United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 19-1594

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John Doe

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

v.

University of St. Thomas

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee

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Jane Doe

lllllllllllllllllllllMovant - Amicus on Behalf of Appellee(s)

Minnesota Private College Council

lllllllllllllllllllllAmicus on Behalf of Appellee(s)

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Minnesota

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 Submitted: June 16, 2020

Filed: August 28, 2020

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Before GRUENDER, WOLLMAN, and KOBES, Circuit Judges. 

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KOBES, Circuit Judge.

After a fellow student accused Plaintiff John Doe of sexual misconduct, the

University of St. Thomas, a private university, began disciplinary proceedings that

resulted in Doe’s suspension. Doe filed suit asserting Title IX violations and various

state law claims. The only claim that survived to summary judgment was a state law

negligence claim alleging that the University and its agents breached its “duty of care

to Plaintiff and others to conduct [a disciplinary] process in a non-negligent manner

and with due care.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 210–11. The district court1 granted judgment to

the University, finding that Doe had not shown a genuine issue of fact that the

disciplinary proceedings were biased against him or that any alleged procedural flaws

breached the University’s duty of reasonable care.2 We affirm.

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment and its interpretation

of state law de novo, considering the facts in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Chew v. Am. Greetings Corp., 754 F.3d 632, 635 (8th Cir. 2014). 

Summary judgment is properly granted when “there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(a). A material fact is one that “might affect the outcome,” and a dispute is

genuine if “a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” 

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 

1The Honorable John R. Tunheim, Chief United States District Judge for the

District of Minnesota. 

2Doe also claims that the magistrate judge erred in denying his motion to

compel the deposition of his accuser. But he failed to file objections with the district

court, and we cannot review the dismissal of a nondispositive pretrial motion. Fed.

R. Civ. P. 72(a) (“A party may not assign as error a defect in the order not timely

objected to.”). The parties did not consent to final disposition by a magistrate judge

under 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), and “we do not have jurisdiction to hear a direct appeal of

a magistrate judge’s order on a nondispositive pretrial matter.” Daley v. Marriott

Int’l, Inc., 415 F.3d 889, 893 n.9 (8th Cir. 2005). 

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Doe argues that material facts show that the disciplinary process unfairly

favored accusers and did not afford the necessary procedural due process protections,

and therefore the University breached its duty of care. Before we can determine what

facts are material to an alleged breach, we must know what duty of care the

University, a private institution, owes its students. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248 (“[T]he

substantive law will identify which facts are material.”). The parties agree that

Minnesota common law governs, but they hotly contest whether the duty of care

requires private universities investigating non-academic misconduct violations to act

reasonably and in a manner that comports with constitutional due process or just

refrain from acting arbitrarily.3

“When applying Minnesota law under our diversity jurisdiction, we are bound

by the decisions of the Minnesota Supreme Court.” Badrawi v. Wells Fargo Home

Mortg., Inc., 718 F.3d 756, 758 (8th Cir. 2013). “If the Minnesota Supreme Court has

not spoken on a particular issue, this court must attempt to predict how the Minnesota

Supreme Court would decide an issue and may consider relevant state precedent,

analogous decisions, considered dicta . . . and any other reliable data.” C.S.

McCrossan Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 932 F.3d 1142, 1145 (8th Cir. 2019) (brackets

omitted). 

3Doe claims that the University has waived any argument that the district court

applied the incorrect duty of care because it failed to file a cross appeal on that issue. 

Reply 20–25. We disagree. We review a district court’s judgments, not its opinions. 

Jennings v. Stephens, 574 U.S. 271, 277 (2015). The appellee may “defend a

judgment on any ground consistent with the record, even if rejected or ignored in the

lower court.” Spirtas Co. v. Nautilus Ins. Co., 715 F.3d 667, 671 (8th Cir. 2013). 

The University’s claim that the district court applied an incorrect standard of care

does not enlarge its rights or lessen Doe’s: under either theory the University would

only be entitled to release from this claim. See Jennings, 574 U.S. at 276. As a

result, the University only seeks to “sustain the same judgment on a different basis

in the record, [and] a cross-appeal is not required.” Spirtas, 715 F.3d at 671.

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The Minnesota Supreme Court has not decided what duty of care private

universities owe their students when investigating non-academic misconduct. The

parties agree that Abbariao v. Hamline University School of Law, 258 N.W.2d 108

(Minn. 1977), is the most recent case to address the common law duty universities

owe their students. There, a law student claimed that the university violated his rights

to procedural due process under the federal constitution, as well as a common law

duty of fair treatment, when it expelled him for failing to maintain required grades. 

Id. at 111. Because the district court had granted a motion to dismiss, the Minnesota

Supreme Court accepted the allegation that Hamline was a public university and that

the expulsion implicated the student’s due process rights. 

The Minnesota Supreme Court held that an academic expulsion from a state

actor violates due process if it “results from the arbitrary, capricious, or bad-faith

actions of university officials.” Id. at 112. The court noted that “judicial examination

into issues of academic performance may well be different from cases involving

expulsion for alleged misconduct not directly related to academic proficiency.” Id.

at 113. In the event that Hamline was a private university (and not subject to federal

due process requirements), the court explained that under Minnesota common law “a

university may not arbitrarily expel a student.” Id. at 112 (relying on Gleason v.

Univ. of Minn., 116 N.W. 650 (1908)). Notably, in Gleason, the student had been

charged with academic deficiencies and “certain insubordinate acts toward the faculty

of the University of Minnesota and with inciting younger students to insubordinate

acts towards said faculty.” 116 N.W. at 652. Thus, the student’s action in Abbariao

stated a claim for relief if a private or public university had “arbitrarily” expelled him.

Following Abbariao, the Minnesota Court of Appeals extended the common

law duty “not to expel students in an arbitrary manner” to non-academic misconduct

discipline. Rollins v. Cardinal Stritch Univ., 626 N.W.2d 464, 470 (Minn. Ct. App.

2001). Minnesota courts have also clarified that misconduct expulsions from public

universities only require that the “student must be given notice and some opportunity

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to be heard.” Shuman v. Univ. of Minn. Law Sch., 451 N.W.2d 71, 74 (Minn. Ct.

App. 1990). 

Turning to this case, the district court dismissed the holding in Rollins and

rejected the University’s argument that the Abbariao arbitrary standard applied. 

Instead, it adopted Doe’s reasonable care standard that the University “had an

obligation to create and administer a process that was fair and impartial to both [the

accuser and the accused] . . . and [to] provide some measure of due process in the

proceeding to ensure that an accurate outcome was achieved.” D. Ct. Dkt. 296 at 12. 

In doing so, the district court explained that Abbariao requires a “panoply of

safeguards designed to ensure the fairness of factfinding” for misconduct expulsions. 

Id. (quoting Abbariao, 258 N.W.2d at 112).

Although federal courts applying Minnesota law must predict how the

Minnesota Supreme Court would rule, C.S. McCrossan Inc., 932 F.3d at 1145, we

respectfully think the district court predicted the wrong standard here. The district

court had no reason to disregard Rollins, the only Minnesota court decision to apply

the common law duty to a private university’s non-academic expulsion. Although

Abbariao cautions that judicial examinations of misconduct expulsions “may well be

different,” it applied the arbitrary standard announced in Gleason, where the student

faced academic and misconduct charges. The district court erred by rejecting Rollins

and formulating a reasonable care standard that no Minnesota court has adopted. 

Even under the district court’s more permissive reasonable care standard, Doe’s

claims did not survive summary judgment. Applying Abbariao’s “arbitrary,

capricious, or bad-faith” standard, we conclude the same. 258 N.W.2d at 112. 

Although neither party tells us how Minnesota law applies an “arbitrary” standard of

care, we find reference to Minnesota administrative law and due process precedents

helpful. See Abbariao, 258 N.W.2d at 113 (private university’s duty parallels due

process requirements). The Minnesota Supreme Court has long held that an “action

is arbitrary, oppressive, and unreasonable so that it represents [the agency’s] will and

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not [its] judgment.” Webster v. Marshall, 133 N.W.2d 533, 535 (Minn. 1965). “A

university’s decision may be arbitrary if the university violates its own procedures.”4

Tatro v. Univ. of Minn., 800 N.W.2d 811, 816 (Minn. Ct. App. 2011), aff’d on other

grounds, 816 N.W.2d 509 (Minn. 2012). 

Doe alleges that the University’s training materials “caused the investigators

and adjudicators in this case to manifest a Bias Against Accused Students so strong

that it eliminated [the University]’s ability to satisfy the Negligence Duty.” Doe

Br. 12. Specifically, he claims University staff handling disciplinary matters were

trained to believe that accusing students made false allegations less than 10% of the

time, 51% of college males admitted to at least one sexual assault during college, and

that accusing students that give inconsistent statements or omit details should be

believed. Id. at 24. To further show the University’s bias, he points to the materials

providing a template for finding an accused student responsible for misconduct (but

not one for the opposite result) and other differences in services the University staff

offers accusers versus the accused. Id. at 24–25.

The district court held that Doe had not overcome the presumption of honesty

and integrity afforded to school administrators. D. Ct. Dkt. 296 at 12 (citing

Richmond v. Fowlkes, 228 F.3d 854, 858 (8th Cir. 2000)). That presumption applies 

unless “actual bias, such as personal animosity, illegal prejudice, or a personal or

financial stake in the outcome can be proven.”5 Fowlkes, 228 F.3d at 858. Doe

4Doe does not appear to have raised any procedural irregularities in his briefing

to us. Instead, we gather that he complains that the University staff followed

University policy. We recognize that the district court found, sua sponte, two

deviations that purported to violate its standard of care. The court, however, found

them harmless. In our view, these purported violations do not show the proceedings

were arbitrary.

5Although Fowlkes involved a presumption that federal courts afford

administrators for federal due process claims, it appears that Minnesota law applies

a similar presumption. R.T. v. Univ. of Minn., No. C9-01-1596, 2002 WL 1275663,

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presents no evidence showing any of the University staff were individually biased

against him. 

Even without a presumption, we do not find a genuine dispute of material fact. 

Although we are troubled by University training that implicates stereotypes rather

than individualized assessments, there is no evidence that these materials influenced

the University staff’s judgment. No reasonable jury would find bias here because the

investigators did question the accuser about inconsistencies in her story6 and found

her to be credible. Further, no implication of bias arises by asking the accuser to

preserve evidence or by offering her mental health services. None of Doe’s evidence

shows that the University was “out to get [him],” Shuman, 451 N.W.2d at 74, or that

University’s proceedings were the product of will, instead of judgment.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 

______________________________

at *3 (Minn. Ct. App. June 11, 2002) (“Administrative proceedings are presumed to

be honest and regular, and the party claiming otherwise has the burden of proof.”).

6For this reason, we reject Doe’s claim that the University process was biased

because it did not let him cross-examine his accuser. Like the district court, we note

that the University’s proceedings do not permit a full-blown criminal trial, and it was

not arbitrary to follow University policy in this manner.

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