1

Ecological Risk Assessment for the Proposed New Chemical 

Registration of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 (VersutideTM 

peptide) on Vegetables and Cole Crops; Herbs, Spices, and 

Mints; Pasture and Hay Crops; Fruit, Nut, and Vine Crops; 

Field Crops; Commercial Flowers and Ornamental Plants; 

Forest, Shade Tree, and Nursery Stock; and Turf

ASSOCIATED BARCODE: D411507

 

By

Meghan Radtke, Ph.D., Biologist

Peer Reviewers

Faruque Khan, Ph.D., Senior Scientist

Edward Odenkirchen, Ph.D., Senior Scientist

Sujatha Sankula, Ph.D., Lead Biologist

Acting Branch Chief 

Edward Odenkirchen, Ph.D.

Date of Approval

May 30, 2013
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1. PROBLEM FORMULATION

1.1 Nature of the Registration Action

This environmental risk assessment evaluates the potential ecological risks of the new broad 

spectrum insecticide, GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 (VersutideTM peptide). The insecticide is 

proposed for use on a number of agricultural and home/garden uses; general categories include: 

vegetable and cole crops; herbs, spices, and mints; fruit, nut, and vine crops; field crops; 

commercial flowers and ornamental plants; forest, shade tree, and nursery stock; and turf. The 

insecticide is listed as being effective to control numerous insects including: alfalfa looper, army 

worm, Colorado potato beetle larvae, hornworms, spotted cucumber beetle, tobacco budworm, 

European corn borer, cankerworm, western tent caterpillar, cutworms, corn earworm, and gypsy

moth. Two formulations (20% and 30% ai) are being registered. The proposed maximum 

single application rate is 0.8 lb ai/A with a maximum yearly application rate (assumed) of 0.8 lb 

ai/A. The products are foliar sprays that are applied via ground or aerial application equipment. 

1.2 Nature of the Chemical Stressor

GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is a peptide that is derived from the venom of a species of Australian 

funnel spider (Hadronyche versuta). Specifically, it is derived from the u-ACTX-HV1 peptide, 

which represents a small fraction of the funnel spider’s venom (< 0.5% by dry weight); there are 

only two amino acid differences between the u-ACTX-HV1 peptide and GS-U-ACTX-Hv1aSEQ2. The protein structure consists of a solvent-accessible beta-hairpin protruding from a 

disulphide-bonded globular core comprising four beta-turns. The three intramolecular disulphide 

bonds form a cystine knot motif similar to that seen in several other neurotoxic peptides. The uACTX-HV1 peptide acts by inhibiting insect voltage-gated calcium channel currents (Fletcher et 

al. 1997) and by inhibiting the calcium activated potassium channels (Gunning et al., 2008). 

GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is mass produced via transgenic yeast.

1.3 Use Characterization

GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is proposed for registration on a wide variety of uses.

Vegetable and Cole Crops: artichoke, arugula, asparagus, beans, beets, bok choy, broccoli, 

broccoli raab, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cardoni, carrots, cassava, cauliflower, cavalo, celeriac, 

celery, chayote root, chervil, chick peas, chicory, China greens, Chinese artichoke, Chinese 

broccoli, Chinese cabbage (napa), Chinese mustard cabbage, collards, corn salad, cress, 

cucumber, cucurbits, dandelion dock, dry bulb onions, edible burdock, edible chrysanthemum, 

edible gourds, eggplant, escarole, endive, garlic, ginger, ginseng, green onions, greens (beet, 

China, dandelion, mustard, turnip, rape), ground cherry, horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke, kale, 

kohlrabi, leeks, lentils, lettuce (head, leaf, romaine), lupine, malanga, melons, mizuna, mustard 

spinach, okra, olives, onions, parsley, parsnips, peas, pepino, peppers, potatoes, pumpkins, 

purslane, radicchio, radishes, rhubarb, rutabaga, salsify, shallots, skirret, soybean foliage, 

soybean, spinach, squash, sugar beets, sweet potatoes, swiss chard, tomatillo, tomatoes, turmeric, 

turnips, turnip-rooted chervil, turnip-rooted parsley, watercress, yams
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Herbs, Spices, and Mints: angelica, balm, basil, borage, burnet, catnip, chamomile, chervil, 

chives, cilantro, clary, coriander, costmary, curry, dill, dill weed, fennel, horehound, hyssop, 

lavender, lemongrass, lovage, marjoram, mint, nasturtium, oregano, parsley, peppermint, 

rosemary, sage, savory, spearmint, sweet bay, tansy, tarragon, thyme, wintergreen, woodruff, 

wormwood

Pasture and Hay Crops: alfalfa (hay and seed), hay and other forage crops, pasture (grasses 

and hay), silage

Pome and Stone Fruit Trees: apples, apricots, crabapple, cherries, figs, loquat, mayhaw, 

nectarines, peaches, pears, plums, prunes, quince

Nut Trees: almonds, cashew, chestnuts, filberts, macadamia nut, pecans, pistachios, walnuts

Tree Fruits: acerola, atemoya, biriba, black sapote, canistel, cherimoya, custard apple, feijoa, 

guava, llama, jaboticaba, kiwi, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, passion fruit, 

pulasan, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop, Spanish lime, star apple, starfruit, sugar apple, ti palm, 

wax jambu, white sapote

Citrus: grapefruit, lemons, limes, organs, tangerines

Small Fruit and Berries: blackberries, blueberries, boysenberries, cranberries, currants, 

elderberry, gooseberry, huckleberry, juneberry, ligonberry, loganberries, raspberries, salal, 

strawberries, grapes

Tropical and Other Fruit: bananas, kiwi, persimmon, pomegranate, pineapple

Tropical/Sub-Tropical Fruits: avocado, guava, lychee, sugar apple

Field Crops: canola/rape seed, evening primrose, meadow foam, corn (field, sweet, popcorn, 

seed), cotton, hops, jojoba, peanuts, rice safflower

Small Grains: barley, buckwheat, grain amaranth, millet, milo, oats, pearl, proso millet, rye, 

triticale, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, sunflower (oil and seed), tobacco, coffee

Commercial Flowers and Ornamental Plants: bedding plants, flowers (greenhouse and field), 

greenhouse ornamentals, greenhouse vegetables, container stock

Forest, Shade Tree, and Nursery Stock: deciduous, forest, shade trees, nursery trees, 

ornamental trees, conifers (including Christmas trees)

Turf: turf and turf grown for seed

According to the label, for all uses, a single application can range from 0.025 to 0.8 lb ai/A; the 

single maximum application rate is 0.8 lb ai/A. The target pests include: achema sphinx moth, 

alfalfa caterpillar, alfalfa looper, alfalfa webworm, amorbia, armyworm, artichoke plume moth, 
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asparagus beetle, avocado leaf roller, azalea caterpillar, azalea moth, bagworm, banana skipper, 

banana moth, banded sunflower moth, beet armyworm, bertha armyworm, blackheaded 

budworm, blackheaded fireworm, blueberry leaf roller, bollworm, browntail moth, cabbage 

budworm, cabbage looper, cabbage webworm, California oakworm, cankerworm, celery leaftier, 

cereal leaf beetle, cherry fruitworm, citrus cutworm, citrus peelminer, codling moth, Colorado 

potato beetle larvae, corn earworm, corn rootworm, cotton leaf perforator, cottonwood leaf 

beetle, cranberry fruitworm, cranberry girdler, cross-stripped cabbageworm, cutworms, 

diamondback moth, douglas fir tussock moth, eastern tent caterpillar, ello moth, elm spanworm, 

European corn borer, European grapevine moth, European skipper, fall webworm, filbert leaf 

roller, filbert webworm, fireworm, Florida fern caterpillar, fruit tree leaf roller, grape berry 

moth, grape leaffolder, grapeleaf skeletonizer, green cloverworm, green fruitworm, greenstriped 

mapleworm, gummosos-batrachedra commosae, gypsy moth, headworm, heliothis, hemlock 

looper, hickory shuckworm, hornworm, imported cabbageworm, jack pine budworm, leaf 

rollers, light brown apple moth, lo moth, looper, melonworm, mimosa webworm, navel 

orangeworm, oblique banded leaf roller, oleander moth, omniforous leaftier, omnivorous leaf 

roller, orange tortix, orangedog, oriental fruit moth, pandemic leaf roller, peach twig borer, pecan 

nut casebearer, pickleworm, pine butterfly, pine tip moths, plum curculio, podworm, red-neck 

peanut worm, redbanded leaf roller, redhumped caterpillar, rindworm complex, roughskinned 

cutworm, saddleback caterpillar, saddle prominent caterpillar, saltmarsh caterpillar, silverleaf 

whitefly nymphs, sod webworm, southwestern corn border, soybean looper, spanworm, 

sparganothis, spotted asparagus beetle, spotted cucumber beetle, spotted cutworm, spring and fall 

cankerworm, spruce budworm, striped cucumber beetle, sunflower moth, tent caterpillar, theclathecla basilides, tobacco budworm, tobacco hornworm, tomato fruitworm, tomato hornworm, 

tomato pinworm, tortix, tortix moth, tropical sod webworm, tufted apple budmoth, tussock moth, 

twig borer, variegated cutworm, variegated leaf roller, velvetbean caterpillar, viburnam beetle, 

walnut caterpillar, webworm, western bean cutworm, western corn cutworm, western raspberry 

fruitworm, western tent caterpillar, western tussock moth, yellow margined leaf beetle larvae, 

and yellowstriped armyworm.

The label does not specify a yearly maximum application rate. Therefore, it is assumed that 0.8

lb ai/A is the maximum annual application rate for GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2. For single 

application rates below 0.8 lb ai/A, the application interval is 3 to 10 days.

1.5 Analysis Plan

The screening-level risk assessment is used as the approach to determine risk to non-target 

organisms from the proposed new uses of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2. Given that the toxicity 

data for this chemical are non-definitive and that limited fate data are provided, the assessment 

will qualitatively analyze the anticipated effects of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 on non-target 

organisms in the environment. The qualitative analysis is done by comparing the estimated 

environmental concentrations (EECs) with the toxicity value generated during testing. The 

environmental fate of proteins will also be explored.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE CHARACTERIZATION

Limited fate data were submitted in support of the registration of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2. 

The active ingredient is a peptide derived from one of the toxicologically active components of 
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Australian funnel spider venom (Figure 1). Its molecular weight is 4565 kDa and the pH is 4.89-

5.95 (MRIDs 48779002 and 48779101). It is a large molecule that is made up of a chain of 41

amino acids. Its surface is covered in hydrophilic residues, making it highly soluble in water, but 

insoluble in ethanol (specific solubility data were not submitted). The formulation contains

paracellular transport mechanisms (derived from inert ingredients on EPA’s list) to facilitate the 

translocation of the peptide from the gut into the insect’s hemocoel and ultimately the nervous 

system. Upon entering the environment, GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is readily biodegradable and 

breaks down into its amino acid components. Its conformation (quaternary structure) determines 

its toxicity; thus, even a minor change to its structure may render it non-toxic. Its terrestrial halflife is approximately 4 days, extrapolated from simulated sunlight exposures in terrestrial 

settings where degradation occurred after 48-hours (MRIDs 48779002 and 48779003).

Figure 1. Richardson schematic of calculated 3-D structures of u-ACTX-Hv1a peptide 

from Protein Data Bank number 2H1Z (MRID 48779001)

The following required fate guideline studies, as stipulated by the Code of Federal Regulation, 

are not available and are consequently identified as data gaps:

• 835.2129 (hydrolysis)

• 835.2240 (photodegradation in water)

• 835.2410 (photodegradation in soil)

• 835.2370 (photodegradation in air – conditional, depending on chemical’s properties)

• 835.4100 (aerobic soil metabolism)

• 835.4200 (anaerobic soil metabolism)

• 835.4300 (aerobic aquatic metabolism)

• 835.4400 (anaerobic aquatic metabolism)

• 835.1230/835.1240 (leaching adsorption/desorption)

• 835.6100 (terrestrial field dissipation)

• 835.1410 (volatility laboratory – conditional, depending on chemical’s properties)
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3. EXPOSURE ESTIMATION

3.2 Aquatic Exposure Modeling

Given the limited amount of data available for this assessment, a simplified approach will be 

taken to estimate environmental exposure. The standard pond used in the Tier I GENEEC or 

Tier II the Pesticide Root Zone Model, (PRZM, Carousel et al. 1997) and the Exposure Analysis 

Modeling System (EXAMS, Burns 2000) is 1 ha in size and contains 20,000,000 L of water. 

Rather than using the models to calculate an estimated environmental concentration (EEC), the 

EEC is calculated by dividing the amount of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 that is applied within a 1

ha area by the 20,000,000 L contained in the pond. The application rate is 0.8 lb ai/A. This is 

converted to mg/ha by:

(0.8 lb/A)(362874 mg/lb)(1 A/0.404686 ha) = 896,680 mg/ha

Dividing 896,680 mg by 20,000,000 L yields 0.044 mg/L, which is the concentration of GS-UACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 that is expected in the standard pond. This represents the peak concentration 

in the pond; concentrations over longer periods of time are expected to be much lower.

This approach is considered conservative because the pesticide is being directly applied to the 

water rather than arriving in the pond via runoff. Furthermore, the pond does not have any 

inputs or outputs that would allow for exchange of water.

3.3 Terrestrial Exposure 

Terrestrial wildlife exposure estimates are typically calculated for birds and mammals 

emphasizing a dietary exposure route for uptake of pesticide residues on vegetative matter and 

insects. Terrestrial wildlife exposure estimates are calculated with T-REX v1.5.1 model (August 

20, 2012). The residues, or estimated environmental concentrations (EECs), on food items are

compared with sub-acute dietary toxicity data, acute oral data, and chronic dietary or oral 

toxicity data. Foliar application exposures are estimated for birds in Table 1 and mammals in 

Table 2. In this case, a single application rate of 0.8 lb ai/A was modeled. The risk assessment 

uses a default foliar dissipation half-life estimate of 35 days. This default value is used in lieu of 

representative foliar dissipation data for GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2, because no suitable data 

were provided that evaluated foliar dissipation (although a 4-day terrestrial half-life is provided, 

it is unclear if it is a foliar dissipation half-life or if it is for another medium). 
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Table 1. Avian EECs for the Proposed GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 Uses

Feeding Category

Dietary-based 

EECs (mg/kgfood item)

Dose-based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Small

(20 g)

Medium

(100 g)

Large

(1000 g)

All Uses

1 app at 0.8 lb ai/A

Short grass 192.00 218.67 124.69 55.83

Tall grass 88.00 100.22 57.15 25.59

Broadleaf plants 108.00 123.00 70.14 31.40

Fruits/pods 12.00 13.67 7.79 3.49

Arthropods 75.20 85.65 48.84 21.87

Seeds - 3.04 1.73 0.78

Table 2. Mammal EECs for the Proposed GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 Uses

Feeding Category

Dietary-based 

EECs (mg/kgfood item)

Dose-based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Small

(15 g)

Medium

(135 g)

Large

(1000 g)

All Uses

1 app at 0.8 lb ai/A

Short grass 192.00 183.06 126.52 29.33

Tall grass 88.00 83.90 57.99 13.44

Broadleaf plants 108.00 102.97 71.17 16.50

Fruits/pods 12.00 11.44 7.91 1.83

Arthropods 75.20 71.70 49.55 11.49

Seeds - 2.54 1.76 0.41

For insects, only two EECs are calculated. The tall grass EEC represents the exposure through 

dietary intake whereas the arthropod EEC represents exposure through contact (Table 3) (see 

USEPA 2012 for further details about the EECs chosen to represent honeybee exposures). Given 

that honeybee larval toxicity data were not available, only GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 doses for 

adult bees are considered.

Table 3. Adult Insect EECs for the Proposed GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 Uses

Use

EEC based on tall grass

mg/kg-diet

(dose in μg ai/bee*)

EEC based on 

arthropod

mg/kg-diet

(dose in μg ai/bee**)1

All uses (1 app at 0.8 ai/A) 88.00 (25.7) 75.20 (9.6)

*Conversion made by multiplying EEC by food consumption rate of adult bee (0.292 g/day)

**Conversion made by multiplying EEC by body weight of adult bee (0.128 g)

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants may be exposed to pesticides from runoff and spray drift. 

Semi-aquatic plants are those that inhabit low-lying wet areas that may be dry at certain times of 

the year. Given that the solubility of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is not available, TerrPlant 

(v.1.2.1) cannot be used to calculate EECs for terrestrial plants. In lieu of this, the risks to plants 
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will be qualitatively assessed using toxicity information from the vegetative vigor and seedling 

emergence limit tests.

4. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION

Ecotoxicity data are limited to acute mammal, acute avian oral, acute freshwater fish, acute 

freshwater invertebrate, acute honeybee contact, terrestrial plant seedling emergence, and 

terrestrial plant vegetative vigor for GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2. According to the Federal Code 

of Regulations, a number of studies are missing and are considered data gaps. Below is a list of 

the studies and a description of the assumptions that were made in this risk assessment in the 

absence of data. Filling the data gaps would reduce the uncertainty associated with the 

assumptions that were made.

• 850.1075 (acute estuarine/marine fish toxicity) – acute freshwater fish toxicity data were 

used in lieu of estuarine/marine fish data.

• 850.1025/850.1035 (acute estuarine/marine invertebrate toxicity) – acute freshwater 

invertebrate data were used in lieu of estuarine/marine invertebrate data.

• 850.1300 (freshwater invertebrate life cycle test) – exposure was presumed to be 

negligible because the peptide is expected to immediately break down in aquatic 

environments, thus, long-term exposures are unlikely.

• 850.1350 (estuarine/marine invertebrate life cycle test) – exposure was presumed to be 

negligible because the peptide is expected to immediately break down in aquatic 

environments, thus, long-term exposures are unlikely.

• 850.1400 (freshwater fish early life stage test) – exposure was presumed to be negligible 

because the peptide is expected to immediately break down in aquatic environments, 

thus, long-term exposures are unlikely.

• 850.1400 (estuarine/marine fish early life stage test) – exposure was presumed to be 

negligible because the peptide is expected to immediately break down in aquatic 

environments, thus, long-term exposures are unlikely.

• 850.2100 (acute avian oral toxicity with mallard and passerine species) – acute oral data 

from the bobwhite quail was used as a surrogate for the mallard and passerine species.

• 850.2200 (acute avian dietary toxicity) – acute oral data from the bobwhite quail was 

used as a surrogate.

• 850.2300 (avian reproduction toxicity) – information regarding the lack of toxicity to 

vertebrates was used to support the assessment.

• 870.3800 (mammalian reproduction toxicity) – information regarding the lack of toxicity 

to vertebrates was used to support the assessment.

• 850.4100 (seedling emergence) – reliable information was not available for soybean. 

Data from the other tested dicots were used as surrogates.

• 850.4150 (vegetative vigor) – reliable information was not available for soybean. Data 

from the other tested dicots were used as surrogates.

• 850.4400 (aquatic plant growth – vascular plants) – lack of effects in terrestrial plants and 

presumed negligible exposure because the peptide is expected to immediately break 

down in aquatic environments were used to support the assessment.
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• 850.4500 (aquatic plant growth – non-vascular plants) – lack of effects in terrestrial 

plants and presumed negligible exposure because the peptide is expected to immediately 

break down in aquatic environments were used to support the assessment.

In addition, a honeybee oral toxicity study (non-guideline, OECD 213) and larval toxicity (nonguideline) would also be requested to evaluate toxicity to honeybees and non-listed terrestrial 

invertebrates. In the absence of these data, risks are assumed to honeybees because the pesticide 

is designated as an insecticide. 

Aquatic Organisms

Acute data for freshwater fish and invertebrates are available (Table 4). For the freshwater fish 

study, a limit test (100 mg ai/L) was performed with rainbow trout. The treatment group 

exhibited 10% mortality; however, this is considered normal background mortality (USEPA 

1996a). No sub-lethal effects were observed and the LC50 was determined to be above the 100 

mg ai/L concentration.

The acute freshwater invertebrate limit test was performed with the waterflea. Waterfleas were 

exposed to a single concentration of 1000 mg ai/L. Mortality (3 to 7 %) occurred in both the 

control and treatment groups, but it was at rates consistent with normal background mortality

(USEPA 1996b). No sub-lethal effects were observed and the EC50 was determined to be above 

the 1000 mg ai/L concentration.

One uncertainty for both the fish and aquatic invertebrate studies is the stability of GS-U-ACTXHv1a-SEQ2 in water. Understanding the stability of a compound is important because it directly 

affects the exposure concentration in the test. The half-life of the peptide in terrestrial habitats is 

approximately four days. No hydrolysis data have been submitted, thus the concentration of GSU-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 over the duration of the aquatic tests is unknown; it is possible that the 

degradation occurred very rapidly. It is assumed that the acute exposures represent real-life 

exposure scenarios, regardless of the degradation rate. It is unimportant whether the peptide 

degraded quickly upon entering the aquatic environment or persisted through the experiment. 

No effects occurred within the test systems; however, the fish and invertebrate studies are 

classified as “supplemental” because of the chemical stability uncertainty.

Acute and chronic data are not available for estuarine/marine fish or invertebrates. Likewise, 

chronic data are not available for freshwater and estuarine/marine fish or aquatic invertebrates. 

Data for aquatic vascular and non-vascular plants also are not available.
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Table 4. Acute Toxicity Effects of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 on Aquatic Organisms

Species Study 

Guideline

A.I. Toxicity Endpoint Study and 

Toxicity 

Classification

MRID #

Rainbow Trout

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

850.1075 31.5 % LC50 > 100 mg ai/A

NOAEC = 100 mg ai/L

No sub-lethal effects 

Supplemental

Practically 

non-toxic

48779014

Waterflea 

(Daphnia 

magna)

850.1010 31.5 % EC50 > 1000 mg ai/L

NOAEC = 1000 mg ai/L

No sub-lethal effects

Supplemental

Practically 

non-toxic

48779015

Terrestrial Organisms

Acute oral toxicity data are available for birds and mammals (Table 5). A limit test was 

conducted by exposing the bobwhite quail via oral gavage to concentrations of 630 mg ai/kg-bw. 

Ten control birds were tested and ten birds were exposed to GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2. No 

mortalities or sub-lethal effects were observed, thus, the LD50 is > 630 mg ai/kg-bw. Acute 

dietary data are not available for birds. Chronic/reproduction data also are not available.

Similarly, an acute oral toxicity study (up/down procedure) was conducted on three rats. 

Initially, one female rat was administered an oral dose of 5000 mg ai/kg-bw. When mortality did 

not occur and no sub-lethal effects (including changes to behavior and decreases in body weight) 

were observed, an additional two rats were dosed with the same concentration. The experiment 

was terminated when none of the three rats showed any signs of toxicity over a two week period. 

The resulting LD50 is > 5000 mg ai/kg-bw. A chronic two-generation reproduction study with 

rats is not available.

An acute honeybee contact toxicity test was available for GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 (Table 5). 

Sixty bees were exposed to a concentration of 25 μg ai/bee and 60 bees were exposed to water 

(controls) via a droplet of solution to the abdomen (contact exposure). Mortality rates for each 

group were at or below 8% and no sub-lethal effects were observed. Consequently, the contact 

LD50 for honeybees is > 25 μg ai/bee. Acute oral and larval data are not available for honeybees.

Table 5. Acute Toxicity Effects of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 on Terrestrial Animals

Species Study 

Guideline

A.I. Toxicity Endpoint Study and 

Toxicity 

Classification

MRID #

Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

850.2100 31.5% LD50 > 630 mg ai/kg-bw

NOAEC = 630 mg ai/kg-bw

No effects

Supplemental

Slightly toxic

48779013

Rat (Rattus 

norvegicus)

870.1100 31.5% LD50 > 5000 mg ai/kg-bw

NOAEC = 5000 mg ai/kg-bw

Acceptable

Practically 

non-toxic

48779007

Honeybee (Apis 

mellifera)

850.3020 31.5% Contact LD50 > 25 μg ai/bee

NOAEC = 25 μg ai/bee

No sub-lethal effects

Supplemental

Practically 

non-toxic

48779018
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Terrestrial plant data were available for GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 (Table 6). Seedling 

emergence and vegetative vigor tests were conducted at application rates of 0.8 lb ai/A. In both 

studies, the emergence rate for soybean was below 70%, indicating a potential problem with the 

seed stock. Consequently, data for this species are not considered reliable and are not included 

in the risk assessment. In the seedling emergence test, none of the species in the treatment group 

showed reductions in emergence, diameter, length, or dry weight that were greater than 25%. 

Therefore, the EC25 is > 0.8 lb ai/A for seedling emergence. In the vegetative vigor study, onion 

and lettuce showed significant decreases (greater than 25% in root weight); however these 

differences did not translate into above-ground biomass. Root weight is generally considered an 

unreliable endpoint because of the difficulty in obtaining accurate measurements. Effects of 

25% or more were not seen for plant height, diameter or dry length; thus, the EC25 is > 0.8 lb 

ai/A for vegetative vigor.

Table 6. Toxicity Effects of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 on Terrestrial Plants

Species Study 

Guideline

A.I. Toxicity Endpoint Study

Classification

MRID #

Monocots

Oat (Avena sativa)

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Onion (Allium cepa)

Corn (Zea mays)

Dicots

Tomato (Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Soybean (Glycine max)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

Carrot (Daucus carota)

Seedling 

emergence

850.4100

31.5 % EC25 > 0.8 lb ai/A

NOAEC = 0.8 lb ai/A

No effects

Supplemental 48779016

Monocots

Oat (Avena sativa)

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Onion (Allium cepa)

Corn (Zea mays)

Dicots

Tomato (Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Soybean (Glycine max)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

Carrot (Daucus carota)

Vegetative 

vigor

850.4150

31.5 % EC25 > 0.8 lb ai/A

NOAEC = 0.8 lb ai/A

>25% root weight 

decrease in onion and 

lettuce that was not 

considered reliable

Supplemental 48779017

Incident Database Review

Searches of the Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS v. 2.1.1), Avian Incident 

Monitoring System (AIMS), and the Incident Database System (IDS) were performed on May 2, 
12

2013. No ecological incidents were reported in any of the databases. This is expected given that 

GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is a new chemical. 

5. RISK DESCRIPTION

Results of the exposure modeling and toxicity studies are used to evaluate the likelihood of 

adverse ecological effects on non-target species. For GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2, this will be a 

qualitative assessment because of the limited fate and toxicity data.

5.1.1 Risk to Aquatic Organisms

A peak concentration of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 was generated by calculating the amount of 

active ingredient distributed per liter within the standard PRZM/EXAMS pond. This EEC 

(0.044 mg ai/L) was compared directly to the toxicity values generated in the registrantsubmitted studies. 

Acute Risks to Fish and Invertebrates

The LC50 for freshwater fish is > 100 mg ai/L. Compared to the peak EEC of 0.044 mg ai/L, the 

LC50 is at least four orders of magnitude higher. This indicates that risk concerns to freshwater 

fish on an acute exposure basis are unlikely. Acute toxicity data were not available for 

estuarine/marine fish. In lieu of this, freshwater fish are used as a surrogate. This adds some 

uncertainty to the analysis; however, given that no effects (including sub-lethal) were seen in 

freshwater fish and the extremely large difference between the LC50 value and the peak EEC, it 

is unlikely that estuarine/marine fish would be markedly different in their sensitivity to GS-UACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2. Consequently, estuarine/marine fish are not expected to be at risk on an 

acute exposure basis.

The EC50 for freshwater invertebrates is >1000 mg ai/L. Compared to the peak EEC of 0.044 mg 

ai/L, the EC50 is at least five orders of magnitude larger. Therefore, acute risk concerns to 

freshwater invertebrates are unlikely. Acute toxicity data were not available for estuarine/marine 

invertebrates, thus, the freshwater invertebrate data were used as a surrogate. For the same 

reasons identified for fish, the freshwater invertebrate data are considered a reasonably protective 

surrogate for estuarine/marine invertebrates. Based on this, acute risk concerns are not expected 

for estuarine/marine invertebrates.

Chronic Risks to Fish and Invertebrates

Toxicity data were not available for chronic exposures to fish or invertebrates. One of the 

uncertainties in the acute aquatic studies was the concern that GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 

degraded very quickly and that the actual exposure experienced by the test organism was far 

lower than the nominal concentration of active ingredient. Hydrolysis data for the peptide are 

not available, but it is likely that degradation rapidly occurs in water. The quaternary structure 

(protein folding) of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is very complex; conditions that even slightly 

alter the protein’s configuration (e.g., exposure to water) will interfere with its receptor binding. 

Terrestrial data indicate that the half-life of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is only 4 days. If a 

similar or smaller half-life occurs in water, aquatic organisms would not reasonably be expected 

to experience chronic exposure conditions. Therefore, risk concerns from chronic exposures are 

considered unlikely.
13

Aquatic Plants

Toxicity data were not available for aquatic vascular and non-vascular plants. At an application 

rate of 0.8 lb ai/A, terrestrial plants showed no effects. As with the aquatic invertebrate and fish 

analysis, if the 0.8 lb ai/A were sprayed directly onto a 1 ha 20,000,000 L pond, the 

concentration is expected to be 0.044 mg ai/L. Exposures to fish (100 mg ai/L) and aquatic 

invertebrates (1000 mg ai/L) at much higher rates that 0.044 mg ai/L also showed no effects. 

Given the specificity of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 to insects, the low probability that aquatic 

plants have this same receptor, and the peptide’s predicted instability in water, risk concerns for 

aquatic plants are not expected. To confirm this conclusion, toxicity data for aquatic vascular 

and non-vascular plants could be requested (850.4400 and 850.4500).

5.1.2 Risk to Terrestrial Organisms 

For terrestrial animals, EECs were generated using T-REX. These were then compared to the 

non-definitive toxicity values to characterize risks. EECs for GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 

exposure to terrestrial plants could not be generated because solubility data for the protein were

not available. Consequently, the discussion of risks to terrestrial plants is based strictly on the 

toxicity information from the seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies.

In addition to the Agency guideline toxicity studies, the registrant submitted several studies with 

detailed information about the specificity of the GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 to insect receptors 

versus bird/mammal receptors. This information is useful to further characterize the absence of 

effects in the acute avian and mammal studies as well as to define potential chronic effects.

The GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is closely related to the omega peptide of the same form (50% 

homology in structure) and exhibits a similar folding pattern (quaternary structure); it also shares 

homology with the kappa peptide (κ-ACTX-Hv1c). It has been documented to share activity on 

a molecular level with these two other peptides and toxicity information from the omega and 

kappa peptides are considered appropriate surrogates (MRID 48779019). In vitro studies 

indicate that the omega peptide blocks insect calcium channels and affects the ganglionic 

neurotransmission, but does not inhibit mammalian neuronal calcium channels (Fletcher et al.,

1997). A homolog of the omega peptide with similar insect calcium channel activity was also 

tested in vertebrates using rat and chick smooth and skeletal nerve-muscle, respectively. No 

effects were observed (Chong et al., 2007). The kappa group of peptides, which shares the 

calcium activated potassium channel inhibition mode of action with GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2, 

also is insect specific and is believed to exhibit little to no activity at rat dorsal root ganglion 

neuronal calcium-activated potassium channels (Gunning et al., 2008). Sollod (2006) 

demonstrated insect specificity with hybrid peptide compounds – similar to GS-U-ACTX-Hv1aSEQ2. 

Acute Risks to Birds and Mammals

The highest acute dose-based EEC generated for birds is 219 mg ai/kg-bw (20 g bird eating short 

grass). The LD50 of > 630 mg ai/kg-bw, when compared with the EEC, is three times higher. 

Thus, acute risks to birds are not expected. Similarly, the acute dose-based EEC for mammals is 

183 mg ai/kg-bw (15 g mammal eating short grass). The corresponding LD50 is > 5000 mg 
14

ai/kg-bw, which is one order of magnitude higher than the EEC. Therefore, acute risk concerns 

for mammals are not expected.

Chronic Risks to Birds and Mammals

Toxicity data were not available for chronic exposures to birds and mammals. The 

bioavailability of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is expected to be low, based on the physical 

structure of the peptide. Spider venoms are designed to be injected into their prey. Exposure 

through oral means is likely to drastically decrease the toxicity of the compound or eliminate it 

altogether; peptides are rapidly digested in the gut. As an example, peptide drugs that have been 

developed for human oral administration are generally limited to a bioavailability of 1-2 % 

because of their molecular size (large), hydrophillicity, and physical stability in the digestive 

tract (Hamman and Steenekamp, 2011). Consequently, absorption enhancing agents and 

chemical and physical modifications to the peptide molecules are made to increase the 

absorption. Drugs derived from the cone shell (Conus fulmen) are based on a peptide with the 

similar cystine knot of 3 disulfide bonds that is found in GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2; they also 

share similar physical chemical characteristics. The drug is delivered intrathecally because of a 

lack of bioavailability through the oral route (Lee, 2010). The limited bioavailability and 

similarity of the cone shell peptide and GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 further supports that premise 

that the oral exposure route poses little chance of toxicity to vertebrates. Consequently, chronic 

risk concerns are not expected for birds and mammals.

Acute Risks to Honeybees

EECs were generated for both the oral and contact exposure pathways for honeybees. 

Toxicological data were available for the contact route; the LD50 is > 25 μg ai/bee for adult 

honeybees. The contact EEC (converted to a dose) is 9.6 μg ai/bee, which is lower than the 

LD50. Consequently, direct risks to honeybees via the contact exposure route are not considered 

likely. Data were not available for the dietary exposure route to adult honeybees nor were 

toxicity data provided for larvae. Given that GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 is an insecticide and is 

highly specific to insects, risk cannot be precluded. The insecticide is intended to be delivered to 

its targets through the oral route; therefore, risk concerns (via ingestion) are identified for 

honeybees (adult and larval) in the absence of toxicity data. To reduce the uncertainty associated 

with this assumption, an acute oral toxicity study on adult honeybees (OECD 213) and a larval 

toxicity study (non-guideline study) could be performed. In addition, conducting a honeybee 

toxicity of residues on foliage study (850.3030) would confirm the conclusion of low risk from

honeybee exposure to aged residues.

Terrestrial Plants

Toxicity data for terrestrial plants were available; however the solubility information for GS-UACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 needed to run the TerrPlant model was not. The plant toxicity studies did 

not exhibit reductions in seedling emergence and vegetative vigor endpoints that were greater 

than 25%. Given that they were conducted at the highest application rate, effects to plants are 

probably unlikely for the proposed uses. Consequently, no risk concerns are identified for plants 

from the proposed application rate and uses.
15

6. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES CONCERN

Terrestrial insects were the only group of organisms identified to be potentially at risk from the 

proposed uses of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2. To determine whether GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2

use sites are geographically associated with known locations of listed species, a screening-level 

search of the LOCATES (version 2.2.5) database was conducted (query performed on 

05/07/2013). The database compares county-level location data for listed species with countylevel crop production data (as available in the 2007 agricultural census) to identify any coarse 

overlaps of listed species with the proposed labeled uses of GS-UACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2. See 

Appendix A for a complete list of the crops used in the analysis. 

Based on the endangered species analysis, risk concerns for direct effects to terrestrial 

invertebrates have been identified (Table 7). There is a concern for indirect effects to terrestrial 

plants that have obligate pollinator requirements or other dependencies on terrestrial 

invertebrates. Species that depend on terrestrial invertebrates for food (amphibians, birds, fish, 

mammals, reptiles, terrestrial invertebrates) may also be at indirect risk. Appendix A lists the 

federally listed species (123 species) on which direct effects could potentially occur because of

the co-occurrence with crops included in the proposed new uses of GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2.

Table 7. Listed Species Risks Associated with the GS-U-ACTX-Hv1a-SEQ2 Proposed New 

Uses

Listed Taxa Direct Effects Indirect Effects

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants 

(monocots and dicots) No Yes

Birds No Yes

Terrestrial phase amphibians No Yes

Reptiles No Yes

Mammals No Yes

Terrestrial invertebrates Yes (oral) Yes

Aquatic vascular plants No No

Aquatic non-vascular plants No No

Freshwater fish No Yes

Aquatic phase amphibians No Yes

Freshwater invertebrates No No

Marine/estuarine fish No Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates No No

7. LITERATURE CITED 

Burns, L.A. 2000. Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS II) User Manual and System 

Documentation. EPA/600/R-00/081. http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/
16

Carousel, R.F., J.C. Imhoff, P.R., Hummel, Cheplick, J.M., A.S. Donigian, and L.A. Suárez. 

1997. PRZM-3, A Model for Predicting Pesticide and Nitrogen Fate in the Crop Root and 

Unsaturated Soil Zones: Users Manual for Release 3.12.2. http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/

Chong Y, Hayes JL, Sollod B, Wen S, Wilson DT, Hains PG, Hodgson WC, Broady KW,

King GF, Nicholson GM. 2007. The ω-atracotoxins: Selective blockers of insect M-LVA

and HVA calcium channels. Biochemical Pharmacology 74:623-638.

Fletcher JI, Smith R, O’Donoghue SI, Nilges M. Connor M, Howden MEH, Christie MJ, King 

GF. 1997. The structure of a novel insecticidal neurotoxin, ω-atracotoxin-HV1, from the venom 

of an Australian funnel web spider. Nature Structural Biology, 4(7)559-566.

Gunning, S. J., F. Maggio, M. J. Windley, S. M. Valenzuela, G. F. King, and G. M. Nicholson. 

2008. The Janus-faced atracotoxins are specific blockers of invertebrate KCa channels. The 

FEBS Journal, 275: 4045-4059.

Hamman JH, and Steenekamp JH. 2011. Oral peptide drug delivery: Strategies to

overcome challenges. In: Peptide Drug Discovery and Development Ed, MC Castanho

and NC Santos. Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH& Co KGaA.

Lee S, Kim Y, B SK, Choi HW, Lee JY, Jung HH, Ryu JH, Suh HW, Na HS, Kim HJ, Rhim

H, Kim JI. 2010. Analgesic effect of highly reversible ω-conotoxin FIVA on N type Ca2+

channels. Molecular Pain. 6;97.

Sollod, B.L. 2006. From venoms to insecticides: exploring the structure, function, and 

evolution of peptide toxins found in the venom of Australian funnel-web spiders. Ph.D. Thesis, 

University of Connecticut.

USEPA. 1996a. Ecological effects test guidelines: OPPTS 850.1075 fish acute toxicity test, 

freshwater and marine. Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, United States 

Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA. 1996b. Ecological effects test guidelines: OPPTS 850.1010 aquatic invertebrate acute 

toxicity test, freshwater daphnids. Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, United 

States Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA. 2012. White paper in support of the proposed risk assessment process for bees. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada, and California Department of Pesticide 

Regulation
17

APPENDIX A: LOCATES Endangered Species Reporting

Crops modeled include: alfalfa hay, almonds, apples, apricots, artichokes-excluding Jerusalem, asparagus, 

avocados, bananas, barley for gain, beans-all other, beans-dry edible excluding limas, beans-dry lima, beans-green 

lima, beans-snap (green), beans-yard long, beets, blackberries and dewberries, blueberries-tame, blueberries-wild, 

boysenberries, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, buckwheat, cabbage-chinese, cabbage-head, cabbage-mustard, canola, 

cantaloupes, carrots, cassava, cauliflower, celery, cherries-sweet, cherries-tart, chestnuts, chicory, Christmas trees, 

Christmas trees cut, citrus fruit-all, coffee, collards, corn for grain, corn for silage of greenchop, corn-popcorn and 

sweet corn, corn-sweet for seed, cotton-all, cotton-pima, cotton-upland, cranberries, cropland used only for pasture 

or grazing, cucumbers and pickles, currents, dill for oil, dry beans, eggplant, escarole and endive, field and grass 

seed crops-all, figs, floriculture crops, forage-land used for all hay/haylage grass silage and greenchop, garlic, ginger 

root, ginseng, grapefruit, grapes, guavas, hay-all hay including alfalfa other tame small grain and wild, haylage 

(grass silage and greenchop), haylage or greenchop from alfalfa or alfalfa mixtures, hay-other tame dry, hay-wild 

dry, hazelnuts (filberts), herb and spice plants harvested, herbs-dried, herbs-freshcut, honeydew melons, hops, 

horseradish, jojoba harvested, kale, kiwifruit, lemons, lemons and limes, lentils, lettuce-all, lettuce-head, lettuceleaf, lettuce-romaine, limes, loganberries, macadamia nuts, mangoes, mangos, mint for oil-all, mint for oilpeppermint, mint for oil-spearmint, muskmelons and pepinos, mustard greens, nectarines, oats for grain, okra, 

olives, onions-dry, onions-green, oranges-all, oranges-valencia, orchards, other berries, other haylage grass silage 

and greenchop, other oranges, other tame hay, papayas, parsley, passion fruit, peaches-all, peaches-clingstone, 

peaches-freestone, peanuts for nuts, pears-all, pears-bartlett, pears-other, peas-austrian winter, peas-chinese (sugar 

and snow), peas-dry edible, peas-dry southern (cowpeas), peas-pigeon, peas- green (excluding southern), peas-green 

southern (cowpeas) – blackeyed, crowder, etc., pecans-all, pecans-improved, pecans-native and seedling, peppers 

harvested, peppers other than bell (including chile), peppers-bell (excluding pimientos), permanent pasture and 

rangeland, other than cropland and woodland pastured, persimmons, pineapples harvested, pineapples not harvested, 

pistachios, plums, plums and prunes, pomegranates, potatoes, proso millet, prunes, pumpkins radishes, rapeseed, 

raspberries-all, raspberries-black, raspberries-red, rhubarb, rice, rice-wild, rye for grain, safflower, small grain hay, 

sod harvested (in the open), sorghum for grain, sorghum for silage or greenchop, sorghum for syrup, soursop, 

soybeans, spinach, squash-all, squash-summer, squash-winter, starfruit, strawberries, sugarbeets for seed, sugarbeets 

for sugar, sunflower seed-all, sunflower seed-non-oil varieties, sunflower seed-oil varieties, sweet potatoes, 

tangerines, tobacco, tomatoes in the open, triticale, turnip greens, turnips, walnuts-english, watercress, watermelons, 

wheat-all, wheat-durum, wheatgrass seed, wheat-spring (other), wheat-winter, yam (lesser), yams

Common Name Scientific Name Medium STATE NAME County Taxon

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Alabama Bibb Insect

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Terrestrial Alabama Clay Gastropod

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Terrestrial Alabama Coosa Gastropod

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Terrestrial Alabama Elmore Gastropod

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Alabama Greene Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Alabama Jackson Insect

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Terrestrial Alabama Monroe Gastropod

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Terrestrial Alabama Shelby Gastropod

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Terrestrial Alabama St. Clair Gastropod

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Terrestrial Alabama Talladega Gastropod

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Alabama Tuscaloosa Insect

Springsnail, San 

Bernardino

Pyrgulopsis 

bernardina

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Arizona Cochise Gastropod

Ambersnail, Kanab

Oxyloma haydeni 

kanabensis

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Arizona Coconino Gastropod

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Arkansas Franklin Insect
18

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Arkansas Little River Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Arkansas Logan Insect

Shagreen, Magazine 

Mountain

Mesodon 

magazinensis Terrestrial Arkansas Logan Gastropod

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Arkansas Scott Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Arkansas Sebastian Insect

Butterfly, Bay 

Checkerspot 

(Wright's 

euphydryas)

Euphydryas editha 

bayensis Terrestrial California Alameda Insect

Butterfly, Callippe

Silverspot

Speyeria callippe 

callippe Terrestrial California Alameda Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Amador Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Butte Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Calaveras Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Colusa Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Contra Costa Insect

Butterfly, Callippe 

Silverspot

Speyeria callippe 

callippe Terrestrial California Contra Costa Insect

Butterfly, Lange's 

Metalmark

Apodemia mormo 

langei Terrestrial California Contra Costa Insect

Butterfly, Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta Terrestrial California Del Norte Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California El Dorado Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Fresno Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Glenn Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Kern Insect

Moth, Kern Primrose 

Sphinx

Euproserpinus 

euterpe Terrestrial California Kern Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Kings Insect

Beetle, Valley Desmocerus Terrestrial California Lake Insect
19

Elderberry Longhorn californicus 

dimorphus

Skipper, Carson 

Wandering

Pseudocopaeodes 

eunus obscurus Terrestrial California Lassen Insect

Butterfly, El 

Segundo Blue

Euphilotes battoides 

allyni Terrestrial California Los Angeles Insect

Butterfly, Palos 

Verdes Blue

Glaucopsyche 

lygdamus 

palosverdesensis Terrestrial California Los Angeles Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Madera Insect

Butterfly, Mission 

Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

missionensis Terrestrial California Marin Insect

Butterfly, Myrtle's 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

myrtleae Terrestrial California Marin Insect

Butterfly, San Bruno 

Elfin

Callophrys mossii 

bayensis Terrestrial California Marin Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Mariposa Insect

Butterfly, Behren's 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

behrensii Terrestrial California Mendocino Insect

Butterfly, Lotis Blue

Lycaeides 

argyrognomon lotis Terrestrial California Mendocino Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Merced Insect

Butterfly, Smith's 

Blue

Euphilotes enoptes 

smithi Terrestrial California Monterey Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Napa Insect

Butterfly, Callippe 

Silverspot

Speyeria callippe 

callippe Terrestrial California Napa Insect

Butterfly, Myrtle's 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

myrtleae Terrestrial California Napa Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Nevada Insect

Butterfly, Quino 

Checkerspot

Euphydryas editha 

quino (=E. e. 

wrighti) Terrestrial California Orange Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Placer Insect

Beetle, Casey's June Dinacoma caseyi Terrestrial California Riverside Insect

Butterfly, Quino 

Checkerspot

Euphydryas editha 

quino (=E. e. 

wrighti) Terrestrial California Riverside Insect

Fly, Delhi Sands 

Flower-loving

Rhaphiomidas 

terminatus 

abdominalis Terrestrial California Riverside Insect

Beetle, Delta Green 

Ground Elaphrus viridis

Terrestrial, 

Vernal pool California Sacramento Insect
20

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Sacramento Insect

Butterfly, Quino 

Checkerspot

Euphydryas editha 

quino (=E. e. 

wrighti) Terrestrial California San Bernardino Insect

Fly, Delhi Sands 

Flower-loving

Rhaphiomidas 

terminatus 

abdominalis Terrestrial California San Bernardino Insect

Butterfly, Quino 

Checkerspot

Euphydryas editha 

quino (=E. e. 

wrighti) Terrestrial California San Diego Insect

Skipper, Laguna 

Mountain

Pyrgus ruralis 

lagunae Terrestrial California San Diego Insect

Butterfly, Mission 

Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

missionensis Terrestrial California San Francisco Insect

Butterfly, San Bruno 

Elfin

Callophrys mossii 

bayensis Terrestrial California San Francisco Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California San Joaquin Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California

San Luis 

Obispo Insect

Butterfly, Smith's 

Blue

Euphilotes enoptes 

smithi Terrestrial California

San Luis 

Obispo Insect

Snail, Morro 

Shoulderband

Helminthoglypta 

walkeriana Terrestrial California

San Luis 

Obispo Gastropod

Butterfly, Bay 

Checkerspot 

(Wright's 

euphydryas)

Euphydryas editha 

bayensis Terrestrial California San Mateo Insect

Butterfly, Callippe 

Silverspot

Speyeria callippe 

callippe Terrestrial California San Mateo Insect

Butterfly, Mission 

Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

missionensis Terrestrial California San Mateo Insect

Butterfly, Myrtle's 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

myrtleae Terrestrial California San Mateo Insect

Butterfly, San Bruno 

Elfin

Callophrys mossii 

bayensis Terrestrial California San Mateo Insect

Butterfly, Bay 

Checkerspot 

(Wright's 

euphydryas)

Euphydryas editha 

bayensis Terrestrial California Santa Clara Insect

Beetle, Mount 

Hermon June Polyphylla barbata

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous California Santa Cruz Insect

Beetle, Ohlone Tiger Cicindela ohlone Terrestrial California Santa Cruz Insect

Grasshopper, 

Zayante BandwingedTrimerotropis 

infantilis Terrestrial California Santa Cruz Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Shasta Insect

Beetle, Delta Green 

Ground Elaphrus viridis

Terrestrial, 

Vernal pool California Solano Insect
21

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Solano Insect

Butterfly, Callippe 

Silverspot

Speyeria callippe 

callippe Terrestrial California Solano Insect

Butterfly, Behren's 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

behrensii Terrestrial California Sonoma Insect

Butterfly, Myrtle's 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

myrtleae Terrestrial California Sonoma Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Stanislaus Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Sutter Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Tehama Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Tulare Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Tuolumne Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Yolo Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn

Desmocerus 

californicus 

dimorphus Terrestrial California Yuba Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Chaffee Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Dolores Insect

Skipper, Pawnee 

Montane

Hesperia leonardus 

montana Terrestrial Colorado Douglas Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Eagle Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Gunnison Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Hinsdale Insect

Skipper, Pawnee 

Montane

Hesperia leonardus 

montana Terrestrial Colorado Jefferson Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado La Plata Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Lake Insect

Fritillary
22

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Mineral Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Ouray Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Park Insect

Skipper, Pawnee 

Montane

Hesperia leonardus 

montana Terrestrial Colorado Park Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Pitkin Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Rio Grande Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Saguache Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado San Miguel Insect

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Terrestrial Colorado Summit Insect

Skipper, Pawnee 

Montane

Hesperia leonardus 

montana Terrestrial Colorado Teller Insect

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Connecticut Hartford Insect

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Connecticut Middlesex Insect

Butterfly [Cassius 

Blue, Ceraunus Blue, 

Nickerbean Blue]

Leptotes and 

Hemiargus and 

Cyclargus genus Terrestrial Florida Miami-Dade Insect

Butterfly, Ceranus 

Blue

Hemiargus ceraunus 

antibubastus Terrestrial Florida Miami-Dade Insect

Butterfly, Miami 

Blue

Cyclargus thomasi 

bethunebakeri Terrestrial Florida Miami-Dade Insect

Butterfly, Nickerbean 

Blue Cyclargus ammon Terrestrial Florida Miami-Dade Insect

Butterfly [Cassius 

Blue, Ceraunus Blue, 

Nickerbean Blue]

Leptotes and 

Hemiargus and 

Cyclargus genus Terrestrial Florida Monroe Insect

Butterfly, Ceranus 

Blue

Hemiargus ceraunus 

antibubastus Terrestrial Florida Monroe Insect

Butterfly, Miami 

Blue

Cyclargus thomasi 

bethunebakeri Terrestrial Florida Monroe Insect

Butterfly, Nickerbean 

Blue Cyclargus ammon Terrestrial Florida Monroe Insect

Butterfly, Schaus 

Swallowtail

Heraclides 

aristodemus 

ponceanus Terrestrial Florida Monroe Insect

Snail, Stock Island 

Tree

Orthalicus reses (not 

incl. nesodryas) Terrestrial Florida Monroe Gastropod
23

Damselfly, Pacific 

Hawaiian

Megalagrion 

pacificum Terrestrial Hawaii Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

heteroneura Terrestrial Hawaii Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila mulli Terrestrial Hawaii Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

ochrobasis Terrestrial Hawaii Hawaii Insect

Moth, Blackburn's 

Sphinx Manduca blackburni Terrestrial Hawaii Hawaii Insect

Damselfly, Pacific 

Hawaiian

Megalagrion 

pacificum Terrestrial Hawaii Kauai Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

musaphilia Terrestrial Hawaii Kauai Insect

Hawaiian picture-

wing Fly Drosophila sharpi Terrestrial Hawaii Kauai Insect

Moth, Blackburn's 

Sphinx Manduca blackburni Terrestrial Hawaii Kauai Insect

Spider, Kauai Cave 

Wolf Adelocosa anops

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Hawaii Kauai Arachnid

Damselfly, Flying 

Earwig Hawaiian

Megalagrion 

nesiotes Terrestrial Hawaii Maui Insect

Damselfly, Pacific 

Hawaiian

Megalagrion 

pacificum Terrestrial Hawaii Maui Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

neoclavisetae Terrestrial Hawaii Maui Insect

Moth, Blackburn's 

Sphinx Manduca blackburni Terrestrial Hawaii Maui Insect

blackline Hawaiian 

damselfly

Megalagrion 

nigrohamatum 

nigrolineatum Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Crimson Hawaiian 

damselfly

Megalagrion 

leptodemas Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila aglaia Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

montgomeryi Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila obatai Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

substenoptera Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

tarphytrichia Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

hemipeza Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Moth, Blackburn's 

Sphinx Manduca blackburni Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Oceanic Hawaiian 

damselfly

Megalagrion 

oceanicum Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Insect

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

abbreviata)

Achatinella 

abbreviata Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

Achatinella 

apexfulva Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod
24

apexfulva)

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella bellula) Achatinella bellula Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella buddii) Achatinella buddii Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

bulimoides)

Achatinella 

bulimoides Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella byronii) Achatinella byronii Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella caesia) Achatinella caesia Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella casta) Achatinella casta Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella cestus) Achatinella cestus Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

concavospira)

Achatinella 

concavospira Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella curta) Achatinella curta Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

decipiens)

Achatinella 

decipiens Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella decora) Achatinella decora Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

dimorpha)

Achatinella 

dimorpha Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella elegans) Achatinella elegans Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella fulgens) Achatinella fulgens Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

fuscobasis)

Achatinella 

fuscobasis Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella juddii) Achatinella juddii Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella juncea) Achatinella juncea Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

lehuiensis)

Achatinella 

lehuiensis Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

leucorraphe)

Achatinella 

leucorraphe Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella lila) Achatinella lila Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella livida) Achatinella livida Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella lorata) Achatinella lorata Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

mustelina)

Achatinella 

mustelina Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod
25

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

papyracea)

Achatinella 

papyracea Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

phaeozona)

Achatinella 

phaeozona Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

pulcherrima)

Achatinella 

pulcherrima Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

pupukanioe)

Achatinella 

pupukanioe Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella rosea) Achatinella rosea Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

sowerbyana)

Achatinella 

sowerbyana Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

spaldingi)

Achatinella

spaldingi Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

stewartii) Achatinella stewartii Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella swiftii) Achatinella swiftii Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

taeniolata)

Achatinella 

taeniolata Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

thaanumi)

Achatinella 

thaahumi Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella turgida) Achatinella turgida Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella valida) Achatinella valida Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

viridans) Achatinella viridans Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella vittata) Achatinella vittata Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella vulpina) Achatinella vulpina Terrestrial Hawaii Oahu Gastropod

Snail, Snake River 

Physa Physa natricina Terrestrial Idaho Cassia Gastropod

Snail, Snake River 

Physa Physa natricina Terrestrial Idaho Elmore Gastropod

Snail, Snake River 

Physa Physa natricina Terrestrial Idaho Gooding Gastropod

Snail, Snake River 

Physa Physa natricina Terrestrial Idaho Jerome Gastropod

Snail, Snake River 

Physa Physa natricina Terrestrial Idaho Minidoka Gastropod

Snail, Snake River 

Physa Physa natricina Terrestrial Idaho Owyhee Gastropod

Snail, Snake River Physa natricina Terrestrial Idaho Twin Falls Gastropod
26

Physa

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Illinois Cook Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Illinois Du Page Insect

Snail, Iowa 

Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Terrestrial Illinois Jo Daviess Gastropod

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa

samuelis Terrestrial Illinois Lake Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Illinois Will Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Indiana La Porte Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Indiana Lagrange Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Indiana Lake Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Indiana Porter Insect

Snail, Iowa 

Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Terrestrial Iowa Clayton Gastropod

Snail, Iowa 

Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Terrestrial Iowa Clinton Gastropod

Snail, Iowa 

Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Terrestrial Iowa Dubuque Gastropod

Snail, Iowa 

Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Terrestrial Iowa Fayette Gastropod

Snail, Iowa 

Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Terrestrial Iowa Jackson Gastropod

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Kansas Chautauqua Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Kansas Elk Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Kansas Montgomery Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Kansas Wilson Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Kentucky Henderson Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Kentucky Jefferson Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Kentucky Trigg Insect

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Maryland Calvert Insect

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Maryland Calvert Insect

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Maryland Cecil Insect

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Maryland Kent Insect

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Maryland Somerset Insect

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Massachusetts Barnstable Insect
27

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Massachusetts Dukes Insect

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Massachusetts Dukes Insect

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Massachusetts Hampshire Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Massachusetts Nantucket Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Allegan Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Michigan Alpena Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Barry Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Berrien Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Branch Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Cass Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Ionia Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Jackson Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Kalamazoo Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Kent Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Lake Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Michigan Mackinac Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Mason Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Mecosta Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Monroe Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Montcalm Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Muskegon Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Newaygo Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Michigan Oceana Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Michigan Presque Isle Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan St. Joseph Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Van Buren Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Washtenaw Insect

Butterfly, Karner Lycaeides melissa Terrestrial Minnesota Winona Insect
28

Blue samuelis

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Missouri Dent Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Missouri Iron Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Missouri Phelps Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Missouri Reynolds Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Missouri Ripley Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Missouri Shannon Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Missouri Wayne Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Blaine Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Boyd Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Brown Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Cherry Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Custer Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Dawson Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Frontier Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Garfield Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Gosper Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Holt Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Keya Paha Insect

Beetle, Salt Creek 

Tiger

Cicindela nevadica 

lincolniana Terrestrial Nebraska Lancaster Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Lincoln Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Loup Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Rock Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Thomas Insect

Beetle, American

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Nebraska Wheeler Insect

Skipper, Carson 

Wandering

Pseudocopaeodes 

eunus obscurus Terrestrial Nevada Carson City Insect

Naucorid, Ash 

Meadows

Ambrysus 

amargosus Terrestrial Nevada Nye Insect

Skipper, Carson 

Wandering

Pseudocopaeodes 

eunus obscurus Terrestrial Nevada Washoe Insect
29

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial New Hampshire Merrimack Insect

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial New Jersey Monmouth Insect

Springsnail, Koster's Juturnia kosteri Terrestrial New Mexico Chaves Gastropod

Springsnail, 

Chupadera

Pyrgulopsis 

chupaderae

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater New Mexico Socorro Gastropod

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial New York Albany Insect

Snail, Chittenango 

Ovate Amber

Succinea 

chittenangoensis

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater New York Madison Gastropod

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial New York Saratoga Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial New York Schenectady Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial New York Warren Insect

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial North Carolina Avery Arachnid

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial North Carolina Caldwell Arachnid

Butterfly, Saint 

Francis' Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii francisci Terrestrial North Carolina Craven Insect

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial North Carolina Haywood Arachnid

Butterfly, Saint 

Francis' Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii francisci Terrestrial North Carolina Hoke Insect

Spider, Spruce-fir Microhexura Terrestrial North Carolina Mitchell Arachnid

Moss montivaga

Snail, Noonday

Mesodon clarki 

nantahala Terrestrial North Carolina Swain Gastropod

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial North Carolina Swain Arachnid

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial North Carolina Watauga Arachnid

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial North Carolina Yancey Arachnid

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Ohio Athens Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Ohio Hocking Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Ohio Lucas Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Ohio Portage Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Ohio Vinton Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Adair Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Atoka Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Bryan Insect

Beetle, American Nicrophorus Terrestrial Oklahoma Cherokee Insect
30

Burying americanus

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Choctaw Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Coal Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Craig Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Creek Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Delaware Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Haskell Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Hughes Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Johnston Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Latimer Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Le Flore Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Marshall Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Mayes Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma McCurtain Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma McIntosh Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Muskogee Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Nowata Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Okfuskee Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Okmulgee Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Osage Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Ottawa Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Pawnee Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Pittsburg Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Pontotoc Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Pushmataha Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Rogers Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Seminole Insect

Beetle, American Nicrophorus Terrestrial Oklahoma Sequoyah Insect
31

Burying americanus

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Tulsa Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Wagoner Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Oklahoma Washington Insect

Butterfly, Fender's 

Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

fenderi Terrestrial Oregon Benton Insect

Butterfly, Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta Terrestrial Oregon Clatsop Insect

Butterfly, Fender's 

Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

fenderi Terrestrial Oregon Lane Insect

Butterfly, Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta Terrestrial Oregon Lane Insect

Butterfly, Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta Terrestrial Oregon Lincoln Insect

Butterfly, Fender's 

Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

fenderi Terrestrial Oregon Linn Insect

Butterfly, Fender's 

Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

fenderi Terrestrial Oregon Polk Insect

Butterfly, Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta Terrestrial Oregon Tillamook Insect

Butterfly, Fender's 

Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

fenderi Terrestrial Oregon Yamhill Insect

Butterfly, Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta Terrestrial Oregon Yamhill Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Rhode Island Washington Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial South Dakota Bennett Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial South Dakota Brookings Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial South Dakota Gregory Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial South Dakota Haakon Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial South Dakota Todd Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial South Dakota Tripp Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial South Dakota Union Insect

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial Tennessee Carter Arachnid

Snail, Painted Snake 

Coiled Forest Anguispira picta Terrestrial Tennessee Franklin Gastropod

Marstonia, Royal 

(=Royal Snail)

Pyrgulopsis 

ogmorhaphe Terrestrial Tennessee Marion Gastropod

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial Tennessee Sevier Arachnid

Beetle, Helotes Mold Batrisodes venyivi Subterraneous Texas Bexar Insect

Harvestman, 

Cokendolpher Cave

Texella 

cokendolpheri

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Bexar Arachnid
32

Meshweaver, Braken 

Bat Cave Cicurina venii

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Bexar Arachnid

Meshweaver, 

Government Canyon 

Bat Cave Cicurina vespera

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Bexar Arachnid

Meshweaver, 

Madla's Cave Cicurina madla

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Bexar Arachnid

Meshweaver, Robber 

Baron Cave Cicurina baronia

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Bexar Arachnid

Rhadine exilis (ncn) Rhadine exilis

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Bexar Insect

Rhadine infernalis 

(ncn) Rhadine infernalis

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Bexar Insect

Spider, Government 

Canyon Bat Cave

Neoleptoneta 

microps

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Bexar Arachnid

Harvestman, Bee 

Creek Cave Texella reddelli

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Burnet Arachnid

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Texas Lamar Insect

Beetle, American 

Burying

Nicrophorus 

americanus Terrestrial Texas Red River Insect

Beetle, Kretschmarr 

Cave Mold

Texamaurops 

reddelli Subterraneous Texas Travis Insect

Beetle, Tooth Cave 

Ground Rhadine persephone Subterraneous Texas Travis Insect

Harvestman, Bee 

Creek Cave Texella reddelli

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Travis Arachnid

Harvestman, Bone 

Cave Texella reyesi

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Travis Arachnid

Pseudoscorpion, 

Tooth Cave

Tartarocreagris 

texana

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Travis Arachnid

Spider, Tooth Cave Leptoneta myopica

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Travis Arachnid

Beetle, Coffin Cave 

Mold Batrisodes texanus Subterraneous Texas Williamson Insect

Beetle, Tooth Cave 

Ground Rhadine persephone Subterraneous Texas Williamson Insect

Harvestman, Bone 

Cave Texella reyesi

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Williamson Arachnid

Ambersnail, Kanab

Oxyloma haydeni 

kanabensis

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Utah Kane Gastropod

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Virginia Accomack Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Virginia Carroll Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Virginia Floyd Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Virginia Franklin Insect

Spider, Spruce-fir 

Moss

Microhexura 

montivaga Terrestrial Virginia Grayson Arachnid

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Virginia Lancaster Insect

Beetle, Northeastern Cicindela dorsalis Terrestrial Virginia Mathews Insect
33

Beach Tiger dorsalis

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Virginia Middlesex Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Virginia Montgomery Insect

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Virginia Northampton Insect

Beetle, Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis Terrestrial Virginia Northumberland Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Virginia Patrick Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's 

Satyr

Neonympha 

mitchellii mitchellii

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Virginia Pulaski Insect

Snail, Virginia 

Fringed Mountain

Polygyriscus 

virginianus Terrestrial Virginia Pulaski Gastropod

Butterfly, Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta Terrestrial Washington Grays Harbor Insect

Butterfly, Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta Terrestrial Washington Pacific Insect

Snail, Flat-spired 

Three-toothed

Triodopsis 

platysayoides Terrestrial West Virginia Monongalia Gastropod

Snail, Flat-spired 

Three-toothed

Triodopsis 

platysayoides Terrestrial West Virginia Preston Gastropod

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Adams Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Barron Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Burnett Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Chippewa Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Clark Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Wisconsin Door Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Dunn Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Eau Claire Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Green Lake Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Jackson Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Juneau Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Kenosha Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Wisconsin Kewaunee Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Marquette Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Menominee Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Monroe Insect
34

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Oconto Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Outagamie Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald

Somatochlora 

hineana

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Wisconsin Ozaukee Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Polk Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Portage Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Shawano Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin St. Croix Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Waupaca Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Waushara Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis Terrestrial Wisconsin Wood Insect