1

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 94-30747.

SILVER STAR ENTERPRISES, INC., et al., Plaintiffs,

v.

SARAMACCA MV, her engines, tackle, apparel, etc., in rem,

Defendants.

TRANS OCEAN LTD., Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

SCHEEPVAART MAATSCHAPPIJ SURINAME N.V., et al., Defendants,

v.

SILVER STAR ENTERPRISES, INC., Appellant.

May 14, 1996.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of Louisiana.

Before WISDOM, GARWOOD and JONES, Circuit Judges.

EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff Silver Star Enterprises, Inc. (Silver Star), appeals

the judgment of the district court granting Trans Ocean Ltd. (Trans

Ocean), a lessor of cargo containers to a shipping company, a

maritime lien in the vessel M/V SARAMACCA. Like three other

circuit courts, we decline to extend coverage of the Federal

Maritime Lien Act to bulk cargo container leases to entities other

than "a vessel." Accordingly, we reverse. 1995 WL 16773.

I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW

Scheepvaart Maatschappij Suriname N.V. (SMS), a corporate

entity wholly owned by the Republic of Suriname, operated a
 

1With certain exceptions, foreign sovereigns, such as the

Republic of Suriname, are immune from suit in the United States

under the Federal Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1602 et

seq. (1988). One of the exceptions provided for in the Act

permits an in personam action to enforce maritime lien rights

against a vessel of a foreign state when the lien is based upon

the commercial activities of the foreign state. 28 U.S.C. §

1605(b). Pursuant to the Act, after notice of the suit is given

to the master or other person in charge of the vessel, "the suit

to enforce [the] maritime lien shall thereafter proceed ...

according to the principles of law and rules of practice of suits

in rem...." 28 U.S.C. § 1605(b)(1) and (c); see H.R. No. 823,

100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N.

4511, 4511-12. Trans Ocean filed suit under this exception. The

Act further permits the seizure of a foreign state's vessel to

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shipping container service from Suriname to the United States,

particularly Houston and New Orleans, and Rotterdam. SMS owned or

chartered eight different vessels, including the M/V SARAMACCA, on

which appellant Silver Star held two preferred ship mortgages.

Beginning in May 1991, Appellee Trans Ocean began furnishing

up to one hundred twenty-two cargo containers to the SMS fleet

pursuant to a Master Container Lease. The lease set a per diem

rental rate for each container and obliged SMS to pay repair costs

and depreciated replacement values for damaged or lost containers.

The lease did not "earmark" particular containers for service on

particular SMS vessels and indeed left needed flexibility with SMS

to deploy the containers. The lease did not prevent intermodal use

of the containers in land or even air transport.

Barely a year later, Silver Star commenced an in rem action in

Houston, Texas, to enforce its preferred ship mortgages against the

M/V SARAMACCA. Trans Ocean then sued and claimed maritime lien

rights arising from the lease of containers, including those used

aboard the M/V SARAMACCA.1 Ultimately, the M/V SARAMACCA was
enforce preferred mortgage liens. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1605(d) and

1610(c). Silver Star's suit falls within this exception. 

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seized and sold at auction; her proceeds were deposited in the

registry of the district court awaiting division among SMS, TransOcean and other claimants.

Trans Ocean moved for summary judgment after conducting

discovery of cargo manifests and other documents to determine what

portion of its leased containers had actually been used aboard the

M/V SARAMACCA. Only in this way could Trans Ocean demonstrate that

sixty-four containers were used at least once aboard the M/V

SARAMACCA on voyages between the United States and Suriname, and

ten of those had been used exclusively aboard the seized vessel.

The district court granted partial summary judgment in favor

of Trans Ocean, acknowledging a maritime lien for past due rentals,

repair costs, and depreciated replacement values for the ten

containers used exclusively aboard the M/V SARAMACCA, and for

prorated rentals, repair costs, and depreciated replacement values

for the other fifty-four containers. In reaching this conclusion,

the court held that for purposes of establishing a maritime lien,

it was not necessary that the containers be earmarked for use

aboard a particular vessel.

Judgment was entered in favor of Trans Ocean for a maritime

lien of $73,352.00. When the court transferred and attached the

lien to the proceeds of the vessel's sale, it limited the lien to

$36,698.86, representing rentals, costs, and replacement values for

containers provided in the United States. Upon ranking the
 

2The previous version of the Federal Maritime Lien Act was

superseded by Congress in 1988. See 46 U.S.C. §§ 971-975 (1982)

(superseded sections). In so doing, Congress replaced the word

"furnishing," as contained in the superseded version of the FMLA,

with the word "providing," 46 U.S.C.A. § 31342. The relevant

House of Representative report states that the change was for

consistency within the act and that no substantive change was

intended. H.R. No. 918, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), reprinted

in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6104, 6107, 6141. Most of the cases in this

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creditors' competing claims, the court ruled that Trans Ocean

outranked Silver Star in the amount of $36,698.86. Silver Star

timely appealed the Rule 54(b) judgment.

II. DISCUSSION

A maritime lien is a special property right in a vessel that

"developed as a necessary incident of the operation of vessels."

Piedmont & Georges' Creek Coal Co. v. Seaboard Fisheries Co., 254

U.S. 1, 9, 41 S.Ct. 1, 3, 65 L.Ed. 97 (1920). The lien secures

creditors who provide "supplies which are necessary to keep the

ship going." Dampskibsselskabet Dannebrog, et al. v. Signal Oil &

Gas Co., 310 U.S. 268, 280, 60 S.Ct. 937, 943, 84 L.Ed. 1197

(1940). The lien "arises in favor of the creditor by operation of

law ... and grants the creditor the right to appropriate the

vessel, have it sold, and be repaid the debt from the proceeds."

Equilease Corp. v. M/V SAMPSON, 793 F.2d 598, 602 (5th Cir.) (en

banc), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 984, 107 S.Ct. 570, 93 L.Ed.2d 575

(1986).

The Federal Maritime Lien Act, 46 U.S.C.A. §§ 31341-31343

(West Supp.1995) (FMLA) establishes a maritime lien for "providing

necessaries to a vessel on the order of the owner or a person

authorized by the owner." 46 U.S.C.A. § 31342.2 "Necessaries"
area arose under the "furnishing" version of the Act and,

therefore, make reference to the "furnishing" requirement. 

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include "repairs, supplies, towage, and the use of a dry dock or

marine railway." 46 U.S.C.A. § 31301(4).

Three of our sister circuits have recently held that maritime

lien rights do not attach for the benefit of bulk lessors of

containers to owners or charterers of multiple vessels. Redcliffe

Americas Limited v. M/V TYSON LYKES, 996 F.2d 47 (4th Cir.1993);

Itel Containers Int'l Corp. v. Atlanttrafik Express Serv. Ltd., 982

F.2d 765 (2d Cir.1992); Foss Launch & Tug Co. v. Char Ching

Shipping U.S.A., Ltd., 808 F.2d 697 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied,

484 U.S. 828, 108 S.Ct. 96, 98 L.Ed.2d 57 (1987).

Foss Launch, the earliest of these cases, rests persuasively

on the language of the maritime lien law and its interpretation by

the Supreme Court. Summarizing that court's opinion, Foss Launch

held that although the containers were "necessaries" within the

meaning of the Act, they had not been furnished "to" the vessels as

is statutorily required. Foss Launch, 808 F.2d at 703. The court

also felt bound by the seminal Supreme Court case, Piedmont &

Georges' Creek Coal Co. v. Seaboard Fisheries Co., 254 U.S. 1, 41

S.Ct. 1, 65 L.Ed. 97 (1920). In Piedmont, a coal company agreed to

provide the entire supply of coal for a company that owned both a

fish factory and a fleet of vessels. Despite the fact that the

quantity of coal delivered to each vessel could be established

after the fact, the Court held that the coal company did not have

a maritime lien in the vessels. Piedmont, 254 U.S. at 7-8, 13, 41
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S.Ct. at 3, 5. The Court stated that although the use of the coal

aboard the vessels had been contemplated, "the fact that such a use

had been contemplated does not render the subsequent appropriation

by the owner a furnishing by the coal dealer to the several

vessels." Piedmont, 254 U.S. at 8, 41 S.Ct. at 3 (emphasis added).

Piedmont has been repeatedly construed as preventing the creation

of a maritime lien where it is not the supplier but the fleet user

of the "necessaries" that determines to which vessel or vessels

they will be furnished. Foss Launch, 808 F.2d at 701; Itel, 982

F.2d at 767; Redcliffe, 996 F.2d at 50; see also 2 Benedict on

Admiralty § 38, at 3-46 (7th Ed.1992).

Although the district court considered Foss Launch, Itel, and

Redcliffe, he declined to follow them because of this court's

decision in Equilease Corp. v. M/V SAMPSON, 793 F.2d 598 (5th Cir.)

(en banc), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 984, 107 S.Ct. 570, 93 L.Ed.2d

575 (1986). Trans Ocean also contends that Equilease and Atlantic

& Gulf Stevedores, Inc. v. M/V GRAND LOYALTY, 608 F.2d 197 (5th

Cir.1979), compel a broad reading of the FMLA. We disagree.

Equilease Corp. v. M/V SAMPSON considered whether an FMLA lien

could arise in favor of a provider of insurance to a vessel. This

court decided that insurance is a "necessary", but that actual

physical delivery of "necessaries" is not the sole means to satisfy

the "furnishing" requirement of the Act. Equilease, 793 F.2d at

603-04. Equilease expansively decries "layering technicalities

onto [the Act]," 793 F.2d at 603, but there is no factual

similarity between that case and the present one. In Equilease,
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the charterer "purchased insurance for each vessel," 793 F.2d at

600, an act strongly suggesting earmarking of the insurance to each

vessel. Equilease is inapposite to interpreting the statute to

cover cargo containers that, leased in bulk, were not only not

earmarked but could be used intermodally on land as well as on

numerous vessels.

In Atlantic & Gulf, supra, this court held that maritime lien

rights extended against a vessel for certain stevedoring services

and for costs associated with three days of detention caused by the

presence of water and ammonia in the holds. This decision relied

on the legislative history of the 1971 amendments to the FMLA,

which established that Congress intended to make it easier for

stevedores to "protect their interests by making maritime liens

available where traditional services are routinely rendered."

Atlantic & Gulf, 608 F.2d at 201. Whatever Congress intended with

respect to stevedores hardly compels a statutory interpretation

favoring bulk container lessors.

We find the reasoning of our sister circuits dispositive on

this issue. In this case, Silver Star furnished containers to SMS,

not to the SMS vessels, and it was SMS which ultimately dictated

upon which vessel the containers were placed. Neither party knew

aboard which ship a particular container would be placed at any

given time. Silver Star has therefore failed to demonstrate that

necessaries were provided to a vessel as required by the FMLA.

Trans Ocean, supported by an amicus brief by the Institute of

International Container Lessors, has advanced interesting economic
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and legal reasons why the FMLA ought to protect their industry,

which owns "approximately 4 million [Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units]

of international shipping containers and leases them to hundreds of

shipping companies." Amicus Brief at 1. But in a commercial case

such as this, there is much to be said for legal consistency and

predictability. A decision by this circuit creating a circuit

split and permitting the affixation of maritime liens for bulk

container lessors would spawn uncertainty, compounded by

forum-shopping and extravagant lien claims. Thus, even if we were

not fully persuaded by the other circuit court's decisions, we

should hesitate to launch maritime lien law into the chaotic waters

sought by Trans Ocean and the amicus. As it happens, however, we

have concluded after careful consideration that the sister

circuits' decisions are uniform because they are right in their

interpretation of the FMLA and Piedmont. If Trans Ocean's

arguments are compelling, they should find a sympathetic hearing in

Congress.

We need not reach the other issues raised by Silver Star.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the district court erred in holding

that Trans Ocean is the beneficiary of a lien for providing

necessaries—cargo containers—that were leased in bulk and not

earmarked for use on board the M/V SARAMACCA. The judgment is

REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent herewith.