NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PAUL DAVID JOHNSON, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

JOSEPH CHUDY, M.D., 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 17-16377 

D.C. No. 3:14-cv-04958-JST 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Jon S. Tigar, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted August 11, 2020

San Francisco, California

Before: HAWKINS and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and BATAILLON,** Senior 

District Judge.

Paul Johnson, an inmate at High Desert State Prison, appeals the dismissal of 

his pro se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action for deliberate indifference to serious medical 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, Senior United States District 

Judge for the District of Nebraska, sitting by designation.

FILED

SEP 22 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 17-16377 

needs. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse.

1

“We 

review de novo the district court's dismissal of an action, accepting all factual 

allegations in the complaint as true and drawing ‘all reasonable inferences in favor 

of the nonmoving party.’” Gregg v. Hawaii, Dep't of Pub. Safety, 870 F.3d 883, 

886–87 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting TwoRivers v. Lewis, 174 F.3d 987, 991 (9th Cir. 

1999)) (internal citation omitted). 

Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we recite only those necessary 

to resolve the issues on appeal. Johnson alleges he was treated by Appellee J. Chudy, 

M.D. in 2009 for urological symptoms. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 

2013 and filed this action in 2014. The district court dismissed Johnson’s claim as 

barred by California’s four-year statute of limitations, finding the claim accrued in 

2009 when Johnson sought medical care and was aware that his symptoms were not 

treated. On appeal, Johnson, represented by appointed pro bono counsel, argues that 

the district court erred in failing to apply the discovery rule of accrual and dismissing 

his action, without leave to amend, as untimely. 

1. The district court erred in failing to apply the discovery rule and dismissing 

Johnson’s § 1983 deliberate indifference claim as time barred. “Although courts 

look to state law for the length of the limitations period, the time at which a § 1983 

1

 Appellee J. Chudy, M.D. moves for judicial notice of Johnson’s amended 

complaint in another case. We grant the motion and have considered the evidence. 

See Headwaters, Inc. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 399 F.3d 1047, 1051 n.3 (9th Cir. 2005).
3 17-16377 

claim accrues ‘is a question of federal law,’ ‘conforming in general to common-law

tort principles.’” McDonough v. Smith, 139 S. Ct. 2149, 2155 (2019) (quoting 

Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 388 (2007)). “Under federal law, a claim accrues 

when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury which is the basis of 

the action.” TwoRivers, 174 F.3d at 991. Contrary to the district court’s assertion, 

there are not two tracks for determining accrual dates in § 1983 cases. We apply the 

discovery rule in § 1983 actions of this nature. See, e.g., Gregg, 870 F.3d at 885 

(finding an Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim accrued when plaintiff 

knew, or had reason to know, through reasonable diligence, that her psychological 

injuries were caused by defendants’ improper conduct in therapy); Bibeau v. Pac. 

Nw. Research Found. Inc., 188 F.3d 1105, 1108 (9th Cir. 1999), opinion amended 

on denial of reh'g, 208 F.3d 831 (9th Cir. 2000) (applying discovery rule in an Eighth 

Amendment action involving experimental testicular irradiation experiments in 

prison).

The district court’s reliance on Wallace was misplaced because neither 

constructive notice nor the discovery rule was at issue in that case. The victim of a 

Fourth Amendment false arrest is charged with actual knowledge—he knows that he 

is innocent and that he has been arrested. See Wallace, 549 U.S. at 390 n.3 (stating 

the petitioner “was injured and suffered damages at the moment of his arrest, and 

was entitled to bring suit at that time”). 
4 17-16377 

In contrast, Johnson alleges he suffered a latent or hidden injury and his Eighth 

Amendment claim is governed by the discovery rule. The injury that is the basis of 

Johnson’s claim is his development of advanced cancer as the alleged result of the 

defendant’s failure to treat him, not the symptoms and pain the defendant allegedly

failed to treat in 2009. Based on his allegations, he could not have filed an Eighth 

Amendment claim for failure to treat cancer in 2009. Though Johnson alleges 

awareness of his symptoms, he had no reason to connect the symptoms to cancer at 

any time prior to his diagnosis in 2013. It was therefore error for the district court 

to dismiss Johnson’s action on the ground of the statute of limitations. In light of 

this disposition, we need not address Johnson’s assertion that issues of fact preclude

dismissal or his assertion of error in the district court’s denial of leave to amend. 

2. Because the defendant raises the supervisory liability argument for the first 

time on appeal, we do not address it. 

REVERSED.