Office of Research and Development

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Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

M Ian Gilmour Ph.D. & Bill Linak P

Acute Toxicity Testing in MExposed by Inhalation to DiWoodsmoke Emissions NYSER

Co-Investigators:Seung-Hyun Cho (ORISE) Charly King (ARCADIS)Todd Krantz NHEERTiffany Yelverton (NCSU)

Technical team: Photos: K. Blanchard, EPA/OAQPSMary Daniels, Liz Boykin, Jim Lehmann, Rick Jaskot, Judy Richards, Wanda Williams, Cary Copeland, Lisa Copeland, Debbie Andrews, Gaynelle McGee, Don Doerfler
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

1

OWHH Test Matrix

Table 1. Device/Fuel Testing MatrixDevice

Seasoned red oak

Unseasoned white pine 

Mixed scrap woods

Cordwood + refusew

Corn/Wd Pellet

Central Boiler CL5036

xy xy xy xy

Central Boiler E2300 xAdvanced Climate Technologies or Woodmaster 900 DF (pellets)

x

Alternative Fuel Boilers (split-log)

x

w :Refuse composition based on NYSERDA surveys (Lemieux et al.). x: Tests are triplicates.y: Inhalation tests, assay tests.

Y

Y

Y
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

2

CO Concentration Evolution over Time, 

3/25/09 9:33 PM 3/26/09 1:04 AM 3/26/09 4:41 AM 3/26/09 8:11 AM 3/26/09 11:42 AM 3/26/09 3:12 PM

0

100020003000400050006000700080009000

CO Concentration (ppm)

Time (EDT)

Ancoem(smco

Active burning
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Wood Smoke Exposure Sy

P

T

HEPA/charcoal 

filter

Dilution cone

Room air 

(dilution) P

T

Orifice meters P

Control

PT

P

Non-filtered WS

P

T

P

Filtered WS

Exhaust

P

Exhaust

Electrostatic Precipitator

Animal

Inhalation

Chamber

• Bulk PM Sample

Each Ch

• Continuous Emis

(Particle size dis

O2, CO, SO2, NO

ATOF-MS, A

• Filter PM 

(PM mass, 

Organic/Elem

Dilution tunnel

PM 

filter

Figure 1
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Exposure Profile for W

Commercial Boiler 5036 Exposure 04-08-2009

0

500

100015002000250030003500

5:45 6:57 8:09 9:21 10:33 

CO in ppm

485052545658

5:45 6:57 8:09 9:21 10:33 

Figure 2
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

WS1: Central Boiler 5036

0.00E+005.00E+041.00E+051.50E+052.00E+052.50E+053.00E+053.50E+054.00E+054.50E+055.00E+05

10 100 1000 100

log Diameter (nanometer)

dN/dlogDp (#/cm3/nm) 

Figure 3

Particle Sizing for WS-1
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Exposure Summary for 

Units Air Filtered 

PM Concentration (TEOM)mg/m3 NM 0.06±0.11 PM Concentration (filter) mg/m3 0.18±0.02 0.002±0.08 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm NM NM Carbon Dioxide (CO2) % NM NM 0Oxygen (O2) % NM NM Nitrogen Oxide (NO) ppm NM NM 0Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ppm NM NM 0Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ppm NM NM BC Concentration μg/m3 0.13±0.05 0.35±0.06 4

OC/TC wt. ratio 1.0 1.0 EC/TC wt. ratio 0 0 NM - not measured

WS1: Central Boiler 5036

*Values given as mean value plus/minus standard error

Table 1
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

MAC'S

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000500000550000

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells

Neutrophils WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D

0

250050007500

10000125001500017500

Time after exposure (day-

# cells/ml

LYMPH

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

500

10001500200025003000350040004500

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells

EOS

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3

0

1000200030004000

Time after exposure (day-h

# cells

WS-1 Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid

Macrophages Neutrophils

Lymphocytes Eosinophils

Pulmonary Cell Populations fo
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Ferritin WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100125150175

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ng/ml

GGT WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5 

Time after exposure (day-hour

U/l

LDH WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/l

MIA WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3

05

1015202530354045

Time after exposure (day-hour

ug/ml

NAG WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

012345678 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/l

Protein WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D

0

50

100150200250300350

Time after exposure (day-hour

ug/ml

WS-1BALBiochem

Ferratin Ferritin Gamma glutamyl transfer

Lactate dehydrogenase Microalbumin

N-acetylglucosamine Total Protein

Pulmonary Biochemistry for W
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

IL-6 WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100125 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

pg/ml

MIP-2 WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D

05

101520253035 

Time after exposure (day-hour

pg/ml

IL-1β WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400500600700800

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

pg/ml

TNF-α WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 

0

255075

Time after exposure (day-ho

pg/ml

WS-1 BALCytokines

Interleukin-6

Macrophage

inflammatory 

protein-2

Interleukin-1β

N < 4

Tumor Necrosis 

Factor-α

Pulmonary Cytokines for WS-
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

TNF-α WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3

0

255075

Time after exposure (day-hour)

pg/ml

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

TNF –alpha for WS-1

*

*
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

WBC WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

012345

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

10

3

/

μl RBC WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

012345678 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

10

6

/

μl Hgb WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D

05

1015

Time after exposure (d

g/dL

Hct WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

10203040

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

%

MCV WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

05

10152025303540455055

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

fL

MCH WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D

05

101520

Time after exposure (d

pg

MCHC WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

10203040

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

g/dL

Plt WS-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400500600700800900

100011001200 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

10

3

/

μl LYN W

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

Time after exposu

10

3/

μl WS-1 Whole Blood White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells Hemoglo

Hematocrit Mean corpuscular volume Mean corpuscu

hemoglo

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Platelet N < 4 Lymphocy

Hematology for WS-1
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

AAT

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50

100150200250300350

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

mg/dl

AST

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

200400600

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/L

CHOL

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D

0

20406080

100120140

Time after exposure 

mg/dl

CK

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100020003000 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/L

CRP

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

05

101520253035

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ug/ml

Ferritin

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D

0

200400600800

1000

Time after exposure 

ng/ml

HPT

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50

100150200250300350

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

mg/dl

IRON

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ug/dl

LD-1

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0

50

100150200250300

Time after exposure 

u/l

WS-1

Blood Serum

LDH

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400500600700800900

100011001200

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

TRF

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

mg/dl

UIBC

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3

0

50

100150200250300350

ug/dl

N<4

Alpha 1 antitrypsin

N < 4

Amino 

aspartaste 

transferase

Cholest

Creatine kinase C-reactive protein

N < 4

Ferrit

Haptoglobin

N < 4

Iron

LD1-

isoenzy

Lactate 

dehydrogenase

Transferrin

Unsatur

iron bin

capac

Serum Biochemistry for WS
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

CK

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100020003000 Air

FWSUFW

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/L

Creatine kinase

Figure 5 Creatine Kinase for WS-1

*
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Exposure Summary for 

Units Air Filtered 

PM Concentration (TEOM)mg/m3 NM 0.02±0.21 PM Concentration (filter) mg/m3 0.009±0.009 0.007±0.02 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm NM NM Carbon Dioxide (CO2) % NM NM Oxygen (O2) % NM NM Nitrogen Oxide (NO) ppm NM NM Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ppm NM NM Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ppm NM NM BC Concentration μg/m3 0.15** 0.11** 

OC/TC wt. ratio 1.0 0.99±0.002 EC/TC wt. ratio 0 0.0038±0.0023 NM - not measured**Only one measurement taken

WS2: Central Boiler E-Classic 2300

*Values given as mean value plus/minus standard error
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Exposure Profile for WS

Commercial Boiler E Classic 2300 Exposure 5-21-2009

0

500

1000150020002500300035004000

3:36 4:04 4:33 5:02 5:31 6:00 6:28 6:57 7:26 7:55 8

CO in ppm

0

20406080

100120140160

3:36 4:04 4:33 5:02 5:31 6:00 6:28 6:57 7:26 7:55 8
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

WS2: Central Boiler E-Classic 2300

0.00E+005.00E+041.00E+051.50E+052.00E+052.50E+053.00E+053.50E+05

10 100 1000 1

log Diameter (nm)

dN/dlogDp (#/cm3/nm) 

Particle Sizing for WS
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Macrophages WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000500000550000

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells/ml

Neutrophils WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D

0

250050007500

10000125001500017500

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells/ml

Lymphocytes WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

500

10001500200025003000350040004500

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells/ml

Eosinophils WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D

0

500

1000150020002500300035004000

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells/ml

Macrophages Neutrophils

Lymphocytes Eosinophils

Appendix 2a WS-2 Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Pulmonary Cell Populations fo
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Ferritin WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100125150175

Air

FWS

UFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ng/ml

GGT WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

Time after exposure (day-hou

U/l

LDH WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/l

MIA WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 

05

1015202530354045

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ug/ml

NAG WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

012345678 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/l

Protein WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 

0

50

100150200250300350 

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ug/ml

WS-2

BAL Biochem

Ferritin GGT

Lactate dehydrogenase Microalbumin

N-acetylglucosamine Total Protein

Gamma glutamyl transfer

Pulmonary Biochemistry for W
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Ferritin WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100125150175

A

F

U

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ng/ml

Ferritin

Figure 8 Pulmonary Ferritin for WS-2

*

*
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

IL-6 WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100125 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

pg/ml

MIP-2 WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D

05

101520253035 

Time after exposure (day-hour

pg/ml

IL-1β WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400500600700800 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

pg/ml

TNF-α WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 

0

255075 

Time after exposure (day-ho

pg/ml

WS-2

BAL Cytokines

Interleukin-6

Macrophage

inflammatory 

protein-2

Interleukin-1β Tumor Necrosis Fac

N < 4

Pulmonary Cytokines for WS
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

AAT WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50

100150200250300350

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

mg/dl

AST WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400500600

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

CK WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

500

10001500200025003000

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

CRP WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

05

101520253035

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ug/ml

CHOL W

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0

102030405060708090

100110120130140

Time after exposu

mg/dl

LD-1 W

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0

50

100150200250300

Time after exposu

u/l

IRON WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ug/dl

Ferritin WS

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0

250500750

1000

Time after exposure 

ng/ml

LDH WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400500600700800900

100011001200

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

TRF WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

mg/dl

UIBC WS

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D

0

50

100150200250300350

Time after exposure 

ug/dl

WS-2

Blood Plasma

Most of HPT data werebelow the detection limit

Alpha 1 antitrypsin

N < 4

Amino 

aspartaste 

transferase

Choles

Creatine kinase

C-reactive 

protein Ferrit

Haptoglobin

N < 4

Iron

LD1-

isoenzy

Lactate 

dehydrogenase Transferrin

Unsatur

iron bin

capac

WS-2 Serum Biochemistry for WS-2 Blood Serum
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

CK WS-2

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

500

10001500200025003000

AirFWSUFW

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

Creatine kinase

Serum Creatine Kinase for W

*
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Exposure Summary for W

Units Air Filtered 

PM Concentration (TEOM)mg/m3 NM 0.25±0.39 PM Concentration (filter) mg/m3 0.03±0.01 0.02±0.02 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm NM NM Carbon Dioxide (CO2) % NM NM Oxygen (O2) % NM NM Nitrogen Oxide (NO) ppm NM NM Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ppm NM NM Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ppm NM NM BC Concentration μg/m3 0.08±0.02 0.98±0.87 

OC/TC wt. ratio 0.93±0.04 0.99±0.002 EC/TC wt. ratio 0.08±0.048 0.01±0.002 NM - not measured

WS3: ACT Pellet Boiler 900

*Values given as mean value plus/minus standard error
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Exposure Profile for W

 CO in ppm

0

20406080

100120140

8:38 9:50 11:02 12:14 13:26

Pellet Boiler Exposure 6-16-2009

0

10002000300040005000

8:38 9:50 11:02 12:14 13:26

Figure 10
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Particle Sizing for WS-3

WS3: ACT Pellet Boiler 900

0.00E+005.00E+041.00E+051.50E+052.00E+052.50E+053.00E+053.50E+054.00E+054.50E+05

10 100 1000 

log Diameter (nm)

dN/dlogDp (#/cm3/nm) 
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

WS-3 MAC

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000500000550000

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells/ml

WS-3 Neutrophils

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3

0

250050007500

10000125001500017500

Time after exposure (day-ho

# cells/ml

WS-3 LYM

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

500

10001500200025003000350040004500

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells/ml

WS-3 EOS

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-

0

1000200030004000

Time after exposure (day-ho

# cells/ml

Macrophages Neutrophils

Lymphocytes Eosinophils

WS-3 Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Pulmonary Biochemistry fo
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

WS-3 MAC

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000500000550000

AirFWSUFW

Time after exposure (day-hour)

# cells/ml

Macrophages

Pulmonary Macrophages for 

* *

*
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Ferritin WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100125150175

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ng/ml

GGT WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

Time after exposure (day

U/l

LDH WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100 Air

FWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/l

MIA WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 

05

1015202530354045 

Time after exposure (day

ug/ml

NAG WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

012345678

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

U/l

Protein WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-

0

50

100150200250300350

Time after exposure (day

ug/ml

WS-3

BAL Biochem

Ferritin GGT

Lactate dehydrogenase Microalbum

N-acetylglucosamine Total Protein

Gamma glutamyl tra

Pulmonary Biochemistry for 
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

IL-6 WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

255075

100125

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

pg/ml

MIP-2 WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 

05

101520253035

Time after exposure (day-ho

pg/ml

IL-1β WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400500600700800

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

pg/ml

TNF-α WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 

0

255075

Time after exposure (day-

pg/ml

WS-3

BAL Cytokines

Interleukin-6

Macrophage

inflammatory 

protein-2

Interleukin-1β

N < 4

Tumor Necrosis 

Factor-α

Appendix 3c Pulmonary Cytokines for WS
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

AAT WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50

100150200250300350

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

mg/dl

AST WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

200400600

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

CHO

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0

102030405060708090

100110120130140

Time after exp

mg/dl

CK WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

500

10001500200025003000

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

CRP WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

05

101520253035

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ug/ml

Ferr

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0

200400600800

1000

Time after ex

ng/ml

HPT WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

50

100150200250300350

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

mg/dl

IRON WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

ug/dl

LD-

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0

100200300

Time after exp

u/l

LDH WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300400500600700800900

100011001200

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

TRF WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

mg/dl

UIB

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 

0

50

100150200250300350

Time after exp

ug/dl

WS-3

Blood Plasma

Alpha 1 antitrypsin

N < 4

Amino aspartaste 

transferase

N < 4

Chol

Creatine kinase

C-reactive 

protein Fe

N 

Haptoglobin

N < 4

Iron

LD

isoen

Lactate 

dehydrogenase Transferrin

Unsa

iron b

cap

WS-3

Blood Serum Serum Biochemistry for WS
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

LD-1 WS-3

D1-0 D1-4 D1-24 D3-0 D3-4 D3-24

0

100200300

AirFWSUFWS

Time after exposure (day-hour)

u/l

LD1-isoenzyme

Figure 13 Serum LD-1 for WS-3
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Toxicity Testing Summa

• 2 mg/m-3 concentration was achieved for WS-1 (central boiler) bu

mg/m-3 could be achieved for the E Classic and ACT pellet burnesimilar CO constraints.

• Red oak emitted more organic carbon than elemental carbon as c

wood pellet that emitted comparable level of elemental and organ

• Changing boiler CL5036 to E-classic 2300 did not change the ratio 

elemental carbon to total carbon at smoldering combustion condit

• WS-1 had higher than normal lung biochemical and cytokine value

controls.

• WS-1 showed increases in TNF-α in lung and creatine kinase in s

immediately following 3 days of exposure 

• WS-2 had increased levels of ferritin in lung and creatine kinase in • WS-3 had higher numbers of macrophages in the lung 24 hours a

3 day exposure and increases in LD-1 in plasma
Final Briefing Oct 1 2010 

Toxicity Testing Conclu

• Results are consistent with previous reports that exposure to 

woodsmoke causes mild pulmonary inflammation and sporaalterations in plasma markers (LD1 and CK) indicative of sysinflammation. 

• There was no clear indication that these mild effects were ca

vapor phase and gaseous components versus the completeunfiltered emission.

• No direct comparisons could be made between the Central b

the E classic 2300 and pellet boilers, because of differences exposure concentration and possible confounding air contro

• Compared to the other emissions the black carbon from the 

boiler induced an influx of pulmonary cells consistent with paloading in the respiratory tract