What's New in Training Literature/2LT Ralph C. Davis 

Thirteen Hours to Battle/2LT Gerard T. Hopkins 

Engineer Training Packages/MAJ Eldon R. Johansen 

JAWZ of the MVA/SFC Thomas W. Burruss 

YOU -And the Engineer Specialty/LTC Edward G. Rapp 

Three Dimensional Terrain Display/James R. -Jancaitis 

The Medal of Honor MacArthur Almost Won/ 

SP4 J. Arnold Montgomery 

Construction Unit Evaluation System/SSG William S. Herridge rr, 

TEMAWS/Dr. Martin Levy 

The New Bridges - Where Are They?/Harold A. Dotterer 

CC E Update/Engineer Staff 

Evaluation for the U ET/SP4 Linda St. Pierre 

School of Military Survey/MAJ Joel M. Cain 

1 Chief's Briefs/History 

2 Pipeline/News Items 

40 Engineer Potpourri/ Engineer Branch 

44 Bridging the Gap/Career Notes
f $ ~	 i- - ~ ~ RDPTF - 4 " ir't ~ q ~ 

f 	 \ 

Brevet Major General Horatio Gonverneur Wright was born in 

Clinton, Connecticut, March 6, 1820. He was graduated from the 

United States Military Academy July 1, 1841 and promoted Second 

Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers. 

Wright was superintending engineer of the building of For 

Jefferson, Tortugas, Florida, 1846-1856. While Assistant to'the Chief o 

Engineers, 1856-1861, he was a member of a board to study iron 

carriages for seacoast guns, and the adaptability of 15 inch guns for 

ordnance. He was co-author of "Report on Fabrication of Iron for 

Defenses." 

From Chief of Engineers of a division at the first Battle of Bull Run, 

he advanced to command the famous 6th Army Corps which saved 

Washington D.C. from capture in 1864, and later spearheaded the final 

assault on Petersburg and the pursuit of Lee to Appomattox in 1865. 

Wright commanded the Department of Texas, 1865-1866, and 

served as Assistant Chief of Engineers and member of many engineering boards until he was appointed Chief of Engineers in 1879. 

' 	 General Wright retired March 6, 1884, and died July 2, 1899 at 

Washington, D.C. 

Edward B. Russell 

snapping a p~cture. There's B genulne celebration 

here ot ihb Army Englneer Corps' role tn our 

hat10n'S proud hlstory -from the glorious 8 year 

struoole that fathered out neophyte republ~c through -"" 

thecivil war that threatened todestroy her; through 

two world wars and two police acttons; through 

inlerventng eras of prasperity and despondency '0 

newfound outlooks and hopes for a brighter future. 

BIDW out the candles and make a wish; 11fe iust 

Curator, US Army Engineer Museum begins at 200. 

Models by Chrls Savage 
B PIPELINE*PIPE 


ARMY PROVIDES 

STANDBY POWER 

FOR VA HOSPITAL 

When the Veterans Administration Hospital, Washington, 

D.C., recently had to remove 

its 1500-KW standby generator 

from service to obtain necessary maintenance, the Facilities Engineering Support 

Agency ( FESA), Fort Belvoir, 

responded to the call for emergency standby power. On 13 

January, FESA deployed two 

750-KW gas-turbine-driven generators and three 500-KVA 

substation transformers to the 

hospital. Military technicians 

from FESA connected these 

units to the emergency bus of 

the hospital where they will 

remain on standby duty for 

several weeks while maintenance proceeds on the hospital's own standby generator. 

The 750-KW generator vans 

are used by FESA to carry out 

its mission to supply power on 

an emergency basis for periods 

up to 6 months. These vans 

are transportable by land, sea, 

and air and can be hooked up 

and made operational within 72 

hours after arrival at a site. 

One of the most spectacular 

examples of this service occurred when the Kodiak king 

crab processing plants were 

supplied with emergency 

power by flying generators to 

the island. 
5INE.PIPELINE. 

WE WERE THERE . . . BUT NOT FOR 

CONQUEST 

This is the title of the new 

Corps of Engineers Bicentennial film produced by OCE. 

Running 28 minutes in color, 

this 16mm film depicts the role 

of the US Army Engineers in 

the development of our country 

and the contributions made by 

the Army Engineers in peace 

and war for 200 years. The 

film traces the history of the 

Corps from its inception in 1775 

to the present. It is available 

from the OCE Divisions and 

Districts on a loan basis. When 

'erdering the film, give the 

ame and address, including 

zip code, of the person and/or 

organization assuming responsibility for the film. 

ARTEP UNIT 

5-145 Engr Bn, Armd 

& Mech Div 

5-25 	 Engr Bn, Abn, 

Aslt 8 Inf Div 

5-35 	 Engr ~bt 

Bn, Corps 

5-115 	 Engr Cbt 

Bn, Heavy 

5-64 	 Engr Float 

Bridge Co 

5-74 	 Engr Fixed 

Bridge Co 

5-54 Engr Cbt Equip 

support & Abn 

Light Equip Co 

5-67 	 Engr Const 

co 

5-335 	 Engr ~opo 

Bn 

5-52 	 Engr Cmd, Bde 

and Gp 

5.500 	 Engr Cellular 

Tms 

EDITION 

Test 

Final 

Test 

Final 

Revised 

Test 

Final 

Test 

Test 

ENGINEER ARTEP 

PRODUCTION 

The Army Training and 

Evaluation Program (ARTEP) 

are written by the Collective 

Training Division, Directorate 

of Training Development, 

USAES. Currently eleven 

ARTEPs have been programmed to cover the different 

types of engineer units. Below 

is a chart showing these proposed ARTEPs, the editions in 

print, dates of publication, and 

current status. Those indicated as final editions are DA 

printed and are available 

through AG publication channels. Test editions may be 

requested through : 

US Army Engineer School 

Department of Army Wide 

Training Support 

Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 

DATE 	 STATUS 

Jul 74 Superseded 

~ep75 Approved For Use 

Jan 76 Approved For Use 

Aug 74 Superseded (Supply Exhausted) 

Mar 76 Approved For Use 

Apr 75 Approved For Use (Supply Exhausted) 

Jun 76 TO be Published 

Jun 76 TO be Published 

~ep76 TO be Published 

EXACT AVAILABILITY 

DATES NOT 

YET DETERMINED 
The United States Army Engineer School 

(USAES) continues to be in the forefront of 

TRADOC's reorganization and revitalization of 1. training literature. In November 1974, TRADOC 

announced the "1000 Good Books" program which 

proposed a reduction of TRADOC's inventory from 

1700 manuals to 1000. The role of the USAES is to , 

reduce 188 manuals to 123. 

However, this program is more than a simple 

reduction in quantity. It involves an upgrading of 

the quality of the literature and the production of 

several new important types of books. 

A key element of the program is the "How To 

Fight Manuals. " Lessons learned from recent and 

past 

armaments, 

complexities 

conflicts 

the 

of 

about 

modern 

difficulties 

the 

warfare 

effectiveness 

of survival 

indicate 

of 

and 

that 

modern 

the 

the 

- - old tactics are no longer adequate or applicable. 

The analysis of these "lessons learned" will be rI )nP ~QJ I npP , P ~ 

used in the "How To Fight Manual" to outline I , \ ' I 1 I 

what must be done to win the first battle of the I I 

next war. The contribution of the USAES covers 

the employment of divisional and nondivisional 

engineer units in support of tactical operations. 

Pmr 

'm I -' pp, I -py: 1 '4 

The USAES has prepared a draft copy of FM ' w 5-X, "How To Fight Manual" which replaces: 

FM 5-135, Engineer Battalion, Armored Inf. 2LT C. Davis 

& Inf. (Mech) Div 

FM 5-136, Engineer - Battalion, Airborne &

Airmobile Div 

FM 5-142, Nondivisional Engineer Combat 

Units 

The revised manual describes the four basic 

engineer roles: 

Enhance friendly mobility 

Impede enemy mobility 

Provide protective and defensive shelter 

Fight as infantry 

The draft edition is presently in the field for 

review. In addition, the USAES is nearing 

completion of a draft copy of another "How To 

Fight Manual, " FM 90-7, "Barriers, Obstacles and 

Denial Operations." This will replace FM 31-10, 

"Denial Operations and Barriers. " 

Another important element for which the 

USAES has responsibility is the production of the 

Soldiers Manual. Detailed information can be 

obtained from an article, in the Oct-Nov-Dee 1975 1 

issue of The Engineer, by CPT Robert Formo 

entitled, "The Engineer Soldier's Manual." 

Training Circulars (TCs) continue to be a good 

means for quick coverage of a single topic. The 

USAES is currently producing TC 20-32-2, "Employment of the M-56 Helicopter Delivered Mine 

System0and TC 5-210, "Maintenance Tips To MAB 

Platoon Leaders. " I 

TC 20-32-2 provides guidance to the commander and his staff at battalion level or higher on I 

the employment of the M-56 Scatterable Mine 

System. It explains the characteristics of scatI 

I 

terable mines, density, command and cont 

measures, and reporting. TC 5-210 is a collectn 

of tips gathered from experienced MAB platog 

leaders with a handy set of checks to assist his 

unit in maintenance. Safety hazards, checks, and 

services and maintenance plans are discussed. 
Over the past several decades, the nature of 

combat has changed significantly. Never before 

has the US been faced with the challenges of the 

battlefield. The TRADOC Bulletins help meet this 

challenge by providing timely information on 

weapons, tactics, and training. They also explain 

why we fight the way we do. The USAES has 

provided input to the recently published TRADOC 

Bulletin No. 6, "CountersurveiUance and Camouflage, " which describes the advantages of camouflage techniques and materials such as pattern 

painting, improved camouflage paint, and the 

lightweight screening system. In addition, it 

discusses principles that must be employed by 

commanders to avoid enemy detection by visual, 

infrared, and radar devices. It also re-emphasizes 

the importance of camouflage fundamentals and 

camouflage discipline. 

Along with the new types of training literature 

being developed, the Field Manual continues to be 

important. The USAES is currently involved in 

the revision of several FMs applying innovative 

presentation methods, and using layouts, illustration and typography to enhance them. The 

manuals nearing completion are FM 20-32, "Mine/ 

Countermine Operations," and FM 5-34, "Engineer 

Field Data," commonly known as the "Bible" for 

engineers. 

The old standard, tan-covered FMs and TMs 

are rapidly becoming obsolete. Today's innovative 

styles, techniques, layouts, and up-to-date information are a necessity if the increasing demands of the 

modern Army are to be met. 

2LT Ralph C. Dawls is currently assigned to the 

LXrectorate of Training Developments, USAES. 

He holds a BA Degree in Sociology from Norfolk 

St. College and is a graduate of the Signal Officer 

Basic Course (SOBC) at Ft. Gordon, Georgia. 
r I b L 'J,

Lt. Gerald 7. iiopkins 

Colonel Richard Gridley was old when the 

Revolution began. He had just turned 65, and 

many of his fellow officers believed he was too old 

to be a good soldier. Yet, the years which 

bestowed age also bestowed experience. 

Gridley has studied under the British military 

engineer John Henry Bastide, who prepared the 

fortifications of Boston. During the Colonial Wars 

of Great Britain and France, Gridley supervised 

the engineering requirements for the seige of 

Louisborg. He built Forts Halifax and William 

Henry, and served under Wolfe in Quebec. 

Several years prior to the Revolution, Gridley 

retired from the Army and settled in New 

Hampshire, ready to enjoy the lazy days of his 

golden years. The Revolution interrupted his 

respite and dragged Gridley from retirement. 

Yes, he thought, he really was too old for another 

war. Nontheless he took the job as Chief of 

Engineers for Massachusettes-a call more to 

Bostonian loyalty than patriotic fervor. 

\-' 


The war had been going badly for the colonists. 

Realistically there could be no other course for the 

war, considering the capabilities of the British 

Army and the colonial militia. Gridley knew this. 

Why couldn't he be back in a good regiment with 

proper British sappers to construct fortifications? 

Instead, he headed a motley group of farmers, 

blacksmiths and colonial vendors who didn't know 

the difference between an irrigation ditch and a 

redoubt. War did bring hardships; the lack of 

skilled military engineers was just one more. 

Gridley tried to remember the last time he had a 

good cup of English breakfast tea. Just another 

hardship. 

Everyone knew that a British attack w. 

h

imminent at either the Charlestown Peninsula or 

the Dorchester Peninsula. Both offered the tactical advantage of the hills which overlooked Boston 

Harbor and the Charles River. General Howe had 

boasted of his intention to take the Charlestown 

Peninsula, which offered Moulton's Hill, Breed's 

Hill and Bunker Hill. The British would commence 

their attack on the Charlestown Penisula at 1300 

hours, 17 June 1875. 

Colonel Gridley remembered the staff meeting 


he attended the evening before. He was still 


angry over the final decision. The officers debated 


on how to defend the Charlestown Peninsula. 


Gridley wanted to construct the main fortifications 


on Bunker Hill -the tallest hill on the peninsula 


- and use the other two hills as outposts. He 


reasoned that since it could not be flanked, being 


so close to the peninsula neck, Bunker Hill was the 


obvious. He argued that if Bunker Hill could be 


fortified and defended, it would be impregnable. 


The others wouldn't listen. General Putnam 

asked for a consensus. "Old Putt" favored the 

Breed's Hill fortifications. The General figured 

that if the hill displayed the main defense, t 

colonists could strike the British as soon as th ml 

landed and use Bunker Hill as a "fallback" positiol.. 

Gridley thought, "What does Putnam know 


anyway?'Putt was just an illiterate farmboy at 


heart, even with his multitude of combat experi- 

ence. After all, Gridley was the chief engineer. 

A vote was taken and the officers "agreed" to I;CEify Breed's Hill first - a decision they, later, 

,penly regretted. 

The midnight air was chilly for Boston in June. 

The cold air carried noises much farther than 

usual, or so it seemed. The streets of Charlestown 

were unnaturally quiet in anticipation of the 

oncoming British attack. Colonel Gridley devised 

a strategy for the defense. 

He would construct a redoubt and one hundred 

yards of breastwork extending northeast on 

Breed's Hill. Farther to the north he would build a 

stone wall or rail fence blocking passage to Bunker 

Hill by flanking Breed's Hill. There were now 

3000 colonists on the peninsula, only a third of 

whom would construct defensive fortifications. 

Gridley had even less men under his direct control. 

He had thirteen hours to construct all ihe 

necessary fortifications before the British attacked. 

The colonists were inexperienced in engineering and were working at night. Absolute silence 

was demanded -no talking, only muffled digging. 

Gridley strained his weary eyes to visualize his 

plans for Breed's Hill. He saw lights on the water 

-these belonged to the confident British casually 

miting the next day in their mighty "ships of the 

2." He saw ragged men working in the 

darkness with primitive tools, stripped of speech, 

yet spirited and determined. Gridley felt strangely proud and confident. 

At 0400 hours, the daybreak cast faint light on 

the newlybuilt fortifications on the peninsula. 

General Gage was awakened aboard the sloop 

Lively and could not believe his eyes. He saw 

veritable fortifications on Breed's Hill where 

several hours ago none existed. He examined an 

earth mound about 150 feet square; probably a 

redoubt he thought. He noticed some type of 

breastwork extending in a linear fashion and 

packed behind timber retainers. At first Gage 

was startled; then he became amused. He enjoyed 

the fox hunt more than the rabbit hunt. 

An order was given to start a bombardment; 

however, the attack would still commence at 1300 

hours. As a British officer, Gage felt no real 

threat from the colonists. Let them eat cannonballs for breakfast! 

At the first cannon shot, Gridley was impressed. He was not impressed by the aim of 

British gunnery, but rather at the ability of his 

doubt to withstand fire. In a scant four hours fl colonists had built a 45 yard square redoubt 

.ong enough to resist British cannon fire all day. 

These were of earth, stone, and timber. The 

colonists added more earth and stone to the 

breastwork during the bombardment. The result: 

the fortifications actually looked larger, thicker, 

and stronger after the bombardment than before. 

The colonists also built Gridley's "rail fence" -

a structure framed by timber holding rocks and 

stone. This wall obstructed the attack route to 

Bunker Hill and was covered by the fire of the 

colonists. Gridley also emplaced green hay and 

grass in front of the wall. Although this provided 

no protection from British fire, it gave the wall a 

more formidable appearance. 

Let the British come, Gridley mused. He had 

reason to be confident; his fortifications were 

strong, exceptionally strong. If the colonists could 

display as much determination in fighting as they 

did in engineering, the British could be beaten. 

Gridley peered over his redoubt, saw smoke on the 

water, felt the thud of cannonball into solid earth 

and felt secure. 

CHARLESTON PENINSULA - 16 JUN 1775 

The British continued their barrage and the 

colonists scurried to replace any damage. Gridley 
suddenly remembered a warning to him earlier in 

his youth: always remember flank protection! 

Why was he thinking this now? 

In the midst of battle, he spotted a weakness in 

his defenses. He had adequately provided frontal 

protection, but the northern flank on Breed's Hill 

was vulnerable. There was a gap hundreds of feet 

long between the last breastwork on Breed's Hill 

and the "rail fence" farther north. He would have 

to fortify this flank immediately. 

He decided to emplace three fleches of v shaped 

obstacles built of earth and wood. Since time was 

short, little earth was packed against the timber; 

instead, Gridley used green hay to give a more 

formidable appearance while providing little protection. He smiled as he remembered a characteristic of the American fighting man -they 

hated to have their legs exposed to fire, but give 

them concealment up to their shoulders and they 

wouldn't worry about their heads! 

The fleches were built in record time. They 

served their purpose by obstructing the flank 

approach to Breed's Hill. The obstacle was 

enhanced by the militia defending it with fire. 

Now, Gridley confirmed, the colonists were completely prepared for the British attack. He noticed 

the sun hanging high in the sky; it was close to 

noon. 

The Battle of Bunker Hill, as it became known, 

was won by the British. Sometimes during the 

three separate attacks on Breed's Hill, Gridley 

collapsed. This was the result of a combination of 

old age, exhaustion and small fragment wounds. 

As he was carried from the battlefield, his 

thoughts became random. Would death take 

him? What was the course of the battle? 

BREED'S HlLL - SITUATION 0400 HOURS - 17 JUN 1775 

BREED'S HlLL - SITUATION 1300 HOURS - 17 JUN 1775 

f - s 

Sure, the colonists had retreated, but not 

before inflicting enormous casualties upon Gage's 

attack force. Burgoyne later reported that the 

retreat was "no rout." One British soldier wrote a 

letter home stating that the rebels, 

running fight from one fence or wall to another, 

we entirely drove them off the peninsula." 

Official records tally British losses at about 

1150 out of 2500 soldiers -40 per cent casulaties. 

The British officer corps suffered the worst of the 

casualties. Of all the British officer casualties 

sustained during the Revolution, an eighth were 

killed and another sixth wounded at Bunker Hill. 

Gridley mused about his fortifications. If the 

colonists had fortified Bunker Hill first, the British 

Army could not have conquered it, he argued. 

The main reason for the militia's retreat was 

the critical shortage of ammunition. No defense 

could be conducted without firepower, no matter 

how strong the fortifications. The colonists had 

proved their will to win. 

This battle was to be the first time that 

fledging American troops, colonial militia, were to 

hold their own against British regulars. Colonel 

Gridley's thoughts merged as he slipped into 

unconsciousness. His fortifications had held out; 

the ammunition had not. He was proud. He 

thought about that cup of tea. 

Lt. Gerard T. Hopkins is a 1975graduate of t 

U.S. Military Academy. He has completed I-T borne School and 2-76 Engineer Officer Basb. 

Course. He is currently the Executive Offier, 

Student Officer Detachment, USAESBDE, Fort 

Belvoir, Va. 
MAJ Eldon R. Johansen 

Can the reserve component engineer units 

accomplish combat engineer tasks? The purpose 

of this article is to share procedures which Army 

Readiness Region V (ARR V) is using to improve 

reserve component combat engineer hands-on 

training. These procedures have been effective 

and are recommended for use in other areas of the 

country. This article describes the engineer training packages which are used to provide hands-on 

training and discusses the reasons for setting up 

flse packages. It will also cover the content of, 

periences with, and changes to various packges. 

Why do we need training packages? An 

example of the reserve component supply effort 

required to support hands-on training will best 

illustrate the requirement. Place yourself as the 

supply sergeant for a combat engineer company in 

a sep~rateinfantry brigade. Schedule installation, 

breaching, and clearing of a deliberate protective 

minefield as one of many platoon tasks during your 

two weeks of annual training (AT). Where do you 

get the materiel to conduct this training? You 

have TOE equipment, engineer tape, rope, and 

minefield record forms available in the unit. The 

Reserve Components Branch of the Directorate of 

Plans and Training at the AT installation will 

provide invaluable assistance in determining 

where to get other items. However, you must do 

the leg work. You will order and receive the 

practice mines and firing devices from your 

supporting ammunition supply point. You will 

order and receive dummy mines and blocks to 

simulate TNT from the Training Aids Support 

Office. You will coordinate to obtain a minefield 

marking set from the Installation Supply Division. 

m u will borrow steel posts and barbed wire from 

a Directorate of Facilities and Engineering to 

mark the field. Your unit must remove the wire 

and posts from a fence that is no longer required. 

You will get wooden stakes from the Range 

Division of the Directorate of Plans and Training. 

You will requisition materiel and submit authorization and signature cards during inactive 

duty training (IDT), several weeks prior to AT. 

The unit will send an advance party to sign for 

billets and to receive selected training materiel. 

This advance party will arrive late on Friday and 

the main body will arrive on Saturday. The 

issuing organizations will only be operationltl 

during normal duty hours. Therefore, your supply 

section cannot collect, consolidate, and issue mnteriel for training until several days into the AT 

period. 

The net result will be that the platoons will 

spend a good part of their valuable training time 

waiting for supplies from the section or in locating, 

inventoring, receiving, and returning supplies 

themselves. The minefield example is probably 

typical of the supply effort required to support 

hands-on training for one engineer task. Tasks 

such as bridging, may require much less paperwork; however, more time is required for inventory. Tasks which destroy materiel, such as 

timber-trestle bridging and rigging, require comptroller coordination for funds. 

The example of supply problems is a real life 

problem which is experienced by all units that plan 

for hands-on training. Similar real life problems 

deter site selection and training evaluation. In 

summary, the Engineer Training Packages have 

been developed to increase hands-on combat 

engineer training by accomplishing the following: 

Preventing loss of training time for supply actions by prestocking training materiel for immediate use. 

Preventing loss of training time by prior selection of and coordination for training sites. 

Providing training tasks with realistic performance standards so that the unit commander 

can properly evaluate additional training requirements. 
Providing a realistic alternative to site support 

work which often does not improve training. 

To insure continued emphasis on hands-on 

training, ARR V established special coordination, 

supply, and assistance procedures for use of the 

Engineer Training Packages. The ARR V Readiness Group (RG) Engineer Teams are responsible 

for: 

Selecting and reserving training sites. 

Prestocking materiel and meeting the reserve 

component unit at the site with the non-TOE 

materiel required to support the training. 

Providing technical assistance as required. 

Although the RG Engineer Teams provide 

materiel and advance coordination, the reserve 

component unit is still responsible for the following: 

Providing advance homestation training to the 

unit. 

Supervising unit performance on the job site. 

Providing TOE equipment. 

Evaluating performance to determine additional 

training requirements. 

The first package was titled the Combat Engineer Training Package. This package included 

platoon level engineer tasks and a company level 

area defense problem. Initial results of the use of 

this package by 20 companies during AT74 exceeded the most optimistic expectations. The 

platoons were challenged, worked hard and enjoyed the satisfaction of completing difficult engineer tasks. Platoon leaders conducted hands-on 

training in combat engineer subjects without significant loss of time for logistics and coordination. 

Unit commanders determined the added training 

requirements for using units. Although platoon 

performance varied significantly, several overall 

comments are applicable: 

The Platoon Sergeants generally had the technical proficiency to supervise task accomplishment; however, squad leaders did not, have this 

proficiency. Unit leaders had the leadership 

ability to supervise their men if they knew what 

had to be done. Unit advance homestation 

training did not properly prepare the unit to 

accomplish the task. 

Many platoons were a collection of individuals 

without a squad structure within the platoon. 

Units conducting repetitive float bridge training 

on lakes had developed construction, coordination, and safety procedures which are only applicable to still waters. 

Revisions to the ARR V Engineer Training 

Pachge program were extensive for AT75. These 

changes were required because the original Combat Engineer Training Package was not a good 

tool for correcting the deficiencies noted above. 

A Combat Engineer Squad Training Packa 

was added. The purpose of this package is qi, 

develop squad proficiency in combat engineel 

subjects and to allow the squad leader to develop 

individuals into a working squad. Tasks for the 

squad package are listed in Table I. 

COMBAT ENGINEER SQUAD TRAINING 

PACKAGES TASKS* TABLE l HOURS TO 

TASK COMPLETE 1. Disable bridges. 4 

2. construct barbed wire entanglement. 1 

3. Conduct ground recon to locate targets. 4 

4. Prepare a target folder. 8 

5. Breach artificial obstacles using explosives. 2 

6. Support assault phase of river crossing. 1 

7. Layout a Bailey bridge site. 1 

8. Construct an M4T6 fixed span. 2 

9. Construct a timber bent abutment. 4 

10. Conduct bridge reconnaissance. 4 

11. Conduct raad reconnaissance. 4 

12. Construct corrugated metal pipe (CMP) culvert. 4 

13. Layout a 20 x 20 T/O building. 1.5 

14. Perform carpentry work. 1 

15. Construct shears, gin pole or boom derr~ck. 2 

*Extracted from Letter, HQ, ARR V, Fort Sheridan, IL 60037, AFKB-RR-A.EN, 

22 Nov 1974, subiect: AT 75 Squad Training for Combat Engineer Battalions. 

A Combat Engineer Bridging Package has bemi 

added. The purpose of this package is to condu~ 

realistic float bridge training in moving water and 

to develop proper coordination between units. 

Tasks for this package are listed in Table 11. 

COMBAT ENGINEER BRIDGING 

PACKAGE TASKS* TABLE 11 

1. Construct and dismantle a 600' M4T6 bridge. 

2. Construct, operate, and dismantle a trail ferry. 

3. Conduct an assault river crossing. 

4. Construct, and dismantle M4T6 and light tactical rafts. 

*Extracted from Letter, HQ, ARR V, Fort Sheridan, lL 60037, AFKB-RR 

A-EN, 7 Feb 75, subiect: Combat Engineer Bridging Package. 

The Combat Engineer Training Package was 

renamed the Combat Engineer Platoon/Company 

Training Package. This package was also changed 

to challenge the better trained unit and to provide 

combat engineer training to construction and 

utility units. Tasks for this package are listed in 

Table 111. 

A "teach the teacher" program was included in 

each package to better prepare leaders to supervise their units. This training is conducted at the 

reserve component unit's homestation prior to 

Several procedures are used to accomplish tla 

training. USAR schools sponsor and teach the 

classes for some units so that training can be 

conducted during non-IDT time with participants 
HOURS TO 

BASIC TASKS COMPLETE 

COnStrUCt a 60' double single Bailey bridge. 4 

Dismantle a 60' double single Bailey bridge. 4 

Construct a 4 float M4T6 raft. 4 

Dismantle a 4 float M4T6 raft. 4 

Construct a timber trestle bridge. 4 

Dismantle a timber trestle bridge. 4 

Install a 50 meter minefield of 1-2-2 density. 4 

Breach and clear a 50 meter minefield of 1-2-2density. 4 

ConStruCt a light tactical raft (LTR) and install anchor 

towers and cable for M4T6 floating bridge. 4 

Dismantle an LTR and anchor towers and cable for 

M4T6 floating bridge. 4 

Conduct a company area defense and night withdrawal. 4 

ALTERNATE TASKS 

1. Construct a 120' single single Bailey bridge with 

intermediate panel pier. *1 

2. Dismantle a 120' single single Bailey bridge and 

intermediate panel pier. ." 3. Defend a platoon defensive position to include complete 

preparation of minefield obstacles and fortifications. *. 

4. Bay load a 60' double single Bailey bridge, haul to 

field location and construct at a field location. tt 

5. Remove Bailey bridge and restack. ., 

6, Conduct infantry platoon battle drill. ** 

7. Conduct closely supervised platoon demolition tasks. .. 8. Conduct demolitions training lor demolition personnel. '' 

9. Construct and dismantle a 330' footbridge to include 

anchorage system. 1* 

10. Assemble and disassemble MBA1, MXIBb, and MXlP 

airfield matting. ** 

*Extracted from Letter, HQ, ARR V, Fort Sheridan. IL 60037, 

AFKB-...A-EN, 10 Dec 74; subiect: Combat Engineer PltiCo 

Training Package. 

*'To be determined after criteria is determined and final site is 

selected. 

receiving retirement points. Some units schedule 

training for part of the unit leaders on Saturday 

and the remainder on Sunday during a training 

weekend. Other units have scheduled this training 

for administrative drills. 

Engineer Training Packages may be difficult to 

assemble at other installations. Conditions in ARR 

V were ideal to initiate this approach to hands-on 

engineer training. Conditions which contributed 

to the success of this program included the 

following: 

Forward-looking commanders that understand 

and support hands-on training in basic tasks. 

A supporting installation at Fort McCoy that is 

reserve component oriented. Strong installation 

support is essential to set up and operate these 

packages. 

c, A Readiness Group at Fort McCoy to accomplish 

advance planning, to collect materiel, and to 

establish training sites. 

A high density of engineer units in ARR V and a 

,qigh density of engineer units undergoing trainng at Fort McCoy. 

Alarge US Army Reserve Equipment Storage 

Site at Fort McCoy to support required training 

with equipment. 

What is the future of Engineer Training Packages? The training program for reserve component units is moving and dynamic. The packages must have the flexibility to meet changing 

unit training requirements. Repetitive use of the 

packages during succeeding ATs will increase the 

capability of using units. As capability increases, 

the reserve component leaders will be able to 

provide all on-site technical proficiency. They will 

also be able to provide "teach the teacher" 

instruction to new leaders within the unit. This 

increased unit capability will lower required RG 

support and enable RG personnel to focus on other 

activities. 

As unit capability increases, the requirement 

for use of the tasks from existing packages will 

decrease. This will provide time in the unit 

training schedule for other more challenging 

activities and will also allow the materiel from the 

packages to be used for other purposes. 

Materiel problems and lack of preparation time 

are limiting the quality of Army Training Tests 

and field training exercises. Materiel and sites for 

squad and platoon tasks in the Engineer Training 

Packages may also be used for unit proficiency 

testing. The packages have been modified to add 

the test capability. 

The new Army Training and Evaluation Programs for engineer units include many tasks which 

are not included in existing packages. Materiel 

which is presently on hand will support most 

ARTEP tasks with the flexible control system 

which will be used for 1976 summer training. 

Hands-on training must also be improved at the 

homestation for the reserve component units. 

Only 14 of the 38 training days available to reserve 

component units are spent at AT. Materiel from 

the Fort McCoy combat Engineer Training Packages is being used at the homestation for the 

reserve component unit. Units transport the 

materiel to homestation, conduct the training and 

return the materiel to Fort McCoy. 

Major Eldon R. Johansen is Chief of the 

Engineer Team, U. S. Army Readiness Region V 

Readiness Group, Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. He has 

commanded training companies at Fort Leonard 

Wood, Missouri; a serwice platoon in Germany; 

and an engineer light equipent company in 

Vietnam. His staff assignments have been at U. S. 

Army Communications Zone, Europe; U. S. Army 

Engineer Command, Vietnam; and the 809th 

Engineer Bat talwn in Thailand. His civilian education includes a bachelors degree in civil engineering and a masters degree with specialization in 

sanitary engineering. Major Johansen is a registered professional engineer. 
7 

4 

SFC Thomas W. Burruss 

Suppose you heard a story like this: 

A funny thing happened to me on my way to 

Thompkins Basin today. I met, would you believe, 

a talking Mobile Assault Bridge (MAB) named 

"MOE." "MOE MAB to be exact, and he told me 

that his crew members had just received a brand 

new manual called "The Soldiers Manual for 

Mobile Assault Bridge (MAB) Operators." He was 

really excited, and his excitement prompted me to 

ask more about this wondrous new piece of literature. Our conversation went something like this: 

ME: Tell me Moe, just what is a Soldiers 

Manual? 

MOE: It is a manual that provides the individual 

soldier with a description of what the US Army 

and his superiors expect him to know and be able 

to do. It also provides a uniform training plan to 

be used by his unit commander and NCOIC for his 

OJT. You see, the basic objective of the manual is 

to qualify my crew members as efficient Mobile 

Assault Bridge operators. Once they have been 

trained in all the tasks outlined within the manual 

they can operate me effectively with a minimum of 

supervision. Upon completion of their training 

they should be able to pass the Skill Qualification 

Tests (SQT)given to determine their proficiency. 

ME: Wow! It must be a pretty big book. 

MoE: Not at The "ldiers is designed under the new systems approach to training and while thorough, it is brief and concise so 

that my crew members can easily carry it 

anywhere they go. 

ME: Tell me more, Moe. What sort of subjects 

are contained in this Soldiers Manual? 

MOE: Well, first the manual tells how to qualify 

for training as a MAB operator. Then it outlines 

the career progression of the Bridgeman to include 

his job description, his place within the Army, his 

career progression, and how he can supplement his 

training on his own. Through the use of its task 

----? 

, 

-

L-- -

- -- -

\ 

7

- -- 2 

---?? -

lists and training outlines (Jo PTask Su ma23 

Sheets), my crew members can see exactly what \ 

tasks they are expected to perform and,\ more 

importantly, to what standard. As irn added 

feature to the 12C Bridgeman Soldiers fianual,h r 

there 

for each 

are 

model 

two appendices 

of the MAB. 

on water 

They 

operations, 

give a step-byone b- step course of events that take place during water 

operations and tells each of my crew member 

what he is to be doing durindeach phase of,dwatA 


operations. 
 Y 

ME: All of that is great 


crew really know when they are ready to pass 


their SQT? 

. 

MOE? In the.back of the Soldiers Manual there is 

an appkndix on Training Skills Development and 

another ,~ne on Training Evaluation. If my Crew 

members van pass the tests in the Training 

, Evaluation Section, they should be able to pass the 

.J ~QT. , . -

ME:doe, tiis new Soldiers Manual sounds great. 

Where can I get one? 

mE:- The manual is already in the field in draft 

:m for ,validation by ~rmy Mobile Assault 

Bridge units; however, the final COPY will not be 

available until later in CY 76 when all of the 

CMF-12 Soldiers Manuals are to be completedThat's the story. Would you believe it? Well, 

whether you believe the story about the talking 

MAB or not, you can believe the part about the 

Soldiers Manuals. No, don't applaud yet! We're 

not quite "out of the woods," but this type of 

manual is a "giant step," toward getting into the 

hands of operators a one-stop study guide for their 

particular MOS. We at the Engineer School 

believe we are headed in the right direction. 

Therefore, MOE MAB makes one request of you. If 

you have one of these Soldiers Manuals and have 

had a chance to review it, please write and tell us 

what you think of it. If the feedback is good, we're 

going to conlinue in this format for other MOSS. 

Remember, MOE is waiting to hear from you and 

SO are we. 

Sergeant First Class Thomas W. Burrus is a 

Project OfJieer for the Indiwi&ual Training fiwisin, 

Directorate of Training Development, USAES. 

A of the combat Engineer Non-commissioned officercourse(CENCO) in G~~~~~ 

and the Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Career 

Development Course at Ft. ~enjakln Harrison, 

Indiana, he served with the 42d Engineer 

Company, Berlin Brigade, the 1st Engineer Battalion, 1st Infantmy Diwision, and the US Armv 

Recruiting C&nrnakd in Philadelphia. His last tour 

of duty was with the 23d Engineer Battalion, 

Hanau, Germany, as a platoon sergeant and race 

relations, alcohol and drug counselor. 
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIITIT rm/ 


LTC Edward G. Rapp 

I 

The Corps of Engineers 

The Corps of Engineers is the world's largest 

engineering organization. It supports the Army 

and the nation by its military and civil engineering 

works. Nearly 5,000 commissioned active duty 

officers make up its military leadership. To be a 

successful engineer officer you must be a sol&ier, 

an engineer and a person willing to dare and do. 

The Corps of Engineers is a combat branch of the 

Army but service with the Corps as a member of 

the Engineer specialty is open to all qualifyi 

officers without regard to branch. The thrust "s. 

this article is to provide insight so that you migA 

assess your talents and examine your prospects 

for success as an Army Engineer under the Officer 

Personnel Management System (OPMS). 
4 b w b d 

(n\ 

History 

The Engineer history and heritage is long and 

colorful. The Corps of Engineers of today traces 

its lineage directly to an order given, on 16 June 

1775, by General George Washington, appointing 

Colonel Richard Gridley as Chief Engineer. The 

first mission, prepare the defense of Bunker Hill 

against the British attack. But long before -back 

into the antiquity of organized battle -the art of 

war had been dependent in large measure on the 

skill and technology of its soldier-engineers. The 

Corps of Engineers is fundamentally a military 

engineering organization in which the ability to 

fight as infantry is inherent in its mission. All 

other missions - civil engineering, geodetic studies, civil works, scientific research and others - are offshoots. It is this basic purpose, that of 

engaging and destroying an enemy in battle, which 

US Army engineers must always be prepared to 

accomplish. 

Job Functions of Engineer Officers 

To better visualize the scope of the job 

qands to be placed on you as an engineer 

,*ricer, we should look briefly at the functional 

areas within the ENGINEER specialty. These 

functions are described concisely in Army Regulation 611-101 as follows: 

"Encompasses positions concerned with the 

tactical employment of engineer units. Evaluates 

intelligence, estimates situations, and formulates 

decisions. Coordinates deplovment with other 

units. Commands attacheAd elements. Directs 

communications, locations and construction of 

positions and camouflaging of positions and equipment. Directs employment of demolition munitions, barriers and fortifications systems. Optimizes the use of available engineer equipment, 

materials, and time to enhance mobility and 

combat power of the combined arms team. Directs 

topographic and geographic intelligence operations 

to include the production and dissemination of 

maps and geodetic data. Directs employment of 

engineer resources in military construction, facilities management and those cid works tasked to 

the Army. Directs training, administration, supply, maintenance, transportation and security 

activities of units. Prepares to fight as Infantry." 

Within this broad specialty function, the Army 

has identified and categorized four major groupings of positions, all of which require similar skill 

qualifications and within which duties are closely 

related. These are Combat Engineer, Construction Engineer, Engineer Management Officer and 

Topographic Engineer. Listed below are descriptions of each of these job areas and the special 

skills necessary for success in the job at the basic 

level. For flexibility in personnel management and 

to meet combat contingencies, it is desired that 

officers be cross trained and obtain experience in 

as many of the following job areas as practical. As 

a general rule, the more duties that an officer can 

respond to with in-depth expertise, the greater his 

worth as an engineer officer. 

Combat Engineer: Officers assigned to these jobs 

command or assist the commander or an engineer 

unit engaged in combat engineering. There are no 

specific prerequisite skill requirements; however, 

a degree in engineering or engineering-related 

disciplines is desired. Officers are trained to basic 

entry skill levels at the Engineer Officer Basic 

Course. Typical duty positions include assign-
~ ~ 

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT GUIDE ENGINEER SPECIALTY (7% 


Fig. 1 	 I ,;I 

PHASES OF CIVIL EDUCATION 

DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONAL ASSIGNMENT 

(GRADE AND MILITARY SPECIALTY SPECIALTY OPPORTUNITIES 


UTILIZATION EDUCATION PROGRAMS DISCIPLINES EDUCATION (NOT ALL 


INDEX) AND COURSES INCLUSIVE) 


COLONEL PHASE Bnpsds/Grou~ Commander 

OTILIZATION INDEX 	 Dollr,ct Engineer 

1%) .77 	 Engineer Stall OIlicsr 


Fs;dvties Engineer 


Enginar Max~mum utlllza!ion of 	 TOPWC*D~~C 

dewlot>edEnginer men- Iostru~~wlPMS 

agrrcdl and execulaw Advisor 

talents ~neither Enginrer Rwr~iting 

$I*.C,.I," 01 s1,rrnate In-lor Gencrnl 

IVPCIIIIV. 

LIEUTENANT Army War Colleg' COOPERATIVE Raleranca' DA Pam. 3514 B.ltslion Cwnnundar 
 COLONEL PHASE AMWnr Callrge DEGREE Engineer Stell Olfirar 
 lndU%lrlsl COIIeg' 01 lhs PROGRAM 	 Raadent Engoner UTlLiZATlON INDEX ~,rned~orce, 	 Stall Ofl8cer L-1 0,tsnrsrion Fkil~lie. Enganrsr 1%) .70 	 Nal~onalW~IColleg Pretequ~~~~e3: Senlor OIIscer Prormttv. TrnOp.aDhl~ Engin*., 
 Nevy War Colleg. Allelsdsncr nt Metntcnance In~trmlorlPMS 
 oroterrtanal 


d?ullq,ment In both 01 hlensu Stud~v General Stall or CornMt ch7eralbont R~~rulling
 Fnvt?car ~~rcielty Canadsan Nettonal Scrvlcs lnursctor Ganry 


CD-~~~TIUP Brmtish Royal Colicg Comma4 and 	 Scnoor Ollacer OIlen~stisn Ad"i~), 

and %,~>sw 

~lvr~qtbot-d hlsnso Collrg. Collrqe. Dluepl#na eltarnots REGISTRATION GOAL 

.~>cmeIty. French E'coln Svrrr<rurr W~I suvJoor!e8the,

do Gucrre lh81WI.CO~I~Y R~),%llolaon ~n an Eng-oes, 
on

Inlw.Ampl~~lnDDlrn~ tbn sltr?nats T.alnlnp alrd a,. P,"I*.,,W.I 


Cnllcw wrcml?y. Enymcrs drwr+bl. goal.. 


08 

Army War Collrga %n-


Rrstdnrvl Carrv Normal w~~wl 
 of 


stud" 


6 #nonlh%t,nmrdl 
 Pi etely eft.-, mm. 


Pl.,lO" ol s(nw 


MAJOR PllASE Army Command and COUIIP$. ADVANCED PRIMARY SPECIALTY Cost Estdmatang lor Englnars Englnssr Stell Wlirar Gnaral Slall Collrgn PROGRAM EDUCATION Dc1.n- Conlrscl Adrnonoslralmn Tmovwhic Eng4near 
 UTILIZATION INDEX A,, Comrnmd and Ut,l,,~rmn Drlenla Canursc, Law Factlo!~s# EqI-r 
 .76 Slsll Collr~a nr-aua!rd. DCP IAR 671.1 I G,eduala Awlox-male Engacvcr Cma Conl,sctq IFseld Are. Englns.r
 C<,htonurnrnlrll#onml Armed Fovcrs st.11 SSCICGSC "an P I s Edura,,on Msx GI.& only1 I"st.YC101
 rll.H,lO"rn.nl 8" hth Col.," 	 18 Mnlns ol Frsl,~sct Ewmnrmg Mgmt A,)u,uy Eori8w.1~III"CS~IIYend Colll,p ol Nor" 	 Ulal,ratmon BUSINESS 3% 01 Rrot Ma~~ng. Cnurtong. and Geodav 
 Rs~rvil#q III~II(IIIOIC~I~I!~I~I.~~Colnma*rl nnd Stall 3 vraw Nmlrar and Cnam Te1g.t An* I~WCSIOI
 G.rnl.1 ~~~~~c~oltv. Mnaae CO~PI Cnmnulnl 	 ORSA An8lv.t 

and Sloll Co1ll.m ADPRID IAR 611. Coml~!r~~~l~vr~hat~ 


School Ol lh? AWIC.% I01 1 AOPS Bu%lna:5s 


Amy Comm.nd mrt Pw60d of Sludr Lnglsllc\ Mall~p.ne1~1 


G*nrtal Sldl Colf~ua 15 month% PC(YU.CIM~# 


NOII-RP.S~I~.~~Cou.. UTQI-,~!!"~ 


3 ymr%ROTC ENGINEERING BO%ol Ran 


Full" Furrlw? C1v.9 Engmtrvoang 

IAR621.11 Eny#ll..?rsc>qMana~~mml 

P~.ucxl 01 Stud" Anonamacol Erqmnrs.~ng 

UNDER. I8 rnunlhs Nul-lvrr EfIt~ul Enqlnprllrp 


CAPTAIN PHASE ADVANCED COURSE GRADUATE ~(,#.r~~~on cnrrncal E ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ . . ~ ~ ~ Canpaov Commandor 
 DEGREE 3 yt.rvs Elqll?w#.ns Ph",,<. Enganaar Stall Ollrar 
 UTlLl7ATfON INDEX tAlte#nr!a $#xrlalxvuu.ll. PROGRAM ORSA Enq,n~.vln(l Twoprwhlc EWn-r 
 .R1 ~lvt~~g~~iw~v~on ava,lai,te Snrlcc Oblipln.on AUPS E~~,O.P~,W


thtu tna.r~.tand -on. nivw vPa,r lot Fsc,l,,lo, Enp,ncar DCP IAR 671 1) Cl"l1 Enp,ncn 
 PIoIL.,,IO~~C~I~I~.rn.l~l)#n~.c~! ICS,O,,~~ I.&@? VJI 18% IC~~OO! PHYSICAL SCIENCE ~~~8 Plpsllne Eng,n.a 
 In~(IULtI~II.l I0 <montlls 0, lwsI I1% LII 


th," .l,,l,1l8"1.*,, ,2111,1111. 0, ,>111110" ,11..11.01. lns?rucaa 
 ,1811,atn,mrs<l ~r..~,c~ but no! tm,rr Grncc..~~~ 


thvv Advnncrd Cnuerv Thler lour rl..,r. Toyoyrat*~~ Rscrultlng Wlsqr 


l..rl UI OI,I,~~,~~ lhrn Sc.rncc 	 Adwoxw 1,, 6 Pnofoylsmln.~ry 


TIIIIIIIIIIJ. A C D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O Y ~ *"ih vrlr an %rho08 P~V$ICI 
 Mwcllnp.C)ucllng. G&env n%*nlc#llhr tonllold as 	 th.v~~ol, Nwlrrc Ph~%~rt Engamer Euu~pmnv Olllre, 01 t~o~l~on 


Inany oll~cr!~ but lul ??>or*0h.n Cn3oul1q).
 "I I,UI$IIIIF 


0111101,Ullll" 1LII m">,lOlly lour I...,. SOCIAL SC'ENCE 64 01 Rw ~lomru.~~I,~~~~ ~	 ~ ~ ~ t ,
 ~ C1>#I1I?*lld. Scrcldl For- Wiacu, I1L1 and Far.qn Are. Stuln lM-1 'TOP 5\ PRGM 	 Pdlhlmncl~s FOR USh<A 6 Rang"# Al,wrnc ROTC OhlG 

IAR 611.11. 

LIEUTENANT PHASE Rarlc Oluzm P.~.nll 01 Svudv 	 PI.t00" b.&r 

I8monlh~ Cmpany Execu18r. OIlIcs, 
 UTILIZATION INDEX UIci~l~lmn Enpl~tf Sl~lf 
 Ollcar


.97 3 rrrr~ E~LPI ollrr, .llould hare an u&,- Tmo~rwhac Eng#nasr 


ptllurle deve~. Tralnlop OII,cer 
 C"~~"~~~~,~ <I.."L~I<>",%I~~>, s.rricr O.llylllOn

ACIIU~I?hn,C I~)~IIIUII Thll.c rlan lor 

cno5nh.r~nq\nn\rlsn]r ~lil'Y~II 8" lchO01 

4,rcI ~~~.>l#<nul?? P#~W(,CII 	 01 1101.0n Ihrll01, BASIC ENlRY EDUCATION 

I~(,MII.I lhbO r.l*.<t~#VI. 	 Dun not moru than 

lmr >*a?<. UNDERGRADUATE DISC! 

DISCIPLINES 

<ln, 

'tllrc~~r 

of 197H

rlth 

,nr 

~hr Bxc.dau~rnvr

nlxl~,.dn.,,.~,~ Dqr.,c SC,~.,C.

sn Enylnerlr.p 

ol E y,rwcl 

n ~,#.u,%<fol llud~*mil ,ela..d ,l,u,iil,-r ,l,*,r..d. Each

w-cu, 'fu,<..y lo"r!,l oI'~c<',?lo"", a,. "l.r*,. 

thrni,,+ rrntn ,err g~~l+ate "eqwe. 

7 

I 
ments as commanders and staff officers in combat 

0gineer battalions. Because of the combat orienion of these units, females are precluded. There 

are a limited number of positions in this duty field 

available to females. These are Engineer Staff 

Officer positions in organizations whose mission is 

not directly related to combat such as school, 

training, and research organizations. 

Construction Engineer: Officers assigned to these 

jobs command or assist the commander of an engineer unit engaged in heavy combat engineering. 

The qualification and training for this duty field 

are parallel to that of a combat engineer. The 

difference is that these officers serve in combat 

heavy engineer battalions, port construction units, 

pipeline construction units, and other units engaged in heavy engineer construction roles. 

Engineer Management Officer: Officers in these 

jobs command or serve on a staff in an engineer 

organization engaged in the management of the 

Army's civil works and military construction 

programs or in the operations and maintenance of 

installation facilities. To qualify for jobs in this 

duty field, an individual must have a bachelors 

degree in engineering or have equivalent military 

civil experience or training. 

.opographic Engineer: Officers in these jobs 

command or assist the commander of an engineer 

unit or organization engaged in topographic or 

geographic operations. Officers must have a 

bachelors degree in an engineering field or in 

geology, geography, geophysics, photogrammetry, 

lithography, geodesy, or climatology or have had 

equivalent practical experience and training. 

The Officer Personnel Management System 

The Officer Personnel Management System 

came into being in April 1972. The major objective 

of this system is to develop officers in the right 

numbers with the proper skills to satisfy Army 

requirements at successively higher grades to the 

grade of colonel. The major feature of the system 

is dm1 specialty development. This is a step away 

from the traditional generalist approach to officer 

development and a step toward specialization in 

two of the 46 identified Army specialties. The 

system is a rational approach which manages 

officers both by rank and by skill on multiple 

career pathways designed to provide the education 

and experience needed to meet Army specialty 

pquirements of progressively greater responsiility and authority. Engineer is only one of the 46 

Army specialties. All Corps of Engineers officers 

enter active duty service in the Engineer specialty 

but later in their career participate in depth in at 

least one other Army specialty. Officers from 

other branches may enter the Engineer specialty 

at their seventh year of service. 

The professional development patterns available to officers in the Engineer specialty are 

diverse. Figure 1shows a matrix of the types of 

duty assignments an officer might obtain as he 

progresses throughout a career. It is particularly 

important to note the objectives listed for each of 

the professional development phases of a career. 

Further, it is important to understand that an 

engineer officer does not spend his entire career 

so!ely in the engineer specialty. 

Success as an Army Engineer is primarily a 

function of an individual officer's ability to acquire 

and apply knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values 

related to the duties assigned. Individuals gain 

these qualities and attributes through study and 

experience. Some can only be gained by study or 

other vicarious means. We still believe that the 

central quality and attribute for success as an 

Army engineer, in addition to engineer skills, is 

the ability to command. While the ability to 

command remains a central quality and attribute, 

actual command above company level is only one 

of many pathways to success for Army Engineers. 

Branch vs Specialty 

Now that the theory of OPMS has been 

described, let's discuss the gut questions. Can an 

Infantryman survive in the Engineer specialty? Is 

the Corps of Engineers parochial or professional 

toward engineers in other branches? These are 

the critical questions that need to be assessed 

before an individual chooses Engineer as an 

alternate specialty. The answer is yes, the Corps 

of Engineers is parochial. We have a proud 

heritage, but that heritage was achieved through 

professional soldiering and engineering. But, if 

you are a professional soldier and have engineer 

skills, you can succeed -no matter what branch 

brass you wear. All avenues to career success 

within the Engineer specialty are open. Further, 

the specialty is understrength, particularly at the 

grade of major, which makes your chances for 

success even better. The only questions that 

remain are: Do you qualify? and Are you willing 

to accept the challenge? If the answers are yes, 

the Engineer specialty needs you. You can serve 

with the United States Army Corps of Engineers. 

If you are already a member of the Engineer 

specialty - pass on the word. 

LTC Rapp is assigned as Chief of the Plans 

Branch, Professional Development Division, Officer Personnel Directorate, MILPERCEN. He is a 

graduate of the Command and General Staff 

College, holds a masters degree in ciwil engineering and is a registered professional engineer. 

17 
I 

James R. Jancaitis 

Knowledge of the "lay of the land" has long 

been an obvious necessity for people from many 

sectors, both public and private. On topographic 

map sheets, description of the form or shape of the 

earth's surface is accomplished by the use of 

contour lines. A contour line is the projection on 

a map of an imaginary line on the earth, every point 

of which is at the same elevation. By combining 

contour lines for numerous, usually equally 

spaced, elevation values, a two-dimensional representation of the terrain is created by the cartographer. The visualization of terrain from the relief 

information (contour lines) contained on a standard 

map sheet, however, has long been recognized as a 

problem for large numbers of people who must use 

these maps in the day-to-day performance of their 

duties. This difficulty of getting an accurate 

"mental picture" is due in part to the difficulty 

encountered by the cartographer in portraying the 

three-dimensional surface utilizing only lines on a 

two-dimensional sheet. This approach has been 

adapted for presentation of terrain relief because 

it is the only method which allows for the accurate, 

simultaneous portrayal of both ground elevation 

and cultural information, correctly registered and 

scaled. Acquisition of the data required to produce the contour lines is a time consuming and 

expensive process normally involving high-resolution aerial photography, sophisticated electrooptical equipment and highly skilled personnel. 

Some time ago the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Labratories (USAETL) at Fort Belvoir, 

Virginia, pioneered the development of the Universal Automatic Map Compilation Equipment 

(UNAMACE) which greatly increased the speed 

with which the basic elevation data can 

gathered. One of the products of this equipmq 

(or its predecessors) is a digital terrain model 

(DTM), a fine, equally spaced grid of terrain 

elevation measurements. Currently, the DTM is 

utilized to produce the desired contour lines via 
efficient computer programs. It must be emphasized that the use of UNAMACE, although more 

cost-effective and efficient than previous equipment and techniques, is still expensive and time 

consuming. It has long been known, and through 

background studies USAETL has demonstrated, 

that a more easily interpretable (though less 

"measurable") visual display of the terrain, a 

profile perspective view, can be formed via 

computer processing when the DTM is available. 

The profile perspective view of a surface is 

generated when a rectilinear grid is laid on the 

surface and then viewed from some convenient 

vantage point (see fig. 1).The general effect is as 

though a luminescent fish net has been placed over 

the terrain and then viewed in the dark. Studies 

at USAETL have shown that three-dimensional 

terrain displays such as this can be generated in 

near real time on cathode ray tubes (television) 

utilizing minicomputers. Current technology 

would allow for the storage for immediate access 

:n DTM s covering the area of approximately 

-1:50,000 map sheets. Development of a prodype system is planned for the coming years. 

Display sophistications envisioned include the 

simultaneous and selective display of vegetation, 

culture, and special purpose information. 

Fig. 1 

Related tasks involving information contained 

in the DTM that will be concurrently investigated 

for solution by this system include line-of-sight, 

trafficability, areas of defilade, and fields-of-fire 

computations. Expected advances in digital computer storage technology could have a significant 

and favorable impact on the amount of area 

coverage available on-line. Using optical-videodigital disc technology, it is feasible to store up to 

6,000 three-dimensional terrain maps, at a scale of 

1:50,000, on one small (12"diameter) flexible disc. 

The major problem foreseen for implementation of 

a field system is the creation of the necessary 

digital data bases because of the time and expense 

required. 

Mr. James R. Jancaitis is a project engineer at 

the US. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories 

( USAETL), Fort Belvoir, VA. Before joining ETL 

one year ago, he served as a principal investigator 

on DoD R&D contracts while on the staff of the 

University of Virginia in Charlottesville, VA. Mr. 

Jancaitis holds the BS degree from the College of 

William and Mary and a Master's degree in 

Engineering from University of Virginia. He has 

authored 26 technical publications involving 12 

technical presentations. 

him. 
He was a professional warrior whose credentials included two Purple Hearts, three Distinguished Service Crosses, seven Silver Stars, a 

Bronze Star, over sixty foreign decorations and, of 

course, a Congressional Medal of Honor. When his 

career ended abruptly in 1951, he was the most 

decorated soldier in the history of the U.S. 

military. 

But there's another chapter in the MacArthur 

legend few people ever hear about. It's the story 

of a Medal of Honor MacArthur almost received for 

his role in an espionage mission during the United 

States occupation of Veracruz, Mexico, in 1914. 

Diplomatic relations between the United States 

and Mexico had been anything but cordial since 

the assasination of Mexican President Francisco 

Madero in 1911. Madero was a "good guy" in the 

eyes of the U.S.; he'd replaced a "bad guy" 

dictator and showed promise of bringing democracy to Mexico. 

But when Madero was shot from under his 

white hat, he was replaced by another baddie-a 

callous, reactionary general named Victoriano 

Huerta. President Wilson didn't care for the new 

leader, and he showed his displeasure by embargoing all arms shipments to the Huerta regime. 

Further, Wilson demanded that all Mexico 

naval vessels give U.S. Navy vessels a 21-gun 

salute whenever they spotted an American flag 

prowling the Veracruz coast. 

With understandable indignation, Madero refused. After all, the U.S. ships refused to sho 

that courtesy to the Mexican flag. For a fh)" weeks, the two nations were locked in a stale ma^ 

Then President Wilson took action to resolve the 

matter-he sent in the military. 

One week and 500 casualties later, the U.S. 

Navy and Marine Corps occupied Veracruz. 

Huerta retreated to Mexico City and Wilson sent 

in a brigade of 7000 from the 2d Infantry Division 

to secure his hold on the port city. 

While President Wilson held his breath and 

prayed for the "little people" of Mexico to arise 

and overthrow their despotic leader, the War 

Department made preparations for an expeditionary force to advance on Mexico City. In the 

event of a war between the two nations, Major 

General Leonard Wood would command the march 

on the Mexican ca~ital. 

Mine eyes have seen MacArthz~r 

U'ith a Bible on his k,nee, 

A-typin ' IIU~comm.uniques 

For guys like you and me. 

"Our heavy hom.bers h,it Rubaul 

A& God 1:s. filled with glee!" 

While Mac goes marching on. 

-U.S. Navy so> 

On April 23, 1914, General Wood detailed his 

aide, a 34-year old engineer branch officer, to 

prepare for a special intelligence mission "to 

obtain through reconnaissance and other means 

consistent with the existing situation, all possible 

information which would be of value in connection 

with possible operations." Nine days later, Captain Douglas MacArthur arrived in Veracruz. 

Captain MacArthur reported to the commander 

of the occupying forces, Brigadier General 

Frederick Funston, and explained his mission. He 

was under orders from the War Department and 

would work independently of the general's command. 

With over 11,000 of Huerta's regulars surrounding the Veracruz perimeter, the situation 

was, at best, sticky for the young officer. No 

amount of explaining or apologizing could prevent 

a war with Mexico if MacArthur was discovered 

snooping about the Mexican countryside behind 

Huerta's lines. On May 3, General Funston wrote 

in his diary, "Trouble is, we, not being permittedto scout beyond outposts, cannot discovern! 

concentration made close there to. If a disas- .,) 

should result from this condition, I must not be 

held responsible." 

Meanwhile, back in Washington, General \Wood 
was making plans for a possible attack on Jalapa. 

he idea was to send Funston's brigade forward 6d seize the town for an "advance base." 

But the rainy season was on and Funston's 

forces didn't have enough mobility to break 

Huerta's lines and march on Jalapa-the only 

feasible approach would be to move the brigade by 

rail. There were plenty of railroad cars available 

but, alas, no engines. 

Plans for the attack were at a standstill until a 

captain from the 4th Infantry Regiment struck up 

a conversation with a drunken engineer from the 

Mexican railways. The engineer revealed there 

were quite a few engines in Alvarado, a town 40 

miles southwest of Veracruz. -

Ancl while possibly a ramor now, 


Some day it will he fact 


That the Lord unll hear a deep voice say, 


"lMo?~eover God, it's Mac." 


-U.S. Marine Corps song 

Upon hearing news of the precious engines, 

MacArthur offered the engineer and two of his 

companions $150 in gold to lead him to the 

treasures. The bribe was accepted, and on May 6, 

e foursome set out for Alverado by handcar. 

pne trip went smoothly for MacArthur and his 

compadres; shortly after one o'clock the next 

morning, they pumped their way into Alvarado. 

When they reached the rail yard, MacArthur 

was pleasantly surprised-three of the five 

engines they found were in excellent condition. 

The "meat" of his mission accomplished, MacArthur headed back for Veracruz. 

The return trip proved much more eventful, as 

MacArthur later described in his report to General 

Wood: 

"At Salinas, while moving around the town with 

one of my men .. . we were halted by five armed 

men .. . We started to run for it and they opened 

fire and followed us. We outdistanced all but two 

and in order to preserve our lives I was obliged to 

fire upon them. Both went down . . . At Piedra, under somewhat similar circumstances and in a driving mist, we ran flush into 

about fifteen men of the same general type. We 

were among them before I realized and were 

immediately in the center of a melee. I was 

knocked down by the rush of horsemen and had 

three bullets through my clothes, but escaped 

unscratched. My man was shot in the shoulder but 

ntseriously injured. At least four of the enemy 

?re brought down and the rest fled. After bandaging up my wounded man we proceeded north 

with all speed available. 

Near Laguna we were again encountered and 

fired upon by three mounted men who kept up a 

running fight with the hand car. I did not return 

this fire. All but one of these men were distanced, 

but this one man, unusually well mounted, overhauled and passed the car. He sent one bullet 

through my shirt and two others that hit the car 

within six inches of me, and I then obliged to bring 

him down. His horse fell across the front of the 

car and on the track, and we were obliged to 

remove the carcass before proceeding." 

MacArthur returned to Veracruz unharmed 

and sent his report to General Wood. The information he gathered on the mission was never 

relayed to General Funston during the occupation 

of Veracruz, and the proposed attack on Jalapa 

never materialized. 

In late November of that year, General Wood 

recommended MacArthur for the Congressional 

Medal of Honor, citing his former aide for "an 

amount of enterprise and courage worthy of high 

commendation." 

He was the best soldier t.he United States 

produced during World War II. 

-Field Marshall Viscount Montgomery 

In mid-January, a board of officers from the 

General Staff was convened to consider the case. 

On February 9, 1915, the board decided: 

"Captain MacArthur's distinguished gallantry 

in action consisted in making the reconnaissance at 

the risk of his life. But the board questions the 

advisability of this enterprise having been undertaken without the knowledge of the commanding 

general on the ground. . . To bestow the award 

recommended might encourage any other staff 

officer, under similar conditions, to ignore the local 

commander, possibly interfering with the latter's 

plans with reference to the enemy." 

Although MacArthur contested the board's 

decision, criticizing the officers' "rigid narrowness 

and lack of imagination," the decision was never 

reversed. 

But this was not the last time MacArthur 

would be recommended for a Medal of Honor and 

then refused it. There was also that time on the 

fields of France during World War I. But then, 

that's another chapter. . . 

Specialist Montgomery is stationed with HHC, 

2d Battalion, US Army Engineer School Brigade, 

Ft. Be lvoir, Virginia. He graduated from the 

Defense Information School in December, 1973, 

and spent the fobwing two years working for 

Army newspapers at Ft. Dix,Ft. Ord and the 2d 

Infantry Division in South Korea. 
ever, project disappointments might be avoided, if 

a plan devised by a Bryan, Texas-based Army 

reserve engineer unit, is applied. 

The plan, called Construction Unit Evaluation 

SSGT William S. Herridge System (CUES), was developed by members of the 

420th Engineer Brigade's engineering staff. The 

A "can do" attitude often isn't enough to get a plan, the Reservists say, can provide military 

military construction job done, as many construe construction managers with a quantitative meation managers learn once the task is begun. How- sure of an engineer unit's productive capabilityCODE DESCRIPTOR TOE SKILLS 

1 General Construction apprentice, painter, lumber stacker, sawmill worker, fork lift op, sawmill yard worker, log 

scaler, cbt construction sp, cbt demo sp, pioneer, utilities helper, construction helper, lumber iack 

apprentice. 

2 Surveyor COnSt surveyor, rodman tapeman. construction survey recorder 

3 carpenter Carpenter helper, shipwright 

4 Electrician Nuclear elec equip op, heavy, cable splicer. heavy cable splicer helper, high voltage lineman, substation 

elec, substation elec apprentice. 

Plumber Heating and vent sp, sheetmetal worker, pipefitter. 

Mason 

Structures sp Rigger 

Refrigeration Sp 

Diver 

Welder Welder apprentice, blacksmith. marine welder 

Pipeline Sp Pipeline apprentice, pipeline truck driver 

Marine Engr Dredge crewman, assistant dredge crewman, crewman, assistant crewman, deckhand, assistant deckhand 

LumberJack Sawmill crewman, sawmill operator. timber cruiser, lumber grader tallyman, millwright 

Crane Shovel Op Hoist op, pile driver op, crane op 

Loader Op 

Tractor Op 

Air Compressor Op 

18 Dump Truck (5T) Heavy veh dr, heavy dump truck dr 

19 Concrete Mech 0p Concrete production sp, cement mixer op 

20 Grader Op 

Crusher Op Quarry mach op. powderman, quarry wagon op, well driller 

Ditching Mach Op Intrenching mach op 

Asphalt Distr Op Asphalt production sp, asphalt equip helper, asphalt finisher op 

Power Roller Op 

Water Distr Op 

Wash & Screen Op 

Nuclear Mech Equip Op Boiler op, nuclear instrument op, radiation proc control sp 

Generator Equip Op Power genr equip helper, generator switchboard op 

Powerboat Op Harbor craft op, tender op, drag tender, leverman 

Rotary Tiller Op 

Motor Scraper Op 

FIG. 1 

Indigenous Augmentation -Considered on theater.by .theater basis 
an important piece of data when planning a 

construction project. 

CUES, according to its designers, isolates each 

construction skill, identifies personnel shortages, 

shows an evaluation of individual skill proficiencies, identifies the number of proficient manhours 

available per skill and per day, and assigns an 

overall capability index to the unit as well as to 

each skill involved. 

The 420th engineers, commanded by BG O.D. 

Butler, had plenty of talent to draw from while 

devising the system, since most engineers in the 

unit are either practicing professional engineers or 

engineering professors at nearby Texas A&M 

University. 

MAJ Rockwood Dunham, from the Office of the 

Chief of Engineers, provided assistance during the 

formative stages of the system. He was assisted 

by MAJ Jerry Selby, an engineer with the State 

Department of Highways and Public Transportation and now executive officer with the 871st 

Engineer Battalion in Austin; LTC Woodrow Free, 

civilian Staff Training Assistant and the unit's S-3; 

and MAJ Delton Kittrell, also a highway department engineer and head of the 420th'~ Engineer 

Section. 

The system depends heavily on codes assigned 

to each construction skill represented in the 

construction unt. A study is then made on the 

proficiency level of each man in each of the 31 skill 

codes devised by the Reservists. (See Fig. 1) 

Total authorized manhours are entered on the 

CUES worksheet, when manhours available at 

proficiency levels, or total adjusted manhours, are 

entered for each skill code. 

The skill index, or actual percentage of proficiency for each skill code, is combined for all skill 

codes to arrive at an average unit index, or 

proficiency level. 

SAMPLE 

MANHRS 

AUTH AVAIL 

BY FR MTOE 

MTOE AUTH 7 

GENERAL 

CARPENTER 

ELECTRICIAN 

PLUMBER 

MASON 

STRUCTURAL SPEC 

CRANE SHOVEL 3 

AIR COMP 3 

CONCRETE MACH 3 

DUMP TRUCK 3 

WELDER 3 

LOADER 3 4 

CRAWLER TRACT 3 4 

GRADER 3 4 

POWER ROLLER 3 

WATER DIST 3 P 

WHEEL TRACTOR 3 A 

COMPANY B 871st ENGINEER EN TOE 5-118G SAMPLE 

ASSIGNED PERSONNEL AT PROFICIENCY LEVELS 

IN PERCENT 

SHORT I 

OR 0 20 40 b0 80 100 120 I40 110 

MANHOURS AVAILABLE AT PROFICIENCY LEVELS 

IN PERCENT 

1 

20 PO 60 80 100 170 140 160 

TOTAL 

ADJUSTED 

MANHOURS 

AVAILABLE 

SKILL 

INDEX 

UNIT 

INDEX 
Although the CUES form, Fig. 1-1, is fairly 

self-explanatory, a brief discussion of each portion 

of the table might prove helpful to construction 

managers wishing to apply the system to their 

own needs. 

Column 1is a list of construction skills in the 

unit. The list is determined by the manager, and 

should represent all construction skills in the unit. 

However, the list may be limited, for simplification, only to those skills which the manager 

considers critical. 

While column 2 shows the number of men 

authorized by the Table of Organizational Equipment (TOE), column 3 establishes the number of 

manhours per skill that would be available at 100 

per cent strength. 

Column 4 displays the supervisor's own evaluation of the proficiency of each individual, and the 

number of men at each level in each skill. 

Under that portion of the form, subcolumns 

identify the number of men in each skill who 

cannot perform at all, or who are just able to 

accomplish minimal tasks within the skill. At the 

top end of the evaluation are master craftsmen 

who can outperform those men rated at 100 per 

CRITICAL PATH METHOD 


cent, according to criteria set down in Army 

publications. 

The assigned personnel at proficiency levelq 

column displays personnel shortages and the ,/ 

status of individual proficiency-information which 

indicates requirements for special personnel procurement efforts, training programs training projects and redistribution of personnel within the 

organization. 

Columns 5 and 6 display computed manhours 

available for each skill. The figures are obtained 

by multiplying the number of men at a given 

proficiency level by the productive hours per shift, 

and by the respective proficiency factor. 

The "total adjusted manhours per day available" represents the number of men with a given 

skill which an organization can mobilize each day. 

The skill index, column 7, is obtained by 

dividing the available adjusted manhours by the 

manhours authorized by MTOE/TOE, representing the percentage of productive manhours the 

organization can mobilize based on the manhours 

authorized. 

The unit index, column 8, represents the ability 

of a unit to complete its construction mission. 

NOS SKILL TAKEOFF 

FOR 

PROJECT PLANNING 

PROJECT 

PRf - FkB 

Q 

IhJSTALL ROOF 

Id STALL URINAL 

3 

SITE 

CLf ANye 

Q 

EQUIPMENT TAKE OFF 

FIG. 1-2 

-~ - I 

0-1 0-2 1-2 

2-i,3-4,4-5 211z TRUCK 

5-6 

COUC. MI%ER 

0-1 ,I-2 

5-6 LLP 

I 

I 

I 

. . 

35 

10 

17.5 

1 

~\ 

/ 

1 
The percentage figure is based on the total of the 

P1djusted manhours divided by the authorized 

lanhours, and if used alone, could possibly mask 

significant strengths or weaknesses in a unit's 

capability. 

Once the CUES report is prepared for a 

particular unit, only one step in the process of 

efficient construction management is completed. 

The CUES figures must then be related to the job 

at hand, to insure that each individual soldier 

receives maximum training, and, provided there is 

enough manpower, equipment hours available to 

complete the task. 

The 420th accomplishes the marriage of input 

information for useable reliability rates through 

the use of critical path method (CPM) figures, 

troop availability reports, and equipment take-off 

consolidations. 

The equipment take-off consolidation table, 

Figure 1-4, then enables the CUES planner to judge 

what equipment will be available, and what numbers-also important information when planning 

the unit's ability to get the job done. 

Each estimate is then posted to the Troop 

Availability sheet by project number, readily 

showing the estimated MOS utilization for each 

project, along with the total MOS utilization for 

the construction unit. 

The total estimated hours, compared with the 

total hours available, provides the unit construction manager and unit commander with a good 

idea of where he has too many hours of training 

for his personnel by MOS, and, by the same token, 

if not enough training has been provided to 

adequately prepare his personnnel in the 31 

critical skills. 

TROOP AVAILABILITY - ANNUAL TRAINING 1974 FIG. 1-3 

COMPANY B 871st ENGR BN SAN ANTONIO - TEXAS CAMP BULLIS, TEXAS 

UNIT HOME STATION AT SITE 

MOS JOB TITLE MOS NO NO. HR PER TOTAL MAN HOURS REQUIRED FOR EACH PROJECT TOTAL 

ASSIGNED DAY HOURS (Estimate from CPM) ESTIMATE 

CUES AVBL NO 1-74 NO 2-74 NO 3-74 NO 4-74 NO 5-74 NO 6-74 HOURS 

Carpenter 51820 15 76 760 

The CPM is a graphic means of determining 

the relationships between tasks associated with 

any project, as the example in Figure 1-2 demonstrates. Troop availability provides the basis for 

consolidating the CPM requirements and CUES 

availability of the 31 skill codes to the construction 

mission. 

The Troop Availability figures, as shown in 

Figure 1-3, receive Military Occupation Skill codes 

(MOS) and number assigned to each skill from the 

36 120 89 247 138 o 630 

In the example, the estimated hours is 630, 

while total available hours is 760, showing that the 

unit lacks 130 hours of carpenter training to 

satisfy the training needs of the carpenters. The 

manager, therefore, should request additional 

carpenter work on the coming project. 

The engineers of the 420th are putting CUES 

to work for them to predetermine the capabilities 

of the Brigade's 34 subordinate units to accomplish 

the tasks assigned them. 

EQUIPMENT TAKE-OFF CONSOLIDATION FIG. 1.4 

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR EACH PROJECT TOTAL 

EQUIPMENT NOMENCLATURE ASSIGNED NO 1-74 

Dozer D-8 4 4 

CUES report, and the hours per day input is taken 

from the CUES report in the Total Adjusted Manhours Available column. 

Total hours available, therefore, is a simple 

multiplication of the hours per day times the 

number of available working days. 

Manhours required for each project comes from 

ne CPM as shown in Figure 1-2. This is the 

estimate made by the project officer/NCO of the 

hours of training by MOS number that he 

estimates will be required to complete the project. 

NO 2-74 NO 3-74 NO 4-74 NO 5-74 ESTIMATED HOURS 

36 80 80 16 216 

While this discussion of the system is not a 

complete treatment of construction unit evaluation, the information and forms will enable you to 

put the system to work in your projects, to 

provide basic unit manpower capability information not normally available to the construction 

manager. 

Staff Sergeant Herridge is an information 

NCO for the 420th Engineer Brigade, an Army 

Reserve engineer unit in Bryan, Texas. 
Dr. Martin Levy n 

I...' 

mine is recorded in Italy in 1403. This early use of emphasis in vost-World War I1 research has been 

mines to destroy an enemy's defenses was prac- on explosive damaging mechanisms/capable of 

ticed in siege operations up to and during World penetrating the hulls of heavy tanks, and on fuzes 

War I. There "mines" consisted of a powder that do not depend on pressure for actuation. 
FASCAM Study Recommendations 

Development of Scatterable Mines 

While the improvement of mines continued 

Fubsequent to World War 11, it was recognized 

that there was a need to reduce greatly the 

number of personnel and the time required to 

install a minefield, to leave areas free of mines 

until the last moment, to reduce the logistics by 

mining only where an enemy is or will soon be and 

to have a standoff capability to deliver mines. In 

addition, a degree of control over the duration of a 

minefield was required. To fulfill these requirements, a family of scatterable, self-destructing, 

light weight anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel 

(AP)mines are being developed. Among these are 

a helicopter delivered AT mine, artillery delivered 

AT and AP mines, ground vehicle delivered AT 

and AP mines, Tactical Air (TACAIR) delivered 

AT and AP mines and quite probably rocket 

delivered AT and AP mines. [Each mine will have 

either factory set or field settable self-destruct 

times. The AT mines will have less than '13 the 

weight of present conventional mines, they will be 

dual purpose, that is, can give both a track and a 

belly kill, and have the capability to be emplaced 

at a distance from the delivery system, some can 

be emplaced in enemy held territory and rapid 

reduced effort is now possible.] 

However, because of foreseeable severe dollar 

nonstraints it will be necessary to maximize capabilities with reduced resources. The Family of 

Scatterable Mines (FASCAM) Study looked at this 

problem mainly using simulation, subjective 

analysis and some minimum field tests. 

The employment of scatterable mines should be 

included in future concepts of operation and 

doctrine for U.S. forces in both mid-intensity 

and low-intensity environments. 

Scheduled and future operational tests of scatterable mines should include in the test plans 

requirements to test and obtain data on detectability of AT scatterable mines under various 

operational conditions. 

Normal minefield densities of .001 mines per 

square meter should be recommended initially. 

Current doctrine on minefield depth appears to 

be adequate. However, doctrine should provide 

the option of sowing scatterable mines in belts. 

Scatterable mines should normally be employed 

in accordance with current doctrine which states 

that minefields should be covered by fire and 

surveillance. 

All U.S. Army doctrine should stress any 

measures which will force the enemy to close 

hatches or armored vehicles and thus enhance 

the effectiveness of our scatterable minefields. 

Purpose of TEMAWS 

It was determined that certain field tests 

would be required in order to react to the above 

recommendations. Therefore the TEMAWS field 

tests were proposed. The main purpose of the test 

is to provide data to the US Army Engineer 

School which will assist in the evaluation of the 

impact of scatterable minefield density (mines per 

square meter), patterns, detectability and synergism on anti-armor warfare doctrine and the 

logistics involved. 

Objectives of the TEMAWS Test 

In orderto fulfill the purpose of TEMAWS, the 

following objectives must be accomplished. The 

test will: 

evaluate various densities of scatterable mines 

against a mechanized threat. 
evaluate the visual detectability of scatterable 

mines. 

compare the effectiveness of one continuous 

minefield versus several strips (belts) of mines 

using scatterable mines. 

evaluate the synergistic effect of minefields in 

the anti-armor weapons system. 

evaluate various densities of conventional mines 

against a mechanized threat. 

Scope and Tactical Context 

The five part experiment will be a two-sided, 

near real time loss assessment experiment to 

obtain comparative data on the effectiveness of 

minefields. Data will include time, position, engagement histories, and exchange ratios. A requirement for 54 experimentation days for execution of 108 trials and 16 experimentation days for 

exploratory trials is anticipated. A typical trial 

will consist of an engagement between a defending 

mechanized unit, consisting of approximately 5 

APC mounted TOWS and DRAGONS supported by 

minefields, against an attacking threat armor unit 

consisting of up to 25 tanks and ATGM systems. 

The enemy forces will be determined by the US 

Army Intelligence Threat Analysis Detachment 

(ITAD) and by the U.S. Army Combat Development Experimentation Command (CDEC). Computer simulations will be run by' CDEC to 

determine the size and structure of the defending 

forces which will provide credible results without 

giving either side an undue advantage. Indirect 

fire support will be simulated. The two-sided 

experiment will provide realistic stress and distraction and a means for quantifying the synergistic effect of minefields. Comparative data will 

be obtained using three threat tactics and four 

minefield densities including baseline trials using 

zero density. 

Part 1will be conducted using the most likely 

threat tactic against heavy, light, and zero density 

scatterable minefields. The resulting data will be 

analyzed immediately to assist in determining the 

minimum credible minefield density. Part 2 will 

be conducted using two different threat tactics 

against heavy, light, and minimurp credible density 

scatterable minefields. Part 3 will be conducted 

using two different threat tactics against the 

minimum credible density scatterable minefield 

configured in three belts. Part 4, if played, will be 

conducted using two different threat tactics 

against light, medium, and heavy denisty conventional minefields. Part 5 will be with a credible 

density minefield but without covering fire. 

Statistical Analysis 

Appropriate statistical analyses will be made 

to: 

a Determine the required number of trials for 

each part above. 

scatterable mines. 

a Determine the capability to detect and avoi~ r\

a Determine the density to be used for a credible 

minefield of minimum density. 

Scatterable Mine Simulator (SMS) System 

Characteristics 

TEMAWS will be using a Scatterable Mine 

Simulator which is different from any mine simulator used previously. The major difference is that 

the SMS system will be made up of a receiver on 

the armored vehicle, and a radio transmitter in the 

mine simulator which continuously transmits on a 

given frequency. A mine "detonation" occurs 

when a vehicle passes over a mine so that the 

antenna on the vehicle picks up the very low 

power transmission from the "mine" transmitter. 

In general, the SMS System will be made up of 

three component groups: 

The mine simulator consisting of the transmitter, the housing and the power supply. 

The detector consisting of the receiver, the 

antenna system, the power supply, the housing, 

the mounting brackets and cables, and the interface unit. 

The test and checkout equipment consisting o 

, the receiver test set and the transmitter test .' 

set which will also act as a mine simulator 

detector. 

Conclusion 

Successful TEMAWS tests will: 

Contribute to the data base available for future 

anti-armor weapon system evaluation. This data 

base will include densities, detectability and 

patterns. 

Show the capabilities of low density scatterable 

minefields. 

a Develop values for the enhancement of direct 

fire weapons due to the presence of mines. 

Dr. Martin Levy is currently Chief of the 

Operations Research Section of the Concepts and 

Studies Diwision, DC/CTD, USAES, Fort Be lvoir, 

Virginia. His undergraduate degree is from Sacramento State College. He has graduate degrees 

from the State University of CalifornGz and the 

University of Maryland. Dr. Levy has taught at 

Sacramento State College, Case-Western Reserve 

and American University. He has been invol 

with simulations of various kinds with the Dep

ment of the Navy, NASA, US Army Strategy anu ;.tlr4

Tactics Analysis Group, US Army Institute of 

Land Combat, US Amy S;stem Analysis Group 

and the Engineer School. 
The last four years have seen more accomplished toward improving our tactical bridging 

capabilities than during any other period since 

WW 11. The payoff, in terms of new equipment in 

the field, should reach its peak during the next six 

to nine months. Following is a rundown of bridging 

. equipment to look for: 

The Mobile Floating Assault Bridge (MAB) 

is not new. It has been in the field in limited 

* quantities since 1968. However, the MAB has 

been improved and many of the new welded hull 

models have been bought so that by July of this 

year three times as many MABs will be in the 

field. They will be more common in Europe than 

nywhere else but some CONUS units, particular- fi Armor and Mech Infantry divisional engineer 

dttalions, will be reequipped with this modern 

float bridge that can be assembled as a bridge or 

ferry at the rate of approximately twenty feet per 

minute. 

The Ribbon Bridge is new. It is a bridge 

system consisting of interior and ramp bays that 

are transported, launched and retrieved by a 

modified 5-ton bridge truck. Bays, carried in 

folded position, automatically open upon entering 

the water. Then, with the aid of bridge erection 

boats, they are joined together to form bridges or 

ferries at rates of 10 or more feet per minute. 

Made of aluminum alloy, the bridge can support 

60-ton loads in currents up to 8 feet per second and 

80 tons when conditions are ideal. The system also 

includes boat launching cradles which enable us to 

transport and launch an assembled 27 foot bridge 

erection boat in about three minutes from the 

same modified 5-ton bridge truck. The system was 

developed by the Mobility Equipment Research and 

Development Command (MERADCOM) and in 

June 1972 was officially designated the standard 

float bridge to replace the M4T6 and Class 60 float 

bridges now in the field. The initial production 

contract with Consolidated Diesel-Electric has now 

produced sufficient units to start equipping: the 

units in the field. The first units went to the 

US Army Engineer School at Fort Belvoir; the US 

h,my Training Center, Engineer at Fort Leonard od; and the 2d Engineer Battalion, Korea, in 

r'ebruary 1976. Subsequent shipments are destined for Europe, CONUS, and wherever float 

bridge units are located that have not been reequipped with the MAB. 

Soon after we had developed the Ribbon 

Bridge, engineer field commanders advised the 

combat and materiel developers of need to retain 

most of the cargo hauling capability that we now 

have with the 5-ton stake trucks organic to 

conventional float bridge units. Since the Ribbon 

Bridge transporter, by itself, has virtually no 

cargo hauling capability, a cargo pallet was 

developed which can transform the transporter 

into a flat bed cargo hauling vehicle. The Ribbon 

Bridge Transporter Cargo Pallet permits the 

modified 5-ton bridge truck to carry up to its rated 

load of general cargo. After off-loading the bridge 

bay, the transporter launching and retrieving 

mechanism is used to load an empty pallet, or one 

loaded with up to 8,500 1bs of cargo. These pallets 

will be issued as operational project stock to those 

theater commanders whose plans require that 

their float bridge companies have a secondary 

r"ssion to haul general cargo. Initial production 

antities of the pallet will be available along with 

.ne first increment of the bridge system destined 

for Europe. 

There is still more to be done to meet the short 

range objectives for improving our bridging capabilities. For example, MERADCOM is working 

against a DA approved requirement to provide a 

new bridge erection boat that will be fully compatible with the Ribbon Bridge. This Ribbon 

Bridge Erection Boat will have essentially the 

same power (thrust) as our current two-piece, 27 

foot boat, but its draft will be reduced to about 25 

inches. The new boat will have a one-piece hull 

that will fit onto the Ribbon Bridge transporter 

which will carry the boat to the edge of the stream 

and launch it in two to three minutes. The current 

development schedule calls for the first of these 

boats to arrive in the field before the end of FY 78. 

Another example of things soon to come is the 

United Kingdom's Medium Girder Bridge (MGB). 

After testing this bridge in the US, it was adopted 

in February 1973 as standard US equipment to 

take its place along with the Bailey Bridge to 

satisfy our dry support bridge requirements. The 

MGB will enable one platoon from the bridge 

ppany to erect a Class 60 bridge, 100 feet in 

.gth, in approximately one and one-half hours. 

l\o assistance will be required from a combat 

engineer company as is the case with the ~ailey 

Bridge. A contract for the initial production 

quantity has been awarded to Fairey Engineering, 

Limited, and the first units should be in the field 

before the end of FY 77. 

Two other developments related to the MGB 

are also in progress. They are the US developed 

MGB Cable Reinforcement Set and the standard 

UK MGB Pier and Span Junction Sets. Each is a 

candidate for selection as the US standard method 

of extending the MGB Class 60 capability from 100 

to 160 feet. After they have both been tested, the 

most cost effective method will be selected and 

fielded. The Span Junction Set d~serves additional consideration because it would provide a 

capability for erecting multiple span MGBs over 

existing or expedient piers. Testing is now in 

progress. 

Even as development of these bridge programs 

near completion and new equipment is being 

fielded, the R&D community has started working 

to meet the more stringent demands projected for 

bridges in 1985 and beyond. 

Never to our knowledge has there been a 

better foundation for starting an advanced development program than has been established for 

future bridging developmeni. This foundation was 

laid by an International Concepts Study Team 

(ICST) whose members included representatives 

from the Federal Republic of Germany, the United 

Kingdom, and the United States. The ICST spent 

2'12 years in a dedicated effort to develop a 

concept worthy of the R&D effort required to 

transform the concept into hardware. 

Briefly, the concept depicts a family of bridges 

with a maximum commonalty of major components 

which can be mechanically launched by a small 

crew. This family of crew launched bridges would 

be employed in all tactical bridge roles, i.e. assault, 

dry support, and wet support. 

Currently MERADCOM is engaged in the engineering effort required to thoroughly evaluate the 

concept while a joint USAES/MERADCOM draft of 

the Letter of Agreement for the "Investigation of 

a System of Bridges for 1985 and Beyond" is 

moving up the chain to DA for approval. 

Mr. Dotterer is a Combat Development 

Materiel Analyst with the Materiel Systems Division, ~e~u& Commandant for Combat and

Training Developments, US Army Engineer 

School (USAES). Associated with the Corps of 

Engineers since 1949, his previous assignments 

have included duties as Combat Engineer Platoon 

Sergeant during WW 11, Engineer Commander in 

Korea, Theater Map Distribution Officer in 

USAREUR, Instructor Engineer Officers Career 

Course, USAES, Staff Offwer (S4),lst Engineer 

Combat Battalion, and Project Officer in the 

Doctrine Diwiswn, Office of Doctrine and Training 

Developments, USAES. 
Engineer Staff 

The M870 40T semi-trailer in combination with 

the MI23 10T tractor will carry the D8K dozer 

without overloading either the tractor or the 

semi-trailer if the D8K is loaded with the blade 

resting on the gooseneck and with 8 to 12 inches 

clearance between the front of the track and the 

gooseneck. 

An analysis by the US Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center indicates 

that this method of loading puts a load of 59,000 to 

60,000 pounds on the trailer rear axle group and 

38,600 to 39,600 pounds on the MI23 king pin. 

These axle loads are in excess of some states' 

legal limits. For the proposed long term solution 

to this problem see the CCE update. 

Commercial Construction Equipment (CCE) 

continues to make its way to the field at an everincreasing pace. 

In November of 1975, the new utility tractor 

with backhoe and loader (John Deere Model 

JD-410) began arriving in engineer units. The 

utility tractor provides a much needed, versatile 

capability for performing excavating, entrenching 

and back filling operations. 

Two new items of compaction equipment are 

being introduced in the last half of FY 76. Shipment of the new high-speed tamping foot compactor (Koehring Model K-330) began in January, and 

the new self-propelled vibratory roller (Tampo 

Model RS-28) is scheduled to begin arriving in the 

field in June. Also in the compaction area, the 

gasoline-engine driven hand tamper (Stone Model 

VR-11) will make its debut in July. With the 

introduction of a new self-propelled pneumatic 

roller later in the year, the entire Army fleet of 

compaction equipment will complete a muchneeded upgrading. 

In a related area that should spark considerable 

interest among the maintenance and logistics 

types, specifications are currently being written to 

procure a common Engineer Truck ,Chassis for the 

20 ton dump truck, the new 8 cubic yard concrete 

mobile and the prime mover for the CCE 40 ton 

semi-trailer. Higher densities in individual units 

and greater commonality of major components are 

the goals for this program. 

Finally, in early February a coordination conference was held to complete agreement on the 

specifications for a 750 CFM air compressor that 

will replace the current 600 CFM used in rom 

drilling operations. 

More items are scheduled for contracting in FY 

77 and we'll keep you posted on what happens as 

events evolve. 

1 

IT EVEN SWIMS -This universal engineer tractor (UET) recently underwent testing and evaluation by Headquarters, MASSTER 

(Modern Army Selected Systems Test, Evaluation and Review). In addition to its swimming capability, the UET can also travel 

cross country. The UET could in the future provide the combat engineer with the mobility required to keep pace with armored and 

mechanized units on the move. 

Often during the conduct of war, maneuver 

units encounter natural and man-made barriers 

which may delay their advance and expose them to 

intense enemy bombardment. Removing such 

barriers is the responsibility of combat engineers 

who must be readily available to accomplish their 

mission to enable the infantry and armor .to regain 

the momentum of the attack. 

Within the engineer community, there is a 

requirement for multi-purpose equipment to provide the degree of mobility required to keep pace 

with fast moving armor, mechanized infantry and 

SP4 Linda St. Pierre 

airborne thrusts. 

In order to help satisfy this requirement, user 

tests were recently conducted at Fort Hood. 

Headquarters, MASSTER (Modern Army Selected 

Systems Test, Evaluation and Review) evaluated a 

Universal Engineer Tractor (UET) as a possible 

answer to the necessity of responsive support for 

the 

The 

maneuver 

user evaluation 

arms. 

test was designed A, obtain information as to the operational feasibility, 

user acceptance and potential operational advantages of the UET. Objectives of the test were to 
evaluate the utility of the UET, provide information of the ability of the UET to perform 

assigned tasks in an operational environment and 

to obtain data as to the reliability, availability, 

maintainability and performance characteristics of 

the UET. During the test period of October 6 to 

December 12, the opinions of operators, supervisors and battalion officers were solicited and 

evaluated. 

MASSTER evaluated two of the four existing 

UETs while one was undergoing tests by Test 

and Evaluation Command (TECOM) at Aberdeen 

Proving Grounds, Maryland, and the fourth remained with the contractor. 

Primarily the UET is a bulldozer and scraper 

but has other capabilities. It can be used as a 

pprime mover, rough grader. cargo carrier and 

umper. 

The 32,000-pound UET can reach a top speed of 

30 miles per hour and can carry up to eight cubic 

yards of material. When employed in the transport mode, the UET can carry over 200 cubic feet 

of cargo, and is capable of self-loading palletized 

loads. 

Somewhat similar in shape to the armored 

personnel carrier (APC) the UET is eight feet 

high, nine feet wide and 24 feet long, four feet 

longer than the APC. The UET is lighter than the 

D7F dozer which weighs approximately 48,000 

pounds. The scraper bowl of the UET can be 

ballasted with soil to increase the UET gross 

vehicle weight to 54,000 pounds. 

In moving, the UET uses a steering wheel 

system rather than the usual levers employed on 

other tracked vehicles. 

The biggest advantage the UET has over 

current earth movers is its capability of traveling 

over rough terrain. With this cross-country caparP 

bility, the UET enables the combat engineers to 

keep up with armored and mechanized troops. 

The UET also has a limited swimming capability comparable to the APC and utilizes a bilge 

ump system like that of the APC to discharge the 

ater taken on through unsealed metal junctions. 

From the data collected during the test 

period, operators of the UET seemed to like the 

added mobility of the UET and the additional 

capabilities that the UET has, such as swimming. 

The 8th Engineer Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division used the UET during the month of October 

for building barricades, tank traps, digging APC 

emplacements and constructing a rough pioneer 

road. The 17th Engineer Battalion, 2nd Armored 

Division used the UET during November to 

perform range maintenance on roads and to work 

on enlarging the division's high-pressure wash 

racks. 

The original concept of the UET was first 

formulated in 1958 when the Mobility Equipment 

Research and Development Center (MERDC), Ft. 

Belvoir, Virginia, initiated development effort for 

a universal tractor. The initial concept was for a 

rubber-tired, ballastable airborne tractor to fulfill 

the needs of airborne engineer units. Industry 

was asked to submit proposals for such a tractor, 

and an alternate proposal for a ballastable, scraper-dozer tractor was accepted by the developer. 

Approval of military characteristics for a UET was 

obtained in 1960. The basic requirement for the 

UET was under constant revision until 1965. 

Since late 1964, the UET underwent extensive 

engineering and service testing by TECOM. 

These tests indicated that the UET failed to meet 

reliability, durability and maintenance requirements but did perform its earthmoving and 

hauling functions in an outstanding manner. The 

present development program consists of an 

Advanced Production Engineering contract to 

improve these tractor components which failed 

-and the fabrication of four UETs for government 

evaluation. The four UETs which were developed 

underwent contractor testing during the past 

summer, and MASSTER was tasked by the Army 

Material Command to test two of the UETs. 

Use of the UET by the combat engineer in the 

future would not only provide him with equipment 

with various capabilities, but would allow the 

combat engineer to keep up with mechanized and 

armored units on the move. The UET's mobility, 

especially to travel over rough terrain, will enable 

the combat engineer to remain with the maneuver 

units. 

Specialist Fourth Class Linda St. Pierre isan 

information specialist at Headquarters, MASTER,Ft. Hood, Texas 
Ask a group of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

officers where topographic engineers receive their 

training and watch their reaction. After a few 

moments, most would say the Mapping, C3arting 

and Geodesy Officer's Course at Ft. Belvoir, 

Virginia. The more senior officers would say 

through a civilian graduate program, and perhaps 

one in a hundred would mention the School of 

Military Survey in England. The Army Survey 

Course at the School of Military Survey is a 

professional development advanced course for 

Royal Engineers Officers who have been selected 

for the Royal Engineer Survey Service. The School 

is under the technical direction of the Director of 

Military Survey and organized into Departments of 

Field Survey, Air Survey, and Cartography with 

each department headed by a chief instructor. An 

interesting approach to teaching is used; rather 

than teach a number of subjects concurrently, a 

single subject is mastered at a time. The student is 

I 

MAJ Joel M. Cain 

taught by the same instructor for periods of two to 

nine weeks. 

Candidates for the course are carefully selected. A maximum of 18 students can be 

accepted for each course. . Officers of the Royal 

Engineers, probationers of the Directorate of 

Overseas Surveys, and officers and civilians of 

Commonwealth and foreign military (including the 

U.S.A.) are eligible. 

The methods of instruction are lectures and 

tutorials consolidated by practical exercises. Many 

of the practical exercises provide continuity between subject areas; for example, positions defined in the field surveying are used to control air 

survey projects. The course is divided into Basic 

and Advanced parts. At the end of the Bpart, a practical task (trial survey) is used 

consolidate in the field all techniques learned in 

the previous eight months. The trial survey is a 

one-month individual task, resulting in each stu- 
dent producing an original large scale (1:2,500) 

survey and a drawn contoured map of the survey 

site. Tests are given throughout the course to 

assess the student's progress and as instructional 

tools. Although graded, these tests are considered 

course work and not examinations. Written comprehensive examinations are taken after the Basic 

and Advanced parts of the course and consist of 

ven three-hour papers. To pass the course, the P%ent must successfully pass every test with a 

.nimum score of 40 and an overall average of 50. 

Professional qualifications and credentials may be 

obtained by successfully completing the course. A 

pass in Parts I and I1 of the course exempts 

students from the Royal Institute of Chartered 

Surveyors professional written examination. The 

duration of the course is 53 weeks, with two 

courses running concurrently, one starting in the 

spring and the other in the fall. Subjects covered 

in the course are: 

Subject Approx. Duration 

Basic field surveying 9 weeks 


Basic field astronomy 3 weeks 


Field observations for major 


control 2I12 weeks 

Cadastial surveys, land 

registration large-scale 

topographic surveying techniques 7 weeks 

Basic air survey 4 weeks 

Cartography and map reproduction 5 weeks 

Trial survey 5 weeks 

,p,vanced survey 7 weeks 

vanced air survey 5 weeks 

Leave and holidays 4l12 weeks 

Examinations 1 week 

53 weeks 

The School is not all academics. There is also 

extensive social activity. The students are provided quarters and are integrated into the British 

military and civilian community. The small classes 

are ideal for developing deep and lasting friendships between students. The large percentage of 

allies creates an international environment where 

numerous customs, traditions and attitudes are 

assimilated. Organized social functions include 

monthly Dining-Ins, the Survey Summer Ball, and 

the Engineer Ball. Foreign students also have the 

opportunity, as exchange officers, to participate in 

their own Embassy functions. 

Seventeen U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

officers have attended the Army Survey Course 

since 1961. The course provides officers with the 

"hands on" experience that is not provided in our 

civilian Advanced Degree Programs. Since 1970, 

graduates of S.M.S. have combined the Army 

Survey Course with a consecutive assignment to 

graduate school. They are given up to 9 credit 

hours for the course at S.M.S. and may be able to 

qualify for a Master of Science Degree in geodesy 

or photogrammetry with as little as one additional 

year of advanced training. 

Officers interested in taki~~g the Army Survey 

Course can apply to the Engineer Branch, 

MILPERCEN. In addition, short courses' are 

offered for U.S. personnel in land navigation and 

astronolnic position fixing. These courses have 

been primarily attended by Special Forces Units, 

but engineer units stationed in Europe can inquire 

as to availability of these courses by writing to 

Directorate of Military Survey, Ministry of Defense. 

A graduate of the Bn'tish School of Military 

Survey, MAJ Cain started his career in the U.S. 

Air Force before transferring to the Amy Corps of 

Engineers. After receiving a Bachelor of Science 

degree in Geodetic Science from Ohio State 

University, his first assignment upon commissioning was to Detachment 3, 1381st Geodetic Survey 

Squadron, Grand Forks A.F.B., North Dakota, 

where he served as Operations Officer and Detachment Commander. His Army assignments 

have included: the Engineer Officer Basic Course; 

Airborne training; S-1, 326th Engineer Bat talwn; 

Commander, 66th Engineer Company (TOPO) 

(CORPS) in Viet Nam, and attendance to the 

Army Survey Course. MAJ Cain received his 

Masters Degree in Geodesy and Photogrammetry 

at Iowa State University. He was an Exchange 

Officer with the Mapping and Charting Establishment (Royal Engineers) prior to attending the 

Engineer Officers Advanced Course in 1973-1974. 

CPT Cain is currently an instructor at the Military 

Intelligence School, Ft. Huachuca, Arizona. 
SUMMER 1976 TURBULENCE IN OPD 

There will be a major turnover in the near future of the Engineer officers currently assigned to 

OPD. An asterisk appears beside the name of those officers who are departing. The replacement, if 

known, is indicated in parenthesis. 

Colonels Division: ( DAPC-OPC-AE) 

Engineer Assignments, LTC Tom Sands, 325-7871 

LTC Division: ( DAPC-OPL-AS) 

Engineer Assignments, LTC Henry Covington, 325-0423 

Majors Division: ( DAPC-OPM-AS) 

"Engineer Assignments, MAJ Ted G. Stroup, 325-8109 

(MAJ Gary E. Woodham) 

Combat Support Arms Division: (DAPC-OPF- E) 

"Division Chief COL Carl P. Rodolph 

"Engineer Branch Chief LTC Charles E. Eastburn 

(LTC Norman Kuklinski) 

CPT Assignments MAJ James E. Corbin 

* LT Assignments CPT Milton Hunter 

(CPT Michael R. Foster) 

"Professional Development MAJ Martin Suydam 

"Personnel Actions LTC Leslie H. Savage 

(MAJ Roger Yankoupe) 

Warrant Officers Officers Divisions: (DAPC-OPW-AU) 

Engineer Assignments CW4 Jean L. Derby 

Professional Development Division: ( DAPC-OPP-P) 

"Engineer Specialty Monitor LTC Edward Rapp 

(MAJ Tom Ostenberg) 

"Chief, Plans Branch LTC Edward Rapp 

(MAJ Galen Yanagihara) 

TOPOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING 

The following chart displays a breakdown by grade of Army Engineer Topographic officers from 

colonel through warrant officer. The officer assets include those who have received graduate 

training in a Topographic discipline and those officers who have received other training by serving 

in Topographic positions and in some cases, attending other Topographic schools. The requirements 

figures are developed from the most recent data available. 

Army Topographic Officer/Assets 

Type of Training COL LTC MAJ CPT LT WO 

Graduate Training 6 

Other Training 17 

-

Total 23 73 52 75 26 Y 

Requirements 9 

Asset/Requirements 2.5 

(WR) 

40 
The A/R ratio of 2.4 to 1 and greater for field grade officers is sufficient to meet normal 

requirements. Company grade officer positions are normally filled by personnel serving their first 

or second tour in the Topo field. 

The following table reflects our Topographic Training forecast (fully funded civil schooling in 

support of Topographic AERB positions). 

Topographic Training Forecast 

Discipline Initial AERB 

Positions 

(Graduate Schooling) 

School Input FY 74 FY 75 FY 76 FY 77 

Geodetic Science 8 

Topography 8 Photogrammetry 4 

Geological Science 2 

Geography 1 -

Totals 15 7 6 2 4 

AVIATION AS AN ALTERNATE SPECIALTY 

P 

As a result of recommendations made in a detailed ODCSPER study of the Army's Aviation 

nagement System, the addition of aviation to the list of specialties under OPMS has been 

roved. 

The new aviation specialty concept is keyed to meeting field grade aviator requirements. Its 

main features include the following: 

Aviation is an advanced entry specialty to be designated in an officer's eighth year of service. 

Aviators will be trained and assigned based upon their basic entry specialty. 

In the future, only officers from Infantry, Armor, Field Artillery, Air Defense Artillery, 

Engineer, Signal Corps, Transportation Corps, and Military Intelligence branches may receive flight 

training. 

Officers enter flight school between completion of their BR OBC and one year of troop duty and 

their 60th month of commissioned service, except for those in the Aviation Materiel Management 

specialty who will attend upon completion of the Transportation Officer Basic Course. 

One of the primary concerns in developing the Aviation specialty is to insure that it is supportive 

of the present role of Army Aviation. The Army Aviation Program musf continue to attract 

motivated, highly qualified officers who are well grounded in the combat and combat support arms. 

These officers must be provided with a career experience that will allow them to make a 

professional contribution in command and staff assignments at every level of the Army. Therefore, 

these criteria will apply to selecting officers for the Aviation specialty: 

Army requirements. 


Manner of performance in aviation command and staff positions. 


Potential for future development in aviation assignments. 


Year Group strength requirements. 


Utilization standards (Aviation Career Incentive Act). 


The designation plans closely parallel those with a YG prior to 69 used to designate all other 


OPMS specialties. Once the records of all aviators have been reviewed based on known Army 

requirements and the officer's experience to date, OPD1s career divisions will determine the OPMS 

cialty combination tentatively considered most appropriate for future designation. During 

prch 1976, each aviator will be apprised by letter of these tentative designations and will be asked 

10cite a preference for other appropriate designations. All factors will be considered by a board of 

officers to determine final designations. By 30 June 1976, commissioned aviators will be informed of 

the two specialties in which the board decides they should expect future management. 

Once redesignated into the aviation specialty, officers will be managed primarily in aviation and 
one other OPMS specialty. Those officers not selected by the board for redesignation will continue to 

be managed in their currently identified specialties. 

All aviators -including those involuntarily precluded from having aviation as one of their 

OPMS specialties - will be entitled to continuous incentive flight pay for the first 12 years of 

aviation service provided they maintain Class 2 physical standards and complete the annual written 

examination. Although commissioned aviators cannot be guaranteed of making the Aviation Career 

Incentive Act pay gates, and thus receiving monthly flight pay beyond their twelfth year of aviation 

service, those redesignated into the aviation specialty will have the greatest opportunity to meet the 

gates, since they will receive intensive management into positions requiring qualified commissioned 

aviators. 

STABILIZATION 

The Officer Corps currently is enjoying the greatest amount of stability on station since the post 

Vietnam environment. Decreased "non-dependent tours (NDT)" requirements, escalating moving 

costs, lack of PCS funds, etc., all have impacted to provide more time on station for military personnel 

and dependents. Current DA Conus stability policy is 36 months on station. Exceptions to this are 

primarily in the schooling area -both, military and civil. Overseas tours remain at 39 months for 

accompanied long tours and 13 months for non-dependent tours. 

HOMEBASING/SEQUENTIAL ASSIGNMENT r\ 

Effective 15 January 1976, OPD began implementation of a Sequential Assignment Policy for L.. 

officers selected for 12/13 month NDT. This policy requires that all officers being considered 

for a NDT be informed of their sequential (follow-up) assignment prior to their departure for 

overseas. This DOD policy was developed to reduce PCS expenditures associated with the 

displacement of family dependents concurrent with a PCS to and from a NDT area. Hopefully, 

the family would elect to remain at their current location or to proceed in advance of the officer to 

the vicinity of his new duty station, thereby saving one dependent PCS relocation cost. As a separate 

but related issue, the ODCSPER is exploring the feasibility of the officer's family occupying 

government quarters during his absence, either at the losing or the gaining installation. 

Implementation of this policy is requiring an extraordinary amount of coordination, however, it will 

be several months before we will be able to assess its impact. An individual being placed against a 

NDT requirement can elect not to participate in this DOD program. 

MAJORS ASSIGNMENTS 

Although Major nondependent tours are somewhat limited, overseas vulnerability currently is 

defined as those officers who have two or less NDTs and have been stationed in CONUS since 1968-69. 

Vulnerability for accompanied overseas tours will go to those having 36 months or more in CONUS. 

It has become increasingly important that Majors think of qualification in their alternate 

specialties. They should look at this in terms of duty assignments, military schooling, and civil 

schooling. 

The field can expect to see arriving on the scene other officers from different primary specialties 

beginning to serve in their alternate specialty of 21. 

With the new CGSC selection procedures, i.e., DA Board, it would appear that we did well with 

the number of 04s selected. ow ever, this is an aberration since we had so many last year eligi 

(LYE). 

The CGSC military education level continues to be important for assignment actions. 

continue to recommend non-resident CGSC for those officers in their waning years of eligibility who 

have not attended the Resident Course. 

Majors should seriously consider changing jobs at least once during a normal 36 month tour to 

7 
Id- V s * - V I 

demonstrate their versatility. PCS constraints prevent the frequent movement of personnel strictly 

for professional development. 

CAPTAINS ASSIGNMENTS 

Overseas: Long tour assignments are available in decreasing frequency to: USAREUR, 

Hawaii, Alaska, Canal Zone, Middle East, Mediterranean and the Far East. Most overseas 

requirements will be filled by volunteers. Officers having no nondependent tours or those who have 

had only one NDT and who have been in CONUS for 4 to 5 years are vulnerable for another NDT. 

CONUS: Captains eligible for CONUS assignments are reviewed for assignment approximately 

5-6 months in advance of the required reporting dates. Currently, Captains can expect to serve 36 

months on station in CONUS, excluding schooling assignments. USAREUR tours are now at 39 

months. 

Assignments will be available in OCE activities, Facilities Engineering, and AMC for qualified 

officers. Those officers completing graduate level civil schooling can anticipate an OCE, TOE/TDA 

staff, Facilities Engineering, ROTC, or Service School utilization assignment. 

........................................

EOAC: Engineer Officers Advance Course (EOAC) will be programmed into an officer's 

assignment pattern as a normal PCS move. Captains and Lieutenants in long tour areas or CONUS 

may be curtailed up to 6 months for EOAC. Those qualified Captains who have not been to EOAC 

will be selected for attendance upon completion of 36 months on station contingent upon individual 

ires and current eligibility criteria. Since EOAC has been reoriented to prepare company grade 

ers for command, Engineer officers can expect to attend the Advanced Course between 3-6 

,drnmissioned years of service. Fort Belvoir conducts three courses of 26 weeks duration per year. 

Officers who are interested in attending either the Infantry or Armor Officer Advanced Course 

should make their interest known to their assignment officer. 

LIEUTENANT ASSIGNMENTS 

Assignment stability dictates CONUS tours of 36 months on station prior to consideration of a 

PCS. Overseas tours range from short tours of 13 months to long tours of 39 months. 

EOAC (Engineer Officer Advanced Course) is generally the next step after initial CONUS or 

Oversea (long) tour. Eligibility criteria remains the same: Good performance with troops and 

availability. Selections are made on a competitive basis. Attendees, to-date, have been in the 

primary zone-of-consideration for promotion to Captain, AUS. 

WARRANT OFFICER ASSIGNMENTS 

Procurement is still open for Engineer Equipment Repair Technicians. Twenty-four appointments have been made this FY with Approximately twenty-five more authorized. Authorized FY 76 

end strength is projected to be 255. 

The Managed Tenure Program replaced Long Range Active Duty for retention of other than RA 

Warrant Officers with over 20 years active federal service. The DA Active Duty Board recently 

considered for retention those Warrant Officers with retirement eligibility in FY 7-T, 77, 78. 

Selections by MOS are as follows: 

351A-1 81 1 A-0 


521 A-5 821 A-0 


621 A-23 833A-0 


Integration into the Regular Army is the only alternative to Managed Tenure for Warrant 

,icers desiring a career longer than twenty years. There are limited vacancies in MOS 351A, 811A, 

821A and 831A, however, multiple vacancies exist in MOS 521A and 621A. Engineer commanders are 

requested to encourage and assist applicants for integration. References are AR 601-100 and DA 

Circular 601-62. 
BRID"u 

STATUS OF ARMY ENLISTED CIVIL EDUCATION PROGRAM 

Fully Funded Enlisted Education Program 

Recent congressional action has eliminated budget appropriations to support the FY 76 Fully 

Funded Enlisted Education Program, which allowed selected individuals to receive up to two years 

of civil college education at government expense. As a result, new enrollments in the program have 

terminated; all pending applications on file at MILPERCEN1s Enlisted Personnel Directorate are 

being returned. 

Fellowships, Scholarships, Grants 

The Fellowship, Scholarship or Grant Program-which authorizes qualified individuals to 

compete for educational programs offered by corporations, foundations, funds or educational 

institutions-is still available to eligible enlisted personnel. This program provides outstanding 

soldiers an opportunity to study for periods up to two years in disciplines which will satisfy Army 

skill requirements. These disciplines will be announced at a later date. It is expected that the skills 

required will be mainly in the scientific and engineering fields. See AR 621-7 for details. 

Tuition Assistance Programs 

Soldiers are encouraged to contact their local education advisor for information on ot 

programs available for the continuation of their off-duty educational pursuits under the Gener,. 

Education Development Program (See AR 621-5). Tuition assistance allows for appropriated funds 

to be used to pay 75 percent of tuition costs, or fees in lieu of tuition costs, for Army personnel 

attending off-duty classes conducted by regionally or nationally accredited civilian education 

institutions. 

Bootstrap 

The Army plans to request congressional permission to reestablish initial soldier participation 

under the Enlisted Undergraduate Degree Completion Program (Bootstrap), which was terminated 

in October 1974. Major commanders will be notified if and when the program is reinstated. 

REMINDER FOR OCS PREDEPARTURE INTERVIEWS 

MILPERCEN and the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) are again reminding unit 

commanders, Military Personnel Offices (MI LPOs), and individual soldiers of the requirement for 

Officer Candidate School (OCS) Predeparture Interviews. 

The interview, required within the last two weeks before a soldier departs for training, is 

designed to insure that individuals are still as qualified to attend OCS as they were at the time of 

their selection. The interview places special emphasis on motivation as well as physical, personal, 

and financial qualifications. Despite this, many soldiers still are not receiving their final interviews 

and are found to be unqualified when they arrive for training and must be cancelled from the class 

and returned to their units. These last-minute nonenrollees hold quotas that could have been filled 

by stand-by personnel who remained qualified. 

MlLPOs are reminded not only to insure the proper filing of the narrative summary of t? 

interviews, but also to conduct a verification to insure that selectees possess the necess~ 

qualifying test scores that are normally posted in the candidates' records. 

lndividuals involved in the OCS application chain may obtain detailed guidance for processing 

OCS applications and Predeparture Interviews by referring to AR 351-5, "Army Officer Candidate 

Schools." 

/-.\ 
mTIiEGAP 

ENLISTMENT BONUS PROGRAM CHANGES 

The Army's Military Personnel Center has announced that effective 1 June 1976, only those 

individuals who are within mental categories 1-1 II and possess High School diplomas may enlist for 

six MOSs within CMFs 11 and 13 and be eligible to receive Enlistment Bonuses (EBs). 

By 1 June, the phased reduction will limit the MOSs for which enlistees may receive EBs of $1500 

to llB, llC, llD, llE, 138, and 13E. 

As exceptions to the new policy, individuals who enlisted into the Delayed Entry Program 

(DEP) before 12 January 1976 and who are scheduled to enter active duty after the implementation 

of the reduction program will be eligible to receive the bonus based on the criteria in effect at the 

time of their entry into the DEP. 

More information and detailed implementing instructions for the new policy are contained in the 

MILPERCEN message 1215102 Jan 76, "Enlistment Bonus Program Changes." 

AIRBORNE AND SPECIAL FORCES VACANCIES 

The Army's Military Personnel Center has projected Special Forces and Airborne vacancies in 

420 MOSs at various grade levels for Fiscal Year 1977. 

Interested personnel not serving in stabilized assignments as a result of enlistment options for 

particular units or installations may submit applications for Airborne or Special Forces duty in 

accordance with AR 614-200. Soldiers in stabilized assignments also may apply provided waivers of 

f'qmitment are forwarded with their applications. Those who previously initiated requests to 

ninate Airborne duty are not eligible to apply unless the termination was for hardship or 

&mpassionate reasons. 

Application for Airborne vacancies will be processed under Chapter 10 of AR 614-200 and must 

include: 

either the date of Airborne qualification or a statement of willingness to attend Airborne 

training; 

the soldier's 'current grade; 

the MOS vacancy for which the soldier is applying, which may be at the soldier's current or 

next higher grade; - -

.a statement as to whether he isentitled to dependent travel and movement of household goods 

at government expense; 

date of last PCS move and whether:the move was from overseas or within CONUS; and 

a statement that he.meets-the selection,criteria outlined in AR 614-200. 

Applications for Special Forces- vacancies must include the same information required for 

Airborne duty as well as a statement of the soldierls linguistic ability. Special Forces applications 

are governed by,Chapter 12 of AR 614-200. 

A detailed listing of the 420 MOSs having vacancies by grade level and further guidance 

concerning the program may be found-in the two-part MILPERCEN message 0415002 December 

1975. 

ENLISTED DA FORM 2-1 REPRODUCTION REQUIREMENT EASED 

The requirement for Military Personnel Offices (MILPO) to submit copies of E6-E9 Personnel 

Qualification Records, DA Form 2-1, to the Enlisted Records and Evaluation Center after the 

soldier's annual records review has been discontinued, according to MILPERCEN. 

r The requirement, initiated in October 1973, also specified that a copy of page 1 of the form must 

eproduced when the soldier was considered by a promotion selection board if there had been a 

=ange in certain items since the last annual records review. 

The elimination of the requirement is a part of MILPERCEN1s effort to reduce the workload at 

the MILPO and tosave both manhours and material. NOW,MlLPOs will only be required to furnish 

copies of the form on an as-need basis, such as for future promotion selection board processes. .-. . . .: . . - c I .. -, 

--:,_- 45 

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ppy Birthday - -

' '' Army-201 Years 8 Y 

- 200 Years 


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Great Team