ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL MINERALS:

SCREENING METHODOLOGY AND INITIAL APPLICATION

PRODUCT OF THE

Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains

of the Committee on Environment,

Natural Resources, and Sustainability

OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL

March 2016
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20502

March 11, 2016

Dear Members of Congress:

I am pleased to forward this progress report on interagency assessment of critical minerals, which 

describes a screening methodology based on an analysis of regularly collected data and presents the initial 

results of the application of that methodology. This is the first step of a two-stage process and is intended 

to indicate what minerals pose a potential risk of being or becoming critical based on availability and 

susceptibility to supply disruption. Customized, in-depth analyses of individual minerals highlighted by 

the screening methodology will subsequently be carried out to evaluate the circumstances that led to their 

identification and to assess the extent to which they are essential to some facet of the economy and/or 

national security, and thus to determine whether they should be considered truly critical. 

This document responds to earlier House of Representatives appropriations report language that 

requested a report on the work of the Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains of the 

National Science and Technology Council, and is the report noted in my earlier letter to you on this subject

(see report appendices). It represents a coordinated effort across the numerous agencies and Executive 

Office components participating in the Subcommittee, and has also been informed by responses to requests 

for information from, and other interactions with, industry, academia, research laboratories, and other 

stakeholders.

The analysis presented here covers over fifty individual elements of the periodic table and several 

other non-fuel mined resources, in some cases addressing multiple processes and intermediate products as 

separate minerals. In addition to determining the extent to which each is potentially critical based on the 

most recent data, the methodology has been applied over the entire span from 1996 through 2013, subject 

to data availability. Overarching trends are identified, and the retrospective analysis suggests that use of 

this screening methodology would have signaled potential concerns ahead of time for emerging supplychain issues, such as those that involved rare earth elements around 2010.

While the approach described in this document envisions systematic reapplication of the 

methodology as updated data become available, based on information that is regularly collected about a 

wide range of minerals, more in-depth analysis will be needed to assess the specific issues and risks 

associated with the potentially critical minerals identified by this process. Thus, the screening methodology 

represents the first step in a two-stage process where a more detailed study of those minerals exhibiting a 

high potential for criticality would be appropriate to understand the situation better before determining 

whether any policy action is warranted.

A consistent approach for making assessments across a broad range of minerals and providing early 

warning of potential supply vulnerabilities is important to U.S. economic and national security. Critical 

minerals are essential to a wide range of leading technologies, ranging from aircraft and automotive 

components to electronics and telecommunications devices, and from displays to photovoltaics. Thank you 

for your interest in this important topic.

Sincerely,

John P. Holdren

Assistant to the President for Science and Technology

Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy
Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application

iii

About the National Science and Technology Council

The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is the principal means by which the Executive Branch 

coordinates science and technology policy across the diverse entities that make up the Federal research 

and development (R&D) enterprise. One of the NSTC’s primary objectives is establishing clear national 

goals for Federal science and technology investments. The NSTC prepares research and development 

strategies that are coordinated across Federal departments and agencies to form investment packages 

aimed at accomplishing multiple national goals. The NSTC’s work is organized under five committees: 

Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability; Homeland and National Security; Science, 

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education; Science; and Technology. Each of these 

committees oversees subcommittees and working groups that are focused on different aspects of science 

and technology. More information is available at www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc.

About the Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability

The purpose of the Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability (CENRS) is to advise 

and assist the NSTC, under Executive Order 12881, in developing interagency policies that increase the 

overall productivity and application of Federal research and development (R&D) efforts in the areas of 

environment, natural resources, and sustainability. The CENRS provides a formal mechanism for 

interagency science and technology coordination relevant to environment, natural resources, and 

sustainability policy and R&D issues domestically and internationally.

About the Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains

The Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains was established by action of the NSTC 

Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability (CENRS). The purpose of the 

Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains is to advise and assist the CENRS and the 

NSTC on policies, procedures, and plans relating to identification and forecasting of mineral criticality, and 

risk mitigation in the procurement and downstream processing of minerals identified as or forecasted to 

become critical. Access and availability of resources, both as raw commodities and as a part of 

downstream supply chains, which may be sensitive to disruptions in global supply, fall within the scope of 

the Subcommittee.

About the Office of Science and Technology Policy

The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and Technology 

Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976. OSTP’s responsibilities include advising the President in 

policy formulation and budget development on questions in which science and technology are important 

elements; articulating the President’s science and technology policy and programs; and fostering strong 

partnerships among Federal, state, and local governments, and the scientific communities in industry and 

academia. The Director of OSTP also serves as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and 

manages the NSTC. More information is available at www.whitehouse.gov/ostp.

About this Document

This document was developed by the Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains. The 

document was published by OSTP.
Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application

iv

Acknowledgements

The Co-Chairs of the Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains thank Nedal Nassar 

(USGS), Sean Xun (USGS), Steven Fortier (USGS), and Dave Schoeberlein (DOE) for taking the lead in 

developing, refining, and applying the methodology described here and for the drafting of this report. In 

addition, we thank all of the Subcommittee participants and other Federal agency personnel who have 

provided feedback and essential guidance throughout the process.

Copyright Information

This document is a work of the United States Government and is in the public domain (see 17 U.S.C. §105). 

Subject to the stipulations below, it may be distributed and copied with acknowledgement to OSTP. 

Copyrights to graphics included in this document are reserved by the original copyright holders or their 

assignees and are used here under the government’s license and by permission. Requests to use any 

images must be made to the provider identified in the image credits or to OSTP if no provider is identified.

Printed in the United States of America, 2016
Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application

v

Report prepared by

NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL

COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, AND SUSTAINABILITY

SUBCOMMITTEE ON CRITICAL AND STRATEGIC MINERAL SUPPLY CHAINS

National Science and Technology Council

Chair

John P. Holdren

Assistant to the President for Science 

and Technology and Director, 

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Staff

Afua Bruce

Executive Director

Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability

Chairs

Thomas Burke

Deputy Assistant Administrator

Environmental Protection Agency

Kathryn Sullivan

Undersecretary for Oceans and Atmosphere; 

Administrator of the National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration

Department of Commerce

Tamara Dickinson

Principal Assistant Director for

Environment and Energy

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Staff

Lisa Matthews

Executive Secretary

Environmental Protection Agency

Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains

Chairs

Diana Bauer

Director of Energy Systems Analysis and 

Integration

Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis

Department of Energy

Altaf Carim

Assistant Director for Research Infrastructure

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Lawrence Meinert

Mineral Resources Program Coordinator

U.S. Geological Survey

Department of the Interior

Staff

Fletcher Fields

Executive Secretary

Department of Energy
Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application

vi

Members

Sam Bockenhauer Department of Energy

Alice Chao Department of Energy

Julie Christodoulou Department of Defense

Steven Fortier Department of Interior

Joel Grimm Department of Energy

David Hardy Department of Energy

Tshanda Kalombo Department of Commerce

Jean Kemp Office of the United States Trade Representative

Deidra McGee Department of Agriculture

Mike McKittrick Department of Energy

John Meakem Department of Commerce

Nedal Nassar Department of Interior

Tom Rasmussen Department of Defense

Timothy Reinhardt Department of Energy

Dave Schoeberlein Department of Energy

Gary Stanley Department of Commerce

Holly Thomas Department of Energy

Karl Tsuji United States International Trade Commission

Kim Tuminaro Department of State

Frederick Turner Department of Justice

Jared Wessel Office of the United States Trade Representative

Sean Xun Department of Interior
Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application

vii

Table of Contents

List of figures.............................................................................................................................................. viii

List of tables............................................................................................................................................... viii

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................... ix

1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................1

1.2 Motivation.....................................................................................................................................5

2.0 Methodology.....................................................................................................................................6

2.1 Overview of assessment ...............................................................................................................6

2.2 Methodological details of the early-warning screening ...............................................................7

2.2.1 Supply Risk ............................................................................................................................8

2.2.2 Production Growth .............................................................................................................10

2.2.3 Market Dynamics................................................................................................................11

2.3 Scope...........................................................................................................................................12

3.0 Results and discussion ....................................................................................................................13

4.0 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................22

5.0 References ......................................................................................................................................23

Appendix A: Legislative language excerpts.................................................................................................26

Appendix B: March 25, 2015 OSTP letter to Members of Congress...........................................................27

Appendix C: Abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols..................................................................................30

Appendix D: Composite Governance Index values.....................................................................................31

Appendix E: Mineral resource coverage and data sources.........................................................................35

Appendix F: Raw and normalized indicator values.....................................................................................41
Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application

viii

List of figures

Figure 1. Average metal content of 85 cellular phones manufactured from 1998-2013............................. 1

Figure 2. Global primary production growth from year 1994-2013 for 73 non-fuel mineral resources...... 2

Figure 3. Distribution of geopolitical production concentration for 78 mineral resources.......................... 3

Figure 4. Average net import reliance of the United States for 66 resources.............................................. 4

Figure 5. Overview of methodology ............................................................................................................. 6

Figure 6. Composite Governance Index values for year 2013 ...................................................................... 9

Figure 7. Scope of mineral coverage........................................................................................................... 12

Figure 8. Normalized Supply Risk (R) indicator values................................................................................ 13

Figure 9. Normalized Production Growth (G) indicator values................................................................... 14

Figure 10. Normalized Market Dynamics (M) indicator values .................................................................. 14

Figure 11. Mine production and price data for bismuth for years 1990-2013........................................... 15

Figure 12. Mine production and price data for cobalt for years 1990-2013 .............................................. 15

Figure 13. Distribution of the R, G, and M indicators before and after normalization .............................. 17

Figure 14. Relative changes to the R, G, and M indicators and the HHI from year 1996 to 2013.............. 17

Figure 15. Potential Criticality (C) indicator values for all minerals and years investigated ...................... 18

Figure 16. Mine production and price data for rare earth oxides for years 1990-2013............................. 20

Figure 17. R, G, M, and C indicator values for rare earths for years 1996-2013 ........................................ 20

Figure 18. Potential Criticality (C) indicator values for rare earths, bismuth, and cobalt .......................... 21

List of tables

Table 1. Potentially critical minerals based on a threshold C indicator value of 0.335.............................. 19

Table 2. Composite Governance Index values for years 1996-2013........................................................... 31

Table 3. Scope of mineral resource coverage and data sources ................................................................ 35

Table 4. Raw Supply Risk (Rr

) indicator values for years 1996-2013 .......................................................... 41

Table 5. Normalized Supply Risk (R) indicator values for years 1996-2013................................................ 42

Table 6. Raw Production Growth (Gr

) indicator values for years 1996-2013 ............................................. 43

Table 7. Normalized Production Growth (G) indicator values for years 1996-2013 .................................. 44

Table 8. Raw Market Dynamics (Mr

) indicator values for years 1996-2013 ............................................... 45

Table 9. Normalized Market Dynamics (M) indicator values for years 1996-2013 .................................... 46

Table 10. Potential Criticality (C) indicator values for years 1996-2013..................................................... 47
Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application

ix

Executive Summary

Increasing concerns regarding the stability of U.S. 

access to adequate and affordable supplies of certain

non-fuel mineral resources essential to the Nation’s 

economy and/or security have prompted interest in 

detecting potential supply constraints before they 

occur. This report summarizes the results of an 

interagency effort to develop and apply a screening 

methodology for such a purpose. 

Agencies are implementing a two-stage approach,

with the first stage involving an indicator-based,

early-warning screening that aims to identify a subset 

of the studied minerals as “potentially critical.” The 

second stage will utilize the output of the earlywarning screening to prioritize the potentially critical 

minerals for further in-depth analysis to understand 

the specific factors leading to their identification and 

determine which of them represent a significant risk 

to U.S. economic and national security interests. The 

early-warning screening, which is the focus of this 

report, assesses potential criticality (C) using a 

uniform methodology that results in a single value for 

each mineral resource on a common 0 to 1 scale, 

where increasing values signal higher potential 

criticality. Specifically, the assessment is based on the 

geometric mean of three fundamental indicators: 

supply risk (R), production growth (G), and market 

dynamics (M). These indicators were selected 

because they capture different aspects of availability

and because of their complementary nature: R is a

measure of the risk associated with geopolitical 

production concentration, G incorporates changes in 

the mineral’s market size and reliance on geological 

resources, and M tracks the mineral’s price sensitivity 

to changes in its market. 

The early-warning screening has been applied to 78 mineral resources for years 1996-2013. Results from 

this initial assessment reveal heterogeneity in the C indicator values across the minerals evaluated and 

over time. Certain minerals including bauxite, copper (Cu), and gold (Au), for example, have consistently 

low C values. In contrast, minerals such as germanium (Ge), the rare earths (Y, La-Lu), ruthenium (Ru), 

rhodium (Rh), and antimony (Sb) have some of the highest C indicator values. Most of the other 

Terms

For the purposes of this report, the following terms will 

be used as described here. These definitions are derived 

in part from the charter of the Subcommittee on Critical 

and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains of the National 

Science and Technology Council, which is the body that 

produced this document.

While definitions vary, minerals are commonly 

considered to comprise stable, naturally-occurring

inorganic substances. Here, "minerals" is used broadly 

to refer to non-fuel resources—elements or 

compounds—that are obtained by mining or refined 

from mined products, and in some cases includes such 

substances at various stages of processing. The subset 

of minerals assessed in this initial screening was 

determined by availability of suitable and consistent 

data.

"Critical minerals" are those that have a supply chain 

that is vulnerable to disruption, and that serve an 

essential function in the manufacture of a product, the 

absence of which would cause significant economic or 

security consequence. Indicia of criticality include low 

substitutability with other minerals, dependence on 

foreign imports for raw materials, dependence on 

foreign imports for refined product, and single versus 

multiple supplies of raw materials. The supply chain 

considered is from mine to the product, and includes the 

mining of ores, extraction, and refining of minerals and 

the manufacture of components, such as magnets.

"Strategic minerals" are regarded here as a subset of 

critical minerals and are those that are essential for 

national security applications. The initial screening 

methodology described in this report does not address 

the further determination of which critical minerals 

should be considered strategic.
Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application

x

minerals have moderate C indicator values, which, however, have mostly been increasing over the time 

period examined. Indeed, an overarching trend has been the overall increase in the R indicator,

suggesting that production has become much more concentrated in countries with higher governance 

(geopolitical and regulatory) risk in year 2013 as compared to year 1996. 

A hierarchical cluster analysis is utilized to help determine which minerals are to be considered 

“potentially critical.” The results from the cluster analysis suggest that a C indicator value of 0.335 is the 

threshold value above which a mineral should be included in that category. For year 2013, the year for 

which the most recent data are available, there are 17 minerals that have C indicator values greater than 

0.335. In descending order of potential criticality, these minerals are: ferromolybdenum (FeMo), yttrium 

(Y) and the rare earths (La-Lu), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), mercury (Hg), monazite, tungsten (W), 

silicomanganese (SiMn), mica, iridium (Ir), magnesite, germanium (Ge), vanadium (V), bismuth mine 

production (Bi), antimony (Sb), and cobalt mine production (Co). Other minerals that would have met 

the criteria to be identified as potentially critical in prior years if the same threshold of 0.335 was used 

include indium (In), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), rhenium (Re), and beryllium (Be). In order to provide 

some validation of the model and its results, the interagency group conducted a retrospective analysis 

to determine if one could have detected a problem with supply of the rare earths prior to 2010, the year 

in which China decreased its export quota for rare earths, leading to widespread concerns about

shortages and dramatic increases in prices. Using the same C indicator threshold value of 0.335, the 

analysis indicates that it would have been possible to identify rare earths as potentially critical based on 

risk of supply disruption as early as 2001. 

Overall, the results suggest that the proposed screening methodology is able to detect issues as 

designed. Having completed the initial early-warning screening, the first iteration of the in-depth 

analysis (stage 2) will be conducted over the next year. The next steps include: (1) developing a 

prioritized list of a subset of the current 17 potentially critical minerals for in-depth investigation; (2) 

developing individual project plans for those minerals for further study; and (3) carrying out the targeted 

studies in the next annual cycle. The in-depth analysis is not envisioned to be a “one-size-fits-all” 

exercise, but rather will involve different kinds of studies (e.g., geological, material flow, or sectoral 

analyses) that are customized for each mineral resource. A second iteration of the early-warning 

screening will be conducted when the next year’s data are available with particular emphasis on changes 

that have occurred, and may identify additional potentially critical minerals for subsequent in-depth 

analyses.
1

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background 

The technological advances of the past few decades have had a profound impact on our daily lives, 

standard of living, and well-being. Cellular telephones have made communication and information 

exchange instantaneous, ubiquitous, and accessible to billions of individuals worldwide. Commercial jet 

aircraft have transformed intercontinental travel into one of the fastest, safest, and most efficient means 

of transportation. Solar-photovoltaic and wind-turbine technologies are increasingly providing renewable 

energy that largely avoids the environmental problems associated with fossil fuel-based energy 

generation. These and other advances have been made possible by the use of sophisticated materials that 

utilize some of the more exotic elements of the periodic table, including tantalum for capacitors in cellular 

telephones and other electronic devices, rhenium in superalloys for jet engines, and selenium and 

tellurium in certain thin-film solar-photovoltaic technologies. A consequence of these profound

technological developments has been a notable increase in the diversity of materials used, such that 

modern technology makes use of virtually the entire periodic table of elements.

1 Indeed, as illustrated in 

the figure below, the ubiquitous cellular telephone alone contains several dozen metals, including many 

scarce and specialty metals such as europium, terbium, and yttrium, which are used in phosphors to

provide the colored illumination of the phones’ displays. 

Figure 1. Average metal content of 85 cellular phones manufactured from year 1998 to 2013. Values reported in 

grams per phone based on an analysis conducted by Christian, et al.,2 which did not include the phones’ batteries 

and did not test for all elements.
2

In conjunction with the rapid advances in technology has been an equally unprecedented increase in the 

overall level of consumption of non-fuel mineral resources, including the elements mentioned above, by 

an increasingly affluent global population. To meet demand, production quantities have had to increase

accordingly. As illustrated in Figure 2, global primary production for most non-fuel mineral resources

investigated has more than doubled in the last 20 years, with production quantities increasing over 5-

fold for indium, cobalt, and yttrium. This remarkable growth rate has been much greater than that of 

the globally aggregated gross domestic product (GDP), which grew approximately 1.7-fold over the same 

time period; this indicates that—far from achieving the desired decoupling of economic activity from 

resource use—material intensity has actually increased for the majority of these resources. For only a 

few resources, such as mercury and arsenic, have production quantities declined in comparison to 20 

years ago, often for obvious reasons. 

Figure 2. Histogram of global primary production growth from year 1994 to 2013 for 73 non-fuel mineral resources. 

A value of 1 indicates no change in production over this time period, values greater than 1 indicate increases in 

production, and values less than 1 indicate declines in production. For some minerals, multiple production stages 

(e.g., mining, smelting, and refining) are included as separate entries. GDP data are based on market exchange 

rates in constant 2005 U.S. dollars as reported by the World Bank.3

 Production data are from the U.S. Geological 

Survey.4

The precipitous increase in production of non-fuel mineral resources has been followed by a gradual

decline in their associated ore grades.

5 Lower ore grades generally result in increased environmental 

burdens due to the greater quantity of waste rock and emissions generated and the greater quantity of 

energy and other inputs required to obtain the same quantity of the desired mineral.

6 Although 

declining ore grades do not necessarily imply a depletion of a resource, they do raise questions 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Number of non-fuel mineral resources

Global primary production in year 2013 relative to value in year 1994

Median value

World GDP

Mercury

Cobalt

Indium

Yttrium
3

regarding its sustainability and the risks to supply associated with the reliance on primary mining to 

meet continuing increases in demand. 

An added complexity is that many of the specialty minerals utilized in modern technology are produced 

only or mainly as byproducts during the processing of other minerals. Selenium, tellurium, and arsenic 

are produced mainly as byproducts during the processing of copper, while indium, cadmium, and 

germanium are produced mainly as byproducts during the processing of zinc. A recent study suggests 

that some 38 elements of the periodic table are produced mainly as byproducts.

7 Concerns regarding 

byproduct minerals stem from their dependency on the main resource for profitable recovery. 

Byproduct mineral supply is therefore thought to be relatively price-inelastic.

8

In addition to being produced mainly or only as byproducts, many specialty minerals have highly 

concentrated production. Unlike gold, silver, and copper, whose geological resources and primary 

production are present throughout the globe, specialty minerals are predominately produced in only a

few countries. As illustrated in the figure below, the primary production of some 52 of the 78 non-fuel 

mineral resources investigated can be considered highly concentrated, as indicated by a value of the 

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)— a commonly utilized measure of market concentration—of 2,500 or 

greater.

9

Figure 3. Distribution of geopolitical production concentration for 78 non-fuel mineral resources, as measured by 

the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) at the country-level. Not all minerals are labeled in the figure. HHI values at 

different stages of production (e.g., mining, smelting, and refining) are included as separate entries. Labels refer to 

mining stage. Data source: U.S. Geological Survey4

Production concentration suggests that no single country has all the resources required to meet its 

economic and national-security needs. As illustrated in Figure 4, even countries as well-endowed with 

mineral resources as the United States are often partially or completely dependent on imports for some 

resources. Moreover, the concentration of production, especially in socially or politically unstable 

countries, can pose a significant risk of supply disruption, as highlighted by a number of recent events 

including the prolonged labor disputes in South Africa that disrupted the production of the platinumgroup metals,

10 China’s restriction of rare earth exports,11 and the passage of legislation in the United 

States related to the restricted use of tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold (3TG) as conflict minerals

originating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo or adjoining countries.

12

It is important to note that these issues do not indicate that access to certain minerals is becoming 

prohibitively restrictive; but, together, these factors do indicate trends that suggest that risk associated 

with the supply of certain non-fuel mineral resources is increasing.
4

Figure 4. Average net import reliance of the United States by top 8 sourcing countries for 66 resources for years 

2010-2013. Data sourcei

: U.S. Geological Survey 13

 i Not all resources covered in the publication are listed here: “those not shown include mineral commodities for which the 

United States is a net exporter (for example, molybdenum) or less than 5% import reliant (for example, lime). For some mineral 

commodities (for example, hafnium), not enough information is available to calculate the exact percentage of import reliance; 

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Cement

Iron and steel slag

Phosphate rock

Talc and pyrophyllite

Iron and steel

Pumice and pumicite

Gypsum

Aluminum

Lead

Sulfur

Salt

Perlite

Vermiculite

Beryllium

Mica (scrap and flake)

Magnesium metal

Copper

Silicon metal

Nitrogen (fixed)--ammonia

Ferrosilicon

Tungsten

Nickel

Magnesium compounds

Palladium

Lithium

Silver

Peat

Titanium sponge

Chromium

Garnet (industrial)

Tin

Zinc

Silicon carbide

Titanium mineral concetrates

Barite

Cobalt

Stone (dimension)

Potash

Rhenium

Rare earths

Antimony

Germanium

Platinum

Bismuth

Vanadium

Gemstones

Gallium

Yttrium

Thorium

Thallium

Tantalum

Strontium

Scandium

Rubidium

Quartz crystal (industrial)

Niobium

Mica (natural)

Manganese

Iodine

Indium

Graphite (natural)

Fluorspar

Cesium

Bauxite

Asbestos

Arsenic

2010-13 U.S. average net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption

Brazil

Canada

Chile

China

India

Mexico

Russia

South Africa

Other
5

1.2 Motivation

The convergence of the aforementioned factors and trends has reinforced concerns regarding the 

reliability of supplies of non-fuel mineral resources for the United States. Each mineral resource has its 

own set of circumstances that define its risks and vulnerabilities: certain minerals are produced only as 

byproducts in a few countries and used only in niche applications, while others are produced 

independently throughout the world and have a myriad of applications. The potential for and the 

underlying causes of a supply disruption, as well as the possible impact abatement strategies, can thus 

vary significantly from one mineral to another.

The interagency group producing this report considers a mineral to be “critical” if it serves an essential 

function in the manufacture of a product, the absence of which would cause significant economic or 

social consequence, and if its supply chain is vulnerable to disruption. Indicia of criticality include low 

substitutability with other minerals, dependence on foreign imports for raw materials, dependence on 

foreign imports for refined product, and single versus multiple supplies of raw materials. This definition 

is consistent with those used in a number of other studies. “Strategic” minerals are considered here to 

be a subset of critical minerals and are those that are essential for national security applications. The 

supply chain considered is from mine to the product, and includes the mining of ores, extraction, and 

refining of minerals and the manufacture of components, such as magnets. The initial screening 

methodology described in this report focuses on supply constraints to identify potentially critical 

minerals, which will subsequently undergo in-depth analyses to assess which of these should be 

considered critical minerals (and which among those should be deemed strategic minerals).

Determining which non-fuel mineral resources are at the highest risk has been a subject of interest for 

many decades.

14 More recently, the National Research Council (NRC) published a report titled Minerals, 

Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy to begin to address some of these concerns by providing a 

guiding framework for determining which minerals are more “critical” than others.15 Since the 

publication of the NRC report in 2008, a number of efforts aimed at assessing material criticality have 

been developed by (or for) different governmental agencies,

16–20 non-governmental organizations,21,22

academic researchers,

23–25 and corporations.26,27 As indicated in a recent review,28 the various criticality 

assessments address concerns of different stakeholders and employ varying methodologies, each with a 

number of strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, many of these methodologies are relatively narrow in 

scope: some focus on a specific technological sector,

29 a certain geographic region,17,18,30–32 or a specific 

technological sector within a certain geographic region.33 Others still are limited in their application to a

relatively small subset of minerals.

27,34,35

In addition to these limitations of scope, a significant weakness common among all known efforts is that 

they are not updated on a regular basis, likely due to the complexity of the models employed, lack of 

necessary data, or lack of resources needed to perform such updates. In this interagency effort, a new 

methodology for assessing potential criticality has been developed with the aim of providing updated 

 

for others (for example, tellurium), exact percentages may have been rounded to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.” 

Figure is displayed in descending order of import share. Data for arsenic refers to arsenic trioxide, data for rare earths include 

lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium, data for silicon carbide refers to crude silicon carbide, data for rhenium

refers to rhenium metal powder, and data for vanadium refers to vanadium pentoxide. 
6

results on a regular basis in order to identify trends that can anticipate supply disruptions in a timely 

manner. By utilizing only the most pertinent of parameters, the methodology for assessing potential 

criticality is applicable across a wide range of minerals. Moreover, most of the data necessary for 

completing this analysis is systematically collected on a regular basis by the National Minerals 

Information Center (NMIC) within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), thereby enabling periodic updates.

The development of this screening methodology and the publication of its results on a regular basis also 

address aspects of the National Materials and Minerals Policy, Research and Development Act of 1980 

as codified at 30 U.S.C. § 1601-1605, and reflect the Federal government’s interagency work as 

requested by language in H.R. Rep. No. 113-171, at 60 (2013) and H.R. Rep. No. 113-448, at 67 (2014).

The following section describes the proposed methodology for assessing potential criticality in detail.

2.0 Methodology

2.1 Overview of assessment 

The assessment and ultimate categorization of a mineral as critical is conducted in two stages, as 

illustrated in Figure 5. The focus of this report is the “early-warning screening,” which aims to identify a 

subset of minerals as “potentially critical” based on trends in fundamental indicators that raise concerns

regarding their medium-term (~5-10 years) availability. Subsequent “in-depth analyses” will be 

conducted to ensure that the underlying factors driving indications of potential criticality in the initial 

screening are fully understood, to assess the extent to which availability constraints would cause 

significant economic or social consequence, and to determine which of these minerals constitute a 

Figure 5. Overview of methodology
7

significant concern. The in-depth analyses of minerals identified as potentially critical will thus serve to 

delineate which of these should be considered critical minerals, with the remainder maintained on a 

watch list due to the indications of availability constraints from the initial screening. The type of study 

conducted in the in-depth analysis will depend on the mineral resource in question and the underlying 

issues that caused it to be flagged in the initial screening. It may include a material flow study to 

quantify the losses of the mineral during each stage of its life cycle and identify the most strategic 

means of reducing those losses through targeted improvements in recovery and recycling, a sector 

analysis to determine the mineral’s most important end-use applications and to ascertain its 

substitution potential, a socio-geographical analysis to assess a country’s vulnerability to factors that 

may disrupt its production capabilities such as climate change or the potential for uncontrollable disease 

outbreak, or some other type of analysis such as the development of supply and demand scenarios to 

understand the implications of certain trends and uncertainties. In all cases, the goal of the studies 

conducted in the in-depth analysis is to obtain a firm understanding of the fundamentals and trends in a 

mineral’s supply and demand in order to determine whether or not the mineral should be considered 

critical. In turn, the results from the studies conducted in the in-depth analysis, along with feedback 

from various stakeholders, will be utilized to inform future assessments and, if needed, adjust the 

methodology.

The utilization of this two-stage approach provides several advantages over criticality assessments that 

rely solely on a set of preselected indicators for the classification of a mineral as critical. This is because 

any set of preselected indicators must be applicable across the entire suite of minerals being 

investigated and is thus often the set of “lowest-common” indicators due to data constraints for some of 

the more exotic minerals. The two-stage approach thus decreases the reliance on the early-warning 

screening to perfectly delineate between critical and non-critical minerals and thereby allows for a 

relatively streamlined methodology that utilizes only the most essential indicators, and can readily be 

updated periodically as subsequent-year data become available.

While the in-depth analysis will depend on the mineral in question, the methodology utilized in the 

early-warning screening is uniform across all minerals. This methodology is described in detail in the 

following section. 

2.2 Methodological details of the early-warning screening

The early-warning screening aims to assess potential criticality (C) using a uniform methodology that 

results in a single value for each mineral on a common 0 to 1 scale, where increasing values signal higher 

potential criticality. Specifically, the assessment of potential criticality is based on the geometric mean of 

three fundamental indicators: supply risk (R), production growth (G), and market dynamics (M), as 

illustrated in equation 1. 

CC = √RR ∙ GG ∙ MM 3 (1)

These indicators were selected because they capture different aspects of criticality and because of their

complementary nature: R attempts to capture the risk associated with geopolitical production 
8

concentration, G attempts to capture changes in the mineral’s market size and reliance on geological 

resources, and M attempts to capture the mineral’s price sensitivity to changes in its market. Moreover, 

while these indicators are relatively simple, they indirectly reflect a number of different aspects related 

to criticality that have been incorporated in other assessments including substitutability, recycling, and 

byproduct dependency.i These indicators do not, however, account for any regional or country-specific 

demand or import dependencies. This is because the intent of the early-warning screening is to be as

broad as possible in its ability to identify potentially critical minerals regardless of any country-specific 

vulnerabilities to supply restriction, which will be addressed in the in-depth analyses as necessary. 

The geometric mean was selected as the method of aggregation in order to provide an appropriate 

measure of central tendency for the three indicators without assuming perfect substitutability across

them.

36 Specifically, with the geometric mean as the method of aggregation a decrease in risk in one 

indicator does not necessarily linearly compensate for an increase in risk in another. Alternative 

aggregation methods, including several in which highly-skewed weightings were assigned to the 

different indicators, were compared in a sensitivity analysis and shown to produce very similar results

(>80% overlap) on the basis of the minerals designated as potentially critical. (Note that with this 

method, a zero value for any of the three fundamental indicators would nominally result in C = 0 

regardless of the values of the other indicators. The normalizations described below yield only one zero 

value across the entire dataset for each indicator, and for those three specific cases C values are not 

listed in the results below; alternative normalization or aggregation schemes may be considered in 

future refinements of this model.) 

Details regarding each of the indicators are discussed next.

2.2.1 Supply Risk

The supply risk (R) indicator aims to assess the relative risk of a supply disruption by quantifying the 

geopolitical concentration of a mineral’s production. All other things being equal, a mineral with

production that is concentrated in a few socially or politically unstable countries is at a higher risk of a 

supply disruption than a mineral with production that is more widely dispersed in relatively stable 

nations. Two factors are utilized to assess geopolitical production concentration: the HerfindahlHirschman Index (HHI) and the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). The HHI is a metric that is used 

to measure market concentration, while the WGI is a set of six indicators that quantify different 

dimensions of governance for over 200 countries and territories based on a variety of sources.37 The HHI 

and WGI have both been used in combination or individually in most of the previously published 

criticality assessments.

38 In this analysis they are combined in the following manner to obtain a prenormalized or “raw” (denoted with superscript r) R indicator value:

RRmm,tt rr = �SSmm,tt,ii

2 ΓΓtt,ii (2)

 i For example, while price volatility as reflected by M can be caused by a number of factors, it tends to be greater if supply or 

demand are relatively unaffected by price variations, such as (respectively) for minerals that are produced as byproducts or for 

which adequate substitutes are not available. See further discussion below in Sec. 2.2.3.
9

where, for mineral m and year t, S is the production share of country i and ΓΓ is the country’s Composite 

Governance Index value. The summation across all producing countries provides a weighted-average 

value, with weighting being based on the square of the production shares to simulate the HHI.

The governance values are based on an aggregation of the six WGI: 1) Voice and Accountability, 2) 

Political Stability and Absence of Violence, 3) Government Effectiveness, 4) Regulatory Quality, 5) Rule 

of Law, and 6) Control of Corruption. The values of each WGI indicator are first normalized to range from 

a theoretical low value of 0 for high governance (low risk) to 1 for low governance (high risk) using the 

following equation:

ΓΓtt,jj,ii = 1 − ΓΓtt,jj,ii rr + 3.5

7

(3)

where for year t, WGI indicator j, and country i, ΓΓrr is the reported value and ΓΓ (without the superscript) 

is the resultant normalized value. The normalized values for the six WGI indicators are then aggregated 

into a single value for each country based on their geometric mean:

ΓΓtt,ii = ��ΓΓtt,ii,jj

6

jj=1

�

1

6

(4)

Figure 6 displays the resultant Composite Governance Index values for year 2013, with the results for all 

other years being presented in Appendix D.

Figure 6. Composite Governance Index values for year 2013. High values (displayed in red) indicate low governance, 

while low values (displayed in green) indicate high governance.

0

10

20

30

40

0.24 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72 0.80

# of countries

Composite Governance Index 
10

To obtain R values that range from 0 to 1, the “raw” R indicator values are normalized based on the 

observed minimum (subscript min) and maximum (subscript max) values across all minerals and all years 

investigated (currently years 1996-2013) using the equation below:

RRmm,tt = RRmm,tt rr − RRmm mm,tt rr

RRmmmmmm,tt:tt′ rr − RRmm mm,tt:tt′ rr (5)

2.2.2 Production Growth

The production growth indicator (G) aims to capture trends related to a mineral’s market size by 

quantifying recent changes in its global primary production. A mineral for which primary production is 

growing rapidly indicates a growth in its market size and, in turn, a growth of its importance globally. As 

illustrated in the equation below, the calculation of G is based on the compounded annual growth rate 

of the mineral’s global primary production: 

GGmm,tt rr = �

QQmm,tt

QQmm,tt′

�

1

tt−tt′

(6)

where for mineral m, initial year t’, and current year t, Q is the mineral’s global primary production 

quantity. The time horizon (i.e., the timespan from year t’ to t) is currently set at 5 years in order to 

reduce the “noise” associated with shorter timespans without completely diluting, and in turn 

overlooking, the important trends.

As with the R indicator, the G indicator is normalized to range from 0 to 1 based on the observed 

minimum and maximum values across all minerals and all years investigated, using the following 

equation:

GGmm,tt = GGmm,tt rr − GGmm mm,tt:tt′ rr

GGmmmmmm,tt:tt′ rr − GGmm mm,tt:tt′ rr (7)

By focusing on primary production, the G indicator also identifies changes in the market’s reliance on 

geological resources. A mineral with growing primary production is becoming more reliant on geological 

resources and would thus receive a higher G value. Conversely, a mineral with decreasing primary 

production due to declining demand or due to increasing supply from secondary sources (i.e., recycling) 

is becoming less reliant on geological resources and would thus receive a lower G value. A decrease in 

primary production due to regulatory or other supply constraint will also result in a lower G indicator 

value. At first glance, this may seem undesirable given that such supply constraints should raise rather 

than lower the potential criticality. However, given that demand has not decreased and secondary 

production has not increased, prices will rise due to the decreased supply. The price increase will be

captured with the M indicator, which quantifies price volatility. Depending on the exact changes, the

overall C indicator value may actually increase under this scenario.
11

2.2.3 Market Dynamics

The market dynamics indicator (M) aims to capture the robustness of the mineral to sudden market 

changes by quantifying its price volatility. Specifically, M is calculated as the ratio of the standard 

deviation and the mean of the mineral’s price (P) over a specified time horizon (from year t’ to t)—its 

coefficient of variation, as illustrated in the following equation:

MMmm,tt rr =

�∑ �PPmm,tt − PP�mm,tt:tt′�

2 tt

tt′

tt − tt′

PP�mm,tt:tt′

(8)

where for mineral m and year t, P is the mineral’s annual average price and PP� is the mineral’s annual 

price averaged over the specified time horizon (from year t’ to t). As with the G indicator, the time 

horizon is set at 5 years. The price data utilized are adjusted to 1998 U.S. dollars to account for inflation. 

The M indicator is similarly normalized to obtain values that range from 0 to 1 based on the observed 

minimum and maximum values across all minerals and all years, as illustrated in the following equation:

MMmm,tt = MMmm,tt rr − MMmm mm,tt:tt′ rr

MMmmmmmm,tt:tt′ rr − MMmm mm,tt:tt′ rr (9)

Excessive price volatility can be caused by a number of different factors including unstable supply, 

cyclical or unpredictable demand, speculative purchases, low inventories that may otherwise buffer 

against sudden fluctuations, and changes in market expectations. It also suggests that supply, demand,

or both may be relatively unresponsive (or at least slow to respond) to market signals. Unresponsive 

(i.e., inelastic) supply could be indicative of the suppliers’ inability or unwillingness to alter production 

quantities in the face of rapid price changes. This could be due to capacity, labor, or capital constraints 

or simply due to the lack of economic viability. Minerals produced as byproducts may fall under this 

category due to their relatively low volumes and economic values when compared to the main mineral

being recovered. A copper operation may, for example, not find it economical to recover selenium even 

if the price of selenium were to increase significantly, simply because the volumes are too low to justify 

the additional capital expenditure required. On the other hand, unresponsive (i.e., inelastic) demand 

suggests that consumers of the mineral are unwilling or unable to alter their purchasing habits despite 

rapid and dramatic changes in price. This could be indicative of the lack of adequate substitutes. 

Sudden and dramatic price changes undoubtedly have consequences for both producers and 

consumers. In general, excessive price volatility is undesirable as it increases uncertainty and thus makes 

planning more difficult. It may also curtail investment, hamper economic development, and undermine 

profitability. From a criticality standpoint, a mineral with higher price volatility suggests a greater degree 

of sensitivity to changes or disruptions in the market and a depressed ability to adapt to those changes 

and disruptions. 
12

2.3 Scope

The intent of the early-warning screening is to be as comprehensive as possible with regards to the 

number of minerals that are evaluated on a regular (annual) basis. As such, the analysis currently 

includes 50 individual elementsi of the periodic table, as well as the rare earths (i.e., the lanthanidesii), 

which are analyzed as a single mineral resource. The analysis also includes feldspar, fluorspar, mica, and 

monazite as separate minerals, as well as eight ferroalloys: ferrochromium, ferromanganese, 

ferromolybdenum, ferronickel, ferroniobium, ferrosilicon, ferrovanadium, and silicomanganese. These 

mineral resources were selected mainly on the basis of data availability. For some minerals, such as

hafnium and osmium, no reliable country-level production data are available. These and other minerals

may be included in future analyses as the necessary data become available. 

Figure 7. Scope of mineral coverage

For several minerals, namely magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel

(Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and bismuth (Bi), production statistics for multiple 

processes and intermediate products are available and are thus included in the analysis. For example, 

copper mining, smelting, and refining processes are all included as separate entries. By analyzing these 

intermediate products one is able to identify the process that is potentially at the greatest risk of 

disruption within the supply chain. 

Including these intermediate processes and products brings the total number of mineral resources

analyzed to 78. For each of these resources, production and price data have been collected for each year 

from 1996 to 2013. Details regarding the specific data sources for each mineral and certain assumptions 

are noted in Appendix E.

 i Graphite is listed under carbon (C) and potash is listed as potassium (K). ii Yttrium is included in the analysis for the rare earths, as well as being analyzed as an individual mineral.
13

3.0 Results and discussion

The results for the R, G, and M indicators for all minerals and years investigated are displayed in the 

following three figures, respectively. A complete tabulation of the results for both the raw and 

normalized values is presented in Appendix F.

Examining the Supply Risk (R) indicator results (Figure 8), one is able to identify several minerals with 

relatively high values across most or all years examined including the rare earth elements (Y and La-Lu), 

niobium (Nb), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), antimony (Sb), tungsten (W), iridium (Ir), monazite, 

ferromolybdenum (FeMo), and ferroniobium (FeNb). For these minerals, production is highly 

concentrated in countries that display relatively low governance (high risk) and thus face a greater 

potential of a supply disruption. In contrast, minerals such as bauxite (noted under Al), sulfur (S), potash 

(noted under K), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), 

gold (Au), and feldspar have relatively low R indicator values across all years examined because their 

production is widely dispersed in many countries that typically display relatively high levels of 

governance (low risk). Most of the other minerals have consistently moderate values, either because 

their production is not extremely concentrated (as is the case for tin) or because their production is 

concentrated in high governance countries (as is the case for iodine). There are a few minerals, 

however, for which the R indicator values have changed significantly over the time span examined. 

These include graphite (noted under carbon, C), magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co), gallium (Ga), germanium 

(Ge), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and bismuth (Bi).

Figure 8. Normalized Supply Risk (R) indicator values for all minerals and years investigated
14

Figure 9. Normalized Production Growth (G) indicator values for all minerals and years investigated

Figure 10. Normalized Market Dynamics (M) indicator values for all minerals and years investigated
15

In general, the increases in these minerals’ R indicator values suggest a significant shift in production 

from many high-governance countries to a few countries that often exhibit low-governance. Consider 

the changes in the sources of production of bismuth (Figure 11). 

Figure 11. Mine production and price data for bismuth for years 1990-2013. Data sources: U.S. Geological Survey4

and Kelly & Matos.39 Price data are displayed in constant 1998 U.S. dollars.

Figure 12. Mine production and price data for cobalt for years 1990-2013. Data sources: U.S. Geological Survey4

and Kelly & Matos.39 Price data are displayed in constant 1998 U.S. dollars. 

In the 1990s, production was relatively diversified with production being equally distributed between 

China, Mexico, Peru, and all other countries combined. By the late-2000s, however, production shifted

to be almost entirely sourced from China. A similar situation, albeit to a lesser degree, has emerged with 

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Annual average price 

(constant 1998 U.S.$/metric ton)

Mine production 

(metric tons of Bi content/year)

Year

Others

Peru

Mexico

China

Price

$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

$70,000

$80,000

$90,000

$100,000

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Annual average price

(constant 1998 U.S. $/metric ton)

Mine production

(metric tons of Co content/year)

Year

Others

China

Cuba

Australia

Russian Federation

Canada

Zambia

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Price
16

cobalt (Figure 12), where the Democratic Republic of the Congo has (re)emerged as the dominant cobalt 

mine producer in the last few years. 

Another important trend for both bismuth and cobalt is the notable overall increase in absolute

production quantities during the same time span. These increases in primary production are captured in 

the G indicator which, as illustrated in Figure 9, is relatively high for both bismuth and cobalt. Indeed, in 

contrast to the R indicator, the G indicator is consistently high across most of the analyzed mineral 

resources for the years examined with few exceptions, namely yttrium (Y), gallium (Ga), mica, ferromolybdenum (FeMo), mercury (Hg), beryllium (Be), bismuth refinery production, monazite, niobium 

(Nb), tantalum (Ta), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge). For these minerals, production growth has not 

been constant: in some cases production growth is accelerating as in the case of gallium, while in other 

cases production is fluctuating between growth and decline as in the case of mercury. Overall, however, 

the G indicator values suggest that primary production has been steadily increasing for most minerals. 

In further contrast, the M indicator values display significant differences among the minerals examined 

and across time. Several mineral resources, including helium (He), boron (B), graphite (noted as carbon, 

C), bauxite (noted under Al), titanium (Ti), and iron ore (Fe), show relatively low M indicator values that 

change very little over time, suggesting minimal price volatility relative to the other minerals. Others, 

including lithium (Li), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), selenium (Se), indium 

(In), tantalum (Ta), rhenium (Re), bismuth (Bi), ferromolybdenum (FeMo), and ferrovanadium (FeV), 

show distinct increases in the M indicator values often followed by equally rapid declines. These, as 

illustrated in the case for bismuth, Figure 11, are often a result of temporary price increases, which may 

not represent a fundamental concern with the mineral’s supply-demand dynamics but may hint at its

susceptibility to rapid market fluctuations. There are also several minerals, including ruthenium (Ru), 

rhodium (Rh), and cadmium (Cd), for which M indicator values are high for most years examined. This 

may suggest systemic volatility in these mineral markets.

Comparing the overall distribution of values across all minerals and years for these three indicators, 

Figure 13 indicates that the G indicator values are notably less distributed, especially prior to 

normalization, than those of the other two indicators. This is due to the fact that production quantities

for most minerals have increased at a similar rate over the time period examined. Another important 

trend can be identified when comparing the median values of the three indicators relative to their 

values in 1996, as shown in Figure 14. The median G and M indicator values have remained near their 

1996 levels across most years, except for modest increases centered on year 2008 that may be 

attributed to the global financial crisis. The median R indicator values have, however, nearly doubled 

over this time period. This increase is mainly due to increases in production concentration, which is 

apparent when comparing the R indicator to the concentration index, HHI, without consideration to the 

governance factors. While the median HHI largely follows the R indicator, there are, perhaps, two 

important deviations. The first occurs in 1997-2000, where the median HHI has increased at a greater 

rate than R, and in 2007-2013, where the opposite has happened. Because the overall governance 

values have not changed significantly, these deviations may indicate a shift from concentrating 

production in high governance countries during the first time period from 1997-2000 to the concentration of production in low governance countries during the second time period from 2007-2013. 
17

Figure 13. Distribution of the R, G, and M indicators before and after normalization. Box-and-whisker plots display 

annual minimums, maximums, and interquartile ranges.

Figure 14. Relative changes to the R, G, and M indicators and the HHI from 1996-2013.

R

G

M

HHI

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Median raw value 1996 = 1

Year
18

Taking into account all of the dynamics of the three indicators, via geometric weighting, yields the 

overall indicator of potential criticality (C) values, Figure 15. From this figure, one is again able to identify

notable differences among the minerals. Aluminum (Al), sulfur (S), potash (noted as K), titanium (Ti), 

iron ore (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and feldspar, for example, have 

consistently low C values. It is perhaps not surprising that most of these are the metals that are 

principally produced as the main product and not byproducts and have been in use for millennia. In 

contrast, minerals such as germanium (Ge), the rare earths (Y, La-Lu), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), 

antimony (Sb), and ferromolybdenum, have among the highest C indicator values. 

Figure 15. Potential Criticality (C) indicator values for all minerals and years investigated

A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to help determine which specific subset of minerals should

be identified as potentially critical (Figure 5). The analysis was conducted on the C indicator using Ward’s 

method40 and the Euclidean distance across all minerals and all years to yield two clusters: one for those 

that would be considered potentially critical minerals and one for all others. The results from the cluster 

analysis suggest that a C indicator value of approximately 0.335 is the cut-off point between these two 

clusters. For year 2013, there are 17 minerals that have C indicator values greater than 0.335. They are 

(in descending order of potential criticality): ferromolybdenum (FeMo), yttrium (Y) and the rare earths 

(La-Lu), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), mercury (Hg), monazite, tungsten (W), silicomanganese (SiMn), 

mica, iridium (Ir), magnesite, germanium (Ge), vanadium (V), bismuth mine production (Bi), antimony 

(Sb), and cobalt mine production (Co). This list includes some usual suspects: the rare earths and several 

platinum-group metals. It also includes some unexpected resources such as mercury. It is important to 
19

reiterate that inclusion on this list does not necessarily suggest that a mineral is indeed critical or 

represents a significant supply risk and that the in-depth analysis will help make that determination. 

Other minerals that would have also been considered potentially critical if the same threshold of 0.335 

was maintained for previous years include indium, tantalum, niobium, rhenium, and beryllium. The 

minerals that would have been included by year of analysis are noted in Table 1 in descending order of 

the number of times they would have been included. In general, this analysis suggests that there are 

only a few minerals that repeatedly appear on the list: the platinum-group metals, the rare earths, 

antimony, tungsten, vanadium, and germanium, all of which are on the most current list. Importantly, 

the selection of a somewhat different threshold is not likely to significantly alter this core list of 

potentially critical minerals. 

Table 1. Potentially critical minerals based on a threshold C indicator value of 0.335 during at least one year. Cells 

are colored based on their C indicator value from low (green) to high (red). Non-colored cells indicate no result was 

available for that year. Only values above the threshold value of 0.335 are noted. Minerals are listed in descending 

order of the number of years in which values exceed 0.335, and then alphabetically.

Mineral 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Iridium 0.44 0.42 0.60 0.63 0.54 0.45 0.39 0.51 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.52 0.44 0.41 0.40 0.43 0.38 0.37

Rhodium 0.53 0.56 0.44 0.40 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.45 0.51 0.53 0.48 0.47 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.47

Ruthenium 0.42 0.37 0.42 0.43 0.50 0.49 0.53 0.54 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.66 0.58 0.57 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.46

Antimony 0.49 0.52 0.49 0.45 0.47 0.45 0.41 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.36 0.36 0.42 0.39 0.35

Tungsten 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.52 0.48 0.41 0.46 0.37 0.36 0.41 0.40

Rare Earths 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.34 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.58 0.54 0.48

Vanadium 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.47 0.44 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.35

Germanium 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.55 0.50 0.44 0.37 0.36 0.37

Bismuth-refinery 0.38 0.34 0.37 0.60 0.57 0.46 0.47 0.42 0.36

Ferromolybdenum 0.67 0.71 0.66 0.54 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.55 0.53

Mercury 0.37 0.45 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.51 0.51 0.44

Mica 0.45 0.47 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.44 0.40 0.38

Palladium 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.36

Silicomanganese 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.40

Yttrium 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.49 0.55 0.49 0.51

Bismuth-mine 0.44 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.44 0.36 0.35

Indium 0.36 0.42 0.49 0.48 0.43 0.35

Niobium 0.39 0.41 0.48 0.48 0.39 0.37

Tantalum 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.40

Ferroniobium 0.43 0.38 0.43 0.45 0.36

Ferrovanadium 0.50 0.43 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.33

Magnesite 0.50 0.48 0.51 0.41 0.37

Monazite 0.34 0.47 0.43 0.43

Cobalt-mine 0.37 0.36 0.34

Ferrosilicon 0.38 0.36 0.35

Magnesium-metal 0.34 0.37 0.36

Rhenium 0.41 0.37

Beryllium 0.36

Ferrochromium 0.35

Ferromanganese 0.34

Ferronickel 0.34

Molybdenum 0.35

Silicon 0.36

In order to provide some validation of this model and its results, a retrospective analysis was conducted 

to determine whether or not one could have detected a problem with the rare earths supply prior to 

2010 when China significantly decreased its rare earths export quota. As illustrated in Figure 16, rare 

earth oxide mine production has changed notably from being moderately diversified in the early 1990s 

to being dominated by China since the early 2000s. Production had not only become more concentrated 
20

but had also increased significantly during that same time period, reflecting the increased use of rare 

earths in modern technology. With increasing demand and highly concentrated production, China’s 

lowering of its rare earth export quotas in 2010 caused concerns of shortages and, in turn, caused prices 

to increase dramatically. These dynamics are captured by the R, G, M, and C indicators (Figure 17). 

Reviewing Figure 17 alone does not, however, provide insights as to whether or not one would have 

detected a problem. Context, in terms of the identified threshold value of 0.335 (which roughly 

corresponds to the 82nd percentile of all C indicator values), must be provided. This is done for the C

indicator values for the rare earths, bismuth, and cobalt in Figure 18.

Figure 16. Mine production and price data for rare earth oxides for years 1990-2013. Price data based on weightedaverage value of imports and exports of rare earths in the United States displayed in constant 1998 U.S. dollars. 

Data sources: U.S. Geological Survey4 and Kelly & Matos.39

Figure 17. R, G, M, and C indicator values for rare earths for years 1996-2013.

$0

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

$40,000

$45,000

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Price

(Constant 1998 U.S.$/metric tons of rare earth oxide)

Mine production 

(metric tons of rare earth oxide)

Year

Other

Australia

Kyrgyz Republic

Russian Federation

India

United States

China

Price (98$/Mg)

R

G

M

C

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Normalized scores

Year
21

Using the threshold value of 0.335, the methodology would have flagged the rare earths as potentially 

critical minerals as early as 2001i

. Similarly, bismuth would have been so identified as early as 2007 and 

cobalt would have been first listed in 2010.

Figure 18. Potential Criticality (C) indicator values for rare earths (top), bismuth (middle), and cobalt (bottom) for 

1996-2013. A threshold for identifying a mineral as potentially critical is displayed as the dashed redline at a value of 

0.335 (82.5 percentile). For reference, the 10th, 25th, 50th (median), 75th, and 90th percentiles are also displayed.

 i Because mineral production and price data are typically delayed by a year or two, the actual year in which the rare earths 

would have been considered potentially critical minerals would have been delayed as well. Furthermore, the threshold value 

identified via the cluster analysis may have been somewhat different from the one currently selected because it would have 

been based only on the C indicator values available at the time. 

C

C

C
22

4.0 Conclusions

A methodology for screening for potentially critical minerals has been developed and applied across 78 

different mineral resources for years 1996-2013. The results suggest that there is a small subset of 

minerals including the platinum-group metals, the rare earths, antimony, vanadium, tungsten, and germanium that consistently fall into this category. This set of potentially critical minerals will be examined 

further in the second stage of the assessment (in-depth analyses) to ensure that the underlying factors 

contributing to this designation are fully understood. A determination can then be made as to which of 

these minerals should be deemed critical and may constitute a significant risk to U.S. interests. 

It is important to note that, by design, the methodology developed for the early-warning screening is 

inherently focused on medium-term issues and will not “detect” short-term concerns, especially given 

the time delays in the production and price data, nor will it provide information regarding the long-term 

(>10 years) reliability of supplies for these minerals. Moreover, it may be argued that it is inherently 

problematic to utilize historical data to provide information regarding future events. While it is true that 

the future need not look like the past, it is also important to recognize that there are structural factors 

that can place a mineral at greater risk of a supply restriction. Capturing trends in these structural 

factors is the main objective of the early-warning screening which, as illustrated through the case study 

of the rare earths, has been shown to be capable of identifying potentially critical minerals prior to the 

onset of supply restrictions or other events. 

Although the hierarchical cluster analysis utilized in this initial screening provides a reasonable threshold 

value for designating a mineral as potentially critical, it will be important to periodically validate this

capability and examine alternative techniques that may be more effective at establishing said threshold.

In addition to determining whether or not a mineral’s indicator of potential criticality (C) has exceeded a 

certain threshold it may be important to also examine trends in the value of C itself. The cobalt situation 

provides a prime example: cobalt’s indicator of potential criticality did not exceed the current threshold 

until 2010, yet the values have been trending higher since the mid-1990s. If captured, such trends may 

provide an enhanced means of early detection. 

No methodology can, of course, perfectly screen for critical minerals. Indeed, the methodology

described here (or any methodology) may be prone to mischaracterizations, both false-positives and 

false-negatives, regardless of the threshold limit used. The utilization of the two-stage approach will 

help reduce some of these issues and the proposed methodology in the first stage will be reviewed and 

refined as necessary to be better able to identify potentially critical minerals appropriately. 

For minerals ultimately identified as critical, it is fair to wonder what can be done to decrease the associated risks and vulnerabilities. As illustrated by Ku and Hung,41 there is a hierarchy of strategies that can 

be adopted to help reduce mineral supply risks. These strategies range from short-term efforts aimed at 

developing strategic inventories and implementing fixed-price contracts, to medium-term efforts such 

as improving efficiencies by reducing waste and increasing recovery rates throughout the life cycle, to 

longer-term efforts that include material redesign and elemental and system-level substitution. Where 

these efforts are best targeted can be informed by the subsequent in-depth analyses.
23

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26

Appendix A: Legislative language excerpts

Reporting on the work of the Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains Subcommittee of NSTC, and in 

particular on activities regarding Rare Earth materials, was requested on two occasions in House of 

Representatives report language accompanying appropriations bills for Commerce, Justice, Science, and 

Related Agencies, as provided here:

H.R. Rep. No. 113-171, at 60 (appropriations for 2014):

Rare Earth materials.—The Committee understands that the NSTC Subcommittee on Critical and 

Strategic Mineral Supply Chains (CSMSC), which maintains a consolidated list of rare critical elements 

and minerals, is preparing a new effort to reassess and update the criticality of those materials based, in 

part, on in-depth supply chain studies. The Committee supports this work and directs OSTP to report on 

the results of the assessment no later than 90 days after its completion. The Committee also urges the

CSMSC Subcommittee to leverage the results of its assessment into an interagency plan that will 

encourage domestic critical element and mineral production in order to reduce the dependence of the

U.S. government and industry on foreign sources of such materials.

H.R. Rep. No. 113-148, at 67 (appropriations for 2015):

Rare Earth materials.—The Committee anticipates the submission by OSTP of a report requested for 

fiscal year 2014 on the work of the National Science and Technology Council’s Subcommittee on Critical 

and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains (CSMSC). The Committee continues to urge the CSMSC 

Subcommittee to leverage its work into an interagency plan to encourage domestic critical element and 

mineral production in order to reduce the dependence of the U.S. government and industry on foreign 

sources of such materials.
27

Appendix B: March 25, 2015 OSTP letter to Members of Congress

See following pages.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20502

March 25, 2015

Dear Members of Congress:

Thank you for your continuing interest in the topic of critical materials.1 Rapid technological 

progress in materials-intensive fields and industries such as clean energy, transportation, medicine, 

and consumer electronics and changing global patterns in consumption, production, and trade put 

a new group of raw materials at risk for potential vulnerabilities in supply chains. A mineral is 

considered critical if it serves an essential function in the manufacture of a product, the absence of 

which would cause significant economic or social consequence, and if its supply chain is 

vulnerable to disruption; strategic minerals are a subset of critical minerals and are essential for 

national-security applications. As both the criticality and U.S. dependency on materials shifts over 

time, studying early warning signs and underlying forces of material-supply disruption can inform 

policy development around the emerging critical materials that power economic growth and 

prosperity. In 2010, the Administration established the National Science and Technology Council 

Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Minerals Supply Chains (CSMSC), which is responsible 

for coordinating critical-materials policy development across twelve Federal agencies and 

recommending risk-mitigation actions as needed.

Since its inception, the CSMSC has taken a number of proactive steps to mitigate the risks 

associated with critical and strategic minerals, including: assisting in the formation of the 

Department of Energy’s $120 million Critical Materials Institute to research technologies that 

make better use of materials;2improving the level of our understanding of U.S. rare earths trade 

by initiating a U.S. International Trade Commission tariff code modification to the Harmonized 

Tariff Schedule;3and facilitating interagency analytic support to the Office of the U.S. Trade 

Representative, contributing to the success of a World Trade Organization dispute-settlement case 

filed by the United States, Japan, and the European Union addressing China’s trade-distorting 

export restrictions on metals and minerals, including rare earths.4

 

1 H.R. Rep. No. 113-171, at 60 (2013); H.R. Rep. No. 113-448, at 67 (2014)

2 http://energy.gov/eere/amo/critical-materials-hub

3 http://hts.usitc.gov/

4 https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2014/March/US-wins-victory-in-rare-earthsdispute-with-China
To enhance policymakers’ ability to support stable and flexible future supply chains for key 

emerging technologies and provide early awareness about potentially critical materials, the 

CSMSC began developing, in early 2013, an approach to assess material criticality; and late that 

year it settled on a methodology for identifying critical materials and monitoring changes in 

criticality. The assessment process was initiated in 2014 and is in progress. In support of this 

activity, the CSMSC issued a request for information from the public in July 2014 to solicit 

feedback from industry, academia, research laboratories, government agencies, and other 

stakeholders on issues related to supply and demand, supply-chain structure, R&D, and technology 

transitions related to raw materials used in the U.S. economy. The CSMSC intends to deliver a 

report on the methodology for and initial findings of the materials assessment by the end of 

calendar year 2015.

Sincerely,

John P. Holdren

Assistant to the President for Science and Technology

Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy
30

Appendix C: Abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols

3TG Tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold

C Indicator of Potential Criticality

CENRS Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability

GDP Gross domestic product

HHI Herfindahl-Hirschman Index

G Production Growth indicator

M Market Dynamics indicator

NMIC National Minerals Information Center

NRC U.S. National Research Council

NSTC National Science and Technology Council

OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy 

R Supply Risk indicator

SMPB Strategic Materials Protection Board 

STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

WGI Worldwide Governance Indicators
31

Appendix D: Composite Governance Index values

The following table provides the Composite Governance Index values for over 200 countries and 

territories across all years of investigation (1996–2013). As described in the methodology, these values 

are based on the geometric average of the six WGI indictors after normalization on a common 0 to 1 

scale. The resultant composite scores thus also spans from a theoretical minimum of 0 to a theoretical 

maximum of 1, with higher values indicating lower governance. The chart is color coded from green 

(low) to red (high) accordingly.

No data are provided for years 1997, 1999, and 2001. Values for these years are linearly interpolated 

based on the values of immediately adjacent years and are displayed in italics text in the table. For 

other years for which no data are provided for certain countries, the value for the nearest year is 

utilized. These values are also displayed in italics text in the table. Mineral-producing countries for which 

no WGI values are available for any year (e.g., New Caledonia) are given a default median score of 0.5 

across for all years. Values are left blank for countries that did not exist in certain years (e.g., South 

Sudan pre-2010).

Table 2. Composite Governance Index values for years 1996-2013

Country/Territory

199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013

Afghanistan 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.72

Albania 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.53

Algeria 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.62

American Samoa 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39

Andorra 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30

Angola 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.65

Anguilla 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.30

Antigua and Barbuda 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.41 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38

Argentina 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.54 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.55 0.55

Armenia 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.52

Aruba 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32

Australia 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27

Austria 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.28

Azerbaijan 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.60

Bahamas, The 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38

Bahrain 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.50

Bangladesh 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.63

Barbados 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.33 0.33

Belarus 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.61 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.62 0.62

Belgium 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.30

Belize 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.50 0.50

Benin 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55

Bermuda 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34

Bhutan 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.48 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47

Bolivia 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.53 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.53

Botswana 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

Brazil 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50

Brunei Darussalam 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40

Bulgaria 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48

Burkina Faso 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.56 0.57

Burundi 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.66

Cambodia 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.60

Cameroon 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.63

Canada 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27

Cape Verde 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.46 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.43

Cayman Islands 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.35
32

Country/Territory

199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013

Central African Republic 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.72

Chad 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.68

Chile 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33

China 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.57

Colombia 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.54 0.54

Comoros 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.64 0.63 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62

Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72

Congo, Rep. 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65

Cook Islands 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53

Costa Rica 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.41

Côte D'ivoire 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63

Croatia 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44

Cuba 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58

Cyprus 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.36

Czech Republic 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37

Denmark 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24

Djibouti 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.61 0.59 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60

Dominica 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39

Dominican Republic 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54

Ecuador 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.58

Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.60 0.61 0.63

El Salvador 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52

Equatorial Guinea 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68

Eritrea 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.71

Estonia 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34

Ethiopia 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.65 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63

Fiji 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.59 0.58

Finland 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23

France 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33

French Guiana 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

Gabon 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.56 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57

Gambia, The 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.59

Georgia 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47

Germany 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

Ghana 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49

Greece 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.45

Greenland 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.30

Grenada 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.44

Guam 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40

Guatemala 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59

Guinea 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.69 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.67

Guinea-Bissau 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.68 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.68 0.69

Guyana 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.56

Haiti 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.71 0.73 0.71 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.65

Honduras 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.60

Hong Kong SAR, China 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

Hungary 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41

Iceland 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

India 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55

Indonesia 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55

Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.66

Iraq 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69

Ireland 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.30

Israel 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.40

Italy 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43

Jamaica 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.49 0.50 0.49

Japan 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.31

Jersey, Channel Islands 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30

Jordan 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52

Kazakhstan 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60

Kenya 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.59

Kiribati 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.73

Korea, Rep. 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39

Kosovo 0.52 0.52 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57

Kuwait 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.51 0.51
33

Country/Territory

199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013

Kyrgyz Republic 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61

Lao PDR 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61

Latvia 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40

Lebanon 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.60 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.60

Lesotho 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.51

Liberia 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.62 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61

Libya 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.61 0.65 0.70 0.69 0.71

Liechtenstein 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27

Lithuania 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.38

Luxembourg 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Macao SAR, China 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.35 0.33 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.40

Macedonia, FYR 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.51

Madagascar 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.60 0.61 0.62

Malawi 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.56

Malaysia 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44

Maldives 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.52 0.48 0.50 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55

Mali 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.63 0.61

Malta 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.33

Marshall Islands 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49

Martinique 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39

Mauritania 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.53 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.62

Mauritius 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.38

Mexico 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.52

Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.47

Moldova 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54

Monacoi 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Mongolia 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.52

Montenegro 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48

Morocco 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.53 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55

Mozambique 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.57

Myanmar 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69

Namibia 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

Nauru 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.48

Nepal 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.62 0.63 0.62

Netherlands 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.26

Netherlands Antilles (Former) 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39

New Caledoniai 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

New Zealand 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.24

Nicaragua 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.58

Niger 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.60

Nigeria 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66

Niue 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53

Norway 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24

Oman 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.46 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.47 0.48

Pakistan 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.63 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.65

Palau 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46

Panama 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.49

Papua New Guinea 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59

Paraguay 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.59

Peru 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53

Philippines 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.55 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54

Poland 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.38

Portugal 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36

Puerto Rico 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.42

Qatar 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.38

Réunion 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37

Romania 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.48

Russian Federation 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Rwanda 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.63 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.51

Samoa 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.45 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.44

São Tomé And Principe 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.53 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.56

Saudi Arabia 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.54 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.56 0.54 0.54

 i A composite score cannot be calculated for this country because one or more of the individual WGI values is missing for all 

years 
34

Country/Territory

199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013

Senegal 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.53

Serbiai 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.51

Seychelles 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47

Sierra Leone 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.60

Singapore 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27

Slovak Republic 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40

Slovenia 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.38

Solomon Islands 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.55 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56

Somalia 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82

South Africa 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47

South Sudan 0.71 0.70 0.71

Spain 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.38

Sri Lanka 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.55

St. Kitts And Nevis 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38

St. Lucia 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.37

St. Vincent And The Grenadines 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38

Sudan 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.72 0.70 0.73 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.73

Suriname 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51

Swaziland 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.57

Sweden 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.24

Switzerland 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Syrian Arab Republic 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.72 0.74

Taiwan, China 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36

Tajikistan 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67

Tanzania 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.56

Thailand 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.54

Timor-Leste 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61

Togo 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.63 0.64

Tonga 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.48

Trinidad And Tobago 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

Tunisia 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.54

Turkey 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51

Turkmenistan 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68

Tuvalu 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.48 0.48

Uganda 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58

Ukraine 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.60

United Arab Emirates 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40

United Kingdom 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29

United States 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32

Uruguay 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39

Uzbekistan 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68

Vanuatu 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.51 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46

Venezuela, RB 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.69

Vietnam 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57

Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.37

West Bank And Gaza 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.60 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.60 0.57 0.60 0.61 0.60

Yemen, Rep. 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69

Zambia 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53

Zimbabwe 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.69

 i Applies to Serbia & Montenegro prior to 2006
35

Appendix E: Mineral resource coverage and data sources

The following table outlines the various processes/products and their respective prices as utilized in the 

analysis and specifies the data sources. Data obtained from the various USGS references are often 

updated retrospectively. Data from the latest publication are, therefore, utilized in the analysis. In 

certain cases, only one U.S. producer is known to have produced a certain mineral in a specific year (e.g., 

selenium production in the United States since 1997). Although these values are reported to the NMIC, 

they are withheld to avoid disclosing proprietary company information. In these cases, the production 

values have been approximated. Additional notes and assumptions are typically reported by the 

references.

Table 3. Scope of mineral resource coverage and data sources

Mineral

Production Pricei

Process(es)/product(s) References Description References

Aluminum

a) Bauxite mine production

b) Alumina refinery 

production

c) Aluminum smelter 

production

4

a) Values are based on the average U.S. 

import price of bauxite, port of 

shipment, free alongside ship

b) Values are based on the average U.S. 

import price of calcined alumina, port 

of shipment, free alongside ship

c) Values are based on the annual 

average primary aluminum price

39

Antimony Antimony mine production 4 Values are based on the average market 

price of antimony metal. 39

Arsenic Arsenic trioxide production 4

Values are based on the average market 

price of arsenic trioxide, which is 

converted to the value for the contained 

arsenic by dividing the arsenic trioxide 

price by the percentage of arsenic 

contained in arsenic trioxide (75.7 

percent).

39

Barium Barite production 4

Values are estimated based on the sales 

and trade value of barite in the United 

States.

39

Beryllium Beryl production 4

Up to year 2000, values are estimated 

based on the yearend beryllium metal 

market price. For more recent years, 

values are estimated based on the

monetary value of imports of berylliumcopper master alloys.

39

Bismuth a) Bismuth mine production

b) Bismuth refinery 4

Up to year 1998, values are estimated 

based on the average bismuth metal 

market price. Data for year 1999 to the 

most recent year are based on the average 

domestic dealer price for bismuth. 

39

Boron Boron minerals production 4

Values are estimated based on the sum of 

production and import values less export 

values divided by the sum of production 

and import quantity less export quantity 

of B2O3 content.

39

Bromine Bromine production 4

Up to year 2006, values are estimated 

using the market price of purified bulk 

bromine. Data for years 2007 to the most 

4,39

 i All prices are based on annual averages in constant 1998 U.S. dollars 
36

Mineral

Production Pricei

Process(es)/product(s) References Description References

recent year are obtained from the U.S. 

Geological Survey4 and are based on 

export values.

Cadmium Cadmium refinery production 4 Values are based on the New York Dealer

cadmium metal price. 39

Chromium Chromite production 4

Values are estimated based on the massweighted value and chromium content of 

reported U.S. exports, imports, and 

production. 

39

Cobalt a) Cobalt mine production

b) Cobalt refinery production 4 Values are estimated based on themonetary value of U.S. cobalt imports. 39

Copper

a) Copper mine production

b) Copper smelter production

c) Copper refinery production

4 Values are based on the annual average 

U.S. producer copper price. 39

Feldspar Feldspar production 4

Values are based on the production and 

trade value of feldspar and nepheline 

syenite in the United States.

39

Ferrochromium Ferrochromium production 4

Values are based on the average price for 

ferrochromium (low-carbon/.1%) per 

Platts Metals Week and Ryan’s Notes.

4

Ferromanganese Ferromanganese production 4

Values are based on the average price for 

standard high-carbon ferromanganese per 

Platts Metals Week and Ryan’s Notes

4

Ferromolybdenum Ferromolybdenum production 4

Values are based on the average price of 

ferromolybdenum per Platts Metals Week 

and Ryan’s Notes.

4

Ferronickel Ferronickel production 4

Values are based on the London Metal 

Exchange cash annual mean price per 

Platts Metals Week and Ryan’s Notes.

4

Ferroniobium Ferroniobium production 4

Values are based on the weighted average 

value of imports and exported 

ferroniobium alloys in the United States 

4

Ferrosilicon Ferrosilicon production 4

Values are based on the 50% ferrosilicon 

price per Platts Metals Week and Ryan’s 

Notes.

4

Ferrovanadium Ferrovanadium production 4

Values are based on the average 

ferrovanadium price per Platts Metals 

Week and Ryan’s Notes.

4

Fluorspar Fluorspar production (all 

grades) 4 Values are based on the U.S. average import value of fluorspar. 4

Gallium Gallium production Unofficial

estimates

Values are based on the average 

momentary value of U.S. imports of 

99.99%-pure gallium metal.

4

Germanium Germanium refinery 

production 42

Up to year 1998, values are based on the 

annual average germanium price. For 

years 1999 to the most recent year, values 

are based on the zone-refined prices.

39

Gold Gold mine production 4 Values are based on Englehard’s average 

price quotation for refined gold. 39

Graphite Natural graphite production 4

Values are based on the monetary value 

of natural graphite imports in the United 

States.

39

Helium Grade-A and crude Helium 

production 13

Up to year 1999, values are based on the 

average monetary value of Grade-A 

helium as produced and sold in the United 

States. Grade-A helium price data are not 

available for year 2000 to the most recent 

year. Values for years 2000 to the most 

recent year are based on the average fiscal 

39
37

Mineral

Production Pricei

Process(es)/product(s) References Description References

year price of crude helium sold by the 

U.S. Government. Crude helium contains 

approximately 80 percent helium and has 

less value than Grade-A helium. 

Indium Indium refinery production 4

Values are based on the U.S. producer 

price per Platts Metals Week as reported

by the U.S. Geological Survey13,43

39

Iodine Crude iodine production 4

Values are based on the average import 

value as reported by the U.S. Geological 

Survey.

4

39

Iridium Iridium mine production

4 and

unofficial 

estimates

Values are based on monthly average 

Johnson Matthey base prices for 99.9%-

pure iridium averaged for the year.

44

Iron

a) Iron ore production

b) Pig iron and direct reduced 

iron

4

Values are based on a weighted average 

value of iron ore as shipped from mines, 

which includes exports and domestic 

sales. 

39

Lead a) Lead mine production

b) Lead refinery production 4

Values are based on domestic refined lead 

as reported by the U.S. Geological 

Survey.

13

39

Lithium Lithium minerals and brine 

(converted into Li content) 4 Values are based on the price of lithium carbonate. 39

Magnesium

a)Magnesite production

b)Magnesium primary

production

4

a) Values are based on import values of 

magnesite as reported by the U.S. 

Geological Survey4

b) Up to year 1992, values are based on 

U.S. transaction prices for 99.8%-pure 

magnesium ingot noted in Metals 

Week as reported by the U.S. 

Geological Survey.

43 For years 1993-

1998, values are based on U.S. spot 

Western price for 99.8%-pure 

magnesium ingot per Platts Metals 

Week as reported by the U.S. 

Geological Survey43. Since 1998,

values are based on yearend prices per 

Platts Metal Week as reported in U.S. 

Geological Survey.

4

4,39

Manganese Manganese ore production 4

Values are based on the monetary value 

of manganese ores and ferroalloys 

imports. 

39

Mercury Mercury mine production 4

Values are based on the average market 

price of mercury per flask as reported in 

by the U.S. Geological Survey.

43 For 

years1999 to the most recent year, values

are estimated from the average market 

price of mercury per flask as reported by 

the U.S. Geological Survey13. All 

mercury prices are based on the 76-pound 

mercury flask.

39

Mica Mica production 4

Values are estimated by averaging the 

price for block, film, and split mica, as 

reported by the U.S. Geological Survey.

13

39

Molybdenum Molybdenum mine 

production 4

Up to year 2007, values are estimated by 

the molybdenum oxide price series from 

Platts Metals Week. For years 2008 to the 

most recent year, the values are based on

39
38

Mineral

Production Pricei

Process(es)/product(s) References Description References

by the molybdenum oxide price series 

from Ryan’s Notes.

Monazite Monazite concentrate 

production 4

Values are based on the yearend price of 

monazite concentrate on the basis of its

rare earth oxide content.

4

Nickel

a) Nickel mine production

b) Nickel intermediate

c) Nickel plant production

4 Values are based on the London Metal 

Exchange nickel price. 39

Niobium Niobium mineral concentrate 

production 4 Values based on the Brazilian export price of niobium oxides. 45

Palladium Palladium mine production 4

Values are based on monthly average 

Johnson Matthey base prices for 99.95%-

pure palladium averaged for the year.

44

Phosphate Phosphate rock production 4

Values are based on domestic sales and 

trade values of phosphate rock in the 

United States.

39

Platinum Platinum mine production 4

Values are based on monthly average 

Johnson Matthey base prices for 99.95%-

pure platinum averaged for the year.

44

Potash Marketable potash production 4

Values are based on domestic sales and 

trade values of potash (K2O equivalents) 

in the United States.

39

Rare Earths Rare earth oxide mine 

production 4

Values are based on a weighted average 

of the monetary value of imports and 

exports of rare earth oxides in the United 

States. 

39

Rhenium Rhenium production 4

Up to year 2007, values are estimated by 

weighted averaging of the import value of 

rhenium metal and ammonium perrhenate 

in metal content. For years 2008 to the 

most recent year, values are based on the 

rhenium metal price series from Metal 

Bulletin. 

39

Rhodium Rhodium mine production

4,46 and 

unofficial 

estimates

Values are based on monthly average 

Johnson Matthey base prices for 99.9%-

pure rhodium averaged for the year.

44

Ruthenium Ruthenium mine production

4 and 

unofficial 

estimates

Values are based on monthly average 

Johnson Matthey base prices for 99.9%-

pure ruthenium averaged for the year. 

44

Selenium Selenium refinery production 4

Values are based on the annual average 

commercial-grade selenium price as 

reported by the U.S. Geological Survey.

43

39

Silicomanganese Silicomanganese production 4

Values are based on average 

silicomanganese prices as reported by 

Platts Metals Week and Ryan’s Notes.

4

Silicon Silicon metal production 4

Up to year 2005 and from year 2011 to 

the most recent year, values are based on 

weight averaging the value of production 

and imports of all silicon-containing 

materials. For years 2006–2010, values

reflect the weighted average value of 

ferrosilicon production and imports; 

silicon metal is excluded to avoid 

disclosing company proprietary 

production data. 

39

Silver Silver mine production 4

Values are based on the price of silver of 

a minimum purity of 99.9 percent as 

reported by the U.S. Geological 

Survey4,43.

39
39

Mineral

Production Pricei

Process(es)/product(s) References Description References

Steel Raw steel production 4 Values are based on the annual average 

composite steel price.

39

Strontium Celestite production 4

Values are based on the total monetary 

value of strontium imports including, 

strontium carbonate, chromate, metal, 

minerals, nitrate, salts, sulfate, and other 

unspecified compounds.

39

Sulfur Sulfur production (all forms) 4 Values are estimated using the value of 

sulfur shipments.

39

Tantalum Tantalum mineral concentrate 

production 4

Values are based on the yearend average 

price of tantalite ore reported by trade 

journals in units of tantalum pentoxide 

content as reported by the U.S. 

Geological Survey.

4,43

39

Tellurium Tellurium refinery production 4

Up to year 1998, values are based on the 

U.S. producer price quotes for 99.7%-

pure tellurium reported by the U.S. 

Geological Survey43. For years 1999–

2004, values are estimated using the 

monetary value of imports. For years 

2005–2009, values are based on the

published price from Mining Journal for 

the United Kingdom lump and powder 

99.95% minimum tellurium. From year 

2010 to the most recent year, values are 

based on the average price published by 

Metal-Pages for 99.95% minimum 

tellurium.

39

Tin a) Tin mine production

b) Tin smelter production 4

Up to year 2003, values are based on the

price for domestic refined tin as reported 

by the U.S. Geological Survey43. Since 

2004, values are based on the Platts 

Metals Week composite price.

39

Titanium

a) Titanium mineral 

concentrate

b) Titanium sponge 

production

4,13

a) Values are based on TiO2 pigment

shipment values as reported by the U.S. 

Geological Survey4

b)Values are based on the value of scrap 

imports.

39

Tungsten Tungsten concentrate 

production 4

Value are based on the annual average 

U.S. free market price of ammonium 

paratungstate based as reported by the 

U.S. Geological Survey.

4,43

39

Vanadium

Vanadium production 

(vanadium content of ores, 

concentrates, slags, petroleum 

residues, ash, and spent 

catalyst)

4

Values are based on the price of 

vanadium pentoxide as reported by the 

U.S. Geological Survey,13 but converted 

to vanadium content by dividing by 

0.5602. 

39

Yttrium Yttrium oxide mine 

production 13

Values are based on the price of yttrium 

oxide, 99.99% purity, as reported by 

Metal-Pages, Ltd and Rhodia.

4

Zinc a) Zinc mine production

b) Zinc smelter production 4

a) and b) Values are based on U.S. prices 

for high-grade zinc for years 1991–2001

and Platts Metals Week North American 

prices for special high grade zinc for 

years 2002 to the most recent year.

39

Zirconium Zirconium mineral 

concentrates production 4 Values are based on the monetary value of the apparent consumption of zirconium 39
40

Mineral

Production Pricei

Process(es)/product(s) References Description References

mineral ores and concentrates as reported

by the U.S. Geological Survey.

4
41

Appendix F: Raw and normalized indicator values

Table 4. Raw Supply Risk (Rr) indicator values for years 1996-2013

Mineral 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Alumina 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Aluminum 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13

Antimony 0.38 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.38 0.36 0.33 0.33

Arsenic 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.21

Barite 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.15 0.14

Bauxite 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07

Beryllium 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.27

Bismuth-mine 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.19 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.21 0.27 0.37 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.46

Bismuth-refinery 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.21 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.45

Boron 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.23 0.29 0.24 0.22

Bromine 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Cadmium 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Chromite 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13

Cobalt-mine 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.20 0.24 0.23 0.19 0.18

Cobalt-refinery 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.11

Copper-mine 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Copper-refinery 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07

Copper-smelter 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

Feldspar 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07

Ferrochromium 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

Ferromanganese 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.15

Ferromolybdenum 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.48 0.51 0.49 0.42 0.35 0.28 0.32 0.37 0.36 0.25 0.43 0.44

Ferronickel 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.21

Ferroniobium 0.46 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.44 0.40 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.41 0.40

Ferrosilicon 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28

Ferrovanadium 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Fluorspar 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.26

Gallium 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.16 0.24 0.27

Germanium 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.22 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.44 0.48 0.39 0.40 0.37 0.37

Gold 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Graphite 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.28 0.30 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.28

Helium 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.16

Indium 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.16 0.17 0.22 0.23 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17

Iodine 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16

Iridium 0.39 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.37

Iron ore 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09

Lead-mine 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.17

Lead-refinery 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13

Lithium 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09

Magnesite 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.26 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.28 0.27

Magnesium-metal 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.26 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.32

Manganese-mine 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07

Mercury 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.24 0.33 0.38 0.42 0.42

Mica 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28

Molybdenum 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Monazite 0.39 0.34 0.38 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.46 0.41 0.27 0.35 0.29 0.22 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.35 0.34

Nickel-intermediate 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08

Nickel-mine 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

Nickel-plant 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10

Niobium 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.42 0.38 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.42 0.41

Palladium 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.16

Phosphate 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.15

Pig iron and direct reduced iron 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19

Platinum 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.25

Potash 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07

Rare Earths 0.28 0.35 0.35 0.42 0.37 0.47 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.43

Rhenium 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11

Rhodium 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.31

Ruthenium 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.39

Selenium 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

Silicomanganese 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.24

Silicon 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.23

Silver 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Steel 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.14

Strontium 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.19 0.18 0.20

Sulfur 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Tantalum 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.16

Tellurium 0.12 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14

Tin-mine 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15

Tin-smelter 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14

Titanium 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Titanium-sponge 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.18

Tungsten 0.33 0.32 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.34 0.47 0.43 0.37 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.40 0.41 0.40

Vanadium 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.21

Yttrium 0.44 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.52 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56

Zinc-mine 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09

Zinc-smelter 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10

Zirconium 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10
42

Table 5. Normalized Supply Risk (R) indicator values for years 1996-2013

Mineral 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Alumina 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Aluminum 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.20

Antimony 0.67 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.78 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.66 0.62 0.57 0.57

Arsenic 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.31 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.34

Barite 0.19 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.22 0.26 0.19 0.24 0.22

Bauxite 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09

Beryllium 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.45

Bismuth-mine 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.31 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.31 0.34 0.46 0.64 0.73 0.75 0.73 0.81

Bismuth-refinery 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.34 0.59 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.66 0.73 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.79

Boron 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.38 0.50 0.41 0.36

Bromine 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13

Cadmium 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10

Chromite 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.19

Cobalt-mine 0.10 0.08 0.14 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.16 0.21 0.32 0.40 0.38 0.30 0.29

Cobalt-refinery 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.13 0.16

Copper-mine 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Copper-refinery 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

Copper-smelter 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.10

Feldspar 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.08

Ferrochromium 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20

Ferromanganese 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.26 0.18 0.20 0.24 0.23

Ferromolybdenum 0.89 0.93 0.92 0.84 0.89 0.86 0.73 0.60 0.47 0.54 0.64 0.61 0.41 0.75 0.76

Ferronickel 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.20 0.26 0.35

Ferroniobium 0.80 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.76 0.69 0.60 0.66 0.71 0.71 0.70

Ferrosilicon 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.20 0.28 0.32 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48

Ferrovanadium 0.56 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.28

Fluorspar 0.27 0.29 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.27 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.37 0.37 0.45 0.39 0.39 0.44

Gallium 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.45

Germanium 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.39 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.77 0.84 0.68 0.68 0.63 0.63

Gold 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Graphite 0.13 0.20 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.47 0.51 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.38 0.38 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.47

Helium 0.41 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.30 0.37 0.33 0.31 0.31 0.25

Indium 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.24 0.26 0.37 0.39 0.34 0.26 0.28 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.28

Iodine 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.25

Iridium 0.67 0.64 0.65 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.64 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.63

Iron ore 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11

Lead-mine 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.24 0.27 0.27

Lead-refinery 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19

Lithium 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.12

Magnesite 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.22 0.44 0.52 0.48 0.42 0.47 0.46 0.46

Magnesium-metal 0.15 0.15 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.20 0.27 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.44 0.42 0.48 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54

Manganese-mine 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09

Mercury 0.15 0.19 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.37 0.54 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.40 0.56 0.66 0.73 0.73

Mica 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.42 0.48 0.47 0.49 0.48

Molybdenum 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.17

Monazite 0.68 0.59 0.66 0.55 0.64 0.74 0.80 0.71 0.46 0.59 0.50 0.36 0.46 0.43 0.42 0.36 0.61 0.59

Nickel-intermediate 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.10

Nickel-mine 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.09

Nickel-plant 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.13

Niobium 0.63 0.68 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.73 0.65 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.80 0.74 0.68 0.68 0.72 0.71

Palladium 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.25

Phosphate 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.22

Pig iron and direct reduced iron 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.31

Platinum 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.47 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.44 0.42 0.42

Potash 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08

Rare Earths 0.47 0.59 0.60 0.73 0.63 0.82 0.92 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.90 0.92 0.92 0.87 0.81 0.76

Rhenium 0.21 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.16

Rhodium 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.49 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.46 0.51 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.54 0.53 0.53

Ruthenium 0.64 0.59 0.61 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.68

Selenium 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08

Silicomanganese 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.41

Silicon 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.29 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.38 0.37 0.40 0.35 0.38

Silver 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05

Steel 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.21

Strontium 0.29 0.30 0.27 0.26 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.31 0.29 0.32

Sulfur 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Tantalum 0.14 0.15 0.20 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.25

Tellurium 0.17 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21

Tin-mine 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.22 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.23

Tin-smelter 0.13 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22

Titanium 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05

Titanium-sponge 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.28

Tungsten 0.57 0.55 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.69 0.71 0.59 0.82 0.75 0.63 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.75 0.70 0.71 0.70

Vanadium 0.21 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.33 0.30 0.34 0.35 0.35

Yttrium 0.76 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.91 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99

Zinc-mine 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.13

Zinc-smelter 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.15

Zirconium 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.15
43

Table 6. Raw Production Growth (Gr) indicator values for years 1996-2013

Mineral 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Alumina 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.04

Aluminum 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.04

Antimony 1.11 1.11 1.06 0.98 0.96 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.06 1.06 1.02 1.09 1.10 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.00 0.97

Arsenic 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.98 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.12 1.07 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.98

Barite 1.03 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.02 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.05 1.05 0.97 1.00 0.99 1.03 1.01

Bauxite 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.03 1.05

Beryllium 0.99 1.00 1.04 1.03 0.96 0.86 0.82 0.82 0.85 0.93 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.05 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.06

Bismuth-mine 1.02 1.08 1.01 1.07 1.01 1.06 1.01 1.05 1.02 1.07 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.02

Bismuth-refinery 1.02 1.01 0.99 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.34 1.27 1.21 1.18 1.13 0.99 1.03 1.02 1.00 0.97

Boron 1.08 1.11 1.12 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.03 1.03 0.99 1.12 1.12 1.03 1.02

Bromine 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.03 1.04 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 1.00

Cadmium 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.04 1.01

Chromite 0.97 1.04 1.08 1.06 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.03 1.04

Cobalt-mine 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.13 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.08 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.06 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.07

Cobalt-refinery 1.00 1.05 1.14 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.08

Copper-mine 1.07 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03

Copper-refinery 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.03

Copper-smelter 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.03

Feldspar 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.12 1.12 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.05 1.00 0.98 0.98

Ferrochromium 1.00 1.06 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.09 1.11 1.06 1.01 1.06 1.05 1.02 1.04

Ferromanganese 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.01 1.05 1.03 1.05 1.10 1.08 0.99 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.04

Ferromolybdenum 1.13 1.16 1.24 1.22 1.11 1.08 1.04 0.94 1.19 1.16

Ferronickel 0.99 1.09 1.09 1.02 0.99 1.10 0.98 1.00 1.06 1.07 1.01 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.11 1.18

Ferroniobium 1.10 0.99 1.06 1.13 1.08 1.05

Ferrosilicon 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.00 1.05 1.08 1.06 1.10 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04

Ferrovanadium 1.09 0.97 0.97 1.01 1.06 0.95 1.03 1.03 1.00 1.00

Fluorspar 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.01 1.03 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.00

Gallium 0.96 0.97 1.09 1.11 1.09 1.21 1.28 1.29 1.24

Germanium 1.05 1.03 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.08 1.09 1.20 1.19 1.21 1.16 1.15 1.10

Gold 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04

Graphite 1.02 1.00 0.99 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.94 1.00 1.03 1.01 1.01

Helium 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.95 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.09 1.04 0.99 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00

Indium 1.11 1.13 1.17 1.12 1.10 1.10 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.13 1.11 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.03

Iodine 0.96 0.99 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.04

Iridium 1.00 0.98 1.08 1.15 1.08 1.03 1.09 1.18 1.05 1.05 1.08 1.13 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.02 0.96 0.99

Iron ore 1.01 1.08 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.06

Lead-mine 1.02 1.00 1.03 1.02 1.02 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07

Lead-refinery 0.96 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04

Lithium 1.03 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.05 1.00 0.99 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.01 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.03

Magnesite 1.02 0.93 1.07 1.02 1.04 1.00 1.07 1.04 1.10 1.04 1.05 1.08 1.08 1.02 1.06 1.14 1.02 1.03

Magnesium-metal 1.06 1.09 1.07 1.02 1.07 1.01 1.01 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.08 1.10 1.05 0.98 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.04

Manganese-mine 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.04 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.02 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05

Mercury 1.00 1.04 0.92 0.92 0.84 0.90 0.96 1.02 1.08 1.02 0.95 0.91 1.01 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.06 1.01

Mica 1.07 1.09 0.99 0.98 1.00 1.04 0.98 1.05 1.08 1.02 1.23 1.32 1.27 1.22 1.25 1.01 0.99 0.99

Molybdenum 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.04 1.00 1.01 0.97 0.99 1.04 1.07 1.07 1.12 1.11 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.04 1.03

Monazite 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.98 0.95 0.99 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.01 1.04 1.09 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.11 0.96 0.99

Nickel-intermediate 1.10 1.07 1.13 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.06

Nickel-mine 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.04 1.01 1.03 1.08 1.07 1.10

Nickel-plant 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07

Niobium 1.01 1.06 1.16 1.09 1.10 1.14 1.10 1.09 1.02 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.21 1.19 1.03 0.99 1.00 0.88

Palladium 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.00 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.04 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.98 1.00

Phosphate 0.98 1.01 1.05 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06

Pig iron and direct reduced iron 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.05

Platinum 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 1.00

Potash 0.98 1.01 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.03 1.05 1.02 0.92 1.00 1.03 0.99 1.00

Rare Earths 1.10 1.04 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.98 0.96

Rhenium 0.90 0.96 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.09 1.03 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.00 0.99 1.01 1.03 0.98

Rhodium 1.09 1.11 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.05 1.09 1.07 1.06 1.02 1.03 0.99 1.00 0.97 0.99

Ruthenium 1.07 1.01 1.08 1.15 1.05 1.04 1.13 1.13 1.04 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.03 0.98 1.00

Selenium 1.07 1.02 0.99 0.94 0.96 0.94 0.97 1.01 0.98 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.05 1.08 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

Silicomanganese 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.15 1.13 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.07 1.07

Silicon 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.17 1.21 1.20 1.22 1.16 1.04 1.08 1.04 1.02

Silver 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04

Steel 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.04

Strontium 1.08 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.11 1.13 1.08 1.05 1.06 1.03 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.94 0.94 0.98

Sulfur 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01

Tantalum 0.94 1.01 1.13 1.15 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.12 1.19 1.06 0.98 0.98 1.05 0.94 0.91 0.99 0.95 0.92

Tellurium 1.08 1.06 1.08 1.01 0.92 0.99 0.99 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94

Tin-mine 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.00 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.96 1.02

Tin-smelter 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99

Titanium 1.03 1.03 0.98 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.04 1.00 1.05 1.02 1.01 1.01

Titanium-sponge 1.04 1.05 1.09 1.07 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.00 1.07 1.11 1.08 1.15 1.16 1.12 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.05

Tungsten 0.94 0.95 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.15 1.05 1.12 1.06 1.02 0.96 1.06 0.98 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.06

Vanadium 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.98 0.99 1.04 1.02 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.03 1.05 1.02 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.05

Yttrium 1.27 1.11 1.09 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.08 1.00 0.96 0.96

Zinc-mine 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.02

Zinc-smelter 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.02 1.02

Zirconium 1.02 0.99 0.98 0.94 0.96 0.96 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.08 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.00 1.02
44

Table 7. Normalized Production Growth (G) indicator values for years 1996-2013

Mineral 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Alumina 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.45

Aluminum 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.45 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.44

Antimony 0.57 0.58 0.48 0.33 0.30 0.37 0.27 0.37 0.48 0.49 0.41 0.53 0.55 0.41 0.39 0.40 0.37 0.31

Arsenic 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.32 0.48 0.52 0.52 0.58 0.49 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.27 0.30 0.33

Barite 0.42 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.41 0.33 0.38 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.47 0.47 0.31 0.37 0.34 0.42 0.38

Bauxite 0.39 0.43 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.52 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.43 0.45

Beryllium 0.36 0.36 0.43 0.42 0.29 0.10 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.23 0.51 0.58 0.61 0.47 0.52 0.53 0.50 0.48

Bismuth-mine 0.41 0.52 0.39 0.49 0.39 0.48 0.38 0.45 0.41 0.50 0.42 0.49 0.52 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.41 0.41

Bismuth-refinery 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.29 0.38 0.47 0.56 0.65 1.00 0.87 0.77 0.71 0.61 0.34 0.41 0.40 0.37 0.31

Boron 0.52 0.58 0.58 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.38 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.43 0.43 0.35 0.60 0.59 0.42 0.41

Bromine 0.45 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.39 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.44 0.47 0.43 0.44 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.34 0.36

Cadmium 0.33 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.39 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.43 0.41 0.43 0.39 0.44 0.38

Chromite 0.31 0.44 0.52 0.49 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.45 0.47 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.42 0.44

Cobalt-mine 0.28 0.36 0.56 0.61 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.53 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.53 0.48 0.56 0.54 0.49 0.49

Cobalt-refinery 0.37 0.46 0.62 0.57 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.49 0.52 0.53 0.49 0.47 0.48 0.46 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.52

Copper-mine 0.49 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.43

Copper-refinery 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.42

Copper-smelter 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.43

Feldspar 0.52 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.51 0.53 0.59 0.59 0.53 0.55 0.46 0.46 0.37 0.33 0.33

Ferrochromium 0.37 0.48 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.43 0.38 0.46 0.47 0.44 0.54 0.57 0.48 0.39 0.48 0.46 0.40 0.43

Ferromanganese 0.37 0.40 0.39 0.36 0.38 0.37 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.43 0.46 0.56 0.51 0.35 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.44

Ferromolybdenum 0.62 0.66 0.82 0.78 0.58 0.52 0.44 0.25 0.72 0.67

Ferronickel 0.35 0.53 0.54 0.41 0.34 0.55 0.33 0.37 0.48 0.49 0.38 0.52 0.47 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.58 0.71

Ferroniobium 0.56 0.35 0.48 0.61 0.52 0.47

Ferrosilicon 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.35 0.38 0.46 0.51 0.49 0.55 0.59 0.52 0.47 0.49 0.45 0.42 0.43

Ferrovanadium 0.53 0.31 0.32 0.38 0.47 0.28 0.42 0.43 0.37 0.37

Fluorspar 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.39 0.42 0.39 0.40 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.51 0.44 0.47 0.44 0.45 0.36

Gallium 0.30 0.31 0.54 0.58 0.53 0.77 0.90 0.91 0.83

Germanium 0.46 0.43 0.30 0.35 0.41 0.52 0.53 0.75 0.72 0.77 0.67 0.66 0.56

Gold 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.38 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.44

Graphite 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.47 0.51 0.52 0.49 0.56 0.52 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.38 0.26 0.37 0.42 0.38 0.39

Helium 0.47 0.39 0.34 0.28 0.40 0.42 0.49 0.54 0.54 0.44 0.35 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.37

Indium 0.58 0.62 0.69 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.61 0.58 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.43

Iodine 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.47 0.53 0.52 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.47 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.36 0.39 0.43

Iridium 0.37 0.33 0.52 0.65 0.51 0.43 0.53 0.70 0.47 0.46 0.52 0.62 0.37 0.41 0.38 0.40 0.29 0.34

Iron ore 0.39 0.51 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.50 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.51 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.48

Lead-mine 0.40 0.37 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.50

Lead-refinery 0.29 0.41 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.50 0.42 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.45 0.46 0.45 0.44

Lithium 0.42 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.46 0.37 0.34 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.58 0.58 0.54 0.39 0.47 0.49 0.48 0.43

Magnesite 0.41 0.24 0.49 0.40 0.44 0.38 0.50 0.45 0.56 0.44 0.46 0.51 0.53 0.41 0.48 0.62 0.41 0.43

Magnesium-metal 0.48 0.55 0.51 0.41 0.49 0.39 0.38 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.52 0.55 0.46 0.34 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.44

Manganese-mine 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.54 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.40 0.47 0.48 0.46 0.46

Mercury 0.37 0.45 0.22 0.22 0.07 0.17 0.29 0.40 0.51 0.41 0.27 0.19 0.39 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.47 0.38

Mica 0.50 0.53 0.35 0.32 0.37 0.45 0.33 0.45 0.51 0.40 0.81 0.97 0.88 0.77 0.83 0.38 0.36 0.34

Molybdenum 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.44 0.36 0.38 0.32 0.35 0.45 0.49 0.50 0.59 0.58 0.50 0.47 0.50 0.44 0.43

Monazite 0.00 0.06 0.11 0.34 0.28 0.36 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.38 0.44 0.53 0.46 0.56 0.75 0.57 0.29 0.35

Nickel-intermediate 0.56 0.49 0.61 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.54 0.46 0.48 0.44 0.43 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.49

Nickel-mine 0.39 0.41 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.46 0.44 0.38 0.43 0.52 0.49 0.56

Nickel-plant 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.44 0.45 0.51

Niobium 0.38 0.48 0.67 0.54 0.55 0.63 0.56 0.54 0.41 0.59 0.58 0.62 0.76 0.73 0.42 0.35 0.37 0.15

Palladium 0.41 0.43 0.49 0.52 0.37 0.45 0.49 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.43 0.42 0.37 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.36

Phosphate 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.47 0.47

Pig iron and direct reduced iron 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.49 0.46 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.45

Platinum 0.40 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.45 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.47 0.46 0.43 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.34 0.31 0.36

Potash 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.41 0.39 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.42 0.46 0.41 0.21 0.37 0.43 0.35 0.38

Rare Earths 0.56 0.44 0.54 0.51 0.44 0.41 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.47 0.53 0.48 0.49 0.47 0.38 0.30 0.33 0.30

Rhenium 0.17 0.30 0.50 0.47 0.46 0.54 0.43 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.36 0.35 0.38 0.43 0.34

Rhodium 0.54 0.57 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.49 0.46 0.54 0.49 0.48 0.41 0.42 0.35 0.38 0.31 0.35

Ruthenium 0.49 0.39 0.52 0.65 0.45 0.44 0.61 0.61 0.44 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.44 0.43 0.38 0.41 0.32 0.36

Selenium 0.49 0.40 0.35 0.26 0.29 0.25 0.31 0.39 0.33 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.52 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.37

Silicomanganese 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.66 0.61 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.51 0.54 0.53 0.50 0.50

Silicon 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.32 0.36 0.37 0.41 0.69 0.76 0.74 0.77 0.67 0.44 0.51 0.44 0.41

Silver 0.35 0.41 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44

Steel 0.37 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.52 0.49 0.42 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.44

Strontium 0.52 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.48 0.57 0.62 0.52 0.46 0.47 0.43 0.28 0.24 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.33

Sulfur 0.37 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.35 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38

Tantalum 0.25 0.39 0.61 0.64 0.70 0.72 0.76 0.60 0.72 0.49 0.32 0.34 0.47 0.26 0.19 0.34 0.27 0.22

Tellurium 0.52 0.47 0.52 0.39 0.21 0.34 0.35 0.33 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.43 0.34 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.25

Tin-mine 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.49 0.49 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.39 0.43 0.46 0.37 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.29 0.41

Tin-smelter 0.38 0.43 0.42 0.45 0.47 0.46 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.36

Titanium 0.43 0.41 0.32 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.34 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.45 0.51 0.44 0.37 0.46 0.40 0.38 0.39

Titanium-sponge 0.45 0.47 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.37 0.50 0.57 0.52 0.65 0.67 0.59 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.47

Tungsten 0.25 0.27 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.52 0.65 0.46 0.59 0.48 0.41 0.29 0.47 0.34 0.42 0.47 0.51 0.47

Vanadium 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.36 0.33 0.34 0.45 0.41 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.42 0.47 0.41 0.46 0.45 0.46 0.46

Yttrium 0.87 0.57 0.53 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.75 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.51 0.37 0.28 0.28

Zinc-mine 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.41

Zinc-smelter 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.39 0.45 0.44 0.40 0.41

Zirconium 0.41 0.35 0.34 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.43 0.50 0.55 0.51 0.57 0.52 0.47 0.39 0.44 0.48 0.37 0.41
45

Table 8. Raw Market Dynamics (Mr) indicator values for years 1996-2013

Mineral 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Alumina 1.12 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.22 1.22 1.17 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.11

Aluminum 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.09 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.19 1.20 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.14

Antimony 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.53 1.62 1.42 1.11 1.18 1.26 1.30 1.38 1.34 1.29 1.21 1.25 1.40 1.37 1.32

Arsenic 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.22 1.31 1.37 1.39 1.32 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.09

Barite 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.19 1.20

Bauxite 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06

Beryllium 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.03 1.36 1.49 1.61 1.71 1.79 1.16 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.13

Bismuth-mine 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.14 1.11 1.16 1.67 1.61 1.51 1.41 1.31 1.22 1.18

Bismuth-refinery 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.14 1.11 1.16 1.67 1.61 1.51 1.41 1.31 1.22 1.18

Boron 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.14

Bromine 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.15 1.14 1.16 1.24 1.31 1.33 1.29 1.32 1.21 1.28 1.25

Cadmium 1.44 1.45 1.60 1.70 1.92 1.91 1.46 1.46 1.49 1.77 1.62 1.78 1.59 1.52 1.39 1.43 1.50 1.45

Chromite 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.15 1.15 1.09 1.21 1.25 1.22 1.26 1.41 1.33 1.30 1.26 1.19 1.18

Cobalt-mine 1.25 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.27 1.32 1.36 1.37 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.34 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.32 1.37

Cobalt-refinery 1.25 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.27 1.32 1.36 1.37 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.34 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.32 1.37

Copper-mine 1.11 1.12 1.19 1.23 1.25 1.19 1.17 1.07 1.20 1.30 1.54 1.51 1.40 1.28 1.20 1.13 1.13 1.14

Copper-refinery 1.11 1.12 1.19 1.23 1.25 1.19 1.17 1.07 1.20 1.30 1.54 1.51 1.40 1.28 1.20 1.13 1.13 1.14

Copper-smelter 1.11 1.12 1.19 1.23 1.25 1.19 1.17 1.07 1.20 1.30 1.54 1.51 1.40 1.28 1.20 1.13 1.13 1.14

Feldspar 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.05 1.13 1.18 1.16 1.15

Ferrochromium 1.21 1.21 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.36 1.24 1.14 1.22 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.71 1.59 1.52 1.44 1.36 1.34

Ferromanganese 1.07 1.09 1.06 1.06 1.46 1.45 1.42 1.41 1.55 1.46 1.46 1.39 1.36 1.41

Ferromolybdenum 1.19 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.74 1.97 1.76 1.57 1.40 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.41 1.40

Ferronickel 1.15 1.12 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.29 1.45 1.53 1.42 1.38 1.35 1.31 1.35 1.18

Ferroniobium 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.29 1.35 1.33 1.29 1.17 1.06

Ferrosilicon 1.22 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.11 1.14 1.11 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.33 1.28 1.27 1.23 1.17 1.12

Ferrovanadium 1.56 1.71 1.94 2.22 1.77 1.93 1.78 1.62 1.47 1.41 1.40 1.36 1.39 1.43

Fluorspar 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.10 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.08

Gallium 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.13 1.17 1.16 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.11

Germanium 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.18 1.27 1.33 1.47 1.46 1.41 1.27 1.33 1.38 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.15 1.19

Gold 1.03 1.07 1.12 1.16 1.18 1.17 1.10 1.08 1.12 1.15 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.27 1.20

Graphite 1.14 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.06 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.08 1.04 1.07 1.16 1.20 1.16 1.20 1.18 1.14

Helium 1.11 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10

Indium 1.32 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.24 1.36 1.44 1.45 1.70 1.85 1.74 1.56 1.37 1.23 1.26 1.23 1.16 1.11

Iodine 1.16 1.21 1.25 1.22 1.14 1.09 1.12 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.11 1.22 1.25 1.24

Iridium 1.46 1.47 1.83 1.75 1.60 1.42 1.24 1.37 1.44 1.50 1.46 1.44 1.46 1.32 1.32 1.37 1.37 1.32

Iron ore 1.12 1.10 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.21 1.26 1.26 1.24 1.26 1.25 1.21 1.16 1.10

Lead-mine 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.07 1.11 1.18 1.36 1.34 1.27 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.10

Lead-refinery 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.07 1.11 1.18 1.36 1.34 1.27 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.10

Lithium 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.29 1.42 1.52 1.57 1.58 1.14 1.31 1.39 1.37 1.31 1.18 1.08 1.07

Magnesite 1.57 1.70 1.63 1.52 1.56 1.57 1.57 1.61 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.13 1.08 1.81 1.71 1.59 1.47 1.35

Magnesium-metal 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.20 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.22 1.34 1.29 1.28 1.21 1.16 1.17

Manganese-mine 1.15 1.06 1.05 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.10 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.47 1.40 1.39 1.32 1.25 1.23

Mercury 1.19 1.16 1.23 1.28 1.31 1.29 1.06 1.03 1.35 1.54 1.56 1.45 1.33 1.16 1.25 1.49 1.49 1.41

Mica 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.14 1.16 1.34 1.35 1.40 1.58 1.58 1.62 1.47 1.43

Molybdenum 1.49 1.44 1.40 1.40 1.48 1.26 1.24 1.27 1.87 2.00 1.77 1.57 1.39 1.31 1.34 1.35 1.42 1.41

Monazite 1.40 1.19 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.12 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.65 1.61 1.53

Nickel-intermediate 1.15 1.12 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.30 1.45 1.53 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.35 1.18

Nickel-mine 1.15 1.12 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.30 1.45 1.53 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.35 1.18

Nickel-plant 1.15 1.12 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.30 1.45 1.53 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.35 1.18

Niobium 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.19 1.20 1.25 1.27 1.27 1.29 1.18 1.10

Palladium 1.14 1.17 1.30 1.37 1.60 1.52 1.41 1.42 1.47 1.56 1.48 1.23 1.20 1.18 1.27 1.34 1.32 1.31

Phosphate 1.05 1.03 1.03 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.03 1.03 1.19 1.39 1.57 1.47 1.38 1.25 1.17

Pig iron and direct reduced iron 1.12 1.10 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.21 1.26 1.26 1.24 1.26 1.25 1.21 1.16 1.10

Platinum 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.18 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.18 1.16 1.12 1.10 1.10

Potash 1.09 1.10 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.04 1.18 1.23 1.22 1.36 1.45 1.36 1.31 1.26 1.15

Rare Earths 1.16 1.15 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.12 1.13 1.24 1.27 1.39 1.37 1.52 1.98 1.77 1.65

Rhenium 1.28 1.30 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.32 2.12 1.90 1.74 1.59 1.48 1.46

Rhodium 1.75 1.83 1.52 1.40 1.72 1.64 1.54 1.49 1.45 1.44 1.72 1.80 1.67 1.59 1.50 1.52 1.67 1.78

Ruthenium 1.31 1.28 1.31 1.25 1.58 1.54 1.51 1.54 1.52 1.46 1.53 2.08 1.89 1.82 1.71 1.63 1.72 1.54

Selenium 1.13 1.21 1.28 1.32 1.28 1.19 1.18 1.25 2.00 2.09 1.87 1.66 1.48 1.33 1.31 1.36 1.33 1.33

Silicomanganese 1.12 1.12 1.09 1.04 1.40 1.37 1.34 1.39 1.41 1.35 1.35 1.30 1.25 1.41

Silicon 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.16 1.10 1.09 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.18 1.17 1.19 1.30 1.25 1.19

Silver 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.33 1.36 1.33 1.25 1.25 1.40 1.36 1.31

Steel 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09

Strontium 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.18 1.29

Sulfur 1.37 1.20 1.16 1.15 1.21 1.35 1.46 1.44 1.44 1.37 1.37 1.25 2.17 2.31 2.20 1.97 1.81 1.74

Tantalum 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 2.07 2.05 2.05 2.08 2.12 2.14 1.11 1.07 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.53 1.49 1.42

Tellurium 1.22 1.27 1.25 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.26 1.37 1.33 1.33 1.58 1.45 1.37 1.46 1.41 1.38

Tin-mine 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.33 1.36 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.19 1.18

Tin-smelter 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.33 1.36 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.19 1.18

Titanium 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.16 1.22 1.18

Titanium-sponge 1.10 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.13 1.30 1.38 1.33 1.31 1.27 1.31 1.33 1.17 1.07

Tungsten 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.52 1.57 1.53 1.42 1.29 1.16 1.19 1.26 1.26

Vanadium 1.21 1.24 1.33 1.31 1.39 1.50 1.61 1.65 1.61 2.07 1.88 1.71 1.52 1.44 1.44 1.31 1.34 1.37

Yttrium 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.20 1.27 1.32 1.35 1.31 1.59 1.55 1.64

Zinc-mine 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.14 1.20 1.17 1.16 1.18 1.58 1.56 1.48 1.41 1.34 1.30 1.26 1.09

Zinc-smelter 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.14 1.20 1.17 1.16 1.18 1.58 1.56 1.48 1.41 1.34 1.30 1.26 1.09

Zirconium 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.13 1.03 1.09 1.13 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.58 1.58 1.55
46

Table 9. Normalized Market Dynamics (M) indicator values for years 1996-2013

Mineral 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Alumina 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.16 0.16 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07

Aluminum 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10

Antimony 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.47 0.31 0.07 0.13 0.19 0.22 0.28 0.25 0.21 0.15 0.18 0.30 0.28 0.24

Arsenic 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.16 0.23 0.28 0.29 0.24 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06

Barite 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.15

Bauxite 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04

Beryllium 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.27 0.37 0.46 0.54 0.60 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.09

Bismuth-mine 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.51 0.46 0.39 0.31 0.23 0.16 0.13

Bismuth-refinery 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.51 0.46 0.39 0.31 0.23 0.16 0.13

Boron 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10

Bromine 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.18 0.23 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.16 0.21 0.18

Cadmium 0.33 0.34 0.46 0.53 0.70 0.69 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.58 0.47 0.59 0.45 0.39 0.29 0.32 0.38 0.33

Chromite 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.06 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.19 0.31 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.14 0.13

Cobalt-mine 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.26 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.27

Cobalt-refinery 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.26 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.27

Copper-mine 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.12 0.04 0.14 0.22 0.41 0.38 0.30 0.21 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.10

Copper-refinery 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.12 0.04 0.14 0.22 0.41 0.38 0.30 0.21 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.10

Copper-smelter 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.12 0.04 0.14 0.22 0.41 0.38 0.30 0.21 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.10

Feldspar 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.13 0.12 0.10

Ferrochromium 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.17 0.10 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.54 0.44 0.39 0.33 0.27 0.25

Ferromanganese 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.30 0.41 0.34 0.35 0.29 0.27 0.31

Ferromolybdenum 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.56 0.74 0.58 0.43 0.30 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.30

Ferronickel 0.11 0.08 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.22 0.34 0.40 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.26 0.13

Ferroniobium 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.21 0.26 0.25 0.21 0.12 0.04

Ferrosilicon 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.12 0.09

Ferrovanadium 0.42 0.54 0.72 0.93 0.59 0.70 0.59 0.47 0.36 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.29 0.32

Fluorspar 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05

Gallium 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.08

Germanium 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.20 0.24 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.21 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.14

Gold 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.15

Graphite 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.10

Helium 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.07

Indium 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.27 0.33 0.34 0.53 0.65 0.56 0.42 0.27 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.12 0.08

Iodine 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.16 0.18 0.18

Iridium 0.34 0.36 0.63 0.57 0.45 0.32 0.18 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.24 0.23 0.28 0.28 0.24

Iron ore 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.11 0.07

Lead-mine 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.27 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.11 0.08 0.07

Lead-refinery 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.27 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.11 0.08 0.07

Lithium 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.31 0.39 0.43 0.43 0.10 0.23 0.29 0.28 0.23 0.13 0.06 0.04

Magnesite 0.43 0.53 0.47 0.39 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.46 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.62 0.54 0.45 0.36 0.26

Magnesium-metal 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.16 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.16 0.11 0.12

Manganese-mine 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.36 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.19 0.17

Mercury 0.13 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.23 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.41 0.42 0.34 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.37 0.37 0.31

Mica 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.12 0.25 0.26 0.30 0.44 0.44 0.47 0.35 0.33

Molybdenum 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.36 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.66 0.76 0.59 0.43 0.29 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.31 0.30

Monazite 0.30 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.49 0.46 0.40

Nickel-intermediate 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.22 0.34 0.40 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.26 0.13

Nickel-mine 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.22 0.34 0.40 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.26 0.13

Nickel-plant 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.22 0.34 0.40 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.26 0.13

Niobium 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.14 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.13 0.07

Palladium 0.10 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.45 0.39 0.31 0.31 0.35 0.42 0.36 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.20 0.25 0.24 0.23

Phosphate 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.14 0.29 0.43 0.36 0.28 0.19 0.12

Pig iron and direct reduced iron 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.11 0.07

Platinum 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.07

Potash 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.27 0.34 0.27 0.23 0.19 0.10

Rare Earths 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.09 0.18 0.20 0.29 0.28 0.39 0.75 0.58 0.49

Rhenium 0.21 0.22 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.23 0.86 0.68 0.56 0.45 0.36 0.34

Rhodium 0.56 0.63 0.40 0.30 0.55 0.49 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.33 0.54 0.61 0.50 0.45 0.38 0.39 0.51 0.59

Ruthenium 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.19 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.40 0.83 0.67 0.62 0.54 0.48 0.54 0.41

Selenium 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.76 0.83 0.66 0.50 0.36 0.24 0.23 0.27 0.24 0.25

Silicomanganese 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.29 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.22 0.18 0.30

Silicon 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.23 0.18 0.14

Silver 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.24 0.27 0.25 0.19 0.18 0.30 0.27 0.23

Steel 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Strontium 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.21

Sulfur 0.28 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.26 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.28 0.28 0.18 0.89 1.00 0.91 0.74 0.62 0.56

Tantalum 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.40 0.37 0.31

Tellurium 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.19 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.44 0.34 0.28 0.35 0.31 0.29

Tin-mine 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.13

Tin-smelter 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.13

Titanium 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.12 0.16 0.13

Titanium-sponge 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.22 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.12 0.04

Tungsten 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.39 0.43 0.40 0.31 0.21 0.11 0.14 0.19 0.19

Vanadium 0.15 0.18 0.25 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.46 0.49 0.46 0.81 0.67 0.54 0.39 0.33 0.33 0.23 0.25 0.27

Yttrium 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.20 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.45 0.41 0.49

Zinc-mine 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.43 0.42 0.36 0.31 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.06

Zinc-smelter 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.43 0.42 0.36 0.31 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.06

Zirconium 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.44 0.44 0.42
47

Table 10. Potential Criticality (C) indicator values for years 1996-2013

Mineral 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Alumina 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18

Aluminum 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20

Antimony 0.49 0.52 0.49 0.45 0.47 0.45 0.24 0.33 0.41 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.36 0.36 0.42 0.39 0.35

Arsenic 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.17 0.25 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.19

Barite 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.23 0.20 0.21 0.18 0.24 0.23

Bauxite 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.11

Beryllium 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.11 0.21 0.14 0.16 0.25 0.36 0.29 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.27

Bismuth-mine 0.17 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.44 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.44 0.36 0.35

Bismuth-refinery 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.19 0.27 0.38 0.34 0.37 0.60 0.57 0.46 0.47 0.42 0.36 0.31

Boron 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.27 0.29 0.25 0.24

Bromine 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.19 0.21 0.21

Cadmium 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.23

Chromite 0.19 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.22

Cobalt-mine 0.17 0.16 0.22 0.21 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.37 0.36 0.33 0.34

Cobalt-refinery 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.29

Copper-mine 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.12

Copper-refinery 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.15

Copper-smelter 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.16

Feldspar 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14

Ferrochromium 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.35 0.31 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.28

Ferromanganese 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.30 0.32

Ferromolybdenum 0.67 0.71 0.66 0.54 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.30 0.55 0.53

Ferronickel 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.22 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.24 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.34 0.32

Ferroniobium 0.43 0.38 0.43 0.45 0.36 0.23

Ferrosilicon 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.26

Ferrovanadium 0.50 0.43 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.29 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32

Fluorspar 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.20

Gallium 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.31

Germanium 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.33 0.36 0.55 0.50 0.44 0.37 0.36 0.37

Gold 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Graphite 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.17 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.22 0.18 0.21 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.29 0.26

Helium 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.19

Indium 0.18 0.28 0.32 0.32 0.36 0.42 0.49 0.48 0.43 0.35 0.30 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.21

Iodine 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.18 0.23 0.25 0.27

Iridium 0.44 0.42 0.60 0.63 0.54 0.45 0.39 0.51 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.52 0.44 0.41 0.40 0.43 0.38 0.37

Iron ore 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.18 0.16

Lead-mine 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21

Lead-refinery 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18

Lithium 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.22 0.24 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.19 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.15 0.13

Magnesite 0.25 0.22 0.28 0.23 0.28 0.26 0.30 0.31 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.25 0.50 0.48 0.51 0.41 0.37

Magnesium-metal 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.34 0.37 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.28 0.31

Manganese-mine 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19

Mercury 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.37 0.45 0.38 0.31 0.37 0.28 0.37 0.51 0.51 0.44

Mica 0.14 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.16 0.16 0.45 0.47 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.44 0.40 0.38

Molybdenum 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.32 0.35 0.32 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28

Monazite 0.17 0.22 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.47 0.43 0.43

Nickel-intermediate 0.18 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.19

Nickel-mine 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.19

Nickel-plant 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.21

Niobium 0.25 0.22 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.24 0.31 0.39 0.41 0.48 0.48 0.39 0.37 0.32 0.19

Palladium 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.36 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28

Phosphate 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.19 0.23 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.23

Pig iron and direct reduced iron 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.22 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.21

Platinum 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.21 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.23 0.21 0.22

Potash 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.14

Rare Earths 0.31 0.30 0.27 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.32 0.34 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.58 0.54 0.48

Rhenium 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.27 0.41 0.37 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.26

Rhodium 0.53 0.56 0.44 0.40 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.45 0.51 0.53 0.48 0.47 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.47

Ruthenium 0.42 0.37 0.42 0.43 0.50 0.49 0.53 0.54 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.66 0.58 0.57 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.46

Selenium 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.19

Silicomanganese 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.13 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.40

Silicon 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.25 0.28 0.26 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.36 0.30 0.28

Silver 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.17

Steel 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18

Strontium 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.28

Sulfur 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.16

Tantalum 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.17 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.28 0.24 0.26

Tellurium 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.30 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.25

Tin-mine 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.28 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.21 0.23

Tin-smelter 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.22

Titanium 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.13 0.15 0.14

Titanium-sponge 0.17 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.23 0.18

Tungsten 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.32 0.40 0.52 0.48 0.41 0.46 0.37 0.33 0.36 0.41 0.40

Vanadium 0.25 0.27 0.31 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.47 0.44 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.36 0.33 0.34 0.35

Yttrium 0.28 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.26 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.49 0.55 0.49 0.51

Zinc-mine 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.15

Zinc-smelter 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.21 0.15

Zirconium 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.12 0.17 0.19 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.16 0.30 0.27 0.29