Cite as 2024 Ark. App. 168

ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION II

No. CV-23-211

SHANE MANLEY

APPELLANT

V.

JAMES ZIGRAS AND AVANT MINING, 

LLC

APPELLEES

Opinion Delivered March 6, 2024

APPEAL FROM THE GARLAND

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

[NO. 26CV-22-568]

HONORABLE LYNN WILLIAMS,

JUDGE

AFFIRMED

STEPHANIE POTTER BARRETT, Judge

Appellant Shane Manley appeals an order from the Circuit Court of Garland County 

granting summary judgment in favor of James Zigras and Avant Mining, LLC, arguing that 

questions of fact were in dispute, and therefore, summary judgment was not appropriate. 

We find no error and affirm.

James Zigras and Avant Mining, LLC (collectively Appellees), and Manley enjoyed a 

business relationship related to crystal mining in Garland County, Arkansas. After this 

business relationship deteriorated, disputes between the parties resulted in a lawsuit. The 

parties entered into a settlement agreement on November 7, 2016, (the “settlement 

agreement”), to resolve the lawsuit. The settlement agreement contains a no disparagement 

provision that applies to the parties’ conduct on or after November 7, 2016. Manley brought 

this lawsuit for damages on the basis of an alleged breach of a nondisparaging agreement to 
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settle a previous lawsuit between himself and Zigras, which provides for liquidated damages 

of $250,000 if the settlement agreement was breached. Manley alleges that Zigras told Jim 

Coleman after the November 7, 2016, settlement that Manley was a thief, which is a violation 

of the nondisparaging agreement.1

In Zigras’s motion for summary judgment, Zigras attached excerpts from Manley’s

deposition that admitted he did not know when the statements were made by Zigras, but 

Coleman told him they were made in Zigras’s building. Also attached to the motion for 

summary judgment were excerpts from Zigras’s deposition in which Zigras admitted he and 

Jim Coleman had a conversation in the summer of 2015 in which he said Manley would 

steal him blind as he did Zigras. He further testified in his deposition that the only persons 

present when this conversation took place at Zigras’s building were Zigras and Coleman. At 

that time, Coleman was about to hire Manley in his own crystal-mining business. Zigras 

further testified in his deposition that when Coleman hired Manley, he stopped having any 

contact with Coleman because he didn’t want to associate with Manley. 

In his response to the motion for summary judgment, Manley provided an affidavit 

of Tony Thacker in which Thacker averred that Jim Coleman had told him that Zigras said 

“Shane Manley and I would steal him blind” and that the statement occurred after November

2019. Coleman died before he could be deposed, but he provided an affidavit in which he 

testified, “I am also aware that Mr. Zigras and Mr. Manley had a business dispute that resulted 

 

1Manley previously filed a lawsuit with the identical allegations in 2019 but dismissed 

it prior to a summary-judgment hearing.
3

in a lawsuit. At some time during that dispute, I was in the offices of Mr. Zigras and he told 

me that Mr. Manley had stolen or misappropriated crystals from him, and that I should be 

careful doing business with him.” Jim Coleman’s affidavit—submitted by Zigras and attached 

to his motion for summary judgment—was executed on May 13, 2021.2

Also, in response to the motion for summary judgment, Manley submitted an 

affidavit by Ron Coleman, Jim Coleman’s brother, wherein he stated he believed Jim was 

regularly confused and had long- and short-term-memory issues for two years and would not 

have known what he was signing or remembered the facts he stated in his affidavit. 

Rule 56 of the Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure governs disposition of summaryjudgment cases. The object of summary-judgment proceedings is not to try the issues but 

to determine if there are any issues to be tried, and if there is any doubt whatsoever, the 

motion should be denied. Ark. R. Civ. P. 56; Rowland v. Gastroenterology Assocs., P.A., 280 

Ark. 278, 657 S.W.2d 536 (1983). Therefore, the first consideration in a motion for 

summary judgment is whether the moving party established a prima facie showing that he 

was entitled to summary judgment. The standard of review for summary judgment has often

been stated; “In these cases, we need only decide if the granting of summary judgment was 

appropriate based on whether the evidentiary items presented by the moving party in support 

of the motion left a material question of fact unanswered.” Mashburn v. Meeker Sharkey Fin.

 

2Manley sought a deposition from Coleman before his death in December 2021. 

Manley tried to subpoena Coleman for a deposition on March 2, 2021, but it was not served 

until March 5, 2021. Mrs. Coleman communicated with counsel for Manley and Zigras that 

Coleman wanted to give his deposition as soon as he was physically able. 
4

Grp. Inc., 339 Ark. 411, 414, 5 S.W.3d 469, 471 (1999) (citing Nixon v. H&C Elec. Co., 307 

Ark. 154, 818 S.W.2d 251 (1991)). The burden of sustaining a motion for summary

judgment is always the responsibility of the moving party. Cordes v. Outdoor Living Ctr., Inc.,

301 Ark. 26, 781 S.W.2d 31 (1989). All proof submitted must be viewed in the light most 

favorable to the party resisting the motion, and any doubts and inferences must be resolved 

against the moving party. Lovell v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 310 Ark. 791, 839 S.W.2d 

222 (1992); Harvison v. Charles E. Davis & Assocs., Inc., 310 Ark. 104, 835 S.W.2d 284 (1992);

Reagan v. City of Piggott, 305 Ark. 77, 805 S.W.2d 636 (1991). 

 The sole issue in the summary-judgment motion is whether Zigras’s statement to 

Coleman was made before the 2016 settlement agreement not to disparage each other or at 

some time later. To establish a prima facie case for summary judgment, Zigras submitted his 

own deposition testimony admitting he had told Jim Coleman to watch out for Manley 

because Manley would steal him blind “like he did to me.” Zigras testified in his deposition 

that this conversation took place in the summer of 2015 at his warehouse. Zigras denied he 

had made any other disparaging statements about Manley since the settlement agreement 

was signed in 2016. Zigras also introduced the affidavit of Jim Coleman, who was the only 

other person privy to the conversation in 2015 in which Zigras stated Manley had stolen 

from him. Coleman’s affidavit stated the statements were made “during the dispute” 

between Manley and Zigras, referencing the lawsuit that led to the settlement agreement. 

There was no testimony by Coleman that Zigras had repeated that statement to him after the 

settlement. In his deposition testimony, Manley admitted he did not know when the 
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statement was made to Coleman or when Coleman’s statement was made to Thacker. Prima 

facie evidence is “evidence good and sufficient on its face. Such evidence as, in the judgment 

of the law, is sufficient to establish a given fact, or the group or chain of facts constituting 

the party’s claim or defense, and which if not rebutted or contradicted, will remain sufficient.” 

Prima Facie Evidence, Black’s Law Dictionary, 1190 (6th ed. 1990) (emphasis added). The 

affidavits and deposition testimony of Zigras and Coleman established prima facie evidence 

there was not a material question of fact unanswered.

It is further well settled that once the moving party establishes a prima facie 

entitlement to summary judgment by affidavits or other supporting documents or 

depositions, the opposing party must meet proof with proof and demonstrate the existence 

of a material issue of fact. See Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Twin City Bank, 320 Ark. 231, 895 

S.W.2d 545 (1995); Wyatt v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 315 Ark. 547, 868 S.W.2d 505 

(1994). We recognize a “shifting burden” in summary-judgment motions in that, while the 

moving party has the burden of proving that it is entitled to summary judgment, once it has 

done so, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to show that material questions of 

fact remain. See Ford v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 339 Ark. 434, 5 S.W.3d 460 (1999). 

When the movant makes a prima facie showing of entitlement to summary judgment, the 

respondent must discard the shielding cloak of formal allegations and meet proof with proof 

by showing a genuine issue as to a material fact. Hughes W. World, Inc. v. Westmoor Mfg. Co.,

269 Ark. 300, 601 S.W.2d 826 (1980). Facts stated in an affidavit must be admissible in 
6

evidence if they are to be relied upon in granting or denying summary judgment. Dixie Ins. 

Co. v. Joe Works Chevrolet, Inc., 298 Ark. 106, 766 S.W.2d 4 (1989). 

Once Zigras established prima facie evidence to support his motion, Manley then had

the burden of meeting proof with proof. Ford, 339 Ark. 434, 5 S.W.3d 460. Manley 

submitted the affidavit of Ron Coleman, the brother of Jim Coleman, to the court. Ron 

Coleman’s affidavit stated Jim had memory issues for the two years before the affidavit was

signed, and he was regularly confused as to long- and short-term issues. Ron testified that

he did not believe Jim “would have known what he was executing or remembered the facts 

contained in the affidavit he supposedly executed.” In Arkansas, every person is presumed 

to be competent to be a witness. Ark. R. Evid. 601. The burden is on the opposing party to 

show incompetency. Modlin v. State, 353 Ark. 94, 98, 110 S.W.3d 727, 729 (2003). Rule 

56(e) of the Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure requires that an affidavit provided for or 

against a motion for summary judgment be made on personal knowledge, set forth such facts 

as would be admissible in evidence, and show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to 

testify to the matters stated therein. The supreme court has stated that affidavits that are 

conclusory rather than factual are insufficient. McDonald v. Eubanks, 292 Ark. 533, 731 

S.W.2d 769 (1987). Likewise, speculation and conjecture are not sufficiently definite or 

precise to prove a genuine issue of material fact. In Sundeen v. Kroger, 355 Ark. 138, 147, 

133 S.W.3d 393, 399 (2003), the supreme court affirmed a grant of summary judgment 

where an affidavit offered by the plaintiff contained nothing more than conclusory 

allegations with no proof to support same. Affidavits of general denial are insufficient to 
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support a motion for summary judgment. Brewington v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 285 

Ark. 389, 687 S.W.2d 838 (1985).

Here, Ron Coleman’s affidavit did not show he was present with Jim on the date the 

affidavit was signed nor was there any testimony that he saw his brother in the days 

immediately before or after the affidavit was signed to allow him to know Jim’s mental state 

when the affidavit was signed. Thus, Ron had no personal knowledge of his brother’s ability 

to recall past events on the date he signed the affidavit or immediately before or after the 

affidavit was signed. In Donaldson v. Johnson, 235 Ark. 348, 353, 359 S.W.2d 810, 813 (1962), 

the court concluded that the question was Donaldson’s mental condition at the time the 

deed was executed: “It is not a question as to mental condition before or on the afternoon 

of the day on which she executed the deed, but in the morning at the time the deed was 

signed did she have the capacity that is demanded by the authority quoted above.” Moreover, 

Ron did not allege in his affidavit that there was medical evidence to support his conclusion 

that Jim was unable to know what he signed. Ron Coleman’s affidavit does not show he had 

personal knowledge of Jim Coleman’s ability to recall the events he testified to in his affidavit 

as required pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e). Thus, Manley did not prove 

by a preponderance of the evidence that Jim Coleman was incompetent to provide an 

accurate, reliable affidavit as to the material fact in issue.

Manley also submitted the affidavit of Tony Thacker to show Coleman stated Zigras

had violated the settlement agreement. In his affidavit, Thacker states that Jim Coleman 

told him about the conversation Coleman had with Zigras wherein Zigras told Coleman that 
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Manley was stealing from him. Thacker’s affidavit stating Coleman told him what Zigras 

said is clearly hearsay and inadmissible. Hearsay “is a statement, other than one made by the 

declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the 

matter asserted.” Ark. R. Evid. 801. Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by the 

Arkansas Rules of Evidence or by statute. Ark. R. Evid. 802; Hall v. State, 315 Ark. 385, 393, 

868 S.W.2d 453, 457 (1993). Facts stated in an affidavit must be admissible in evidence if 

they are to be relied upon in granting or denying summary judgment. Dixie Ins. Co., 298 

Ark. 106, 766 S.W.2d 4. It is well-established law in Arkansas that because hearsay is not 

admissible, it cannot be considered nor accepted as a court’s basis for finding a genuine issue 

of material fact in a summary-judgment analysis. See Am. Gamebird Rsch. Educ. & Dev. Found., 

Inc. v. Burton, 2017 Ark. App. 297, at 5, 521 S.W.3d 176, 178 (reversing grant of summary 

judgment where hearsay evidence was improperly admitted because if “hearsay is offered, 

and would not be admissible at trial, the hearsay is not considered in the summary-judgment 

analysis”). 

Manley argues that the affidavit of Tony Thacker shows a genuine issue of material 

fact is present and defeats the summary-judgment motion. Manley argues that he is offering 

Thacker’s statement not for the truth of the matter asserted but only to show it was said. An 

out-of-court statement is not hearsay if it is offered, not to prove the truth of the matter 

asserted, but to show the basis of action or course of conduct. Martin v. State, 316 Ark. 715, 

875 S.W.2d 81 (1994); Bliss v. State, 282 Ark. 315, 668 S.W.2d 936 (1984). The affidavit 

does not present any evidence to show a basis for an action by either Coleman or Zigras nor 
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does it show a course of conduct by Zigras. On the one hand, Manley asks the court to 

consider Thacker’s hearsay statement not for the truth of the matter asserted, but at the same 

time, he asks the court to accept into evidence Thacker’s affidavit as true for purposes of 

creating a genuine issue of material fact, thereby defeating summary judgment. A litigant is 

not permitted to assume wholly inconsistent positions on the same issue in the same case. 

Wenderoth v. City of Fort Smith, 256 Ark. 735, 510 S.W.2d 296 (1974). In this case, even if 

the affidavit had been admitted, it would show only that Coleman made a statement to 

Thacker that Zigras had made the accusation at some point in time but does not provide 

evidence to show whether the statement was made in 2015 or after the settlement agreement 

had been signed.

Pursuant to Arkansas Rules of Evidence 803(24) and 804(b)(5), Manley then argues

that the rarely used residual-hearsay exception applies, and the hearsay should have been 

allowed. The supreme court carefully noted in Hill v. Brown, 283 Ark. 185, 672 S.W.2d 330 

(1984), that all the common-law exceptions to the hearsay rule are based either on necessity 

or on some compelling reason for attaching more than average credibility to the hearsay, and 

any new exception must have circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness equivalent to 

those supporting the common-law exceptions. Consequently, any new exception must have, 

in the language of the rule, circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness equivalent to those 

supporting the common-law exceptions. Hill, supra; Blaylock v. Strecker, 291 Ark. 340, 350, 

724 S.W.2d 470, 476 (1987). In determining that trustworthiness, the court must, under 

the language of the residual-hearsay rule, determine that (1) the statement is offered as 
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evidence of a material fact, (2) the statement is more probative on the point for which it is 

offered than any other evidence the proponent can procure through reasonable efforts, and 

(3) the general purposes of these rules and the interests of justice will best be served by 

admission of the statements into evidence. 

Manley failed to offer any evidence that the affidavit had “circumstantial guarantees 

of trustworthiness” as required for admissibility under Rules 803(24) or 804(b)(5). In this 

case, there are no circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness because Thacker did not have 

knowledge of when the conversation between Zigras and Coleman took place, only that 

Coleman told Thacker about the conversation after 2019. In these circumstances, we cannot 

say the court abused its discretion by refusing to allow the affidavit to be admitted under the 

residual-hearsay exception. 

Manley also argues that the affidavit should be admitted because it is probative of the 

issue and because he was denied the opportunity to depose Jim Coleman before his death. 

Therefore, Thacker’s affidavit should be admitted in the interest of justice. Thacker’s 

affidavit is not more probative than any other evidence obtained by either party through 

reasonable efforts. Zigras was able to get probative admissible evidence by reasonable efforts, 

as evidenced by the transcripts from Zigras’s and Manley’s depositions as well as Coleman’s 

affidavit. Zigras testified about his statement to Coleman and the timing of same, which was 

consistent with Coleman’s affidavit that exists as sworn testimony about this same 

conversation. Here, there were emails between counsel regarding Coleman’s deposition, but 

other than a deposition notice that was not served until after the deposition date, Manley 
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did not seek a court order or any other discovery aid to facilitate the taking of Coleman’s 

deposition. Mrs. Coleman even told Manley she would notify counsel for both parties when 

he was able to be deposed. There is no evidence that Manley replied to this email. Manley 

had two years to obtain testimony through affidavit or deposition from Coleman from the 

date he filed his initial suit in 2019 until Coleman’s death on December 10, 2021.

Summary judgment should be upheld if a party fails to diligently discover evidence it 

claims is necessary to defend its complaint. RWR Props., Inc. v. Young, 2009 Ark. App. 332, 

at 8–10, 308 S.W.3d 183, 187–88 (affirming summary judgment where a party had every 

opportunity to obtain complete discovery because otherwise “a party could always prevent 

summary judgment from being granted” when it fails to diligently pursue discovery). There 

was no evidence Manley made reasonable efforts to secure Coleman’s deposition. Under 

these facts, the residual-hearsay exception is not applicable because Manley has not shown 

some compelling reason for attaching more than average credibility to the hearsay for 

trustworthiness nor is there evidence the best interest of justice would be served if the hearsay 

affidavit was admitted. 

After a careful review of the record, we find that, boiled down to its essence, Manley 

did not know if or when Zigras made the statement to Coleman; Ron Coleman’s affidavit 

was conclusory because he was not present when Jim’s affidavit was signed, nor was there 

any indication he was there immediately before or after the affidavit was signed; and 

Thacker’s affidavit is inadmissible hearsay and does not fit any exception to Arkansas Rules 
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of Evidence 801, 803, or 804. We find no error in the circuit court’s grant of summary 

judgment.

Affirmed.

GLADWIN and GRUBER, JJ., agree.

The Brad Hendricks Law Firm, by: Lloyd W. Kitchens, for appellant.

Rose Law Firm, a Professional Association, by: Betsy Baker and Nancy Smith, for appellees.