INFORMATION REPORT

April 24, 2006 SECY-06-0093

For: The Commissioners

From: William M. Dean, Assistant for Operations, Office of the EDO

Subject: WEEKLY INFORMATION REPORT - WEEK ENDING

APRIL 14, 2006

Contents Enclosure

Nuclear Reactor Regulation A

Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards B

Nuclear Regulatory Research C

Nuclear Security and Incident Response D

General Counsel E*

Administration F

Office of Information Services G

Chief Financial Officer H*

Human Resources I

Small Business and Civil Rights J

Enforcement K*

State and Tribal Programs L*

Public Affairs M

International Programs N*

Office of the Secretary O

Region I P*

Region II P

Region III P

Region IV P

Executive Director for Operations Q*

Congressional Affairs R

Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards/

Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste S

*No input this week.

/RA/

William M. Dean

Assistant for Operations, OEDO

Contact:

U. Shoop, OEDO
April 24, 2006 SECY-06-0093

For: The Commissioners

From: William M. Dean, Assistant for Operations, Office of the EDO

Subject: WEEKLY INFORMATION REPORT - WEEK ENDING

APRIL 14, 2006

Contents Enclosure

Nuclear Reactor Regulation A

Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards B

Nuclear Regulatory Research C

Nuclear Security and Incident Response D

General Counsel E*

Administration F

Office of Information Services G

Chief Financial Officer H*

Human Resources I

Small Business and Civil Rights J

Enforcement K*

State and Tribal Programs L*

Public Affairs M

International Programs N*

Office of the Secretary O

Region I P*

Region II P

Region III P

Region IV P

Executive Director for Operations Q*

Congressional Affairs R

Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards/

Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste S

*No input this week.

/RA/

William M. Dean

Assistant for Operations, OEDO

Contact:

U. Shoop, OEDO

DISTRIBUTION:

Central File

Public Document Name: C:\WIR\week414.WPD

OEDO WMD for AO/OEDO

UShoop:paa WMDean

04/25/06 04/25/06
WEEKLY INFORMATION REPORT - WEEK ENDING APRIL 14, 2006

The Weekly Information Report is compiled by the Office of the EDO and includes highlights of

Headquarters and Regional Office activities. 

Contact: U. Shoop, OEDO by E-mail: USS@nrc.gov. 

Use GO TO (Ctrl+Home) to advance to the page number for a specific Office.

PgDn and PgUp can also be used to advance through the text.

OFFICE Page OFFICE Page

NRR 2 STP *

NMSS 4 OPA *

RES 8 OIP 18

NSIR 9 SECY 19

OGC * Region I *

ADM 10 Region II 21

OIS 11 Region III 22

CFO * Region IV 23

HR 15 EDO *

SBCR 16 OCA 24

OE * ACRS/ACNW 25

*No input this week
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE A

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation (NRR)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Potential Causes of Extensive Wear Damage to Steam Generator Tubes at Oconee Units

On April 10, 2006, the staff held a public meeting with Duke Energy Nuclear, LLC (the licensee)

at NRC Headquarters. The licensee updated the staff on its continuing investigation of the root

cause of the wear being observed on the steam generator (SG) tubes at Oconee, Units 1

and 2. Although a large number of tubes have been observed to exhibit wear, the wear is not

safety significant because the depth of the wear has been limited. The tube wear was first

observed in 2005 after one cycle of operation following replacement of the steam generators at

both units. Oconee, Unit 3 plans to conduct its first inservice inspection of its replacement SGs

during the Spring 2006 refueling outage. The licensee has identified a number of potentially

contributing factors including acoustically induced vibration, operation at low power, higher than

expected tube-to-tube support plate (TSP) wear coefficient, TSP movement, reduced contact

area between the tube and TSP, and localized flow instabilities related to the geometry of the

tube-to-TSP annulus. Additional instrumentation will be installed at Unit 3 during the Spring

2006 outage and at Unit 1 during the Fall 2006 outage to assist in evaluating the root cause. 

The licensee expects to identify the root cause and begin implementing corrective actions by

the end of the year.

Mexican Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSNS) Briefing

On April 4 and 6, 2006, the staff briefed Mr. Victor Gonzalez of CNSNS on the NRC regulatory

experience with extended power uprates (EPU). Mr. Gonzalez is the Director of Nuclear Safety

for CNSNS, and anticipates receiving an EPU application next year. The topics discussed

included steam dryer integrity, adverse flow effects, power ascension testing, exceptions to

performing large transient testing, and the overall staff review process for EPUs using

appropriate review standards and standard review plans. The briefings were found to be

mutually beneficial for EPU information exchange.

Observation of International Laboratory Accreditation Program (ILAC) Evaluation of the

American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA)

On April 7, 2006, the staff observed an ILAC peer evaluation of the A2LA program in

Rochester, NY. The observation was a continuation of the A2LA laboratory assessment that

began the previous week in Woburn, MA, as part of an ILAC peer evaluation. The primary

purpose of the NRC observation was to evaluate the effectiveness of the ILAC peer evaluation

process for possible future NRC acceptance for international calibration laboratories.

ACRS Full Committee Meeting on TRACG

On April 6, 2006, the staff met with the ACRS Full Committee to discuss the draft safety

evaluation report for the application of the TRACG code to ESBWR stability and the staff

analysis of potential hazards along the Mississippi River in support of the Grand Gulf ESP.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE A

Grand Gulf FEIS Delivered to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

On April 7, 2006, the staff delivered the final environmental impact statement (EIS) for the

Grand Gulf early site permit (ESP) application to the EPA. The final EIS is now available in

ADAMS at Accession No. ML060900037.

Browns Ferry Nuclear Unit 1 - Fire Protection

The staff met with representatives from Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) on April 5, 2006, to

discuss the fire protection program requirements for the restart of Browns Ferry Nuclear (BFN)

Unit 1. The staff noted that several aspects of the draft version of BFN Units 1-3 Fire

Protection Report are inconsistent with current regulatory requirements. The NRC staff

informed TVA that it must ensure compliance with the applicable fire protection regulations prior

to restart. TVA was encouraged to take advantage of the enforcement discretion offered by the

Commission to initiate corrective actions on any noncompliance from current regulations, before

September 6, 2006, and develop a plan to complete them within 3 years. The staff also

indicated that TVA must fix any risk-significant non-compliances, prior to restart. At the

conclusion of the meeting, the licensee stated that it will evaluate its options for ensuring

compliance with the applicable regulations, and may request a meeting at a later date to inform

the staff of its plan.

Draft Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.205 - Risk-Informed Performance-Based Fire Protection

On April 6, 2006, the staff presented the subject document to the Advisory Committee on

Reactor Safeguards (ACRS) for final endorsement. The staff expects to receive ACRS

endorsement to issue the RG with two recommendations: (1) ensure that the requirement for a

peer review of the licensee fire probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) is applied to all levels and

types of fire PSAs, including, e.g., fire individual plant examinations of external events; and

(2) a generic recommendation regarding improving the analytic quality of human reliability

assessments as used in fire PSA as well as all other PSAs.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE B

Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards (NMSS)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Big Rock Point Decommissioning Project

On April 12, 2006, the staff met with staff from Big Rock Point (BRP) to discuss the status of

the decommissioning project, the proposed format and content of the Final Status Survey

Report (FSSR), and the future release of a portion of the site for unrestricted use. BRP

anticipates submittal of the FSSR in the fall of 2006, with NRC approval of the release of the

land by the end of CY 2006.

Nickel Institute’s Yucca Mountain Workshop

On April 5-6, 2006, staff from NRC and the Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses

attended the subject Workshop, in Las Vegas, NV. At the workshop, Bechtel SAIC, the

Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) primary Yucca Mountain Project contractor, provided updates

on the potential engineering barriers for the geologic repository, including the waste package;

drip shield; and the transport, aging, and disposal canister. Additional information was

provided on the nickel industry’s ability to produce Alloy 22 nickel plate for waste packages, and

the development of a new neutron absorber material using a nickel-chromium-molybdenumgadolinium alloy.

Staff Issues Certificate of Compliance (COC) for New High-Enriched Uranium Transport

Package Design

On April 7, 2006, the staff issued a COC to DOE, National Nuclear Security Administration, for

a new high-enriched uranium transport package design, Model No. ES-3100. The authorized

contents include high-enriched uranium in oxide form, both metal and alloys, and uranyl nitrate

crystals. The package consists of an outer drum assembly and an inner containment vessel

surrounded by a neutron absorber.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Meeting on Management Systems for Transport

During the week of April 3, 2006, staff attended a Technical Meeting held to resolve comments

on IAEA draft document DS 326, titled "Management Systems for the Safe Transport of

Radioactive Material." Staff represented the U.S. and NRC during resolution of the comments

made by Member States on DS 326. All Member States' comments were resolved during the

meeting.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE C

Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Halden Program Group (HRP) Meeting, Manchester, United Kingdom

On April 4-5, 2006, the staff participated in the subject meeting, and discussed the annual HRP

report for 2005, and the new 2006 - 2008 HRP research plan, with a focus on the first year of

research activities. Continued interaction between NRC and Halden will ensure NRC technical

and regulatory issues are appropriately considered during the entire three-year program plan

(from 2006 through 2008).

Meetings with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Issy-lesMulineaux, France

From April 4-7, 2006, the staff participated in the subject meetings to discuss the first year

program scope of the planned Melt Coolability and Concrete Interaction Follow-on (MCCI-2)

program and to obtain the Program Review Group (PRG) and Management Board (MB)

recommendations. Thirteen OECD countries are participating in the MCCI-2 program, and

NRC is the host organization. The work will be performed at the Argonne National Laboratory

(ANL), once it is approved by the Commission. The results of this program will be used in

development, verification, and validation of the MELCOR code, which is used to analyze severe

accidents for operating and new reactors.

Meeting with UK Nuclear Installations Inspectorate staff, Liverpool, UK

On April 6, 2006, the staff met with staff of the United Kingdom’s Health and Safety Executive,

Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII) Managing Safety unit. This new unit has responsibility

for safety culture, safety management, and management of change, among other topics. NRC

staff discussed recent initiatives in the area of safety culture and several other human factors

efforts (e.g., human factors issues for new reactors, operator workload, and fitness-for-duty

rulemaking plans). NII described its activities in the area of safety culture and safety

management, and discussed its new safety culture assessment tool, which is based on

approaches used by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Canadian Nuclear

Safety Commission. NII also discussed its Safety Assessment Principles (SAPs), two of which

address leadership and management for safety and human factors. These SAPs are currently

available for public comment and the NRC staff was invited to comment. 

NIST Workshop on Establishing the Scientific Foundation for Performance-Based Fire Codes

On April 6, 2006, the staff presented an overview of the recent projects the NRC has

undertaken to improve fire risk analysis at the subject workshop during a session on building

design and the role of analytical and computational tools. The presentation provided a brief

overview of the new risk-informed, performance-based fire protection rule 10 CFR Part 50.48(c)

on permanent changes to the licensing basis, the role of fire risk assessment, and the factors

important to better understanding fire risk to nuclear safety. 
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE C

RES and EPRI on Cooperative Fire Research Meeting

On April 12, 2006, the staff and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) discussed

potential collaborative activities in fire research. The main purposes of the meeting was to

discuss updating the current Fire Risk Addendum to the NRC/EPRI Memorandum of

Understanding on Cooperative Nuclear Safety Research. Ongoing and potential fire modeling

and fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) activities, including fire aspects of low power and

shutdown operations, an update of the fire PRA methodology in NUREG/CR-6850, a fire

Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table (PIRT), and fire Human Reliability Assessment

(HRA), were discussed. 
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE D

Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response (NSIR)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Preliminary Notifications

1. PNO-I-06-5A, Millstone Unit 2 Power Station - SHUTDOWN GREATER THAN 72

HOURS - MILLSTONE UNIT 2 TURBINE DRIVEN AUXILIARY FEEDWATER PUMP

ROTATING ASSEMBLY DEGRADATION.

2. PNO-III-06-009, FirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Co. - LOW LEVEL TRITIUM IDENTIFIED

IN UNDERDRAIN SYSTEM.

3. PNO-III-06-010, Exelon Generation Co. - CRACKING IDENTIFIED IN UNIT 2 STEAM

DRYER.

4. PNO-III-06-011, Braidwood 1 and 2 - TRITIATED STEAM RELEASED TO THE

ENVIRONMENT.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE F

Office of Administration (ADM)

Items of Interest 

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Revision of NRC Form 7, Application for NRC Export/Import License, Amendment, or Renewal

(AH89 - Part 110)

On April 13, 2006, the NRC published a direct final rule in the Federal Register (71 FR 19102)

that amends the regulations governing the export and import of nuclear material. The direct

final rule reflects the consolidation of all license requests in one application form. An applicant

will now use revised NRC Form 7 to apply for each type of licensing request (export, import,

combined export/import, amendment, and renewal). The direct final rule becomes effective

June 27, 2006.

On April 13, 2006, the NRC published the companion proposed rule to this direct final rule in

the Federal Register (71 FR 19135). The comment period closes May 15, 2006.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE G

Office of Information Services (OIS)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and Privacy Act Requests Received During the Period of

April 7 through April 13, 2006:

Creation of Chief FOIA Officer as defined in Executive Order 13392,

all documents

FOIA/PA-2006-0174

Response to Synapse Energy Economics Inc. Report dated 8-7-02,

“Financial Insecurity: The Increasing Use of Limited Liability

Companies & Multi-tiered Holding Companies to Own Nuclear Power

Plants,” all records

FOIA/PA-2006-0175

Invoices & billing records of named ACMUI member for services

performed in 1990, 1991 & 1992, all memoranda & documents re:

proper submittal & compensation

FOIA/PA-2006-0176
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE I

Office of Human Resources (HR)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Arrival

COCHRAN, PETER GENERAL ENGINEER (NSPDP ) RES

DAVIS, GENEVIEVE A. BRANCH SECRETARY R-II

DOAN, BRIAN C. TRAINING PROGRAM SPECIALIST HR

FORDER, GAY DAWN SECRETARY ADM

GASLEVIC, JAMES E. PROJECT MANAGER NRR

GOLCHANE, BEHROUZ IT SPECIALIST NSIR

GOODMAN, NATHAN GENERAL SCIENTIST NRR

HAMMAN JOYCE OPERATIONS ENGINEER NRR

MCFARLANE, ANDREW J. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR OI

SAMADDAR, GITA SECRETARY (OA) NSIR

SAYOC, EMMANUEL PROJECT MANAGER NRR

SHAIKH, ATIF A. GENERAL ENGINEER (NSPDP) NRR

SULLIVAN, DONNA M. SECRETARY (OA) R-I

VALENTIN-OLMEDA, MILTON O. GENERAL ENGINEER (NSPDP) NRR

Departures

MARTIN, WANDA R. HUMAN RESOURCES ASSISTANT (OA) R-IV

MONGELLO, DENNIS F. IT STUDENT TRAINEE (CO-OP) R-I

TOPRANI, KAUSHAL M. STUDENT IT SPECIALIST (CO-OP) R-I
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE J

Office of Small Business and Civil Rights (SBCR)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

NRC Receives Gold Star Award from Small Business Administration

On April 12, 2006, the NRC was awarded the Gold Star Award from the U.S. Small Business

Administration during Small Business Week 2006. The NRC received the award for its

exemplary performance and commitment to achieving its small business procurement goals in

Fiscal Year 2005 and for consistently providing prime contracting and subcontracting

opportunities to small, disadvantaged, and women-owned businesses. The Director of the

Office of Small Business and Civil Rights accepted the award on behalf of the NRC. Other

agencies that received the award included the State Department and the Department of

Housing and Urban Development.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE M

Office of Public Affairs (OPA)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

The Office of Public Affairs (OPA) received significant media inquiries on the following:

Chairman Diaz’s retirement announcement.

Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant unit shutdowns.

Responses to GAO report on security at nuclear power plants.

Tritium contamination at Braidwood.

Oyster Creek license renewal.

Other Public Affairs Items:

OPA staff participated in the emergency exercise involving the Seabrook nuclear plant.

OPA staff supported several end-of-cycle meetings for nuclear plants.

Press Releases

Headquarters:

06-049 Statement of Chairman Nils J. Diaz (4/10)

06-050 NRC, Ukraine Sign Cooperation Arrangement on Nuclear Safety (4/10)

06-051 NRC Earns Gold Star Award During “Small Business Week” (4/12)

06-052 NRC Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste to Meet in Rockville, Maryland,

April 18-20 (4/13)

06-053 NRC Issues 2005 Hurricane Season “Lessons Learned” Final Report (4/13)

06-054 NRC Completes Technical Review of Grand Gulf Early Site Permit

Application (4/14)

Regions:

I-06-020 NRC to Discuss 2005 Performance for Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant (4/10)

I-06-021 NRC to Discuss 2005 Performance for Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power

Plant (4/13)

I-06-022 NRC to Discuss 2005 Performance for Limerick Nuclear Power Plant (4/13)
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE M

I-06-023 NRC to Discuss 2005 Performance for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant

(4/14)

II-06-017 Note to Editors: Clarification of April 7th NRC News Release Announcing

Special Inspection at Hatch Nuclear Plant (4/10)

II-06-018 NRC to Discuss 2005 Performance at Farley Nuclear Power Plant (4/11)

II-06-019 NRC to Discuss 2005 Performance at Robinson Nuclear Power Plant (4/11)

II-06-020 NRC to Discuss 2005 Performance at North Anna Nuclear Power Plant

(4/11)

II-06-021 NRC to Discuss 2005 Performance at Surry Nuclear Power Plant (4/11)

III-06-016 NRC Proposes $19,500 Fine Against Mistras Holding Group for Safety

Violations (4/14)
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE O

Office of the Secretary (SECY)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Document Released

to Public

Date Subject

Decision Documents

SRM-COMGBJ-06-0001 4/14/06 Establishing a Policy for the Review of New

Power Reactor Combined Licenses

Commission Voting Record

on 06-0001

4/14/06 (same)

Information Papers

1. SECY-06-0083 4/11/06 Weekly Information Report - Week Ending

March 31, 2006

2. SECY-06-0068 3/24/06 Issuance of Generic Letter 2006-XX,

“Potentially Nonconforming Hemyc and MT

Fire Barrier Configurations”

Commission Correspondence

- Letter to Senator George V. Voinovich, dated April 5, 2006, response to question from

the March 9, 2006 hearing.

Federal Register Notices Issued

1. Atomic Safety and Licensing Board, Entergy Nuclear Vermont Yankee, L.L.C., and

Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc. (Notice of Hearing and of Opportunity to Make Oral or

Written Limited Appearance Statements Concerning Proposed Uprate), dated April 10,

2006. 

2. Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (ACRS), Subcommittee Meeting on Planning

and Procedures, notice of meeting (05/03/06).

3. ACRS, notice of 532nd meeting (5/4-5/06). 

4. NRC Enforcement Policy: Extension of Discretion Period of Interim Enforcement Policy;

Policy Statement: Revision.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE P

Region II (RII)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Westinghouse Fuel Facility Licensee Performance Review

On April 12, 2006, the Deputy Regional Administrator and the Director, Division of Fuel Facility

Inspection visited the Westinghouse fuel facility for a site tour and conducted the 2006 Licensee

Performance Review in Columbia, SC.

Reactor Oversight Process (ROP) Annual Assessment Meetings

During the week of April 11-14, 2006, the staff held the NRC ROP Annual Assessment

Meetings for the Crystal River, Brunswick and Hatch Nuclear Power Plants. The meetings were

held at or near the nuclear plants and were open to the public.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE P

Region III (RIII)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Byron End-of-Cycle Meeting

On April 10, 2006, the staff met with representatives of Exelon Generation Co. at the Byron

Nuclear Power Station training facility to discuss the end-of-cycle performance assessment for

the plant. Several members of the public and news media attended with interest in tritium

contamination of groundwater near the Byron plant.

Prairie Island End-of-Cycle Meeting

On April 12, 2006, the staff met with representatives of Nuclear Management Co. at the Prairie

Island Nuclear Power Station training facility to discuss the end-of-cycle performance

assessment for the plant.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE P

Region IV (RIV)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

Fort Calhoun Station Annual Assessment Public Meeting

On April 11, 2006, the staff conducted a public meeting in Omaha, Nebraska, to discuss Fort

Calhoun Station’s safety performance for 2005. Participants included Omaha Public Power

District officials and Region IV staff. Two representatives from the state of Nebraska attended. 

Callaway Engineering Initiatives Public Meeting

On April 13, 2006, the staff conducted a public meeting in Arlington, Texas, with

representatives of the Callaway Nuclear Plant. Topics discussed included: steam generator

and turbine rotor replacement outage, component design bases self assessment, equipment

reliability issues and performance indicators, Alloy-600 mitigation plans, and an update on

Callaway’s containment sump modification. 
April 14, 2006 

Office of Congressional Affairs (OCA)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

CONGRESSIONAL HEARING SCHEDULE, NO. 14

 OCAContact

 DATE & PLACE

TIME WITNESS SUBJECT 

Combs April TBA DOE Status of Yucca Mountain license

application

Senators Energy a

Combs 04/25/06

2154 RHOB

2:00 NRC, GAO, DOE/OCRWM,

DOE/IG, Bechtel

Yucca Mountain Project: PersistentManagement and Quality Assurance

Reps. PoFederal WOrganizaGovernm

Shane 05/22/06

TBA

TBA TBA New Nuclear Power Plants Senators 

Energy a

Shane 06/22/06

TBA

9:30 NRC, GAO, NEI, Public

Interest Groups

GAO Report on Reactor OversightProcess

Senators Clean Air

Nuclear SEnvironm

The Senate and House are in recess until April 24.
April 14, 2006 ENCLOSURE S

Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (ACRS)/

Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste (ACNW)

Items of Interest

Week Ending April 14, 2006

As a result of its 531th meeting (April 6-8, 2006), the ACRS issued letters and reports on

the following subjects. 

Date

April 14, 2006 Grand Gulf Early Site Permit Application: Evaluation of

Transportation Accidents on the Mississippi River

April 14, 2006 Review of the 1994 Addenda to the ASME Code for Class 1, 2, and

3 Piping Systems and the Resolution of the Differences Between

the NRC Staff and ASME

As a result of its 168th meeting (March 22-24, 2006), the ACNW issued letters and

reports on the following subjects. 

Date Subject

April 14, 2006 Review and Evaluation Summary of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission Waste Safety and Technical Assistance Programs