U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1138

Chain of Custody—Recommendations for

Acceptance and Analysis of Evidentiary

Geochemical Samples

CIRC. 1138
Chain of Custody—Recommendations 

for Acceptance and Analysis of 

Evidentiary Geochemical Samples

By Christine Murphy, Paul Briggs, Betty Adrian, Steve Wilson, 

Phil Hageman, and Pete Theodorakos

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1138

Mineral Resource Survey Program Committee report

detailing the guidelines for acceptance and handling

of evidentiary geochemical samples

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1997

M A R C H 3, 18 4 9

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Free on application to U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and

does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Gordon P. Eaton, Director

Chain of Custody—recommendations for acceptance and analysis of evidentiary 

geochemical samples / by Christine Murphy . . . [et al.].

p. cm. — (Geological Survey circular ; 1138)

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Forensic geology—United States. 2. Chemistry, Forensic—United States.

3. Evidence, Real—United States. 4. Analytical geochemistry.

I. Murphy, Christine M. II. Series.

KF8964.C46 1997

347.73′64—dc21 96–36720

CIP
CONTENTS

Executive Summary iv

Introduction 1

Sample Control Routine Procedures 1

Acceptance of Samples 1 

Policies Required Prior to Acceptance of Evidentiary Samples 5

Pre-assessment Meeting 5

Sample Control Evidentiary Procedures 6

Acceptance of Samples 8

Withdrawal of Samples 8

Sample Preparation of Chain-of-Custody Samples 10

Chain-of-Custody Sample Laboratory Analysis 10

Chain-of-Custody Sample Neutron Activation Analysis 11

Sample Completion and Miscellaneous Information 12

Personnel Policy Governing Chain-of-Custody Samples 14

General Policies Governing Physical Security of Chain-of-Custody Samples 14

Federal Center Security 14

Building Security 16

Sample Control Security 16

Sample Preparation Security 16

Laboratory Security 16

Backup Chain-of-Custody Sample Storage Devices 16

Computer Security for Chain of Custody 17

References 17

Appendix 1. Government Cost Estimate 18

Appendix 2. Building 20 Map 19

Appendix 3. Shortened Version of Chain-of-Custody Policies 20

Acknowledgments 26

FIGURES

Figure 1. Request for analysis form 2

2. Self-adhesive labels 4

3. Sample control 3"x5" card 5

4. Pre-assessment form 7

5. Chain-of-Custody (COC) form 9

6. Deliveries to sample control memorandum 13

7. Low-level Au analysis form 15

iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report details the procedure for handling samples submitted to the Mineral Resource

Survey Program (MRSP), formerly the Branch of Geochemistry (BGC). In addition, there are

rules required by law when the samples are used as evidence. This report covers both evidentiary and routine samples.

This report includes: 

• Sample control personnel procedures for routine handling of samples

• Designation of samples in need of special handling

• Submitter’s procedure for communicating the need for special handling

• Laboratory personnel procedures for handling evidentiary samples

• Personnel policies and responsibilities

• Security measures

iv
1

INTRODUCTION 

Personnel from the Analytical Chemistry Services Group (ACSG), Mineral

Resource Survey Program (MRSP), formed a team to determine the policies for

acceptance and analysis of geochemical samples. This team contacted law

enforcement agencies that handle litigious samples, laboratories that work with

samples of a special nature, and the Solicitor General, Department of the

Interior. Using the knowledge from these agencies as well as the expertise of

our personnel, the following policies have been enacted.

SAMPLE CONTROL ROUTINE PROCEDURES

Sample control personnel are responsible for maintaining the chain of custody for all samples submitted to MRSP from submittal to eventual storage.

Samples used in litigation are controlled by an even more rigorous set of guidelines to ensure their security. Policies for both the routine chain of custody

(COC) procedures and the evidentiary COC procedures are detailed below.

All samples submitted to MRSP must be accompanied by a completed

request for analysis (RFA) form (figs. 1A and 1B). The RFA accompanies the

samples through the entire system as the accountable record. All important

information, such as the evidentiary nature of a sample or high elemental concentration in a sample, is noted on this form along with the requested analysis.

All fields noted on the RFA as mandatory must be completed prior to acceptance by sample control. 

Acceptance of Samples (Nonevidentiary)

Samples accepted by sample control personnel are scanned for radioactivity. If samples are above the safe levels defined by the MRSP safety officer,

samples are placed in an alternate storage area, and the safety officer is notified.

If the safety officer deems the samples unacceptable, the submitter is asked to

retrieve them within 30 days. Other samples that might pose a threat to the

safety of personnel, such as hazardous waste material, are also referred to the

safety officer.

Samples are counted and checked against the RFA. Discrepancies are

resolved prior to formal acceptance. The number of samples is recorded in a

sample control log book.

The samples are placed on numbered shelves in a holding area for unprepared samples. The shelf number is noted on the RFA and the RFA is forwarded

for data entry into the computer.

The information from the RFA is entered in a computer and a job number is

issued to each batch. Individual sample numbers are also issued (laboratory

numbers). The job number and laboratory numbers are added to the RFA.

A computer printout of the requested analysis, the assigned job number, the

laboratory numbers, the submitter’s identifying numbers (usually the field 
Figure 1A. Front of Request for Analysis coding sheet form.

U.S. Geological Survey

M ineral Resource Survey Program, P.O. Box 25046

D enver Federal Center, MS 928

D enver, CO 80225-0046

Page 1 of ______

REQUEST FOR ANALYSIS (RFA)1

Submitter2AddressPhone numberE-Mail Address

Project titleProject numberProgram numberIf previous work was done on these samples, 

list job numbers:

Results needed by

Branch Chief approval

(if required by Submitter’s Branch)

Sample type3: rock, stream sediment,

soil, water, plant, coal, concentrate,other:

N umber of samplesPreparation instructions:Special requirementsD isposition of bulk:❏ D iscard❏ Return to submitter

(Submitter must supply container)

For MRSP Use Only:

Job numberLab numberD ate received

Counted and scanned byShelf

Prep Lab

Prepared by

N otesQ CM ineralogy by

Contact the Sample Control specialist (303) 236-2479 for tracking progress of your samples.

ACSG METHODS

Check technique(s) necessary for your study. Contact the Chief (ACSG), (303) 236-1804, for further information. Nonroutine methods are available through arrangement with the ACSG Liaison, 

(303) 236-1923 (note on reverse side).

Constituent, Method Analyst/Date

❏ 40-element, ICP-AES❏ 35/37-element, dc-ARC OES

❏ 12-element, EDXRF Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Zr

❏ Ba, La, Ce❏ Cu, Ni, Zn

❏ Cr❏ 10-element, ICP-AES❏ M ajor elements as oxides, W DXRF❏ As, AA hydride generation

❏ Sb-Hydride❏ Au, AA flame

❏ Au, AA graphite furnace

❏ Hg, AA cold vapor❏ O rganic C, computed from the difference of total C and

carbonate C determinations

❏ Total C, combustion❏ REE ICP-MS❏ CHN❏ Coal Package❏ Low level W , Nb, Mo chemical separation-ICP

Constituent, Method Analyst/Date❏ C O2 (carbonate carbon), coulometric titration

❏ Cl–, ion-selective electrode

❏ FeO, potentiometric titration

❏ ±H 2O, heat/weight loss

❏ K2O, flame photometric

❏ N a2O, flame photometric

❏ Pt group, ICP-MS

❏ Total S, combustion❏ Forms of Sulfur❏ Se, AA hydride generation❏ Te, AA flame❏ Tl, AA flame❏ U & Th, DNAA❏ W , visible absorption❏ INAA long count❏ INAA short count❏ Cd, AA❏ Ag, AA❏ Percent ash❏ Ge, chemical separation

1Additional information is available in the “Sample Submittal Manual” and the “Catalog of Services.”2Use asterisk (*) to denote contact person for multiple submitters (two-name limit). If more than one copy of final report is needed, please note quantity_______.3Please note known or suspected mineralized samples on coding sheet (specify elements).4Contact the Quality Assurance Coordinator for special requirements.

2
3

Request For Analysis Coding Sheet Job No.

Important: Use coding as defined in the Fourth Edition of the

Sample Submittal Manual. Copies of the manual are available

from MRSP Sample Control and ACSG Liaisons.

Page of

General Description of Column Entries: 11 Enter "N" if sample is from NURE collection* 12 Character of sample (grab, composite, etc.)* 13 Source (outcrop, float, mine dump, etc.) 14 Age (if certain) or

15 & 16 Age (if uncertain, give as range–e.g. Cambrian-Silurian) 17 Economic geology (mineralized, alteration, etc.) * 19 Category (rock type, soil, plant, etc.)20 - 39 Detailed description60 - 65 Free coding

Lab No. ** Field No. *

LAT * LONG*

Deg. Min. Sec.

State, County

or

Country, State* Formation

Name

Sample Description

and Comments* Prov., if not USA

* Required information * *Provide previously assigned lab no. along with other information if sample

 is submitted from a previous lab.

12* 13* 14 15 16 17 19* 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 36 37 38 39 60 61 62 63 64 11 65

12* 13* 14 15 16 17 19* 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 36 37 38 39 60 61 62 63 64 11 65

Figure 1B. Back of Request for Analysis coding sheet form.
4

numbers), and a list of the contact laboratory personnel is sent to the submitter

for verification. A photocopy of the RFA with the relevant information is sent

with the computer printout to the submitter. The original RFA, a computer

printout of the requested analysis, and self-adhesive labels (fig. 2) are placed

with the samples in the preparation holding area. Two labels are made for each

sample: one for the side of the sample container and the second for the top of

the container. The samples and paperwork remain in a sample control holding

area until requested by the sample preparation laboratory personnel.

A photocopy of the RFA and computer printout are placed in a loose leaf

notebook filed by job number in the sample control area.

Three, 3"x5"cards are typed and filed (fig. 3). One card is filed in job number order and used for tracking routine samples. A second card is filed in alphabetical order by submitter name and is used to record the date each analysis is

completed. The final card is filed in order by lab number as a cross reference

permanent storage card.

Figure 2. Self-adhesive labels.

JOB NO. AA01

LAB NO. D-000001

FIELD NO. ABC001

REQUESTOR SUBMITTER, J.

D-000001

SUBMITTER

AA01

JOB NO. AA01

LAB NO. D-000002

FIELD NO. ABC002

REQUESTOR SUBMITTER, J.

JOB NO. AA01

LAB NO. D-000003

FIELD NO. ABC003

REQUESTOR SUBMITTER, J.

JOB NO. AA01

LAB NO. D-000004

FIELD NO. ABC004

REQUESTOR SUBMITTER, J.

JOB NO. AA01

LAB NO. D-000005

FIELD NO. ABC005

REQUESTOR SUBMITTER, J.

D-000002

SUBMITTER

AA01

D-000003

SUBMITTER

AA01

D-000004

SUBMITTER

AA01

D-000005

SUBMITTER

AA01
5

As laboratory personnel request work, sample control personnel note on

the tracking card the location and the date each job is moved. When the samples are returned, the last entry is crossed out with a single line indicating that

the samples have been returned to sample control. The samples are then filed

numerically by job number on the sample control pending shelves.

The card filed by the submitter name is the record of the chain of analysis.

As each requested analysis is completed, the date is noted on the card. Three

months after all requested work for a job has been completed, the card is filed

in the card permanent storage.

When all work on a job has been completed, sample control personnel file

all of the original paperwork in loose leaf computer notebooks by job number.

Six months after the completion of analysis, samples of completed jobs are

moved to the permanent storage facility.

POLICIES REQUIRED PRIOR TO ACCEPTANCE 

OF EVIDENTIARY SAMPLES

Pre-Assessment Meeting 

Prior to sample submittal the project leader(s) requiring strict chain of custody (COC) must meet with all relevant laboratory personnel to discuss details

of the project, including the handling, analysis, and final disposition of samples. At this meeting, any concerns, such as the capability of the laboratory to

meet the submitters’ needs, are discussed and resolved.

The meeting should include representatives from sample control, computer

group, sample preparation laboratory, analytical laboratories, and quality assurance (QA). Items to be discussed include the following: the exact number of

samples to be analyzed, the anticipated submittal dates, required data delivery

AA01 Joe Submitter 5 D-000001-000005

Rock Colorado Evidence

LAGD(5901)

LAQS(5005)

Figure 3. 3"x5" sample control card.
6

date, necessary sample preparation, laboratory techniques, and a plan to notify

the MRSP when litigation is complete. The project leader should discuss the

possible hazardous nature of the samples when applicable and any special precautions laboratory personnel should follow when handling the samples. Any

desired modifications of the laboratory’s established QA guidelines or data

reporting protocols should be clarified. Any changes in the QA guidelines

require approval by the laboratory’s QA coordinator. Costs of the routine laboratory work and sample disposal are calculated by the MRSP and the project

leader and are presented at this meeting. All meeting information is reported on

the pre-assessment meeting form (fig. 4). If the project is a multi-phase or

multi-year study, pre-assessment meetings are convened prior to the submittal

of samples for each phase or year of the study. The pre-assessment form must

be signed by the chief scientist prior to acceptance of COC samples. 

Pre-assessment meetings for all projects originating from other Federal

agencies (OFA) are conducted by a representative from the requesting agency

and a designated MRSP liaison. If an MRSP liaison is the meeting leader, it is

his/her responsibility to provide all pertinent information, especially that which

relates to the hazardous nature of the samples. The laboratory reserves the right

at any time to refuse any sample that exceeds laboratory safety guidelines.

If it is determined at the pre-assessment meeting that the numbers of samples being submitted for COC analysis exceeds the current laboratory capacity,

the meeting information is forwarded to a panel convened by the MRSP laboratory manager to resolve the problem. Project leaders and laboratory management incorporate panel recommendations in the final plan.

SAMPLE CONTROL EVIDENTIARY PROCEDURES

Samples that might involve litigation are handled as evidence. A specific

set of COC procedures are maintained on all such samples. These samples are

subject to the following rules:

• The sample control custodian (SCC) is the designated custodian of evidentiary samples and maintains all COC samples, forms, and tracking

cards. These are located in a specially designated, locked evidentiary

area in the sample control area.

• The SCC is responsible for the primary keys for this area and keeps an

extra set of keys locked in a cabinet in the sample control area. The

sample control area is entered using a key card; entry is monitored by

the Federal Protective Service (FPS). If the custodian is unavailable, a

sample control employee will be authorized to maintain custody and

will be given the keys. The security of this area is detailed later in this

document.

• If emergency personnel, janitorial personnel, or others require access to

the sample control area, a visitors log is signed with date, time, and reason for entry. Analysts withdrawing COC samples, who enter the sample control office, also sign the visitors log.
7

Pre-assessment meeting information

Project meeting date__________________________ Project ID__________________

Est. Collection date________________________ Est. submittal date________________

Est. total number of COC samples______________________________

Initials

Techniques # COC # reg. of rep. Estimated

required samples samples present completion date

Hazardous material Yes_____ No_____

(If yes, identify

suspected hazardous

compounds or items)

Submitters Priority Yes_____No_____

Estimated Cost $_____________

Comments

Figure 4. Pre-Assessment Form.
8

Acceptance of Samples

While the submitter or designated agent of the submitter is present, sample

control personnel count and check the samples against the RFA. Any discrepancies are resolved prior to official acceptance of the samples. The SCC has the

right to refuse samples as evidentiary, if the sample containers are improperly

sealed, damaged, leaking, or the samples themselves are above the levels of

toxicity or radioactivity predetermined by the MRSP safety officer. Samples

that arrive with incomplete or incorrect paperwork may also be refused. The

identifying numbers are recorded on the sample control COC Form (fig. 5),

which is maintained in a bound book. Information required includes the number of samples, the type of sample media, the submitter name, and the date and

time of acceptance. Both the submitter and the receiver (or the receiver in the

presence of the submitter) sign this form. The submitter signs on the line indicating the release of samples; the SCC signs on the line indicating the acceptance of samples. Special notes such as the condition of seals are added to the

form prior to both parties signing. 

Samples that require drying in an oven are placed in the oven secured with

chains and a padlock. Samples that require refrigeration are placed in the

refrigerator, which is located in a secured sample preparation laboratory.

Samples that require no refrigeration or drying are locked in the sample

control evidentiary holding area. Formally accepted samples are entered into

the system as described in the routine section above. The exceptions to the routine procedures are that laboratory and job numbers are added to the COC

form, and a fourth 3"x5" card is created. All four cards indicate that these samples are evidentiary. Three of the cards are filed and kept as in the routine procedure. The fourth card is filed in a small file that is kept in the COC area. This

card is identical to the other tracking card held in sample control except that

individuals requesting custody of samples must sign the COC tracking card

with name and date. 

Withdrawal of Samples

Analysts authorized to work with COC samples must contact the SCC to

request withdrawal of COC samples prior to arriving in the sample control

area. The analyst meets the SCC in the sample control area and signs the visitors log. The analyst inspects the evidence seals to check that the samples meet

standard evidence rules. Samples, either individually sealed or sealed in trays

by job, are given to the analyst after the analyst signs the tracking card and the

bottom section of the COC form with name, date, time, reason for withdrawal,

amount to be used in analysis, and where the samples are to be moved.

Samples may then be moved to another secured area. Samples must be returned

to sample control as soon as the amount required for analysis has been

removed and weighed. Samples are never left unattended or unsecured. The

analyst adds any additional notes, such as increased amount of sample withdrawn, to the COC form when the samples are returned to sample control. 
9

Mineral Resource Survey Program

Chain-of-Custody Form

______ of ______Pages

Submitted By: Number of Samples:

Received By: Sample Media:

Date/Time Received: Job Number: Lab Numbers:

List Sample Identification Numbers

Custodial Locations

Received By:

(Time and Date)

Returned To:

(Time and Date)

Purpose: Location:

Figure 5. Chain-of-Custody (COC) Form.
10

If it is necessary to complete analysis in an area that has been secured with

a padlock or dead bolt lock, the analyst signs the tracking card for both the

samples and the key for the secured lock. The SCC is the only other individual

who has a key to these locks. The analyst must return the key to the SCC as

soon as the analysis is complete. When COC samples are in a laboratory, no

other samples are permitted in that laboratory to eliminate any possibility of

cross-contamination with COC samples. Anyone entering a secured area while

COC samples are present must sign a log book with name, date, time, and reason for entry.

SAMPLE PREPARATION OF

CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLES

COC sample preparation protocol only differs from the standard operating

procedure for sample preparation by the additional security and documentation.

Physical sample preparation of COC samples is performed in accordance with

the quality assurance manual for the Branch of Geochemistry (Arbogast, 1990).

Any special preparation instructions, the amount of sample to be prepared, the

disposal of excess material and the cost for disposal of any hazardous materials

is agreed upon at the pre-assessment meeting.

If any excess sample is being returned to the submitter, a 3-oz unaltered

split of the sample is maintained in the locked sample control area until the litigation is completed. All other excess sample is either returned to the submitter

or discarded. If hazardous materials/waste disposal costs are incurred, the submitter is responsible.

A trained and certified sample preparation technician accepts the sample(s)

from the SCC. The samples are taken to the COC sample preparation laboratory and prepared for analysis. Upon completion of preparation the technician

notes on the RFA any problems such as broken seals. The sample preparer’s

log book details all steps taken in the processing of samples to allow for recall

of these specific samples. The samples and excess bulk, if any, are secured with

evidence tape, initialed and dated. They are then returned to the SCC. The SCC

checks to ensure all samples are present and sealed properly and signs the bottom section of the COC form, next to the analyst’s name, to indicate the

resumption of custody.

CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLE LABORATORY ANALYSIS

After the prepared samples are returned to sample control, laboratory analysts withdraw samples following the procedure discussed above. Samples are

moved to secured laboratory areas. Any sample removed from the custodial

sample (for example, 10 g for Au analysis) is documented on the COC form. If

analysis requires formation of solutions, the solution may be kept in the

secured area, but the original sample is returned to sample control as soon as

the amount needed for analysis has been weighed and removed. 
11

Routine techniques validated in the quality assurance manual for the

Branch of Geochemistry (Arbogast, 1990) are used for the majority of analyses

of COC samples. Nonroutine techniques may also be used for the analysis of

COC samples, but it then becomes the responsibility of the research scientist to

provide the necessary QA/QC information and method references for validation of the research technique to the SCC to be filed with the samples on which

the analysis is performed.

Instrument calibration and maintenance are performed according to quality

assurance manual (Arbogast, 1990). Instrument calibrations are documented in

log books or on computer printouts. The laboratory chief maintains a log of

localities for all paperwork not filed with COC samples.

Lab books and log books are bound, and entries are recorded in permanent

ink. Lab books contain pertinent information such as job number, name of submitter, sample number, weight of sample, date of preparation, and method of

dissolution. A visitor’s log book is kept at the entrance to each COC laboratory

to record any entry and departure of non-COC personnel into the secured areas

during preparation and (or) analysis of COC samples. The analyst is responsible for placing all data in a secured area during sample analysis (for example,

strip charts or graphs). When the analysis is complete, all original data not contained in a notebook is given to the SCC for storage.

CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLE 

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Samples are checked out from the SCC in the manner previously

described. The samples are then taken directly to Building 15 at the Denver

Federal Center, which is a controlled access building where the outside doors

are locked at all times. The samples are prepared by heat-sealing the sample

split in a polyethylene vial, which protects the integrity of the sample. The

sample vials are also imprinted with a sample and irradiation code using a permanent marker. The prepared sample splits are placed in a locked cabinet in

the analyst’s office, and any sample beyond the amount needed for this analysis is returned to the SCC. The key for the cabinet is in the possession of the

analyst. 

Prior to irradiation, the samples are given to the reactor staff for loading in

the reactor. The samples remain in the reactor overnight and then are placed in

a locked, lead-shielded container in the reactor bay area. This container

remains locked until the analyst, who has the only key, removes the samples.

The samples are allowed to decay in this container for about 5 or 6 days. After

signing the appropriate forms required by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission

(NRC), the samples are taken by the analyst to the laboratory in Building 15

and analyzed by routine procedures described in Baedeker and McKown

(1987). NRC security procedures are similar to standard evidentiary regulations. 
12

During the analysis, unprocessed spectral data of the samples are transferred from the analyzer to a VAX 750 computer. This spectral data is also

copied to a floppy disk. The data disks are locked in the COC cabinet in the

analyst office. All of the principal data reduction is performed using the spectral data residing on the VAX computer. Selected data reduction routines are

performed on a computer using the spectral data stored on the floppy disks and

independent software to verify the primary results. The laboratory and office of

the analyst is locked after business hours, and the keys to these areas are held

by the analyst.

SAMPLE COMPLETION AND 

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

Samples that are insufficient for all requested analyses are noted on the

RFA and the COC form when they become insufficient. All requested splits are

kept in the secured areas with the original samples. Should a portion of the

sample be requested for litigation, a split can be made available after permission has been granted by the Solicitor General. The amount of sample removed

and the date and time is noted on the COC form.

When all requested analyses are complete, computer printouts of the

results are filed in a loose leaf book in the secured sample control area. The

samples and all related paperwork are secured until all litigation is complete.

Sample submitters are contacted annually to ascertain the status of the litigation process. When litigation is complete, the submitter is notified to retrieve

the samples. A split of the original sample is maintained by MRSP for permanent archive but as a nonevidentiary sample. The evidentiary samples and a

copy of all RFA documentation, computer printouts, and results are returned to

the submitter who signs the COC card and the COC form, which is filed in

sample control.

A room in the preparation area has been provided for sorting large batches

of samples which are COC. As this room is shared, there is a limited time

available for its use. 

Samples that have a short viability (such as water samples) will be held for

6 weeks. At that time they will be returned to the submitter along with a copy

of all documentation. The submitter will be required to sign for the samples on

the COC card and form.

Samples that are sent through the mail room with evidence tape will not be

released by the mail room personnel to anyone but the SCC or designated

backup individual (fig. 6).

If the litigation is not completed, the samples and all related documents

continue to be held as evidence with all appropriate safe guards. Storage

charges may be assessed if storage of more than two years is anticipated or

incurred.
13

Figure 6. Deliveries to sample control.
14

Information regarding the samples may be released to the submitter only.

Any requests for information from anyone other than the submitter are referred

to the Solicitor General.

PERSONNEL POLICY GOVERNING 

CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLES

Employee conduct is governed by the Ethics Reform Act of 1989. Details

of this act are available in the local personnel office of the U.S. Geological

Survey. The guidelines set forth in this act are to be followed by all private

(contract) and government employees working on COC samples in this laboratory.

The supervisory sample control specialist serves as the principal COC custodian for the laboratory and is responsible for the coordination of sample submittal, retrieval and storage (short and long term) of samples. A designated

individual from sample control serves as a backup COC custodian.

Training documents identify the qualified analysts who can perform a particular procedure or parts of a procedure. Only qualified analysts will perform

the requested analyses. Training documentation (fig. 7) is kept and maintained

by the quality assurance (QA) coordinator. Analyst performance is routinely

checked using quality control (QC) results to demonstrate that the analyst performs under the guidelines set forth under the QA Manual for the MRSP.

COC analysis personnel have work plans that include a critical element

governing compliance with COC guidelines. These individuals are all certified

by the laboratory chief to handle COC samples. 

The chief scientist or the MRSP laboratory manager represent the lab in all

court cases where routine procedures are used to analyze COC samples. When

nonroutine techniques are used in the analysis of samples it is the research scientist’s responsibility to provide all necessary documentation, QA/QC information, and testimony at any legal proceedings.

GENERAL POLICIES GOVERNING PHYSICAL

SECURITY OF CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLES

Federal Center Security

The MRSP COC protocol includes three levels of security. The first level

controls passage onto the Denver Federal Center (DFC) with a fenced enclosure and entrance guards who record all access of nongovernment employees

and all access of government employees after normal business hours. A second

level of security is provided by regular police patrols of the DFC by the

Federal Protective Service (FPS). The final level is provided by our building

security, which is described in detail below. 
15

Low-level Au Analysis

Name______________________________________________________________

Job title/Grade_______________________________________________________

Supervisor__________________________________________________________

Date of training initiation______________________________________________

TRAINER MUST INITIAL AND DATE

Figure 7. Low-level Au analysis Form.

PROCEDURE Not yet

trained

In

process

Proficient

1. Sample weighing

a. Cleaning crucibles and

sample weighing

a. Cook samples

b. Dissolution of samples

a. Organic extraction

b. HBr extraction

a. Calibration

b. Run samples

a. Calibration

b. Run samples

2. Sample digestion

3. Au Extractions

4. Flame AA

7. QC paperwork

6. Cleanup

5. GFAA

8. Data sheets
16

Building Security

Security for COC samples restricts access to three distinct areas in the laboratory facility. These include sample control/sample storage, sample preparation, and a portion of the analytical laboratories. In all three areas, access is

controlled through card readers, motion detectors, or deadbolt locks. Only designated personnel that have been approved by management have access to

these secured areas. The security system in all three areas can be modified to

accommodate approved changes in laboratory personnel. All security measures

that have been installed in this facility have been approved by the FPS, who

will monitor the installation. 

Sample Control Security

The sample control area (app. 2) is secured by three card-reader monitors

and a one-way alarm door. In addition to these security measures, MRSP

restricts access to this area to authorized sample control personnel and those

authorized by the SCC. 

Sample Preparation Security

Three rooms are designated for sample preparation (app. 2). The rooms

include a special preparation/sorting and drying room used by sample submitters, a room designed for sample crushing and grinding, and a room used for

preparation of biologic materials. These rooms are equipped with special combination locks and (or) card readers. A motion detector is in place in the plant

laboratory providing additional security.

Laboratory Security

Four laboratories are used for COC analytical work. These laboratories

include ICP-AES, ICP-MS, CV-AAS for mercury determination, and AAhydride generation for determination of arsenic, antimony, and selenium (app.

2). Because these laboratories were constructed with solid walls that run from

floor to ceiling, securing them for COC work required monitoring only the

entry to the laboratory. This was accomplished by the installation of card reader

monitors and (or) special door combination locks. These security measures provide adequate electronic monitoring while providing reasonable access for an

approved analyst. In addition, they can be deactivated when noncustodial samples are being analyzed. The easy installation of these door security systems

allows for a “phased” installation. Thus laboratories can be secured as other

techniques are added to the suite of approved COC work.

Backup Chain-of-Custody Sample Storage Devices

A set of three storage lockers are located outside of sample control to serve

as temporary sample storage units. These lockers can be used by analysts or

sample submitters if samples cannot be secured in the sample control area by
17

the close of business. After these lockers have been closed, only the SCC can

reopen them.

Computer Security for Chain of Custody

Computer access to the COC information stored in MRSP computers

requires a valid user identification and a password. Authorized computer access

is limited to selected personnel.

When a COC job is entered into the laboratory information management

system (LIMS), the assigned job number and laboratory numbers are sent to

personnel who work with these samples. No one has authority to access this

data without special permission.

Analytical data are printed as they are generated. This hard copy is considered the original (primary) document. The analytical results are also stored in

the computer as a backup to the primary document. Data storage is a design

feature of LIMS.

A password is required to access the system. Additional precautions may

be taken such as storing data on separate electronic storage devices, if it

becomes apparent that the computer security that is currently in place has been

breached.

REFERENCES

Arbogast, B.F., editor, 1990, Quality assurance manual for the Branch of

Geochemistry, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File

Report 90-668, 184 p.

Baedecker, P.A., and McKown, D.M., 1987, Instrumental neutron activation analysis

of geochemical samples, in Baedecker, P.A. (ed.), Methods for geochemical

analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1770, p. H1–H14. 
18

APPENDIX 1

Government Cost Estimate

2/17/94

Bldg 20 Rev 4/22/94

Alt Rev 4/22/94

Alt 1 Rev 4/22/94

Rev 4/26/94

Labor Grand

Item Cost Quan Total Hrs Cost Total Total

Prox 941 $433.00 16 $6,928.00 4 $35.00 $2,240.00 $9,168.00

Strike 250.00 11 2,750.00 4 35.00 1,540.00 4,290.00

Xmfr 25.00 11 275.00 1 35.00 385.00 660.00

Special I/F 75.00 16 1,200.00 2 35.00 1,120.00 2,320.00

Micro 4 2,317.00 1 2,317.00 8 35.00 280.00 2,597.00

8RP board 1,031.00 2 2,062.00 1 35.00 70.00 2,132.00

6000 ID cap 250.00 1 250.00 2 35.00 70.00 320.00

Modem 450.00 2 900.00 2 35.00 140.00 1,040.00

PIR 95.00 6 570.00 3 35.00 630.00 1,200.00

Balanced Contact 65.00 7 455.00 3 35.00 735.00 1,190.00

Exit switch 50.00 3 150.00 2 35.00 210.00 360.00

Power Supply 125.00 1 125.00 4 35.00 140.00 265.00

Moose MPI-775 60.00 2 120.00 1 35.00 70.00 190.00

Siren 40.00 1 40.00 2 35.00 70.00 110.00

0.00 35.00 0.00 0.00

Wire 0.75 1500 1,125.00 1,125.00

Miscellaneous expenses 250.00 250.00

__________ __________ __________

Total $19,517.00 $7,700.00 $27,217.00
APPENDIX 2

Building 20 Street Plan Map

5th Avenue

Mobile

Laboratories

H

1537 a

H

1537

H

1540

H1521

H

1625

H1623

H1539

H

1539

H1532

H1526

H

H1617

1523

H1527

H

1623

a

H1535 Rest

Rooms

W–14

S–6

S–5

S–4

Rest

Rooms

H1536

H

1536

H

1524

H

1615

H1613

H

1614

H

1612

H1610

H

1608 H

1609

H

1522

H

1605

H1607

H1603

G

1519 G1515

G

1513 G1511 G1509 G1507 G1517

G

1505

G

1501

G

16081610

G

16021604

G

1606

G1522

G1518A

H1602 G1520

G

1518

G

1516 G1512

G

1506

G

1510 G1510

a

G

1208

G

1113

4th Avenue

Fool's Gold Freeway

H

1538 H1534

H

1530 H1528

H

1525

G

1502

H1606

G

1115

b & c G1117

G1111

b & c

G

1603

G

1303

G

1304 G1302 G1209

G

1301

E

1624

E

1620

c E

1627

E

1629

Rest

Rooms Rest Rooms

G

1116 G

1114

G1112

G

1112

a

G

1112

b G1404

?

G1118

G

1402

G

1402

a

F

1410

F

1115

a

F

1115

b F1115c

F

1115

F

1117

?

F1319F1321 F

1406 F 1408

F

1323

F

1325

F

1404 F 1402

F

1324

F

1320 F1318

G

1108

G

1110

G

1110

a

G

1206

G

1204

F

1222

G

1202

F

1313

F

1314

F

1218

G

1207

G1205 a

G1205 b

G1205 c

G1201

G

h

1201

G

1203 G1201 a

G1201

G

b

1201

c & d

F

1213

F

1213

a

F

1213

b

F

1217

E

1410

E

1408

E

1406

E

1404

E

1402

E

E

1407

1415 E1413

E1411

E

1409

E

1405

Disk Drive

E1412 a

E

1412

F

1322 F 1316 F1316a F1322a

F1316bF1322b

F

1216

F

1214

F

1212

F

1210

F

1208

F

1206

F

1125 F 1123 F 1121 F1119

F1119b F

1121

a F1119a

F

1121

b

?

F

1120

F

1118

F

1116

F1114

Rest

Rooms

F1211

F

1211

b

F

1209

c

F

1209

d

F

1209

b

F

1209

F

1209

a

F

1203 F1110

F

1108

F

1104

F

1104

a

E

1317

E

1315 E1313 E1311 E1309 E1307 E1305 E1303 E1301 B1335 B1333 B1331 B1330 B1329

B

1328

B

1327

B

1328a

B

1325

B

1326 E1318 E1316

E

1117 E1112

E

1314

a & b

E

1118 E1116 E1114 E1115

E

1312 E

1310

E

1308 E

1302

E

1306

E

1111

Conf. Room A

E1111

Conf. Room B

G1113

Galena Street

ay Halite W 3rd Avenue

2nd Avenue

1st Avenue

HlGHWAY 101

HlGHWAY 101

HWY 101

MS 973

Conf.

Room

Coffee

Shop

FDA

W–3

E–8 E–9 E–11 E–12

E–13 S–1

S–2

Easy Street Emerald Alley

F

1215

F

1103

c

b a F

1101

F1600

Mechanical

Plant

F1602

WRD

F

1130

F1201

F1202 F1200

E

1124

E

1120

a b

Elevator

G

1601

G

1115 a G1111

G

1214

G

1212

G

1210

G

1503

G

1504

G

1611

a

E

1620

E

1618

Chromite Ct.

Stairs

Beaker Street

ay Bronzite W

B1324

M

R

SP

Stairs

Stairs

Cold Storage

E

1620

a

E

1625

H's

G's

E's

F's

B's

U.S Geological Survey

Mineral Resource Survey

Program (MRSP)

Room & Street Plan

Building 20 – MS 973

Hazardous

Waste

Storage

Chemical

Storage

19
20

APPENDIX 3

Shortened Version of Chain-of-Custody Policies

INTRODUCTION

The Mineral Resource Survey Program (MRSP), formerly the Branch of

Geochemistry (BGC), provides support expertise for geologic/analytical products.

This includes the following:

• Development and application of single element and multi-element methods

used in geochemical investigations.

• Development and application of geochemical techniques for environmental

programs.

• Expert testimony on sample handling and on the methods used.

• Maintenance of an up-to-date quality assurance program.

To ensure the integrity of evidentiary samples, policies have been established and

are outlined below.

SAMPLE CONTROL ROUTINE PROCEDURES

Sample control personnel are responsible for maintaining the chain of custody for all samples submitted to MRSP. Samples involved in litigation are controlled more rigorously to ensure their admissibility as evidence in court. 

All samples submitted to MRSP must be accompanied by a completed

request for analysis (RFA) form. This form is the record of accountability.

Information, such as the evidentiary nature of a sample or high elemental concentrations in a sample, are noted on this form along with the requested analysis.

ACCEPTANCE OF ROUTINE SAMPLES 

(NONEVIDENTIARY)

Samples are counted and checked against the RFA. Discrepancies are

resolved prior to formal acceptance. The information from the RFA is entered in

the computer and numbers are issued for each batch (job number) and each individual sample numbers (laboratory numbers).

A computer printout of the information from the RFA and the information

generated by the computer is sent to the submitter for verification. The samples

and paperwork remain in a sample control holding area until requested by the

sample preparation laboratory personnel.

The policies used in processing routine samples are documented and maintained in the sample control office. Copies of this information are available upon

request.

When all work on a job has been completed, sample control personnel file all

of the original paperwork in loose leaf computer notebooks by job number. Six
21

months after the completion of analysis, samples from completed jobs are then

moved to the permanent storage facility.

POLICIES REQUIRED PRIOR TO ACCEPTANCE 

OF EVIDENTIARY SAMPLES

Pre-Assessment Meeting 

Prior to sample submittal, the project leader(s) requesting strict chain of custody (COC) conducts a meeting with all relevant laboratory personnel to discuss

details of the project relating to the handling, analysis, and final disposition of

samples.

The laboratory reserves the right to refuse any sample that exceeds laboratory safety guidelines.

SAMPLE CONTROL EVIDENTIARY PROCEDURES

Samples that might involve litigation are handled as evidence. A specific set

of COC procedures are maintained on all such samples. The process for handling

these samples requires additional precautions. Specific rules are detailed below.

The sample control specialist (SCC) or designated representative is the custodian of evidentiary samples and maintains all COC samples, forms, and tracking

cards in a secured area. 

Acceptance of Evidentiary Samples

While the submitter is present, sample control personnel count and check the

samples against the RFA. Any discrepancies are resolved prior to official acceptance of the samples. The SCC has the right to refuse samples as evidentiary, if

the sample containers are improperly sealed, damaged, leaking, above the levels

of toxicity or radioactivity pre-determined by the MRSP safety officer or arrive

with incomplete or incorrect paperwork. The identifying numbers are recorded on

the sample control COC Form, which is maintained in a bound book. The samples are photographed, and this photograph is preserved with the RFA.

Samples are locked in the sample control evidentiary holding area. Formally

accepted samples are entered into the system according to the documentation in

the sample control office. The exceptions to the routine procedure are that laboratory and job numbers are added to the COC form, and a tracking card is created

for evidence. This card is filed in a small file that is kept in the COC area. This

card must be signed by individuals with name and date before samples will be

released by the SCC. 

Withdrawal of Evidentiary Samples

Analysts authorized to work with COC samples must contact the SCC for

withdrawal of COC samples prior to arriving in the sample control area. The analyst comes to the sample control area and inspects the evidence seals to assure
22

that the samples meet standard evidence rules. Samples are given to the analyst

after the analyst signs the tracking card and the bottom section of the COC form

with name, date, time, reason for withdrawal, amount to be used in analysis, and

location to where the samples are to be moved. Samples may then be moved to

another secured area. Samples are returned to sample control as soon as the

amount required for analysis has been weighed and removed. Samples are not left

unattended and (or) unsecured. The analyst adds any additional notes, such as

increased amount of sample withdrawn, to the COC form when the samples are

returned to sample control. 

When COC samples are in a laboratory, no other samples are permitted in

that laboratory to eliminate any possibility of cross-contamination of COC samples. 

SAMPLE PREPARATION OF

CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLES

COC sample preparation protocol differs from the standard operating procedure for the ACSG sample preparation only by the additional security and documentation involved. Physical sample preparation of COC samples is performed in

accordance with the quality assurance manual (Arbogast, 1990).

Any special preparation instructions, the amount of sample to be prepared,

the disposal of excess material, and the cost for disposal of any hazardous materials is agreed upon at the pre-assessment meeting.

If excess sample is being returned to the submitter, a 3-oz unaltered split of

the sample is retained and safeguarded until the litigation is completed. This prepared sample is maintained by the ACSG and used for analytical work. All other

excess sample is either returned to the submitter or discarded. If hazardous materials/waste disposal costs are incurred, the submitter is held responsible as agreed

upon at the pre-assessment meeting.

A trained and certified sample preparation technician accepts the sample(s)

from the sample custodian. The samples are taken to the ACSG’s COC sample

preparation laboratory and prepared for analysis. Upon completion, the technician

notes on the RFA any problems such as broken seals. The samples and excess

bulk, if any, are secured with evidence tape, initialed and dated. They are then

returned to the sample custodian. The sample custodian checks to ensure all samples are present and sealed properly and signs the bottom section of the COC

form next to the analyst’s name to indicate the resumption of custody.

CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLE LABORATORY ANALYSIS

After the prepared samples are returned to sample control, laboratory analysts

withdraw samples following the same rules. Samples can be only moved to

secured areas of the building. Any sample removed from the custodial sample (for

example, 10 g for Au analysis) is documented on the COC form. If analysis

requires formation of solutions, the solution may be kept in the secured area, but
23

the original sample is returned to sample control as soon as the amount needed

for analysis has been weighed and removed. 

Routine techniques validated in Arbogast (1990) are used for the majority of

analyses of COC samples. Nonroutine techniques may also be used for the analysis of COC samples, but it then becomes the responsibility of the research scientist to provide the necessary QA/QC information and method references for validation of the research technique.

Instrument calibration and maintenance are performed according to Arbogast

(1990). Instrument calibrations are documented in log books or on computer

printouts. Lab books and log books are bound with entries recorded in permanent

ink. Lab books contain pertinent information such as job number, name of submitter, sample numbers, weight of sample, date of preparation, and method of dissolution. The analyst is responsible for placing all data in a secured area during

sample analysis (such as strip chart and graphs). When the analysis is complete,

all original data are given to the COC custodian, who is responsible for the storage of the information.

SAMPLE COMPLETION AND 

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

Samples that are insufficient for all requested analyses are noted on the RFA

and the COC form when they become insufficient. All requested splits are kept in

the secured areas with the original samples. Should a portion of the sample be

requested for litigation, a split is made available upon request and permission of

the Solicitor General. The amount of sample removed and the date and time is

noted on the COC form.

When all requested analyses are complete, computer printouts of the results

are filed in a sample control loose leaf book in the sample control secured area.

The samples and all related paperwork are secured until all litigation is complete.

Sample submitters are contacted on an annual basis to ascertain the status of

the litigation process. When the litigation is complete, the submitter is notified to

retrieve the samples. A split of the original sample is maintained by the MRSP for

permanent archive but on a nonevidentiary basis. The evidentiary samples and a

copy of all RFA documentation, computer printouts, and results are returned to

the submitter who signs the COC card and the COC form, which is filed in sample control. 

Samples that have a short viability (such as water samples) will be held for 6

weeks. At that time, they will be returned to the submitter along with a copy of

all documentation. The submitter will be required to sign for the samples on the

COC card and form.

Samples that are sent through the mail room with evidence tape will not be

released by the mail room personnel to anyone but the SCC or the designated

backup individual. 
24

If the litigation is not completed, the samples and all related documents continue to be held as evidence with all appropriate safeguards.

Storage charges may be assessed if storage times of more than 2 years are

anticipated or incurred.

Information regarding the samples may only be released to the submitter. Any

requests for information from anyone other than the submitter are referred to the

Solicitor General. 

PERSONNEL POLICY GOVERNING 

CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLES

Employee conduct is governed by the Ethics Reform Act of 1989. Details of

this act are available in the local personnel office of The U.S. Geological Survey.

The guidelines set forth in this act are to be followed by all private (contract) and

government employees working on COC samples in this laboratory.

The supervisory sample control specialist serves as the principal sample COC

custodian for the laboratory and is responsible for the coordination of sample submittal, retrieval and storage (short and long term). A designated individual from

sample control acts as a backup COC custodian.

Training documents identify those analysts who are qualified to perform a

particular procedure or parts of a procedure. Only analysts who are documented

as qualified will perform the requested analyses. Training documents are kept and

maintained by the quality assurance coordinator.

The analyst’s performance is routinely checked using Quality Control (QC)

results to demonstrate that the analyst performs under the guidelines set forth

under the Quality Assurance (QA) Manual for Branch of Geochemistry (Arbogast,

1990).

Individuals involved with COC analyses have work plans that include a critical element governing compliance with COC guidelines. These individuals are all

certified by the laboratory chief as qualified to handle COC samples. 

The chief scientist or the MRSP laboratory manager represent the lab in all

court cases where routine procedures are used to analyze COC samples. 

When nonroutine techniques are used in the analysis of samples, it is the

research scientist’s responsibility to provide all necessary documentation, QA/QC

information, and testimony at any legal proceedings.

GENERAL POLICIES GOVERNING PHYSICAL

SECURITY OF CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY SAMPLES

Federal Center Security

The COC protocol includes three levels of security. The first level controls of

entrance and exit of the Denver Federal Center (DFC) with a fenced enclosure
25

and guards who record all access after normal business hours. A second level of

security is provided by regular police patrols of the DFC by the Federal

Protective Service (FPS), and a final level is provided by our building security

system.

Building Security

Security for COC samples restricts access to three distinct areas in the laboratory facility. In all areas, security equipment was recommended, installed, and

is monitored by the FPS. Only designated individuals who have been approved

by MRSP management have access to these secured areas. The security system in

all three areas can be modified to accommodate changes in laboratory personnel

without endangering the security of COC samples. 

Sample Control Security

The sample control area is secured by various methods recommended by the

FPS and installed under their supervision. In addition to these security improvements, MRSP restricts access to this area to authorized sample control personnel

and those authorized by the SCC. 

Sample Preparation Security

Three rooms are designated for sample preparation. The rooms include a special preparation/sorting and drying room used by sample submitters, a room

designed for sample crushing and grinding, and a room used for preparation of

biologic materials. The security of these rooms was also installed under the supervision of FPS.

Laboratory Security

Four laboratories are used for COC analytical work. Electronic security measures provide complete monitoring but still provide reasonable access for an

approved analyst. In addition, the security can be deactivated when noncustodial

samples are being analyzed. Access is monitored by FPS anytime COC samples

are being analyzed. 

Backup Chain-of-Custody Sample Storage Devices

A set of three storage lockers are located outside of sample control to serve

as temporary sample storage units. These lockers are used by analysts or sample

submitters if samples cannot be secured in the sample control area by the close of

business. After these lockers have been closed, only the sample custodian can

reopen them.

Computer Security for Chain of Custody

Computer access to the COC information stored in computers requires a

valid user identification and a password. Authorized computer access is limited to

selected MRSP personnel.
26

When a COC job is entered into the laboratory information management system (LIMS), the assigned job number and laboratory numbers are sent to the personnel who work with these samples. No one has authority to access this data

without special permission.

Analytical data are printed as they are generated from laboratory instruments.

This hard copy is considered the original (primary) document. The analytical

results are also stored in the computer as a backup to the primary document. Data

storage is a design feature of LIMS. A password is required to access the system.

Additional precautions may be taken such as storing data on separate electronic

storage devises, if it becomes apparent that the computer security that is currently

in place has been breached.

REFERENCE

Arbogast, B.F., editor, 1990, Quality assurance manual for the Branch of

Geochemistry, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 90-668, 184 p.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We especially want to thank the following people for sharing their expertise:

Belinda Arbogast Mineral Resource Survey Program

Jim Budahn Mineral Resource Survey Program

Paul Lamothe Mineral Resource Survey Program

Steve McDanal Mineral Resource Survey Program

Vince Marino Federal Protective Service

Jon Werkmeister Federal Protective Service

Peter Mang Colorado Bureau of Investigation

Jackie Bailey Colorado Bureau of Investigation

Bob Huestis Lakewood Police Department

Glenn Tiedt Office of the Solicitor General,

Department of the Interior

Anthony Palizzi Enesco

Jerry Porr Enesco

Bruce Binkley Environmental Protection Agency

Eric Nottingham Environmental Protection Agency
AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year

issues of the monthly catalog “New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey.” Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual “Price and Availability List.” Publications that may be listed in various U.S.

Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual “Price and Availability List” may no longer be

available.

Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of

Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry.

Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices listed below.

BY MAIL

Books

Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of

general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies

of Earthquakes & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some miscellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of

Documents, are obtainable by mail from

U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

Subscriptions to periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes and

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) can be obtained ONLY

from the

Superintendent of Documents

Government Printing Office

Washington, DC 20402

(Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of

Documents.)

Maps

For maps, address mail orders to

U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

Residents of Alaska may order maps from

U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center

101 Twelfth Ave., Box 12

Fairbanks, AK 99701

OVER THE COUNTER

Books and Maps

Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available

over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey offices, all

of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents.

• ANCHORAGE, Alaska–Rm. 101, 4230 University Dr.

• LAKEWOOD, Colorado–Federal Center, Bldg. 810

• MENLO PARK, California–Bldg. 3, Rm. 3128,

345 Middlefield Rd.

• RESTON, Virginia–USGS National Center, Rm. 1C402,

 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr.

• SALT LAKE CITY, Utah–Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105,

125 South State St.

• SPOKANE, Washington–U.S. Post Office Bldg., Rm. 135,

West 904 Riverside Ave.

• WASHINGTON, D.C.–Main Interior Bldg., Rm. 2650,

18th and C Sts., NW.

Maps Only

Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following

U.S. Geological Survey offices:

• FAIRBANKS, Alaska–New Federal Bldg, 101 Twelfth Ave.

• ROLLA, Missouri–1400 Independence Rd.

• STENNIS SPACE CENTER, Mississippi–Bldg. 3101
SELECTED SERIES OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS

Periodicals

Earthquakes & Volcanoes (issued bimonthly).

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (issued monthly).

Technical Books and Reports

Professional Papers are mainly comprehensive scientific reports

of wide and lasting interest and importance to professional scientists and

engineers. Included are reports on the results of resource studies and of

topographic, hydrologic, and geologic investigations. They also include

collections of related papers addressing different aspects of a single scientific topic.

Bulletins contain significant data and interpretations that are of

lasting scientific interest but are generally more limited in scope or geographic coverage than Professional Papers. They include the results of resource studies and of geologic and topographic investigations; as well as

collections of short papers related to a specific topic.

Water-Supply Papers are comprehensive reports that present significant interpretive results of hydrologic investigations of wide interest

to professional geologists, hydrologists, and engineers. The series covers

investigations in all phases of hydrology, including hydrology, availability of water, quality of water, and use of water.

Circulars present administrative information or important scientific information of wide popular interest in a format designed for distribution at no cost to the public. Information is usually of short-term interest.

Water-Resources Investigations Reports are papers of an interpretive nature made available to the public outside the formal USGS publications series. Copies are reproduced on request unlike formal USGS

publications, and they are also available for public inspection at depositories indicated in USGS catalogs.

Open-File Reports include unpublished manuscript reports, maps,

and other material that are made available for public consultation at depositories. They are a nonpermanent form of publication that may be cited in other publications as sources of information.

Maps

Geologic Quadrangle Maps are multicolor geologic maps on topographic bases in 7 1/2- or 15-minute quadrangle formats (scales mainly 1:24,000 or 1:62,500) showing bedrock, surficial, or engineering

geology. Maps generally include brief texts; some maps include structure

and columnar sections only.

Geophysical Investigations Maps are on topographic or planimetric bases at various scales, they show results of surveys using geophysical

techniques, such as gravity, magnetic, seismic, or radioactivity, which reflect subsurface structures that are of economic or geologic significance.

Many maps include correlations with the geology.

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Maps are on planimetric or

topographic bases of regular and irregular areas at various scales; they

present a wide variety of format and subject matter. The series also includes 7 1/2-minute quadrangle photogeologic maps on planimetric

bases which show geology as interpreted from aerial photographs. The

series also includes maps of Mars and the Moon.

Coal Investigations Maps are geologic maps on topographic or

planimetric bases at various scales showing bedrock or surficial geology,

stratigraphy, and structural relations in certain coal-resource areas.

Oil and Gas Investigations Charts show stratigraphic information for certain oil and gas fields and other areas having petroleum potential.

Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps are multicolor or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetric bases on quadrangle or irregular areas at various scales. Pre-1971 maps show bedrock geology in relation to specific mining or mineral-deposit problems; post-1971 maps

are primarily black-and-white maps on various subjects such as environmental studies or wilderness mineral investigations.

Hydrologic Investigations Atlases are multicolored or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetric bases presenting a wide range

of geohydrologic data of both regular and irregular areas; the principal

scale is 1:24,000, and regional studies are at 1:250,000 scale or smaller.

Catalogs

Permanent catalogs, as well as some others, giving comprehensive

listings of U.S. Geological Survey publications are available under the

conditions indicated below from USGS Map Distribution, Box 25286,

Building 810, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. (See latest

Price and Availability List.)

“Publications of the Geological Survey, 1879-1961” may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a set

microfiche.

“Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962-1970” may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a set

of microfiche.

“Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971-1981” may be

purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form (two volumes, publications listing and index) and as a set of microfiche.

Supplements for 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, and for subsequent years since the last permanent catalog may be purchased by mail

and over the counter in paperback book form.

State catalogs, “List of U.S. Geological Survey Geologic and Water-Supply Reports and Maps For (State),” may be purchased by mail and

over the counter in paperback booklet form only.

“Price and Availability List of U.S. Geological Survey Publications,” issued annually, is available free of charge in paperback booklet

form only.

Selected copies of a monthly catalog “New Publications of the

U.S. Geological Survey” is available free of charge by mail or may be obtained over the counter in paperback booklet form only. Those wishing a

free subscription to the monthly catalog “New Publications of the U.S.

Geological Survey” should write to the U.S. Geological Survey, 582 National Center, Reston, VA 22092.

Note.–Prices of Government publications listed in older catalogs,

announcements, and publications may be incorrect. Therefore, the prices

charged may differ from the prices in catalogs, announcements, and publications.