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**CommunityForum on Race Relations in Racine County, Wisconsin**

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**Chapter  3**

**Race  Relations and Equal Opportunity in Racine County, Wisconsin**

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# INCOME  AND EMPLOYMENT

## Background

The  population of the city of Racine was reported to be 84,298 in the 1990 census,  and Racine County 174,898. Half the population of Racine County resides in the  city of Racine, and 90 percent of the county population resides in the eastern  half of the county. The city of Racine, which contains more than 90 percent of  minorities living in the county, had a stable population during the 1990s.  Updated estimates of the population by the Census Bureau show a population  growth of only 1.3 percent between 1990 and 1996, while the county population  is estimated to have increased by 5.6 percent.   

Minorities  are a significant and growing proportion of the population, making up almost  25 percent of the city�s residents. The 1990 census counted 15,503 (18.5  percent) African Americans; 2,952 (4.5 percent) Latinos; 494 (0.6 percent)  Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders; and 288 (0.3 percent) American Indians.  Moreover, census forecasts show the minority population, both in numbers and  in percentages, increasing through the 1990s in the city of Racine and the  county.

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| **TABLE          1Population,          City of Racine**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               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| **Number**
**Percent**White          (non-Hispanic)
64,061
76.2African        American
15,503
18.4Latino
3,952
4.5Asian
494
0.6American        Indian
288
0.3Total
84,298
100.0
*Source:          U.S. census*.

Historically,  the city of Racine and Racine County have been home to a number of large  manufacturing operations. Today, the major private employers are Danfoss Fluid  Power, Case Corporation, Foster Forbes Glass, Textron, Johnson & Johnson,  Nestle Foods, Putzmeister, Racine Steel Castings, and Western Publishing. The  employment outlook has been good for area residents. Most recent data show the  unemployment rate for Racine County to be 4 percent, down from 6.2 percent in  1991. There are 90,300 individuals in the county labor force. Of these, 24,000  are manufacturing employees, 17,010 are service employees, 16,400 are trade  employees, and 17,500 are in other types of employment.[1]

In  addition to manufacturing companies, there are 37 financial institutions in  the Racine area, including nine banks, 17 credit unions, and 11 savings  associations. Three major hospitals and three clinics provide health care  services. Employment opportunities have improved in Racine County during the  1990s. Between 1991 and 1996, both the labor force[2]  and the participation rate in Racine County steadily increased, while the  unemployment rate has decreased.   

In  1991, the Racine County labor force was 89,200; by 1996 it had increased to  94,100.[3]  In 1996, the labor force participation rate[4]  in Racine County was 69.3 percent, slightly lower than the statewide rate of  74.7 percent but still higher than the national rate of 66.8 percent.[5]  In 1991, the unemployment rate[6]  in Racine County was 6.7 percent. By 1996, it had decreased to 4.2 percent.[7]

Despite  the economic boom of the 1990s, people of color are still not employed in the  higher paying occupations in proportion to their representation in the general  population. Informal visits to current employment sites and other areas of  development confirm that people of color are not participating in the higher  paying occupations proportionate to their population, and formal examination  of job data shows minorities clustered in the lower paying jobs.

An  examination of EEO-1 data for the Racine-Kenosha Standard Metropolitan  Statistical Area in the private sector shows minorities disproportionately  clustered in the lower tier occupations. Whites in the Racine-Kenosha area are  fairly uniformly distributed among the nine major occupational  classifications: officials & managers, professionals, technicians, sales  workers, office & clerical, skilled craft workers, operatives, laborers,  and service workers. Among white workers, 8.8 percent and 15.5 percent are in  the two highest occupational tiers, officials & managers and  professionals, in terms of wages and administrative responsibility. In the two  lowest tiers in terms of wages and administrative responsibility, 6.9 percent  of white workers are laborers and 10.1 percent hold service jobs.

In  contrast, minority workers are clustered in the lower tier occupations. Just  2.6 percent of minorities work as officials & managers and just 7.4  percent are in professional occupations. However, 44.9 percent of all minority  workers are in service jobs and laborer positions. The data are set out in  table 3.

Minorities  are beginning to obtain public employment with the city of Racine in  proportion to their population in the city. Currently, 11.2 percent of all  city employees are African American, who are 18.4 percent of the city�s  residents. Hispanics, who are estimated to be 5 percent of the city�s  residents, hold 6.4 percent of the city�s jobs.
**TABLE        2****Labor Force Participation        Rate and********Unemployment        Rate, Racine County, 1996**
Labor        force
94,100Participation rate
69.3%Unemployment rate
4.2%
*Source:          Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, Bureau of Workforce          Information.***TABLE        3        Occupational Distribution by Race/Ethnicity in Private Industry        Racine-Kenosha SMSA**

**White**
**Latino**
**American        Indian**
**All        minorities**Officials &        managers8.8%2.6%2.3%2.6%Professionals15.5%4.5%7.0%7.4%Technicians7.5%6.0%7.0%4.5%Sales workers16.7%11.6%4.7%7.2%Office &        clerical17.6%12.4%14.8%9.4%Skilled craft6.9%8.6%13.2%7.3%Operatives10.1%11.2%11.7%17.0%Laborers6.9%22.8%21.8%27.5%Service workers10.1%20.2%17.5% 17.4%
*Source:        EEO-1 reports in �Occupational Employment in Private Industry,�          1997.*
**TABLE          4Employment, City of Racine **

**Employment                percent**
**Population                percent**White82.477.2Black11.218.4Latino6.44.5
*Source:                1990 census.*Commentary  from Invited Public Officials and Organization Leaders
Mary  Day, head of the Racine Education Council, testified about the Racine  Environment Committee, a local initiative begun in the 1960s to advance equal  employment opportunity for minorities. The committee ceased its employment  programs in the mid-1980s, but the Racine Education Council is still in  operation.

The  Racine Education Council started as a race relation project in the 1960s. At  that time there was an active civil rights movement in Racine, and a committee  of business people was formed to [resolve] the race relations problems. As a  result, the Racine Environment Committee and Racine Education Council were  started.

Part  of the effort of the Racine Environment Committee was a nonprofit business  making loans to minorities to start their own businesses. There was also a  summer employment program and another employment program under which young  people could obtain jobs with local businesses . . .   

The  employment program of the Racine Environment Committee closed 15 years ago.[8]

Morris  Reece, president of the Racine chapter of the NAACP, discussed with the  Advisory Committee the current welfare program in the state of Wisconsin, the  W-2 program.[9]  Reece claimed the program was not sufficient to meet even the most basic needs  of the poor and needed revision.

The  W-2 program is lacking in meeting even the most basic needs of those who are  victims of economic conditions. People bearing the brunt of economic hardship  who are enrolled in the W-2 program do not get enough of the assistance and  information that should be available to them. For instance, training at a  higher level is often denied to these individuals. It is deplorable that we  have dollars in [Racine] county that have come down from the state because  there has been a savings from the welfare program, yet individuals in the W-2  program are not able to engage in the kind of training that will upgrade their  skills, or just give them skills period, that they need to be able to access  the kind of jobs and careers that ought to happen in the program.[10] 

Julian  Thomas, director of affirmative action for Gateway Technical College and  chairman of the board for the Urban League of Racine and Kenosha, decried  recent attacks on affirmative action and specifically attacked the notion that  affirmative action was a quota program.

The  recent attacks on affirmative action just defy logic. I am a product of  affirmative action and a testament that if you give a person an opportunity  he/she will produce. There is nothing in Executive Order 11246[11]  that talks about quotas; that is an aberration. But the opponents of  affirmative action make this claim and call [affirmative action] a form of  [quotas] and reverse discrimination . . . I am familiar with today�s  [employment and equal opportunity] laws and have been doing [personnel work]  for some 20-plus years, and I have not seen quotas anywhere.[12]

Rev.  Lawrence Kirby, pastor of the St. Paul Church of Racine, one of the city�s  larger churches, said that an employment problem affecting minorities is that  �so many African Americans and Hispanics are passed over for promotion. If  you take a look at how many people are hired through the city or county and  how slow they move up the ladder . . . I think you will notice a very serious  problem.�[13]

Ken  Lumpkin is publisher of *The Insider News* and co-publisher of *Hispanic  Chronicle*. *The**Insider News*, which primarily serves the  African American community in Racine, has been in existence for more than six  years; the *Hispanic Chronicle* has operated for a year. Both newspapers  routinely report on issues of race and ethnicity in the Racine community.  Lumpkin gave the Committee an example of the sense of discouragement in the  community when minorities are excluded from employment and business  opportunities.   

There  is a [construction] project on Martin Luther King Drive building seven new  houses. One black construction company, New Vision, came to me upset that the  project that was supposed to be bid on was not open. The information or  description [to bid] was not given to all the media so that it would be  available for bidding. The project management had already chosen the firm that  they wanted to do the construction prior to the bid going out.

When  these types of things happen, it makes people feel like there is no reason to  complain because they feel nothing is going to change. I think it is going to  take an effort from the political top, from the mayor and the county  executives down, to show that they are concerned and they want to make this a  better place for everybody to live in before change will occur . . .

There  are also similar situations [that discourage minorities] as far as when people  of color apply for employment, and the types of background checks that are  given to them in some instances are not given to nonminorities. Those are the  kinds of things that we [at *The Insider News*] have noticed.[14]
Commentary  from the Community
Wally  Rendon stated that obtaining meaningful employment in Racine is all about whom  one knows, not qualifications, so minorities need to become actively engaged  in the community to gain equal employment opportunity.

Regarding  employment [opportunity in Racine], it depends on who you are and who you know  as to whether you are going to wind up getting a job or not. But if we  [Latinos] are not willing to stand up and take part in this, we are going to  be disadvantaged here forever. So we, ourselves as a whole community, have to  step up and be willing to change the situation here in Racine.[15]

Rev.  Jimmie Lockridge, chairperson for the Civil Rights Committee for Region IV and  for Case Company Local 180 and a local pastor in the city, testified about  inequities in employment opportunity for people of color, particularly  barriers facing young African American males. He derided the state�s W-2  program as a modern-day version of sharecropping.   

We  have young men here [in Racine] that think they cannot do anything because  they have been programmed to feel that they cannot do anything. Every time  they go look for a job, if they are of color, employers don�t have anything.  If they do have something, it is just to start at $4 an hour instead of $6 or  $6.50, and that is not enough.

Not  only can our young men not get jobs, but the system is turned around, as there  is always a job for black women. But for black males the only thing they can  do is stand on the corner and try to sell drugs, and they think that is a  living. I go and talk to some of those young men, and those young men actually  feel that is all they can do because they have been programmed by our society  that way. . . .   

The  W-2 situation is another form of slavery. The reason I speak on it on those  terms is when you are in servitude, you work literally for nothing. That is  what W-2 has to offer because there are not enough funds to allow a person to  live . . . The program is really a sharecropping situation. The clients are  going to make enough money just to survive; they are given a job that just  pays them enough to keep them working.[16] 

Dianna  Garcia, a resident of Racine whose parents came from San Antonio, Texas, and  whose grandparents are from Mexico, spoke to the Committee as a single parent  and mother of six children. She told the Committee of her opposition to the  W-2 program and employment difficulties in the Racine area.   

A  couple of years ago I fought hard against W-2. I did that [because the  program] is just another phase of oppression. I use the word oppression  instead of slavery, but it�s another word for oppression. I myself work 30  hours a week with no fringe benefits at $12 an hour. As a general rule, I  bring home $320 a week to feed six children and to pay rent of $500. You tell  me racism isn�t here in Racine.[17] 

Gilbert  Delgado told the Advisory Committee that racism exists in workplaces in  Racine, with African Americans and Hispanics excluded from better paying  employment opportunities.

Racism  exists in the workplace [in Racine]. I�m retired from Case Company, but the  30 years that I worked there I twice had to file discrimination charges  against the company. And the problems that exist in that plant [exist] in  other plants here in the city. We have a lot of [race] problems in Racine. 

There  have even been marches here [at this community center] when they were building  this place because the construction workers were all white. We forced them to  stop the construction of this building because they were not hiring  minorities. They excluded Hispanics and they excluded the blacks. And all the  time that [these things have been happening to minorities] the city leaders  have kept saying, �Yeah, Racine is a good place.�[18] 

Alphonso  Gardner said the economic wealth coming into the city needs to be shared among  all the citizens.

We  need to share into all this economic wealth that is coming into this city;  $500 million power plants coming out here. We need to see black folks and  Hispanics working on that project. That�s $500 million. The city is doing a  $55 million project downtown. We need to see black folks and Hispanics  working. Johnson Wax doing a $15 million building downtown, we need to see  black and Hispanic folks working on that because we like to share in the  economic boon that�s going on just like anybody else.[19]

Paula  Castille told the Committee that bilingual minorities are not fairly  compensated by employers.

I  and some other Hispanics are bilingual and have the ability to speak another  language. Yet this skill is not taken into consideration in the places of  employment, and yet while we are there we are asked to translate and  interpret. All the jobs that I have had have included extra jobs to speak,  read, and write Spanish. And other employees, ones that cannot do this and are  performing the same positions that I am performing, are getting the same  amount of pay as the bilingual person. I am not saying that we should be paid  for two people, but at least for one and a fourth.[20]

Hugh  Souter told the Advisory Committee he wants to finally see a real difference  in equal opportunity. People have talked about the issue for years, but people  of color continue to be left behind when it comes to equal opportunity.

I  want to see a difference. My son finished college and got his degree, but  could he get a professional job? No. Why should we pay all that money for four  or five years and still be unable to get a good decent job in what you  studied? The people in the government of the United States, our government,  know the burden we [people of color] bear. We don�t have to tell them;  nobody needs to fill out some [new] paperwork and send it to Washington. We  all know, today the same game and rules are still being played. So they say  you need an education. But what do you need an education for if somebody is  standing at the door and when you come and after a certain number come in they  lock the door and send you away?[21] 

Chester  Todd testified about black-on-black discrimination, and asserted that most of  those blacks who turn their backs on the black community are tied to the white  power structure.

There  are black people in this community that could have given me a job once I got  out of prison and once I went to treatment for my drug addiction and once I  got my diploma. There were black people in this community with the power to  give me a job, but I had to go to Milwaukee to get a job. So discrimination  isn�t always black to white; sometimes it�s black middle class to black  working poor and poor people and the under class�the cliques. And when we  find those black cliques, we usually find that there is a connection with the  hierarchy of the white middle class and above in this community. We as black  people, we know, what white people are going to do to us, but it is hell when  our neighbor stabs us in the back.[22]

Rev.  Shaw Parsons, a resident of Racine for 40 years, stated that racism is still  alive and well in Racine, just better hidden today than in the past.  Employment opportunities are still being denied to people of color.

I�ve  been here for over 40 years and raised four children. My daughter is a lawyer  and she went to school. But when she came back here to try to get a job she  was �overqualified.� Today I still don�t understand what that  means��overqualified.� Racine County or the city of Racine is a white  city. The only difference from the Ku Klux Klan then and now is that they took  off their sheets and put on neckties.[23]

Theresa  Gordon testified that education by itself does not guarantee employment in  Racine if one is a person of color.

People  keep talking about education, but it is a trick because you get the education  and you end up right back where you started. They told us to go get our  education, and even our moms and dads told us that we had to get an education  to get a good job. Well, we did that . . . and yet with [that] and all kinds  of experience I still could only get a minimum wage job, and it puts my family  and my kids in a really bad position economically.[24]
EDUCATIONBackground
The  Racine Unified School District encompasses 100 square miles within seven  municipalities, including the city of Racine, as well as the towns of  Caledonia, Mount Pleasant, Elmwood Park, North Bay, Sturtevant, and Wind  Point. Student enrollment at the 23 elementary schools, seven middle schools,  and four high schools is 21,344. The racial and ethnic composition of the  student body is as follows: white, 63.5 percent; African American, 24.2  percent; Latino, 11.1 percent; and �other,� 1.3 percent. The high school  graduation rate for the Racine Unified School District is 84.6 percent. This  is lower than the statewide high school graduation rate of 90.1 percent.

The  district scores well in tests used for college admissions. The American  College Test (ACT) exams are designed to provide students and colleges with an  assessment of students� aptitude for college work. The average comprehensive  composite score for the Racine school district of 22.2 is comparable to the  state average of 22.3, and the average score for Wisconsin is the highest in  the nation.[25]

The  Office for Civil Rights (OCR), U.S. Department of Education, identified  several problem areas that needed to be addressed by the Racine school  district to ensure equal educational opportunity for all students. One  identified problem is the lack of minority students in the school district�s  gifted and talented program.[26]

Students  were being placed in the gifted and talented program simply on the basis of  test scores. To increase the number of minorities in the program, the district  employed a gifted and talented program coordinator. One of her tasks is to  evaluate the intelligence of children on bases other than strict academics,  i.e., linguistic, logical, mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily and  kinetics, emotional, and/or personal intelligence. The coordinator is visiting  with parents about the new approach and has published a book in both English  and Spanish explaining the gifted and talented program.[27]   

A  second area of concern identified by OCR was the high percentage of minority  children placed in special education. To address this issue, the school  district has organized a school support team to give additional assistance to  a child before he or she is placed in a special education program. The  district hopes this effort will reduce the number of minority children being  placed in special education classes.[28]

In  the 1998�99 school year, there were 162 expulsions: 55 expulsions from the  four high schools; four expulsions from the achievement center; 90 expulsions  from the seven middle schools; and 13 expulsions from elementary schools.  Minority students were disproportionately expelled. In the high schools, 29 of  the 55 students (52.8 percent) expelled were minorities; in the middle  schools, 62 of the 90 (68.9 percent) expulsions were minority students; and 22  of the 23 (95.7 percent) students expelled from elementary schools were  minority children.

State  law permits expulsion, or a denial of a student�s right to attend school for  an extended period of time, if the student continually violates rules and  regulations of the school or if the student�s conduct presents a danger to  the health and safety of other students and school staff. An expulsion is a  suspension longer than three days, or longer than 10 days if a notice of an  expulsion hearing has been sent. The expulsion rate is the number of days of  school missed by students who have been expelled divided by possible days of  instruction of all students in a particular school or district. The Racine  Unified School District�s expulsion rate is 0.15 percent, significantly  higher than the state rate of 0.05 percent.[29]

Regarding  diversity, 40 percent of the district�s student body is minority, but the  percentage of minority teachers in the district is much lower; fewer than 100  of the of nearly 1,600 teachers are minority. The district is attempting to  attract more minority teachers. The district is also committed to integrating  its schools, and has a policy that the percentage of minority students in a  school cannot exceed the percentage of minorities in the community�s  population. So, any time a particular school exceeds that ratio, school  districts are redrawn.[30] 

**TABLE 5          Student          Expulsions, Racine Unified School District,          1998�99 School Year **

**White**
**Black**
**Latino**High          school26        (47.2%)24        (43.6%)5        (9.2%)Middle          school28        (31.1%)47 (52.2%)15        (16.7%)Elementary          school1        (4.4%)11        (47.8%)11        (47.8%)Achievement          center1        (25.0%)3        (75.0%)0        (0.0%)
*Source:          Racine Unified School District. Figures in parenthesis are percentages          of students of that race/ethnicity receiving expulsions.*Commentary  from Invited Public Officials and Organization Leaders
Mattie  Booker, cultural diversity coordinator for the Racine Unified School District,  acknowledged there was a gap in academic performance between minority students  and nonminority students. She stressed, however, that the district has  implemented programs specifically designed to reduce the disparity.

The  district knows that there is a gap [in testing results] between minority  students and majority students, and at this time . . . efforts are being  placed towards closing that gap. One particular area the district is  addressing is minority students [not being placed] in the higher track  courses, which results in them not being exposed to information majority  students have. A second effort by the district is a four-year-old program  designed to expand the vocabulary of minority children in the hopes that this  will give them an additional tool necessary to both be more successful in  school and to get into college.[31]

Mary  Day told the Committee about how the Racine Educational Council evolved out of  the Racine Environment Committee, and its work today to provide postsecondary  educational opportunities for minority students.   

The  [Racine Educational Council] still exists today. We changed our name in 1992  to become the Racine Educational Council [from the Racine Environment  Committee], which addresses what we do.   

We  help [minority] students find money to go to college. We assist these students  in finding the colleges that they want to attend. We assist them in college  survival techniques . . .   

We  teach students about college strategies; how to survive on a college campus.  One of the major things we address is racism. What do you do if you�re  finding that you are not being treated right or you�re being overlooked in  your class.[32] 

Morris  Reece brought attention to both the expulsion rate and the high dropout rate  among minorities, and suggested that there is not enough collective concern in  the community to address this issue. 

There  is a high expulsion rate among African American students in our unified school  districts, coupled with the fact a high percentage of African Americans drop  out of high school altogether. There are some efforts underway to address this  fact. However, the deplorable situation continues to concern and alarm the  African American community and other people of good will. But it just does not  seem that there are enough people who are concerned, because if there were  this would not continue to happen.[33]

Rev.  Lawrence Kirby testified that he believes expulsion and suspension rates for  children of color are much higher than that of white students. He further  asserted that children of color are much more likely to be labeled at an early  age as learning disabled. Both practices are institutionally racist and impede  equal educational opportunity for minority children.

I  believe that if we would look at the record of those students who have been  suspended or expelled from school, those who are people of color are expelled  or suspended probably 80 to 90 percent more than white students. I refuse to  believe children of color are so much worse than anybody else, and I think  there is a deliberate attempt to suspend and expel them from the educational  system with a view in mind that they don�t want to learn, which is not  necessarily the case.

Another  problem we have with our educational system in Racine is that they seem to  target and tag [minority] children at an earlier age as having learning  disabilities, emotional problems, et cetera.[34]

Julian  Thomas said, regarding the school situation, a tragic mistake was made in  Racine when the community did not integrate the schools because the white  community was not willing to act in a socially responsible manner.   

The  [Racine community] desegregated, and it was by the numbers. It was the right  thing to do because the broader community was not then willing to do the right  thing. But I submit, it is my opinion, that the broader community in Racine is  still not prepared to do the right thing. And that includes everyone as part  of this society.[35]
Commentary  from the Community
Dianna  Garcia took exception to the school district�s efforts to keep neighborhood  schools racially and ethnically balanced. She argued that the policy was  difficult on minority children who often spent long hours simply getting to  and from their schools.

When  you bus kids [to integrate the schools], sometimes the children have to wake  up at 5 o�clock in the morning. These are 7- and 8-year-old children, going  from the north side to the south side to get to their school. The majority of  the students at Jane School are Hispanics, but the district has put us all  over the place in little groups to keep us separate. That�s segregation . .  . Then the education program has been cut so much in Racine that it does not  have what it needs to provide for the children. And when you cut education  from people, you foster oppression and racism.[36]

Wally  Rendon claimed that the Hispanic community is ignored by the educational  establishment when it comes to discussing educational issues.

But  as far as the education goes what has happened in the past is continuing to  happen and that is that the majority of children that are having trouble in  school will always have trouble in school because the [schools] are not going  to take the time to address their academic and social needs. That needs to  stop.

In  the last few weeks conferences have been held within this city addressing  education. The white community is represented, the black community is  represented, but I did not see one Hispanic name, and that�s not because the  organizers do not know who to contact. That is one of the issues that I have,  and it is the same way with many other programs here. For some reason or  another the Hispanic community in Racine seems to be left out of the picture.[37]

Paula  Castille told the Advisory Committee that she had concerns over the  implementation of the recommendations made by the U.S. Department of Education  to the Racine Unified School District and the lack of Spanish-speaking school  personnel.

One  of my concerns is regarding the action plan that was submitted to the Office  for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education, which was a result of our  proactive initiative started in the fall of 1995. . . . I know plans take time  to be accomplished, but my concern is that these meetings are held only three  or four times a year. Sometimes the only people that are attending generally  are people that are employed by Unified. I have attended a lot of these last  meetings. I have suggested that Unified send out an agenda so maybe it will  generate more interest and people will come to continue to monitor this plan.   

In  the 1998�1999 school year there were 2,447 Hispanic students in the Racine  Unified School District, 11.5 percent of the total. In one of the high  schools, there is no person that a person can call to speak Spanish to report  absences or other concerns of their children. That worries me.[38]

James  Gordon lamented the persistent racism in the community and stated that  minorities must rely on themselves for advancement because the institutional  leaders are not going to help them.

This  may be southeastern Wisconsin, but it�s the new South. I am a native son of  this city. My children�s future is going to be bright not because of the  elected officials in this city, but because I worked hard. We got to stop this  shuffling along and pretending that people are going to do us right. I had to  take my child out to Case High School and make the principal put him in  accelerated classes. Now my son is a Notre Dame graduate and now he is getting  his law degree at the University of Kansas. I have another son at the  University of Notre Dame. I have a daughter at the University of Wisconsin,  Parkside. This community is [filled with] multifaceted racism and classism.[39]
POLICINGBackground
In  1992 the Racine Police Department began to implement a community-policing  program. The department began to work and develop partnerships with community  members, churches, and organizations in order to understand and resolve  problems in the various communities. Beat patrols, bicycle patrols, and staff  beats were established whereby officers were required to meet with residents,  and liaisons were forged with the different city agencies, including public  works, the parks department, and building inspectors, to assist residents in  solving daily life problems and changing the living environments in  neighborhoods.[40]

Regarding  crime reduction, under community policing a gang crime division task force was  started, homes in the inner city have been built to house the community police  offices with the intent of eventually selling these homes to low- and  moderate-income residents, and officers have been assigned to neighborhood  watch programs.[41]

In  the city of Racine, there has been a sharp decrease during the past eight  years in violent crimes. In 1991, there were 8,123 reported Part 1 crimes. In  1998, there were 5,820 reported Part 1 crimes�a 33 percent reduction.[42]

 The  department has significantly altered its hiring process�without lowering its  standards�and this has helped the department achieve a greater diversity  among its sworn officers. In 1992, 22 of the 205 sworn police officers, 10.7  percent, were minority. In 1999, 32 of the 205 sworn officers, 15.6 percent,  were minority.[43]   

Buttressing  the increased diversity on the police force is an internal affairs program.  Citizen complaints against police officers are investigated, and the  complaining resident is contacted and given the results of the investigation  of the complaint. A five-member public oversight board, the Police and Fire  Commission, oversees the operation of the internal affairs program. Currently,  the commission is composed of three females and two males; one member is  African American and one member is Hispanic.[44]
**TABLE****6****Racine          Police Department, 1992 and 1999** 

**Total**
**Minority**
**Percent        minority**Sworn officers, 19922052210.7Sworn officers, 19992053215.6
*Source:          Racine Police Department.*Commentary  from Invited Public Officials and Organization Leaders
Police  Chief Richard Polzin testified that recent efforts by the police department in  terms of community policing and an attempt to be more open and accountable to  the community have improved race relations in Racine.

I  think there is more confidence in the police department because of our strong  internal affairs program and its public oversight, and the public oversight  [commission] reflects the diversity of the community. That and all the  community-policing initiatives have gone a long way to help improve race  relations in Racine.

In  addition, the department has undertaken some management initiatives to improve  race relations and increase the public confidence, including [opening] lines  of communication with the minority community that did not exist 10 years ago  in Racine.[45]

Sonya  Telez, representing the Hispanic Business and Professional Association,  testified about discrimination against minority youth in the court system.  

I  see problems of discrimination [against] young Latinos and African Americans  by the court system. I know that there are a few [public defense] attorneys,  [prosecuting] attorneys, and judges doing their best not to discriminate  against these youth, but since most of the system is set up that way there is  not really much that some of them can do trying to go against it. In general,  many young Latinos and African Americans are right away linked to being gang  members and involved in something . . . that they actually really did not know anything about and just heard  about it second hand and were somewhere nearby.[46]

Julian  Thomas remarked, �Any time you have a population that is 25 to 30 percent  and they are 60 to 80 percent of the occupants of your penal system, there is  something very wrong in the system.�[47]

Rev.  Lawrence Kirby applauded the hiring efforts of the police and sheriff�s  departments. However, he still testified that people of color are  discriminatorily subjected to arrest, and that minority juveniles are  discriminatorily waived to adult court.   

From  the outside Racine looks very good on paper in terms of what many of our  leaders say that they are trying to do and what they have committed themselves  to do. But, when it comes to actions, it does not look quite so good. I do,  however, applaud the efforts of some of our city officials and employees, the  chief of police, and the sheriff�s department in making some changes in  their hiring practices. . . .

A  problem we have in the minority community as it relates to law enforcement is  that when a person of color or a minority person is stopped by a police  officer, . . . particularly the white officers do almost anything and  everything they can to provoke that person who is of minority culture to do  something so that they can arrest them. Often people of color or minorities  are stopped really for no reason other than you happen to be in a certain  area, or one happens to look a certain way. 

For  instance, I work a lot in the community. One of the cars I own is a 1987  Cutlass Supreme and because I work with teenagers a lot, sometimes I just  dress with a jogging suit on, cap on turned backwards, going down the street.  Police officers see me going down the street and immediately assume that, you  know, I might be up to something no good, pull me over, and tell me I am going  52 in a 30 mile speed zone . . .

Another  way racism and discrimination plays a role is often when a person who is  considered a minority is arrested, the arresting officer, in my opinion, tends  to be much more strict in writing up the charge. There was a young man  arrested the other day, a young man that has not had any trouble, goes to  school everyday, and to my knowledge does not use any drugs. He was given  three charges; one charge was disturbing the peace, a second charge was  resisting arrest, and a third charge was trying to disarm a law enforcement  officer. This young man is 5′3″ and weighs 120 pounds with no  previous experience with the law. How in the world could this kid do all that?  And so here he is with a felony and a couple of misdemeanors and probably is  going to have a felony on his record for the rest of his life because there  seems to be a desire to harass, provoke people of color so that they can, in  my opinion, get a charge.

Another  problem we have here in Racine is that since the juvenile code has been  revived, what is happening at an alarming rate is that the system is waiving  many children of color, black and Hispanic, to adult court. So much so that we  hardly have the resources to accommodate those children. And if you look at  those who are waived to adult court, look at whether they�re black,  Hispanic, or white, you will probably find in the neighborhood of 75 percent  to 85 percent of them are people of color.[48]

Ken  Lumpkin related an investigative effort by *The Insider News* that  revealed disparate traffic stops of people of color by the police.

One  night I watched [a traffic spot] and noted 12 vehicles that were pulled over.  Only one driver of the 12 was white, but the area where they were stopping the  vehicles is a primarily black and Hispanic area, so automatically the  percentage [of minorities being stopped for traffic violations] is going to be  high. I think those type of planning concepts . . . creates a problem.[49]

Rev.  George Ramsey, pastor of Shiloh Stronghold Church of God in Christ in Racine  and pastor of Rose Sheridan Church of God in Christ in Milwaukee and a  resident of Racine since 1955, spoke to the Committee about his personal  experience with the Racine Police Department.   

One  of my major concerns when it comes to discrimination and injustices is the  police department. [Recently] not only was I stopped and handcuffed, . . . but  I call it excessive force and brutality when folks are kicking you. It  happened that a lady was there in her window right by the incident and she saw  it all. She said to me, �I thought you had killed somebody when I saw all  those cops the way they was handling you and I said, �Oh, he done killed  somebody or robbed something.� �[50]
Commentary  from the Community
Gale  Dyess, a Racine County supervisor, testified about the difference in police  service she received when she identified herself as an elected official.

I  am serving a second term with the Racine County Board. I can truly say that  while serving on this board I have experienced and seen racism. . . . Just  this past weekend there was an incident in my area where the police were  called. I thought I would not get a [prompt] response if I call and just say  my name, but I did and I was out for about three hours waiting for the police.  So I decided to see what would happen if I identify myself as a county  supervisor. So I called the police department back and identified myself as a  Racine County supervisor. The police were there in about five minutes. I  hardly had time to get off the phone. I hear this all the time; [minorities]  are treated like second-class citizens even though we pay our taxes just like  anyone else.[51]

Alphonso  Gardner questioned the equity in concentrating police stations in the African  American community and noted the startling disproportionate number of  minorities in prisons.

I  feel that anybody who does the crime should do the time. But I do not see how  58 percent of the minorities could be in prison in Wisconsin when we only make  up 10 percent of the population. And I don�t see how Chief Polzin can say  that the community policing is working when you go in the same neighborhood  and the same stuff continues to go on. The police have beautiful station  houses with cameras spying on the black community. But there are no station  houses in the white community. If you�re going to do community policing,  police the whole community, just don�t police the black area . . . Our  police do a great job, but they got to spread it out and police the whole  community, not just the black community and Hispanic community. They need to  do community policing all around in this whole city and county.[52]

Rev.  Shaw Parsons contended that the police department controls the African  American community through overzealous surveillance.   

Sure  enough the [police] watch [the black man] like a hawk. If any black man robs a  bank and gets away in a white car, every black man in Racine that drives a  white car is going to get stopped. I know that for a fact. They hire those  southern boys and bring them up here to police . . . Mayor Smith made a  statement saying Racine is in good shape and everybody is working together  here. We have this, we doing this. For who? Not for us. They watch us like a  hawk.[53]

**HOUSING  AND PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION**
Background
When  African Americans first began to migrate to Racine in the 1940s from the South  in search of industrial jobs, the only housing available for these citizens  were trailer camps on the north end and the south side of the city. It was the  1940s version of tenement housing, very stressful living environments with  people stacked upon people.

Slowly  areas of the city opened up where people of color could purchase housing, but  unwritten laws existed as to where a person of color could buy a home. And  this initial lack of access to equal housing for the citizens of color sowed a  divisive housing pattern in the city, which escalated over the years.[54]
Commentary  from Invited Public Officials and Organization Leaders
Neal  Kueny is a housing counselor with the Family Service Center of Racine. Kueny  told the Committee about three problems restricting minorities� access to  homeownership: the lack of role models, low incomes, and lending practices.

I  work as a housing counselor and do not have a tremendous success rate with the  minority community, especially the African American community. Part of that  comes from a long history of racism. If your parents do not own a home, the  odds of you owning a home are slim. You learn how to buy a home when your  parents own. There�s just not the examples that�s positive; the role  models just aren�t there and that makes my job that much harder trying to  convince someone that they can buy a house.

There  also is the income issue. Minorities do not make as much as they could if they  just had completed some additional schooling. But it is awfully difficult to  go back to school when you�ve got two kids and you have a job and you have  some debts.   

Also,  when you talk about the housing you need to look at lending institutions. It  is ironic that minorities are bad credit risks when it comes to buying a home,  but have excellent credit to buy a car that is going to be recycled in three  or four years. I think all of these factors come into play.[55]

Morris  Reece told the Committee that the housing market for low-income families in  Racine is inadequate, and that minorities encounter discrimination when trying  to buy a home.   

The  housing market in Racine is inadequate for renters and first-time low to  moderate homebuyers. There have been questionable patterns of unfair treatment  toward African Americans, Hispanics, and low-income whites from some sellers  and Realtors. We need to address that issue, . . . but because people are  strapped by their low-income wages they have no other choices. The Fair  Housing Department of the city is attempting to address that issue, but it  takes people of good will to make that happen as well.[56]

Dave  Mauer, executive director of the Racine County United Way, testified that the  race problem is more properly viewed as a class problem.   

I  think race relations in Racine County are not unlike race relations in any  urban area of the Midwest: at times strained and at times hopeful . . . I  happen to think there is more mistrust and misunderstanding between people of  economic classes than there is between people of races.

I  do not think people who have had things and have always had them and who have  had no exposure to doing without are particularly trusting or understanding of  people who are poor and people who have done without. And in our country and  our community a disproportionate number of those people who are without  economic status in our country are people of color.

I  think the most important thing we can do as a community is to get people to  work together in a common interest . . . It is important to have programs,  therefore, that bring people together of different cultures and different  economic strata toward a common vision.[57]     

Sonya  Telez asserted that discrimination exists in housing, specifically that  minorities are made to wait longer than nonminorities for low-income housing.   

I  see a lot of discrimination in the housing. I know and meet with a lot of  people, and the [city�s] housing department is very discriminating against  Hispanics and the other minorities in our community. There are minorities who  have been on a list waiting for low-income housing and some way or somehow  their friend who is not a minority for some reason is able to get low-income  housing before them when they just signed up a month or two ago. And these  other minority women are waiting for two, three years, five years and they  just don�t know why they�re not getting equal treatment. Well, they know  why, but there�s really nothing they can do because they cannot take on the  entire housing system.[58]

Mary  Day told the Committee about the Racine Environment Committee�s local  initiative to provide housing in the minority community.

The  housing program [of the Racine Environment Committee] was essentially this: if  you have a house and your house is dilapidated, come to the [committee] and it  will assist you in repairing the house . . . [Similar to the employment  program of the Racine Environment Committee], the housing program is closed.[59]
Commentary  from the Community
David  Guran spoke about the need for white individuals to take a stand against  racist comments and actions, particularly when such comments and actions occur  in situations where there are only whites.

My  point is that white people need to stand up if they see things that are wrong  and act on it when they hear people berate people of color. At those times,  they need to say something against it. I get into meetings and employment  situations and social situations where there are only white people and�not  always but sometimes�some people start putting down black people with racial  jokes or whatever. [White] people have to stand up at those times and say that  is wrong, especially in employment situations.[60]

Rev.  Jimmie Lockridge told the Committee that there are funds allocated to the city  for repairing houses, but such funds do not find their way to the city�s  minority communities.

There  are funds allocated to this city to repair houses, [but] there are houses all  over the city that are never getting repaired. I have a young lady that owns a  house and when she went to inquire on how she could get some of these funds,  nobody knew. If I ask you how could she get some of these funds, you could not  tell me how to help her fix up her house. She�s a minimum wage worker. She  has like nine kids. How are nine kids going to eat on minimum wage?[61] 

Rev.  George Ramsey told the Committee that racism and discrimination pervade all  aspects of the Racine community.

I  could sit here and talk the rest of the afternoon about my experience of  racism from the newspapers to you name it, and that�s one area that needs to  be looked at. As quick as something bad happens, it is placed all over the  front page, but very seldom do you see anything written about the achievements  and the good things that happen in the minority community. I don�t feel that  we in no way get any kind of justice when it comes to coverage, notoriety so  far as publication and from�I�m not speaking about his paper, I want to  make that clear. Somebody mentioned discrimination in housing and it is.  There�s discrimination in about any area of life. You name�foster parent  care, you name it, it�s going on.[62]

Judith  Koenig told about racist graffiti at an area marina and said local authorities  have not acted promptly to remove the graffiti.

I  am a white woman and the real reason that I came to say something is that . .  . under a bridge in Simmons Harbor is the graffiti, �Niggers die,� along  with various other things written there . . . This is at the mouth of the  harbor. Boats go by and the light is just right so everyone can see this. That  was back in April, and I went there yesterday and the graffiti is still there  . . . The sheriff�s department was called to give some attention to this,  and several other people of importance were told about this. Children, people  yachting, people walking see this. It has been months now, and the graffiti is  still there.[63] 

Rev.  Shaw Parsons said the city of Racine was de facto segregated and told of his  difficulty in obtaining a mortgage in Racine.

We  as black people and Mexicans are in a corral. We are led to certain areas and  every now and then one of those cattle will get out and run away, but when you  come to Racine you�re deemed corralled and you�re being led to certain  areas. There�s two areas in this Racine that we are pinned in. One is here  on the south side and the other over on the north side. . . .

One  other thing, when I bought a house and I couldn�t get a mortgage in Racine.  I had to go to get a mortgage way out of town somewhere. I had to get a  mortgage out of town; I couldn�t get no money in Racine and that�s a  shame. Been here for over 40 years and couldn�t get nothing.[64]

Corrine  Owens has lived in Racine since 1946, retiring from the public school system  in 1979. A longtime activist for civil rights in the community, she summed up  the purpose of the Committee meeting and the hopeful outcome.

I  hope that this meeting will bind us together to do something about race and  ethnic relations in this city. We can get to the bottom of these problems, and  we can understand each other, and we can do something about this race  relations. . . . I�ve continued to work for better race relations since  coming here in 1949 and I haven�t stopped. The article in Sunday�s paper  said we have come a long ways but still have a long ways to go. Yes, we do.  And so that�s what we got. Let�s do something about it. We can do that.

I  was telling a little girl here about how we got this [Jonathan Bryant] center  and how we got fair housing. I was one of those in the beginning back in 1956,  and we kept working until we had a fair housing bill approved by a vote of 13  to 4. Most of you were not here then. But what we did to get it was to march.  We marched and we got it. Do you know that after we had that big hearing down  there, in three weeks we got fair housing, in three weeks? But we didn�t get  it until we got out there and started walking and when we started walking and  something happened and we got it.   

So  I hope this meeting will bind us together to do something about our race and  ethnic problems.[65] 

[1]    Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, Bureau of Workforce    Information, Local Area Statistics program.

[2]    The labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons who are 16    years of age or over. The unemployed only include those individuals actively    seeking employment.

[3]    Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, Bureau of Workforce    Information, Local Area Statistics program.

[4]    The labor force participation rate is the ratio of individuals over the age    of 16 in the labor force compared with the general population over the age    of 16.

[5]    Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, Bureau of Workforce    Information, Local Area Statistics program.

[6]    The unemployment rate is the ratio of unemployed to the labor force.

[7]    Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, Bureau of Workforce    Information, Local Area Statistics program.

[8]    Testimony of Mary Day before the Wisconsin Advisory Committee to the U.S.    Commission on Civil Rights, community forum, Racine, WI, Sept. 21, 1999,    transcript, pp. 82�99 (hereafter cited as Racine Transcript).

[9]    Wisconsin Works, or W-2, is a work force development program by which    recipients of public assistance are assigned to training or employment    initiatives.

[10]    Morris Reece, Racine Transcript, pp. 99�107.

[11]    Executive Order 11246 is the presidential decree, first issued by President    Lyndon Johnson in 1965, under which all contractors with the federal    government take affirmative action to ensure nondiscriminatory treatment of    employees and applicants for employment.

[12]    Julian Thomas, Racine Transcript, p. 112.

[13]    Rev. Lawrence Kirby, Racine Transcript, p. 136.

[14]    Ken Lumpkin, Racine Transcript, p. 149.

[15]    Wally Rendon, Racine Transcript, p. 210.

[16]    Rev. Jimmie Lockridge, Racine Transcript, pp. 122, 124.

[17]    Dianna Garcia, Racine Transcript, p. 139. 

[18]    Gilbert Delgado, Racine Transcript, pp. 227�28.

[19]    Alphonso Gardner, Racine Transcript, p. 181.

[20]    Paula Castille, Racine Transcript, p. 185.

[21]    Hugh Souter, Racine Transcript, pp. 191�93.

[22]    Chester Todd, Racine Transcript, pp. 196�98.

[23]    Rev. Shaw Parsons, Racine Transcript, p. 204.

[24]    Theresa Gordon, Racine Transcript, pp. 214�15.

[25]    Racine Unified School District, District Performance Report, 1998.

[26]*See* Mattie Booker, Racine Transcript, pp. 52�58. 

[27]    Ibid.

[28]    Ibid.

[29]    Ibid.

[30]    Ibid.

[31]    Mattie Booker, Racine Transcript, p. 44.

[32]    Mary Day, Racine Transcript, p. 85.

[33]    Morris Reece, Racine Transcript, p. 107.

[34]    Rev. Lawrence Kirby, Racine Transcript, pp. 135�36.

[35]    Julian Thomas, Racine Transcript, p. 114.

[36]    Dianna Garcia, Racine Transcript, p. 145.

[37]    Wally Rendon, Racine Transcript, p. 212.

[38]    Paula Castille, Racine Transcript, pp. 182�84.

[39]    James Gordon, Racine Transcript, pp. 184�86. 

[40]*See* Richard Polzin, Racine Transcript, pp. 21�52.

[41]    Ibid.

[42]    Ibid.

[43]    Ibid. The term �minority� does not include females.

[44]    Ibid.

[45]    Richard Polzin, Racine Transcript, p. 50.

[46]    Sonya Telez, Racine Transcript, p. 137.

[47]    Julian Thomas, Racine Transcript, p. 111.

[48]    Rev. Lawrence Kirby, Racine Transcript, pp. 130, 133�38.

[49]    Ken Lumpkin, Racine Transcript, p. 150.

[50]    Rev. George Ramsey, Racine Transcript, pp. 151�58.

[51]    Gale Dyess, Racine Transcript, pp. 173�76.

[52]    Alphonso Gardner, Racine Transcript, pp. 177�81.

[53]    Rev. Shaw Parsons, Racine Transcript, pp. 205�06.

[54]*See* Julian Thomas, Racine Transcript, p. 119.

[55]    Neal Kueny, Racine Transcript, pp. 159�61.

[56]    Morris Reece, Racine Transcript, p. 106.

[57]    Dave Mauer, Racine Transcript, pp. 80�81.

[58]    Sonya Telez, Racine Transcript, p. 138.

[59]    Mary Day, Racine Transcript, p. 86.

[60]    David Guran, Racine Transcript, p. 222.

[61]    Rev. Jimmie Lockridge, Racine Transcript, p. 126.

[62]    Rev. George Ramsey, Racine Transcript, p. 150.

[63]    Judith Koenig, Racine Transcript, pp. 200�03.

[64]    Rev. Shaw Parsons, Racine Transcript, pp. 205, 208.

[65]    Corrine Owens, Racine Transcript, pp. 223�25.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |