[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-10114

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-23452-CMA

KEVIN GERALD FORDE, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

MIAMI FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, 

 Defendant-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(August 22, 2014)

Before PRYOR, MARTIN, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Kevin Forde, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district 

court’s sua sponte dismissal without prejudice of his putative 42 U.S.C. § 1983 

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civil rights action for failure to timely file an amended complaint as required by a 

prior order. He also appeals the district court’s refusal to compel discovery. After 

review of the record and the parties' briefs, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

I

Because we write for the parties, we assume familiarity with the underlying 

facts of the case and recite only what is necessary to resolve this appeal.

Mr. Forde sued the Miami Federal Department of Corrections under § 1983, 

alleging that a prison doctor failed to prescribe him the anti-seizure medication he 

required, and that the corrections officer on duty refused to assist him when he 

began bleeding after injuring his head while in the throes of a seizure. Mr. Forde 

subsequently filed a “motion of discovery,” through which he sought to determine, 

among other things, the identities of the doctor who failed to prescribe him antiseizure medicine and the officer on duty at the time he injured himself. The 

district court denied the motion, explaining that Mr. Forde must seek discovery 

from the defendants in the case once they have been properly served with process

rather than through the court. 

Subsequently, on November 5, 2013, the magistrate judge entered an order 

indicating that MFDOC was not a properly-named defendant because it was not a 

person acting under color of state law for purposes of § 1983. The magistrate 

judge ordered Mr. Forde to file an amended complaint containing separate 

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paragraphs for each defendant, alleging the conduct of each defendant, and 

alleging supporting facts showing why each defendant was being sued. The order

also cautioned Mr. Forde that failure to file an amended complaint in a timely 

manner would “probably result in the dismissal of [his] case.” Mr. Forde then 

requested and was granted a 30-day extension of time through December 26, 2013,

in which to file an amended complaint, but was also warned that “no further 

extensions [would be] permitted.”

On December 10, 2013, Mr. Forde filed a “motion to compel MFDOC” to 

release information, in which he requested that the district court compel MFDOC 

to provide the names and addresses of the doctor and officer responsible for his 

injuries. The district court denied the motion the next day, again explaining that 

Mr. Forde must first serve a defendant before it could compel discovery. In so 

doing, the district court invited him to “seek a second and final extension of time”

to amend his complaint so that he might name the proper defendants.

On December 22, 2013, Mr. Forde mailed a letter to the district court 

requesting an additional 60-day extension to amend his complaint, but the request 

was not docketed by the clerk’s office until December 31, 2013. In the meantime, 

on December 27, 2013, the district court dismissed Mr. Forde’s complaint without 

prejudice, concluding that Mr. Forde had not filed an amended complaint by 

December 26 as ordered, had not sought a second extension of time, and had not 

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advised the court that a dismissal would result in a statute of limitations bar to 

refiling the complaint. Mr. Forde now appeals.

II

On appeal, Mr. Forde argues that the district court erred in dismissing his 

case because he was unable to find the names and addresses of the proper 

defendants such that he could not amend his complaint, and also erred when it

declined to compel discovery from MFDOC.

A

Mr. Forde contends that the district court improperly dismissed his 

complaint because, as a pro se plaintiff, he lacks the resources to identify the 

proper defendants and should have been given more time to ascertain their 

identities. We disagree with the first of these arguments, but remand for further 

consideration of the second.

We review a dismissal for failure to comply with a court order for abuse of 

discretion. Gratton v. Great Am. Commc’ns, 178 F.3d 1373, 1374 (11th Cir. 

1999). “Discretion means the district court has a range of choice, and that its 

decision will not be disturbed as long as it stays within that range and is not 

influenced by any mistake of law.” Betty K Agencies, Ltd. v. M/V Monada, 432 

F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). The Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure allow a district court to dismiss a plaintiff’s action for failure to comply 

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with the Rules or any court order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). Under Rule 41(b), a court 

has the power to sua sponte dismiss a case. Betty K Agencies, 432 F.3d at 1337. 

Although the district court must liberally construe pro se pleadings, pro se

litigants are nevertheless subject to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Albra v. 

Advan, Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). As an initial matter, we reject 

Mr. Forde’s contention that his pro se status precluded him from properly 

amending his complaint. The district court’s orders instructed Mr. Forde on the 

necessary contents and proper structure of his amended complaint. His pro se

status thus does not excuse him from complying with those orders by filing a 

complaint that states a claim against properly-named defendants. Albra, 490 F.3d 

at 829.

We also conclude, however, that the district court erred by dismissing Mr. 

Forde’s case before it considered his timely-filed motion for a second extension of 

time. The timing of pro se prisoners’ filings is governed by the “prison mailbox 

rule,” under which, at least presumptively, “a pro se prisoner’s court filing is 

deemed filed on the date it is delivered to prison authorities for mailing.” Williams 

v. McNeil, 557 F.3d 1287, 1290 n.2 (11th Cir. 2009). See also Garvey v. Vaughn, 

993 F.2d 776, 780 (11th Cir. 1993) (observing that this rule “states an equitable, 

standardized method for measuring time restrictions so that requisite time 

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limitations for filing do not preclude the incarcerated petitioner’s equal access to 

the courts”).

The district court invited Mr. Forde to seek a second and final extension of 

time to amend his complaint in its December 11 order. Mr. Forde attempted to 

accept this invitation in his letter to the court dated December 22 (and ultimately 

docketed on December 31). The district court’s December 27 order premised the 

dismissal in part on Mr. Forde’s purported failure to seek an extension. 

Unbeknownst to the district court at the time, Mr. Forde had in fact timely sought a 

second extension of time. Because Mr. Forde timely filed a motion for extension 

under the prisoner mailbox rule, we remand to allow the district court to reconsider 

its dismissal order in light of Mr. Forde’s motion. See Scuba v. Brigano, 527 F.3d 

479, 484 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that prisoner mailbox rule rendered timely pro se

prisoner’s motion for extension of time docketed one day after filing deadline, 

where the motion’s certificate of service was dated nearly two weeks earlier).

B

Mr. Forde maintains that the district court erred when it denied his motion to 

compel discovery from MFDOC, as he could not ascertain the identities of the 

proper defendants absent a court order compelling MFDOC to disclose that 

information. We disagree.

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We review a district court’s denial of a motion to compel discovery for 

abuse of discretion. Holloman v. Mail-Well Corp., 443 F.3d 832, 837 (11th Cir. 

2006). Under this standard, we will not second-guess the district court’s decision 

unless it reflects a clear error of judgment. Id.

Without service of process, a court ordinarily may not exercise power over a 

party named as a defendant in a complaint. Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe 

Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 350 (1999). For a court to exercise personal 

jurisdiction over a given defendant, that defendant must receive more than mere 

notice. Prewitt Enters., Inc. v. Org. of Petroleum Exp. Countries, 353 F.3d 916, 

924-25 (11th Cir. 2003). “An individual or entity named as a defendant is not 

obliged to engage in litigation unless notified of the action, and brought under a 

court’s authority, by formal process.” Murphy Bros., 526 U.S. at 347. 

Accordingly, absent proper service of process, a district court has no jurisdiction to 

compel a defendant to respond to discovery requests. See id. (holding as a 

“bedrock principle” that a defendant is not required to enter into litigation or to 

take action as a party in a case before it is served with process).

Notwithstanding his conclusory statements indicating that he had served 

MFDOC, Mr. Forde submitted no proof of service in the district court. Although 

Mr. Forde argues that he could not name the proper defendants without a court 

order forcing MFDOC to reveal their identities, his failure to effect service on 

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MFDOC meant the district court lacked the power to compel MFDOC to produce 

information. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it 

declined to compel discovery from MFDOC.

1

III

The district court’s dismissal of Mr. Forde’s case without prejudice is 

reversed. The district court’s denial of Mr. Forde’s motion to compel discovery is

affirmed.

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

 1 We note, for Mr. Forde's benefit on remand, that we have allowed pro se prisoners to bring 

actions against sufficiently-described “John Doe” defendants where they cannot identify the 

proper defendants at the time of filing the complaint but would be able to do so through 

discovery. See Dean v. Barber, 951 F.2d 1210, 1215-16 (11th Cir. 1992).

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