# Final Environmental Statement

Related to the Operation of Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, Unit 2

Supplement 2

Final Report

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation N UREG

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# Final Environmental Statement

Related to the Operation of Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, Unit 2

Supplement 2

Final Report

Manuscript Completed: May 2013 Date Published: May 2013



## Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation NUREG

- 0498 Supplement 2, Vol. 1Plant Description

May 2013 3-3 NUREG-0498, Supp 2 

# 3.2 Plant Structures and Operations

This section describes each major WBN plant structure, including the reactor system and structures that would interface with the environment during WBN Unit 2 operation. Understanding the operational aspects of these st ructures is important in assessing the environmental impacts from WBN Unit 2 operation (Chapter 4).

The reactor system includes the reactor vessel, where nuclear fission takes place to generate heat that converts water to steam. The steam passes through one or more turbines that spin an electrical generator resulting in the flow of electricity. After leaving the generator, the steam is
converted back into water in the main condenser t hat is part of the power plant cooling system (NRC 2002). Additional information on the WBN Unit 2 reactor system and cooling system is provided in the following sections.



### 3.2.1 Reactor System

For WBN Unit 2, TVA proposes to operate a four-loop PWR Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) using the Westinghouse Electric Corporation design. The NSSS consists of a reactor and four closed-reactor coolant loops connected in parallel to the reactor vessel. Each loop contains a reactor coolant pump, a steam generator, loop piping, and instrumentation. The NSSS also contains an electrically heated pres surizer and auxiliary systems. The reactor design resembles WBN Unit 1, which has operated since 1996. The NSSS for Unit 2 is rated at 3,411 MW(t) and, at this core power, the NSSS would operate at 3,425 MW(t). The additional 14 MW(t) results from the contribution of heat to the primary coolant system from nonreactor sources, primarily reactor coolant pump heat. The net electrical output is 1,160 MW(e), and the gross electrical output is 1,218 MW(e) (TVA 2009a).



### 3.2.2 Cooling System

To condense the steam into water, the cooling system removes heat from the steam and transfers that heat to the environment. To do this, the cooling system pumps water through thousands of metal tubes in the plant’s condenser. Steam exiting the plant’s turbine is cooled and condensed into water when it comes in contact with the cooler tubes. The tubes provide a barrier between the steam and the environment so there is no physical contact between the plant’s steam and the cooling water. The condenser operates at a vacuum so any leakage in this system will produce an “inflow” of water into the condenser rather than an “outflow” of water to the environment (NRC 2002).

At WBN Unit 2 water is taken from the Tennessee River to cool plant components and to be pumped through the cooling tubes in the condenser. The heated water that exits from the condenser goes to a natural-draft cooling tower where heat is transferred to the atmosphere through evaporation and conductive cooling. The cooled water is cycled back into the condenser to cool additional steam. This type of cooling system is called a closed-cycle cooling system.Plant Description

NUREG-0498, Supp 2 3-4 May 2013 

### The NRC considered normal operating conditions and emergency shutdown conditions as the operational modes for WBN Units 1 and 2 in its assessment of operational impacts on the environment (Chapter 4 of this SFES). The NRC considers these conditions to be those under which maximum water withdrawal, heat dissipation, and effluent discharges occur. Cooldown, refueling, and accidents are considered alternative modes to normal plant operation. During these alternative modes, water intake, cooling-tower evaporation, water discharge, and radioactive releases may change from those observed during normal operating or emergency shutdown conditions. However, the heat fluxes during normal operation at full load are maximal and the following subsections consider flows and effluents during normal operations at full load.

WBN Unit 1 uses a unique system based on a closed-cycle system with natural-draft wetcooling towers and a supplemental cooling syst em. WBN Unit 2 would use the same system.

The original cooling system constructed for t he WBN units was a closed-cycle system to transfer heat from the main condenser of each unit to the atmosphere through a natural-draft cooling tower associated with that unit. TVA identifies this system as the condenser cooling water (CCW) system in the 2008 ER (TVA 2008). During normal plant operation, the CCW system for each unit would dissipate up to 7.8 × 10 9 

### Btu/hr of waste heat (TVA 1972; TVA 2009a). Additional heat is removed from plant components by the essential raw cooling water (ERCW) system and the raw cooling water (RCW) system. Water from both of these systems discharges to the cooling-tower basins for the CCW.

Most excess heat in the cooling water transfers to the atmosphere by evaporative and conductive cooling in the cooling tower. In addition to evaporative losses, a small percentage of water is lost in the form of droplets (drift) from the cooling tower. The water that does not evaporate or drift from the tower is routed back to the cooling-tower basin.

Evaporation of cooling-water-system water from the cooling-tower increases the concentration of dissolved solids in the cooling-water system. In most closed-cycle wet-cooling systems, a portion of the cooling water is removed and replaced with makeup water from the source (for WBN, the Tennessee River), to limit the concentra tion of dissolved solids in the cooling system and in the discharge to the receiving water body.

Because the WBN cooling towers cannot remove the desired amount of heat from the circulating water during certain times of the year, TVA added the supplemental condenser cooling water (SCCW) system to the cooling system for the WBN reactors (TVA 1998). TheSCCW draws water from behind Watts Bar Dam and delivers it, by gravity flow, to the coolingtower basins to supplement cooling of WBN Unit 1. This cooling system would also be used for Unit 2. The temperature of this water is usually lower than the temperature of the water in the cooling-tower basin and, as a result, lowers the temperature of the water being used to cool the steam in the condensers. Slightly less water enters the cooling-tower basins through the SCCWPlant Description

May 2013 3-5 NUREG-0498, Supp 2 

### intake than leaves the cooling-tower basins and is discharged to the Tennessee River through the SCCW discharge structure (TVA 2010a). Figure 3-2 shows the major components of the cooling system.

3.2.2.1 Intake Structures

Intake Pumping Station

TVA originally designed the intake pumping station (IPS) to supply water to both WBN Units 1 and 2. Since 1996, it has supplied water to WBN Unit 1. It is located about 3.1 km (1.9 mi) below Watts Bar Dam at Tennessee River Mile (TRM) 528.0. The IPS is located at the end of an intake channel approximately 240 m (800 ft) from the shoreline of the reservoir (TVA 2009a). The IPS has two sump areas, each with two intake openings. The channel leading from the intake opening to the well containing the traveling screen is 1.58 m (5.17 ft) wide at the traveling screens and 5.3 m (17.5 ft) high. Each traveling screen is 1.2 m (4 ft) wide and the height of the water column passing through the screens ranges from 8.8 m (29 ft) in the summer to 7.6 m (25 ft) in the winter due to the fluctuations in the pool elevation for Chickamauga Reservoir. The traveling screens have a fractional open area of 0.503 (50.3 percent open area) (TVA 2011a). The open area through the trash racks at each bay opening in the IPS is approximately 8.84 m 2 

### (95.1 ft 2 

### ), for a total of 35.2 m 2 

### (380 ft 2 

### ) open for the passage of water through the trash racks (TVA 2010a).

The water flows through the trash racks, then through the traveling screens, where it subsequently enters the sump areas within the IPS. Each sump contains four ERCW pumps that pump water into a common header to se rve plant components. Typical summertime operation for two units would have two ERCW pumps operating in each sump (TVA 2011a). Once the water passes through the ERCW system and cools the components, it generally discharges to the cooling-tower basins to provide makeup water to offset evaporative losses. The system also can discharge to the Yard Holding Pond (YHP). The two sumps and their associated pumping units provide redundant systems for providing cooling water to both units at the WBN site (TVA 2009a).

The IPS also contains seven RCW pumps. Three RCW pumps are located in one side of theIPS and four are located in the other side. Six of these are sufficient to meet the non-safetyrelated cooling needs of WBN Units 1 and 2. In general, three pumps in each side of the IPS will be used to meet cooling needs; however, at times, four pumps in one side of the IPS and two in the other side may be used (TVA 2011a), resulting in higher intake velocity in the side of the IPS with four pumps in operation. Water from the RCW system discharges to the outlet flume of the cooling-tower basin for the unit being served. This water also serves as makeup water for the condenser cooling system (TVA 2009a). In addition, the IPS houses high-pressure pumps for the fire-protection system.Plant Description

NUREG-0498, Supp 2 3-6 May 2013 (To convert feet [ft] to meters [m], multiply by 0.3048 m/ft)


### Figure 3-2 . Major Components of the Cooling System for WBN Units 1 and 2 (TVA 2008)Plant Description

May 2013 3-7 NUREG-0498, Supp 2 

### Currently, Unit 1 withdraws between 1.92 m 3 

### /s (68 cfs) of water in winter and 2.06 m 3 

### /s (73 cfs) of water in summer from the Chickamauga Reservoir for normal operations (TVA 2011a). Normal operations for two units would require the withdrawal of between 3.20 m 3 

### /s (113 cfs) of
water in winter and 3.79 m 3 

### /s (134 cfs) of water in summer from the reservoir (TVA 2011a). Under normal conditions, while drawing water through all four bays in the IPS and operating four RCW pumps located together in one side of the IPS, the water velocity through the openings in the traveling screens would be 0.21 m/s (0.67 ft/s) in winter and 0.19 m/s (0.62 ft/s) in summer for the portion of the intake structure with four RCW pumps operating (TVA 2011a).

The withdrawal of 3.79 m 3 

### /s (134 cfs) through the IPS would represent 0.5 percent of the mean annual flow of the Tennessee River as measured at Watts Bar Dam (778 m 3 

### /s [27,500 cfs]; see Table 2-2).

Supplemental Condenser Cooling-Water Intake

The intake facility for the SCCW is located above Watts Bar Dam at TRM 529.9. The SCCW has six intake bays, and three are currently used for the operation of WBN Unit 1. No additional bays would be used during the operation of both units. Each intake bay is 2.17 m (7.13 ft) wide at the traveling screens and 9.4 m (31 ft) high at a summer pool elevation of 225.8 m (741 ft) for Watts Bar Reservoir. This results in an opening of 20.5 m 2 

### (221 ft 2 

### ). The traveling screens and their support structures occupy a portion of the opening leaving 8.41 m 2 

### (90.5 ft 2 

### ) open to the passage of water in each bay or a total of 25.2 m 2 

### (271.5 ft 2 

### ) for the passage of water through the screens into the SCCW intake. The open area through the trash racks at each bay opening in the SCCW intake structure is approximately 16.7 m 2 

### (180 ft 2 

### ), for a total of 50.2 m 2 

### (541 ft 2 

### ) (TVA 2012a). Figure 3-2 shows the locations of the IPS and SCCW intakes.

The SCCW system operates by gravity flow, and as such, the flow through the intake structure fluctuates in response to changes in the elevation of the water level in Watts Bar Reservoir. Flow into the SCCW system has not been measured, but is estimated based on the dimensions of system components and calculations based on wa ter levels or plant operations. Losses due to evaporation are also estimated, although discharge from the SCCA is measured (TVA 2012a). TVA estimates the average monthly flow through the SCCW intake for the operation of
WBN Units 1 and 2 will be 7.9 m 3 

### /s (278 cfs) of water from the Watts Bar Reservoir (TVA 2012a). This is slightly less than the flow th rough the SCCW while operating Unit 1 only, however the difference is within the uncertainty in the estimate for flow while operating one or
two units.

The normal intake flow rates are higher in the summer months when Watts Bar Reservoir levels are maintained at 225.8 m (740.75 ft). Normal flow rates during summer months with both units operating are expected to be approximately 8.6 m 3 

### /s (303 cfs). Flow through the intake structure can be as high as 8.9 m 3 

### /s (313 cfs) and intake at this rate would result in a water velocity through the open areas in the trash racks in the SCCW of 0.18 m/s (0.58 ft/s) (TVAPlant Description

NUREG-0498, Supp 2 3-8 May 2013 

### 2012a). The maximum water velocity through the SCCW intake structure occurs as the water enters the wet well for the traveling screens. This velocity is 0.66 m/s (2.18 ft/s) for the summer pool (TVA 2012b). The water velocity through the openings in the traveling screens at the SCCW would be 0.35 m/s (1.15 ft/s) under these conditions (TVA 2012a).

Table 3-1 lists flow rates for operating two units or a single unit at the WBN site.

Table 3-1 . Anticipated Water Use

Service Normal Two-Unit Operation Single-Unit Operation
Heat discharged 1.5 × 10 10 Btu/hr (a) 7.8 × 10 9 Btu/hr (a)

CCW Evaporation rate 1.8 m 3 /s (62 cfs) (b) 0.82 m 3 /s (29 cfs) (a)
Drift rate 5.6 L/s (0.2 cfs) (c) 2.8 L/s (0.1 cfs) (c)

Blowdown rate 1.9 m 3 /s (67 cfs) (b) 1.5 m 3 /s (53 cfs) (a)

Blowdown rate when diffusers are discharging from cooling towers and YHP 4.81 m 3 /s (170 cfs) (d) 3.82 m 3 /s (135 cfs) (d)

IPS makeup flow Summer Winter 3.79 m 3 /s (134 cfs) (e)
3.20 m 3 /s (113 cfs) (e) 2.06 m 3 /s (73 cfs) (f)
1.92 m 3 /s (68 cfs) (f)

SCCW (b) (g)

Intake flow rate 6.5 to 8.6 m 3 /s (230 to 303 cfs) 6.5 to 8.6 m 3 /s (230 to 303 cfs) Discharge flow rate 6.8 to 7.9 m 3 /s (240 to 279 cfs) 6.8 to 7.9 m 3 /s (240 to 279 cfs)

YHP overflow weir (d) 0 0
(a) TVA 2010a (b) TVA 2012a (c) 1972 FES-CP (TVA 1972). (d) TVA (2008). (e) Normal withdrawal is 3.20 m 3 /s (113 cfs) of water in winter and 3.79 m 3 /s (134 cfs) of water in summer (TVA 2011a); Average annual withdrawal is 3.28 m 3 /s (116 cfs) (TVA 2012a) (f) TVA 2011a. (g) Flow in the SCCW system is variable, dependent on parameters such as reservoir elevation and cooling tower basin surface elevation (TVA 2012a).



### 3.2.2.2 Cooling Towers

The WBN cooling-water system uses natural-draft cooling towers to dissipate waste heat from the plant. Two cooling towers, one dedicated to each unit, would serve the WBN site. Each tower is 108 m (354 ft) in diameter and 146 m (478 ft) high (TVA 1972).

3.2.2.3 Temporary Blowdown Storage

TVA uses the unlined YHP (Figure 3-1), which is approximately 8.9 ha (22 ac) in size (TVA 2005a) for temporary storage of cooling-tower bl owdown when the flow from the hydroturbinesPlant Description

May 2013 3-9 NUREG-0498, Supp 2 

### at Watts Bar Dam drops below 99 m 3 

### /s (3,500 cfs). When hydroturbine operation resumes with
releases of at least 99 m 3 

### /s (3,500 cfs), valves on the discharge line allow the YHP to discharge into Chickamauga Reservoir through the diffusers (TVA 2008).

3.2.2.4 Discharge Structures

Outfall 101 – Discharge Diffusers

TVA plans to discharge cooling water from the main cooling-water system for WBN Units 1 and 2 to Chickamauga Reservoir through a diffuser sy stem located approximately 3.2 km (2 mi) below Watts Bar Dam at TRM 527.9 (TVA 2008). The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit for the WBN site identifies the diffuser discharge as Outfall 101 (TVA 2011b). Harper (1997) describes this diffuser syst em as consisting of two pipes branching from a central conduit at the right bank of Chickamauga Reservoir and extending perpendicular to the river flow of the Tennessee River. Each pipe is controlled by a butterfly valve located a short distance from the junction with the central conduit.

The downstream leg of the diffuser consists of 49 m (160 ft) of 1.37-m (4.5-ft)-diameter corrugated steel diffuser pipe at the end of approximately 91 m (297 ft) of corrugated steel approach pipe of the same diameter. The diffuser pipe is half buried in the river bottom and has two 2.54-cm (1-in.)-diameter ports per corrugation. The centroid of the ports is angled up at 45 degrees from horizontal in a downstream direction (Harper 1997).

The upstream leg of the diffuser system consists of 24 m (80 ft) of 1.07-m (3.5-ft)-diameter corrugated steel diffuser pipe at the end of approximately 136 m (447 ft) of corrugated steel approach pipe of the same diameter. The upstream diffuser pipe section is half buried in the river bottom and extends its entire length beyond the dead end of the downstream diffuser pipe section. The port diameter, spacing, and orientation of the upstream leg are the same as those of the downstream leg (Harper 1997). Figure 3 from the TVA analysis of the SCCW thermal plume (Ungate and Howerton 1977) illustrates the diffuser configuration. TVA does not plan to make any upgrades or changes to the diffusers in preparation for operating Unit 2 (TVA 2010b).

TVA maintains operational procedures for this system to ensure the plant effluent is adequately diluted. The 2008 TVA ER explains the process as follows:

To provide adequate dilution of the plant effluent, discharge from the diffusers is permitted only when the release from Watts Bar Dam is at least 3,500 cubic feet per second (cfs). To ensure this happens, an interlock is provided between the dam and WBN that automatically closes the diffusers when the flow from the hydroturbines at Watts Bar Dam drops below 3,500 cfs. To provide temporary storage of water during these events, the blowdown discharge conduit also is connected to a yard holding pond. When the flow from Watts Bar Dam drops below 3,500 cfs, thereby closing the diffuser valves, the blowdown is automatically routed to the yard holding pond. When hydro operations resumePlant Description

NUREG-0498, Supp 2 3-10 May 2013 

### with releases of at least 3,500 cfs, the interlock is ‘released’ and the diffuser valves can be opened. When this occurs, the discharge from the diffusers would contain blowdown from the cooling towers and blowdown from the yard holding pond. To protect the site from the c onsequences of exceeding the capacity of the yard holding pond, an emergency overflow weir is provided for the pond, which delivers the water to a local stream channel that empties into the Tennessee River at TRM 527.2. The operation of Watts Bar Dam and the WBN blowdown system are very carefully c oordinated to avoid unexpected overflows from the yard holding pond (TVA 2008).

A flow of 3,500 cfs is approximately 99 m 3 

### /s.

Outfall 113 SCCW Discharge

The SCCW system discharges water through a dischar ge structure originally constructed for the Watts Bar Fossil Plant (also called the Watts Bar Steam Plant). The NPDES permit for the WBN site identifies the SCCW discharge as Outfall 113 (TVA 2011b). Water leaving the cooling-tower basins is piped to the discharge structure approximately 1.8 km (1.1 mi) upstream of the IPS. TVA describes the discharge structure as an “open discharge canal, an overflow weir drop structure, and a below water discharge tunnel” (TVA 1998). The discharge tunnel is described as “a rectangular culvert 7 feet wide by 10 feet high at the discharge point” (TVA 1998). The elevation of the culvert outlet is 205.7 m (675 ft). To reduce the impact of the discharge on the river bottom, TVA installed a concrete incline to direct flow toward the river surface as it leaves the outfall (TVA 1998; PNNL 2009).

TVA designed and constructed the SCCW system so it could operate the cooling system for WBN Units 1 and 2 with or without the SCCW. If the temperature of the discharge water exceeds allowable release limits, TVA can shut down the SCCW system. TVA also included a crosstie and control valve in the system that a llows part of the flow from the SCCW intake to bypass the cooling-tower basins and mix with the effluent in the discharge pipeline. When there is a possibility of exceeding the NPDES river temperature limit, TVA opens a bypass valve to allow cooler water in the intake pipeline to mix with water in the discharge line, cooling the effluent before it discharges to the reservoir (TVA 2008). The bypass is generally needed during winter months when the water temperature in the Tennessee River is cooler, and a possibility exists of exceeding the in-stream temperature rate-of-change limit in the NPDES permit. TVA opens the crosstie around November 1, and it remains open until the end of April (PNNL 2009).

Outfall 102 YHP Emergency Overflow

The YHP has an emergency overflow weir at 215.3 m (706.5 ft) of elevation designed to prevent the capacity of the pond from being exceeded. If water goes above the height of the weir, it flows into a local stream channel that empties into Chickamauga Reservoir at TRM 527.2Plant Description

May 2013 3-11 NUREG-0498, Supp 2 

### (TVA 2008). The NPDES permit for the WBN site identifies this discharge as Outfall 102 (TVA 2011b).



### 3.2.3 Landscape and St ormwater Drainage

Landscaping and the stormwater drainage system affect both the recharge to the subsurface and the rate and location that precipitation drains into adjacent creeks and streams. Impervious areas eliminate recharge to aquifers beneath the site, while pervious areas maintained free of vegetation experience considerably higher recharge rates than adjacent areas with local vegetation. The stormwater drainage system, including site grading, ditches, and swales provides a safety function by ensuring a locally intense precipitation event would not flood safety-related structures.

Figure 3-3 shows drainage for the WBN site. The surface-water drainage system directs water away from safety structures and into ditches and drainways, which ultimately feed into drainage
ditches and creeks.



### 3.2.4 Other Plant Systems

Diesel Generators

TVA installed five diesel generators on the WBN site. Missile and fire barrier-type shelter walls separate four diesel generators and their associated support equipment from each other. A separate building houses the fifth diesel generator (TVA 2009a).

Roads

The workforce and a portion of the materials needed for plant operations will enter and exit the site via roads. TVA expects to transport solid waste and radwaste from the WBN site via roadways. The nearest land transportation route, Tennessee State Route 68, is located about 1.6 km (1 mi) north of the site (TVA 2009a).

Wells

No water supply wells are located on the WBN site. The 1995 SFES-OL-1 notes that the Watts Bar Utility District supplies groundwater to the WBN site potable water system. The Watts Bar Utility District uses groundwater wells located about 6.4 km (4 mi) (TVA 2009b) northwest of the site to provide potable water to its customers and the WBN site. The utility currently has the capacity to deliver approximately 6.8 million L/ d (1.8 million gal/d) of water to customers (TVA 2010c). TVA expects the site will use 91,000 L/d (24,000 gal/d) during normal operations of both units and that peak demand during the completion of Unit 2 and an outage at Unit 1 will be 300,000 L/d (80,000 gal/d) (TVA 2010c).