacquety

Page 10: “This is No Picnic”- Collection of H. Keith Melton; 

Commando Training Schedule- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of Norma 

LaGueux Hamilton

Page 11: Knife- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of Col. William H. Pietsch, 

Jr.; Fighting Stance- CIA Museum Collection courtesy of James Lutz

Page 12: Burma- Collection of Troy Sacquety

Page 13: Sleeping Beauty- Collection of H. Keith Melton

Page 14: Operation RYPE- Collection of the Colby family

Page 15: Colby and Paratroopers- Collection of the Colby family

Page 16: Document- Collection of Lorna Catling; Distinguished Service 

Cross- Collection of Lorna Catling

Page 17: Passports- Collection of Lorna Catling

Page 18: Dulles- CIA Museum Collection

Page 19: Card- Allen W. Dulles Papers, Public Policy Papers Division, 

Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library
44 45

IMAGE AND ARTIFACT CREDITS

Page 37: Casey in Paris- Collection of Bernadette Casey-Smith

Page 38: Document- CIA Museum Collection

Back Cover: East Building- CIA Museum Collection; OSS Pin Insignia- CIA 

Museum Collection courtesy of Col. William H. Pietsch, Jr. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The OSS Gallery of the CIA Museum and this 

publication were made possible by the efforts 

of the following:

 

Our generous donors and lenders

CIA Museum staff 

The Directorate of Science & Technology’s 

Multimedia Communications Group 

Imaging and Publishing Support printing staff 

Murphy-Catton, Inc. 

Peter Garfield, Garfield Studio