UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

Case No. 2:20-cv-14287-KMM

JEFFREY W. MALLON,

Plaintiff,

v.

STATE OF FLORIDA, et al.,

Defendants.

 /

ORDER ON REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

THIS CAUSE came before the Court upon pro se Plaintiff Jeffrey Mallon’s (“Plaintiff”)

Complaint bringing claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (“Compl.”) (ECF No. 1). The matter 

was referred to the Honorable Lisette M. Reid, United States Magistrate Judge, who issued a 

Report and Recommendation recommending that Plaintiff’s Complaint be DISMISSED 

WITHOUT PREJUDICE pursuant to the abstention doctrine elucidated in Younger v. Harris, 401 

U.S. 37 (1971). (“R&R”) (ECF No. 8). Plaintiff filed timely objections.1 (“Objs.”) (ECF No. 9). 

The matter is now ripe for review. As set forth below, the Court ADOPTS the R&R. 

The Court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or

recommendations made by the magistrate judge. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). 

The Court “must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge’s disposition that has been

properly objected to.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). A de novo review is therefore required if a party

1

 On November 15, 2020, Plaintiff filed additional objections, along with what appears to be an 

attempt at a notice of appeal. See (ECF No. 10). However, the Court had not yet entered an order 

on the R&R at the time of Plaintiff’s filing. Accordingly, the Court will treat Plaintiff’s October 

10, 2020 filing, see Objs., as the operative objections. 

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files “a proper, specific objection” to a factual finding contained in the report. Macort v. Prem,

Inc., 208 F. App’x 781, 784 (11th Cir. 2006). “It is critical that the objection be sufficiently

specific and not a general objection to the report” to warrant de novo review. Id. However,

objections are improper if they expand upon and reframe arguments already made and considered

by the magistrate judge, or simply disagree with the magistrate judge’s conclusions. See Melillo

v. United States, No. 17-CV-80489, 2018 WL 4258355, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 6, 2018); see also

Marlite, Inc. v. Eckenrod, No. 10-23641-CIV, 2012 WL 3614212, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 21, 2012)

(quoting Camardo v. Gen. Motors Hourly-Rate Emps. Pension Plan, 806 F. Supp. 380, 382

(W.D.N.Y. 1992)) (“It is improper for an objecting party to . . . submit [ ] papers to a district court

which are nothing more than a rehashing of the same arguments and positions taken in the original

papers submitted to the Magistrate Judge. Clearly, parties are not to be afforded a ‘second bite at

the apple’ when they file objections to a R & R.”). When the objecting party has not properly

objected to the magistrate judge’s findings, “the court need only satisfy itself that there is no clear

error on the face of the record in order to accept the recommendation.” Keaton v. United States,

No. 14-21230-CIV, 2015 WL 12780912, at *1 (S.D. Fla. May 4, 2015).

As set forth in the R&R, Magistrate Judge Reid recommends that the Court decline to 

exercise jurisdiction based on the U.S. Supreme Court’s holding in Younger.

2

 R&R at 3–5.

Specifically, Magistrate Judge Reid finds that (1) Plaintiff was charged with resisting arrest

without violence and aggravated battery with a weapon on July 24, 2019; (2) these state 

proceedings were pending at the time Plaintiff filed the instant Complaint on August 13, 2020; (3) 

2

 Younger abstention applies “only if the state proceedings: (1) are pending at the time of the 

federal action; (2) implicate important state interests; and (3) provide an adequate opportunity for 

raising federal constitutional questions.” Hale v. Pate, 694 F. App’x 682, 683 (11th Cir. 2017)

(citing Middlesex Cnty. Ethics Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 432 (1982)).

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Plaintiff’s state criminal proceedings implicate important state interests; and (4) Plaintiff has not 

established that the state judicial proceeding would fail to provide an adequate remedy for his 

federal claims because Plaintiff’s Complaint is predicated on federal constitutional rights which 

can be vindicated in the state court proceedings. Id. Accordingly, Magistrate Judge Reid finds 

that each of the three factors articulated by the Supreme Court in Younger weigh in favor of 

abstention. Id. at 5.

In the Objections,3 Plaintiff objects to Magistrate Judge Reid’s finding that he has not 

established that the state judicial proceeding would fail to provide an adequate remedy for his 

federal claims. See generally Objs. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that (1) he “pursued all the 

constitutional issues in the state court and legal system”; (2) the state court system does not afford 

him an adequate remedy, “[g]iven the requirement that arrest [sic] be made only on probable cause 

and that one detained be accorded a speedy trial”; and (3) he provided the Florida Bar an 

opportunity to assist in resolving the asserted constitutional issues, and the state courts have been 

afforded a reasonable opportunity to reach the merits. See id. at 5, 11, 15–16. In support of his 

argument, Plaintiff includes an exhibit comprised of various state court rulings on his case, as well 

as a letter from the Florida Bar to the State Public Defender’s Office. See (ECF No. 9-1). 

However, Magistrate Judge Reid considered Plaintiff’s state court criminal proceedings in 

the R&R. See R&R at 3, 4–5 (taking judicial notice of the “existence and status” of Plaintiff’s 

state court proceedings and finding that Plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law). Additionally, 

the state court rulings attached as an exhibit to Plaintiff’s Objections do not support his contention 

3

 Plaintiff’s nineteen handwritten pages’ worth of Objections consist almost entirely of citations 

to and quotations from case law—not specific and proper objections to Magistrate Judge Reid’s 

findings. See generally Objs.; see also Macort, 208 F. App’x at 784. Nonetheless, the Court 

generously construes the Objections as generally objecting to Magistrate Judge Reid’s third 

finding, which is discussed further below. 

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that the state court system does not afford him an adequate remedy, or that the state courts “reached 

the merits” of his state court petition for writ of habeas corpus. See generally (ECF No. 9-1). 

Rather, the rulings indicate that Plaintiff’s numerous pro se motions filed in state court were 

stricken as improper since he was represented by court-appointed counsel. (ECF No. 9-1) at 6. 

Accordingly, the Court concludes from the record that no clear error was made, and agrees with 

Magistrate Judge Reid’s findings in the R&R. Keaton, 2015 WL 12780912, at *1 (“[T]he court 

need only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the face of the record in order to accept the 

recommendation.”).

UPON CONSIDERATION of the Complaint, the R&R, the Objections, the pertinent 

portions of the record, and being otherwise fully advised in the premises, it is hereby ORDERED 

AND ADJUDGED that Magistrate Judge Reid’s R&R (ECF No. 8) is ADOPTED. Plaintiff’s 

claims for injunctive and declaratory relief are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE pursuant to 

Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). The Clerk of Court in INSTRUCTED to CLOSE this case. 

All pending motions, if any, are DENIED AS MOOT. 

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, this ____ day of June, 2021.

K. MICHAEL MOORE

CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

c: All counsel of record

10th

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