United States Department of Agriculture

Draft Revised 

Land Management Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest

Fresno, Inyo, Madera, Mono and Tulare Counties, 

California; Esmeralda and Mineral Counties, Nevada

Forest 

Service

Pacific Southwest 

Region

Inyo National 

Forest

R5-MB-294 May

2016
Cover: View looking west from the Baker Creek trail of the South Fork of Big Pine Creek.

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El USDA es un proveedor, empleador y prestamista que ofrece igualdad de oportunidad 
Draft Revised 

Land Management Plan

for the 

Inyo National Forest

Fresno, Inyo, Madera, Mono and 

Tulare Counties, California; 

Esmeralda and Mineral Counties, Nevada

Responsible Official: Ed Armenta 

Forest Supervisor 

Inyo National Forest 

351 Pacu Lane, Suite 200 

Bishop, CA 93514-3101 

(760)873-2400 

For more information contact: Leeann Murphy 

Resource and Planning Staff Officer 

(760)873-2404 

Draft Revised Forest Plan i 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7

Location ....................................................................................................................................... 7

Distinctive Roles and Contributions of the Plan Area ................................................................. 7

Purpose of the Forest Plan ......................................................................................................... 11

Adaptive Planning ..................................................................................................................... 11

Plan Structure ............................................................................................................................ 12

Plan Components ....................................................................................................................... 13

Chapter 2. Vision ........................................................................................................................... 15

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 15

Desired Conditions .................................................................................................................... 15

Air .......................................................................................................................................... 15

Watershed Conditions ............................................................................................................ 15

Terrestrial Ecosystems ........................................................................................................... 17

Animal and Plant Species ....................................................................................................... 31

Invasive Species ..................................................................................................................... 34

Fire ......................................................................................................................................... 35

Local Communities ................................................................................................................ 35

Volunteers, Interpretation, Partnerships and Stewardship ..................................................... 36

Timber .................................................................................................................................... 37

Range ..................................................................................................................................... 37

Sustainable Recreation ........................................................................................................... 38

Scenery ................................................................................................................................... 40

Tribal Relations and Uses ...................................................................................................... 41

Cultural Resources ................................................................................................................. 41

Geology and Minerals ............................................................................................................ 42

Energy .................................................................................................................................... 43

Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................... 43

Lands ...................................................................................................................................... 44

Chapter 3. Management Strategy ................................................................................................... 45

Management Areas .................................................................................................................... 45

Strategic Fire Management Zones.......................................................................................... 45

Wilderness .............................................................................................................................. 49

Wild and Scenic Rivers .......................................................................................................... 55

Riparian Conservation Areas ................................................................................................. 57

Critical Aquatic Refuges ........................................................................................................ 64

Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail ........................................................................................ 65

Recreation Places ................................................................................................................... 68

Designated Areas ....................................................................................................................... 80

Wilderness .............................................................................................................................. 80

Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area .............................................................................. 80

Wild and Scenic Rivers .......................................................................................................... 80

Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest (National Protection Area) ................................................. 80

Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail ........................................................................................ 82

Inventoried Roadless Areas .................................................................................................... 82

National Recreation Trails ..................................................................................................... 82

Research Natural Areas .......................................................................................................... 83

Scenic Byways ....................................................................................................................... 84

Wild Horse and Burro Territories .......................................................................................... 84
Contents 

ii Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Recommended Designated Areas .............................................................................................. 85

Recommended Wilderness .................................................................................................... 85

Plan Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 86

Watershed Conditions ............................................................................................................ 86

Terrestrial Ecosystems ........................................................................................................... 86

Animal and Plant Species ...................................................................................................... 86

Invasive Species ..................................................................................................................... 86

Riparian Conservation Areas ................................................................................................. 86

Timber.................................................................................................................................... 87

Sustainable Recreation ........................................................................................................... 87

Scenery .................................................................................................................................. 87

Cultural Resources ................................................................................................................. 87

Goals ......................................................................................................................................... 88

Air .......................................................................................................................................... 88

Watershed Conditions ............................................................................................................ 88

Terrestrial Ecosystems ........................................................................................................... 88

Animal and Plant Species ...................................................................................................... 88

Fire ......................................................................................................................................... 89

Local Communities ................................................................................................................ 89

Volunteers, Interpretation, Partnerships and Stewardship ..................................................... 90

Timber.................................................................................................................................... 90

Range ..................................................................................................................................... 91

Sustainable Recreation ........................................................................................................... 91

Scenery .................................................................................................................................. 91

Tribal Relations and Uses ...................................................................................................... 91

Potential Management Approaches ........................................................................................... 92

Air .......................................................................................................................................... 92

Watershed Conditions ............................................................................................................ 92

Terrestrial Ecosystems ........................................................................................................... 92

Animal and Plant Species ...................................................................................................... 92

Invasive Species ..................................................................................................................... 93

Fire ......................................................................................................................................... 93

Volunteers, Interpretation, Partnerships and Stewardship ..................................................... 94

Timber.................................................................................................................................... 94

Range ..................................................................................................................................... 94

Sustainable Recreation ........................................................................................................... 94

Scenery .................................................................................................................................. 95

Tribal Relations and Uses ...................................................................................................... 95

Cultural Resources ................................................................................................................. 95

Geology and Minerals ............................................................................................................ 95

Chapter 4. Design Criteria ............................................................................................................. 97

Standards ................................................................................................................................... 97

Watershed Conditions ............................................................................................................ 97

Terrestrial Ecosystems ........................................................................................................... 97

Animal and Plant Species ...................................................................................................... 97

Invasive Species ..................................................................................................................... 99

Fire ......................................................................................................................................... 99

Timber.................................................................................................................................... 99

Range ..................................................................................................................................... 99

Geology and Minerals .......................................................................................................... 100

Energy .................................................................................................................................. 100
Contents 

Draft Revised Forest Plan iii 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Guidelines ................................................................................................................................ 101

Air ........................................................................................................................................ 101

Watershed Conditions .......................................................................................................... 101

Terrestrial Ecosystems ......................................................................................................... 101

Animal and Plant Species ..................................................................................................... 103

Invasive Species ................................................................................................................... 104

Fire ....................................................................................................................................... 105

Timber .................................................................................................................................. 106

Range ................................................................................................................................... 107

Sustainable Recreation ......................................................................................................... 107

Scenery ................................................................................................................................. 108

Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................... 108

Geology and Minerals .......................................................................................................... 108

Energy .................................................................................................................................. 108

Lands .................................................................................................................................... 109

Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring ............................................................................................... 111

Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 111

Monitoring Program ................................................................................................................ 113

Watershed Conditions .......................................................................................................... 113

Terrestrial Ecosystems ......................................................................................................... 114

Aquatic Ecosystems ............................................................................................................. 116

Focal Species ........................................................................................................................ 117

Ecological Conditions for At-risk Species ........................................................................... 119

Visitor Use, Visitor Satisfaction, and Progress toward Meeting Recreation Objectives ..... 120

Climate Change and Other Stressors .................................................................................... 122

Desired Conditions, Including Social, Cultural, and Economic Sustainability .................... 124

Productivity of the Land ....................................................................................................... 125

Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 127

Appendix A: Maps ................................................................................................................... 129

Management Areas ............................................................................................................... 129

Congressionally Designated Areas....................................................................................... 136

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum ........................................................................................ 137

Scenic Integrity Objectives .................................................................................................. 138

Appendix B: Proposed and Possible Actions .......................................................................... 139

Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 139

Air ........................................................................................................................................ 139

Water, Soils, and Watershed ................................................................................................ 139

Terrestrial Ecosystems ......................................................................................................... 140

Aquatic and Riparian Ecosystems ........................................................................................ 141

Animal and Plant Species ..................................................................................................... 142

Invasive Species ................................................................................................................... 142

Fire ....................................................................................................................................... 142

Local Communities .............................................................................................................. 143

Timber and Other Forest Products ....................................................................................... 143

Range ................................................................................................................................... 143

Sustainable Recreation ......................................................................................................... 143

Scenery ................................................................................................................................. 144

Tribal Relations and Uses .................................................................................................... 144

Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................... 144

Geology and Minerals .......................................................................................................... 145

Energy .................................................................................................................................. 145
Contents 

iv Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................ 145

Lands.................................................................................................................................... 145

Designated Areas ................................................................................................................. 145

Appendix C: A Renewed Partnership Focus for the Inyo National Forest ............................. 147

Creating a Partnership Culture ............................................................................................. 147

Forest Capacity for Working in Partnership ........................................................................ 148

Best Practices for Building New Partnerships ..................................................................... 149

Steps for Ensuring Effective Outreach and Communication with Nontraditional Partners and 

the Public ............................................................................................................................. 152

Appendix D: Management Strategies for Resolving Recreation Resource Conflicts ............. 153

Appendix E: Timber Suitability and Management .................................................................. 155

Determination of Suitability for Timber Production ........................................................... 155

Planned Timber Sale Program ............................................................................................. 157

Vegetation Management Practices ....................................................................................... 161

Appendix F: Forestwide Rangeland Standards ....................................................................... 165

Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 165

Vegetation and Grazing Systems Matrices .......................................................................... 165

Watershed Evaluation Criteria and Corrective Actions ....................................................... 174

Appendix G: Existing Resource Plans .................................................................................... 187

Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... 189

List of Tables

Table 1. Amount of seral stage patches by vegetation type at the landscape scale ....................... 23

Table 2. Structure within forested patches ..................................................................................... 25

Table 3. Snags and large logs at landscape scale in low to moderate severity burn patches ......... 25

Table 4. Large and/or old trees at landscape scale......................................................................... 30

Table 5. Desired conditions for sage grouse nest sites by vegetation component ......................... 33

Table 6. Desired conditions for sage grouse brood-rearing sites by vegetation component .......... 34

Table 7. Desired recreation opportunity spectrum classes ............................................................. 40

Table 8. Monitoring watershed conditions .................................................................................. 113

Table 9. Monitoring ecological conditions for terrestrial ecosystems ......................................... 114

Table 10. Monitoring ecological conditions for aquatic and riparian ecosystems ....................... 116

Table 11. Monitoring the status of focal species ......................................................................... 118

Table 12. Monitoring ecological conditions for select at-risk species ......................................... 119

Table 13. Monitoring visitor use, visitor satisfaction, and progress toward meeting recreation 

objectives ................................................................................................................................ 120

Table 14. Monitoring changes resulting from climate change and other stressors ...................... 122

Table 15. Monitoring progress toward meeting desired conditions not addressed elsewhere in the 

monitoring program ................................................................................................................ 124

Table 16. Monitoring soils and soil productivity ......................................................................... 125

Table 17. Inyo National Forest land suitable for timber production ............................................ 158

Table 18. Average volume outputs for Inyo National Forest ...................................................... 159

Table 19. Estimated vegetation management practices on the Inyo National Forest .................. 161

Table 20. Stocking criteria for suitable lands by forest type ....................................................... 162

Table 21. A preliminary list of desired species that are selected for monitoring key species ..... 166

Table 22. Proposed utilization standards for Carex dominated wet meadow .............................. 169

Table 23. Proposed utilization standards for Carex-grass dominated moist meadow ................. 169

Table 24. Proposed utilization standards for desert shrub vegetation type .................................. 170
Contents 

Draft Revised Forest Plan v 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 25. Proposed utilization standards for sagebrush/bunchgrass vegetation type .................. 170

Table 26. Proposed utilization standards for bitterbrush vegetation type .................................... 171

Table 27. Proposed utilization standards for alpine meadow vegetation type ............................. 172

Table 28. Proposed utilization standards for alpine dwarf shrub vegetation type ........................ 172

Table 29. Proposed utilization standards for aspen vegetation type ............................................ 173

Table 30. Proposed utilization standards for willow vegetation type .......................................... 173

Table 31. Watershed characteristics rating table for riparian vegetation types ............................ 179

Table 32. Watershed characteristics rating table for upland vegetation types ............................. 182

List of Figures

Figure 1. Vicinity map of the Inyo National Forest ......................................................................... 8

Figure 2. A schematic of the relationship of watersheds ............................................................... 16

Figure 3. Dry mixed conifer forest ................................................................................................. 21

Figure 4. Jeffrey pine patch ............................................................................................................ 22

Figure 5. Three photos displaying red fir forest heterogeneity ...................................................... 26

Figure 6. Strategic fire management zones of the Inyo National Forest ...................................... 129

Figure 7. Wilderness management area classes of the Inyo National Forest ............................... 130

Figure 8. Wild and scenic river status of the Inyo National Forest .............................................. 131

Figure 9. Riparian conservation areas of the Inyo National Forest .............................................. 132

Figure 10. Critical aquatic refuges of the Inyo National Forest ................................................... 133

Figure 11. Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail management area ................................................ 134

Figure 12. Recreation places on the Inyo National Forest ........................................................... 135

Figure 13. Congressionally designated areas on the Inyo National Forest .................................. 136

Figure 14. Recreation opportunity spectrum map for the Inyo National Forest .......................... 137

Figure 15. Scenic integrity objectives map for the Inyo National Forest ..................................... 138

Figure 16. Timber suitability map for the Inyo National Forest .................................................. 156

Draft Revised Forest Plan 7 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Chapter 1. Introduction

Location

The Inyo National Forest is one of eighteen national forests in California. The Inyo covers parts 

of the eastern Sierra Nevada of California and the White Mountains of California and Nevada 

(Figure 1); spanning portions of Fresno, Inyo, Madera, Mono and Tulare Counties of eastern 

California, and Esmeralda and Mineral Counties of western Nevada. 

The Inyo encompasses approximately two million acres, including managing 26,711 acres of the 

Sierra and Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forests. Mono Lake is within a designated national scenic 

area on the forest, and its waters cover approximately 37,277 acres. There are about 112,000 acres 

of lands of other ownership within the boundaries of the Inyo National Forest; these include state 

and private lands, and lands managed by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, 

Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, and the Army Corps of Engineers. 

The Inyo National Forest supervisor’s office is centrally located in Bishop, California. The Inyo 

has four administrative ranger districts; the northern Mono Lake and Mammoth Ranger Districts 

are managed together as the North Zone; and the southern White Mountain and Mount Whitney 

Ranger Districts are managed together as the South Zone.

Distinctive Roles and Contributions of the Plan Area

The Inyo National Forest is characterized by large magnificent mountains that invite and inspire 

visitors locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally. This stunning landscape is home to 

well-known attractions such as Mt. Whitney, Mono Lake, the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest and 

the Mammoth Mountain lava dome complex. The Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, a 

congressionally designated area in the White Mountains (Figure 12), is set aside for visitor 

enjoyment and research that has contributed greatly to current science about climate change. 

These icons, along with the Inyo’s proximity to other recreation attractions, make the Inyo a 

destination place for visitors. Travelers on routes and trails pass through contrasting landscapes. 

Year-round trail use provides the means to high quality recreation from hiking, mountain biking 

and equestrian use, to skiing, snowmobiling and other motorized uses. Conservation education 

and interpretation programs focus on developing a land ethic as part of the recreation experience.

The Inyo National Forest has diverse ecosystems including portions of the Great Basin, Mohave 

Desert, and Sierra Nevada Bioregions. Elevations range from 3,800 feet in Owens Valley to 

14,495 feet at the peak of Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United States. The 

eastern Sierra Nevada is known for large expanses of undeveloped land. The Inyo includes Mono 

Basin National Forest Scenic Area and almost 1 million acres of designated wilderness. The Inyo 

shares boundaries with Sequoia, Kings Canyon, Yosemite and Death Valley National Parks, 

Devils Postpile National Monument, Bureau of Land Management, Los Angeles Department of 

Water and Power, private entities, and the Sequoia, Sierra, and Humboldt-Toiyabe National 

Forests. The communities within and adjacent to the Inyo National Forest are relatively small and 

discrete, so connectivity between the forest and similar ecosystems on adjacent lands is relatively 

intact with regard to development.
Chapter 1. Introduction 

8 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 1. Vicinity map of the Inyo National Forest. Note that an administrative boundary change has 

occurred with the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest (approximately 3,450 acres), along the 

California-Nevada boundary in the northeast portion of the Inyo National Forest, that is not yet 

reflected in this map 
Chapter 1. Introduction 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 9 

for the Inyo National Forest 

The eastern Sierra Nevada offers many benefits both socially and economically, thus establishing 

a deep-rooted connection between this land and the people of the area. Native Americans have 

inhabited these areas for thousands of years and have deep cultural ties to the forest and 

surrounding lands. The forest lies in the traditional territories of eight federally recognized tribes 

and eight unacknowledged tribes, tribal groups and organizations. In the past, the presence of 

different fauna, including desert bighorn and pronghorn, shaped Native American use of this land. 

Cultural opportunities are still an important contribution of forest lands today. Tribal communities 

benefit socioeconomically through the use of forest resources for artisan and craft materials, 

medicines, fuel, and traditional foods, and by supporting heritage tourism and recreation. Lands 

and resources of the Inyo National Forest enhance the sustainability of tribal communities by 

providing opportunities for traditional ceremonies and religious practices that strengthen the 

communities’ sense of place and self. Gathering activities on the forest contribute to Tribal social, 

economic, familial and religious well-being.

Geographically, the Inyo National Forest is split in two by Owens Valley and Long Valley 

Caldera (Figure 1). Toward the east, the Glass and White-Inyo Mountain Ranges fall within the 

Great Basin and Intermountain Desert Bioregions. These areas have a rich ecological and cultural 

history which differs from that of the Sierra Nevada. In particular, historic Euro-American use 

was more focused on livestock grazing and mineral prospecting than on timber. Mining practices 

in the surrounding mountains influenced the culture and changed the landscape. A large number 

of mine operations resulted in the development of a transportation network that brought humans 

into areas not frequently traveled. Logging of pinyon pine and Jeffrey pine was intensive in some 

areas as a fuel source for mining operations and growing urban centers. 

Multiple uses on the Inyo National Forest are extremely important both socially and 

economically. The Inyo is within a four hour drive of nearly half of the 37 million people who 

live in California. This populous pool of potential visitors is one of the most ethnically diverse in 

the world, challenging the forest to look at nontraditional methods of providing service. Over two 

million users visit the Inyo yearly; with the majority of visitors coming from southern California. 

The forest also receives high visitor use from citizens from other countries. This is due to the 

opportunities the eastern Sierra Nevada provides with Death Valley National Park, Mt. Whitney, 

and Yosemite National Park all within a day’s drive of each other. The Ansel Adams, John Muir, 

Owens River Headwaters, White Mountains, Boundary Peak, Golden Trout, and South Sierra 

Wildernesses also draw many visitors to the area. 

The Inyo National Forest provides a contiguous backdrop for particular opportunities and 

activities. Developed recreation sites that are concentrated in scenic canyons and lake basins 

provide recreation opportunities and wilderness access. Scenic routes invite visitors to explore, 

enjoy the amenities provided by local communities, drive for pleasure, view scenery and wildlife, 

picnic and interpret the environs. There are opportunities for fishing, hunting, touring, dispersed 

camping, climbing and bouldering, hiking, backpacking, mountaineering, horseback riding and 

packing, and for seeking solitude. 

Recreation uses of the forest have changed over the past couple decades. Historic recreation uses 

such as pack stock use, off highway vehicle driving, camping, fishing, hunting, backpacking and 

mountaineering continue today. Commercial pack stock use, although reduced, still allows for 

assisted access into wilderness areas in addition to the backcountry of Sequoia, Kings Canyon 

and Yosemite National Parks. Some types of recreation uses have expanded and include activities 

such as hiking, rock climbing and bouldering, off-highway vehicle use, day-use and winter 

activities including alpine, cross-country, and backcountry skiing. The breath-taking landscapes 
Chapter 1. Introduction 

10 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

also provide opportunities for photography and filming. All these activities provide for vital 

economic benefits and sustainability to local communities. This contribution occurs through 

visitor spending that supports jobs in local businesses, and also contributes to county sales tax 

revenues and transient occupancy taxes that local governments use to provide important public 

services in these communities. 

Although recreation may be what draws the majority of visitors and their associated economic 

benefits to this area, other uses of the forest, such as livestock grazing, mining and renewable 

energy, maintain some of the historic uses of this area while also providing to the local society, 

culture and economy. Livestock grazing has occurred on the rangelands of the Inyo National 

Forest since the late 1800s, and continues to be one of a variety of multiple uses on the Inyo. 

Grazing contributes to the economic and social well-being of people by providing opportunities 

for economic diversity, promoting stability for communities that depend on range resources for 

their livelihood, and by meeting the public needs for interrelated resource uses by providing 

livestock forage, wildlife food and habitat, outdoor recreation, and other resource values 

dependent on range vegetation. 

The changing elevation across the forest, combined with the variability in aspect and slope, 

variety of geology and soils, and amount and timing of precipitation creates high diversity of 

ecosystems inhabited by at least 1,300 plant species, and approximately 300 terrestrial wildlife 

species. The forest’s terrestrial and aquatic plant and animal species, and resulting biodiversity 

contribute to resilient and healthy forest ecosystems upon which all social and economic 

contributions depend. 

While many visitors enjoy the opportunities the Inyo National Forest provides, there are many 

people that call the forest their home. Most private property is concentrated around small 

residential communities that have grown within and adjacent to the Inyo National Forest over 

time. There are also isolated private properties scattered throughout the forest that support 

ranching interests, isolated residences and second homes. Reducing fire hazards to adjacent lands 

and communities is a key contribution of the Inyo National Forest to local communities. Wildfires 

are actively suppressed when needed to protect key resources and to prevent intrusion of 

dangerous fires into communities. Tools used to reduce hazardous fuels and maintain fuel 

conditions include wildfires managed to meet resource objectives, prescribed burning and 

mechanical treatments. 

At a regional level, water runoff from the forest flows into Mono Basin in the north, the Upper 

San Joaquin River to the west, Owens River in the east, and the Upper Kern River to the south. 

About 93 percent of the perennial streams on the forest are free flowing and stream flows are 

functioning within their range of natural variation. An average of 34 percent of the runoff 

produced into the Owens Lake and Mono Lake watersheds are exported to the City of Los 

Angeles, a critical component in supporting social and economic sustainability in that area. Water 

on the forest also is used for development of hydroelectricity that powers homes and businesses 

in the region. Water from the forest is also important to local communities, including providing 

drinking water, recreational amenities and economic and cultural opportunities. 

The benefits from all forest contributions provide tremendous ecological, social and economic 

value. Some of these benefits from the forest are more easily recognized than other benefits. For 

example, forest recreation, cultural opportunities and a clean water supply are enjoyed directly by 

people and communities as a whole. Other vital forest ecosystem services provide benefits like 

biodiversity that are less apparent in our daily lives but are important because they support and 

regulate the ecosystems and social environments in which we live. The term “value“ is used here 
Chapter 1. Introduction 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 11

for the Inyo National Forest 

to represent something more inclusive than a monetary value, and to capture the idea that all 

contributions of the Inyo, even when they are not directly relatable to dollars that are spent or 

received, still contribute to improving the quality of our lives.

Purpose of the Forest Plan

Every national forest managed by the Forest Service is required to have a land management plan, 

or forest plan, that is consistent with the National Forest Management Act of 1976 (16 U.S.C. 

1604) and other laws. The National Forest Management Act directs that these plans be amended 

as necessary and revised within 15 years. Forest plans are one of three levels of planning and 

decision-making that guide how we manage National Forest System lands.

The first and broadest level of planning occurs at the national level through the United States 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service Strategic Plan, a 5-year plan that allows public 

transparency of the agencies goals, objectives and accomplishments. The second level of planning 

occurs at the level of National Forest System administrative units through forest plans. The third 

level of planning includes development of on-the-ground projects and activities, which are 

designed to achieve the desired conditions and objectives of the forest plan. Projects and activities 

must be consistent with the forest plan.

Forest plans are intended to be strategic, meaning they identify long-term or overall desired 

conditions and provide general direction for achieving those desired conditions. Forest plans 

focus on outcomes, and are flexible to allow management to adapt to local conditions. Generally, 

forest plans are not tactical and do not specify particular methods that must always be used and 

do not require resources to be allocated. Forest plans emphasize strategic decisions: “why” and 

“what,” and to a lesser extent, “when” and “where.” The “how” decision is generally made at the 

tactical or project planning level, and includes a set of site specific details of time, place and 

circumstances of a particular project proposal.

Forest plans themselves do not compel any action, authorize projects or activities, or guarantee 

specific results. A project might be needed because of a discrepancy between current conditions 

and desired conditions. Projects may be proposed in response to demands by the public or to 

respond to forest plan objectives. When a project is proposed, it is first checked against the 

suitability of areas. If the project is an appropriate use, then relevant design criteria, standards and 

guidelines are used. The proposed action for the project is then analyzed using appropriate 

National Environmental Policy Act procedures. If the project is not consistent with the forest 

plan, the project may be redesigned or rejected, or a forest plan amendment may be considered. 

After the project is completed, it is evaluated against plan desired conditions and objectives.

A forest plan guides and constrains Forest Service personnel, not the public. Any constraint on the 

public needs to be imposed by law, regulation, or through the issuance of an order by the 

responsible official under 36 CFR part 261, Subpart B. In addition to forest plans, management of 

National Forest System lands is also guided and constrained by laws; regulations; and policies, 

practices, and procedures that are in the Forest Service Directive System. These are generally not 

repeated in forest plans. In addition, appendix G lists existing resource plans and agreements that 

also guide management of the Inyo National Forest along with the land management plan.

Adaptive Planning

Forest planning is a continuous process, which includes assessment, plan development, 

amendment, revision and monitoring. The intent of this forest planning framework is to create an
Chapter 1. Introduction 

12 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

integrated approach to the management of resources and uses, incorporate the landscape-scale 

context for management, allow the Forest Service to adapt to changing conditions and improve 

management based on monitoring and new information.

An adaptive forest plan recognizes that there is always uncertainty about the future of natural 

systems and the timing and type of disturbances. Social conditions and human values regarding 

the management of national forests are also likely to change. Given that the setting for forest plan 

implementation will be changing over time, the forest plan incorporates an effective monitoring 

program, capable of detecting change, with an adaptive flexibility to respond to those detected 

changes. The forest plan monitoring program recognizes key management questions and 

identifies measurable indicators that can inform the questions. When conditions change beyond 

what was anticipated in the forest plan, a responsive process using narrow amendments can be 

used to adjust plans between revisions.

The planning framework creates a structure within which land managers and partners work 

together to understand what is happening on the land. It is intended to establish a flexible forest 

plan that allows the forest to adapt management to changing conditions and improve management 

based on new information and monitoring. 

Plan Structure

In chapter 1 we have introduced the Inyo National Forest plan area, distinctive roles and 

contributions, and described the purpose and structure of a forest plan. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 

provide the framework for integrated resource management and for guiding project and activity 

decision-making. Chapter 2 is the vision section that provides the foundation of the plan, the 

desired conditions. Desired conditions describe the aspirations or visions of what the plan area (or 

portions thereof) should look like in the future and drive the development of the other plan 

components. Desired conditions essentially set forth the desired landscape of the future and the 

other plan components give guidance on how to get there. 

Chapter 3 is the management strategy section that builds upon the foundation of chapter 2 and 

guides subsequent tactical planning. This chapter first describes the expected and measurable 

outcomes and potential management approaches that apply to specific parcels of land, which can 

include management areas, geographic areas, designated areas, recommended designated areas, 

and priority watersheds. Chapter 3 also identifies the following: suitability of lands, which 

describes areas generally suitable or not suitable for various uses or activities; plan objectives, 

which describes objectives, or intermediate outcomes, that lead toward achievement of desired 

conditions; goals, which are used to describe outcomes that are not at the sole control of a 

national forest, such as the result of a partnership; and potential management approaches, which 

the Forest is inclined to use in order to be responsive to desired conditions and objectives. 

Chapter 4, termed the design criteria chapter, supports the vision and management strategy and is 

designed to provide sideboards for projects or activities. It includes standards and guidelines that 

influence the design of projects and activities developed under this forest plan. 

Chapter 5 describes the plan monitoring program that forms the basis for continuous 

improvement and provides information for adaptive management of the plan area. The purpose of 

monitoring in an adaptive management framework is to facilitate learning to support decisions on 

necessary changes to the plan. The plan monitoring program consists of a set of monitoring 

questions and associated indicators to evaluate whether plan components are effective and 
Chapter 1. Introduction 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 13

for the Inyo National Forest 

appropriate and whether management is effective in maintaining or achieving progress toward 

desired conditions and objectives for the plan area. 

The appendix section includes the following: maps (appendix A), proposed and possible actions 

(appendix B), renewed partnership focus for the Inyo National Forest (appendix C), management 

strategies for resolving recreation resource conflicts (appendix D), timber suitability (appendix 

E), forestwide rangeland standards (appendix F), and existing resource plans (appendix G).

Plan Components

An integrated plan means that all plan components work together toward achieving or 

maintaining desired conditions and are internally consistent. The plan components work together 

as a whole to meet the requirements of the 2012 Planning Rule (36 CFR 219.8 through 219.11), 

but this does not mean that all uses must be provided for on all lands. 

This plan includes five plan components that guide future project and activity decision making: 

desired conditions, objectives, standards, guidelines, and suitability of lands. These five plan 

components, along with other plan content, are organized according to chapters 2, 3, and 4 as 

described above. The five components are described as:

A desired condition is a description of specific social, economic, and/or ecological 

characteristics of the plan area, or a portion of the plan area, toward which management 

of the land and resources should be directed. A desired condition description is specific 

enough to allow progress toward achievement to be determined but does not include a 

completion date. 

An objective is a concise, measurable, and time-specific statement of a desired rate of 

progress toward a desired condition or conditions. Objectives are based on reasonable 

foreseeable budgets.

The suitability of lands is determined for specific lands within the plan area. The lands 

are identified as suitable or not suitable for various uses or activities based on desired 

conditions applicable to those lands. The suitability of lands is not identified for every 

use or activity. If certain lands are identified as not suitable for a use, then that use or 

activity may not be authorized. Appendix E identifies lands that are not suitable for 

timber production.

A standard is a mandatory constraint on project and activity decision-making, 

established to help achieve or maintain the desired condition or conditions, to avoid or 

mitigate undesirable effects, or to meet applicable legal requirements. 

A guideline is a constraint on project and activity decision-making that allows for 

departure from its terms, so long as the purpose of the guideline is met. Guidelines are 

established to help achieve or maintain the desired condition or conditions, to avoid or 

mitigate undesirable effects, or to meet applicable legal requirements.

Plan components that apply forestwide or to land of specific character (e.g., vegetation types) are 

spread throughout the chapters of this document, especially in the vision (desired conditions), 

management strategy (suitability of lands and plan objectives), and design criteria (standards and 

guidelines) chapters. Plan components that apply to specific parcels of land, such as management 

areas, geographic areas, and designated areas, are consolidated under the respective areas they 

apply to in the management strategy chapter.
Chapter 1. Introduction 

14 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

The forest plan uses a unique coding system to identify plan components and where they apply 

using the following pattern: AAA-BBB-CCC. The series of letters before the first dash references 

either a resource area (e.g., WTR for watershed conditions) or a type of spatial area (e.g., MA for 

management areas and GA for geographic areas). The middle series of letters reference where the 

plan components apply (e.g., FW for forestwide), land of specific character (e.g., RFIR for the red 

fir vegetation type), or mapped parcels of land (e.g., CWPZ for the community wildfire protection 

zone). The third series of letters references the type of plan components (e.g., DC for desired 

conditions). So the unique coding for air resources (AIR) forestwide (FW) desired conditions 

(DC) begins with AIR-FW-DC, followed by the specific code number; and the codes for the 

management area (MA) wildfire restoration zone (WRZ) guidelines (GDL) begins with MAWRZ-GDL. 
Draft Revised Forest Plan 15

for the Inyo National Forest 

Chapter 2. Vision

Introduction

The visions or aspirations of what the plan area (or portions thereof) should look like in the future 

are expressed in terms of desired conditions. Desired conditions are developed within the context 

of the forest’s distinctive roles and contributions, and include specific cultural, ecological, social, 

and economic characteristics of the plan area. Desired conditions essentially set forth the desired 

landscape of the future while the other plan components give guidance on how to get there. 

Desired conditions are developed according to the geographic scale where they apply. The 

conditions that apply forestwide or to land of specific character (e.g., vegetation types) are 

presented here in chapter 2. Desired conditions and other plan components that apply to specific 

parcels of land, such as management areas and designated areas, can be found in chapter 3, the 

management strategy section of this document.

Desired Conditions

Air 

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading apply forestwide or to Class I 

airsheds, which have the highest standard of air quality. Class I airshed status applies to 

designated wilderness areas which were larger than 5,000 acres and in existence in 1977. The 

Ansel Adams, John Muir, and Hoover Wildernesses are Class I areas.

Forestwide (AIR-FW-DC) 

01 The air quality value of visibility in a Class I airshed is maintained or improved to the 

natural background condition specified in the California Regional Haze State 

Implementation Plan.

02 Wildland fuel loadings resemble natural range of variation conditions, reducing the 

potential for harmful effects on air quality from high intensity wildfires.

Watershed Conditions 

Plan components found in the watershed conditions (WTR) sections of this plan cover the broad 

area of soils and water throughout the Inyo National Forest at the watershed scale. Watersheds 

include riparian conservation areas and the riparian and aquatic environments contained within 

them, such as rivers, streams, meadows, springs and seeps. Figure 2 shows the relationship 

among watersheds, riparian conservation areas, and riparian and aquatic environments. Critical 

aquatic refuges are subwatersheds selected by a national forest to provide a refuge for at-risk 

species and have plan components similar to those of riparian conservation areas. The 

management area section in chapter 3 presents plan components specific to riparian conservation 

areas and critical aquatic refuges.

The Forest Service’s national Watershed Condition Framework (WCF) is used to identify priority 

watersheds for restoration. Priority watersheds are where plan objectives for restoration would 

concentrate on maintaining or improving watershed condition. Under the framework, the Forest 
Chapter 2. Vision 

16 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Supervisor is responsible for identifying priority watersheds using an interdisciplinary team 

process. 

The list of priority watersheds can be changed administratively without a forest plan amendment. 

Watershed Condition Framework priority watersheds are mapped online at the USDA Forest 

Service’s Watershed Condition and Prioritization Interactive map.

Figure 2. A schematic of the relationship of watersheds, riparian conservation areas, and riparian 

and aquatic environments 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 17

for the Inyo National Forest 

Forestwide (WTR-FW-DC)

01 Adequate quantity and timing of water flows support ecological structure and functions, 

including aquatic species diversity and native riparian vegetation. Watershed resilience to 

higher air temperatures, reduced snowpack, erratic runoff timing and other effects of 

climate change is maintained or restored.

02 Water quality is sustained at a level that retains the biological, physical and chemical 

integrity of aquatic systems and benefits the survival, growth, reproduction and migration 

of native aquatic and riparian species. 

03 Watersheds have the following conditions: fully functioning or trending toward fully 

functioning and resilient; recover from natural and human disturbances at a rate 

appropriate with the capability of the site; and have a high degree of hydrologic 

connectivity laterally across the floodplain and valley bottom, and vertically between 

surface and subsurface flows. Physical (geomorphic, hydrologic) connectivity and 

associated processes (i.e., runoff, flooding, in-stream flow regime, erosion and 

sedimentation) are maintained and restored. Watersheds provide important ecosystem 

services: high quality water; recharge of streams and shallow groundwater; maintenance 

of riparian communities; and moderation of climate change and atmospheric deposition. 

Watersheds maintain long term soil productivity.

04 Soil and vegetation functions in upland and riparian areas are sustained and resilient. 

Healthy soils provide the base for resilient landscapes and nutritive forage for browsing 

and grazing animals, and support timber production. Healthy upland and riparian areas 

support healthy fish and wildlife populations, enhance recreation opportunities, and 

maintain water quality.

05 Water quality meets the needs of water users, providing suitable water for cold and warm 

water species, swimming, irrigation, groundwater recharge and drinking after normal 

treatment.

06 Identified beneficial uses for a water body are adequately protected. 

Terrestrial Ecosystems 

Terrestrial (land-based) ecosystems are diverse on the Inyo National Forest, where elevation and 

moisture changes from north to south and east to west. With elevations ranging from 

approximately 3,800 to 14,495 feet, this sets the stage for a wide variety of ecosystems. Three 

major biological provinces, the Sierra Nevada, the Great Basin, and the Mojave Desert converge 

in this unique area. 

Across the different geographic areas, a variety of dominant vegetation types occur. At the lower 

elevations and drier areas, a mosaic of sagebrush, Pinyon-Juniper woodlands, and xeric shrubs 

and black brush occur. Where there is more precipitation, open stands of Jeffrey pine occur, either 

pure or with scattered Pinyon pine or fir. Red fir forests occur on the Kern Plateau and Mammoth 

Lakes areas, where more precipitation, especially in the form of snow dominates. Above that, 

covering at least one-third of the Inyo National Forest are subalpine forests and woodlands. 

Finally, an alpine area, without trees, covers the highest elevations. 

Note that additional direction specific to management or geographic areas (e.g., strategic fire 

management zones, research natural areas, Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest or Mono Basin) may 
Chapter 2. Vision 

18 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

apply. Additional direction specific to management of sagebrush and vegetation within the range 

of the Bi-State distinct population segment of greater sage-grouse (hereafter sage-grouse) is 

described in the animal and plant species sections in chapters 2, 3, and 4. Where there is overlap, 

direction for sage-grouse takes precedence. 

Desired conditions are described at different spatial scales, or extent of area. First, are landscape 

scale desired conditions, applying to areas greater than 10,000 acres. The intent is to provide 

conditions that cover multiple small or medium sized vegetation management projects, or single 

very large (greater than 100,000 acre) sized projects. The latter would be applied over multiple 

years, on a forest-wide basis. Ecological zones are broad and not exact, for monitoring at forestwide and multi-forest scale. Second, are the mid-scale desired conditions, applying to areas in the 

hundreds to thousands of acres. These desired conditions are applicable to smaller areas, such as a 

large single patch of vegetation or mosaic of patches in an area or sub-watershed. Third are the 

fine-scale desired conditions that apply to the variation on the ground of smaller vegetation 

elements, such as understory shrubs, gaps or small openings, and litter cover. Patches are areas 

where there is similar dominant species and vegetation structure. They are similar to the term 

forest stand but encompass a broader range of ecological aspects. Patches may not be uniform but 

they are different from the surrounding areas. One may have a “salt and pepper” look from above 

of tree clumps and gaps and another may be a uniform sea of forest canopy. Some desired 

conditions include the term “within-patch”. This refers to changes at the fine-scale, like patches 

of shrubs or clumps of trees within patches. 

Terrestrial ecosystem plan components do not apply to administrative or developed recreation 

sites. Areas covered by special use permits are subject to guidance in their operating plans. 

Forestwide (TERR-FW-DC)

01 Each vegetation type contains a mosaic of vegetation conditions, densities and structures. 

This mosaic occurs at a variety of scales across landscapes and watersheds and reflects 

conditions that provide for ecosystem integrity and ecosystem diversity. 

02 Vegetation conditions, particularly structure and composition, are resilient to climate 

change and to the frequency, extent and severity of ecological processes, which include 

fire in fire-adapted systems, drought, and flooding in riparian systems. Functioning 

ecosystems retain their essential components, processes and functions. Native insect and 

disease populations are generally at endemic levels with occasional outbreaks. Vegetation 

structural diversity usually restricts the scale of insect and disease outbreaks to local 

levels.

03 Ecological conditions contribute to the recovery of threatened and endangered species, 

conserve proposed and candidate species and support the persistence of species of 

conservation concern.

04 The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that provide habitat, 

movement and connectivity for a variety of species including wide-ranging generalists 

such as bear, mountain lion, and deer; more localized, semi-specialists such as groundnesting, shrub-nesting, and cavity-nesting birds and various bats; and specialists such as 

old forest and sagebrush-associated species.

05 The carbon carrying capacity for a given ecosystem is stable or improving, given trends 

in climate change, fire and drought.
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 19

for the Inyo National Forest 

06 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in fire-adapted ecosystems where it does not pose 

an unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire occurs within an ecological appropriate 

regime of frequency, extent, and severity, and enhances ecosystem heterogeneity and 

habitat and species diversity.

07 Composition, density, structure and condition of vegetation help reduce the threat of 

undesirable wildfires to local communities, ecosystems and scenic character.

08 Landscape sustainably provides a variety of benefits that improve peoples’ economic, 

social and physical wellbeing: clean water; forest products; livestock forage; carbon 

sequestration and storage stability; energy generation; recreational opportunities; 

landscapes with scenic character and scenic integrity; cultural uses; and biodiversity. 

Vegetation provides sustainable amounts of forest products that include wood fiber; 

biomass; forage; firewood; edible and medicinal plants; and boughs, bark, berries and 

cones for commercial, tribal, personal, educational and scientific uses. These products are 

provided while sustaining soil and water quality and productivity. Vegetation conditions 

support the long-term sustainability of these benefits to people by reducing the risk of 

undesirable fire effects, disease and mortality.

09 Vegetation types and vegetation conditions support continued use by tribes for traditional, 

ceremonial and medicinal purposes. Plants known to be used by tribes that traditionally 

use the forest are thriving.

10 Ecological conditions in relatively pristine landscapes (e.g., wilderness and recommended 

wilderness areas) are primarily the result of natural ecological processes, which occur 

with little direct human influence across the larger landscape. 

Sagebrush (TERR-SAGE-DC) 

01 The sagebrush type has a diversity of age classes, stand structure, cover classes and 

understory composition.

02 Sagebrush ecosystems are resilient to fire and other disturbances including grazing, 

recreation, invasive species (including cheatgrass) and climate change.

03 Grazed areas have or are trending toward satisfactory soils condition, functional 

hydrology and biotic integrity. Sagebrush ecosystems contain all key elements and 

conditions, including sagebrush regeneration and recruitment, ecosystem productivity, 

perennial grass cover, biological soil crusts and symbiotic fungal associations.

04 Open sagebrush habitat with no overstory trees, such as pinyon pine, juniper or Jeffrey 

pine, provides habitat connectivity. Fire occurs within the natural range of variation, or in 

small extents, as a natural process, limiting encroaching conifer trees. 

Pinyon-Juniper (TERR-PINY-DC) 

01 Pinyon-juniper types have a mosaic of trees and open areas that provide wildlife habitat, 

contribute to functional soils, and are resilient to disturbances such as fire, invasive 

species and climate change.

02 Fire frequency and severity is within the natural range of variation.
Chapter 2. Vision 

20 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

03 Plant litter and coarse woody debris are present in sufficient quantity to resist accelerated 

soil erosion and promote nutrient cycling, water retention and the microclimate 

conditions necessary for pinyon seed germination. Biological soil crusts are present to 

improve nutrient cycling and stabilize soils, especially in sandier soils.

04 Pinyon pine regeneration and recruitment ensures persistence of this vegetation type.

05 Mature pinyon pines provide opportunities for traditional collecting of pinyon nuts.

Xeric Shrub/Blackbrush (TERR-XER-DC) 

01 Desert shrub vegetation is a mosaic of diverse ecological types with native shrubs and 

grasses, commonly blackbrush, sagebrush, saltbush, goldenbush and horsebrush in 

various age classes and patch sizes.

02 Vegetation conditions are resilient to natural and human disturbances, such as grazing, 

flooding, fire, invasive species and climate change.

03 Fires are within the natural range of variation and very rare.

04 Flooding event frequency and severity is within the natural range of variation, resulting in 

a mosaic of soil erosion and deposition that supports diverse native plant species and 

biological soil crusts.

Black Oak/Canyon Live Oak (TERR-OAK-DC) 

01 Vigorous oak trees, snags, and down logs provide habitat for a variety of wildlife species. 

Black oak snags greater than 20 inches in diameter, and live oak trees with dead limbs, 

hollow boles and cavities, provide shelter, resting and nesting habitat. Acorns are 

plentiful and provide food for wildlife and are collected for traditional cultural uses.

Dry Mixed Conifer (TERR-DMC-DC) 

01 At the landscape scale, the dry mixed conifer vegetation type has a mosaic of patches of 

trees of varied sizes and ages. It is dominated by Jeffrey pine trees, with varying amounts 

of ponderosa pine, white fir, red fir, or incense cedar (Figure 3).

02 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in fire-adapted ecosystems where it does not pose 

an unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire as an ecological process creates, restores, 

and maintains ecosystem resilience and increases understory plant vigor, heterogeneity, 

and habitat diversity.

03 At the landscape scale, areas dominated by medium and large diameter trees comprise 

more than 60 percent of the landscape. Overstory tree canopy cover is generally 30 

percent but ranges widely from 10 to 60 percent at a fine-scale. Trees are denser in some 

locations, such as north-facing slopes and canyon bottoms, but in small patches, in 

limited areas (less than 20 percent of the area). Vigorous shrubs cover 10 percent or more 

of the area, with density varying by aspect, slope, and soil type. 

04 At the mid- to fine- scale, vegetation between patches is highly variable. Trees of 

different sizes and ages, variably spaced, comprise an irregular, uneven-aged forest. 

Individual trees are variably spaced with some denser groups. Tree stocking (basal area) 

is highly variable, ranging from 20 to 200 square feet per acre, with most areas having 

fewer than 150 square feet per acre. Numbers of seedlings and saplings are sufficient to 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 21

for the Inyo National Forest 

replace old trees over time, but since Jeffrey pine is shade-intolerant, they are very patchy 

in distribution with regeneration occurring when gaps and openings of sufficient size are 

created.

05 At the mid- to fine- scale, small irregularly shaped openings with less than 10 percent tree 

cover make up from 10 to 50 percent of the area, and contain a mix of grasses, 

herbaceous plants and shrubs. 

06 At the mid- to fine-scale, snags greater than 20 inches in diameter are at densities 

between two to twenty snags per 10 acres, and are well distributed, but highly irregular in 

spacing providing for future downed logs. Coarse woody debris, including large downed 

logs in varying states of decay, is irregularly distributed and ranges from 1 to 5 tons per 

acre. Litter and surface fuel is patchy with fewer than 5 to 10 tons per acre in fuel loading 

on average over 30 to 70 percent of the area. There are some small areas of up to 30 tons 

per acre and others with fewer than 5 tons per acre.

Figure 3. Dry mixed conifer forest 

Montane Jeffrey Pine (TERR-MJF-DC) 

01 At the landscape scale, the Jeffrey pine type is part of a heterogeneous mosaic of 

shrublands, grasslands or other forest types. Forests are dominated by Jeffrey pine trees 

and are generally open. Open-canopied stands dominate the landscape, with generally 

less than 10 percent of the area with more than 40 percent canopy cover. Open canopies 

allow shade-intolerant Jeffrey pine tree regeneration (Figure 4).
Chapter 2. Vision 

22 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

02 At the landscape-scale, fire is a key ecological process, creating a diversity of vegetation 

types, lower surface fuels and diverse understory vegetation in these areas. Fires occur 

frequently, on average every 5 to 15 years, with mostly low and moderate severity, with 

most patches of very high severity (greater than 90 percent basal area mortality) rarely 

greater than 200 acres, and the proportion of areas burned with high severity is generally 

less than 15 percent. Due to existing high levels of fuels and weather variability, greater 

proportions of areas burned at high severity, up to 25 percent with some patches of high 

severity up to 500 acres, may be unavoidable during large landscape prescribed fires or 

wildland fire managed primarily to meet resource objectives.

03 At the mid-scale, Jeffrey pine forests are primarily composed of mostly open canopies, 

with variable patches of trees and scattered individual trees.

04 At the mid-scale, Jeffrey pine forest is composed predominantly of vigorous trees, but 

declining trees are an important component, providing wildlife nesting and denning 

habitat and for future production of snags, down logs and other coarse woody debris.

05 At the mid-scale, insects and pathogens like dwarf mistletoe, Annosus and Armillaria root 

diseases, Jeffrey pine beetle, occur at endemic levels and are restricted to individual 

stands. Witches’ brooms provide habitat for wildlife species.

06 At the fine-scale, size and age class diversity is high within Jeffrey pine stands. 

Individual large trees or tree groups provide nesting and denning habitat for wildlife.

07 At the fine-scale, openings of various shapes surround and are intermixed with the trees. 

These gaps make up from 10 to 70 percent of the area, are typically less than 0.1 to 0.5 

acre in size, and contain herbaceous plants, shrubs and tree regeneration.

Figure 4. Jeffrey pine patch 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 23

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 1. Amount of seral stage patches (>10 acre) by vegetation type at the landscape scale (tens of 

thousands of acres) 

Vegetation Type/Zone Early Seral1 Small Tree2

Open 

Mature 

Forest3

Intermediate 

Mature 

Forest4

Dense 

Mature 

Forest5

Jeffrey Pine 5–20% 1–10% 60–90% 10–20% <10%

Red Fir 5–20% 2–15% 20–70% 20–70% 10–40%

Wet Lodgepole Pine 5–20% 2–15% 5–20% 20–70% 20–70%

Dry Lodgepole Pine 5–20% 2–15% 50–80% 10–30% 0–30%

1Shrub, grass/herb, tree seedlings and saplings. 

2California wildlife habitat relationship (CWHR) system, vegetation classification 2 & 3. 

3CWHR 4 & 5; 10–40% tree cover. 

4CWHR 4 & 5; 40–60% tree cover. 

5CWHR 4, 5, & 6; >60% tree cover. 

All Upper Montane Vegetation Types (TERR-UPPR-DC)

The upper montane zone occurs at higher elevations and receives a high percentage of 

precipitation that falls as snow. This zone is primarily comprised of red fir forests, open Jeffrey 

pine woodlands, wet and dry lodgepole pine forests, meadows and riparian areas, and montane 

chaparral. These vegetation types occur in a patchy mosaic across the upper montane landscape, 

depending on changes in elevation, topography, soils, climate, and prior disturbance history. Fire 

is an especially important ecological process in the upper montane zone, influencing forest 

structure and composition patterns, such as canopy patch and gap dynamics. As with lower 

montane forests, decades of fire exclusion, past timber harvest, and patterns of increasing high 

severity fire have resulted in increasing degrees of structural homogenization in upper montane 

forests at a landscape scale. Desired conditions for upper montane Jeffrey pine are the same as 

those described for Jeffrey pine in the montane section above.

01 At the landscape scale, the upper montane landscape is a heterogeneous mosaic of 

patches of red fir forests, lodgepole pine patches, Jeffrey pine woodlands, meadows and 

montane chaparral. Upper montane vegetation occurs in a complex mosaic of different 

densities, sizes, and species mix across large landscapes that vary with topography, soils 

and snow accumulation. The composition, structure, and function of vegetation make 

them resilient to fire, drought, insects and pathogens, and climate change. The mix of 

seral stage patches, and open versus closed canopied areas, varies by forest type as 

described in Table 1. Large and old trees are common in most seral stages throughout the 

landscape and in varying densities (see old forest section below).

02 At the landscape scale, fire is a key ecological process restoring and maintaining patchy 

fuel loads, and increasing heterogeneity and understory plant vigor. Fires occur 

irregularly, generally every 15 to 100 years, averaging about 40 years. Fires in this 

vegetation type burn with low, moderate or mixed severity with patches of very high 

severity (greater than 90 percent basal area mortality) minimal, rarely greater than 300 

acres in size. The proportion of areas burned at high severity within a fire is generally less 

than 10 to 15 percent. Due to existing high levels of fuels and weather variability, greater 

proportions of areas burned at high severity, up to 40 percent, may be unavoidable during 

large landscape prescribed fires or wildfires managed to meet resource objectives. Some 

patches of high severity burn reach 1,000 acres in size. 
Chapter 2. Vision 

24 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

03 At the landscape scale, white pines (sugar pine, western white pine, whitebark pine and 

foxtail pine) are healthy and vigorous with a low incidence of white pine blister rust. 

Individual trees and the stands they occur in are resilient to moisture stress, drought and 

bark beetles. White pine blister rust-resistant trees are regenerating and populations are 

sustained.

Red Fir (TERR-RFIR-DC)

01 At the landscape scale, the red fir forest type is part of a heterogeneous mosaic of tree 

species and vegetation structures (e.g., tree density, size, age and shrub cover), with 

patches of Jeffrey pine, meadows and montane chaparral. It is dominated by red fir trees, 

with varying amounts of white fir, Jeffrey pine, western white pine, lodgepole pine and 

mountain hemlock.

02 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in fire-adapted ecosystems where it does not pose 

an unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire as an ecological process creates, restores, 

and maintains ecosystem resilience and increases understory plant vigor, heterogeneity, 

and habitat diversity.

03 At the landscape scale, areas dominated by medium and large diameter trees and 

moderate canopy cover (between 40 and 60 percent) comprise most of the landscape 

(Table 1). Trees are denser in some locations such as north-facing slopes and canyon 

bottoms, near meadows or where snow accumulates. Areas with closed canopy cover 

exceeding 60 percent occur on 20 percent of the landscape, but can range from 10 to 40 

percent depending on the distribution of deeper soils and available soil water. Early seral 

vegetation, shrubs, grasses, herbaceous plants, tree seedlings or saplings, mostly occur in 

very small areas, intermixed within forest stands or patches.

04 At the landscape scale, shrubs, grasses and young trees grow in patches of high tree 

mortality with abundant snags and large logs, providing complex early seral habitat.

05 At the mid- to fine-scale, trees of different sizes and ages, variably spaced, comprise an 

irregular, uneven-aged forest (Figure 5). Individual trees are variably spaced with some 

tight groups. Tree stocking (basal area) is highly variable, ranging from 50 to 300 square 

feet per acre with most areas having fewer than 200 square feet per acre (Table 2). 

Numbers of seedlings and saplings are sufficient to replace old trees as they die, but are 

very patchy in distribution.

06 At the mid- to fine-scale, small openings are intermixed within stands of trees. They 

make up 5 to 20 percent of the area within tree stands, have less than 10 percent tree 

cover, are irregularly shaped, and often contain herbaceous plants, shrubs, and tree 

seedlings and saplings. Vigorous shrub cover is highly variable (Table 2), covering 5 to 

70 percent of the area, though some soil types do not support shrubs. Higher shrub cover 

is common after fire. Some openings and the understory of some red fir patches have 

little to no understory plants but instead have a high diversity of mushrooms and other 

fungi. 

07 At the mid- to fine-scale, snags greater than 20 inches in diameter are patchily 

distributed. An average of 5 to 40 snags per 10 acres (Table 3) provide for future downed 

logs. Coarse woody debris, including large downed logs in varying states of decay, is 

patchily distributed and ranges from 1 to 10 tons per acre. Litter and surface fuel is 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 25

for the Inyo National Forest 

patchy with fewer than 5 to 20 tons per acre in fuel loading on average. There may be 

areas with no fuels and pockets of high fuel accumulation scattered irregularly.

Table 2. Structure within forested patches (10s to 100s of acre areas with similar forest) 

Vegetation Type/Zone Basal Area (square 

feet per acre)

Tree Canopy Cover 

(percent cover 

overhead)

Shrubs

Jeffrey Pine 20–200; 

mostly <150

10–40; 

may exceed 40% in 

small patches

0–70% cover; 

variable, mixed ages

Red Fir 50–300; 

mostly < 200

20–75; 

highly variable;

median 30 to 40

0–70% cover; 

variable; mixed ages

Wet Lodgepole Pine 50–280; 

mostly < 150

20–70; 

generally 50

0–70% cover; 

variable; mixed ages

Dry Lodgepole Pine 20–200, 

mostly around 120

10–40;

may exceed 40 in 

small patches

0–70% cover;

variable, mixed ages

Table 3. Snags and large logs at landscape scale in low to moderate severity burn patches 

Vegetation Type/Zone

Snags > 20 

inches 

diameter per 

10 acres

Snags > 30 

inches 

diameter per 

10 acres

Logs (>15” 

diameter and 

>8 feet long) 

tons per acre

Litter or 

Understory 

dead wood 

(tons per acre)

Jeffrey Pine 2–40 --

1–10, 

all decay 

classes

3–10; 

patchy

Red Fir 5–40 1–10

1–10, 

all decay 

classes

5–20;

patchy

Wet Lodgepole Pine 5–40 --

1–20, 

all decay 

classes

5–30;

patchy

Dry Lodgepole Pine 2–25 --

1–10, 

all decay 

classes

2–10; 

patchy
Chapter 2. Vision 

26 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 5. Three photos displaying red fir forest heterogeneity 

Lodgepole Pine (TERR-LDGP-DC)

This vegetation type is further divided into dry versus wet lodgepole pine. Dry lodgepole pine 

dominates on upper montane dry sites generally above 8500 feet elevation, often located on 

benches, upper topographic positions, and moderate slopes. Stands are typically in broken terrain 

and shallow, drier, and nutrient-poor soils. Western white pine may be present, but mesic tree 

species (e.g., red fir, mountain hemlock) are generally absent or infrequent. Understory 

herbaceous plant cover is generally less than 30 percent and bare ground and rock cover is 

generally more than 30 percent. Either wet or dry lodgepole may border some meadow 

ecosystems, depending upon the ecological setting.

Wet lodgepole pine dominates on upper montane wet sites generally above 7500 feet elevation, 

often located on gently rolling lower slopes and drainage bottoms. Stands are located on 

relatively productive, moister, and deeper soils in the upper montane zone. Red fir or mountain 

hemlock may be present in wet lodgepole pine stands. Understory herbaceous plant cover is 

generally more than 30 percent and bare ground and rock cover is generally less than 30 percent. 

Either wet or dry lodgepole may border some meadow ecosystems, depending upon the 

ecological setting.

01 Lodgepole pine forests are highly variable throughout the landscape, occurring as open 

forests on dry sites at higher elevations, and as denser stands in pockets around meadows, 

lakes or where cold air accumulates. The lodgepole pine type is part of a heterogeneous 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 27

for the Inyo National Forest 

mosaic of tree species with diverse structural conditions. It is dominated by lodgepole 

pine, with varying amounts of red fir, white fir, aspen and sometimes white pines.

02 Shrubs, grasses, forbs, and young trees grow in patches of high tree mortality where the 

site potential supports those growth forms, and with sufficient snags and large logs, 

providing complex early seral habitat.

03 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in fire-adapted ecosystems where it does not pose 

an unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire as an ecological process creates, restores, 

and maintains ecosystem resilience and increases understory plant vigor, heterogeneity, 

and habitat diversity.

04 The distribution and structure of wet lodgepole pine forests are variable, ranging from 

small patches of even-aged trees, with both closed and open canopies, to uneven-aged, 

irregular patches. Size and age class diversity is high within wet lodgepole pine stands. 

Individual trees are variably spaced with some tight groups. Irregularly shaped groups of 

large and intermediate trees are variably sized, with some overlapping tree crowns. 

Smaller trees are randomly distributed.

05 In wet lodgepole pine forests areas dominated by medium and large diameter trees 

comprise more than 45 percent of the landscape (Table 1). Tree stocking (basal area) is 

highly variable, ranging from 50 to 280 square feet per acre, with most below 150 square 

feet per acre (Table 2). Canopy cover ranges from 20 to 70 percent but is generally 50 

percent. Small openings with less than 10 percent tree cover are irregular in shape and 

make up from 5 to 20 percent of the area and contain a mix of grasses, herbaceous plants 

and shrubs. On wet sites next to meadows, lakes, streams or springs, shrub, grass and 

herbaceous plant cover may exceed 80 percent. Sufficient tree regeneration in openings 

provides for stand replacement.

06 In wet lodgepole pine forests, large snag densities are between 5 and 40 snags per 10 

acres (Table 3), and are well distributed, but highly irregular in spacing, providing for 

future downed logs. Coarse woody debris, including large downed logs in varying states 

of decay, is well distributed but irregular in spacing and ranges from 1 to 20 tons per 

acre. Surface fuel loads are highly variable and patchy. Most are between 5 to 15 tons per 

acre and are patchy, covering 30 to 70 percent of the area. Some small areas contain very 

high fuel loading of up to 30 tons per acre and other areas have fewer than 5 tons per 

acre.

07 The distribution and structure of dry lodgepole pine forests are variable but typically 

open, with irregular patches of trees of variable ages, and generally few overlapping tree 

crowns. Smaller trees are randomly distributed. Tree groups may contain other tree 

species such as western white pine. Sufficient tree regeneration in suitable but irregularly 

distributed sites provides for stand replacement.

08 In dry lodgepole pine forests, areas dominated by medium and large diameter trees 

comprise more than 60 percent of the landscape (Table 1). Canopy cover is generally 10 

to 40 percent but may exceed 40 percent in small patches and moist microsites (Table 2).

09 Within dry lodgepole pine patches, individual trees are variably and often widely spaced. 

Tree stocking (basal area) is highly variable with most stands having around 120 square 

feet per acre but ranging from 20 to 200 square feet per acre. Small openings with less 
Chapter 2. Vision 

28 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

than 10 percent tree cover are irregular in shape and make up from 10 to 50 percent of the 

area and contain a mix of bare ground, rock, grasses, herbaceous plants and shrubs.

10 The understory of dry lodgepole pine stands is highly variable. Most areas contain 

between 0 to 40 percent shrub cover; on very dry, cold rocky sites there may be no 

shrubs.

11 In dry lodgepole pine forests, large snag densities are between 2 to 25 snags per 10 acres 

(Table 3), and are well distributed, but highly irregular in spacing, providing for future 

downed logs. Coarse woody debris, including large downed logs in varying states of 

decay is well distributed but highly irregular in spacing, ranging from 1 to 10 tons per 

acre. Surface fuel loads are highly variable and patchy. Nearly all are between 2 to 10 

tons per acre and are very patchy, covering 20 to 70 percent of the area. Some small areas 

contain higher fuel loading of up to 15 tons per acre and most areas have fewer than 8 

tons per acre.

Mountain Mahogany (TERR-MOMA-DC) 

01 Mountain mahogany is comprised of native shrub and understory species that reflect the 

natural range of variation for the site. This vegetation type is composed of varying age 

classes and densities that protect against accelerated erosion, with 1 to 10 percent of the 

type in early seral grass and herbaceous cover, 5 to 20 percent in native herbs and early 

seral shrubs and 70 to 95 percent dominated by mountain mahogany cover.

02 The fire return interval is appropriate to allow the soil seed bank of native species to be 

maintained over the short and long term. Invasive non-native plants do not dominate 

between fires. 

Subalpine and Alpine (TERR-ALPN-DC)

01 Subalpine woodlands are highly variable in structure and composition. Diverse patch 

types vary from open woodlands with scattered trees to small, dense groves.

02 Fires occur infrequently, are mostly very small and with mixed severity. Fire intensity is 

highly variable, but crown fires are usually limited in size.

03 Subalpine woodlands and alpine ecosystems are resilient to insects, diseases, fire, wind 

and climate change. High-elevation white pines (e.g., whitebark pine and foxtail pine) are 

healthy and vigorous, with a low incidence of white pine blister rust, and resilient to 

moisture stress and drought. White pine blister rust-resistant trees are regenerating and 

populations of high elevation white pines have the potential to expand above the tree line.

04 Mature cone-bearing whitebark pine trees are spatially well distributed to produce and 

protect natural regeneration and conserve genetic diversity.

Old Forest (TERR-OLD-DC)

Old forests are characterized by the presence of large and old trees for a given species and site 

productivity. Old forests vary widely based on forest type, soil condition, topography, and fire 

history. For ponderosa pine or mixed conifer forests, trees greater than 20, 30 or 40 inches in 

diameter contribute to old forest structure (Table 4). In contrast, at the highest reaches of trees 

near the Sierra Nevada crest, whitebark pine trees that are 10 inches in diameter may be several 

centuries or older. Very large trees that are greater than 50 inches in diameter are also part of the 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 29

for the Inyo National Forest 

desired condition, their densities are not included in Table 4 because they were heavily harvested 

in the late 1800s and the earlier 1900s and information is lacking on their historic densities. 

Desired densities of trees greater than 20 inches in diameter are included for oaks and upper 

montane forests. These trees are often old and at the high end of their potential size. The old 

forest management direction below focuses on old forests in the montane and upper montane 

ecological zones where most vegetation management has occurred in the past and continues to 

occur. 

Old forests often contain large snags and logs in addition to large live trees. The density of these 

old forest components vary widely. Old forests within montane mixed conifer and pine vegetation 

types are currently more uniformly dense than they were in the past, resulting in increased rates 

of old growth tree mortality from competition with younger trees, climate change, insect-related 

mortality, and increased high intensity fire. 

01 The composition, structure, and functions of old forests and surrounding landscapes are 

resilient to fire, drought, insects, pathogens, and climate change. Fire occurs as a key 

ecological process in forest types that are adapted to fire, creating, restoring and 

maintaining ecosystem resilience and fire-related composition and structure.

02 The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that provide foraging 

and breeding habitat, movement and connectivity for a variety of old forest-associated 

species.

03 Between 40 and 80 percent of the forested landscape contains old forest areas. Old forest 

areas are clumps and patches of old forests components such as old trees, snags and large 

downed logs. These areas are irregularly distributed across the landscape and interspersed 

with stands of younger trees, shrubs, meadows, other herbaceous vegetation and nonvegetated patches.

04 The number and density of old trees vary by topographic position and soil moisture. In 

general, more large and old trees are found on moister sites; on lower slopes, bottoms, 

and north and east aspects, especially where soils are deeper. Large trees are well 

distributed but are often clumpy. The densities vary by forest type as shown in Table 4. 

Trees greater than 40 inches in diameter, generally over 150 years old, represent the 

oldest trees, and comprise a significant proportion of large and old trees. In many areas of 

high soil productivity, trees grow to large sizes (e.g., around 30 inches in diameter) in 

fewer than 100 years. On low and very low soil productivity sites, the oldest trees may be 

smaller in diameter. Sufficient numbers of younger trees are present to provide for 

recruitment of old trees over time.

05 Old forests are composed of both vigorous trees and decadent trees. Decadent trees with 

broken tops, multiple tops, cavities, and deformities provide wildlife nesting and denning 

habitat and contribute to the future production of snags, downed logs and other coarse 

woody debris. Older trees with larger branches and those showing signs of decadence 

provide the best potential to create cavities. Clumps of large trees, snags, large logs and 

decadent older trees are maintained on the landscape in sufficient numbers to benefit 

wildlife and are distributed throughout the planning area pre and post-disturbance.

06 Large snags are scattered across the landscape, generally occurring in clumps rather than 

uniformly and evenly distributed, meeting the needs of species that use snags and 

providing for future downed logs. The desired number and distribution of snags varies by 
Chapter 2. Vision 

30 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

major vegetation type, but old forests tend to have higher numbers of large snags than 

younger forests and can vary from single large snags to clusters of up to 20 snags per 10 

acres in some areas. 

07 Coarse woody debris, including large downed logs in varying states of decay, provides 

important wildlife habitat and can occur as single large down logs, or in clusters, 

depending on the source of tree mortality. Coarse wood debris is patchily distributed and 

the density of large downed logs varies by vegetation type. Surface dead wood levels are 

sufficient to provide for legacy soil microbial populations.

Table 4. Large and/or old trees at landscape scale, except where high severity fires have occurred 

(>90 percent basal area mortality) 

Vegetation Type/Zone >20” diameter 

trees per acre

>30” diameter 

trees per acre

>40” diameter 

trees per acre

Proportion of 

the landscape 

with large 

and/or old trees

Dry Mixed Conifer 4–32 2–16 2–7

median 4

40–80%

Jeffrey Pine 2–16 1–8 1–4 40–80%

Red Fir 4–40 4–20 4–12 40–80%

Wet Lodgepole Pine 4–12 4–12 -- 40–80%

Dry Lodgepole Pine 2–6 2–6 -- 40–80%

Complex Early Seral Habitats (TERR-CES-DC) 

Complex early seral habitat is the stage of forest development that follows a significant mortality 

event in a mature forest, where the loss is greater than 75 percent basal area. Major disturbance 

events include high intensity fire and wide-scale insect outbreaks. The death of overstory trees 

creates openings that allow other plants and tree seedlings to reoccupy the site. The complex early 

seral habitat is often characterized by high densities of snags, the development of shrub cover and 

other native vegetation, downed wood and natural conifer regeneration. 

01 Complex early seral habitat created as a result of a disturbance event contains dense 

patches of snags and other habitat elements characteristic of natural succession that are 

important to early seral forest-associated species. Large areas of shrubs are managed in 

locations where they represent the potential natural vegetation considering fire risks over 

time to adjacent vegetation and resources. Aspen and oak sprouts are well distributed in 

areas where they occur.

02 Snags, logs and live trees are widely distributed in large patches (greater than 100 acres 

when available) of very high vegetation burn severity (greater than 90 percent mortality) 

to provide habitat while also considering the need for other resource objectives such as 

hazard and other tree removal (e.g., salvage); reforestation to contribute to future forested 

conditions and carbon carrying capacity; and strategic fuel treatment, including 

management of fuels in and adjacent to the community wildfire protection zone.

03 Snags that support cavity nesting birds and mammals are sufficiently abundant and well 

distributed, especially large diameter snags. 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 31

for the Inyo National Forest 

Aspen (TERR-ASPN-DC)

01 The structure, function and distribution of aspen are within the natural range of variation; 

there is a wide age and size distribution of aspen and it is contributing to habitat and 

biodiversity. Aspen is successfully regenerating and growing into larger sized trees.

02 Fire or other silvicultural activity reduces conifer encroachment and competition. Aspen 

stands are periodically regenerated through stand-replacing events such as wildfires, 

allowing for potential expansion.

03 Aspen groves contribute to social and economic sustainability by supporting recreational, 

cultural and economic opportunities. Aspen groves add visual interest, variety and 

contrasts in the landscape, providing spiritual respite and enjoyment.

Special Habitats (TERR-SH-DC) 

Special habitats are generally small scale habitat or vegetation types that may support unique 

assemblages of plants and animals, especially at-risk species. Special habitats typically include 

uncommon rock types, harsh soils or rock outcrops. Examples include dry sandy and gravelly 

soils, limestone or serpentine soils, alkali or acidic soils, metamorphic, volcanic or granitic rocky 

soils or rock outcrops, caves, and alpine talus or fell fields. Many at-risk plant and animal species 

are found in rocky or gravelly habitats; the plan area has an abundance of exposed granitic rock, 

but only some areas are habitat for at-risk species. Aquatic and riparian special habitat examples 

include fens, seeps and springs. Given the localized nature of these special habitats, they are 

challenging to address comprehensively at the forest scale since they may be uniquely affected by 

different activities or trends in ecological conditions. For example, restoring the composition and 

structure of a red fir forest where outcrops are present would not automatically restore desired 

ecological conditions on the outcrops. 

01 The integrity of special habitats is maintained or improved. Composition, diversity and 

structure are maintained in all areas, including those with multiple use activities).

02 Microclimate or smaller scale habitat elements provide habitat and refugia for species 

with a specific geographic or other restricted distribution.

Animal and Plant Species 

This and subsequent sections under this heading include plan direction designed to maintain the 

diversity of plant and animal communities and support the persistence of native species within the 

plan area, subject to the extent of Forest Service authority and the inherent capability of the plan 

area. This includes plan components that address the needs of at-risk species within the plan area. 

At-risk species include (1) federally listed threatened, endangered, proposed, or candidate species 

under the federal Endangered Species Act, and (2) species of conservation concern (SCC)1

. This 

section also includes direction that provides for the sustainable use and enjoyment of fish, 

wildlife, and plants.

For each species or group of species, the forest plan considers the extent that plan components 

provide for ecosystem integrity and diversity to meet the ecological conditions necessary for 

 

1

 The Regional Forester’s species of conservation list is dynamic and may be periodically updated. The 

current Regional Forester’s species of conservation concern list for the Inyo National Forest can be found 

on the Pacific Southwest Region’s website. 
Chapter 2. Vision 

32 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

those species within their range. Species-specific plan components are added as needed. 

Additional direction is provided for special habitats under the “Terrestrial Ecosystems” section to 

address unique habitats of some at-risk species. 

Forestwide (SPEC-FW-DC)

01 Sustainable populations of native and desirable non-native, plant and animal species are 

supported by healthy ecosystems, essential ecological processes and land stewardship 

activities, and reflect the diversity, quantity, quality and capability of natural habitats on 

the forest. These ecosystems are also resilient to uncharacteristic fire, climate change, and 

other stressors in order to support the long-term sustainability of plant and animal 

communities.

02 Habitats for at-risk species support self-sustaining populations within the inherent 

capabilities of the plan area. Ecological conditions provide habitat conditions that: 

contribute to the survival, recovery, and delisting of species under the Endangered 

Species Act; preclude the need for listing new species; improve conditions for species of 

conservation concern; and sustain both common and uncommon native species.

03 The structure and function of the vegetation, aquatic and riparian system, and associated 

microclimate and smaller scale elements (e.g., special features such as carbonate rock 

outcrops, fens, or pumice flats) exist in adequate quantities within the capability of the 

plan area to provide habitat and refugia for at-risk species with restricted distributions.

04 The forest provides for high quality hunting and fishing opportunities. Habitat for nonnative fish and game species is managed in locations and ways that do not pose 

substantial risk to native species, while still contributing to economies of local 

communities.

05 Residents and visitors have ample opportunities to experience, appreciate and learn about 

the forest’s wildlife, fish and plant resources.

Sage-grouse Habitat (SPEC-SG-DC) 

01 Suitable sage-grouse habitat includes breeding, brood-rearing and wintering habitats that 

are distributed to allow for dispersal and genetic flow.

02 High quality nesting cover, conditions that support high levels of quality pre-laying hen 

habitat and dietary protein intake needs, and habitat supporting chick-rearing nutritional 

needs occur throughout breeding habitat in each population management unit.

03 Sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat occurs in the Bodie, South Mono, and White 

Mountains population management units and includes a range of shrub cover, perennial 

grass cover, forb density and meadows.

04 Sage-grouse habitat is maintained or enhanced within and between population 

management units corridors and allows for population movement, seasonal movements, 

and genetic flow.

05 Sage-grouse habitats do not include overstory trees, such as pinyon pine, juniper, or 

Jeffrey pine.
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 33

for the Inyo National Forest 

06 The extent and dominance of non-native annual grass species, such as cheatgrass and 

other noxious weeds, is limited and does not lead toward reduction in the suitability of 

sage-grouse habitat.

07 Unwanted fire (i.e., more frequent, severe or larger than the natural range of variation) in 

sage-grouse priority habitat is limited or prevented.

08 At the stand/site scale (10 to 100 acres), sagebrush and understory cover occur in a 

mosaic across the site, with 1-acre patches meeting the desired conditions for nest sites 

and brood-rearing areas (table 5 and table 6), in areas that are consistent with the site and 

the sagebrush species potential. 

09 Meadows within sage-grouse range provide suitable habitat for sage-grouse, including 

desirable foraging species (insects and plants), have suitable sagebrush cover around the 

meadows edge, are hydrologically fully functional and vegetation is within mid-seral 

conditions. Within livestock allotments in sage-grouse range, meadow condition is 

trending towards or rated at fully functional based on forest-wide range utilization 

standards.

Table 5. Desired conditions for sage grouse nest sites by vegetation component 

Vegetation Component Amount of Occurrence in the Habitat

Sagebrush canopy cover > 20 percent

Non-sagebrush canopy cover > 20 percent

Total shrub canopy cover > 40 percent

Sagebrush height > 30 cm (12 in)

Perennial grass cover No less than 5 percent but 0 percent if total 

shrub cover < 25 percent 

Annual grass cover <5 percent
Chapter 2. Vision 

34 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 6. Desired conditions for sage grouse brood-rearing sites by vegetation component 

Vegetation Component Amount of Occurrence in the Habitat

Sagebrush canopy cover 10 to 25 percent

Total shrub canopy cover 15 to 25 percent

Sagebrush height > 30 cm (12 in)

Perennial grass cover > 7 percent

Perennial forb diversity > 5 species present

Forb cover > 7 percent

Grass/forb height > 18 cm (7 in)

Meadow edge (ratio perimeter to area) > 0.015

Species richness > 5 species

Bighorn Sheep (SPEC-SHP-DC) 

01 Habitat supports populations of bighorn sheep with productive plant communities with a 

variety of species for food and cover. Non-forested openings of various sizes and shapes 

provide forage, access to big game winter range, escape terrain and access to migration 

routes. The risk of disease transmission from domestic sheep or goats to bighorn sheep is 

low.

Sierra Marten (SPEC-SM-DC) 

01 Risk of large high intensity fire is reduced in marten core habitat areas.

02 Within marten core habitat, vegetation is trending toward desired conditions for terrestrial 

and riparian vegetation.

03 Marten habitat is well distributed throughout the marten’s range, providing for foraging, 

denning and resting habitat and movement across large landscapes.

Invasive Species 

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading address reducing populations of 

invasive species and minimizing their impacts on native species and ecosystems. Invasive species 

on the Inyo National Forest comprise all life forms including plants, animals, invertebrates and 

fungi.

Forestwide (INV-FW-DC) 

01 Terrestrial and aquatic invasive species are controlled, or eradicated when possible, and 

establishment of new populations is prevented.
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 35

for the Inyo National Forest 

02 The area affected by invasive species and introduction of new invasive species is 

minimized.

Fire 

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading apply to forestwide fire 

management, including reducing damages and enhancing benefits from wildland fire. Other plan 

direction related to fire management is in chapter 3, under management areas, subsection strategic 

fire management zones. 

Forestwide (FIRE-FW-DC)

01 Fire management activities minimize the risk of loss of life and damage to property or 

ecosystem function. Firefighter and public safety is the first priority in every fire 

management activity.

02 Fire management activities reduce fuel buildup, help maintain and protect habitat for a 

variety of species, reduce smoke from larger fires, provide added protection for 

communities, and restore fire on the landscape. These actions are also an integral part of 

achieving sustainable recreation, particularly in maintaining scenic attractiveness, 

integrity and character. 

03 Wildland fires burn with a range of intensity, severity and frequency that allows 

ecosystems to function in a healthy and sustainable manner. Wildland fire is a necessary 

process, integral to the sustainability of fire-adapted ecosystems.

04 Fire management uses an all lands risk-based approach in planning and decision making, 

responsive to the latest fire and social sciences, and is adaptable to rapidly changing 

conditions, including climate change. Wildfire management is coordinated with relevant 

state agencies and adjacent federal agencies. The net gains to the benefit are an important 

component of the decision-making process.

05 The forest contributes to increased awareness and understanding about wildfire risk 

among community leaders, service providers, homeowners, permittees and tribes who are 

invested in or adjacent to the forest. This includes an understanding about the need to 

adapt communities, properties and structures to wildfire, while also recognizing that 

wildland fire is a needed ecological process.

06 Wildfire threat is reduced through management actions in areas where fuel conditions 

currently pose the highest threat to communities and community assets, such as power 

lines, communication towers and developed recreation sites.

07 Education and enforcement have reduced the likelihood of human ignited wildfire. 

Local Communities 

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading include forest management and 

communication with local communities and other organizations interested in the management of 

the plan area and forest resources.

Forestwide (LOC-FW-DC)
Chapter 2. Vision 

36 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

01 Forest personnel communicate with interested local agency leadership, business owners, 

non-profit organizations, community members, and other local organizations on a regular 

basis to develop mutual understanding regarding forest management.

02 The Inyo manages the land in a spirit of shared stewardship with local people. Local 

knowledge and input is an important part of the process when developing and 

implementing projects.

03 Forest uses such as recreation, forest products, mining and grazing are provided in an 

ecologically sustainable way that also contributes to economic and social sustainability in 

local communities.

04 Ecological restoration supports the long-term sustainability of forest resource use and 

appreciation by communities by reducing the risk of high intensity fires, drought, insects 

and disease, which may impact forest use opportunities. 

05 The Inyo provides interpretation and education opportunities related to culture, history 

and land stewardship, and provides ample opportunities to connect people, including 

youth, with nature.

06 Management of the Inyo supports community needs by providing employment and 

training opportunities.

07 The Inyo is managed in an economically efficient and cost-effective manner, while 

responding to the economic and social needs of the public and local communities.

Volunteers, Interpretation, Partnerships and Stewardship 

Desired conditions and other plan components for interacting and partnering to work together on 

shared interests with people, organizations, agencies (e.g., local, state, and federal), non-profits, 

businesses and communities are included under this heading.

 Forestwide (VIPS-FW-DC)

01 The Inyo has a network of dependable partners and volunteers who provide additional 

capacity to effectively and efficiently meet plan desired conditions and deliver services to 

the public. 

02 The Inyo uses partnerships to build local capacity for providing information and content 

using the best available methods, including, but not limited to, advances in technology.

03 Interpretation and conservation education materials and activities convey up-to-date and 

clear messages about natural and cultural resources, climate change, land stewardship, 

responsible recreation use and etiquette, and Native American heritage and culture.

04 The diverse backgrounds and needs of visitors are considered in the design of 

communication and interpretive messages.

05 Forest Service projects and management actions, as well as the importance of ecosystem 

services, are communicated to the public in an understandable fashion to increase public 

awareness of nature and ecosystems.
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 37

for the Inyo National Forest 

06 There is little human litter as a result of effective interpretation and education, 

enforcement, patrols and use of refuse and recycling facilities.

07 Nationally registered historic sites and culturally important properties retain their historic 

and cultural significance when public use and education opportunities are provided. 

Timber 

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading cover timber management. 

Forest management on the Inyo National Forest consists of restoration and fuels reduction 

treatments designed to achieve desired conditions for the associated terrestrial vegetation type on 

suitable timber lands. The two million acres of the Inyo National Forest includes approximately 

84,795 acres that are suitable for timber production, with the majority in the northwest corner the 

forest (Figure 16 in appendix E). On lands not suited for timber production, timber harvest may 

occur to protect multiple use values other than timber production, and for salvage, sanitation, or 

public health. 

Forestwide (TIMB-FW-DC)

01 Predictable and sustainable forest product yields contribute to maintaining and improving 

local and regional industry infrastructure and are sufficient to meet the needs of the 

desired pace and scale of ecological restoration over the next several decades.

02 Production of timber contributes to ecological, social and economic sustainability and 

associated desired conditions. A sustainable mix of forest products is offered under a 

variety of harvest and contract methods in response to market demand and restoration 

needs.

03 Salvage of dead and dying trees captures as much of the economic value and carbon 

storage capacity of the wood as possible while retaining key features in quantities that 

provide for wildlife habitat, soil productivity and ecosystem functions.

Range 

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading apply to rangeland 

management, which includes the authorized use and management of National Forest System 

lands for the purpose of livestock production and utilization of forage resources by livestock.

Forestwide (RANG-FW-DC)

01 Rangelands, along with grazable forestlands and woodlands, provide large areas of 

contiguous space supporting native vegetation that has the potential to be grazed. These 

ranges sustain biological diversity and ecological processes and help to preserve the rural 

landscape and cultural heritage of the central, southern and eastern Sierra Nevada. 

02 Domestic livestock grazing maintains the desired vegetation represented by diverse plant 

functional groups, species richness and diversity, and structure and condition of plant 

communities.

03 Forage, browse, and cover meet the needs of wildlife and authorized livestock are 

managed in balance with available forage. Areas that are grazed have or are trending 

toward having satisfactory soils, functional hydrology and biotic integrity.
Chapter 2. Vision 

38 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

04 Rangelands provide a sustained yield of forage and are in satisfactory condition. Grazing 

capacity is increased on suitable range, while other resource values are maintained or 

improved.

Sustainable Recreation 

The Inyo National Forest receives over 2 million annual visits by local and state residents and by 

people from all over the world. The Inyo seeks to provide a quality, sustainable recreation 

program by assessing recreation settings, opportunities, access and scenic character (addressed in 

the next section). The Inyo uses various tools to describe and assess these categories.

A niche statement is what the Forest uses to describe what it has to offer in terms of special 

places, opportunities and potential experiences, overlapped with what people desire and expect in 

terms of outdoor recreation from public lands. The Inyo’s niche is termed “Inspiring 

Destinations”, and is described as follows: 

The Inyo National Forest is characterized by large magnificent mountains that invite 

and inspire visitors locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally. The word Inyo is 

Paiute for “Dwelling place of a great spirit.” This stunning landscape is home to wellknown attractions such as Mt. Whitney, Mono Lake, the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest 

and the Mammoth Mountain. These icons, along with the forest’s proximity to other 

recreation attractions, make the Inyo a destination place for visitors who typically drive 

at least 4 hours to experience this amazing national forest. Travelers on routes and 

trails pass through contrasting landscapes that intrigue them to learn more. Year-round 

trail use provides the means to high quality recreation, from hiking, mountain biking, 

and equestrian use, to skiing, snowmobiling, and other motorized uses (sport utility 

vehicles, 4wd, all-terrain vehicles, motorcycles, etc.). Conservation education and 

interpretation focus on developing a land ethic as part of the recreation experience. 

Staffed visitor centers and Forest Service employees at renowned attractions help 

people learn about and connect with this special place.

The Inyo manages for outdoor recreation activities that are consistent with these settings and 

recreation opportunities using the recreation opportunity spectrum classification, or framework, to 

define and categorize recreation settings into six distinct opportunity classes: primitive, semiprimitive non-motorized, semi-primitive motorized, roaded natural, rural and urban. A map of the 

Inyo’s recreation opportunity spectrum classes is provided in Figure 14, appendix A.

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading apply to forestwide recreation 

settings and accompanying recreation opportunities. The Inyo National Forest has also described 

place-based management areas that provide a contiguous backdrop for particular opportunities 

and activities. Plan components specific to these place-based areas are located in chapter 3, under 

management areas, subsection recreation places.

Forestwide (REC-FW-DC)

01 The diverse landscapes of the forest offer a variety of year-round recreation settings for a 

broad range of nature-based recreation opportunities, derived from assigned recreation 

opportunity spectrum classes and recreation places management areas. Management 

focuses on settings that enhance the forest recreation program niche. 

02 The condition and function of recreation facilities reflect the diversity of cultures and 

activities in our community. 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 39

for the Inyo National Forest 

03 Recreation opportunities on land, water and in the air provide a high level of visitor 

satisfaction and safety. Recreation activities are ecologically, socially and economically 

sustainable. Agency resources focus on supporting the forest recreation program niche.

04 Visitors can connect with nature, culture and history through a full range of inclusive and 

sustainable outdoor recreation opportunities.

05 Conflicts between different recreation uses are infrequent. 

06 National Forest access is ecologically, socially and economically sustainable and properly 

sized to provide public enjoyment focusing on the forest recreation program niche. 

National Forest System roads and trails provide recreation opportunities and access to 

recreation settings and places the public highly values. The management and operation of 

facilities and capacity is place based, integrated, and responsive to changes that might 

limit or alter access. The agency provides access to the distinctive landscapes of the 

forest in a manner that supports the safety of forest staff and the public.

07 Trail opportunities are available in a variety of settings that provide differing levels of 

challenge and types of experiences. 

08 Developed recreation sites and infrastructure provide for the planned use, are managed 

for public safety, and are maintained for ecological, social and economic sustainability. 

09 New developed recreation infrastructure is located in resilient landscapes and designed to 

respond to future impacts of climate change, while being financially sustainable and 

sensitive to changing public demand. 

10 Dispersed recreation occurs in areas outside of high visitation, developed facilities or 

communities, and does not impact natural or cultural resources. 

11 Permitted recreation uses, such as recreation special events or guided activities, are 

consistent with recreation settings, protect natural and cultural resources, and support 

community goals.

12 Developed recreation facilities sites are in areas resilient to large, high-intensity wildfires. 

13 Forest recreation information is up-to-date, connecting people to the forest through 

various means including social media, radio ads, public information bulletins, and print 

media sources, to reach diverse communities.

14 Recreation settings provide a range of opportunities as described by the recreation 

opportunity spectrum. The desired distribution of recreation opportunity spectrum 

settings are shown in Table 7, and displayed in Figure 14, appendix A.

15 The trail system provides a variety of motorized and non-motorized recreational 

opportunities during summer and winter and distributed across the forest. Trails access 

destinations provide for loop opportunities that also connect to a larger trail system, 

provide linkage from local communities to the forest, and are compatible with other 

resources.
Chapter 2. Vision 

40 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

16 Forest system trails are sustainably designed and managed to provide a variety of high 

quality motorized and non-motorized summer and winter access that connects people to 

nature. Trails are maintained in accordance with trail management objectives.

Table 7. Desired recreation opportunity spectrum classes 

Class Acres Percentage

Primitive 1,089,745 55

Semi-primitive non-motorized 218,817 11

Semi-primitive motorized 364,328 18

Roaded Natural 239.287 12

Roaded Modified 47,645 2

Rural 19,300 1

Urban 0 0

Scenery 

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading apply to the Inyo’s 

management of scenery. Ecosystems provide the environmental context for a scenery 

management system, a framework that considers scenic character and aesthetic values, geologic 

features and viewsheds. Scenic character is a combination of the physical, biological and cultural 

images that gives an area its scenic identity and contributes to its sense of place. Scenic character 

provides a frame of reference from which to determine scenic attractiveness and to measure 

scenic integrity.

In some situations, providing a high level of scenic integrity may have to be achieved through 

establishing an ‘ecological aesthetic’ over time through knowledge and appreciation of how a 

healthy ecosystem functions. For example, preferred scenic conditions that include the absence of 

downed woody debris from timber harvest may run counter to the need for woody debris to 

provide for wildlife food and cover, nutrient recycling, etc. 

Forestwide (SCEN-FW-DC)

01 The forest provides a variety of ecologically sound, resilient and visually appealing forest 

landscapes that sustain scenic character, supporting the forest recreation program niche in 

ways that contribute to visitors’ sense of place and connection with nature.

02 Scenic character is maintained and/or adapted to changing conditions to support 

ecological, social and economic sustainability on the forest and in surrounding 

communities. 

03 Scenic integrity is maintained in places people visit and view.

04 The Forest’s scenic resources compliment the recreation settings and experiences, as 

described by the range of scenery integrity objectives, while reflecting healthy and 

sustainable ecosystem conditions. The desired distribution of scenic integrity objectives 

is displayed in Figure 15, appendix A
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 41

for the Inyo National Forest 

Tribal Relations and Uses 

Desired conditions and other plan components under this heading apply to the Inyo National 

Forest’s recognition that lands and people surrounding the forest have an important influence on 

forest management. The forest lies in the traditional territories of eight federally recognized 

Native American tribes, as well as eight unacknowledged tribes, tribal groups and organizations. 

Tribal communities are contacted and consulted, and are important partners in forest management 

activities.

Forestwide (TRIB-FW-DC)

01 The forest recognizes Native American needs and viewpoints and fosters a robust 

relationship with federally and non-federally recognized tribes and related groups with 

which it consults. Forest personnel, including but not limited to line officers, 

departmental staff, archaeologists, historians, and tribal liaisons, consult and 

communicate with tribal leadership, tribal historic preservation officers, traditional 

religious practitioners, traditional gatherers, tribal members and other tribal 

organizations.

02 The forest coordinates with tribes in managing traditional cultural properties, resources 

and sacred sites where historic preservation laws alone may not adequately protect the 

resources or values.

03 Native Americans have access to areas that provide them an opportunity to practice 

traditional, cultural and religious lifeways, such as plant gathering, fishing, hunting and 

ceremonial activities that are essential in maintaining their cultural identity and the 

continuity of their culture.

04 Traditional ecological knowledge is a valued part of the process when developing and 

implementing restoration projects and other forest programs.

05 The forest provides a setting for the education of tribal youth in culture, history and land 

stewardship and for the exchange of information between tribal elders and youth.

Cultural Resources 

The cultural and historic resources on the forest are a vast array of distinct resources that enrich 

communities, both large and small, through their use, preservation and interpretation. 

Programmatic management strategies allow selective use of various cultural resource types, for 

the greatest public benefit, while minimizing overall impacts and leaving a rich cultural heritage 

for the future. A myriad of federal laws, regulations, and policies direct the documentation and 

management of cultural resources.

Cultural resources include prehistoric and historic archaeological sites and districts; historic 

buildings and structures; ethnographic landscapes; traditional cultural properties; and Native 

American contemporary use areas. Contemporary use areas include places where traditional 

forest products are harvested. Products harvested annually include but are not limited to teas, 

medicines, basketry materials, cedar bark, and foods such as pinyon seeds, berries, roots, etc. 

Most contemporary use areas are rooted in past cultural traditions that may have shifted location 

due to environmental change and forest development.

Cultural resources also include a substantial record of oral histories, photographs, maps, reports, 

and archaeological artifacts. The documentary record of the people and historic landscapes that 
Chapter 2. Vision 

42 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

are illustrated in these old stories, maps and photographs contribute greatly to the understanding 

of cultural resources in the forest.

All cultural resources are not amendable to all potential uses, and vary individually and 

collectively on what they can offer. Preservation and interpretation of these fragile non-renewable 

resources educate people of all ages, races, and walks of life about the cultural connections 

between people and the forest.

Forestwide (CULT-FW-DC)

01 Cultural resources (buildings, sites, districts, structures and objects) having scientific, 

cultural or social values are preserved and protected for their cultural importance. Site 

integrity and stability is protected and maintained on sites that are susceptible to 

imminent risks or threats, or where the values are rare or unique. Priority heritage assets 

are stable and their significant values protected; vandalism, looting, theft and humancaused damage to heritage resources are rare. Site significance and integrity are 

maintained through conservation and preservation efforts.

02 Cultural resources, traditional cultural properties and sacred sites are protected through 

project design and consultation with Indian tribes, tribal cultural leaders and consulting 

parties.

03 Cultural resources provide educational opportunities that connect people to the land and 

its history. Through interpretive sites, historic standing structures and other materials, the 

forest provides opportunities for an appreciation for the region’s history and an awareness 

of preservation efforts. In some cases, historic routes (e.g., railroad grades) are used for 

recreation trails with interpretation of their history and historic features. Heritage-based 

recreation opportunities are connected, where practical, with other recreation 

opportunities such as trails.

04 Public enjoyment is enhanced by opportunities to visit interpretive cultural resource sites. 

Archaeological site etiquette information is readily available to national forest visitors. 

Interpretation of the human history of the forest promotes greater public understanding of 

the communities that have depended on this landscape for their livelihood, recreation and 

spiritual wellbeing.

05 Opportunities exist for volunteers to participate in cultural resource conservation 

activities such as research, site stabilization, protection, conservation and interpretation. 

Cultural resource programs, interpretive presentations or publications are available to 

provide the public with opportunities to learn about, understand and experience the 

forest’s past.

06 Practical opportunities for the rehabilitation and reuse of historic structures to enhance 

recreation experiences are promoted.

Geology and Minerals 

Uses on National Forest System lands include the extraction and potential development of 

mineral resources, which are managed in a manner that protects natural resources, public health 

and safety, and are consistent with National Forest System land and resource management plans. 

Mineral extraction and development is limited on the forest, although historically mining played 

an important role in the area. Geothermal development is limited on the forest; facilities are 
Chapter 2. Vision 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 43

for the Inyo National Forest 

present in the area. All authorized uses to occupy and use National Forest System lands are 

evaluated and determined to be in the public interest. Determinations include consultation with 

other interested parties including federal, state, and county agencies and non-governmental 

interests.

Forestwide (GEO-FW-DC) 

01 Mineral resources on National Forest System lands provide for public benefit, while 

minimizing adverse environmental effects on other forest resources from mineral 

exploration, development, and extraction.

Energy 

Uses on National Forest System lands include the extraction and potential development of 

geothermal and other energy sources, which are managed in a manner that protects natural 

resources, public health and safety, and are consistent with National Forest System land and 

resource management plans. Wind and solar development is limited on the forest; geothermal 

facilities are located on the forest and serve local communities. All authorized uses to occupy and 

use National Forest System lands are evaluated and determined to be in the public interest. 

Determinations include consultation with other interested parties including federal, state, and 

county agencies and non-governmental interests.

Forestwide (NRG-FW-DC)

01 Energy resources of National Forest System lands provide for the maximum public 

benefit that is compatible with protecting ecosystem integrity.

Infrastructure 

Infrastructure on National Forest System lands includes the built property created to support the 

Forest’s use and mission. The five major categories of infrastructure are transportation, recreation 

facilities, administrative facilities, public utilities and private uses. Other infrastructure includes 

range related facilities, and historic facilities. 

Transportation refers to the vehicular movement of goods and services for the use of the national 

forest. Roads managed by public road agencies such as states, counties and municipalities that 

help provide access to National Forest System lands, are also part of the transportation system. A 

recreation facility is a discrete area on a forest that provides recreation opportunities, receives 

recreational use, and requires a management investment to operate and maintain to standard. 

Administrative facilities are typically buildings and their appurtenances necessary to support the 

employees, equipment and activities necessary for management of national forests. Public utility 

infrastructure is associated with Federal Energy Commission licensed hydroelectric systems, but 

also includes cable TV, telephone and internet service, and municipal sewer service. Private 

infrastructure refers to facilities developed in private ownership used in conjunction with special 

use authorizations. Such facilities include buildings and other kinds of structures and 

improvements representing a broad range of permitted recreation and land use activities. These 

activities can serve single purpose use by individuals or families, as well as offer benefits to the 

public. 

Management direction for infrastructure is to provide safe, energy-efficient, accessible, 

functional, efficient, aesthetically pleasing, and cost effective administrative buildings and related 

facilities, while reducing fixed cost through: consolidation and decommissioning of obsolete or 
Chapter 2. Vision 

44 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

underutilized buildings; construction of new facilities where and when required; and by 

conducting proper routine maintenance of existing facilities.

Forestwide (INFR-FW-DC)

01 A minimum and efficient forest transportation system, administrative sites and other 

infrastructure and facilities are in place and maintained at least to the minimum standards 

appropriate for planned uses and the protection of resources. 

02 Management operations on the Inyo National Forest are energy-efficient.

Lands 

Statutory authorities govern land acquisition and disposal, and authorization and administration of 

special uses. Special uses are managed in a manner which protects natural resources, public 

health and safety and are consistent with National Forest System land and resource management 

plans. Special uses are administered based on sound resource management objectives and sound 

business principles. All authorized uses to occupy and use National Forest System lands are 

evaluated and determined to be in the public interest. Determinations include consultation with 

other interested parties including federal, state, and county agencies and non-governmental 

interests.

Forestwide (LAND-FW-DC)

01 Land ownership and access management support authorized activities and uses on 

National Forest System lands. Lands exchanges promote improved management of 

National Forest System lands.

02 Coordination of land and resource planning efforts with other federal, state, tribal, county 

and local governments, and adjacent private landowners, promotes compatible 

relationships between activities and uses on National Forest System lands and adjacent 

lands of other ownership.
Draft Revised Forest Plan 45

for the Inyo National Forest 

Chapter 3. Management Strategy

Management Areas

Strategic Fire Management Zones 

Strategic fire management zones were developed based on a southern Sierra Nevada wildfire risk 

assessment, which used a wildfire risk assessment framework for land and resource management 

to spatially model and assess contemporary wildfire risk2

. The purpose of assigning strategic fire 

management zones is to support decision makers before an ignition occurs, by pre-assessing areas 

for wildland fire (i.e., wildfire and prescribed fire) risk and benefits. Four strategic fire 

management zones were developed: 1) community wildfire protection zone, 2) general wildfire 

protection zone, 3) wildfire restoration zone, and 4) wildfire maintenance zone. The Inyo 

National Forest’s fire management specialists finalized the mapping of each zone (Figure 6, 

appendix A). Forest plan guidance organized into these zones aid wildland fire management 

decisions to meet the full range of forest plan objectives. Active management through thinning 

and prescribed fire within all the zones reduces fuels and associated fire hazard and mitigates 

safety hazards for firefighters working close to structures. 

Community Wildfire Protection Zone 

The community wildfire protection zone encompasses locations where hazardous fuel conditions 

currently put communities, community assets and private land at a very high risk of damage from 

wildfire. Wildfires that start in this zone contribute more to potential loss to community assets 

than any other strategic fire management zone. Under most conditions, wildfire mitigation, fuel 

reduction treatments and fire protection is needed in the community wildfire protection zone to 

prevent direct threats to life or property. Wildfire is suppressed under most conditions due to the 

very significant risk, potential economic loss and public safety concerns posed by a wildfire 

occurring within this zone.

Within this zone, community buffer areas are identified and used to strategically mitigate 

vegetation directly adjacent to structures and allow for safer conditions for firefighters. Although 

some wildfires that burn in this zone can potentially benefit natural resources and help decrease 

fuels and threats from future wildfires, these potential benefits are less likely under most weather, 

fuel moisture, and other environmental conditions due to the very high risk to community assets 

during the fire season. The long term focus is to create fire-adapted communities that are less 

reliant on aggressive wildfire protection.

Desired Conditions (MA-CWPZ-DC) 

01 Areas adjacent to communities with current high fire risk have low fuel loadings, 

designed to result in less intense fire behavior and to facilitate safe wildland fire 

operations. 

 

2

 Scott, Joe H.; Thompson, Matthew P.; Calkin, David E. 2013. A wildfire risk assessment framework for 

land and resource management. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-315. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 83 p. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

46 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

02 Over time, risk to communities is reduced sufficiently in the community wildfire 

protection zone (CWPZ) to allow some areas to be placed in a lower risk zone including 

the general wildfire protection or wildfire restoration zones. 

Guidelines (MA-CWPZ-GDL) 

01 When planning and implementing projects around communities, manage vegetation in 

community buffers to meet the following conditions:

a. Community buffers are measured from the structures in the community. 

Maximum width is based on potential fire behavior in adjacent areas under 

extreme fire weather conditions (i.e., 97th percentile weather, probable average 

momentary wind gusts). The maximum width is sufficient to provide low radiant 

heat from areas of untreated fuels (i.e., four times the potential maximum flame 

length in adjacent areas on slopes less than 40 percent and six times the potential 

maximum flame length in adjacent areas on slopes greater than 40 percent).

b. Within the community buffer, treated areas have a modeled average potential 

flame length of four feet or less, and where possible meet terrestrial ecosystem 

desired conditions.

c. Snags and logs are absent or their densities are very low to minimize the 

likelihood of spotting or ember ignitions, maximize fireline production rates, and 

reduce firefighter safety hazards. 

i. No snags should exist within two and a half tree lengths of structures. In 

the rest of the community buffer, snag density should be less than 1 snag 

per 10 acres.

ii. Less than 1 large log per acre should exist within two and a half tree 

lengths of structures. In the rest of the community buffer, log density 

should be less than 2 large logs per acre.

d. In riparian areas within community buffers, native hardwood shrubs and trees 

should be retained over conifers where fuel reduction is necessary to meet fire 

behavior objectives. These treatments take precedent over general riparian 

conservation area guidelines. On a site specific basis, higher levels of large logs 

may be retained in some areas.

02 Locate restoration treatments along ridges, roads, or other natural or man-made features 

and in areas that pose the greatest fire threat to communities so that there are more 

tactical opportunities to manage wildfires and reduce the spread rate and intensity of 

wildfires. Treatments should conform to the terrestrial ecosystem desired conditions.

Goal (MA-CWPZ-GOAL) 

01 Protect communities (life and property) from the negative impacts of wildfire. 

02 Reduce the impacts of wildfire by creating fire-adapted communities through fuel 

reduction treatments, prescribed fire and managing wildfires that can benefit natural 

resources while reducing risk. 

General Wildfire Protection Zone 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 47

for the Inyo National Forest 

The general wildfire protection zone identifies where conditions currently put some natural 

resource values at high risk of damage from wildfire; wildfires that start in the general wildfire 

protection zone contribute to the high fire risk in the community wildfire protection zone. 

Managing wildfires to meet resource objectives in this zone is often considerably constrained due 

to fuel conditions, the high risk of loss of natural resources and the potential adverse impacts to 

communities threatened by wildfires starting in this zone. Although some wildfires that burn in 

this zone can potentially benefit some natural resources, high negative impacts to many natural 

resources are more likely under most weather, fuel moisture, and other environmental conditions 

during the fire season. Targeted ecological restoration and hazardous fuel reduction are needed in 

the general wildfire protection zone to safeguard communities and resources.

Desired Conditions (MA-GWPZ-DC) 

01 The threat to communities from wildfires starting in this zone is minimal due to 

vegetation conditions reaching a balance of reduced excessive fuel loading while 

maintaining terrestrial ecosystem desired conditions. 

02 The landscape is resilient and can tolerate varying effects of wildfires. Over time, risk to 

values is reduced sufficiently in the general wildfire protection zone to allow some areas 

to be placed in a lower risk zone including the wildfire restoration and wildfire 

maintenance zones.

Guidelines (MA- GWPZ-GDL) 

01 Restoration treatments to reduce the spread rate and intensity of wildfires are located in 

more tactical opportunity areas like along ridges, roads, other natural or man-made 

features and in areas that pose the greatest fire threat to communities. Treatments should 

conform to the terrestrial ecosystem desired conditions.

Goal (MA-GWPZ-GOAL) 

01 Protect natural resources from the negative impacts of wildfire and prevent direct threats 

to life or property in nearby communities. 

02 Reduce the threat of wildfire spreading to communities through fuel reduction treatments, 

prescribed fire and wildfires managed to meet resource objectives, while also reducing 

risk to natural resources. 

Wildfire Restoration Zone 

The wildfire restoration zone identifies where conditions currently put some natural resource 

values at moderate risk of damage from wildfire. In general, wildfires that start in this zone pose a 

low to moderate threat to communities in average fire season conditions. Wildfires that burn in 

this zone can potentially benefit natural resources, but only under limited environmental 

conditions. Managing wildfires to meet resource objectives in this zone can be constrained due to 

fuel conditions and moderate risk to natural resources from wildfire. This zone is where some 

ecological restoration may be needed before using wildland fire under a wider range of weather, 

fuel moisture, and other environmental conditions.

Desired Conditions (MA-WRZ-DC)

01 The landscape is resilient to a range of fire effects, and wildland fire has a predominately 

positive benefit to ecosystems and resources. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

48 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

02 Wildfire is managed to meet resource objectives under a wide range of environmental 

conditions. 

03 The landscape is resilient to the impacts of wildfire. Over time, risk to natural resources 

is reduced sufficiently in the wildfire restoration zone to allow some areas to be 

categorized in the wildfire maintenance zone.

Standards (MA-WRZ-STD) 

01 Use natural barriers and features like creeks, old fire scars, ridges and human-made 

features (e.g., roads and trails) when managing wildfires to meet resource objectives or 

managing unwanted wildfires that have surpassed the initial attack phase, unless unsafe 

or impractical. Variation from this standard will be the exception and will be documented 

by the responsible line officer in the current fire decision support system.

Goal (MA-WRZ-GOAL) 

01 Create fire resilient landscapes that can be restored and maintained by managing wildfire 

to meet resource objectives, prescribed fire and fuel reduction treatments.

Potential Management Approaches 

Fuel treatments include prescribed fire, mechanical treatments, and managing wildfire to meet 

resource objectives. 

Areas that historically supported more frequent fire, like ponderosa pine and Jeffrey pinedominated forests, and areas with high existing levels of understory fuels are prioritized for 

treatment.

Wildfire Maintenance Zone 

The wildfire maintenance zone poses a low threat to communities in average fire season 

conditions, and where conditions allow natural resources to benefit from wildland fire. Managing 

wildfire to meet resource objectives in this zone is the least constrained, and implementing 

prescribed fire for ecological restoration is favorable. Ecological maintenance can be carried out 

by the management of wildland fire under a wide range of weather, fuel moisture, and other 

environmental conditions. Using prescribed fire to meet resource objectives is also appropriate.

Desired Conditions (MA-WMZ-DC)

01 Ecosystems are resilient to the impacts of wildfire and wildland fire has predominantly 

positive benefits to ecosystems and resources.

02 Lands within this zone are maintained in a predominately low risk with high potential 

benefit condition relative to wildland fire.

Standards (MA-WMZ-STD) 

01 Following current wildland fire policy, manage wildfires to meet resource objectives and 

restore and maintain fire as an ecological process. The responsible line officer must use 

the current decision support system for wildfire management to document cases when 

naturally caused wildfires are promptly suppressed.

02 Use natural barriers and features, such as creeks, old fire scars, ridges, and human-made 

lines, such as roads and trails, when managing wildfires to meet resource objectives or 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 49

for the Inyo National Forest 

unwanted wildfires that have surpassed the initial attack phase, unless unsafe or 

impractical. Variation from this standard will be the exception and will be documented by 

the responsible line officer in the current fire decision support system.

Goal (MA-WMZ-GOAL) 

01 Maintain fire resilient landscapes by managing wildfires to meet resource objectives, 

prescribed fire and fuel reduction treatments.

Wilderness 

The wilderness management area on the Inyo National Forest includes all existing wilderness 

areas that have been designated by Congress, as well as areas recommended for wilderness 

designation (Figure 7, appendix A). In addition to plan components that apply to all designated 

wilderness areas, the Ansel Adams and John Muir Wildernesses have additional desired 

conditions that are specific to three different types of wilderness recreation categories that occur 

across these two wildernesses (Figure 7, appendix A). Similarly, the South Sierra Wilderness has 

additional desired conditions that are specific to four opportunity classes that occur across this 

wilderness. Individual wilderness plans provide wilderness area specific guidance in addition to 

the strategic level guidance provided in this land management plan. 

All Designated Wilderness 

Desired Conditions (MA-WILD-DC)

01 The wilderness character of each wilderness, including the qualities of untrammeled, 

natural, undeveloped, opportunities for solitude or primitive recreation, and other features 

of value (e.g., ecological, geological or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, 

cultural or historical value unique to each specific wilderness area) are preserved and, 

when possible, enhanced.

02 Watersheds are functioning properly and exhibit high geomorphic, hydrologic, and biotic 

integrity relative to their natural and current potential condition.

03 Fire is restored as an ecosystem process and natural disturbance agent in wilderness 

where possible. 

04 The undeveloped character of wilderness is enhanced compared to the time of 

designation.

05 Each wilderness area accommodates levels of recreation use that are ecologically 

sustainable. 

06 Overall recreation use is maintained at a level that protects opportunities for solitude and 

wilderness character.

07 Forest visitors find opportunities for primitive recreation and solitude across the 

wilderness. 

08 Forest system trails that access wilderness are part of a high-quality wilderness 

experience for visitors. Forest system trails meet national quality standards, with minimal 

deferred maintenance and adhere to the national trail classification system. Trails in 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

50 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

wilderness are located in resilient areas, and do not cause impacts to at-risk species, water 

quality, soils, hydrologic connectivity or cultural resources.

09 Concentrated use areas and associated resource impacts are not expanding into nearby 

areas. 

10 Resource impacts of user-created trails are reduced. 

11 If a wilderness permit system is in place, the permit system provides equity in access for 

all authorized and legitimate uses.

Guidelines (MA-WILD-GDL) 

01 An invasive species should meet the following criteria before the Forest uses herbicide or 

biocides in wilderness: the invasive species would likely expand to the landscape scale, 

and the invasive species has the capability to displace native species or alter ecosystem 

processes.

02 Vegetation management projects on non-wilderness lands should include measures to 

minimize the risk of introducing non-native invasive species into wilderness

03 Campsites that adversely affect water quality or exceed established density standards 

should receive treatments that promote passive restoration to natural conditions.

04 Limit party size and number of stock per party to a level that protects social and natural 

resource values. The level may vary within or between wildernesses.

Suitability (MA-WILD-SUIT) 

01 Developed recreation sites are not suitable.

02 Motorized use on forest system roads and trails is not suitable, except as provided for in 

the Wilderness Act or Forest Service Manual.

03 Over snow vehicle travel is not suitable.

04 Mechanized transport is not suitable.

05 Ski areas are not suitable.

06 Permanent improvements are not suitable.

07 Road construction or reconstruction is not suitable, except as provided for in the 

Wilderness Act.

08 Commercial enterprise sites and major utility corridors are not suitable, except as 

provided for in the Wilderness Act.

09 Disposal of National Forest System land is not suitable.

10 Commercial harvesting of non-timber forest products is not suitable.

Ansel Adams and John Muir Wildernesses 

Recreation Category 1 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 51

for the Inyo National Forest 

Desired Conditions (MA-REC1-DC)

01 Opportunities for solitude are highest among the recreation categories. Evidence of 

human activities is predominantly absent. Encounters with other visitors while traveling 

or camping are very infrequent. This environment offers the highest degree of challenge, 

self-reliance, and risk. 

02 An unmodified natural environment characterizes the area. Ecological and natural 

processes are minimally affected by the action of users. Environmental impacts are low 

and restricted to minor losses of vegetation where camping occurs and along travel 

routes. Most impacts recover on an annual basis and are apparent to few visitors.

03 Campsites are at low-density levels and show minor impacts that will rarely persist year 

to year. 

04 There is very little vegetation loss or alteration of duff and litter layer by human use.

05 Riparian, lakeshore and stream channel conditions show no measurable degradation due 

to human uses.

06 Management focuses on sustaining and enhancing the natural ecosystem. Signs are 

present in very rare cases, for resource protection only, and at system trail junctions. 

Indirect methods of accomplishing management objectives predominate. Management 

occasionally includes direct, on-site actions. Site-specific regulations may be in place in 

unusual cases where resources require higher levels of protection. Trail system 

management is minimal, focusing on resource protection.

Recreation Category 2 

Desired Conditions (MA-REC2-DC)

01 High occasions of solitude are experienced while traveling or camping outside the 

primary trail corridors. Along primary trail corridors, encounters with other visitors while 

traveling or camping is higher than Category 1 areas but far less than Category 3 areas. 

This environment offers a high degree of challenge, self-reliance, and risk.

02 A highly unmodified natural environment characterizes the area. In the few concentrated 

areas of moderate use, natural conditions may be more affected by the actions of users. A 

higher level of management is present to mitigate these impacts. Impacts may persist 

from year to year and may be apparent to some visitors. Most visitors will not discern 

impacts.

03 Concentration of campsites exists at trail junctions and popular destination points. No 

new sites are forming over time. Campsites may occasionally be within sight and sound 

of others. Bare mineral soil may exist on some sites and may persist from year to year. 

Outside these areas, campsites and impacts associated with camping is light. 

04 Moderate soil compaction and loss of vegetation occurs. Minimal erosion occurs on 

disturbed sites.

05 Riparian, lakeshore and stream channel conditions show a temporary change within 

standards, which could persist from year to year at a few sites. Impacts are mitigated and 

prevented to reduce long-term impacts. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

52 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

06 Management emphasizes sustaining and enhancing the natural ecosystem. Signing is 

minimal, providing for resource protection and direction at major trail intersections. 

Management may frequently include direct, on-site actions. Site-specific regulations may 

be in place to meet management objectives for resource protection. Primary trail 

corridors have highly maintained and constructed trails that support access to popular 

destinations and travel routes. Secondary trails allow for moderate dispersal of use but are 

maintained in a manner consistent with a more pristine and primitive experience than 

primary trail corridors.

Recreation Category 3 

Desired Conditions (MA-REC3-DC)

01 Recreation use levels provide fewer opportunities for solitude than the other two 

categories, yet high opportunities for solitude exist during the non-peak use season. 

During peak use season, opportunities for experiencing isolation from the sights, sounds, 

and impacts of human activities is less than other categories. The probability of 

encountering other visitors on the trail and at campsites is more than other areas. 

02 A highly unmodified natural environment characterizes the area. In the few concentrated 

areas of moderate use, natural conditions may be more affected by the actions of users. A 

higher level of management is present to mitigate these impacts. Impacts may persist 

from year to year and may be apparent to some visitors. Most visitors will not discern 

impacts.

03 Concentration of campsites is moderately high at destinations and along travel corridors. 

The number of sites accommodates peak use to prevent the formation of new sites. Bare 

mineral soil may exist on some sites and may persist from year to year. 

04 Moderate soil compaction and loss of vegetation, litter, and duff occurs on many visitor 

created trails, in camp areas, and in areas used by livestock. Minimal erosion occurs on 

disturbed sites and is mitigated to prevent long-term impacts.

05 Riparian, lakeshore, and stream channel conditions show temporary changes within 

standards, which could persist from year to year at some sites. Mitigation measures 

accommodate moderate levels of human recreation impacts. 

06 Management emphasizes sustaining and protecting natural conditions. Management is 

often direct, and management presence to mitigate visitor use impacts on resources is 

more noticeable. Campsites may be identified and delineated. Site-specific closures to 

camping, campfires, and site-specific regulations may be in place. Signs used for 

resource protection are present in these areas. A moderate density of social trails is 

present in destination camping areas. The Forest Service has a presence to provide 

education contact and manage high levels of use.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 53

for the Inyo National Forest 

South Sierra Wilderness 

Wilderness Opportunity Class 1 

Desired Conditions (MA-OC1-DC)

01 Opportunities for solitude and isolation are high. There is little evidence of human 

activities. Encounters with other users are infrequent. Contact with other parties is rare to 

non-existent while traveling and are very low at campsites. Many opportunities for crosscountry travel exist. This environment offers a high degree of challenge, self-reliance, 

and risk. 

02 A highly unmodified natural environment generally characterizes the area. Ecological 

processes are largely unaffected by direct human actions. Environmental impacts are 

minimal and are usually restricted to areas along travel corridors. Most impacts recover 

on an annual basis and are not apparent to most visitors.

03 Management strongly emphasizes sustaining and enhancing the natural ecosystem. 

Communication about rules and regulations occurs outside the area. Indirect methods of 

accomplishing management objectives predominate, but when needed management 

actions can be direct. Site-specific regulations may be in place in unusual cases where 

resources require higher levels of protection. Maintained trails, signs, or facilities exist 

only for resource protection. Abandoned OHV routes may be present in some areas and 

native vegetation is recovering naturally.

Wilderness Opportunity Class 2 

Desired Conditions (MA-OC2-DC)

01 Many opportunities for exploration and isolation exist. There is some evidence of human 

activities, and the probability of encountering other users is low on trails, but other parties 

may be encountered at campsites. This environment offers a high degree of challenge, 

self-reliance, and risk. 

02 An unmodified natural environment generally characterizes the area, except within trail 

corridors (50 feet on each side of a trail). Ecological processes are minimally affected by 

direct human actions. Environmental impacts are low and usually restricted to areas along 

travel routes and near campsites. Many impacts recover on an annual basis and are not 

apparent to most visitors.

03 Management emphasizes sustaining and enhancing the natural ecosystem. 

Communication about rules and regulations occurs outside the area. Direct on-site 

management of visitors is infrequent but occurs more frequently than in Opportunity 

Class 1. Routes are maintained for resource protection and user safety. Signs provide 

directions at trail junctions or at geographical passes. Abandoned OHV routes may be 

present in some locations and native vegetation is recovering naturally.

Wild and Scenic Rivers 1 

Desired Conditions (MA-WSR1-DC)

01 Outstanding opportunities for solitude and isolation are high. Encounters with other uses 

are infrequent. This environment offers a high degree of challenge, self-reliance and risk. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

54 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

02 An unmodified natural environment generally characterizes the area. The ecosystem is 

stable and natural processes generally operate free of human induced-controls. Visitor 

impacts are minor and typically consist of temporary disturbances of soil and vegetation 

in camps and along popular hiking trails. Most impacts recover on an annual basis and 

are not apparent to most visitors.

03 Management emphasizes maintaining natural conditions and primitive recreation 

opportunities. Indirect methods of accomplishing management objectives predominate. 

Direct, on-site management of visitors is rare.

Wild and Scenic Rivers 2 

Desired Conditions (MA-WSR2-DC)

01 Some outstanding opportunities for solitude and isolation exist. Encounters with other 

users occur during the primary use season. Some off-trail opportunities exist to use 

primitive outdoor skills and experience challenge, self-reliance and risk. 

02 A primitive environment generally characterizes the area. The environment is generally 

unmodified with slight human-caused modifications evident in localized areas. The 

ecosystem is stable with some human-induced controls. Visitor impacts are minor and 

typically consist of temporary disturbances of soil and vegetation in camps, along river 

banks and along popular trails. Disturbances may be visually noticeable along trails and 

around camps. 

03 Management emphasizes maintaining natural conditions and primitive recreation 

opportunities. Indirect methods of accomplishing management objectives predominate. 

Direct, on-site management is occasional and occurs more than in other opportunity 

classes. 

Recommended Wilderness 

Desired Conditions (MA-RWLD-DC)

01 Areas recommended for wilderness retain their social and ecological wilderness 

characteristics and other identified features of value until their designation as wilderness 

or other use are determined by Congress. 

02 Plant and animal communities remain substantially natural.

03 Ecological processes in recommended areas are generally absent from human 

intervention. 

04 Existing improvements are not a substantial departure from apparent naturalness.

05 The existing opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation are maintained. 

Standards (MA-RWLD-STD) 

01 No new non-conforming projects or activities are allowed in recommended wilderness 

areas. 

02 Manage the grazing program to be consistent with wilderness values. Address specific 

management needs in allotment management plans. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 55

for the Inyo National Forest 

03 Permit no new energy developments or leases. 

04 Determine the validity of existing mining claims when a plan of operations is submitted. 

05 Permit no sales or extraction of common variety minerals in recommended wilderness. 

06 Existing special uses may continue, new special uses may be considered if they are 

consistent with maintaining wilderness character. 

07 Allow insect and disease infestations to run their natural course except where they 

unacceptably threaten the wilderness resource, the resources of adjacent lands, livestock, 

or human health and welfare.

Suitability (MA-RWLD-SUIT)

01 Developed recreation sites are not suitable.

02 Motorized use on forest system roads and trails is not suitable, except as provided for in 

the Wilderness Act or Forest Service Manual.

03 Over snow vehicle travel is not suitable.

04 Mechanized transport is not suitable.

05 Ski areas are not suitable.

06 Permanent improvements are not suitable.

07 Road construction or reconstruction is not suitable, except as provided for in the 

Wilderness Act.

08 Commercial enterprise sites and major utility corridors are not suitable, except as 

provided for in the Wilderness Act.

09 Commercial harvesting of non-timber forest products is not suitable.

Goals (MA-RWLD-GOAL) 

01 Rehabilitate areas to address impacts caused by non-conforming activities that may affect 

wilderness potential.

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

The wild and scenic river management areas on the Inyo National Forest include all existing wild 

and scenic rivers that have been designated by Congress (Figure 8, appendix A). 

Designated Wild and Scenic Rivers 

Desired Conditions (MA-WSR-DC)

01 The free flowing condition, water quality and specific outstandingly remarkable values of 

designated wild and scenic rivers are protected or enhanced. Any development is 

consistent with the river’s classification, and management is consistent with a current 

comprehensive river management plan.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

56 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

02 Public recreation and resource uses are provided that do not adversely impact or degrade 

the values for which the river was designated.

Standards (MA-WSR-STD) 

01 Road and motorized trail access to rivers must be consistent with river classification, 

travel management direction and the recreation opportunity spectrum classification.

02 When evaluating a federally assisted water resources project under the Wild and Scenic 

Rivers Act Section 7(a) and where a comprehensive river management plan has not yet 

been completed, use the documented baseline conditions at date of designation for free 

flow, water quality and outstanding remarkable values to evaluate effects of the project. 

The river’s classification is not a factor in the evaluation.

03 Where river management direction has not been developed, improvements can be made 

to existing structures in the recreation and scenic segments.

04 In recreation and scenic segments, permit expansion of structural improvements outside 

designated wilderness provided they meet assigned scenic integrity objectives and allow 

for user access. 

05 Within the wild segment, limit structural improvements to existing structures. 

06 Permit utility rights of way within recreation and scenic segments only when there are no 

alternatives. 

07 Permit no utility rights of way within wild segments. 

Guidelines (MA-WSR-GDL) 

01 Uses of facilities in existence at the date of designation that do not conform to the river’s 

classification should be allowed so long as the river’s free-flowing condition, water 

quality, and outstanding remarkable values are protected.

02 Consider closing and restoring dispersed campsites to natural conditions that are 

adversely affecting water quality.

03 If new recreation facilities are needed, they should be consistent with river classification, 

recreation opportunity spectrum classification, scenic integrity objectives, and located to 

protect outstanding remarkable values.

04 Ensure legal access to lands of other ownership that is not acquired. 

05 Within recreation and scenic segments, identify and determine the validity of all mining 

claims on public lands when a plan of operations is submitted. 

06 Protect river, river banks and dependent plants and animals from alteration. 

07 Control or prevent erosion. 

08 Consider acquiring non-federal land and easements to implement the Wild and Scenic 

Rivers Act and to facilitate management of other resources.

Eligible or Recommended Wild and Scenic Rivers 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 57

for the Inyo National Forest 

Desired Conditions (MA-EWSR-DC) 

01 Eligible or recommended wild and scenic rivers retain their free-flowing condition, water 

quality and specific outstandingly remarkable values. Recommended preliminary 

classifications remain intact until further study is conducted or until designation by 

Congress.

Standards (MA-EWSR-STD) 

01 For interim management of Forest Service-identified eligible or recommended suitable 

rivers, use interim protection measures identified in FSH 1909.12 – 84.3. 

Riparian Conservation Areas 

Riparian conservation area (RCA) widths are defined by type: 1) perennial streams, 300 feet on 

each side of the stream, measured from the bank full edge of the stream; 2) seasonally flowing 

streams (includes intermittent and ephemeral streams), 150 feet on each side of the stream, 

measured from the bank full edge of the stream; 3) streams in inner gorge (defined by stream 

adjacent slopes greater than 70 percent gradient), top of inner gorge; 4) special aquatic features 

(including lakes, wet meadows, bogs, fens, wetlands, vernal pools, and springs) or perennial 

streams with riparian conditions extending more than 150 feet from edge of streambank or 

seasonally flowing streams with riparian conditions extending more than 50 feet from edge of 

streambank, 300 feet from edge of feature or riparian vegetation, whichever width is greater; and 

5) other hydrological or topographic depressions without a defined channel, riparian conservation 

area width and protection measures determined through project level analysis. Riparian 

conservation area widths may be adjusted at the project level if interdisciplinary analysis 

demonstrates a need for different widths to meet or improve RCA desired conditions. Locations 

of riparian conservation areas for the Inyo National Forest are shown in Figure 9 (appendix A). 

The types of areas include 

Riparian conservation area plan components apply to the entire riparian conservation area, as well 

as the specific riparian and aquatic environments contained within them, such as rivers, 

streams, meadows, springs and seeps. Riparian and aquatic environments also have 

additional direction specific to each environment. The relationship among watersheds, riparian 

conservation areas, and riparian and aquatic environments is displayed in Figure 2, chapter 2.

Desired Conditions 

RCA-wide (MA-RCA-DC) 

01 Habitat supports persistent populations of native and desired non-native plant, 

invertebrate, and vertebrate riparian and aquatic-dependent species. New introductions of 

invasive species are prevented. Where invasive species are adversely affecting the 

persistence of native species, the appropriate state and federal wildlife agencies work to 

reduce impacts of invasive species to native populations.

02 Species composition and structural diversity of plant and animal communities in riparian 

areas, wetlands, and meadows provide desired habitat conditions and ecological 

functions.

03 The distribution and health of biotic communities in special aquatic habitats perpetuates 

their unique functions and biological diversity.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

58 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

04 Spatial and temporal connectivity for riparian and aquatic-dependent species and nutrient 

cycling is maintained within and between watersheds. Connectivity provides physically, 

chemically and biologically unobstructed movement for species survival, migration and 

reproduction.

05 The connections of floodplains, channels, and water tables distribute flood flows and 

sustain diverse habitats.

06 Soils with favorable infiltration characteristics and diverse vegetative cover absorb and 

filter precipitation and sustain favorable conditions of stream flows.

07 In-stream flows are sufficient to sustain desired conditions of riparian, aquatic, wetland, 

and meadow habitats and keep sediment regimes as close as possible to those with which 

aquatic and riparian biota evolved.

08 The physical structure and condition of stream banks and shorelines minimizes erosion 

and sustains desired habitat diversity.

09 Flooding is the primary disturbance. Streams and rivers maintain seasonal water flow 

over time, including periodic flooding, which promotes natural movement of water, 

sediment, nutrients and woody debris. Flooding creates a mix of stream substrates for fish 

habitat, including clean gravels for fish spawning, large wood structures and sites for 

germination and establishment of riparian vegetation.

10 Native fish, amphibians and other native aquatic species are present within their historic 

distribution, adjusted for climate change, and habitat conditions support self-sustaining 

populations, except areas managed for desirable non-native fish species. Streams and 

rivers provide a variety of habitats for aquatic species, including deep pools and 

overhanging banks, structure provided by large wood, off channel areas and cover. 

Woody and herbaceous overstory and understory regulate stream temperatures. Aquatic 

and upland components are linked, providing access to food, water, cover, nesting areas 

and protected pathways for aquatic, riparian and upland species.

11 Native riparian vegetation is diverse, structurally complex and provides food and cover to 

sustain fish and wildlife populations.

12 The condition of riparian vegetation including riparian species composition, stand density 

and fuel loading are consistent with healthy riparian systems and reduce risks due to 

high-intensity wildfire in the watershed. 

13 Riparian areas provide a range of substrates to sustain habitat for a variety of aquatic and 

terrestrial fauna. Soil structure and function is sustained to infiltrate and disperse water 

properly, withstand erosive forces and cycle nutrients. Associated water tables support 

riparian vegetation and restrict non-riparian vegetation.

14 Riparian areas in frequent fire landscapes (e.g., montane) have low to moderate intensity 

fire restored as an ecological process. Fire effects occur in a mosaic and support 

restoration and ecological integrity and function of composition, structure, and ecological 

resilience.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 59

for the Inyo National Forest 

15 Ecological conditions contribute to the recovery of threatened and endangered species, 

conserve proposed and candidate species, and support the persistence of species of 

conservation concern.

16 Riparian areas protect or improve riparian area-dependent resources while allowing for 

management of other compatible uses like recreation, vegetation management or 

livestock grazing.

Meadows (RCA-MEAD-DC)

01 Meadows are hydrologically functional. Sites of accelerated erosion, such as gullies and 

headcuts are stabilized or recovering. Vegetation roots occur throughout the available soil 

profile. Meadows with perennial and intermittent streams have the following 

characteristics: (1) stream energy from high flows is dissipated, reducing erosion and 

improving water quality; (2) streams filter sediment and capture bedload, aiding 

floodplain development; (3) meadow conditions enhance floodwater retention and 

groundwater recharge; and (4) root masses stabilize stream banks against cutting action.

02 Wetlands and groundwater-dependent ecosystems, including springs, seeps, fens, wet 

meadows, and associated wetlands or riparian systems, support stable herbaceous and 

woody vegetative communities that are resilient to drought, climate change and other 

stressors. Root masses stabilize stream channels, shorelines and soil surfaces. The natural 

hydrologic, hydraulic and geomorphic processes in these ecosystems sustain their unique 

functions and biological diversity.

03 Meadows are resilient and recover rapidly from natural and human disturbances; they 

exhibit a high degree of hydrologic connectivity, laterally across the floodplain, and 

vertically between surface and subsurface flows; they provide important ecosystem 

services such as high quality water, recharge of streams and aquifers, and moderation of 

climate variability and change. 

04 Soil in wet and headwater meadows are influenced by a shallow water table and function 

to filter water. These soils also store and release water over an extended period of time, 

which helps to maintain streamflow during dry summer months.

05 Meadows are in mid- to late-seral condition, with substantive ground cover and a rich and 

diverse species composition, especially of grasses and forbs. Meadows have high plant 

functional diversity with late successional functional types represented. Perennial streams 

in meadows contain a diversity of age classes of hardwood shrubs along the stream bank, 

where the potential exists.

06 Fen condition is within the natural range of variation. Fens are resilient with continual 

peat accumulation. The hydrologic regime, and vegetation, soil and water characteristics 

sustain the fen’s ability to support unique physical and biological attributes.

07 A complexity of meadow habitat types and successional patterns support native plant and 

animal communities. Meadow species composition is predominantly native, where 

graminoid (grass-like) species are well represented and vigorous, and regeneration occurs 

naturally. Healthy stands of willow, alder, and aspen are present within and adjacent to 

meadows with suitable physical conditions for these species. Natural disturbances and 

management activities are sufficient to maintain desired vegetation structure, species 

diversity, and nutrient cycling.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

60 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

08 Meadows in montane and upper montane areas have low to moderate intensity fire 

restored as an ecological process, especially on meadow edges, limiting conifer 

encroachment and enhancing native understory plant composition and cover. 

Rivers and Streams (RCA-RIV-DC)

01 Stream ecosystems, riparian corridors and associated stream courses sustain ecosystem 

structure; are resilient to natural disturbances (e.g., flooding) and climate change; 

promote the natural movement of water, sediment and woody debris; and provide habitat 

for native aquatic species or desirable non-native species. 

02 Stream ecosystems, including ephemeral watercourses, exhibit full connectivity where 

feasible to maintain aquatic species diversity, except where barriers are maintained in 

good condition to protect native aquatic species. Ephemeral watercourses provide for 

dispersal, access to new habitats, and perpetuation of genetic diversity, as well as nesting 

and foraging for riparian and aquatic species.

Lakes, Pools, Ponds (RCA-LPP-DC)

01 Natural lakes and ponds retain necessary attributes, such as adequate vegetation and large 

woody debris, to function properly and support native biotic communities. Attributes 

include floodwater retention and groundwater recharge, stabilized islands and shoreline 

features, and diverse characteristics to provide for amphibian production, waterfowl 

breeding and biodiversity.

Springs and Seeps (RCA-SPR-DC)

01 Springs provide sufficient water to maintain healthy habitats for native riparian and 

aquatic species. 

02 Springs are resilient to natural disturbances, groundwater diversions, and changing 

climate conditions. Springs function across the landscape within their type and water 

availability. 

03 Springs and associated streams and wetlands have the necessary soil, water, and 

vegetation attributes to be healthy and functioning at or near potential. Water flow is 

similar to historic levels and persists over time, within constraints of climate change. 

Standards (MA-RCA-STD) 

All standards listed here also apply to critical aquatic refuges except as noted. 

01 Ensure that management activities do not adversely affect water temperatures necessary 

for local aquatic- and riparian-dependent species assemblages.

02 Limit pesticide applications to cases where project level analysis indicates that pesticide 

applications are consistent with riparian conservation areas desired conditions.

03 Within 500 feet of known occupied sites for Yosemite toad and mountain yellow-legged 

frog, design pesticide applications to avoid adverse effects to individuals and their 

habitats.

04 Within riparian conservation areas only, prohibit storage of fuels and other toxic materials 

except at designated administrative sites and sites covered by special use authorization. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 61

for the Inyo National Forest 

Prohibit refueling within riparian conservation areas except if there are no other 

alternatives. 

05 Ensure that culverts or other stream crossings do not create barriers to upstream or 

downstream passage for aquatic-dependent species, except where desired to protect 

native species. 

06 Locate water drafting sites to minimize adverse effects to in stream flows and depletion 

of pool habitat. 

07 Prevent disturbance to streambanks and shorelines of natural lakes and ponds caused by 

resource activities (e.g., livestock, off-highway vehicles, and dispersed recreation) from 

exceeding 20 percent of stream reach, or 20 percent of natural lake and pond shorelines. 

Disturbance includes bank sloughing, chiseling, trampling, and other means of exposing 

bare soil or cutting plant roots. This standard does not apply to developed recreation sites; 

sites authorized under special use permits; and designated off-highway vehicle routes.

08 In stream reaches occupied by or identified as “essential habitat” in the conservation 

assessment for the Lahontan and Paiute cutthroat trout, limit streambank disturbance 

from livestock to 10 percent of the occupied or “essential habitat” stream reach. 

Implement corrective action where streambank disturbance limits have been exceeded.

09 Use screening devices for water drafting pumps. (Fire suppression activities are exempt 

during initial attack.) Use pumps with low entry velocity to minimize removal of aquatic 

species from aquatic habitats, including juvenile fish, amphibian egg masses and 

tadpoles.

10 During ecological restoration or other activities, use methods and equipment that limit 

soil disturbance and erosion to achieve RCA desired conditions. 

11 Assess the hydrologic function of meadow habitats and other special aquatic features 

during range management analysis. Ensure that characteristics of special features are, at a 

minimum, at proper functioning condition or at functioning at-risk and trending toward 

proper functioning condition, as defined in appropriate technical reports3,4,5,6

. 

12 Prohibit or mitigate ground-disturbing activities that adversely affect hydrologic 

processes that maintain water flow, water quality, or water temperature critical to 

sustaining fen ecosystems and the plant species that depend on these ecosystems. During 

 

3

 Barrett, H., J. Cagney, R. Clark, J. Fogg, K. Gebhardt, P. L. Hansen, B. Mitchell, D. Prichard, D. Tippy. 

1993 (Revised 1998). Riparian area management: Process for assessing proper functioning condition TR1737-9. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 60 pp. 

4

 Prichard, D., J. Anderson, C. Corell, J. Fogg, K. Gebhardt, R. Krapf, S. Leonard, B. Mitchell, and J. 

Staats. 1998. Riparian Area Management TR-1737-15. A user guide to assessing proper functioning 

condition and the supporting science for lotic areas. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land 

Management, National Applied Resource Sciences Center. 136 pp. 

5

 Prichard, D., C. Bridges, R. Krapf, S. Leonard, and W. Hagenbuck. 1994. Riparian area management: 

Process for assessing proper functioning condition for lentic riparian-wetland areas T R-1737-11. US 

Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management Service Center. Denver, Colorado. USA. 38 pp. 

6

 Weixelman, D. and D. J. Cooper. 2009. Assessing Proper Functioning Condition for Fen Areas in the 

Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascade Ranges, California. A user’s guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. R5-TP-028. 

Vallejo, CA. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 52 p. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

62 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

project analysis, survey, map, and develop measures to protect fens from activities 

causing significant degradation, such as trampling by livestock, pack stock, and humans. 

In all cases, wheeled vehicles should be prohibited from entering fens. The criterion for 

defining fens is the presence of at least 40 cm of peat (thickness) in the top 80 cm of soil. 

Complete initial inventories of fens within active grazing allotments prior to re-issuing 

permits. If more than 10 fens occur on an allotment, ensure 25 percent of all fens are 

inventoried, and establish a 5-year schedule to complete inventory.

13 Locate new facilities for gathering livestock and pack stock outside of meadows and 

riparian conservation areas. 

14 Designate equipment exclusion zones within riparian conservation areas when designing 

projects. The default is half of the riparian conservation area width (150 feet for perennial 

streams, 75 feet for intermittent streams):

a. These widths may be adjusted on a project by project basis based on 

geomorphology, slope, and/or soil conditions, as long as best management 

practices and other plan direction are met. Adjustments may be made only after 

consultation with experts in aquatic ecology, soils, and/or hydrology.

b. If further mechanical incursion is warranted, use methods that limit soil 

disturbance within the RCA, such as low ground pressure equipment, helicopters, 

over the snow logging, extra ground cover requirements, or other non-ground 

disturbing actions to achieve desired conditions consistent with best management 

practices and other plan direction.

c. When vegetation is treated in the near stream area, meet the needs for coarse 

wood in stream channels where possible. 

Guidelines (MA-RCA-GDL) 

All guidelines listed here also apply to critical aquatic refuges.

01 Prior to activities that could adversely affect streams, determine if relevant stream 

characteristics are within the range of natural variation. If characteristics are outside the 

range of natural variation, mitigation measures should be considered.

02 Within rivers and streams, ensure proposed management activities maintain the level of 

coarse large woody debris within the natural range of variation.

03 Post-wildfire management activities in riparian conservation areas and critical aquatic 

refuges should emphasize enhancing native vegetation cover, stabilizing channels, and 

minimizing adverse effects from the existing road network. Post-wildfire operations shall 

minimize the exposure of bare soil, to limit erosion.

04 Maintain and restore the hydrologic connectivity of streams, meadows, wetlands, and 

other special aquatic features by identifying roads and trails that intercept, divert, or 

disrupt natural surface and subsurface water flow paths. Implement corrective actions 

where necessary to restore connectivity.

05 Minimize the construction of new skid trails or roads for access into riparian conservation 

areas.

06 Consider actions in project design to ensure consistency with standards and guidelines 

and move toward desired conditions for roads, trails, OHV trails and staging areas, 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 63

for the Inyo National Forest 

developed recreation sites, dispersed campgrounds, special use permits, grazing permits, 

and day use sites, that have been identified as contributing to degradation of water quality 

or habitat for aquatic and riparian-dependent species.

07 During permit reissuance for livestock, evaluate impacts of facilities on the riparian 

conservation areas and, consider relocating existing livestock facilities outside of 

meadows and riparian areas.

08 Manage all stream reaches of all state designated wild trout waters, as of February 2001, 

according to the following: 

a. Any activity that results in trampling and chiseling should not exceed 10 percent 

of any given stream reach. A reach is defined as a continuous portion of a stream 

with homogeneous physical characteristics. 

b. Unstable or eroding stream banks should be restored to attain a stream bank 

system that is no more than 10 percent unstable of the reaches current potential. 

c. Streamside vegetation should strive to provide a minimum of 90 percent of the 

habitat's capability to provide stream shading and fish cover

09 Prohibit stream modifying construction activities within or immediately adjacent to the 

aquatic zone during the following spawning seasons: 

a. In streams with spring spawning species (rainbow, cutthroat, and golden trout), 

February 15 to August 20. 

b. In streams with fall spawning species (brown and brook trout), October 1 to April 

15. 

c. The Forest Supervisor has the authority to make exceptions to these seasons.

10 High quality habitat for all golden trout streams should be managed as best that can be 

achieved given the incised conditions of stream channels as defined by accepted 

methodologies such as proper functioning condition (PFC), stream condition inventory 

(SCI), and desired conditions using greenline for riparian vegetation habitat.

Goals (MA-RCA-GOAL) 

01 Continue to coordinate and collaborate with California Department of Fish and Wildlife 

to implement and re-new the California Golden Trout Conservation Assessment and 

Strategy in order to improve riparian and stream resources for the golden trout.

Potential Management Approaches 

All management approaches listed here also apply to Critical Aquatic Refuges (CARs), except as 

noted. 

Look for opportunities to use prescribed fire treatments in riparian areas.

For waters designated as “water quality limited” (Clean Water Act Section 303(d)), participate in 

the development of total maximum daily loads and total maximum daily loads implementation 

plans. Execute applicable elements of completed total maximum daily loads implementation 

plans.

At either the landscape or project-scale, determine if the ecological conditions within riparian 

conservation areas are outside of the natural range of variation for the vegetative community 

including age class, structural diversity, composition, and cover of riparian vegetation. Include 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

64 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

consideration of the ecological role of fire. If conditions are outside the range of natural variation, 

consider implementing mitigation and/or restoration actions that will result in an upward trend. 

Actions could include restoration of aspen or other riparian vegetation where conifer 

encroachment is identified as a problem, using fire, hand or mechanical treatments.

Evaluate required long-term restoration actions and implement them according to their status 

among other restoration needs.

Ensure that fuel spill plans are reviewed, up-to-date, and determined sufficient to protect soils and 

aquatic resources.

Recommend restoration practices in: (1) areas with compaction in excess of soil quality 

standards; (2) areas that have lowered water tables; or (3) areas that are actively down cutting or 

that have historic gullies. Identify management practices such as road building, recreational use, 

grazing and timber harvest that may be contributing to the observed degradation.

The priority for management is on desert springs or where at-risk species occur.

Critical Aquatic Refuges 

Critical aquatic refuges are subwatersheds, generally ranging between 500 to 50,000 acres, on the 

Inyo National Forest, that contain either: 1)known locations of at-risk species; 2)highly 

vulnerable populations of native plant or animal species; or 3)are localized populations of rare 

native aquatic- or riparian-dependent plant or animal species. Critical aquatic refuges on the 

forest are shown in Figure 10 (appendix A). The boundaries of critical aquatic refuges may be 

refined based on the findings from conservation assessments or verification of the presence and 

condition of habitat for at-risk species.

Desired Conditions (MA-CAR-DC)

01 Critical aquatic refuges provide habitat for native fish, amphibian and aquatic 

invertebrate populations. Remnant plant and animal populations in aquatic communities 

are maintained and restored.

02 Streams in critical aquatic refuges have vegetation and channel bank characteristics that 

are properly functioning or functioning at-risk with an upward trend. These ratings are 

made in relation to the current potential of the stream system. If the current potential is 

different from historic potential, assess what restoration measures are required to attain 

historic potential and if this is necessary or achievable.

03 The ecological integrity of upland vegetation is resilient and maintains soil productivity, 

water quality, and creates conditions to maintain or improve watershed conditions under 

the Watershed Condition Framework.

Potential Management Approaches 

Consider seeking withdrawal of lands in critical aquatic refuges from location and entry under 

federal mining laws, subject to valid existing rights.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 65

for the Inyo National Forest 

Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail 

The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail management area includes the lands in the visible 

foreground encompassing resources, qualities, values, associated settings and primary uses (Figure 

11, appendix A). The visible foreground is the distance zone, up to a half mile, that is visible from the trail 

at a height of 5 feet, and using terrain to define the boundaries. The Pacific Crest Trail travels through 

designated wilderness and non-wilderness lands with management direction for both. 

Pacific Crest Trail in Designated Wilderness 

Desired Conditions (MA-PCTW-DC)

01 The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail’s nature and purpose are to provide for 

outstanding journeys on foot or on horseback amongst the spectacularly wild landscapes 

of high Pacific mountain ridges. Tranquility and closeness with nature can be found 

consistently along the trail, evoking a feeling of extended retreat from civilization, even if 

only venturing out for a day.

02 The recreation setting is consistent with or compliments the primitive recreation 

opportunity spectrum.

03 When possible, the Pacific Crest Trail management area provides panoramic views of 

natural landscapes in a tranquil scenic environment and offers outstanding views along 

the crest of the Sierra Nevada.

Standards (MA-PCTW-STD) 

01 Prohibit heavy equipment line construction on the Pacific Crest Trail, unless necessary 

for emergency protection of property and safety.

Guidelines (MA-PCTW-GDL) 

01 All management activities should meet or exceed high or very high scenic integrity 

objectives.

Potential Management Approaches 

Reconstruct or relocate existing portions of the PCT as needed to enhance the recreation 

experience and protect resources. Evaluate proposed trail relocations using the established Pacific 

Southwest Region process in partnership with adjoining federal agencies, Pacific Crest Trail 

Association, and other partners.

Key observation points along the trail corridor are used to evaluate the condition of scenery 

resources.

Implement visitor use management strategies to minimize impacts to desired conditions for 

natural resources and visitor experiences on the Pacific Crest Trail, through education, site 

management, regulation and enforcement.

Pacific Crest Trail outside Designated Wilderness 

Desired Conditions (MA-PCT-DC)

01 The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail’s nature and purpose are to provide for 

outstanding journeys on foot or on horseback amongst the spectacularly wild landscapes 
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of high Pacific mountain ridges. These primitive forms of travel, hearken back to a 

simpler and more rugged time. Tranquility and closeness with nature can be found 

consistently along the trail, evoking a feeling of extended retreat from civilization, even if 

only venturing out for a day

02 The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail corridor retains a natural, forested or pastoral 

landscape character shaped by both natural processes and humans. Management practices 

are modified to recognize the nationally significant scenic attributes and recreational 

values of these lands. Vegetation management is appropriate to maintain the long-term 

goals and stewardship objectives of the PCT management area and provide for ecosystem 

restoration, public safety, and enhancement of the trail environment.

03 The PCT corridor traverses a range of recreation opportunity spectrum classes. The 

recreation setting of the PCT corridor is consistent with or complements the semiprimitive non-motorized recreation opportunity spectrum class, except in locations where 

the existing condition is semi-primitive motorized or roaded natural.

04 When possible, the Pacific Crest Trail management area provides panoramic views of 

natural landscapes in a tranquil scenic environment and offers outstanding views along 

the crest of the Sierra Nevada.

Standards (MA-PCT-STD) 

01 Hauling or skidding along the Pacific Crest Trail itself or using the Pacific Crest Trail for 

landings or temporary roads is prohibited.

02 Prohibit heavy equipment line construction on the Pacific Crest Trail, unless necessary 

for emergency protection of property and safety.

03 For leasable minerals such as oil, gas and geothermal energy, permits and activities 

within the management area that are available for leasing must contain a “no surface 

occupancy” stipulation within the Management Area.

04 New permits for extraction of mineral materials such as sand, gravel, pumice, cinders and 

other common variety minerals, are prohibited within the PCT management area. When 

existing permits terminate or expire, new permits will not be issued.

05 Project design and mitigation for utility and rights-of-way projects will be sufficient to 

protect trail values. Require mitigation measures including screening, feathering, and 

other visual management techniques to mitigate visual and other impacts of new or 

upgraded utility rights-of-way.

06 Outside the national forest’s proclaimed boundary, PCT lands or interests acquired will be 

managed consistent with deed transfer language and the PCT management area direction.

Guidelines (MA-PCT-GDL) 

01 All new management activities should meet or exceed high or very high scenic integrity 

objectives.

02 Timber harvest, prescribed burning, wildfire, herbicides, biological controls and grazing 

may be used to manage vegetation to meet the desired conditions of the management 

area.
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03 New recreation events such as foot races or horseback endurance events and fundraising 

events should be limited to designated crossings only. Existing recreation events may be 

allowed to continue at current levels.

04 Existing roads and trails within the PCT management area that are available for public 

motorized travel and designated on the forest motor vehicle use map may remain open for 

public motor vehicle use. Other federal, state, county or other public roads within the 

management area available for public motor vehicle use may remain open for motorized 

travel.

05 All new road and trail crossings of the PCT will be evaluated and planned to minimize 

impacts to the scenic, natural, and experiential values of the trail. New temporary roads 

and new motorized and mechanized transport trails within the PCT management area 

should be designed to minimize the visual, aural and resource impacts to the PCT. 

Exemptions may be allowed if required by law to provide access to private lands or 

documented as the only prudent and feasible alternative.

06 New permanent roads are not permitted within the management area unless required by 

law to provide access to private lands or documented as the only prudent and feasible 

alternative.

07 New buildings and structures associated with special uses that would be visible from the 

PCT are designed to blend into the natural landscape and be visually subordinate.

08 Locate new public utilities and rights-of-way in areas of this management prescription 

area where impacts already exist. Limit linear utilities and rights-of-way to a single 

crossing unless additional crossings are documented as the only prudent and feasible 

alternative.

Suitability (MA-PCT-SUIT) 

01 The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail management area is not suitable for special-use 

authorizations for new communication sites and wind generation sites.

02 On the trail itself, year-round motorized or mechanized transport is not suitable, except at 

designated crossings and on interim routes.

03 Mineral exploration or extraction that causes surface disturbance within the Pacific Crest 

National Scenic Trail management area is not suitable.

Potential Management Approaches 

Place priority on the purchase of lands or interest in lands necessary to protect the PCT 

experience as delineated in the PCT land acquisition inventory. 

Reconstruct or relocate existing portions of the PCT as needed to enhance the recreation 

experience and protect resources. Evaluate proposed trail relocations using the established Pacific 

Southwest Region process in partnership with adjoining federal agencies, Pacific Crest Trail 

Association and other partners.

Key observations points along the trail corridor are used to evaluate the condition of scenery 

resources.
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Implement visitor use management strategies to minimize impacts to desired conditions for 

natural resources and visitor experiences on the PCT, through education, site management, 

regulation and enforcement.

Recreation Places 

Recreation places (Figure 12, appendix A) and associated desired conditions provide a framework 

to guide management efforts to sustain scenery and recreation settings, recreation opportunities, 

and recreation sites and infrastructure. Recreation places help connect the public to the relevant 

and various types of places within the forest. 

Recreation places are characterized by their distinctive roles and contributions within the 

landscape, taking into account the agency mission, unique capabilities, and the broader area 

beyond national forest boundaries. This includes the scenic character of each place. Plan 

components that guide management of each recreation place are provided within the context of 

each place’s distinctive roles and contributions. In addition, each place on the Inyo National 

Forest is categorized as one of the following types:

 Destination: These places have regional and national significance. Visitors are drawn to 

these places to experience sport-type activities or participate in recreation activities in 

higher-end recreation settings; more highly developed infrastructure is prevalent and 

visitor controls are evident. 

 Dispersed Use: These places have local and regional significance. Visitors are drawn to 

these places to experience unregimented recreation activities and moments of solitude in 

undeveloped settings. Infrastructure tends to be rustic or non-existent, with minimal 

visitor controls. 

 High Country: These places have local and regional significance. Visitors are drawn to 

these places to experience challenge and adventure in high-elevation settings and as relief 

from the warmer lower-elevation climates. Infrastructure tends to be rustic or nonexistent, with minimal visitor controls. 

 High-Use Overnight: These places have local and regional significance. Visitors are 

drawn to these places to experience a high social exchange among families, friends and 

other forest visitors in developed recreation settings. More highly developed 

infrastructure is prevalent; visitor controls are evident. 

 Scenic Drive: These places have regional and national significance. Visitors are drawn to 

these places to experience the interaction of natural-resource elements in the landscape or 

to view the vestiges of California’s rich historic frontier past. More highly developed 

infrastructure is prevalent; visitor controls are evident. 

 Wildlands: These places have regional, national and international significance. Visitors 

are drawn to these places to experience extreme challenge and solitude in remote highelevation settings. Infrastructure and visitor controls are non-existent.

Benton-Casa Diablo Place 

Benton-Casa Diablo is a dispersed use type of place; it is a natural-appearing, remote 

backcountry, non-wilderness area. The landscape is varied and rugged consisting of a broad 

volcanic tableland punctuated by mountain peaks of the Benton Mountain Range. The area is 
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historical native land of the Owens Valley Paiute. Locations of cultural and tribal value are found 

in this place. The area has an abundance of pine nuts, and has been an important source of 

collection for thousands of years. Benton–Casa Diablo Place is valued for motorized travel, 

touring, fishing, climbing, bouldering, hunting and dispersed camping. 

Desired Conditions (MA-BENT-DC)

01 The Benton-Casa Diablo Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a 

remote, backcountry, non-wilderness area with a management emphasis on dispersed 

recreation opportunities. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support 

and enhance the scenery setting. Developed recreation facilities are rustic in design with 

less obvious management controls. Areas of high use are managed to maintain a quality 

experience for visitors. Utilities are considered if their location will not limit the 

achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the Place. Management actions are 

aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and sense of the 

place.

Bishop to Convict Creek Place 

Bishop to Convict Creek is a high-use overnight type of place; it is a naturally-evolving, naturalappearing landscape that transitions from pockets of concentrated recreation to the remoteness of 

the John Muir Wilderness. The mountain range serves as a scenic backdrop that enhances the 

destination resort aspect of nearby communities and US Highway 395, the Eastern Sierra Scenic 

Byway. The majority of this place is dominated by high peaks and high elevation forests that 

create isolated nooks in the cracks of the mountains and include magnificent displays of 

geological processes. The area includes historical native lands of the Owens Valley Paiute. 

Locations of cultural and tribal value are found in this place; areas of tribal value include the 

north and along river valleys in the south. Traditional currant gathering occurs. One third of the 

Place is an inventoried roadless area. The Place is valued for climbing, scenery viewing, 

motorized touring, hiking and camping. The fall aspen color in this area draws visitors to the 

surrounding communities in fall. Some of the most valued back country alpine skiing in the 

eastern Sierra within California is located in this Place. The Buttermilk area is internationally 

known for its bouldering. Other outdoor activities include backcountry skiing, fishing, 

backpacking and day-use along Bishop Creek. 

Desired Conditions (MA-BSHP-DC)

01 The Bishop to Convict Creek Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a 

naturally-evolving, natural-appearing landscape. A network of non-motorized trails 

support access to the high elevation vistas. The road system supports delivery and staging 

to non-motorized trailheads used for overnight use. Developed recreation facilities 

include campgrounds, trailheads, day use sites, group camps, recreation residences and 

cross-country ski trails. Developed sites and transportation are managed and adapted to 

changing demographics, connectivity to adjacent communities, and supporting the 

connection of people to nature. Rock climbing and other dispersed recreation activity is 

managed to support the recreation opportunity spectrum of the place. Areas of high use 

are managed to maintain a quality experience for visitors, surrounding communities and 

the scenic byway. Private inholdings or recreation residence permits are considered for 

land exchange or discontinuation, respectively, if those activities promote the roles, 

contributions and sense of the place. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes 

that support and enhance the scenery setting. Utilities are considered if their location will 

not limit the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the Place. Management 
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70 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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actions are aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and 

sense of the place.

Coyote Place 

Coyote Place is a scenic drive type of place; it is a remote, natural-appearing, backcountry nonwilderness area where wide open views of surrounding peaks are viewed from pinyon woodlands 

and sagebrush flats. Aspen, meadows adorned with wildflowers, and the occasional lake are 

found in sharp contrast to their high desert surroundings. Access via roads is very limited, 

although there is a network of motorized trails and a few non-motorized stock trails. This place 

includes expansive views of Coyote Ridge, Lookout Mountain, Round Mountain, and Sugarloaf 

Peak, a portion of the Inconsolable Range, and Baker and Coyote Creeks. Ten percent of Coyote 

Place consists of small inholdings of private and state lands, and properties of the Los Angeles 

Department of Water and Properties. Coyote Place is valued for motorized uses associated with 

the enjoyment of these views, hunting, and dispersed camping. 

Desired Conditions (MA-COYT-DC)

01 Coyote Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a natural-appearing, 

remote, non-wilderness area. Management emphasis of the place includes providing 

dispersed motorized recreation opportunity experiences that support the recreation 

opportunity spectrum of the place. Access is provided that allows for sustainable use 

along the network of motorized trails. Utilities are considered if their location will not 

limit the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Private 

inholdings are considered for land exchanges if they promote the roles, contributions and 

sense of the place Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support and 

enhance the scenery setting, particularly aspen stands and meadows.

Glass Mountain Place 

Glass Mountain Place is a dispersed use type of place; it is a natural-appearing, remote 

backcountry, non-wilderness area that derives its sense of place from the relatively flat terrain and 

large quantities of obsidian found here. It is home to the largest contiguous stand of pure Jeffery 

pine in the world. Owens River Headwaters along the southern boundary is a designated 

California national recreational river. Prehistoric use was significant here with Glass Mountain 

being an important source for obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass traditionally used in 

crafting knives, arrowheads and other cutting tools. Glass Mountain Place includes the historic 

native lands of the Northern Paiute (northwest half) and the Owens Valley Paiute (southeast half). 

There are traditional currant gathering locations throughout the place. There is an inventoried 

roadless area that covers nearly half of the place, mainly in the east and south. There are two 

research natural areas (RNA); Sentinel Meadow RNA and Indiana Summit RNA. Glass Mountain 

Place is valued for motorized travel, touring, fishing, climbing, bouldering, hunting and dispersed 

camping in summer and cross-country skiing, snowmobiling and back country skiing in winter. 

Desired Conditions (MA-GLAS-DC)

01 The Glass Mountain Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a naturalappearing, remote backcountry landscape area with management emphasis on year round 

dispersed recreation opportunities. Developed recreation facilities tend to be rustic in 

design, with vehicular controls and regimentation of users less obvious, and provided if 

they support the dispersed recreation opportunity spectrum of the place. The road and 

trail system is aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum, and support delivery to 

dispersed recreation opportunities particularly those in the west and north. Locations of 
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Draft Revised Forest Plan 71

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cultural and tribal value are enhanced via management actions to sustain landscape 

resiliency. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support and enhance 

the scenery setting. Utilities are considered if their location will not limit the achievement 

of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Management actions are aligned with 

recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and sense of the place. 

Development in Glass Mountain Place is aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum 

and scenery management system; managed and adapted to changing demographics, 

connectivity to adjacent communities, and supporting the connection of people to nature.

Golden Trout-South Sierra Place 

The Golden Trout-South Sierra Place is a wildlands type of place; it is a naturally-evolving 

wilderness and non-wilderness area. It is characterized by high plateaus, expansive meadows and 

sense of solitude. This place consists of two designated wilderness areas; the Golden Trout and 

the South Sierra Wildernesses, and the South Sierra Inventoried Roadless Area. The Golden Trout 

Wilderness is named after California’s brightly colored state fish, which is endemic to the area. 

Both wilderness areas and the inventoried roadless area extend past the southern forest boundary 

and are jointly managed with the Sequoia National Forest. This place also: borders Sequoia and 

Kings Canyon National Parks to the northwest; includes Last Chance Meadow Research Natural 

Area; and encompasses the headwaters of the Kern National Wild and Scenic River. This is the 

historic native land of the Tubatulabal and the Owens Valley Paiute. This place is valued for 

remoteness and adventure. Access is limited, which contributes to the sense of wilderness and 

solitude. There is a single road from Horseshoe Meadow in the north and a road system that 

provides for dispersed use from the Sequoia National Forest in the south. Recreation 

opportunities consist of traditional dispersed activities including equestrian riding and camping, 

backpacking, hiking, motorized use and fishing. There are many non-motorized trails including 

the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail that traverses the length of the place, north to south.

Desired Conditions (MA-GTSS-DC)

01 The Golden Trout-South Sierra Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as 

a remote, backcountry area. The trail system is aligned with the recreation opportunity 

spectrum and management emphasis is on dispersed recreation to provide visitors with a 

sense and experience of wildness and remoteness. Scenic character is sustained by 

resilient landscapes that support and enhance the scenery setting. Access is provided for 

motorized users along designated routes. Utilities are considered if their location will not 

limit the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Management 

actions are aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and 

sense of the place.

Inyo Mountains Place 

The Inyo Mountains Place is a wildlands type of place, characterized by large, rugged mountains, 

a windswept landscape and expansive views, which offer the visitor a solitude-rich wilderness 

experience. It includes the Inyo Mountains Wilderness, which is bordered by the Death Valley 

Wilderness to the east. The north-south Inyo Mountains comprise a high and vast desert range, 

and the isolated and pristine wilderness that bears their name encompasses a large portion of this 

sheer and rugged terrain. Most of the eastern border is shared with Death Valley National Park. 

Year-round streams, some with cascading waterfalls, can be found in eight canyons on the rough 

east side. These steep-walled canyons offer challenges to rock climbers. In addition to Keynote 

Peak, the prominent summits of New York Butte and Mount Inyo provide tough, nontechnical 

hikes with splendid views as rewards. Lush riparian habitat occurs in moist canyons, contrasting 
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for the Inyo National Forest 

with pinion-juniper woodlands found on some slopes. The Inyo Mountains Place also contains the 

Whipporwhill Flat Research Natural Area. A rich mining legacy left a smattering of ruins to 

explore, including the towers that supported a men-and-salt-bearing tram from the Saline Valley. 

Roughly half of the Inyo Mountain Place, excluding road corridors, is designated inventoried 

roadless area. Salt mines to Owens Lake can still be seen on Cerro Gordo Peak. Areas outside of 

designated wilderness are accessible by many roads and motorized trails, lend to OHV 

experiences of views from Mazourka Peak and offer access to dispersed camping areas. 

Desired Conditions (MA-INYM-DC)

01 The Inyo Mountains Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a remote, 

backcountry area with a management emphasis on continuing to provide visitors with a 

sense of wildness and remoteness experience. The trail system and motorized access is 

aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum, and management emphasis is on 

dispersed recreation that provides visitors with a sense and experience of wildness and 

remoteness. Outfitter and guide services promote the roles, contributions and sense of the 

place, and support meeting the needs of the recreation opportunity spectrum with the 

agency and partners. Filming opportunities are authorized that encourage responsible use 

and stewardship of public lands. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that 

support and enhance the scenery setting. Utilities are considered if their location will not 

limit the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Management 

actions are aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and 

sense of the place.

June Lake Loop-Walker-Parker Place 

The June Lake Loop-Walker-Parker Place is a destination type place; a natural-appearing, 

destination landscape that derives its sense of place from the developed recreation opportunities 

along the June Lake Loop in the south and its adjacency to the Ansel Adams Wilderness. Visitors 

value the place for dramatic vistas and developed recreation opportunities, predominantly around 

the June Lake Loop. The landscape is characterized by glacial carved lakes surrounded by 

dramatic snow-capped peaks and rock outcrops. June mountain ski area is located along the south 

boundary. Recreation opportunities include driving for pleasure. Aspens give the scenery brilliant 

displays of fall color visible from any point on a four mile stretch of Scenic Byway 395, drawing 

visitors into the “Loop” in search of more breathtaking views from overlooks and vista points. 

The June Lake Loop-Walker-Parker Place is valued for dispersed recreation opportunities 

including fishing, hiking, trail rides, rock climbing and lake recreation such as boating. This place 

is the historic tribal territory of the Northern Paiute and there is a concentration of places of tribal 

importance.

Desired Conditions (MA-JUN-DC)

01 The June Lake Loop-Walker-Parker Place recreation setting and opportunities are 

sustained as a natural-appearing, destination landscape with a management emphasis on 

developed recreation opportunities. June, Gull, Silver, and Grant Lakes developed sites 

are sustained to support the needs of changing demographics. Developed sites remain 

concentrated in the south. Areas of high use are managed for a quality experience for 

visitors. Recreation residence permits are considered for discontinuation if such actions 

would promote the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Special use permits are 

authorized that align with the recreation opportunity spectrum and achieving the desired 

conditions of the place. Filming opportunities are authorized that encourage responsible 

use and stewardship of public lands. Management actions are aligned with recreation 
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opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Development in 

the place is aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum and scenery management 

system, and managed and adapted to changing demographics, connectivity to adjacent 

communities, and supporting the connection of people to nature. Scenic character is 

sustained by resilient landscapes that support and enhance the scenery setting.

Mammoth Place 

Mammoth Place is a destination type place; it is a natural-appearing, cultural destination 

landscape that derives its sense of place from the resort community of Mammoth Lakes. This 

place provides an array of recreation opportunities for summer and winter recreation and is 

known as a magnet for outdoor recreation enthusiasts. The scenic character of Mammoth Place is 

a result of past glacial activity, and consists of gentle slopes with a dramatic, snow-capped 

mountain backdrop. The area was historically occupied by the Owens Valley Paiute Native 

American tribe and there are many historic and pre-historic archeological sites. Mammoth Place 

includes a portion of a designated scenic byway corridor, Hwy 395, as well as State Road 203, or 

Main Street, providing access to downtown Mammoth Lakes, and the valued Mammoth 

Mountain, Red’s Meadow and Devil’s Postpile National Monument. Mammoth Place is valued 

for a wide variety of outdoor activities including skiing, sightseeing, hiking, camping, cycling, 

fishing, paddle boarding, kayaking and other water-based recreation activities on the many nearby 

lakes. This place is also a popular destination for landscape artists and outdoor photographers.

Desired Conditions (MA-MMH-DC)

01 The Mammoth Place is sustained as a natural-appearing, cultural and tourism destination 

landscape providing the staging area for an abundance of year-round developed and 

dispersed recreation opportunities for residents and visitors. The Mammoth Lake Basin is 

sustained for family oriented developed recreation as well as for technical sports 

including rock climbing and back country skiing. Developed recreation facilities tend to 

be contemporary in design, with obvious vehicular controls and regimentation of users. 

Access is provided by a network of non-motorized trails and roads to launch from for 

dispersed recreation opportunities. Areas of high use are managed to a quality experience 

for visitors. The trail system is aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum and 

management actions focus on developed and dispersed recreation. Recreation residences 

do not limit the recreation opportunity spectrum and do not generate resource impacts. 

Recreation residence permits are considered for discontinuation if such actions would 

promote the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Special use permits are 

authorized that align with the recreation opportunity spectrum and achieving the desired 

conditions of the place. Filming opportunities are authorized that encourage responsible 

use and stewardship of public lands. Utilities are considered if their location will not limit 

the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Management actions 

are aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and sense of 

the place. Development in Mammoth Place is aligned with the recreation opportunity 

spectrum and scenery management system, and managed and adapted to changing 

demographics, connectivity to adjacent communities, and supporting the connection of 

people to nature. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support and 

enhance the scenery setting.

Mammoth Escarpment Place 

Mammoth Escarpment Place is a destination type place; a natural-appearing, destination 

landscape that derives its sense of place from the steep landscape that rises from the Mammoth 
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for the Inyo National Forest 

Lakes Basin, a series of alpine lakes nestled in a bowl-shaped area just outside the resort 

community of Mammoth Lakes. The Mammoth Escarpment Place provides the dramatic scenic 

backdrop for the community and for the scenic byway, Highway 395. The landscape is 

characterized by the very steep, often precipitous terrain along the Mammoth Crest to the west 

and south, with many high altitude lakes, and dramatic rock outcrops. Prominent features include 

San Joaquin Mountain, Minaret Summit and Laurel Mountain. The John Muir Wilderness makes 

up southern half of this place and there are five named streams flowing north, along which 

recreation sites are concentrated. Designated inventoried roadless areas make up 40 percent of the 

Mammoth Escarpment Place, and consist of almost all the land outside of wilderness and 

concentrated recreation areas. Mammoth Escarpment Place is the historical native land of the 

Owens Valley Paiute. The Mammoth Lakes Basin includes many historic sites as well. Nonmotorized trails connect recreation sites in the Lake Basin and lead into the wilderness. There is 

one motorized trail in this place, which accesses Laurel Mountain in the east. This place is valued 

for abundant developed and dispersed recreation opportunities, spurred by the town of Mammoth 

Lakes as a staging area, Mammoth Lakes Basin, and Mammoth Mountain. Mammoth Mountain is 

one of the largest mountain resorts in the nation and is a national draw for visitors interested in all 

types of winter skiing. Mammoth Mountain is also valued for mountain biking and other yearround outdoor recreation. The many campgrounds, trailheads and picnic sites located in the Lakes 

Basin provide valued family camping, fishing, hiking and cycling. Rock climbing sites are 

concentrated along the Mammoth Crest. 

Desired Conditions (MA-MESC-DC)

01 The Mammoth Escarpment Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a 

natural-appearing, tourism destination landscape with a management emphasis on 

developed and dispersed recreation opportunities. Developed recreation facilities tend to 

be contemporary in design, with obvious vehicular controls and regimentation of users. 

Areas of high use are managed to a quality experience for visitors. Areas of dispersed use 

are managed to maintain the recreation opportunity spectrum. The trail system is aligned 

with the recreation opportunity spectrum and management actions focus on both 

developed and dispersed with a focus on developed recreation around Mammoth Lakes. 

Special use permits are authorized that align with the recreation opportunity spectrum and 

achieving the desired conditions of the place. Filming opportunities are authorized that 

encourage responsible use and stewardship of public lands. Opportunities for research are 

sustained, with an emphasis on those that support developing adaptive management 

responses within the place. Recreation residences do not limit the recreation opportunity 

spectrum and do not generate resource impacts. Recreation residence permits are 

considered for discontinuation if such actions would promote the roles, contributions and 

sense of the place. Outfitter and guide services promote the roles, contributions and sense 

of the place and support meeting the needs of the recreation opportunity spectrum with 

the agency and partners. Private inholdings are considered for land exchange if those 

activities promote the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Utilities are considered 

if their location will not limit the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the 

place. The area is managed to maintain high scenic integrity for visitors and residents to 

enjoy. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support and enhance the 

scenery setting. Management actions are aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum 

and the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Development in the Mammoth 

Escarpment Place is aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and scenery 

management system and managed and adapted to changing demographics, connectivity 

to adjacent communities, and supporting the connection of people to nature. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

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for the Inyo National Forest 

Mono Basin-Lee Vining Place 

Mono Basin-Lee Vining Place is a destination type of place; a natural-appearing destination 

landscape that derives its sense of place from the town of Lee Vining set amidst the high desert in 

Mono Basin. The most noted feature is Mono Lake, a unique inland sea surrounded by unearthly 

limestone spires of tufa and dramatic views of the 13,000 foot peaks of the High Sierra, the vast 

sagebrush landscape, and volcanic surroundings. The Mono Basin-Lee Vining Place is also the 

gateway, via forest scenic byway Hwy 120, to the east entrance of world renowned Yosemite 

National Park. Mono Lake is among the oldest lakes in North America and one of the most 

productive and fascinating ecosystems in the world. In 1984, the U.S. Congress established the 

concept of the national scenic area, and designated the Mono Basin National Scenic Area, the first 

in U.S. history. The Mono Basin-Lee Vining Place also includes the Hoover and Ansel Adams 

Wildernesses and the Harvey Monroe Hall Research Natural Area. The high desert environment 

harbors a thriving but fragile ecosystem of interdependent plant and animal species, some 

endemic to Mono Lake. The higher elevation areas, west and south of Mono Lake have been 

designated inventoried roadless areas. The Place is the historic native land of Northern Paiute, 

and is valued for traditional gooseberry gathering locations. Access to most of the Lee Vining 

canyon area is limited due to steep terrain, moraine slopes, and wilderness. Scenic Byway 395 

provides vehicle access north and south through the area. Trails and trailheads provide access into 

wilderness areas, and there are few motorized trails providing access to Mono Lake and other 

dispersed sites. The Place is valued for campgrounds, hiking, backcountry access (including 

snowmobiling and backcountry skiing), fishing, rock climbing, and ice climbing, as well as the 

Interagency Mono Basin Visitor Center. Unique features around Lee Vining and Mono Lake are 

the alkaline meadows that visually blend with the shrublands but are special because they contain 

soils that support rare and at-risk plant species. Riparian areas contain heavy stands of aspen and 

willow with some conifers and spectacular meadows. 

Desired Conditions (MA-MONO-DC)

01 The Mono Basin-Lee Vining Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a 

natural appearing tourism destination landscape with a management emphasis on 

continuing to provide visitors with a sense of wildness and remoteness experience. Areas 

of dispersed use are managed to maintain the recreation opportunity spectrum. The trail 

system is aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum, and management actions 

focus on supporting the dramatic viewsheds. Locations of cultural and tribal value are 

enhanced via management actions to sustain landscape resiliency. Special use permits are 

authorized that align with the recreation opportunity spectrum and achieving the desired 

conditions of the place. Filming opportunities are authorized that encourage responsible 

use and stewardship of public lands. Opportunities for research are sustained, with an 

emphasis on those that support developing adaptive management responses within the 

place. Outfitter and guide services promote the roles, contributions and sense of the place 

and support meeting the needs of the recreation opportunity spectrum with the agency 

and partners. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support and 

enhance the scenery setting. Utilities are considered if their location will not limit the 

achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Management actions are 

aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and sense of the 

place. Development in the Mono Basin-Lee Vining Place is aligned with the recreation 

opportunity spectrum and scenery management system, and managed and adapted to 

changing demographics, connectivity to adjacent communities, and supporting the 

connection of people to nature focused on the values of Mono Lake. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

76 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Owens River Headwaters Place 

The Owens River Headwaters Place is a wildlands type place; a natural-evolving, remote, high 

elevation wilderness landscape. This place consists entirely of designated wilderness and is 

characterized by dramatic high peaks, rocky outcrops, and glacial lakes with opportunities for 

visitor solitude. The western portion of the Owens River Headwaters Place (60 percent) is part of 

the Ansel Adams Wilderness, and the eastern area is both Owens River Headwaters Wilderness 

and designated inventoried roadless areas. Elevations range from 8,000 feet to 12,000 feet. The 

place is valued for hiking, dispersed camping and backcountry skiing. There is a small network of 

hiking trails in the Ansel Adams Wilderness, including the Pacific Crest Trail. The headwaters of 

various named streams are located here including the wild sections of Owens River, a California 

designated Wild and Scenic River. This area is historic native land of the Owens Valley Paiute 

and the Northern Paiute and is valued for gathering sites. 

Desired Conditions (MA-OWEN-DC)

01 The Owens River Headwaters Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as 

a remote, backcountry wilderness area with a management emphasis on continuing to 

provide visitors with a sense and experience of solitude, wildness and remoteness. Areas 

of dispersed use are managed to maintain the recreation opportunity spectrum. Locations 

of cultural and tribal value are enhanced via management actions to sustain landscape 

resiliency. The trail system is aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum and 

management actions focus on sustaining the wilderness character of the place. Outfitter 

and guide services promote the roles, contributions and sense of the place and support 

meeting the needs of the recreation opportunity spectrum with the agency and partners. 

Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support and enhance the scenery 

setting.

Owens Valley Escarpment Place 

The High Country Place is a high country type place; a natural-appearing landscape with 

concentrated recreation pockets. The jagged ridgeline atop the Sierra Crest creates a spectacular 

backdrop for the Owens Valley, the communities of Lone Pine and Independence, and Scenic 

Byway 395. The High Country Place extends from Big Pine Creek in the north to Wonoga Peak 

in the south. The majority of this area is located within the John Muir Wilderness with prominent 

features being the eastern Sierra escarpment with its many peaks over 13,000-14,000 feet, 

including Mt. Whitney, and numerous canyons. Each canyon is characterized by the dramatic 

change in landscape character from the expansive shrub land views of the Owens Valley, into the 

sheltered and cavernous High Forests at the edge of the John Muir Wilderness. This place draws 

people from all over the world, and is highly valued for breathtaking scenery. Trails located in 

this place provide backcountry access to the Sierra National Forest and Sequoia and Kings 

Canyon National Parks. The Owens Valley Escarpment is valued for concentrated recreation 

areas, with popular roads and campgrounds, as well as wilderness access points. Recreation 

values include camping, backpacking, fishing, hiking, day-use, as well as rock climbing and back 

country skiing in high elevations.

Desired Conditions (MA-OESC-DC)

01 The Owens Valley Escarpment Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as 

a natural-appearing landscape with pockets of high-quality concentrated recreation with a 

management emphasis on dispersed recreation experiences. Areas of dispersed use are 

managed to maintain the recreation opportunity spectrum. The road system supports 

delivery and staging to non-motorized trailheads used for wilderness day and overnight 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 77

for the Inyo National Forest 

use. The trail system is aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum and 

management actions focus on maintaining the remoteness of the place. Special use 

permits are authorized that align with the recreation opportunity spectrum and achieving 

the desired conditions of the place. Filming opportunities are authorized that encourage 

responsible use and stewardship of public lands. Outfitter and guide services promote the 

roles, contributions and sense of the place, and support meeting the needs of the 

recreation opportunity spectrum with the agency and partners. Scenic character is 

sustained by resilient landscapes that support and enhance the scenery setting and 

wilderness characteristics of the place. Utilities are considered if their location will not 

limit the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Management 

actions are aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and 

sense of the place. Development in the place is aligned with the recreation opportunity 

spectrum and scenery management system, and managed and adapted to changing 

demographics, connectivity to adjacent communities, and supporting the connection of 

people to nature.

Pizona Place 

Pizona Place is a dispersed type place; a natural appearing backcountry, remote non-wilderness. 

This isolated portion of the forest begins six miles east of Mono Lake and extends into Nevada, 

with low rolling hills, mostly comprised of pinyon woodland and shrublands but contains 

occasional springs. The Pizona Place offers unobstructed views and a sense of discovery. This 

place is valued by tribes. A distinguishing feature of this area is the existence of a population of 

wild horses. Recreation use is extremely limited, consisting of commercial outfitter-guide 

operations, an occasional hunter or OHV use. 

Desired Conditions (MA-PIZN-DC)

01 The Pizona Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a backcountry area 

with a management emphasis on continuing to provide visitors with a sense of 

remoteness. Locations of cultural and tribal value are enhanced via management actions 

to sustain landscape resiliency. Outfitter and guide services promote the roles, 

contributions and sense of the place and support meeting the needs of the recreation 

opportunity spectrum with the agency and partners. Utilities are considered if their 

location will not limit the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. 

Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support and enhance the scenery 

setting. Management actions are aligned with recreation opportunity spectrum and the 

roles, contributions and sense of the place. Development in the Pizona Place is aligned 

with the recreation opportunity spectrum and scenery management system, and managed 

and adapted to changing demographics, connectivity to adjacent communities, and 

supporting the connection of people to nature.

Reds Meadow-Fish Creek Place 

Reds Meadow-Fish Creek Place is a wildlands type place; a natural-appearing landscape with 

concentrated recreation pockets, and backcountry access characterized by u-shaped valleys, steep 

precipitous slopes, basaltic outcrops and cinder cones. It is located on the back side of Mammoth 

Mountain and is known for: Reds and Agnew Meadows; access to the Devils Postpile National 

Monument and the Wilderness areas; the Minarets, a distinctive “needle-like” rock formation; 

Minaret Falls; and the headwaters of the Middle Fork of the San Joaquin River. Reds MeadowFish Creek Place is valued for its heavily used trailheads access the expansive Ansel Adams and 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

78 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

John Muir Wildernesses, and provide opportunity for rock climbing, backpacking, trail riding, 

day hiking, and riverfront camping. 

Desired Conditions (MA-REDS-DC)

01 The Reds Meadow-Fish Creek Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as 

a natural-appearing landscape with pockets of high-quality concentrated recreation and 

backcountry access. Areas of high use are managed for a quality experience for visitors. 

Areas of dispersed use are managed to maintain the recreation opportunity spectrum. The 

road system supports delivery and staging to high use trailheads. Special use permits are 

authorized that align with the recreation opportunity spectrum and achieving the desired 

conditions of the place. Filming opportunities are authorized that encourage responsible 

use and stewardship of public lands. Recreation residences do not limit the recreation 

opportunity spectrum and do not generate resource impacts. Recreation residence permits 

are considered for discontinuation if such actions would promote the roles, contributions 

and sense of the place. Utilities are considered if their location will not limit the 

achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Outfitter and guide 

services promote the roles, contributions and sense of the place and support meeting the 

needs of the recreation opportunity spectrum with the agency and partners. Private 

inholdings are considered for land exchange if those activities promote the roles, 

contributions and sense of the place. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes 

that support and enhance the scenery setting. Management actions are aligned with 

recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and sense of the place. 

Development in the Reds Meadow-Fish Creek Place is aligned with the recreation 

opportunity spectrum and scenery management system, and managed and adapted to 

changing demographics, connectivity to adjacent communities, and supporting the 

connection of people to nature. 

Upper Owens River Place 

Upper Owens River Place is a dispersed use type of place; a natural-appearing cultural setting 

with views of Mammoth Mountain and Minaret Summit, viewed from a high concentration of 

paved and unpaved roads through sagebrush flats, including Scenic Byway Highway 395. This 

place is located immediately above, and to the northwest of Lake Crowley. Included are the subdrainages of Deadman Creek, Little Hot Creek, Dry Creek, and portions of Hot Creek. Prominent 

features include Lookout Mountain, Deer Mountain, Smokey Bear Flat, Little Antelope Valley 

and Deadman and Inyo Craters. Scenic Byway Highway 395 traverses this place north and south. 

The mineral rich volcanic landscape has numerous hot springs with elevation ranging roughly 

from 7000 feet to 9000 feet.

Land along Owens River and Hot Creek, (about 10 percent of this place) is owned by the Los 

Angeles Department of Water and Power, and another 10 percent is privately owned. The upper 

portion of the Owens River is National Forest System land and is federally designated as a 

national wild and scenic river (WSR). Most of the few developed recreation areas are located 

along Upper Owens River. This place is valued for its touring, some motorized trails, and a large 

network of non-motorized trails that are also used as winter snow trails. Recreation values include 

cross-country skiing and snowmobiling, access to resort skiing at Mammoth Mountain, fishing on 

the Owens River, rock climbing, OHV use, scenery viewing, hot springs use, and picnic site use. 

Desired Conditions (MA-UPOW-DC)
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 79

for the Inyo National Forest 

01 The Upper Owens River Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a 

natural-appearing cultural landscape with dispersed summer and winter recreation with a 

management emphasis balanced between dispersed and developed recreation 

opportunities. Areas of high use are managed to a quality experience for visitors. Areas of 

dispersed use are managed to maintain the recreation opportunity spectrum. The trail 

system is aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum and management actions 

focus on supporting a balance of dispersed and developed recreation. Special use permits 

are authorized that align with the recreation opportunity spectrum and achieving the 

desired conditions of the place. Filming opportunities are authorized that encourage 

responsible use and stewardship of public lands. Recreation residences do not limit the 

recreation opportunity spectrum and do not generate resource impacts. Recreation 

residence permits are considered for discontinuation if such actions would promote the 

roles, contributions and sense of the place. Outfitter and guide services promote the roles, 

contributions and sense of the place and support meeting the needs of the recreation 

opportunity spectrum with the agency and partners. Private inholdings are considered for 

land exchange if those activities promote the roles, contributions and sense of the place. 

Recreation along the Owens River is managed to preserve the scenic qualities of the river. 

Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support and enhance the scenery 

setting. Utilities are considered if their location will not limit the achievement of the 

roles, contributions and sense of the place. Management actions are aligned with 

recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions and sense of the place. 

Development in Upper Owens River Place is aligned with the recreation opportunity 

spectrum and scenery management system, and managed and adapted to changing 

demographics, connectivity to adjacent communities, and supporting the connection of 

people to nature.

White Mountains Place 

The White Mountains Place is a wildlands type place; offering superb scenery and remoteness in 

a challenging setting of deep canyons and windy plateaus with expansive views across the largest 

expanse of rare alpine tundra in the western United States. Several distinctive, long distance and 

high elevation motorized opportunities exist. Prominent features include the iconic Bristlecone 

Pine Forest, home of the oldest living tree, and Boundary Peak, the tallest peak in Nevada. The 

White Mountains are one of the largest and highest desert mountain ranges in North America. 

Cottonwood Creek is a designated wild and scenic river. There are more than 1,000 native species 

and varieties of plants, residing in plant communities that range from desert scrub to alpine. The 

White Mountains Place is valued for the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest; research opportunities; 

motorized touring opportunities, hiking access to White Mountain peak, hunting, dispersed use, 

developed camping and the White Mountain Visitor Center; all of which provide a sense of 

wildness and remoteness. 

Desired Conditions (MA-WHIT-DC)

01 The White Mountain Place recreation setting and opportunities are sustained as a remote, 

backcountry area with a management emphasis on continuing to provide visitors with a 

wildness and remoteness experience. Developed sites and infrastructure are rustic in 

nature and support the visitor experience. Access and overnight accommodation support 

recreation opportunities in the high elevation country near the south end of this place.

Opportunities for research are sustained. Recreation opportunities, including motorized 

use, hiking, and hunting, are also sustained. Utilities are considered if their location will 

not limit the achievement of the roles, contributions and sense of the place. Management 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

80 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

actions are aligned with the recreation opportunity spectrum and the roles, contributions 

and sense of the place. Scenic character is sustained by resilient landscapes that support 

and enhance the scenery setting.

Designated Areas 

A designated area is an area or feature identified and managed to maintain its unique special 

character or purpose. Designated areas are either statutorily or administratively designated, 

pursuant to statute, regulation, or policy. Examples of statutorily designated areas include 

wilderness areas, national scenic trails, and wild and scenic rivers. Examples of administratively 

designated areas are experimental forests, research natural areas, scenic byways, botanical areas, 

and significant caves. Where multiple designated areas overlap, the designated area with the most 

restrictive plan components must be followed. A map of all statutorily designated areas can be 

viewed in Figure 13, appendix A. 

Wilderness 

Congress has designated nine wilderness areas that are either in whole or in part within the Inyo 

National Forest’s administrative boundary and managed by the Forest Service. These wilderness 

areas comprise about 46 percent of the forest. They include the Ansel Adams Wilderness (shared 

with the Sierra National Forest), Golden Trout Wilderness (shared with the Sequoia National 

Forest), Hoover Wilderness (shared with the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest), Inyo Mountains 

Wilderness, John Muir Wilderness (shared with the Sierra), Owens River Headwaters Wilderness, 

South Sierra Wilderness (shared with the Sequoia), Boundary Peak and White Mountains 

Wilderness. Plan components for wilderness areas are organized under the wilderness 

management area section above. In addition to these nine wilderness areas, approximately 3,000 

acres of the Inyo National Forest is within Granite Mountain Wilderness, which is managed by 

the Bureau of Land Management.

Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area 

Congress designated the Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area to protect geologic, ecologic 

and cultural resources within the 116,274 acre scenic area. The legislation which designated this 

area also specified that management would provide for recreation use and interpretive facilities, 

such as trails and campgrounds, and permit full use for scientific study or research. The Mono 

Basin National Forest Scenic Area is managed following direction in the Mono Basin Scenic Area 

Management Plan.

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

Congress designated three wild and scenic rivers that are either in whole or in part on the Inyo 

National Forest: the north and south forks of the Kern Wild and Scenic River (shared with the 

Sequoia National Forest and Sequoia Kings Canyon National Park), Cottonwood Creek Wild and 

Scenic River (shared with Bureau of Land Management), and the Owens River Headwaters Wild 

and Scenic River. Plan components for wild and scenic river segments on the Inyo National 

Forest are organized under the wild and scenic river management area section above. 

Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest (National Protection Area) 

In 2009, Congress designated the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest within the Omnibus Public 

Land Management Act. This act designated the original, Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest Special 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 81

for the Inyo National Forest 

Interest Area that was administratively established in 1958. This 28,978 acre area was established 

to protect the bristlecone pines for public enjoyment and scientific study. 

Desired Conditions (DA-ABPF-DC)

01 Individual specimens and stands of ancient trees and remnant pieces of wood, which are 

of known scientific and/or aesthetic value, are maintained within the natural range of 

variation.

02 Natural processes are slow and proceed generally unhampered to maintain the majority of 

the area in its near natural condition, especially in the bristlecone pine stands and other 

ecologically significant areas.

Standards (DA-ABPF-STD) 

01 The Forest Supervisor must approve the use of heavy equipment or fire retardant 

chemicals for controlling fires. 

02 Construct interpretive trails, observation areas, visitor contact facilities, and parking areas 

at locations that do not impact major known scientific study sites. 

Guidelines (DA-ABPF-GDL) 

01 Allow management practices that do not threaten the vegetative condition for which the 

area was established.

02 Wood remnants should not be removed except for scientific, research or museum 

specimens.

03 Soil or watercourses should not be modified except to restore damaged areas to a natural 

condition or to control or prevent erosion.

Potential Management Approaches

Acquire all non-federal lands.

Place existing utilities underground if technically feasible.

Suitability (DA-ABPF-SUIT) 

01 New above ground utility rights of ways are not suitable.

02 Timber harvesting and fuelwood gathering is not suitable.

03 Construction of overnight camping facilities is not suitable. 

04 Overnight dispersed recreation use is not suitable.

05 Cross country over snow vehicle travel is not suitable.

06 Ski areas are not suitable.

07 Commercial enterprise sites and major utility corridors are not suitable.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

82 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

08 Commercial harvesting of non-timber forest products is not suitable.

09 Mineral resources exploration and development is not suitable.

Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail 

In 1968, Congress designated the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail. The Pacific Crest Trail is a 

continuous long distance trail from the Mexican border near Campo, California to the Canadian 

Border at Boundary Monument 78 near Manning Provincial Park, Canada. The Inyo National 

Forest manages 80 miles of the Pacific Crest Trail, 96 percent of which are in wilderness. 

The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Comprehensive Plan was signed in 1982 by the Chief of 

the Forest Service; national forests are expected to integrate the direction and guidance provided 

by this plan into their land management planning process. Plan components for the Pacific Crest 

Trail are organized under the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail management area section above. 

To ensure the conservation of the Pacific Crest Trails nationally significant wild, scenic, natural, 

and heritage resources, and to maximize its intended recreation opportunities, the trail’s entire 

length, together with sufficient land area on both sides to safeguard and preserve its character, 

should be publically owned, permanently protected, and managed as a single entity across 

jurisdictions. The investment of citizen stewards offers another critical thread of continuity from 

Mexico to Canada. The Pacific Crest Trail experience should favor panoramic views of 

undisturbed landscapes in an uncrowded, non-mechanized, quiet and predominantly natural 

environment. It should feature diverse untrammeled ecosystems and historic high country 

landmarks, while avoiding, as much as possible, road crossings, private operations, and other 

signs of modern development. Trail facilities such as campsites, water sources and other 

amenities for hiker and pack-and-saddle use should be simple. 

Inventoried Roadless Areas 

Inventoried roadless areas are designated by the Secretary of Agriculture. About 26 percent of the 

Inyo National Forest has been designated as inventoried roadless areas, as governed by the 

Roadless Area Conservation Rule (36 CFR 294 Subpart B). The Roadless Area Conservation 

Rule and Forest Service policy guide and restrict management activities within inventoried 

roadless areas. Subject to the restrictions imposed by the Rule, forestwide plan components apply 

to inventoried roadless areas. 

National Recreation Trails 

The Secretary of Agriculture has designated three national recreation trails on the Inyo National 

Forest: the Whitney Portal, Discovery, and Methuselah National Recreation Trails. The Whitney 

Portal National Recreation Trail was established to protect the historic and scenic values of the 

original trail between the town of Lone Pine and the summit of Mount Whitney. The Discovery 

and Methuselah National Recreation Trails are located within the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest.

Desired Conditions (DA-NRT-DC)

01 National recreation trails meet the intended goals and preserve the values and recreation 

opportunities for which they were established.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 83

for the Inyo National Forest 

02 The trail setting provides a variety of opportunities that complement the existing 

recreation opportunity spectrum class where the trail segment is located.

Guidelines (DA-NRT-GDL) 

01 Management activities within the foreground views from the trail should be designed to 

meet a scenic integrity objective at least as high as shown on the minimum scenic 

integrity map. Management activities in the middle and background should meet or 

exceed a scenic integrity objective of at least moderate. As appropriate, include scenery 

management considerations in special use permits that affect national recreation trails.

02 During management activities, maintain safe public access to national recreation trails if 

practicable.

03 National recreation trails should be managed consistent with trail management objectives 

and the maintenance standards for trail class and managed use.

Research Natural Areas 

The regional forester with concurrence of the research station director designates research natural 

areas. The purpose of research natural areas is to maintain biological diversity and to contribute to 

a network of representative ecosystems across the nation. Research natural areas are intended to 

provide ecological baseline data, and to be used for education and research that results in 

improved management of all National Forest System lands. 

The Inyo National Forest has seven established research natural areas: Harvey Monroe Hall, 

Indiana Summit, Last Chance Meadow, McAfee, Sentinel Meadow, Whippoorwill Flat, and 

White Mountain Research Natural Area. These research natural areas represent specific target 

elements, including alpine meadows, Sierran mixed subalpine forest, Jeffrey pine, foxtail pine, 

alpine fell-field, lodgepole pine, pinyon-juniper, and bristlecone pine. Management of research 

natural areas is guided by individual management plans and/or by direction provided in the Forest 

Service Manual (FSM 4063).

Standards and guidelines for constraints on fire management activities within research natural 

areas are included under the components for “Fire”.

Desired Conditions (DA-RNA-DC)

01 Research natural areas have excellent examples of the ecological features and values for 

which they were established. They are generally natural appearing, and ecological 

processes such as plant succession, fire, and insect and disease activity function with 

limited human influences. They serve as areas for the study of ecosystems and ecological 

processes, including succession, and as baseline areas for measuring ecological change 

due to disturbances or stressors like climate change.

Standards (DA-RNA-STD) 

01 Where a research natural area is located within a designated wilderness area, follow 

management direction for the research natural area. 

Suitability (DA-RNA-SUIT) 

01 Developed or dispersed recreation sites are not suitable. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

84 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

02 Over snow vehicle travel is not suitable.

03 Timber production or wood gathering is not suitable.

04 Developed facilities are not suitable. 

05 New roads, trails, fences, or signs are not suitable unless they contribute to the objectives 

or protection of the research natural area.

06 Alteration of the groundwater system is not suitable.

07 Sales or extraction of common variety minerals is not suitable. 

08 Livestock grazing is not suitable, except where grazing is essential for the maintenance of 

a specific vegetation types. 

Goals (DA-RNA-GOAL) 

01 All qualified botanical, aquatic and geologic research natural area candidates are 

identified and recommended for establishment. 

Potential Management Approaches 

Allow natural processes to prevail, such as avalanches, floods, fires, wind-events, drought, etc. 

Manage pests only when necessary to preserve the values for which the RNA was established. 

Use prescribed fire where it would preserve the values for which the RNA was established.

Coordinate with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to leave all waterways unstocked. 

Recommend and/or maintain withdrawal from mineral entry.

Scenic Byways 

Two national forest scenic byways have been administratively designated on the Inyo National 

Forest. Lee Vining Canyon Scenic Byway is located along Highway 120, stretching between 

Highway 395, at 6,781 feet in elevation near the town of Lee Vining and Mono Lake, to the 

Yosemite Park entrance. The Ancient Bristlecone Scenic Byway is located along Route 168 and 

Forest Road 4S01; this route rises more than 6,000 feet in elevation from Owens Valley to the 

Patriarch Grove, located within the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest Botanical Special Interest 

Area.

Wild Horse and Burro Territories 

Three administratively designated wild horse and burro territories occur on the Inyo National 

Forest: Montgomery Pass, White Mountain and Saline Valley Wild Horse and Burro Territories. 

These three territories were established with the passage of the Wild Horse and Burro Act of 

1971. Management of wild horse and burro territories is guided by individual management plans.

Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory comprises an area of 207,921 acres in California and 

Nevada, including 65,942 acres on the Inyo National Forest. The remaining territory acres occur 

on the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, and Stillwater and Bishop Field Offices of the Bureau 

of Land Management. It is located east of Mono Lake, in the southern portion of the Excelsior 

Mountains, approximately 37 miles north of Bishop, California. It crosses the north end of the 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 85

for the Inyo National Forest 

White Mountains at Montgomery Pass, and is bounded by State Highway 6 to the southeast. It is 

situated north of State Highway 120 and bounded by Deep Wells Road to the west. The northern 

boundary in Nevada extends from Granite Springs southeasterly to State Highway 10. 

Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory is managed for a wild horse herd size of 138 to 230 

animals. There are no wild burros in this wild horse joint management area.

White Mountain Wild Horse Territory comprises an area of 265,820 acres in California and 

Nevada, including 181,820 acres on the Inyo National Forest. The remaining territory acres are 

associated with the Bureau of Land Management’s Fish Lake Valley Herd Management Area that 

is administered by the Tonopah Field Office in Nevada. White Mountain Wild Horse Territory is 

managed for a wild horse herd size of 70 to 80 animals. The territory runs along the east side of 

the White Mountains crest from Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory, along Highway 6 in the 

north to Highway 168 and Deep Springs in the south. There are no wild burros in this wild horse 

joint management area.

Saline Valley Wild Burro Territory includes 27,721 acres along the eastern slopes of the Inyo 

Mountains and is associated with the Bureau of Land Management’s 23,000 acre WaucobaHunter Mountain Herd Management Area, administered by the Ridgecrest Field Office. This 

burro territory is managed for a small wild burro herd size of 11 animals. The territory

management area borders Death Valley National Park, which is known for its hot and dry terrain. 

A large portion of this joint management area transferred to the National Park Service with 

passage of the California Desert Protection Act in 1994, but is managed by the Bureau of Land 

Management. There are no wild horses present in this wild burro joint management area. 

Recommended Designated Areas

Recommended Wilderness 

The Inyo National Forest has four areas recommended for wilderness designation: 1) White 

Mountains Wilderness Addition (West); 2) White Mountains Wilderness Addition (East); 3) Piper 

Mountain Wilderness Addition; and 4) the South Sierra Wilderness Addition. Plan components 

for recommended wilderness areas are organized under the wilderness management area section 

above. These recommended wilderness areas are mapped in Figure 7, appendix A. 
Draft Revised Forest Plan 86

for the Inyo National Forest 

Plan Objectives

Watershed Conditions 

Forestwide (WTR-FW-OBJ) 

01 Priority watersheds achieve or are moving toward a higher functioning condition class, as 

defined by the national Watershed Condition Framework within 10 years of plan 

approval. 

Terrestrial Ecosystems 

Forestwide (TERR-FW-OBJ) 

01 Increase heterogeneity and restore species composition on 20,000 to 25,000 acres of 

eastside vegetation types within 10 to 15 years following plan approval. 

02 Restore low and moderate severity fire mosaics using prescribed fire on 20,000 to 25,000 

acres within 10 to 15 years following plan approval. 

03 Implement 1 to 5 restoration or maintenance actions to enhance resource availability for 

traditional tribal collection activities (pinyon-nuts, piaga, willows, Kutsavi, acorns, etc.) 

within 10 to 15 years following plan approval. 

Animal and Plant Species 

Sage-grouse Habitat (SPEC-SG-OBJ) 

01 Within 10 years of the plan approval, 1 to 10 percent (1,500 to 14,900 acres) of sagegrouse habitat within and between population management units will be maintained, 

improved or restored to meet sage-grouse priority habitat desired conditions, including 

areas with conifer encroachment (i.e. Jeffrey pine and pinyon-juniper). 

Invasive Species 

Forestwide (INV-FW-OBJ) 

01 Within 10 years of plan approval, take action to eliminate non-native invasive plant 

species on 300 acres 

Riparian Conservation Areas 

RCA-wide (MA-RCA-OBJ) 

01 Restore the structure and composition of 400 to 500 acres in riparian areas within ten 

years following plan approval, emphasizing riparian areas that face the most risk from 

large-scale high intensity fire, past fire exclusion or accelerated flooding events 

associated with climate change.

Meadows (RCA-MEAD-OBJ) 

01 Take action to maintain, enhance, or improve conditions on 5 to 10 meadows of any size, 

within ten years following plan approval.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 87

for the Inyo National Forest 

Rivers and Streams (RCA-RIV-OBJ) 

01 Take action to maintain or restore structure, composition, or function of habitat for 

fisheries and other aquatic species along 10 to 20 stream miles over a 10 year period. 

Timber 

Forestwide (TIMB-FW-OBJ) 

01 Provide approximately 4 to 6 MMCF (20 to 30 MMBF) within 10 years of plan approval 

to contribute to the local forest products infrastructure (see appendix E on timber 

suitability and management).

Sustainable Recreation 

Forestwide (REC-FW-OBJ) 

01 Within 10 years of plan approval, complete fuel treatment restoration activities on 200 

acres at recreation sites that are in areas with a high risk of large, high intensity wildfire. 

02 Within 10 years of plan approval, convert 10 percent of existing recreation sites to group 

sites. 

03 Within 10 years of plan approval, 650 to 800 miles of trails are meeting standard. 

Scenery 

Forestwide (SCEN-FW-OBJ) 

01 Within 10 years of plan approval, improve scenic stability by treating 500 acres of 

vegetation in areas with a high likelihood of large, high intensity wildfire, that depart 

from the natural range of variation.

Cultural Resources 

Forestwide (CULT-FW-OBJ) 

01 Within 10 years of plan approval, generate 5 to 10 cultural resource products such as

significant interpretation; National Register of Historic Places nominations; thematic 

contexts; site management plans; 200 acres or more non-project surveys; development 

and testing of predictive models; establishment of formal cultural resource partnerships; 

and cultural site restoration, stabilization or adaptive reuse. 
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Goals

Air 

Forestwide (AIR-FW-GOAL) 

01 Continue the visibility monitoring program and determine sensitive indicators for each air 

quality-related value in Class I areas of the national forests. Protect air quality-related 

values by reviewing all projects and management activities that may affect those values. 

Review external prevention of significant deterioration source applications and make 

recommendations to permitting authorities.

02 Participate in and support interagency collaborative smoke management, including real 

time smoke monitoring and public messaging to maximize efficiency and relevance of 

monitoring results.

03 Provide early notification to the public about potential smoke from fire activities to 

promote awareness and protect human health and safety. 

04 Support post-fire analysis of smoke impacts as they relate to emissions when they can 

inform refinement of smoke dispersion and transport modeling. Include analytical 

tradeoff and impact information, as appropriate, in public messaging to show smoke 

tradeoffs from large landscape scale fuels treatment projects. 

Watershed Conditions 

Forestwide (WTR-FW-GOAL) 

01 Take a landscape- or watershed-scale approach to restoring aquatic and riparian 

ecosystems, integrating with recreation, fuels, and vegetation management in order to 

efficiently use limited resources, including partnerships, and to effectively address 

climate change.

Terrestrial Ecosystems 

Forestwide (TERR-FW-GOAL)

01 Work cooperatively with researchers and other interested parties who have knowledge of 

past and present local ecological conditions and expertise in appropriate restoration 

measures.

02 Develop a regional whitebark pine conservation and restoration strategy in collaboration 

with other federal agencies, research organizations, and other partners.

Animal and Plant Species 

Forestwide (SPEC-FW-GOAL)

01 Cooperate with private landowners to encourage resource protection on private lands.

02 Collaborate with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife for assessing potential 

disturbance factors to deer during the planning phase of vegetation management projects.
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03 Develop and implement a consistent, systematic, biologically sound program for plant 

species of conservation concern and their habitat so that federal listing does not occur.

04 Work with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (i.e., following the memoranda 

of understanding), Nevada Department of Wildlife, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to 

rehabilitate and maintain essential habitat for species according to species' recovery 

plans. 

Sage-grouse Habitat (SPEC-SG-GOAL) 

01 Participate in collaborative forums such as the executive oversight committee, technical 

advisory committee, and local area working group to ensure agency interests are 

considered and to collaboratively implement the Bi-State Action Plan to further sagegrouse conservation.

Fire 

Forestwide (FIRE-FW-GOAL) 

01 Restore ecosystems to a more fire resilient condition and lessen the threat of wildfire to 

communities.

02 Coordinate with other jurisdictions such as communities, tribes, service providers, and 

federal, state, county and local entities regarding prevention, preparedness, planned 

activities and responses to wildland fires. Notify those agencies about upcoming and 

ongoing fire season and any prescribed fire activity.

03 Help communities become more fire adapted, improving their ability to withstand a fire 

without loss of life and property.

04 Where feasible and suitable, use grazing, mechanical treatment, prescribed fire and/or 

wildfires managed to meet resource objectives to reduce vegetation build-up to lower the 

risk of unwanted wildfire.

05 Provide defensible space as defined by the California Public Resource Code 4291-

Defensible space around structures on administrative sites and structures authorized by 

permit.

06 Use wildfires forest-wide to meet multiple resource management objectives, where and 

when conditions permit and risk is within acceptable limits. 

07 Coordinate with local fire districts in the development of major new structural facilities 

on National Forest System lands. 

Local Communities 

Forestwide (LOC-FW-GOAL) 

01 Develop memoranda of agreements or other protocols between the forest and local 

governments as appropriate to guide coordination processes and reflect local perspectives 

and interests.
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90 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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02 Identify important socioeconomic locations and activities on the forest with interested 

local agencies to promote a common understanding of these important contributions; help 

identify potential projects that may enhance community benefits; and help identify 

mitigation measures that may address adverse impacts to these resources.

03 Work with local governments, businesses, and organizations to collect economic data to 

track changes for businesses in sectors dependent on forest activities. 

Volunteers, Interpretation, Partnerships and Stewardship 

 Forestwide (VIPS-FW-GOAL)

01 Work with neighboring communities, organizations, state and local agencies, tribes, and 

other federal agencies to sustain forest benefits to people across the broader landscape.

02 Regularly report potential projects suitable for partnership and volunteer opportunities to 

the public. 

03 Maintain and expand contracting and partnering opportunities with local governments, 

businesses, and organizations. Develop partnerships that leverage different sources of 

funding to support opportunities to contribute to the economic and social sustainability of 

local communities.

04 Work with partners and volunteers to provide recreation opportunities, maintain and 

enhance recreation settings, collect and manage data on recreation use and demand, and 

contribute to socioeconomic benefits associated with recreation and tourism. 

05 Work with skilled stewardship organizations in managing wilderness, wild and scenic 

rivers, national trails, and other designated areas.

06 Work with partners and volunteers in the coordination, development, and delivery of 

educational and community outreach programs. Actively engage urban populations, 

youth and underserved communities in programs.

07 Work with partners and volunteers to prioritize and complete deferred maintenance and to 

engage in resource stewardship and restoration.

08 Work with site stewards, volunteers, tribal governments, local governments, state and 

federal agencies, schools and universities and non-profit groups to protect, rehabilitate 

and restore cultural resource sites and facilitate development of research, educational and 

interpretive opportunities.

09 Develop heritage tourism opportunities with tribal governments, local organizations, and 

businesses to provide an economic benefit to the community, while fostering long-term 

sustainability of cultural resources.

Timber 

Forestwide (TIMB-FW-GOAL) 

01 After disturbances occur on lands identified as suitable for timber production, and when 

funding is available, adequately restock these areas within 5 years of salvage harvest, if 

applicable, or, when salvage harvest is not used, within 5 years of site preparation.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 91

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Range 

Forestwide (RANG-FW-GOAL) 

01 Provide grazing tenure to lend stability to the local livestock raising community and 

established ranching operations. 

02 Coordinate with the Bureau of Land Management for administrating shared grazing 

allotments. 

Sustainable Recreation 

Forestwide (REC-FW-GOAL) 

01 Link a broad variety of transportation systems, including bikeways, to connect people to 

nature, improve personal health, and increase access for underserved communities, 

minorities and urban youth. 

02 To the extent practical, harmonize recreation direction for forest visitors to minimize 

confusion when crossing administrative boundaries.

03 Continue to coordinate with the National Park Service to share administrative and fiscal 

responsibility for the existing shuttle system to Red Meadows.

04 Coordinate with other agencies for the development and maintenance needed to provide 

parking opportunities for snow play and Nordic skiing.

Scenery 

Forestwide (SCEN-FW-GOAL)

01 The Forest Service works with other agencies and adjacent landowners to maintain 

shared vistas.

Tribal Relations and Uses 

Forestwide (TRIB-FW-GOAL) 

01 Manage the land in a spirit of shared stewardship with tribes, supporting tribal rights and 

recognizing the mutual benefits of restoration.

02 Partner with tribes to contribute to the socioeconomic sustainability of tribal 

communities.

03 Develop memoranda of agreements or other protocols between the forests and Native 

American tribes as appropriate to guide consultation processes, reflect tribes’ particular 

perspectives and interests, and protect sacred sites.

04 Meet regularly with tribes to better understand their needs and viewpoints. Promote the 

use of forest-hosted tribal forums and events, as well as attendance at tribally-hosted 

meetings and events, as a method to ensure consistent contact, consultation and 

collaboration.
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92 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Potential Management Approaches

Management approaches describe the principal strategies and program priorities the Inyo 

National Forest intends to employ to carry out projects and activities under the land management 

plan. Management approaches may discuss potential processes such as analysis, assessment, 

inventory, project planning or monitoring. 

Air 

Include smoke tradeoff evaluation in project level planning comparing local (e.g., prescribed fire) 

and regional (e.g., wildfire) scales. Use existing scientific information on large wildfire 

emissions. Consider downwind communities at the local and regional scale.

Watershed Conditions 

Cooperate with federal, tribal, state and local governments to secure in-stream flows needed to 

maintain, recover, and restore riparian resources, channel conditions, and aquatic habitat during 

all basic Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, state and other authorized water use planning, 

water rights, and relicensing on the national forests. Coordinate relicensing projects with the 

appropriate state and federal agencies. Provide written and timely license conditions to the 

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

Terrestrial Ecosystems 

To protect old forest components from uncharacteristic fire, prioritize restoration in key old forest 

areas. Methods of protecting existing old forest components on the landscape may include 

thinning, selective harvest, prescribed fire and wildfires managed to meet resource objectives.

To perpetuate old forest components, encourage the development of old forest conditions in areas 

where old forest is lacking. Restore patchiness within stands and sustain large black oak trees, 

pine tree regeneration, and snags over time.

During post-fire restoration projects, consider the availability of complex early-seral forests 

across the forest and region to provide for ecological conditions needed by complex early seral 

wildlife species. This includes retaining areas of dense and connected patches of snags across a 

range of snag sizes; naturally regenerating vegetation; adjacent or intermixed burned and 

unburned areas; or areas with moderate to high tree survival. 

Promote native vegetation (e.g., conifers, hardwoods, shrubs) in complex early-seral habitat that 

supports long term ecosystem integrity considering climate change, drought, insects, disease and 

fire.

Projects in sagebrush should prioritize restoration treatment to remove trees from shrublands, 

which include recent expansion areas of pinyon and juniper into sagebrush ecosystems and other 

adjacent shrublands. 

Animal and Plant Species 

Sage-grouse Habitat 

Continue coordination and communication with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 

Nevada Department of Wildlife and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service during project 

development for all projects occurring within sage-grouse habitat.
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 93

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Prevention of unwanted fire in priority habitat can be accomplished through managing sagebrush 

systems to be resilient, implementing proactive fire prevention and limiting cheatgrass expansion.

An adaptive management strategy shall be used when conducting vegetation treatments within 

sage-grouse habitat. Treatment methods and intensities will be determined based on the results of 

past treatments as information from those past treatments becomes available. If the results of past 

treatments show that those treatments have caused an increase in non-native annual grasses and 

poor sagebrush recruitment, further treatments within sage-grouse habitat will not adhere to the 

same prescription.

When a right-of-way is no longer in use, relinquish the right-of-way and reclaim the site by 

removing power lines, reclaiming roads and removing other infrastructure.

Where sage-grouse habitat is being degraded due to wild horse and burro use, determine sitespecific measures to improve or restore sage-grouse habitat. 

Bighorn Sheep 

If reintroduced bighorn sheep establish themselves in drainages outside the reintroduction sites, 

take advantage of opportunities to extend bighorn sheep range, consistent with other resource 

activities.

Sierra Marten

Maintain or increase understory heterogeneity in marten denning habitat to promote “hiding

cover” such as shrub patches, coarse woody debris, and slash piles following vegetation 

treatments. Design projects to have non-linear edges.

Invasive Species 

Work with tribes to determine priority areas for weed prevention and control, especially focused 

on traditional gathering areas that are threatened by weed infestations. Consult with tribes before 

using pesticides or herbicides that may affect traditional gathering.

Coordinate with research and other organizations to evaluate the potential effects of climate 

change on the spread of invasive, non-native species.

Fire 

Prior to and during the fire season, assess conditional thresholds under which desired conditions 

can be met for the strategic fire management zones (see management areas section in this 

chapter). Work with tribes and adjacent landowners to identify areas and resources of value 

considered in the assessments. 

Assess human-caused ignitions and implement prevention activities that reduce the likelihood of 

the most common human-caused ignition sources.

Work with adjacent land management agencies to identify methods to reduce costs and increase 

effectiveness in restoring fire to the landscape. 

Prioritize fuel treatments in areas that pose the greatest threat to communities and highly valued 

resources. 
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

94 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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During ecological restoration treatments, reduce fuels along ridges, roads, or other natural or 

man-made features to aid in the use of large prescribed fires and in managing wildfire, including 

wildfires managed to meet resource objectives. 

Integrate terrestrial ecosystem desired conditions into spatial patterns for fuel reduction 

treatments. Incorporate heterogeneity by increasing variation in tree spacing, enhancing tree 

clumps, creating canopy gaps, promoting fire resilient tree species, increasing the ratio of large to 

small trees, and using topographic variation (e.g. slope, aspect, and position) to guide treatment 

prescriptions.

Volunteers, Interpretation, Partnerships and Stewardship 

Assess partnership needs and develop priorities to meet those needs using the strategies and tools 

described in appendix C. 

Develop a partnership and volunteer strategy to define the types of projects suitable for 

partnership and volunteer opportunities, potential partners and volunteers, and the mechanisms 

for developing partnerships and volunteer agreements. 

Provide visitor information services at major entry points and areas of concentrated use.

Provide and update interpretive signage, wayside exhibits, publications and programs using a 

variety of media and methods.

Develop bi-lingual communication tools including publications, information boards and radio 

spots.

Emphasize geothermal resources at interpretive sites or in guides where appropriate.

Provide information to Nordic trail users on potential risks from landslide and seismic processes.

Timber 

Encourage use of small trees and wood biomass to support a variety of potential uses.

Develop landscape scale projects to increase the pace and scale of ecological restoration, 

ecosystem resilience and fire resilience, and to protect the carbon carrying capacity of the forest.

Plan vegetation, fuels, and other restoration projects across large landscape areas (e.g., greater 

than 5,000 to 10,000 acres), when it can increase efficiency in planning and support partnershipbased approaches, such as stewardship contracts.

Range 

Ensure that the most intensive management strategies, such as water developments and fencing, 

occur on primary range that is less than 30 percent slope. 

Sustainable Recreation 

Use integrated resource planning during projects to respond to changing conditions in recreation 

settings.

Use management strategies to mitigate recreation use and resource conflicts (appendix D).
Chapter 3. Management Strategy 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 95

for the Inyo National Forest 

Coordinate with other agencies for the development and maintenance needed to provide parking 

opportunities for snow play and Nordic skiing. 

Provide information to Nordic trail users on potential risks from landslide and seismic processes.

Coordinate trail construction, rerouting, improvement and maintenance with cooperating or 

affected agencies. 

Encourage mass transit opportunities to major recreational destinations.

Scenery 

Use integrated resource planning during projects to respond to changing scenery conditions 

affecting scenic character and integrity.

Scenic character is sustained by perpetuating and improving scenic attributes through ecological 

restoration activities that improve scenic stability and integrity.

Minimize visible lines in landscape areas where vegetation is removed for management 

objectives. Cleared areas will include edges that reflect the visual character of naturally occurring 

vegetation openings.

In vegetation treatment and fuels reduction projects, consider improving scenery resources, 

especially in areas that do not meet established scenic integrity objectives.

Tribal Relations and Uses 

Provide training to forest employees about federal tribal trust responsibilities and ways in which 

the forest honors and implements these responsibilities.

Consider employee exchange opportunities between the Forest Service and tribes under service 

first agreements or other mechanisms. Provide forest staff with detail opportunities to work with 

tribes, and provide tribal staff opportunities to work with the agency, to increase reciprocal 

understanding and promote use of tribal programs and legislation that is mutually beneficial.

Cultural Resources 

To protect sites from physical damage and excessive wear and tear, consider user education, 

restrictions and visitation controls.

Geology and Minerals 

For each common variety materials site, prepare a development and rehabilitation plan prior to 

development and use. 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 97

for the Inyo National Forest 

Chapter 4. Design Criteria

Standards

Watershed Conditions 

Forestwide (WTR-FW-STD) 

01 Use best management practices as described in agency technical guides and handbooks to 

minimize adverse impacts to soils and water resources during the planning and 

implementation of forest activities.

02 Minimize the effects of stream diversions or other flow modifications on at-risk species, 

and other beneficial uses, during all basic Federal Energy Regulatory Commission , state 

and other authorized water use planning, water rights, and relicensing on the national 

forests. Determine and recommend in-stream flow requirements and habitat conditions 

that maintain, enhance, or restore all life stages of native aquatic species, and that 

maintain or restore riparian resources, channel integrity and aquatic passage. 

03 For exempt hydroelectric facilities on national forest lands, ensure that special use permit 

language provides adequate in stream flow requirements to maintain, restore, or recover 

favorable ecological conditions for local riparian- and aquatic-dependent species.

Terrestrial Ecosystems 

Forestwide (TERR-FW-STD) 

01 For mechanical thinning harvests specifically designed to treat fuels, and/or control stand 

densities, within the wildfire restoration and maintenance zones, retain all live conifer 

trees 30 inches in diameter or larger, except to meet the needs for equipment operability. 

Xeric Shrub/Blackbrush (TERR-XER-STD) 

01 Restoration projects in xeric shrub and blackbrush must include design measures to avoid 

damage to biological soil crusts.

Special Habitats (TERR-SH-STD) 

01 At the project scale, consider special habitats during project design.

Animal and Plant Species 

Sage-grouse Habitat (SPEC-SG-STD) 

01 Habitat restoration projects for the sage-grouse shall be designed to meet one or more of 

the following habitat needs:

 Promote the maintenance of extensive, intact sagebrush communities;

 Limit the expansion or dominance of invasive species, including cheatgrass, as 

well as the expansion of pine species, including pinyon-juniper and Jeffrey pine;
Chapter 4. Design Criteria 

98 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

 Maintain or improve soil site stability, hydrologic function, and biological 

integrity; and

 Enhance the native plant community.

02 For habitat restoration projects for the sage-grouse, implement measures to improve 

suitability of breeding or brood rearing habitat. 

03 Within sage-grouse habitat, ensure that habitat restoration activities, vegetation 

treatments, or other authorized uses on the forest, maintain or move toward vegetation 

desired conditions for sage- grouse. Short term (1 to 10 year) impacts are allowed to 

deviate from these habitat standards, if the long term (10 to 30 years) project objective is 

to achieve desired conditions.

04 Mitigate long-term negative impacts to sage-grouse habitat from activities, to the extent 

practicable and within agency authority. 

05 Require site-specific project mitigation if needed to insure no net loss of habitat within 

the Inyo National Forest due to project disturbance. 

06 Establish a limiting operating period for the sage-grouse breeding season (which current 

best available science indicates is March 1 to May 15) within suitable breeding habitat for 

any activities that would cause disturbances during this time. These dates can be adjusted 

based on current nesting conditions or risk assessment.

07 Establish a limiting operating period for the sage-grouse nesting season (which current 

best available science indicates is May 1 to June 15) within suitable nesting habitat for 

any activities which would lead to disturbances during this time. These dates can be 

adjusted based on current nesting conditions or risk assessment.

08 Following direction under the forest-wide range utilization standards, establish key areas 

(appendix F) in meadow or upland habitats, where absent in occupied sage-grouse 

habitat. 

09 Within sage-grouse priority habitat, use genetically and climatically appropriate plant and 

seed material when seeding the area.

10 Tall structures, which could serve as predator perches, will not be authorized within four 

miles of an active lek. Anti-perching devices shall be installed on any new structure or 

power line within four miles of an active lek. During the permit renewal process, existing 

powerlines and other utility structures within four miles of active leks will be retro-fitted 

with perch-deterring devices.

11 All fences and other barriers constructed or replaced within 1.2 miles of a known lek, 

must be let-down fences and/or marked with fence markers.

12 Manage permitted watering facilities to prevent drowning or entrapment and provide 

mosquito control to reduce the risk of creating a vector for diseases. 

13 Do not locate new proposed salting, supplemental feeding locations, livestock watering 

and handling facilities on sage-grouse leks.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 99

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Bighorn Sheep (SPEC-SHP-STD) 

01 Do not increase existing livestock use if the increase is shown to be deleterious to 

bighorn sheep populations.

Invasive Species 

Forestwide (INV-FW-STD) 

01 When working in water bodies with known aquatic invasive species, clean equipment and 

vehicles before moving to other water bodies.

Fire 

Forestwide (FIRE-FW-STD) 

01 Fire management actions and any subsequent suppression within research natural areas 

must be planned and carried out in consultation with the forest research natural area 

coordinator and the fire resource advisor. 

Timber 

Forestwide (TIMB-FW-STD) 

01 Following regulated regeneration harvest (e.g., group selection) on lands identified as 

suitable for timber production, create and maintain planting environments that favor 

seedling survival and rapid growth rates, facilitate early and periodic use of fire to reduce 

future wildfire-related mortality, and provide sufficient tree numbers to meet a variety of 

ecosystem services, including forest products and carbon storage. A site-specific 

silvicultural prescription will be designed to ensure that lands are adequately restocked 

within 5 years of a regeneration harvest (see appendix E for stocking criteria).

02 In response to wildfire, windthrow, insects, pathogens, or other disturbance occurring on 

lands identified as suitable for timber production, create and maintain planting 

environments that favor seedling survival and rapid growth rates, facilitate early and 

periodic use of fire to reduce future wildfire-related mortality, and provide sufficient tree 

numbers to provide a variety of ecosystem services, including forest products and carbon 

storage.

03 Prohibit commercial collection of pine nuts or piuga, dried Pandora moth larvae, on the 

Inyo National Forest. 

Range 

Forestwide (RANG-FW-STD) 

01 Rangeland utilization standards must follow direction provided in appendix F. 

02 Issue crossing permits, to cross National Forest System land, on a case-by-case basis for 

established routes. 
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100 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Geology and Minerals 

Forestwide (GEO-FW-STD) 

01 Conduct appropriate analysis before constructing roads or other permanent developments 

in known unstable areas. 

02 New and upgraded roads shall be limited to those necessary for mineral development on 

valid existing claims. 

Energy 

Forestwide (NRG-FW-STD) 

01 The location of fluid conveyance lines and facilities for geothermal development ensures 

the connectivity of wildlife movement corridors. 
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Guidelines

Air 

Forestwide (AIR-FW-GDL) 

01 Project design for prescribed burns, and strategies for wildfires, should incorporate 

emission reduction techniques to reduce negative impacts to air quality, subject to 

economic constraints, technical feasibility, safety criteria and land management 

objectives.

02 Decision documents for wildfires and prescribed burns should identify smoke sensitive 

areas and include management objectives and courses of action to mitigate impacts to 

those areas.

Watershed Conditions 

Forestwide (WTR-FW-GDL) 

01 Cooperate with federal, tribal, state and local governments to secure in-stream flows 

needed to maintain, recover, and restore riparian resources, channel conditions, and 

aquatic habitat during all basic Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, state and other 

authorized water use planning, water rights, and relicensing on the national forests. 

Coordinate relicensing projects with the appropriate state and federal agencies. Provide 

written and timely license conditions to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

Terrestrial Ecosystems 

Forestwide (TERR-FW-GDL) 

01 Projects should facilitate increasing heterogeneity at all scales, from tree clumps to large 

landscapes. Several treatment strategies can be employed: using landscape topography 

(e.g. slope, aspect, and slope position) to vary stand densities; promoting tree clumps and 

gaps within a stand, increasing the proportion of large to small trees; retaining important 

habitat structures such as large trees, snags and trees with broken tops; and increasing 

diversity by promoting hardwoods, pines and native plant species. 

02 Vegetation treatment projects should include a widely distributed but often clumped 

distribution of snags and downed logs. Some snags and downed logs should be retained 

along edges of openings and within groups and clumps of large trees to provide habitat 

and roost sites for wildlife species such as small mammals, cavity-nesting birds and treedwelling bats.

03 Management activities that generate accumulations of green slash should minimize 

potential impacts from bark beetles.

Xeric Shrub/Blackbrush (TERR-XER-GDL) 

01 Restoration projects in desert shrub and blackbrush should include islands of untreated 

vegetation in project design to speed native species regeneration.
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102 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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Black Oak/Canyon Live Oak (TERR-OAK-GDL) 

01 Mechanical vegetation treatments and prescribed fire and salvage operations should 

retain all large hardwoods greater than 12 inches in diameter, except where they pose a 

threat to human life or property. 

Old Forest (TERR-OLD-GDL) 

01 When large tree densities meet desired condition levels, thinning to increase 

heterogeneity and resilience should emphasize retention of the oldest and largest trees, 

especially pines. Large trees with deformities, broken tops, large branches and cavities 

should be retained for wildlife habitat whenever possible. 

02 During burning, firing patterns should limit mortality of old trees by managing 

smoldering at the base of large old trees. Limit fire intensity in areas with large old trees 

where possible. 

Complex Early Seral Habitats (TERR-CES-GDL) 

01 Restoration projects following large stand replacing events (e.g., wildfire and bark beetle 

infestations) should consider: 

a. safety to people in the short and long term; 

b. fuel loads over the long term, including the need to restore fire to the recovering 

or restored landscape; 

c. restoring forested habitat to deforested areas, including restoring connectivity; 

d. habitat for local wildlife species that use burned forest habitats; 

e. other ecological restoration actions in the affected area; 

f. opportunities to recover economic value and carbon stored as a harvested wood 

product from dead and dying trees

02 Post-disturbance restoration projects should be designed to reduce potential soil erosion 

and the loss of soil productivity caused by loss of vegetation and ground cover. 

03 Post-disturbance restoration projects should be designed to protect and maintain 

important wildlife habitat. 

04 Post-disturbance restoration projects should be designed to manage the development of 

fuel profiles over time. 

05 Post-disturbance restoration projects should be designed to recover the value of timber 

killed or severely injured by the disturbance. 

06 Large fires with more than 1,000 acres of contiguous blocks of moderate and high 

vegetation burn severity should retain at least 10 percent of the moderate and high 

vegetation burn severity area without harvest to provide areas of high snag density for 

species that use complex early seral habitat.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 103

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Aspen (TERR-ASPN-GDL) 

01 Where pile burning of material from conifer removal is desired, piles should be kept at 

least 4 to 15 feet away from large aspen trees to limit damage to aspen trunks. Larger 

piles should be farther from aspen trunks than smaller piles.

02 During treatment to manage or restore aspen, aspen trees with historical carvings should 

be protected, or the record and historical value appropriately captured.

03 Near developed or heavily managed areas, conifer removal (mechanical or hand thinning) 

should be the primary initial restorative treatment for aspen stands. Where cut material 

cannot be removed from the stand, pile burning is used to manage residual fuel loading.

04 Within the community and general wildfire protection zones, the number and size of 

conifers removed to enhance aspen should meet the following long term objectives: 

maximize direct and indirect light (this requires treating beyond the existing aspen stand 

perimeter); allow aspen expansion; reduce conifer seed sources; create fuel loads that 

reflect functioning aspen stands to allow future prescribed burning; and promote wildlife 

habitat, plant assemblages, and water yields typically found in functioning aspen 

communities.

05 Browsing pressure should be reduced in aspen stands that receive intensive browsing 

from either livestock or wildlife, to protect regenerating aspen stands. 

Animal and Plant Species 

Forestwide (SPEC-FW-GDL) 

01 Known nest, roost, or den trees used by species of conservation concern, including 

surrounding trees that provide beneficial thermal or predatory protection, should not be 

purposefully removed, with the exception of hazard trees.

02 In order to minimize disturbance in mule deer holding areas, vegetation treatment 

projects should not occur from May 1 through June 15, and in key winter range areas 

from November 15 through March 31. Long-term over short-term benefits should be the 

deciding factor where conflicts exist.

03 Projects should protect at-risk species and their habitat by considering at-risk species 

early in the environmental planning process. 

04 Habitat management objectives from approved recovery plans should be considered in 

the design of projects that will occur within federally-listed species habitat to promote 

recovery of the species.

05 Design features, mitigation, and project timing considerations should be incorporated into 

ground-disturbing projects that may affect occupied habitat for species of conservation 

concern. 

06 Water developments (such as a diversion or well) should be avoided near streams or 

seeps and springs where there is high risk of dewatering aquatic habitats where species of 

conservation concern occur.
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104 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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Sage-grouse Habitat (SPEC-SG-GDL) 

01 Time the implementation of habitat restoration projects so they cause the least 

disturbance to sage-grouse individuals and populations.

02 Use existing roads to co-locate new power lines to reduce disturbance footprints (areas) 

and habitat fragmentation.

03 Where feasible, bury power lines to reduce overhead perches.

04 When agency personnel, contractors, and permit holders are driving off road and working 

in areas with known noxious weed infestation, the vehicles should be cleaned before 

entering a different area to reduce the spread of noxious weeds.

05 Vegetation treatments and post-disturbance restoration should seed or transplant 

sagebrush to restore patches of sagebrush cover and connect existing patches to improve 

sage-grouse habitats within and between population management units.

06 After soil disturbance or seeding, subsequent soil-disturbing management activities shall 

not occur until desired habitat conditions have been met within sage-grouse habitat, 

unless a resource team determines that disturbance will help achieve desired conditions.

07 No new structure or power line that could serve as predator perches shall be installed 

within four miles from an active lek, unless they are necessary to protect or improve 

habitat or for human health and safety. 

Bighorn Sheep (SPEC-SHP-GDL) 

01 Actions should be consistent with the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s recovery plan for 

the Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae).

Sierra Marten (SPEC-SM-GDL) 

01 Within marten core habitat, retain some overtopping and multi-storied canopy conditions, 

including some shade-tolerant understory trees such as firs and cedars, especially in 

drainages, swales and canyon bottoms and on north and east-facing slopes. Retain a 

patchy mosaic of shrubs and understory vegetation, separated by more open areas, to 

reduce fuel continuity, increase habitat heterogeneity, support prey and provide hiding 

cover, with a goal of 10 to 20 percent shrub cover at the home range scale.

Bats (SPEC-BAT-GDL) 

01 To conserve long-term bat species persistence in the plan area, bat gates should be 

considered at the entrances of caves and mines when known bat hibernacula or maternity 

colonies may be adversely affected by recreational, management or other activities.

Invasive Species 

Forestwide (INV-FW-GDL) 

01 Use an integrated pest management approach in the planning and implementation of all 

projects and activities.

02 Projects should be designed to minimize invasive species spread by incorporating 

prevention and control measures into ongoing management or maintenance activities that 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 105

for the Inyo National Forest 

involve ground disturbance, terrestrial or aquatic habitat alteration, or the possibility of 

spreading invasive species. When feasible, projects should include measures to provide 

invasive species-free gravel, fill, topsoil and mulch; include follow-up inspections as 

needed and specified in regional or national strategies.

03 To the extent feasible, hay, straw and mulch used for animal feed or bedding, soil 

stabilization and land rehabilitation, or other purposes should be certified by California or 

the North American Invasive Species Management Association as being weed-free to 

prevent unintentional introduction of invasive species. 

04 Weed-free plant material should be selected for all seeding and mulching projects to 

restore natural species composition and ecosystem function to the disturbed area. Plant or 

seed materials should be used that are appropriate to the site, capable of becoming 

established, and not invasive.

05 Weed prevention measures should be included as necessary when amending or re-issuing 

permits, including but not limited to livestock grazing, special uses and pack stock 

operator permits. 

06 The non-chemical method should be used when the integrated pest management approach 

determines that chemical combined with one or more other form of management, cost or 

feasibility will be comparable in the control of non-native invasive species.

Fire 

Forestwide (FIRE-FW-GDL) 

01 When managing wildland fire (i.e., wildfire and prescribed fire), a variety of fire 

management options and activities should be considered, including hand and aerial 

ignitions, to achieve a mix of fire effects. When safe and feasible, limit extensive 

continuous areas of high severity fire effects in old forest habitat and riparian areas.

02 Plan restoration and fire management projects for large landscapes (i.e., subwatershed or 

larger) when and where possible to improve economic feasibility of restoration and 

effectiveness of changing the negative fire effects from large wildfires. 

03 When wildfires affect identified areas of tribal importance, communicate and collaborate 

with tribal leadership during fire incident management to identify and, to the extent 

practical, protect tribal values and minimize impacts to resources or areas of tribal 

importance.

04 When managing wildland fire, the role of fire in riparian ecosystem function should be 

considered. Allow fire to burn in riparian ecosystems when fire intensity and continuous 

crown fire are limited. 

05 During wildland fire management activities, where possible, locate incident bases, camps, 

helibases, staging areas, helispots and other centers for incident activities outside of 

riparian conservation areas or critical aquatic refuges to avoid impacts to aquatic- and 

riparian-dependent resources.

06 During wildfires, avoid fire management activities in special habitats (see Terrestrial 

section, chapter 2) except when necessary to protect life and property. This includes 
Chapter 4. Design Criteria 

106 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

activities such as line construction, staging areas, safety zones, water drafting and camps. 

When conducting fire management activities near special habitats, take extra measures to 

avoid spread of invasive plants.

07 If fire management actions are required within designated wilderness areas, research 

natural areas, or the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail management area, apply 

minimum impact strategies and tactics to manage wildland fire, unless more direct attack 

is needed to protect people or adjacent property. When possible, allow naturally ignited 

wildfires to function in their natural role. In cases where fire may damage the ecological 

values for which a research natural area was established, measures should be taken to 

exclude fire from the research natural area.

08 Wildfire management techniques that minimize ground disturbance impacts should be 

used in sensitive habitat of at-risk species, while considering the safety of people.

09 Consult a resource advisor during wildfires in large areas of old forest patches to identify 

old forest and wildlife resource values and to suggest opportunities for retaining and 

protecting large and old trees. When safe and feasible, protect highly valued old, den and 

nest trees ahead of burn operations using techniques such as targeted burning, removing 

large fuel from the base of trees, and providing direct protection.

10 When determining the appropriate wildfire management strategy, use spatial support 

tools such as wildfire risk assessments, fire management operating plans, and the current 

Forest Service decision support system for wildfire management. Locations of special 

habitats, old forest patches, and key habitat areas for at-risk species should be readily 

available in the current Forest Service decision support system for wildfire management 

ahead of fire season.

Timber 

Forestwide (TIMB-FW-GDL) 

01 Retention of snags within and immediately adjacent to areas planned for reforestation 

should be discouraged to mitigate hazards to workers. High fuel levels should not be 

retained in plantations that would preclude the use of prescribed burning at appropriate 

times as the plantation matures.

02 Reforestation of suitable lands should be designed to achieve stocking levels, spatial 

arrangements and species composition to allow for long term resilience of the developing 

forest, while considering potential future plantation management, carbon carrying 

capacity, and climate change adaptations. Competing vegetation, fuel levels, and fire risk 

should be managed to provide for the long term survival and vigor of reestablishing 

forests as they move toward maturity.

03 On lands not suited for timber production, reforestation of deforested lands should be 

considered when forest cover could contribute to ecological restoration, while providing 

benefits such as improving scenic character, restoring connectivity for wildlife, 

increasing carbon storage and improving watershed condition.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 107

for the Inyo National Forest 

Range 

Forestwide (RANG-FW-GDL) 

01 Where feasible, all range improvements should be located away from travel corridors, 

especially trails, popular fisheries and other watercourses. 

02 The impacts to fisheries, wildlife, recreation and watershed, as well as range, should be 

considered when designing range improvements, such as water sources. 

03 Forage for mule deer should be accounted for when determining livestock animal unit 

months (AUMs) on key deer winter range and other important habitats such as migration 

routes, holding areas and fawning areas.

Sustainable Recreation 

Forestwide (REC-FW-GDL) 

01 Recreation projects should meet the minimum characteristics for recreation opportunities 

and settings as classified by the recreation opportunity spectrum (Figure 14, appendix A). 

Exemptions may occur on a case-by-case basis as documented in site-specific permits. 

02 Recreation uses should be managed adaptively to prevent impacts to other resources and 

recreation settings, while considering the recreation places inventory.

03 During implementation of projects with the potential to adversely affect recreation 

activities, implement measures to minimize adverse effects to recreation activities, 

facilities and visitor safety. 

04 Redesign, restore, or rehabilitate recreation sites where recreation activities have caused 

unacceptable natural resource and social resource impacts. 

05 New developed campgrounds and designated dispersed campsites should be located away 

from riparian areas, flood plains and other environmentally sensitive areas.

06 Within developed campgrounds, vegetation removal should promote visitor safety, scenic 

values and vegetation health. 

07 Seasonal road and trail closures, or other management methods, should be used to 

manage and protect resources and infrastructure. 

08 Existing developed facilities, roads, and trails for both summer and winter recreation 

activities should be used, whenever possible, before developing new ones for exclusive 

seasonal use.

09 To be cost effective, conversion of recreation sites should fall within footprints of 

existing development unless there is a possibility of partnerships or alternative funding 

for a new recreation site.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria 

108 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Scenery 

Forestwide (SCEN-FW-GDL) 

01 Built environment and permitted activities should be designed to meet or exceed scenic 

integrity objectives and contribute to scenic stability.

02 Maintain scenic integrity objectives and scenic stability levels for the Pacific Crest Trail 

corridor, and surrounding National Forest System lands viewsheds, for the retention of 

panoramic views and landscape connectivity.

03 Restoration and salvage activities should achieve scenic integrity objectives in the longterm timeframes established in project analysis. 

Cultural Resources 

Forestwide (CULT-FW-GDL) 

01 Cultural artifacts should only be collected for diagnostic dating purposes, answering 

research questions, or protection of the artifact when special circumstances require 

collection. Artifact collections should be curated at nearby facilities and accessible to 

local tribes and researchers. 

02 Historic property protection provisions should be included in contracts and special use 

permits as applicable.

03 To protect the cultural setting of a site and visitor experiences, commercial use of 

heritage-based interpretive sites should be limited to activities that enhance the public 

understanding of the resource, protect and preserve the resource, and are consistent with 

tribal interests.

Geology and Minerals 

Forestwide (GEO-FW-GDL) 

01 Ensure that plans of operation, reclamation plans, and reclamation bonds address the 

costs of: (1) removing facilities, equipment, and materials; (2) isolating and neutralizing 

or removing toxic or potentially toxic materials; (3) salvaging and replacing topsoil; and 

(4) preparing the seed bed and revegetating to meet the objectives of the land allocation 

in which the operation is located.

02 During mining-related activities, limit the clearing of trees and other vegetation to the 

minimum necessary. Clearing of vegetation should be pertinent to the approved phase of 

mineral exploration and development.

Energy 

Forestwide (NRG-FW-GDL) 

01 Energy development should not be authorized where development impacts wildlife 

values and cannot be mitigated.
Chapter 4. Design Criteria 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 109

for the Inyo National Forest 

Lands 

Forestwide (LAND-FW-GDL) 

01 Acquire lands by exchange, purchase, or donation in the following priority: 

High Priority 

a. lands inside the proposed wilderness boundary; 

b. lands with water frontage such as lakes, streams, floodplains, wetlands and 

riparian areas;

c. key game management areas and lands having endangered or threatened fish, 

wildlife or plant habitat; 

d. lands needed to reduce fire risks;

e. lands needed to prevent soil erosion; 

f. lands and easements that ensure access to public lands and resources;

g. lands having unique historical or cultural resources;

h. wilderness inholdings 

Moderate Priority: 

a. lands primarily of value for outdoor recreation purposes and lands needed for 

aesthetic purposes; 

b. lands needed for administrative purposes

Lowest Priority:

a. lands need to consolidate existing blocks of National Forest System lands to 

improve administration of the area

02 To reduce impacts on other resources, existing public or private utility rights of way 

should be used; minimize the creation of new right of way where feasible. 

03 Where feasible, new or reconstructed power distribution lines (i.e., 33kV or less) and 

telephone lines should be buried. 

04 Existing electronic sites should be fully developed before authorizing new sites, unless 

new sites are determined necessary to fill coverage gaps like cell towers.

Draft Revised Forest Plan 111

for the Inyo National Forest 

Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring

Introduction

Monitoring forms the basis for continuous improvement of the forest plan and provides 

information for adaptive management within the plan area. The forest plan monitoring program 

enables the responsible official to determine where changes are needed in forest plan components, 

other plan content, and plan implementation strategies that guide resource management. 

The forest plan monitoring program measures management effectiveness and assesses progress 

toward achieving or maintaining the forest plan desired conditions and objectives through a set of 

monitoring questions and associated indicators. These are designed to inform management of 

resources in the plan area, including testing relevant assumptions, tracking relevant changes, and 

measuring management effectiveness. By using appropriate indicators which can be measured, 

observed, or described over time, management actions can be evaluated to determine if they are 

trending conditions toward the anticipated results. Not every plan component will have a 

corresponding monitoring question or indicator since monitoring in the plan is focused on priority 

management questions and related core information that are achievable within the means of the 

national forest. 

The plan monitoring program is just one piece of the monitoring that occurs within the forest and 

region; project and activity monitoring, and resource or species monitoring conducted by other 

agencies and organizations may inform the plan monitoring program and adaptive management of 

the plan. To address plan monitoring program questions and associated indicators that can best be 

answered at a broader geographic scale than one plan area, the Regional Forester shall develop a 

broader-scale monitoring strategy. The intent of the broader-scale monitoring strategy is to inform 

decision-making regarding the effectiveness of the forest plan, within the context of an all-lands 

approach, and realize efficiencies by coordinating similar monitoring across units, integrating 

agency protocols and leveraging partner and adjacent landowner monitoring work.

The monitoring program outlined below considers the 2014 science synthesis7and 2013 forest 

plan assessment8. Existing national and regional monitoring programs, like the Forest Inventory 

and Analysis National Program, the National Visitor Use Monitoring Program, the current forest 

plan monitoring, and ongoing monitoring with the states contribute to the plan monitoring 

program. Monitoring is also coordinated with other Forest Service program mission areas (i.e., 

U.S. Forest Service State & Private Forestry and Research & Development), other federal and 

state agencies, partners and the public. 

Monitoring information will be evaluated every two years, starting no later than two years after 

the effective date of the forest plan decision. This biennial evaluation includes information 

gathered through this plan monitoring program and relevant information from the Region 5 

 

7

 Long, Jonathan W.; Quinn-Davidson, Lenya; Skinner, Carl N., eds. 2014. Science synthesis to support 

socioecological resilience in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Range. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR247. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 723 

p.

8 USDA, Forest Service. 2013. Final Inyo National Forest assessment. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest. 
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring Program 

112 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

broader scale monitoring strategy. A written report of the evaluation will be made available to the 

public. Where frequency of monitoring is longer than two years, evaluation of that information 

will be made in the next biennial evaluation.

The monitoring program contains one or more monitoring questions and associated indicators 

addressing each of the following topics:

 The status of select watershed conditions.

 The status of select ecological conditions including key characteristics of terrestrial and 

aquatic ecosystems.

 The status of focal species to assess the ecological conditions required under the Code of 

Federal Regulations, specifically 36 CFR 219.9.

 The status of a select set of the ecological conditions required under 36 CFR 219.9 to 

contribute to the recovery of federally listed threatened and endangered species, conserve 

proposed and candidate species, and maintain a viable population of each species of 

conservation concern.

 The status of visitor use, visitor satisfaction, and progress toward meeting recreation 

objectives.

 Measurable changes on the plan area related to climate change and other stressors that 

may be affecting the plan area.

 Progress toward meeting the desired conditions and objectives in the plan, including for 

providing multiple use opportunities.

 The effects of each management system to determine that they do not substantially and 

permanently impair the productivity of the land (16 U.S.C. 1604(g)(3)(C)). 

Some monitoring questions and indictors may address more than one of these required topics. 

The entire monitoring program must be within the financial and technical capability of the forest, 

augmented by broader-scale monitoring by the Pacific Southwest Region and other monitoring 

with partners. 

The monitoring program for the Inyo National Forest is presented below in a set of tables, each 

related to one of the eight required topics previously listed. For clarity, monitoring questions for 

terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems are presented in separate tables. In the tables, each 

row represents a single monitoring question and associated indicators used to respond to a 

selected desired condition or objective. The desired conditions are generally complex statements 

that cannot be fully monitored. Therefore, the monitoring questions and indicators focus on some 

core aspect of the desired condition related to the required monitoring item that we are capable of 

monitoring. Monitoring questions and indicators that address more than one of the eight required 

items are repeated for each such item. Details of the plan monitoring program, including 

monitoring and analysis protocols, will be part of a separate monitoring guide.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 113

for the Inyo National Forest 

Monitoring Program

Watershed Conditions 

These monitoring questions and their associated indicators are related to water resources and watershed conditions in the plan area. The 

geographic scale may extend beyond the plan area and may include receiving areas for water that flows off the plan area.

Table 8. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that evaluate watershed conditions 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

WTR-FW-DC-03 Watersheds have the following conditions: fully 

functioning or trending toward fully functioning and resilient; recover from 

natural and human disturbances at a rate appropriate with the capability of 

the site; and have a high degree of hydrologic connectivity laterally across 

the floodplain and valley bottom, and vertically between surface and 

subsurface flows. Physical (geomorphic, hydrologic) connectivity and 

associated processes (i.e., runoff, flooding, in-stream flow regime, erosion 

and sedimentation) are maintained and restored. Watersheds provide 

important ecosystem services: high quality water; recharge of streams and 

shallow groundwater; maintenance of riparian communities; and 

moderation of climate change and atmospheric deposition. Watersheds 

maintain long term soil productivity.

Is the condition of watersheds 

improving?

Watershed condition indicators from the 

Watershed Condition Framework.

WTR-FW-DC-02 Water quality is sustained at a level that retains the 

biological, physical, and chemical integrity of aquatic systems and benefits 

the survival, growth, reproduction and migration of native aquatic and 

riparian species.

Do aquatic benthic 

macroinvertebrate communities 

indicate stream ecosystem 

integrity is being maintained? 

(Same as aquatic ecosystems 

and focal species below)

Diversity; species composition; other indices of 

macroinvertebrate response to current 

conditions (e.g., Rivpacs score [O/E], index of 

biotic integrity [IBI], Ephemeroptera Plecoptera 

Trichoptera index [EPT]).
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

114 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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Terrestrial Ecosystems 

A select set of ecological conditions is monitored for terrestrial ecosystems. The monitoring questions and indicators are selected to measure the 

effectiveness of the plan to maintain or restore ecological conditions for key ecosystem characteristics associated with composition, structure, 

function and connectivity. 

Table 9. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that evaluate ecological conditions for terrestrial ecosystems 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

TERR-CES-DC-01 Complex early seral habitat created as a result of a 

disturbance event contains dense patches of snags and other habitat elements 

characteristic of natural succession that are important to early seral forestassociated species. Large areas of shrubs are managed in locations where they 

represent the potential natural vegetation considering fire risks over time to 

adjacent vegetation and resources. Aspen and oak sprouts are well distributed in 

areas where they occur.

What is the amount and distribution 

of complex early seral habitat 

across large landscapes? 

Patch size; patch density; and 

patch distribution.

TERR-UPPR-DC-01 At the landscape scale, the upper montane landscape is a 

heterogeneous mosaic of patches of red fir forests, lodgepole pine patches, 

Jeffrey pine woodlands, meadows and montane chaparral. Upper montane 

vegetation occurs in a complex mosaic of different densities, sizes, and species 

mix across large landscapes that vary with topography, soils and snow 

accumulation. The composition, structure, and function of vegetation make them 

resilient to fire, drought, insects and pathogens, and climate change. The mix of 

seral stage patches, and open versus closed canopied areas, varies by forest 

type. Large and old trees are common in most seral stages throughout the 

landscape and in varying densities (see old forest section below).

What are the proportions and 

spatial distributions of seral stage 

patches and canopy cover areas 

for vegetation types across large 

landscapes?

Amount of seral stage patches by 

vegetation type at the landscape 

scale as shown in Table 1 (chapter 

2): acres; and patch size 

distribution.

TERR-OLD-DC-03 Between 40 and 80 percent of the forested landscape contain 

old forest areas. Old forest areas are clumps and patches of old forests 

components such as old trees, snags and large downed logs. These areas are 

irregularly distributed across the landscape and interspersed with stands of 

Are the proportion of the landscape 

with large trees and the density of 

large trees increasing? 

Proportion of area with large trees;

number of large trees per acre 

averaged at the landscape scale.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 115

for the Inyo National Forest 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

younger trees, shrubs, meadows, other herbaceous vegetation and non-vegetated 

patches.

TERR-OLD-DC-04 The number and density of old trees vary by topographic 

position and soil moisture. In general, more large and old trees are found on 

moister sites; on lower slopes, bottoms, and north and east aspects, especially 

where soils are deeper. Large trees are well distributed but are often clumpy. The 

densities vary by forest type. Trees greater than 40 inches in diameter, generally 

over 150 years old, represent the oldest trees, and comprise a significant 

proportion of large and old trees. In many areas of high soil productivity, trees 

grow to large sizes (e.g., around 30 inches in diameter) in fewer than 100 years. 

On low and very low soil productivity sites, the oldest trees may be smaller in 

diameter. Sufficient numbers of younger trees are present to provide for 

recruitment of old trees over time.

TERR-OAK-DC-01 Vigorous oak trees, snags, and down logs provide habitat for a 

variety of wildlife species. Black oak snags greater than 20 inches in diameter, and 

live oak trees with dead limbs, hollow boles and cavities, provide shelter, resting 

and nesting habitat. Acorns are plentiful and provide food for wildlife and are 

collected for traditional cultural uses.

Are black oak populations stable or 

increasing?

Oak spatial extent; basal area; 

density; regeneration; and tree 

health (e.g., mortality rates, insects, 

etc.).

TERR-MJF-DC-01 At the landscape scale, the Jeffrey pine type is part of a 

heterogeneous mosaic of shrublands, grasslands or other forest types. Forests are 

dominated by Jeffrey pine trees and are generally open. Open-canopied stands 

dominate the landscape, with generally less than 10 percent of the area with more 

than 40 percent canopy cover. Open canopies allow shade-intolerant Jeffrey pine 

tree regeneration.

Are Jeffrey pines increasing? Pine relative density; basal area; 

average diameter at breast height; 

regeneration density; health.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

116 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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Aquatic Ecosystems 

A select set of ecological conditions are monitored for riparian and aquatic ecosystems. The monitoring questions and indicators are selected to 

measure the effectiveness of the plan to maintain or restore ecological conditions for key ecosystem characteristics associated with composition, 

structure, function and connectivity.

Table 10. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that evaluate ecological conditions for aquatic and riparian ecosystems 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

WTR-FW-DC-02 Water quality is sustained at a level that retains the 

biological, physical, and chemical integrity of aquatic systems and 

benefits the survival, growth, reproduction and migration of native aquatic 

and riparian species.

Do aquatic benthic 

macroinvertebrate communities 

indicate stream ecosystem 

integrity is being maintained? 

(Same as watershed condition 

above and focal species below)

Diversity; species composition; and other 

indices of macroinvertebrate response to 

current conditions (e.g., Rivpacs score [O/E], 

index of biotic integrity [IBI], Ephemeroptera 

Plecoptera Trichoptera index [EPT]).

RCA-MEAD-DC-05 Meadows are in mid- to late-seral condition, with 

substantive ground cover and a rich and diverse species composition, 

especially of grasses and forbs. Meadows have high plant functional 

diversity with late successional functional types represented. Perennial 

streams in meadows contain a diversity of age classes of hardwood 

shrubs along the stream bank, where the potential exists.

What is the ecological condition 

of meadows in selected grazed 

and ungrazed allotments?

Range condition class; species richness; 

species diversity; and plant functional groups.

RCA-MEAD-DC-05 Meadows are in mid- to late-seral condition, with 

substantive ground cover and a rich and diverse species composition, 

especially of grasses and forbs. Meadows have high plant functional 

diversity with late successional functional types represented. Perennial 

streams in meadows contain a diversity of age classes of hardwood

shrubs along the stream bank, where the potential exists.

What is the status of 

streambank vegetation in 

selected grazed and ungrazed 

meadow perennial streams?

Range greenline monitoring: vegetation 

community types; presence of woody 

regeneration; and plant functional groups.

RCA-MEAD-DC-01 Meadows are hydrologically functional. Sites of 

accelerated erosion, such as gullies and headcuts are stabilized or 

recovering. Vegetation roots occur throughout the available soil profile. 

Do meadows have wellfunctioning streams and 

floodplains?

Undercut banks; down cut streams; headcuts; 

number and size of deep pools, glides, riffles; 

and woody vegetation along streams.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 117

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Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

Meadows with perennial and intermittent streams have the following 

characteristics: (1) stream energy from high flows is dissipated, reducing 

erosion and improving water quality; (2) streams filter sediment and 

capture bedload, aiding floodplain development; (3) meadow conditions 

enhance floodwater retention and groundwater recharge; and (4) root 

masses stabilize stream banks against cutting action.

Focal Species 

Focal species are a small subset of species whose status permits inference to the integrity of the larger ecological system to which they belong. 

Focal species monitoring provides information regarding the effectiveness of the plan in providing the ecological conditions necessary to maintain 

the diversity of plant and animal communities and the persistence of native species in the plan area. They should act as indicators for the attributes 

of community composition, structure, connectivity or function, or factors that regulate them. 

An effective focal species, or assemblage of species, will be sensitive to the ecosystem components or habitat attributes of concern. There are a 

few key qualities of well-selected focal species: the species is taxonomically well-known and stable; the species is specialized within a narrow 

habitat; and the species is a permanent resident (migrants are subject to a variety of sources of mortality and stress on their wintering grounds and 

during migration). A focal species could be a keystone species, an ecological engineer, an umbrella species, a link species, or a species of 

conservation concern, but need not be any of these species categories. Monitoring questions should relate the species to the ecological condition 

and reason for its selection, and indicators may include affected attributes of the species, such as presence or occupancy, habitat use, reproductive 

rate, and population trends. If the focal species’ sensitivity to habitat changes cannot be directly attributable to a cause and effect relationship, then 

the influence of habitat change on the focal species may not be separable from the influence of other factors on the species, such as climate 

change, predation, disease, or competition.

Focal species, as used by the Forest Service, are not meant to act as surrogates for other species. Focal species monitoring is also not the same as 

monitoring those species in which we have a particular interest, such as threatened or endangered species, invasive species, or other species for 

which we deliberately manage the landscape. 
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

118 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Focal species are intended to reduce the cost and effort of ecosystem monitoring and should only be used when direct measurement of resources is 

not efficient or practical.

Table 11. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that evaluate the status of focal species 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

Focal species is cheatgrass and red brome for the following 

ecosystems and desired conditions: 

TERR-SAGE-DC-01 The sagebrush type has a diversity of age 

classes, stand structure, cover classes and understory composition.

TERR-SAGE-DC-02 Sagebrush ecosystems are resilient to fire and 

other disturbances including grazing, recreation, invasive species 

(including cheatgrass) and climate change.

TERR-PINY-DC-01 Pinyon-juniper types have a mosaic of trees and 

open areas that provide wildlife habitat, contribute to functional soils, 

and are resilient to disturbances such as fire, invasive species and 

climate change.

Is the abundance of Cheatgrass 

and red brome (non-native 

Bromus spp.) changing over 

time?

(Same as ecological conditions 

for sage-grouse, at-risk species 

below)

Spatial extent (acres); and cover (%).

Focal species is benthic macroinvertebrate communities for stream 

ecosystems and the following desired conditions:

WTR-FW-DC-02 Water quality is sustained at a level that retains the 

biological, physical, and chemical integrity of aquatic systems and 

benefits the survival, growth, reproduction and migration of native 

aquatic and riparian species. 

RCA-RIV-DC-01 Stream ecosystems, riparian corridors and associated 

stream courses sustain ecosystem structure; are resilient to natural 

disturbances (e.g., flooding) and climate change; promote the natural 

movement of water, sediment and woody debris; and provide habitat 

for native aquatic species or desirable non-native species.

Do aquatic benthic 

macroinvertebrate communities 

indicate stream ecosystem 

integrity is being maintained? 

Diversity; species composition; and other indices 

of macroinvertebrate response to current 

conditions (e.g., Rivpacs score [O/E], index of 

biotic integrity [IBI], Ephemeroptera Plecoptera 

Trichoptera index [EPT]).
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 119

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Ecological Conditions for At-risk Species 

For select at-risk species, a select set of ecological conditions, including habitat, is monitored. The selected ecological conditions are necessary to 

provide for diversity of plant and animal communities and contribute to the recovery of, conserve, or maintain the viability of at risk species within 

the plan area. At-risk species include federally recognized threatened, endangered, proposed, and candidate species plus the species of 

conservation concern identified for the forest. Only a select set of ecological conditions is monitored for select at-risk species and may include 

characteristics at both the ecosystem and species-specific levels of terrestrial, riparian, or aquatic ecosystems. 

Table 12. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that evaluate ecological conditions for select at-risk species 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

TERR-SH-DC-01 The integrity of special habitats is maintained or 

improved. Composition, diversity and structure are maintained in all 

areas, including those with multiple use activities).

Is the integrity of special habitats 

(e.g. pumice flats, limestone or 

serpentine soils, fens) for at-risk 

plants being maintained or 

improved over time?

Special habitat extent (acres) and health 

(e.g., species composition, hydrologic 

function, grazing utilization).

MA-CAR-DC-02 Streams in critical aquatic refuges have vegetation and 

channel bank characteristics that are properly functioning or functioning 

at-risk with an upward trend. These ratings are made in relation to the 

current potential of the stream system. If the current potential is different 

from historic potential, assess what restoration measures are required to 

attain historic potential and if this is necessary or achievable.

Do streams in selected grazed and 

ungrazed meadows and 

grasslands have vegetation and 

channel bank conditions within the 

natural range of variation?

Range greenline monitoring: 

vegetation community types, and presence of 

woody regeneration.

SPEC-FW-DC-02 Habitats for at-risk species support self-sustaining 

populations within the inherent capabilities of the plan area. Ecological 

conditions provide habitat conditions that: contribute to the survival, 

recovery, and delisting of species under the Endangered Species Act; 

preclude the need for listing new species; improve conditions for species 

of conservation concern; and sustain both common and uncommon 

native species.

Do stream temperatures support 

persistence of California golden 

trout, Lahontan cutthroat trout, and 

Paiute cutthroat trout? 

(Same as climate change and 

other stressors below)

Maximum summer stream temperature; 

average daily stream temperatures; 

maximum daily average stream temperature 

during summer and fall for fall spawners; and 

maximum and minimum winter stream 

temperatures.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

120 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)

SPEC-SG-DC-06 The extent and dominance of non-native annual grass 

species, such as cheatgrass and other noxious weeds, is limited and 

does not lead toward reduction in the suitability of sage-grouse habitat.

Is the abundance of Cheatgrass 

and red brome (non-native 

Bromus spp.), changing over 

time?

(Same as focal species above)

Spatial extent (acres); and cover (%).

Visitor Use, Visitor Satisfaction, and Progress toward Meeting Recreation Objectives 

The plan monitoring program includes monitoring questions and associated indicators that address the status of visitor use, visitor satisfaction, and 

progress toward meeting recreation objectives.

Table 13. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that evaluate visitor use, visitor satisfaction, and progress toward meeting recreation 

objectives 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

Visitor Use

REC-FW-DC-04 Visitors can connect with nature, culture and 

history through a full range of inclusive and sustainable outdoor 

recreation opportunities.

Do visitors engage in selected activities 

that focus on natural and cultural 

resources?

Percentage of visitors participating in viewing 

natural features, hiking or walking, viewing 

wildlife, visiting historic sites, nature study, and 

backpacking.

Visitor Satisfaction

REC-FW-DC-03 Recreation opportunities on land, water and in 

the air provide a high level of visitor satisfaction and safety. 

Recreation activities are ecologically, socially and economically 

sustainable. Agency resources focus on supporting the forest 

recreation program niche.

What level of satisfaction do visitors 

express for developed facilities, access, 

services, and perception of safety?

Percent meets expectations (PME) measure for 

developed facilities, access, services, and 

perception of safety.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 121

for the Inyo National Forest 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

Recreation Objective

REC-FW-DC-02 Recreation settings are capable of adapting to 

changing conditions and support social, ecological and 

economic sustainability on the forest and in surrounding 

communities.

How much money is spent in a year by 

non-local visitors within the local area on 

lodging, restaurant meals, groceries, gas 

and oil, and activities?

Total spending by non-local visitors (whose 

home is at least 50 miles from the forest) within 

the local area (within 50 miles of the forest) on 

lodging, restaurant meals, groceries, gas and oil, 

and activities.

Recreation Objective

REC-FW-OBJ-03 Within 10 years of plan approval, 650 to 800 

miles of trails are meeting standard.

How many trail miles meet National Trail 

Quality Standards?

Miles of trail meeting National Trail Quality 

Standards.

Recreation Objective

SCEN-FW-DC-01 The forest provides a variety of ecologically 

sound, resilient and visually appealing forest landscapes that 

sustain scenic character, supporting the forest recreation 

program niche in ways that contribute to visitors’ sense of place 

and connection with nature.

What level of satisfaction do visitors 

express for scenery associated with dayuse developed sites, overnight 

developed sites, undeveloped areas, and 

wilderness?

Percent meets expectations (PME) measure for 

scenery associated with day-use developed 

sites, overnight developed sites, undeveloped 

areas, and wilderness.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

122 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Climate Change and Other Stressors 

The plan monitoring program includes monitoring questions and associated indicators to determine whether there are measurable changes on the 

plan area resulting from climate change and other stressors.

Table 14. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that measure changes on the plan area resulting from climate change and other stressors 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

TERR-ALPN-DC-03 Subalpine woodlands and alpine ecosystems are 

resilient to insects, diseases, fire, wind and climate change. High-elevation 

white pines (e.g., whitebark pine and foxtail pine) are healthy and vigorous, 

with a low incidence of white pine blister rust, and resilient to moisture 

stress and drought. White pine blister rust-resistant trees are regenerating 

and populations of high elevation white pines have the potential to expand 

above the tree line.

TERR-RFIR-DC-01 At the landscape scale, the red fir forest type is part of 

a heterogeneous mosaic of tree species and vegetation structures (e.g., 

tree density, size, age and shrub cover), with patches of Jeffrey pine, 

meadows and montane chaparral. It is dominated by red fir trees, with 

varying amounts of white fir, Jeffrey pine, western white pine, lodgepole 

pine and mountain hemlock.

Are high-elevation white pines 

and red fir being sustained or 

increasing across the landscape 

with climate change?

Extent by forest type (acres); tree mortality 

(%); incidence of insects and pathogens (e.g., 

white pine blister rust) (%); tree regeneration 

(#/acre); and extent of tree mortality (acres).

RCA-RIV-DC-01 Stream ecosystems, riparian corridors and associated 

stream courses sustain ecosystem structure; are resilient to natural 

disturbances (e.g., flooding) and climate change; promote the natural 

movement of water, sediment and woody debris; and provide habitat for 

native aquatic species or desirable non-native species.

Do stream temperatures support 

persistence of California golden 

trout, Lahontan cutthroat trout, 

and Paiute cutthroat trout? 

(Same as at-risk species above)

Maximum summer stream temperature; 

average daily stream temperatures; maximum 

daily average stream temperature during 

summer and fall for fall spawners; and 

maximum and minimum winter stream 

temperatures.

FIRE-FW-DC-03 Wildland fires burn with a range of intensity, severity and 

frequency that allows ecosystems to function in a healthy and sustainable 

Are wildfires managed for 

resource objectives meeting the 

Fire severity; proportion high fire severity 

classes; fire severity index (FSI); and mean 

and maximum high severity patch size.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 123

for the Inyo National Forest 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

manner. Wildland fire is a necessary process, integral to the sustainability 

of fire-adapted ecosystems.

desired range of conditions 

within forested landscapes?

FIRE-FW-DC-03 Wildland fires burn with a range of intensity, severity and 

frequency that allows ecosystems to function in a healthy and sustainable 

manner. Wildland fire is a necessary process, integral to the sustainability 

of fire-adapted ecosystems.

TERR-UPPR-DC-02 At the landscape scale, fire is a key ecological 

process restoring and maintaining patchy fuel loads, and increasing 

heterogeneity and understory plant vigor. Fires occur irregularly, generally 

every 15 to 100 years, averaging about 40 years. Fires in this vegetation 

type burn with low, moderate or mixed severity with patches of very high 

severity (greater than 90 percent basal area mortality) minimal, rarely 

greater than 300 acres in size. The proportion of areas burned at high 

severity within a fire is generally less than 10 to 15 percent. Due to existing 

high levels of fuels and weather variability, greater proportions of areas 

burned at high severity, up to 40 percent, may be unavoidable during large 

landscape prescribed fires or wildfires managed to meet resource 

objectives. Some patches of high severity burn reach 1,000 acres in size.

Are natural fire regimes within 

terrestrial ecosystems becoming 

less departed from the desired 

conditions and the natural range 

of variation?

Fire return interval departure.

FIRE-FW-DC-03 Wildland fires burn with a range of intensity, severity and 

frequency that allows ecosystems to function in a healthy and sustainable 

manner. Wildland fire is a necessary process, integral to the sustainability 

of fire-adapted ecosystems.

TERR-UPPR-DC-02 At the landscape scale, fire is a key ecological 

process restoring and maintaining patchy fuel loads, and increasing 

heterogeneity and understory plant vigor. Fires occur irregularly, generally 

every 15 to 100 years, averaging about 40 years. Fires in this vegetation 

type burn with low, moderate or mixed severity with patches of very high 

severity (greater than 90 percent basal area mortality) minimal, rarely 

Are wildfires becoming larger, 

more frequent, and more severe 

with warming climate conditions?

Fire return interval departure; fire severity; 

proportion high fire severity; fire severity 

index; mean and maximum high severity 

patch size; and total fire size.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

124 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

greater than 300 acres in size. The proportion of areas burned at high 

severity within a fire is generally less than 10 to 15 percent. Due to existing 

high levels of fuels and weather variability, greater proportions of areas 

burned at high severity, up to 40 percent, may be unavoidable during large 

landscape prescribed fires or wildfires managed to meet resource 

objectives. Some patches of high severity burn reach 1,000 acres in size.

Desired Conditions, Including Social, Cultural, and Economic Sustainability 

Progress toward meeting desired conditions, objectives, or other plan components that do not fall under one of the other eight required items are 

included in the monitoring program. Specifically, the plan monitoring program must contain one or more questions and associated indicators 

addressing the plan contributions to communities, social and economic sustainability of communities, multiple use management in the plan area, 

or progress toward meeting the desired conditions and objectives related to social and economic sustainability.

Table 15. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that evaluate progress toward meeting desired conditions not addressed elsewhere in the 

monitoring program, particularly those related to social and economic sustainability of communities 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

LOC-FW-DC-03 Forest uses such as recreation, forest 

products, mining and grazing are provided in an 

ecologically sustainable way that also contributes to 

economic and social sustainability in local communities.

What are the economic conditions in 

local communities that could affect 

the impact of forest contributions to 

local economies?

Economic health: unemployment (%); household earnings; 

per-capita income; and source of income (%).

Economic diversity: employment diversity index; 

employment projections by occupation (% change); number 

of local businesses, employees, and average salaries in 

forest related sectors.

Local fiscal conditions: forest land use receipts; timber yield 

tax revenue ($); transient lodging tax revenue ($); visitor 
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 125

for the Inyo National Forest 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

spending contribution to county sales tax; and PILT and 

FFR/SRS payments to counties ($).

LOC-FW-DC-03 Forest uses such as recreation, forest 

products, mining and grazing are provided in an 

ecologically sustainable way that also contributes to 

economic and social sustainability in local communities.

What economic contributions are 

forest-based recreation, forest 

products, mining and grazing making 

to local communities?

Conditions in forest based sectors: forest-related sector 

employment (jobs); forest-related sector wages (annual 

salary); and employment and earnings from travel and 

tourism (by county). 

Forest contributions: units of commodities provided; value 

of contributions of commodities to local economies; 

contributions of USDA FS employees; and ratio of annual 

local contracted value to annual total contracted value.

Productivity of the Land 

This monitoring requirement comes from the NFMA requirement that there be research regarding the effects of timber management systems on the 

productivity of the land, and that such research is to be based on continuous monitoring and assessment in the field. Monitoring is focused on key 

ecosystem characteristics related to soils and soil productivity. 

Table 16. Monitoring questions and associated indicators that evaluate soils and soil productivity 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

WTR-FW-DC-04 Soil and vegetation functions in upland and riparian areas are sustained 

and resilient. Healthy soils provide the base for resilient landscapes and nutritive forage for 

browsing and grazing animals, and support timber production. Healthy upland and riparian 

areas support healthy fish and wildlife populations, enhance recreation opportunities, and 

maintain water quality.

Is soil quality being maintained 

such that productivity of the 

land is not substantially or 

permanently impaired?

Soil stability; surface organic 

matter; soil organic matter, soil 

strength, soil structure; and 

macro-porosity.
Chapter 5. Forest Plan Monitoring 

126 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Selected Desired Condition and Objective 

or Other Plan Component Monitoring Question Associated Indicators

TERR-FW-DC-08 Landscape sustainably provides a variety of benefits that improve 

peoples’ economic, social and physical wellbeing: clean water; forest products; livestock 

forage; carbon sequestration and storage stability; energy generation; recreational 

opportunities; landscapes with scenic character and scenic integrity; cultural uses; and 

biodiversity. Vegetation provides sustainable amounts of forest products that include wood 

fiber; biomass; forage; firewood; edible and medicinal plants; and boughs, bark, berries and 

cones for commercial, tribal, personal, educational and scientific uses. These products are 

provided while sustaining soil and water quality and productivity. Vegetation conditions 

support the long-term sustainability of these benefits to people by reducing the risk of 

undesirable fire effects, disease and mortality.
Draft Revised Forest Plan 127

for the Inyo National Forest 

Appendices

Draft Revised Forest Plan 129

for the Inyo National Forest 

Appendix A: Maps

Management Areas 

Figure 6. Strategic fire management zones of the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

130 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 7. Wilderness management area classes of the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 131

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 8. Wild and scenic river status of the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

132 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 9. Riparian conservation areas of the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 133

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 10. Critical aquatic refuges of the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

134 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 11. Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail management area of the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 135

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 12. Recreation places on the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

136 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Congressionally Designated Areas 

Figure 13. Congressionally designated areas on the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 137

for the Inyo National Forest 

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum 

Figure 14. Recreation opportunity spectrum map for the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix A. Maps 

138 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Scenic Integrity Objectives 

Figure 15. Scenic integrity objectives map for the Inyo National Forest
Draft Revised Forest Plan 139

for the Inyo National Forest 

Appendix B: Proposed and Possible Actions

Introduction 

This appendix describes proposed and probable practices that may take place on the Inyo 

National Forest at the project or activity level to help maintain existing conditions or achieve the 

desired conditions described in the plan. Included are items such as program strategies; 

inventories, assessments, resource analyses and other planning needs; and ongoing work with 

partners and cooperating agencies anticipated during the next 3 to 5 years.

The listed proposed and probable management practices are not intended to be all-inclusive, nor 

are they intended to be decisions, but simply projections of what actions may take place in the 

future. A plan amendment is not required to change or modify any proposed and possible actions. 

The list of these actions can be updated at any time through an administrative correction of the 

plan. More information may be found under plan objectives and management approaches.

Air 

 Coordinate with the California Air Resources Board, Air Pollution Control Division and 

Air Quality Management District jurisdictions during the implementation of prescribed 

burns to comply with state and federal regulatory requirements for authorization and 

mitigations. Design prescribed burn projects to minimize prolonged smoke impacts to 

communities and recreationists to the extent possible.

Water, Soils, and Watershed 

 Plan and implement improvement activities in priority watersheds which are functionally 

at risk or impaired.

 Update the priority watershed list to reflect actual needs on the ground.

 Participate and collaborate in all interagency water rights and water use authorizations on 

National Forest System lands, or those that may affect water quantity on National Forest 

System lands.

 Maintain and restore the connections of floodplains, channels and water tables to 

distribute flood flows and sustain diverse habitats.

 Maintain good soil conditions and improvement of fair and poor soil conditions as 

outlined in the Region 5 Forest Service Manual (R5 FSM 2550). Treatments which move 

forest priority 6th code watersheds toward satisfactory conditions should take 

precedence. 

 Implement resource improvement projects that are beneficial for maintaining and 

improving soil condition and productivity, and water quality and quantity. 

 Complete onsite soil investigations and refinement of maps for soil disturbing projects 

that require site-specific, precise and highly detailed soil information that is beyond the 

scale of the current soil surveys. 
Appendix B. Proposed and Possible Actions 

140 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Terrestrial Ecosystems 

 Due to the uniqueness of eastside vegetation types, work cooperatively with researchers 

and other interested parties who have knowledge of local ecological conditions, past and 

present, and expertise in appropriate restoration measures.

 Maintain or restore habitat connectivity where appropriate to improve adaptive capacity 

of native plants and animals. Collaborate with partners to establish priority locations for 

maintaining and restoring habitat connectivity.

 Restore fire to the landscape where conditions are appropriate.

Sagebrush 

 Reduce overstory encroachment of pinyon-juniper and Jeffrey pine within sagebrush 

stands.

 Conduct vegetation treatments to diversify age-class structure of sagebrush stands.

 Manage fire to limit fire size and intensity within sagebrush stands.

Pinyon-Juniper 

 Thin and use prescribed fires and naturally-ignited fires to treat pinyon-juniper. 

 Monitor insect and disease infestations, and treat epidemic outbreaks.

Dry Mixed Conifer 

 Thin and use prescribed fires and naturally-ignited fires to treat dry mixed conifer. 

 Monitor insect and disease infestations, and treat epidemic outbreaks.

Montane Jeffrey Pine 

 Thin and use prescribed fires and naturally-ignited fires to treat Jeffrey pine. 

 Monitor insect and disease infestations, and treat epidemic outbreaks.

All Upper Montane Vegetation Types 

 Thin and use prescribed fires and naturally-ignited fires to treat upper montane 

vegetation. 

 Monitor insect and disease infestations, and treat epidemic outbreaks.

Red Fir 

 Thin and use prescribed fires and naturally-ignited fires to treat red fir. 

 Monitor insect and disease infestations, and treat epidemic outbreaks.

Lodgepole Pine 

 Thin and use prescribed fires and naturally-ignited fires to treat lodgepole pine. 

 Monitor insect and disease infestations, and treat epidemic outbreaks.
Appendix B. Proposed and Possible Actions 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 141

for the Inyo National Forest 

Subalpine and Alpine 

 Cooperate with Region 5 Ecology Program to monitor health of whitebark pine stands. 

 Educate the public about the unique properties of subalpine and alpine ecosystems and 

the potential impacts of climate change, recreation use and other stressors.

Complex Early Seral 

 Continue to monitor black-backed woodpecker populations and habitat use. 

Aspen 

 Plan for treatments within highest and high risk aspen stands. 

Special Habitats 

 Restore OHV damage in pumice flats, and continue monitoring of species of conservation 

concern in pumice flats. 

 Monitor alkali flats resources to determine ecosystem function, and implement 

restoration actions if needed.

Aquatic and Riparian Ecosystems 

 Use vegetation treatments to restore the structure and composition of riparian areas and 

meadows where encroachment is impacting meadow function. 

 Restore nonfunctioning or functioning-at-risk riparian areas so they are in or moving 

toward proper functioning condition. 

Meadows 

 Design grazing allotment plans to move riparian areas and meadows towards the desired 

conditions.

 Continue to work with partners to direct planning and implementation of meadow 

restoration projects where meadows have impaired hydrologic function. 

Rivers and Streams 

 Use vegetation treatments or other active restoration activities to maintain the structure 

and composition of habitat for fisheries and other aquatic species. 

 Implement restoration of riparian areas from the effects of unauthorized and illegal 

activities, such as from marijuana cultivation. 

Springs and Seeps 

 For the limited portion of fens that are identified to be in a downward trend, use herding 

management strategies before using barriers to restrict livestock from accessing those 

fens.

 Restore degraded spring sites back to providing functional habitat for spring dependent 

species.
Appendix B. Proposed and Possible Actions 

142 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

 Reconstruct or restore riparian function to springs identified as not in proper functioning 

condition.

Animal and Plant Species 

Sage-Grouse 

 Continue to work with partners on planning and implementing pine encroachment 

treatments as identified by the technical advisory committee. 

 Continue to fund science advisor and sage-grouse monitoring efforts. 

Ramshaw Meadows abronia 

 Implement a conservation agreement, including campsite restoration, conifer 

encroachment monitoring and damage monitoring, if necessary.

California Golden Trout 

 Continue to implement and update the California Golden Trout Conservation Assessment 

and Strategy with cooperating agencies

Invasive Species 

 Where invasive species are adversely affecting the viability of native species, work 

cooperatively with appropriate state and federal wildlife agencies to reduce impacts to 

native populations.

 Focus treatment efforts on high priority invasive species and infestations, while 

developing management goals for lower priority species and infestations. Prioritize areas 

such as wilderness, research natural areas, botanical areas, wild and scenic areas, and 

aquatic and riparian areas to maintain the integrity of native species and ecosystems. 

Prepare control and prevention plans for high priority invasive species, which promote 

early detection of new populations and rapid management response as an effective 

approach to minimize spread.

Fire 

 Coordinate with local and state agencies for an updated fire prevention program that 

coordinates efforts across jurisdictions and supports a unified message. Target audience 

should include local residents and out of area forest users. 

 Perform risk assessments prior to and during fire season to assess conditional thresholds 

under which desired conditions can be met for the strategic wildfire management zones 

(protection, restoration and maintenance). Changes in fuel conditions from restoration 

treatments and wildfires, as well as new or changed communities, assets or natural 

resource values are factors that will affect wildfire risk. As a risk-based approach, these 

zones would change as wildfire risk changes over time. Work with tribes and adjacent 

landowners to identify areas and resources of value considered in the risk assessments. 
Appendix B. Proposed and Possible Actions 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 143

for the Inyo National Forest 

Local Communities 

 Work with local governments, businesses and organizations to assist in permit processes, 

including providing technical assistance, processing programmatic environmental 

clearance, and other measures to streamline the time and expense of permitting.

 Work to maintain and expand contracting and partnering opportunities with local 

governments, businesses and organizations. Develop partnerships that leverage different 

sources of funding to support opportunities to contribute to the economic and social 

sustainability of local communities.

 Develop partnerships with local governments, businesses and organizations to collect 

economic data to track changes for businesses in sectors dependent on forest activities. 

Timber and Other Forest Products 

 Implement vegetation and fuels management restoration projects utilizing a mix of 

contracting practices including stewardship contracts, timber sales, service contracts,

partnership agreements, etc.

 Provide forest products which will sustain opportunities for local workforces and support 

developing and existing local and regional forest products infrastructure.

 See appendix E for more information on the possible timber sale program and vegetation 

management practices.

Range 

 Review active allotment management plans on a regular basis. 

 Maintain and replace fencing, waters and other range improvements. 

 Implement the Inyo National Forest’s revised Rescissions Act Schedule for grazing 

allotment environmental analyses (NEPA) in order to update allotment management plans 

accordingly.

 Secure and maintain stock water rights for existing water structures and water 

improvements and proposed stock water or spring development.

Sustainable Recreation 

 Collaborate with local communities, partner organizations, and federal, state, local and 

tribal agencies to restore, maintain and enhance recreation settings impacted by climate 

change, declining ecosystem health, wildfire and inappropriate use, in order to improve 

the quality of outdoor experiences and to promote citizen stewardship of public lands.

 Effectively manage concentrated recreation use; provide a quality visitor experience 

while managing ecosystem effects within sustainable levels.

 Collaborate with neighboring communities, partner organizations, state and local 

agencies, tribes and adjacent Forest Service and National Park Service units to provide 

recreation opportunities that are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. 

Work to harmonize direction that affects users to the extent practical in order to minimize 

confusion when crossing administrative boundaries.
Appendix B. Proposed and Possible Actions 

144 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

 Actively engage urban populations, youth and underserved communities in outreach 

programs, such as conservation education, recreation and volunteer programs, to help 

people connect to the benefits of national forests and develop stewardship of public lands.

 Modify existing developed recreation facilities, and develop new facilities to 

accommodate the diversity of cultures, abilities, family structures and preferred activities 

of current populations who could benefit from recreation opportunities.

 Explore partnership opportunities with user groups and seek reliable information sources 

outside of the agency to improve data collection and data management on recreation use 

and demand.

 Strategically engage volunteers and partners to prioritize and complete deferred 

maintenance and to engage in resource stewardship and restoration.

 Issue and supervise permits for new special use activities on the forest including 

powerlines, special events, large group gatherings, outfitter-guide activities and research. 

Scenery 

 In all vegetation treatment and fuels reduction projects, consider improving scenery 

resources, especially in areas that do not meet established scenic integrity objectives.

 Consult annually with Indian tribes, tribal cultural leaders and consulting parties; use 

project design to protect heritage resources, traditional cultural properties and sacred 

sites.

 Consider heritage, and traditional and cultural values for properties and sacred sites in 

project level scenery assessments.

Tribal Relations and Uses 

 Maintain regular and open consultation and communication with tribes regarding 

projects, programs and activities on the Forest. 

 Develop partnerships that involve tribes and tribal youth in natural resource management. 

 Host forums that provide tribes and forest staff the opportunity to discuss natural and 

cultural resource management concerns, approaches and opportunities.

Cultural Resources 

 Promote on and off-site educational enrichment products such as interpretive signing, 

classroom programs, heritage celebrations, publications and field trips. 

 Incorporate public volunteers, tribal youth and tribal monitors into cultural resource 

surveys and to cultural site identification, protection, monitoring and enhancement 

efforts.

 Capitalize on opportunities for suitable adaptive reuse of historic buildings.

 Follow up on reports of archaeological looting in conjunction with law enforcement.

 Identify priority cultural sites in need of protection from physical damage
Appendix B. Proposed and Possible Actions 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 145

for the Inyo National Forest 

Geology and Minerals 

 Coordinate with the Bureau of Land Management to properly process applications for 

mineral entry on the forest.

 Rehabilitate mineral operations sites that are no longer in use.

Energy 

 Coordinate with the Bureau of Land Management to properly process applications for 

mineral entry on the forest.

Infrastructure 

 Continue to implement energy-efficient operations. 

 Naturalize or decommission unauthorized roads and system roads to create a more costeffective road system and to restore natural resources impacted by roads. 

 Construct and close new temporary and permanent roads to support ecosystem restoration 

activities. 

 Coordinate with local, State and Federal agencies to mitigate impacts from community, 

highway, and interstate road reconstruction and management needs. 

Lands 

 Coordinate with landowners and local and regional governments to encourage private 

land uses that are compatible with the forest’s desired conditions. 

Designated Areas 

Wilderness 

 Rehabilitate wilderness sites or areas that have been impacted by recreation in order to 

restore wilderness character. 

 Continue restoration of unauthorized routes in wilderness.

 Reconstruct Forest System trails to address deferred maintenance or improve watershed 

conditions.

 Implement the wilderness stewardship performance measure program.

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

 Complete comprehensive river management plans for the newly designated Cottonwood 

Creek and Upper Owens River Wild and Scenic Rivers. 

Research Natural Areas 

 Continue to work with local Native American Tribes in the implementation of the Indiana 

Summit treatment project.

Wild Horse and Burro Territories 

 Update the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory Herd Management Plan.
Appendix B. Proposed and Possible Actions 

146 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

 Monitor the wild horse populations in the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Herd and White 

Mountains Herd. 

 Restore ecosystems of designated wild horse territories and herd boundaries.
Draft Revised Forest Plan 147

for the Inyo National Forest 

Appendix C: A Renewed Partnership Focus for the Inyo 

National Forest

Partnerships in land stewardship reflect a growing and important trend, the joining of passion and 

resources by committed citizens, organizations and government agencies to achieve social, 

economic and ecological goals. The U.S. Forest Service has worked with partners throughout its 

more than 100-year history. But the challenges of land management have grown more complex, 

and the needs of the public more varied. The American people today are voicing their strong 

desire to volunteer and participate in the stewardship of natural resources and in the decisions that 

affect their communities. The Forest Service has responded by developing partnership strategies 

at the national and regional levels. 

The mission of the Forest Service is to “sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the 

Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.” Partnerships 

are essential to carrying out that mission today. Fortunately, there are hundreds of organizations in 

California whose missions overlap with ours in some way, creating the opportunity to work 

together toward bigger, better outcomes than each can achieve on its own. 

The Inyo National Forest recognizes the value of continuing to develop effective partnerships, 

wherein we invite public participation, embrace stakeholder proposals, and successfully leverage 

our resources by working together to achieve the desired conditions set forth in the forest plan. 

Creating a Partnership Culture 

The forest supervisor on the Inyo National Forest responds to the needs of a varied public by 

empowering employees and communities of place, interest, and culture to create and sustain 

successful partnerships. The forest supervisor and forest staff have established the following 

partnership goals to accomplish the Forest Service mission, implementing the forest plan, and 

building a strong and lasting community of stewardship on the forest: 

 Through partnership, sustain the health, diversity and productivity of the Inyo National 

Forest.

 Partnership is integrated throughout all levels of the agency.

 Identify authorities and mechanisms within the agency to execute partnerships and define 

the responsibilities of the agency and partners. 

 The forest should designate a partnership coordinator who will define an easily 

understood process for becoming a partner as well as expectations for both the forest and 

the partner. 

 Build community support for, and understanding of, the Inyo National Forest. 

 Enhance opportunities to connect people to the land, especially in urban areas and of 

diverse cultures, and international visitors. 

 Expand partnerships with other federal, state, and local government agencies, as well as 

associations, non-government organizations, outfitters and guides, local businesses, and 

other community groups, to leverage information (help serve as messengers to the 

visiting public) and resources for mutual benefit to enhance and improve forest 

infrastructure (i.e. roads, trails, campgrounds) .
Appendix C. A Renewed Partnership Focus for the Inyo National Forest 

148 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

 Foster partnerships dealing with science. 

 Create more “citizen stewards” of the Inyo National Forest through volunteerism by 

establishing a comprehensive volunteer program. 

 Support the ongoing efforts of the Eastern Sierra Interpretive Association. 

 Develop new partnerships focused on management of the land (e.g., tree planting). 

 Build and enhance partnerships to protect tribal sites and interpret cultural and historic 

assets. 

Accomplishing these goals will require new and innovative methods as well as the continuation 

of investment in ongoing successful partnership efforts. The purpose of this strategy is to outline 

an iterative process for building and sustaining a strong partnership culture for the Forest. The 

strategy includes the following components: a method for determining the forest capacity for 

working in partnership; best practices for building and sustaining new partnerships; and steps for 

ensuring effective outreach to nontraditional partners. 

Forest Capacity for Working in Partnership 

The National Partnership Office of the U.S. Forest Service has designed a partnership capacity 

assessment tool to help Forest Service units assess, sustain and improve their abilities to work 

with partners and continue the Forest Service’s long history of partnership and collaboration in 

land stewardship. 

What is the Partnership Capacity Assessment Tool? 

The “partnership capacity assessment tool” is essentially a group exercise to reflect on 

experiences and attitudes about partnerships and collaboration. The tool asks the group to score 

itself on a series of questions about partnership opportunities, goals, resources, procedures, 

incentives, barriers, skills and relationships. The group then uses these scores to chart strengths, 

analyze positive and negative factors that contribute to partnership capacity, and identify actions 

to sustain and grow capacity. 

Who Should Use the Assessment Tool? 

The tool is used by Inyo National Forest in conjunction with communities of place, interest and 

culture, who care about the uses and resources within the Inyo National Forest and whom will 

benefit from completing the assessment. This tool is designed to generate open dialogue with 

partners and among staff. It is a useful starting point for assessing current partnership abilities and 

discussing how to maintain strengths or address needs. 

How Can the Assessment Tool Best Meet the Needs of the Forest? 

The assessment tool provides the format for a community forum to assess partnership needs and 

develop priorities to meet those needs. Use of the assessment tool by Forest Service staff can help 

identify needed resources and changes to better position the Forest for successful accomplishment 

of goals through partnerships; including partners in the process can help promote dialogue and 

improve relationships. However, the tool is not intended to assess the feasibility of or develop 

plans for specific partnership opportunities. These details will be identified during project-level 

planning. 

How Long and Where Will the Assessment Take Place? 
Appendix C. A Renewed Partnership Focus for the Inyo National Forest 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 149

for the Inyo National Forest 

The community forum can expect to complete the assessment in one session lasting 3 to 4 hours.

The investment of time will pay off by helping forest staff and potential partners to systematically 

identify needs and actions to meet those needs. Trained facilitators and recorders can be used to 

keep the process moving smoothly. 

Best Practices for Building New Partnerships 

Partnerships can be thought of as a type of alliance, where the complex interaction of business 

and interpersonal activities are essential to successfully achieving mutually beneficial goals. Key 

characteristics of successful interpersonal relationships include trust, communication, perspective 

taking, rapport building, and commitment. Partnerships are known to yield better results under 

certain conditions9 10

, for example: when each partner recognizes the need to have access to 

capabilities and competencies it cannot develop internally; or when a gradual and sustained 

approach is preferable in accessing resources, capabilities and competencies, as opposed to faster 

and shorter-term mechanisms such as contracting.

Keeping these conditions in mind, the following best practices are provided to assist forest staff in 

the identification and development of new partners: 

1. Identify the need for partnerships within the long-term strategies and desired condition of 

the forest 

2. Define specific objectives of the partnership 

3. Choose partners 

4. Evaluate what to offer and what to receive in exchange 

5. Define and act upon opportunities 

6. Evaluate the effect on forest stakeholders 

7. Determine each partner’s resources and capabilities 

8. Plan the integration 

9. Create the partnership

10. Take action and achieve objectives

11. Recognize and celebrate successes

 

9

 Mockler, R.J. 1999. Multinational Strategic Alliances. John Wiley & Sons. 266 p. 

10 O’Neill, B. (n.d.) Brian O’Neills’ 21 partnership success factors. San Francisco, CA: Golden Gate 

National Parks. 
Appendix C. A Renewed Partnership Focus for the Inyo National Forest 

150 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Identify the need for partnerships within long-term strategies and desired 

condition of the forest 

Strategic alliances respond to various long-term strategies of the Forest. For example, the 

Interpretive Plans for the Inyo National Forest established a strategy for the forest’s interpretive 

program, featuring the interpretation of the objects of interest, both natural and cultural, based 

upon districts and visitor centers. The forest should use Eastern Sierra Interpretive Association’s 

resources to ensure these interpretive plans remain current and relevant. Interpretive services may 

be provided on-site or virtually. The specific interpretive products, services and delivery methods 

are expected to evolve over time, in response to evolving technologies, visitor needs and 

demands, and available resources. Partnerships are important not only because of the extra 

resources they provide, but also because they help to enrich a sense of stewardship in both the 

partners and recipients of interpretive services.

Define specific objectives of the partnership 

Three aspects of defining objectives are necessary for the success of the partnership:

1. The objective should be compared with the forest’s available resources and capabilities 

and with those that could be used. The partnership should bridge the gap of existing 

resources and capabilities to achieve the objectives. The assessment tool can assist in 

identifying where gaps occur regarding both the forest’s capability to cultivate new 

partnerships and its resources to accomplish management goals alone. 

2. A clear consensus (internally) on why the agency cannot reach particular goals on its 

own, and why it must seek a partnership with an external organization, rather than 

internal development or via procurement. 

3. Knowing where the partnership generates mutual advantages within the chain of value, 

and clarifying why each partner cannot develop these advantages internally. 

Choose partners 

The right partner in an alliance must have three principal features11:

1. The partner must have the resources and capabilities to help the Forest achieve its 

strategic goals, bringing to the partnership what is missing and which they are seeking. 

2. The partner and forest must share the same long-term goals for the partnership. Failure is 

inevitable if the goals are divergent. 

3. The partner must not use the alliance to gain know-how, relationships with clients or 

suppliers, or technology without making contributions of equal strategic weight. 

Alliances are longer lasting and better when they are considered between partners with a 

reputation for trustworthiness. 

Evaluate what to offer and what to receive in exchange 

 

11 Hill C., and G. Jones. 2000. Strategic Management: an Integrated Approach, 5th ed. Boston, MA: 

Houghton Mifflin Company. 
Appendix C. A Renewed Partnership Focus for the Inyo National Forest 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 151

for the Inyo National Forest 

Reciprocity is a key component of building trust. Each partner should evaluate which capabilities 

are critical to the partnership, and then decide what the forest can offer to the others and what it 

can expect from them. 

Define and act upon opportunities 

Knowing the value of the opportunities that can be achieved with the alliance is an essential guide 

in negotiation, and subsequent management, of the partnership. Beyond the opportunities, it is 

also important to examine the possible risks.

Evaluate the effect on forest stakeholders 

A key question to consider is, “How will stakeholders, including other partners, react to the 

partnership?” 

Determine each partner’s resources and capabilities 

Understanding a partner’s abilities and limitations is an important component in creating a 

successful partnership. A key question to consider is, “What resources and capabilities can the 

partners realistically bring to the partnership?” 

Plan the integration 

Develop a partnership business plan, which should: 

1. Organize activities and functions

2. Define accounting procedures 

3. Define procedures to resolve conflicts 

4. Define the relationships between the partnership and the forest, including duration and 

renewal process

5. Define the authorizing instrument for the partnership (e.g., memorandum of 

understanding) that will be appropriate to formalize the relationship 

Create the partnership 

Flexibility is integral to sustaining an effective partnership. Whatever the form of the partnership, 

some principles apply: 

1. Each partner has its own goals that dictate the role of the partnership

2. The role of the partnership changes as internal and external conditions evolve

3. The relationship between the partners is quite dynamic

4. Evaluate the partnership for effectiveness in meeting mutual goals

Take action and achieve the objectives 

For a partnership to last, both parties must find the partnership to be meaningful and to 

satisfy the established objectives.
Appendix C. A Renewed Partnership Focus for the Inyo National Forest 

152 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Recognize and celebrate successes 

Honor the efforts accomplished through the work of partnership. This recognizes the individuals 

involved and strengthens the relationship between partners. 

Steps for Ensuring Effective Outreach and Communication with 

Nontraditional Partners and the Public 

The diversity of people using and valuing the Inyo National Forest will continue to increase as the 

American population grows and becomes more diverse, and as international visitation increases. 

California’s youth is more culturally diverse than any previous generation. Interpretation and 

outreach methods designed to connect users to the forest need to communicate important resource 

issues, solicit commitment to conservation, and encourage appropriate behaviors. Use of the 

forest by nontraditional user groups, especially Hispanics and Asians, is prevalent and growing.

To assure effective outreach occurs within this growing segment of potential forest partners, 

metrics should be designed to monitor and evaluate success, adapting as necessary to continually 

broaden the circle of involvement. The following steps may be considered, as appropriate, in 

developing innovative partnerships: 

 Translation of major documents (or summaries thereof), provision of translators at 

meetings, or other efforts as appropriate to ensure that limited English speakers gain 

understanding of potential partnership opportunities

 Provision of opportunities for limited English speakers to provide comments and actively 

engage in partnership opportunities

 Provision of opportunities for public participation through means other than written 

communication, such as personal interviews or use of audio or video recording devices to 

capture oral comments

 Use of different meeting sizes or formats, or variation on the type and number of media 

used, so that communications are tailored to the particular community or population 

 Use of locations and facilities that are local, convenient and accessible to disabled 

individuals, low-income and minority communities, and Native American tribes

 Assistance to hearing-impaired or sight-impaired individuals 
Draft Revised Forest Plan 153 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Appendix D: Management Strategies for Resolving 

Recreation Resource Conflicts

Management strategies can be applied to existing or new recreation sites and uses whenever a 

conflict between recreation uses or sensitive resources is detected. Sensitive resources include atrisk species and habitats, riparian habitats, soil and watersheds, heritage resources, and other 

resources. 

Implementation of these actions would also take into consideration available funding and staffing. 

The actions and practices include the following: 

1. Conservation Education 

 Use information networks, including public service announcements, internet sites and 

links, and visitor guides and newsletters to communicate information regarding sensitive 

resources. 

 Install and maintain appropriate multilingual information boards, interpretive panels and 

regulatory signs at developed sites and dispersed areas within sites of sensitive resources. 

 Develop interpretive and environmental education programs about sensitive resources 

and habitats for the public, Forest Service personnel, concessionaires, other special-use 

authorization holders, and volunteers. Engage the services of special-use authorization 

holders that provide services to the public (i.e., concessionaires, organization camps, 

outfitter guides) to assist in the development and delivery of these programs. Provide 

authorization holders with messages about sensitive resources and management issues so 

that they can use them to educate people. Ensure that the methods chosen do not result in 

unacceptable effects to sensitive resources. Coordinate efforts between national forests 

for maximum results and cost efficiencies. Use existing visitor centers where appropriate. 

 De-emphasize the site or area and develop an information strategy to direct visitors to 

national forest recreation opportunities that do not affect sensitive resources. 

2. Perimeter Control 

 Modify visitor access to manage use. Install and maintain appropriate fencing or other 

barriers to protect sensitive resource areas. Limit the number of users at the site or area. 

 Install and maintain appropriate multi-lingual informational, interpretive and regulatory 

signing, in conjunction with perimeter controls, to engage national forest visitors with 

protection of sensitive resources at recreation sites and areas. 

3. Presence 

 Provide adequate management presence to ensure protection of sensitive resources. This 

presence could include Forest Service personnel, peer education, contractors, 

concessionaires, other permit holders, and volunteer support. 
Appendix D. Management Strategies for Resolving Recreation Resource Conflicts 

154 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

4. Direct Action 

 Limit visitor use of recreation sites and areas through diurnal, seasonal or temporary 

closures during critical life cycle periods for affected at-risk species.

 Where visitor use is allowed, seek opportunities to proactively rehabilitate, design, 

reconstruct, rehabilitate and harden the site; locate new facilities and areas for 

redistributing human use away from sensitive resources. 

 Where visitor use is restricted, limit or control use at developed recreation sites and areas 

through permit system (e.g., group campgrounds). When other actions are ineffective, 

enact and enforce forest orders to protect sensitive resource areas through use of seasonal 

or temporary closures of developed recreation sites and areas. Seek opportunities to 

proactively design and locate new facilities and areas for re-distributing human use away 

from sensitive resources.

 Where visitor use is prohibited when seasonal or temporary closures are ineffective, enact 

and enforce forest orders to close recreation sites or areas. If monitoring and evaluation 

indicate that closure is ineffective, take steps to decommission facilities and permanently 

discontinue visitor use. 
Draft Revised Forest Plan 155

for the Inyo National Forest 

Appendix E: Timber Suitability and Management 

Determination of Suitability for Timber Production 

Timber production is the purposeful growing, tending, harvesting and regeneration of regulated 

crops of trees to be cut into logs, bolts or other round sections for industrial or consumer use (36 

CFR 219.19). Timber production activities can contribute to social, economic and ecological 

sustainability. Timber production may offset some or all of the costs of silvicultural treatments 

and other forest management activities that restore ecosystems to desired conditions, lower 

uncharacteristic fire and insect risk, increase understory plant diversity and abundance, and create 

employment opportunities. 

The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) requires that the Forest Service determine the 

suitability of National Forest System lands for timber production and has specific requirements 

for timber suitability analysis in land management plans. Note that there is a distinction between 

timber harvest as a resource use (i.e., timber production) and timber harvest as a management tool 

to achieve desired conditions. Timber harvest on lands classified as not suitable for timber 

production may be used as a tool designed to achieve desired conditions.

Lands that May be Suitable for Timber Production 

Identification of land that may be (tentatively) suitable for timber production is the first step in the 

process of determining lands that are suited for timber production. This preliminary classification 

is made prior to the consideration of objectives and desired conditions that are part of the forest 

plan revision process. It excludes National Forest System lands that are not suitable for timber 

production based on the following criteria:

 Timber production is prohibited by statute, executive order, regulation or where the 

Secretary of Agriculture or the Chief of the Forest Service has withdrawn the land from 

timber production. Examples include designated wilderness areas, designated wild and 

scenic rivers, research natural areas and other designated areas where timber is 

specifically prohibited.

 Land that is not forested (nonforest), identified by having less than 10 percent 

occupation12 by conifer trees of any size or having a nonforest use like powerline 

clearings, residential or administrative sites, improved pasture, etc. 

 Known environmental factors exist that preclude reasonable assurance that restocking can 

be achieved within five years of final regeneration harvest13.

 Technology to harvest timber is not currently available without causing irreversible 

damage. 

Forest lands that remain after this initial screening are termed “lands that may be suitable for 

timber production.” Based on this initial suitability analysis, the Inyo National Forest has 84,876 

acres that may be suitable for timber production.

 

12 Ten percent occupation was represented utilizing ten percent canopy cover during analysis. 

13 The following Regional Dominance Types (CalVeg Forest Types) are recognized as capable of adequate restocking 

within 5 years: Giant Sequoia, Pacific Douglas-fir, Douglas-fir-Ponderosa Pine, Eastside Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Mixed 

Conifer-Giant Sequoia, Incense Cedar, Mixed Conifer-Fir, Mixed Conifer-Pine, Ponderosa Pine, Red Fir, and White 

Fir. In addition, Order 3 soil survey data was used to inform the likelihood of regeneration success.
Appendix E. Timber Suitability and Management 

156 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Figure 16. Timber suitability map for the Inyo National Forest 
Appendix E. Timber Suitability and Management 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 157

for the Inyo National Forest 

Lands Suitable for Timber Production 

The final step in determining lands suitable for timber production is to determine which of the 

lands that may be suitable for timber production, are suited for timber production, based on 

compatibility with desired conditions and objectives: 

 Timber production is a desired primary or secondary use of the land

 Timber production is anticipated to continue after desired conditions have been achieved

 A flow of timber can be planned and scheduled on a reasonably predictable basis

 Regeneration of the stand is intended

 Timber production is compatible with the desired conditions or objectives for the land

After subtracting the lands that are suited for timber production from the lands that may be 

suitable, the remaining lands are not suited for timber production because timber production is 

not compatible with the land area’s desired conditions and objectives. Categories of lands deemed 

not suited for timber production include areas recommended for wilderness designation, wild 

river segments of eligible wild and scenic rivers14, and California spotted owl protected activity 

centers. 

On lands not suited for timber production, timber harvest may occur to protect multiple use 

values other than timber production, and for salvage, sanitation, public health or safety. Multiple 

use values may also include various other restoration activities. For example, meadow restoration 

may require cutting encroaching trees. These trees may be made available for sale, but the intent 

is to maintain the meadow. 

The Inyo National Forest includes approximately 84,795 acres that are suitable for timber 

production, with the majority in the northwest corner the forest (Figure 16). The detailed acres of 

suitability are shown in table 17. Project designs will incorporate actions to meet a variety of 

objectives, such as riparian area enhancement, habitat maintenance or development, and scenic 

stability and integrity. 

Planned Timber Sale Program 

The planned timber sale program represents an estimation of treatment types, planned to achieve 

the outcomes described by the plan’s desired conditions and objectives, and consistent with the 

other plan components during the plan period (i.e., by decade). The planned practices are based 

on the projected fiscal capability and organizational capacity of the planning unit, and not a 

commitment to take an action or to develop a project-specific proposal for such action.

Sustained Yield Limit 

The sustained yield limit is the amount of timber, meeting applicable utilization standards, “which 

can be removed from a forest annually in perpetuity on a sustained yield basis” (NFMA at section 

11, 16 USC 1611; 36 CFR 219.11(d) (6)). It is the volume that could be produced in perpetuity on 

lands that may be suitable for timber production. The calculation of the sustained yield limit is 

not limited by land management plan desired condition, other plan components, or the planning 

unit's fiscal capability and organizational capacity. The sustained yield limit for the lands that may 

be suitable for timber production is 40 millions of cubic feet (MMCF) per decade.

 

14 Area includes a corridor incorporating approximately 0.25 miles on either side of eligible Wild and Scenic Rivers. 
Appendix E. Timber Suitability and Management 

158 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 17. Inyo National Forest land suitable for timber production 

Land Classification Category Acres

A. Inyo National Forest System Land 1,983,919

B. Lands non suited for timber production due to legal or technical reasons 

(1+2+3) 1,899,042

1. Land withdrawn from timber production 1,554,013

2. Nonforested lands and/or lands where adequate stocking is not 

assured

345,029

3. Lands where irreversible resource damage is likely 0

C. Lands that may be suitable for timber production (A-B) 84,876

D. Lands where management objectives limit timber harvest 81

1. Recommended wilderness areas 11

2. Eligible wild river segments 70

3. California spotted owl protected activity centers 0

E. Lands not suitable for timber production (B+D) 1,899,124

F. Lands suitable for timber production (A-E) 84,795

Projected Wood Sale Quantity and Timber Sale Quantity 

The estimated quantity of timber and all other wood products that is expected to be sold from the 

plan area for the plan period is called the projected wood sale quantity (PWSQ). The PWSQ 

consists of the projected timber sale quantity as well as other woody material such as fuelwood, 

firewood, or biomass that is also expected to be available for sale. The PWSQ includes volume 

from timber harvest, for any purpose, based on expected harvests that would be consistent with 

the plan components. The PWSQ is also based on the planning unit’s fiscal capability and 

organizational capacity. PWSQ is neither a target nor a limitation on harvest.

The projected timber sale quantity (PTSQ) is the estimated quantity of timber meeting applicable 

utilization standards that is expected to be sold during the plan period. As a subset of the PWSQ, 

the PTSQ includes volume from timber harvest for any purpose, from all lands in the plan area, 

based on expected harvests that would be consistent with the plan components. The PTSQ is also 

based on the planning unit’s fiscal capability and organizational capacity. PTSQ is neither a target 

nor a limitation on harvest. Average volume outputs for the 1st and 2nd decades for Inyo National 

Forest planned timber sale program is displayed in Table 18.
Appendix E. Timber Suitability and Management 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 159

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 18. Average volume outputs for the 1st and 2nd decades for Inyo National Forest planned timber sale program1 

Land suitability Product Type Product Subtype 1

st Decade

MMCF2

1

st Decade

MMBF3

2

nd Decade

MMCF

2

nd Decade

MMBF

Suitable4 Timber Product5 A1. Sawtimber 1–1.5 5–7.5 1–1.5 5–7.5

Suitable Timber Product A2. Other products 2–3 10–15 2–3 10–15

Not Suitable6 Timber product B1. Sawtimber <0.5 <5 <0.5 <5

Not Suitable Timber product B2. Other products 1–1.5 5–7.5 1–1.5 5–7.5

Both Suitable & Not Suitable Timber Product Total C. Projected Timber Sale 

Quantity (A1+A2+B1+B2) 4–6 20–30 4–6 20–30

Both Suitable & Not Suitable Other Estimated Wood 

Products7

D. Fuelwood 3 15 3 15

Both Suitable & Not Suitable All E. Projected Wood Sale Quantity

(PWSQ) (C+D) 7–9 35–45 7–9 35–45

1Although the NFMA provides that the plan period is at least every 15 years; it limits the sale of timber to less than the sustained yield limit for each decade of 

the plan (16 U.S.C. 1611). Providing estimates in the plan of the annual projected wood sale quantity and the annual projected timber sale quantity for the each 

of first two decades aligns with the NFMA decadal periods limiting the sale of timber, and provides estimates to cover a second decade if revision of the plan is 

delayed beyond the 15-year limit. 

2MMCF: Millions of cubic feet.

3MMBF: Millions of board feet. 

4Lands suitable for timber production. 

5The timber product categories are for volumes other than for salvage or sanitation, that meet timber product utilization standards.

6Lands not suitable for timber production. 

7Other estimated wood products include fuelwood, biomass and others that do not meet timber product utilization standards. 

Appendix E. Timber Suitability and Management 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 161

for the Inyo National Forest 

Vegetation Management Practices 

Harvest of timber on National Forest System lands occurs for many different reasons, including 

ecological restoration, community protection in wildland-urban interfaces, habitat restoration, 

protection of municipal water supplies, and to contribute to economic sustainability through the 

production of timber, pulp for paper, specialty woods for furniture, and fuel as a renewable 

energy source. Timber harvest, whether for wood production, restoration or other reasons can 

support local businesses and employment.

Forest management on the Inyo National Forest consists of restoration and fuels reduction 

treatments designed to achieve desired conditions for the associated terrestrial vegetation type on 

suitable timber lands. Most treatments would occur in the montane zone, with minor amounts in 

the upper montane zone. Thinning removes sawtimber and miscellaneous convertible products; 

however, due to proximity to existing mill facilities, most treatments yield fuelwood and specialty 

wood products.

The projected management approach uses uneven-aged management systems. Thinning will be 

the primary practice, with group selection implemented as the regeneration method. Thinning is 

used to increase individual tree vigor, increase horizontal heterogeneity, and reduce fuel hazards. 

Group selection will be used to regenerate suitable lands, increasing vertical heterogeneity and 

tree species diversity. Table 19 displays estimates of acres of activity implemented by decade and 

vegetation management type for the Inyo National Forest.

Forest management in wildfire protection zones and strategic ridge tops will be prioritized for 

treatment. Forest management on unsuitable lands is primarily responsive to safety concerns or 

disturbance agents such as wildfire, windthrow, insect and disease, or other restoration objectives.

Table 19. Estimated vegetation management practices on the Inyo National Forest in acres 

implemented per decade 

Forestwide vegetation management 

Practices 1st Decade 2nd Decade

Thinning (Intermediate Harvest) 8,000–11,500 8,000–11,500

Regeneration (Group Selection) 1,000–2,000 1,000–2,000

Silvicultural treatments used in timber management prescriptions 

While an uneven-aged management system will be the primary approach used to achieve desired 

conditions and restoration objectives, other silvicultural treatments may be used to better meet 

specific forest health and restoration objectives. 

Reforestation 

Reforestation is the act of renewing forest cover by establishing young trees. This is typically 

accomplished by planting nursery-grown seedlings, but establishment of seedlings from natural 

seeding of nearby sexually-mature trees may supplement areas planted with nursery-grown 

seedlings. In some cases, natural seedlings originating from nearby trees may be used to meet 

management objectives. In the case where desired tree species are capable of sprouting new trees 
Appendix E. Timber Suitability and Management 

162 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

from roots (e.g., oaks and aspen), prolific root sprouting can provide for effective 

reestablishment.

Site Preparation 

Site preparation treatments are designed to enhance the success of regeneration efforts. A variety 

of methods may be used to reduce competing vegetation, planting obstacles and fuel levels. 

Ground-based equipment may be used to reduce tree and shrub levels, providing a more favorable 

environment for developing seedlings. Selective herbicides may be applied to suppress competing 

plants, reducing competition for soil moisture and sunlight. Fire may be used to reduce surface 

fuel or to consume woody material piled by machine or hand. 

Seedling Establishment 

As discussed under reforestation, new forests may be established by planting nursery-grown 

seedlings or by germinating seed from nearby mature trees. Seedlings are grown in tree nurseries, 

from selected seed sources, to meet the expected demands of the future growth environment. 

Selected species, numbers, and arrangements are designed to provide a variety of options for the 

future. Seedlings developing from seeding of nearby mature trees vary widely in number and 

arrangement and commonly establish, in pulses, over time.

In managed environments, planting selected species at designed numbers and arrangements 

provides advantages over the development of seedlings from nearby mature trees. Seedlings 

originating from seeding of nearby trees often provide numbers in excess of need and in 

undesirable arrangement. They may, however, provide for successful establishment of new forests 

in places regarded as difficult to plant, or where planted seedling mortality levels are 

unacceptably high. Regardless of origin, both sources benefit from actions taken to provide more 

favorable growth environments.

Seedling Stocking Criteria 

The stocking criteria for lands suitable for timber production are indicated in Table 20. They are 

designed to provide for the attainment of long-term desired conditions, and provide sufficient 

stocking to meet the potential forest product yields over time. The values apply after regeneration 

harvests, and after disturbances, like in areas affected by high severity fire.

Table 20. Stocking criteria for suitable lands by forest type* 

Forest Type Region 5 Site Class Trees per Acre Minimum

Ponderosa/Jeffrey Pine 0–3 200

Ponderosa/Jeffrey Pine 4–5 150

True Fir All 300

Douglas-fir All 225

Mixed Conifer All 200

* Final density after stand establishment (within 5 years of harvest). 
Appendix E. Timber Suitability and Management 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 163

for the Inyo National Forest 

Release 

These treatments are designed to free young trees from undesirable competing vegetation. 

Treatments are aimed at increasing the availability of moisture, sunlight and nutrients to planted 

seedlings, thus increasing survival and favorable growth rates. Depending on conditions, release 

can be performed using hand tools, herbicides or mechanically. 

Precommercial Thinning 

This treatment removes selected trees to reduce stocking and promote the growth and 

development of desirable trees. The removed trees are typically small and without sufficient value 

to cover the cost of the treatment. 

Timber Harvest 

The projected activities associated with scheduled forest management on suitable lands for timber 

production are geared toward uneven-aged management, a system using a planned sequence of 

treatments, designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with three or more age classes. The types 

of treatments used are primarily “thinning” and “group selection”: 

 Thinning is commonly applied to lower stand density and improve the health and growth 

rates of the remaining trees. It may also be designed to alter tree arrangement. Trees of 

merchantable size are selected for removal; trees of less than merchantable size are 

selected when the reduction of ladder fuels is an objective. The youngest age classes are 

typically excluded from thinning. 

 Group selection is the most common method used to regenerate an age class. All, or most, 

of the trees are removed, followed by the establishment of seedlings. The size of the 

opening is variable, but is designed to provide sufficient site resources for favorable 

seedling establishment and growth.

In addition to scheduled forest management, management may also occur in response to 

disturbance events (i.e. wildfire, windthrow, insect, parasite or pathogen-related decline). Other 

harvest methods will likely apply to these specific conditions and project objectives. For example, 

after wildfire, and especially on suitable land, salvage harvests may be implemented to recover 

the economic value of dead and dying trees and to reduce the fuel environment. Other events, 

such as windthrow and insect and pathogen related infestations, may lead to salvage or sanitation 

harvests, to recover economic value and improve residual stand health. 

Site-specific analysis may also lead to the use of alternative regeneration methods, including 

those associated with the even-aged management system. For example, project-specific objectives 

may lead to use of the shelterwood regeneration method to aid in establishment of seedlings.

Safety considerations, although not regarded as a component of a harvest system, will likely lead 

to the harvest of dead and dying trees, as well as living trees deemed a risk, that may fail along 

roads and other places where people or property are threatened. This action, commonly referred 

to as hazard tree removal, or tree risk reduction, may be used extensively along roads and trails 

within wildfire areas.
164 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 
Draft Revised Forest Plan 165

for the Inyo National Forest 

Appendix F: Forestwide Rangeland Standards

Introduction 

The rangeland standards from the conversion process of the 1988 Land and Resource 

Management Plan Inyo National Forest are brought forward into this Draft Revised Land 

Management Plan for the Inyo National Forest. These rangeland standards will allow the Inyo to 

sustain and improve rangeland ecosystems. They are summarized in matrices based on vegetation 

condition, vegetation type and grazing system.

Vegetation and Grazing Systems Matrices 

General 

Management matrices, or tables, were developed based on regional range analysis handbooks 

(Region 5 draft amendment to FSH 2209.21) and supported by the Pacific Southwest Region 

Rangeland Analysis and Planning Guide15. The range analysis handbooks provide for a 

continuum of allowable uses, depending on vegetative condition. An interdisciplinary team made 

adjustments to the figures in the tables based on the specific grazing system used, current 

literature, and professional experience with Inyo National Forest conditions. An interdisciplinary 

team considered these standards to be the maximum allowable per vegetation type on the Inyo 

National Forest. 

Allowable use refers to use by all users, including wildlife, recreation and domestic livestock. 

Allowable use is measured by percent weight removed for grasses and sedges; and by percent 

leader growth removed or broken (i.e., measured by length or volume) for shrubs and trees. 

Allowable use figures were based on a normal precipitation year and adjustments should be made 

by managers during drought years. Note that five percent allowable use refers to incidental use 

such as occasional stray and recreational animals. In practice, 5 percent means no planned use.

The regional guide identifies strategies for monitoring different ecological types and for 

determining desired conditions. The watershed evaluation criteria modify the use standards where 

necessary. Habitats of threatened, endangered, sensitive and proposed wildlife and plant species 

are evaluated and allowable use standards modified as necessary after consultation with the US 

Fish & Wildlife Service, in order to maintain species viability. Cultural sites will be surveyed, and 

use will be in accordance with Section 106 of the National historic Preservation Act, and other 

relevant laws.

Vegetation Types 

Rangeland vegetation types were originally classified according to the Region 5 Range Analysis 

Handbook (Region 5 draft amendment to FSH 2209.21) and adjusted based on the presence of 

commonly found plant associations on the Inyo National Forest, and updated based on current 

research16

. A preliminary list of desired species selected for monitoring key species is shown in 

Table 21. Desired plants refer to plant species that are representative of a specific vegetation type,

 

15 USDA Forest Service. 1997. Pacific Southwest Region 5 Range Analysis and Planning Guide. Region 5 - 

Pacific Southwest Region, Vallejo CA. March 1997. 

16 Weixelman, Dave A. and Gross, Shana E. (n.d.) Plant functional types in relation to disturbance and 

hydrologic gradients in mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascade ranges, CA. USDA 

Forest Service, Region 5. Unpublished report. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

166 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

in a healthy state; key species refers to a plant species of sufficient abundance and palatability to 

justify their use as indicators, to the degree of utilization for the associated vegetation type. 

Additional desired and key species may be identified by an interdisciplinary team, based on site 

specific conditions and objectives, at the time of site-specific project planning. Non-native grass 

species in the genus Poa are not identified as key species. If a key species is not present at a given 

site, a different representative desired species may be substituted during actual monitoring.

Table 21. A preliminary list of desired species that are selected for monitoring key species 

Vegetation Type Desired Species Key Species

Carex-Dominated (Wet) Meadows

Carex nebrascensis

Carex aquatilis

Carex utriculata

Carex athrostachya

Eleocharis spp.

Carex spp.

Carex-Grass-Dominated (Moist) Meadows1

Carex spp.

Trifolium spp.

Deschampsia caespitosa

Poa spp.

Hordeum brachyantherum

Miscellaneous forbs

Carex spp.

Desert Shrub

Elymus spicatus

Ambrosia domosa

Stipa hymenoides

Grayia spinosa

Atriplex spp.

Menodora spinescens

Krascheninnikovia lanata

Stipa speciose

Ephedra viridis

Ephedra nevadensis

Psorothamnus polydenius

Stipa hymenoides

Stipa speciose

Grayia spinose

Ceratoides lanata

Sagebrush

Atriplex spp.

Grayia spinose

Stipa spp.

Elymus elymoides

Stipa hymenoides

Ephedra viridis

Grayia spinose

Stipa spp.

Elymus elymoides

Stipa hymenoides
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 167

for the Inyo National Forest 

Vegetation Type Desired Species Key Species

Bitterbrush

Purshia spp.

Artemisia tridentate

Stipa spp.

Elymus elymoides

Stipa hymenoides

Ribes cereum

Ribes velutinum

Agropyron spp.

Poa secunda

Purshia spp.

Alpine Meadow

Carex spp. 

Agropyron spp.

Eleocharis spp.

Deschampsia caespitos

Danthonia spp.

Poa spp.

Carex spp.

Poa spp.

Deschampsia caespitosa

Danthonia spp.

Alpine Dwarf Shrub

Artemisia arbuscula

Ribes spp.

Eriogonum spp.

Koeleria macrantha

Elymus elymoides

Poa spp.

Poa spp.

Koeleria macrantha

Elymus elymoides

Willow Salix spp. Salix spp.

Aspen2 Populus tremuloides Populus tremuloides

1 This type does not include degraded wet or moist meadows. Dry meadows do not represent a management problem on 

the Inyo. Use the same standards for this type as for adjacent dryland vegetation types on a site specific basis. 

2 This type does not include use standards for the understory vegetation. For understory vegetation, use the appropriate 

vegetation matrix. 

Grazing Systems 

There are five primary grazing systems used on the forest: continuous season long; once over; 

compressed season; rest rotation; and deferred rotation. There are three others that are either not 

in current use, or used less frequently: year round; holistic resource management; and setback 

pastures. Here are the descriptions of eight grazing systems: 

 Continuous season long: This system permits continuous grazing throughout the entire 

plant growing season. Continuous season long grazing often requires more restrictive 

standards (i.e. reduced utilization levels) than other grazing systems due to repeated use 

of individual plants over an extended period of time. This repeated use can lead to a 

downward trend in plant vigor if utilization levels are set too high.

 Once over: Once over grazing refers to a duration of approximately three days for sheep 

or five to seven days for cattle, within a given management unit. This grazing scheme is 

of short duration and low to moderate intensity. Once over grazing may occur early, mid 

or late season.
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

168 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

 Compressed season: This system enables permitted animal months to be reached by 

allowing more livestock over a shorter period of time. For example a historical permitted 

use of 150 head for 4 months (600 animal months) might be changed to 600 head for 1 

month to reach the same 600 AM'S of use.

 Rest rotation: This includes only the two-pasture rest rotation system in which there 

would be total rest on one pasture and season long use on the other. Allowable use was 

largely based on season- long continuous use for the grazed pasture. Rest rotation 

systems with 3 or more pastures are treated as “deferred rotation”, because one pasture is 

grazed early and another is grazed late as in a deferred rotation system, while the third is 

rested.

 Deferred rotation: This is a system in which units are used f or only a portion of the 

growing season. The use standards are set individually according to the timing of use, i.e. 

first half or second half of the plant growing season.

 Year-round: This refers to grazing on a 9 to 12 month basis per year. This form of grazing 

was considered, but is currently not in use on the Inyo National Forest.

 Holistic resource management: Commonly associated with Alan Savory and the Center 

for Holistic Resource Management, holistic resource management typically incorporates 

high intensity-short duration grazing strategies as well as other resource management 

techniques. Holistic resource management is unique with each land use application; it is 

inconsistent with predetermined utilization standards and could be adopted on an 

allotment specific basis as decided by a holistic resource management interdisciplinary 

team. If this grazing system is to be implemented, the holistic resource management team 

should determine appropriate allowable use standards and participate in the requisite site 

specific NEPA analysis.

 Setback pastures: Setback pastures are resource enclosures, or pastures, that can be 

grazed occasionally. They normally will be assigned standards on a site specific basis.

Proposed Utilization Standards: Vegetation Parameters 

In this section the proposed utilization tables, or matrices, for each vegetation type (i.e., Carexdominated (wet) meadows, Carex-grass-dominated (moist) meadows, desert shrub, sagebrush, 

bitterbrush, alpine meadow, alpine dwarf shrub, willow and aspen) by grazing system are 

presented. 

Within the matrices there are overlaps in the numbers of desired plants over total herbaceous 

plants. Total herbaceous refers to the total number of plants counted out of 100 tallied. This 

includes invaders as well as desired plants. It does not include tallies on litter, bare soil, gravel or 

rock. When more than one vegetation type exists within a management unit, more than one use 

standard may exist. Livestock should be removed from a unit when the first (in chronological 

time) allowable use standard is reached.
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 169

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 22. Proposed utilization standards for Carex dominated wet meadow by grazing system. The 

key species is Carex sp. (i.e., sedges). Allowable use is in percent by weight. 

Desired Plant Tally1

(Total Herbaceous)

Continuous 

Season 

Long2

Once Over

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

Compressed

Season

Rest 

Rotation3

Deferred 

Rotation

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

68

(68+) 45% 60%/45% NR4

- 50%/40%

51–67

(51+) 45%2 45%/35% NR - 50%/40%

19-50

(19+) 25% 35%/25% NR - 40%/30%

7–34

(16-85) 15% 25%/15% NR - 30%/20%

0–16

(0–45) 5%5 15%/10% NR - 20%/10%

1

 Number of vegetation hits tallied out of 100 total using the toe-point method (FSH 2209.21). 

2 Number given is for concave meadow; drop by 10 % for convex meadow. 

3 For 2-pasture systems, use season-long standards; for ≥3-pasture systems, use deferred rotation early/late season 

standards. 

4

 Grazing practice not recommended. 

5

 The 5% allowable use is for incidental use only. The intent is not to have grazing at this level. 

Table 23. Proposed utilization standards for Carex-grass dominated moist meadow vegetation type 

by grazing system. The key species is Carex sp. (i.e., sedges). Allowable use is in percent by weight. 

Desired Plant Tally1

(Total Herbaceous)

Continuous 

Season 

Long

Once Over

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

Compressed 

Season

Rest 

Rotation2

Deferred 

Rotation

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

>51

(55) 40% 55%/40% 55%/40% - 45%/35%

37–57

(>37) 40% 40%/30% 40%/30% - 45%/35%

17–57

(>20) 20% 30%/25% 30%/25% - 35%/25%

0–20

(>10) 10% 20%/10% 20%/10% - 25%/15%

<13

(0–25) 5%3 10%/5% 10%/5% - 15%/5%

1

 Number of vegetation hits tallied out of 100 total using the toe-point method (FSH 2209.21).

2 For 2-pasture systems, use season-long standards; for ≥3-pasture systems, use deferred rotation early/late season 

standards. 

3

 The 5% allowable use is for incidental use only. The intent is not to have grazing at this level. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

170 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 24. Proposed utilization standards for desert shrub vegetation type by grazing system. Key 

species are Stipa sp. (needlegrass), Stipa hymenoides (ricegrass), and Grayia spinosa (spiny 

hopsage). Allowable use is in percent by weight. 

Desired Plant Tally1

(Total Herbaceous)

Continuous 

Season 

Long

Once Over

(Early 

Season/Late

Season)

Compressed 

Season

Rest 

Rotation2

Deferred 

Rotation

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

29–41

(>38) 30% 50%/40% 50%/40% NR 40%/30%

8–40

(>30) 30% 50%/40% 50%/40% NR 40%/30%

<32

(>10) 20% 30%/20% 30%/20% NR 30%/20%

<14

(>5) 10% 20%/10% 20%/10% NR 20%/10%

<8

(<11) 5%3 10%/5% 10%/5% NR 10%/5%

1

 Number of vegetation hits tallied out of 100 total using the toe-point method (FSH 2209.21 Range Analysis Handbook). 

2 Grazing practice not recommended. 

3

 The 5% allowable use is for incidental use only. The intent is not to have grazing at this level. 

Table 25. Proposed utilization standards for sagebrush/bunchgrass vegetation type by grazing 

system. Key species include Stipa sp. (needlegrass), Elymus elymoides (squirreltail), Stipa 

hymenoides (ricegrass), and Grayia spinosa (spiny hopsage). Allowable use is set by whichever limit 

is utilized first: allowable use on grasses is in percent by weight; allowable use of brush is percent 

of the current year’s growth. 

Desired Plant Tally1

(Total Herbaceous)

Continuous 

Season 

Long

Once Over

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

Compressed 

Season

Rest 

Rotation

Deferred 

Rotation

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

29–41

(>38) 50% 40%/60% 40%/60% 50% 40%/60%

8–40

(>30) 50% 40%/60% 40%/60% 50% 40%/60%

<32

(>10) 40% 30%/50% 30%/50% 40% 30%/50%

<14

(>5) 20% 20%/40% 20%/40% 20% 10%/40%

<8

(<11) 5%2 10%/30% 10%/30% 5 5%/30%

1

 Number of vegetation hits tallied out of 100 total using the toe-point method (FSH 2209.21 Range Analysis Handbook). 

2 The 5% allowable use is for incidental use only. The intent is not to have grazing at this level. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 171

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 26. Proposed utilization standards for bitterbrush vegetation type by grazing system. Key 

species is Purshia sp. (bitterbrush). Allowable use is set by whichever limit is utilized first: allowable 

use of bitterbrush is the percent of current year’s leader growth; allowable use on grasses is by 

percent weight. 

Desired Plant Tally1

(Total Herbaceous)

[Purshia sp.

Condition]

Continuous 

Season 

Long

Once Over

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

Compressed 

Season

Rest 

Rotation

Deferred 

Rotation

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

29–41

(>38)

[<15% Purshia in Form 

Classes 3 and/or 62]

40% 50%/40% 50%/40% NR3 50%/40%

8–40

(>30)

[<15% Purshia in Form 

Classes 3 and/or 62]

40% 50%/40% 50%/40% NR 50%/40%

<32

(>10)

[<15% Purshia in Form 

Classes 3 and/or 62]

30% 40%/30% 40%/30% NR 40%/30%

<14

(>5)

[<15% Purshia in Form 

Classes 3 and/or 62]

20% 30%/20% 30%/20% NR 30%/20%

<8

(<11)

[<15% Purshia in Form 

Classes 3 and/or 62]

5%4 20%/5% 20%/5% NR 20%/5%

1

 Number of vegetation hits tallied out of 100 total using the toe-point method (FSH 2209.21 Range Analysis Handbook). 

2 FSH 2209.21 (Range Handbook) Form classes for brush: 

Class 1 = All bitterbrush available, little or no hedging. 

Class 2 = All bitterbrush available, moderately hedged 

Class 3 = All bitterbrush available, heavily hedged.

Class 4 = Bitterbrush largely available, little or no hedging. 

Class 5 = Bitterbrush largely available, moderately hedged. 

Class 6 = Bitterbrush largely available, heavily hedged. 

3 Grazing practice not recommended. 

4 The 5% allowable use is for incidental use only; the intent is not to have grazing at this level. Also used if all hits are 

decadent and there is no regeneration 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

172 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 27. Proposed utilization standards for alpine meadow vegetation type by grazing system. Key 

species include Carex sp. (sedges), Poa sp. (bluegrass), Deschampsia cespitosa (hairgrass), and 

Danthonia sp. (oatgrass). Allowable use is in percent by weight. 

Desired Plant Tally1

(Total Herbaceous)

Continuous 

Season 

Long

Once Over

(Early 

Season/Late 

Season)

Compressed 

Season

Rest 

Rotation2

Deferred 

Rotation

>38

(40) 30% 35%/30% NR3 30% NR

31–40

(>30) 20% 30%/20% NR 20% NR

19–30

(>21) 15% 20%/15% NR 15% NR

9–20

(>9) 5%4 10%/5% NR 5% NR

<11

(<28) 5% 5% NR 5% NR

1

 Number of vegetation hits tallied out of 100 total using the toe-point method (FSH 2209.21 Range Analysis Handbook). 

2 Only the 2-pasture system is used, because of the short growing season. 

3 Grazing practice not recommended.

4 The 5% allowable use is for incidental use only. The intent is not to have grazing at this level. 

Table 28. Proposed utilization standards for alpine dwarf shrub vegetation type by grazing system. 

Key species are Poa sp. (bluegrass), Koeleria macrantha (junegrass) and Elymus elymoides

(squirreltail). Allowable use is in percent by weight. 

Desired Plant Tally1

(Total Herbaceous)

Continuous 

Season 

Long

Once Over

(Late Season 

Only)

Compressed 

Season

Rest 

Rotation2

Deferred 

Rotation

>38

(40) 25% 30% NR3 25% NR

31–40

(>30) 20% 20% NR 20% NR

19–30

(>21) 15% 15% NR 15% NR

9–20

(>9) 5%4 5% NR 5% NR

<11

(<28) 5% 5% NR 5% NR

1

 Number of vegetation hits tallied out of 100 total using the toe-point method (FSH 2209.21 Range Analysis Handbook). 

2 Only the 2-pasture system is used, because of the short growing season. 

3 Grazing practice not recommended.

4 The 5% allowable use is for incidental use only. The intent is not to have grazing at this level. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 173

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 29. Proposed utilization standards for aspen vegetation type by grazing system. Key species 

is Populus tremuloides (aspen). Allowable use is percent (by number) aspen regeneration utilized 

(either consumed or trampled) annually. 

Age Class1/ 

Regeneration

Continuous 

Season 

Long

Once Over

(Late Season 

Only)

Compressed 

Season

Rest 

Rotation2

Deferred 

Rotation

≥ 2 Age classes /

Adequate regeneration

20% 20% 20% 20% 20%

< 2 Age classes /

Adequate regeneration

NU2 NU NU NU NU

≥ 2 Age classes /

No regeneration

NU NU NU NU NU

< 2 Age classes /

No regeneration

NU NU NU NU NU

1

 Sites with stems <2 years and/or no regeneration were combined and put into a NO USE category, since the objectives 

in aspen stand management are to manage for a minimum of two age classes, for regeneration if only one class exists, 

and for protection of the stands if there are more than 2 age classes. FSH 2209 .21 (Range Handbook) Age Classes: 

seedling, young plant, mature plant, decadent plant, sprouts or suckers 

2 No use.

Table 30. Proposed utilization standards for willow vegetation type by grazing system. Key species 

is Salix sp. (willow). Allowable use is percent (by volume) available willow twigs and leaves utilized 

or trampled. 

Age Class1

and

Regeneration

Continuous 

Season 

Long

Once Over2 Compressed 

Season

Rest 

Rotation2

Deferred 

Rotation

Form Classes 1 & 4

or

Good Regeneration

25% 30% NR2 25% NR

Form Classes 2 & 5

or

Good Regeneration

20% 20% NR 20% NR

Form Classes 3, 6, 7, 8

or

Good Regeneration

15% 15% NR 15% NR

1

 FSH 2209.21 (Range Handbook) form classes: class 1 = all willows are available, little or no hedging; class 2 = all 

willows are available, moderately hedged; class 3 = all willows are available, heavily hedged; class 4 = willows largely 

available, little or no hedging; class 5 = willows largely available, moderately hedged; class 6 = willows largely available, 

heavily hedged; class 7 = willows mostly unavailable; and class 8 = willows unavailable. 

2

 Late season only. 

3

 Grazing practice not recommended. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

174 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Watershed Evaluation Criteria and Corrective Actions 

An ecosystem approach to determining final forage utilization standards must include an 

evaluation of current watershed condition or function. A watershed that is fully functional will 

have the ability to capture, store and slowly release water over time. When a watershed or subwatershed is non-functional or degraded, the ability to store and release water for plant use over 

the grazing season is reduced or lost. After a preliminary allowable use factor has been 

determined from the vegetation matrices adjustments and corrective actions may be identified 

based on watershed evaluations, in order to implement restoration of watershed function.

A watershed evaluation consists of two parts, a site specific evaluation and a broad scale 

watershed analysis. A site specific evaluation assesses watershed characteristics in representative 

riparian, upland and stream channel vegetation types based on evaluation criteria listed in Table 

31 and Table 32. The broad scale watershed analysis examines watershed characteristics over a 

much greater area, including all areas upstream and downstream within the watershed.

If the results of these evaluations indicate that the watershed is fully functional, with no off-site 

factors that need to be addressed, no adjustment to the preliminary allowable use factor is needed. 

If the watershed is less than fully functional, the results of the site-specific and broad scale 

evaluations are integrated by an interdisciplinary team and corrective actions are developed that 

specifically relate to the identified problems on the ground. The number of corrective actions 

required is dependent on the severity and number of problems present.

Watershed Assessment Protocol 

Identify the watershed area to be evaluated. This will usually be a sub-watershed, however it is 

important to consider the entire watershed condition and identify any upstream or downstream 

contributing factors and impacts. Site specific watershed observations will be taken in 

conjunction with the vegetation toe point data collection (FSH 2201.09).

Broad-scale Evaluations 

The area upstream will be considered and any factors contributing to watershed problems at the 

site will be noted. These may be outside of the grazed vegetation, the allotment or National 

Forest. Working down from the top of the watershed will help identify and track these 

contributing factors. The area downstream from the site will also be considered. Any factors 

found on the site that are contributing to watershed problems downstream will be noted. The 

information regarding upstream and downstream impacts will be used by the Forest’s

interdisciplinary team to determine the effective location for application of the mitigation actions 

identified in the site specific evaluations.

Site-specific Evaluations 

Use the watershed table for the appropriate vegetation type and check the appropriate category for 

each watershed characteristic on the tally sheet. Complete the streambank and channel assessment 

if there is a stream channel within the vegetation type. The methodology is intended to be a rapid 

visual assessment, not a detailed quantitative measurement. The intent is to identify, categorize 

and respond to readily apparent problems. Tally the number of checks for each characteristic, 

keeping the tally sheets separate for riparian, upland and stream channel.

Allowable Use Adjustment Protocol 

All allowable use level reductions in the following section refer to the allowable use matrices. A 

one level reduction is defined as changing the allowable use to the value in the box directly below 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 175

for the Inyo National Forest 

the previously identified allowable use factor. A two level reduction requires changing the 

allowable use to two boxes directly below the previously identified allowable use factor.

For riparian vegetation (type a), out of a possible five check marks:

 Good or fully functional: if four or more are in the fully functional category and no 

checks are in the degraded or non-functional categories, then no corrective actions are 

required.

 Fair or functioning at risk: if one check is in the degraded category, two or more checks 

in the at risk category, and no checks in the non-functional category, then either one 

management change or a reduction of one allowable use level from the vegetation 

matrices must be implemented.

 Poor or degraded: if one check is in the non-functional category and up to one check is in 

the degraded category, or if two checks are in the degraded category and no checks are in 

the non-functional category, then either two management changes, or a reduction of two 

allowable use levels from the vegetation matrices, or one management change and a 

reduction of one allowable use level, must be implemented, or the area must be rested.

 Non-functional: if any two or more checks are in the degraded category and one check is 

in the non-functional category, or if two or more checks are in the non-functional 

category, then the area must be rested until recovery is documented.

For upland vegetation (type b), out of a possible eight total check marks:

 Good or fully functional: if at least six are in the fully functional category and no checks 

are in the degraded or non-functional categories, the no action is required.

 Fair or functioning at risk: if at least four checks are in the at risk category or better and 

no more than two checks are in the degraded and no checks in the non-functional 

categories, then a reduction of one allowable use level or one management change is 

required.

 Poor or degraded: if three checks are in the degraded category, or one check is in the nonfunctional category and the remainder are in the at risk or fully functional categories, then 

a reduction of two allowable use levels, or two management action changes, or a 

reduction of one allowable use level and one management action must be implemented.

 Non-functional: if four or more checks are in either the degraded or non-functional 

categories, or two or more checks are in the non-functional category, then a reduction of 

two allowable use levels and one management action change, or a reduction of one 

allowable use level in the use table and two management actions must be implemented.

For stream and streambanks, use the proper functioning condition protocol17 18, as discussed in 

chapter 3 or the updated versions of these protocols: 

 

17 Barrett, H., J. Cagney, R. Clark, J. Fogg, K. Gebhardt, P. L. Hansen, B. Mitchell, D. Prichard, D. Tippy. 

1993 (Revised 1998). Riparian area management: Process for assessing proper functioning condition TR1737-9. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 60 pp. 

18 Prichard, D., J. Anderson, C. Corell, J. Fogg, K. Gebhardt, R. Krapf, S. Leonard, B. Mitchell, and J. 

Staats. 1998. Riparian Area Management TR-1737-15. A user guide to assessing proper functioning 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

176 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

 If threated at fully functional category then no change is required.

 If rated at functioning at risk with an upward trend, then either one management change 

or a reduction by one allowable use level is required.

 If rated as functional at risk with a downward trend or non-functional categories, then the 

area must be rested until recovery is documented.

Consider any broad scale contributing factors noted and determine if correcting those factors will 

help correct site-specific problems. If so, successful corrective action for those contributing 

factors will count toward total corrective actions required.

Potential Problems and Corrective Actions 

The following is a list of potential problems and possible corrective actions that may be applied in 

order to reach management goals. Actual problems and solutions will normally be identified and 

developed on an individual site basis by a forest interdisciplinary team.

Presence of hummocks rated as “degraded” in wet meadows:

 Delay on-date to allow wet areas to become firm.

 Change to a shorter duration grazing system.

 Fence the wet area to exclude grazing.

 Drop the forage use by one level in the allowable use table. 

Presence of rills, gullies and headcuts:

 Construct grade control structures.

 Slope back and protect headcuts.

 Revegetate headcuts and raw areas and protect from trampling.

 Protect headcuts and raw areas and allow natural revegetation.

 Change to a shorter duration grazing system.

 Drop the forage use by one level in the allowable use table. 

Presence of compacted soils:

 Delay on-date to allow wet areas to become firm.

 Change to a shorter duration grazing season.

 Protect compacted areas (fencing, brush, etc.) to allow natural healing.

 Drop the forage use by one level in the allowable use table.

 

condition and the supporting science for lotic areas. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land 

Management, National Applied Resource Sciences Center. 136 pp. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 177

for the Inyo National Forest 

Presence of bare ground due to disturbance:

 Reseed with native/endemic desirable plants.

 Delay on-date until after seed has been set on desired plants.

 Change to a shorter duration grazing system.

 Drop the forage use by one level in the allowable use table. 

Presence of poor streambank stability:

 Evaluate upstream areas for poor management practices.

 Protect banks from trampling with brush, fencing, etc.

 Establish a riparian pasture and graze at lower intensity and shorter duration.

 Delay on-date to allow banks to become firm prior to grazing.

 Change from cattle to sheep.

 Drop the forage use by one level in the allowable use table. 

Presence of stream channel incisement:

 Same as for poor streambank stability.

 Restore the entire reach, including reconstruction of the natural stream channel 

configuration, profile, and pattern.

Examples of broad scale problems and their potential solutions 

A road with poorly designed drainage is crossing a wet meadow or a stream causing headcutting. 

The headcuts can be stabilized by sloping back and seeding, placing sod or erosion control cloth 

over the raw earth, then protect from grazing, trampling and allowed to heal. The road can also be 

evaluated and be removed and rehabilitated, redesigned or relocated.

A road is channeling overland flow leading to rills and gullies in an upland. In addition to grade 

control structures in the gully, the road can be redesigned or relocated.

A stock trail is crossing a wet meadow, resulting in a change in meadow gradient and headcuts 

originating from the trail working uphill through the meadow. Along with sloping back, 

revegetating and protecting the headcuts from trampling, the trail can be raised by building a 

causeway or must be relocated out of the soft meadow.

Changing water levels in a stream or reservoir is resulting in a drop in hydrological base level and 

headcuts working upstream throughout the tributaries. If possible, the water level in the stream or 

reservoir should be stabilized. If that is not possible, the tributary can be stabilized at or near the 

point where it enters the main body of water with some sort of grade control. Then the headcuts 

can be treated, rested and allowed to revegetate and recover.

Uphill road building, mining, logging, grazing or other activities is increasing local sediment 

loads, changing instream flow patterns and causing bank erosion and sloughing. The streambank 

area can be protected from trampling and the vegetation given a chance to grow and stabilize the 

banks. The upstream sediment source should also be identified and corrected.

Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 179

for the Inyo National Forest 

Watershed Rating Tables and Field Sheets 

Table 31. Watershed characteristics rating table for riparian vegetation types 

Characteristic Non-functional Degraded At-Risk Fully Functional

Sod or surface organic layer: sod is 

the upper layer of soil and identified 

by the depth of the layer in which 

fine roots and organic material are 

integrally mixed with mineral soil at 

the surface; an organic layer may be 

present in especially wet sites and 

can be considered a special kind of 

sod. Record typical sod depth.

Where sod layer would be 

expected, it appears to be 

fragmented and 

discontinuous. More than 50 

% of the area has bare 

mineral soil without a 

protective organic or sod 

cover. The sod layer is thinner 

than expected for the site 

and/or fragmented by erosion, 

trails or other disturbance. 

Where sod layer would be 

expected, it appears to be 

fragmented and 

discontinuous; up to 10-50 % 

of the area may be missing 

sod layer, or sod layer thinner 

or fragmented by erosion, 

trails or other disturbance.

Where sod layer would be 

expected, it is thick and 

mostly continuous, but up to 

10% of the area may be 

missing sod layer or sod 

layer is thinner or beginning 

to be fragmented by erosion, 

trails, or other disturbance. 

Alkali meadows may fit in 

this category as an 

assessment of natural risk 

factors.

Wet and moist meadows have 

a thick (>2"), continuous sod 

layer throughout most of the 

site. Especially wet or spring 

areas may have a layer of 

organic soil above the mineral 

layer. Dry meadow sites should 

have thick grass litter cover;

sod layer may be <2" thick over 

the entire site. Alkali meadows 

may naturally lack this sod 

layer; naturally at greater risk to 

compaction and erosion.

Compaction is best assessed with a 

tile spade, using undisturbed (or 

highly disturbed) areas as 

comparative references. Platiness, 

mashed roots or lack of roots are 

indicators of severe compaction. 

Note extent, severity, and depth of 

compaction where possible.

Similar to at-risk, except 

degree and extent of 

compaction is more severe. 

Plant vigor and cover is 

affected, rooting depth is 

restricted to few inches at 

surface; probably associated 

evidence of water runoff. 

Evidence of slight or 

moderate compaction over 

much of the site, or severe 

compaction in small but 

critical areas (e.g., near 

streambanks or sideslopes 

capable of delivering 

sediment to stream or moving 

soil offsite.) Plant vigor and 

rooting depth appear to be 

affected. Compaction is not 

alleviated over the winter rest 

period.

Some evidence of slight or 

moderate compaction levels 

over parts of the site. No 

severe compaction except in 

major trails, bedding or salt 

areas. (Severely compacted 

areas are not near 

streambanks or sideslopes 

capable of delivering 

sediment to stream.) Extent 

of compaction is minimal and 

plant vigor and rooting depth 

are not greatly affected. 

No evidence of severe 

compaction. Slight or moderate 

compaction is limited only to 

trails, salting or bedding areas. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

180 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Characteristic Non-functional Degraded At-Risk Fully Functional

Hummocks are a surface ground 

pattern of mounds and intermounds 

that can form naturally in alpine 

environments where organic or wet 

soils are present. May also form in 

mineral soils due to disturbance. 

Disturbance can also make these 

natural temporary features 

permanent and compaction between 

the mounds can lead to reduced 

water infiltration and erosion leading 

to nickpoints and headcuts. 

Hummocks, when permanent, are 

part of the landscape for an 

undetermined amount of time. 

Numerous static hummocks 

are evident in most spring 

areas and wet spots. There is 

distinct topographical relief. 

Roots are exposed on edges 

of hummocks and/or 

hoofmarks present. 

Vegetation composition is 

different on top of the 

hummocks and between the 

hummocks. Vegetation 

between hummocks does not 

effectively capture sediment.

Similar to "At-Risk" but the 

degree and extent of 

hummocking is greater. Static 

hummocks are evident in 

most spring and wet areas 

with the following 

characteristics: 

There is distinct topographical 

relief. 

Roots may be exposed on 

edges of hummocks or 

hoofmarks present. 

Vegetation composition may 

be different on top and 

between the hummocks. 

Vegetation between 

hummocks is mostly able to 

capture sediment.

Slight evidence of static 

hummocks with distinct relief 

and trailing pathways. 

Hummocks are still mostly 

vegetated with similar 

species on top and between 

hummocks. There may be 

one large area in a critical 

part of the watershed (e.g.,

headwater spring) or several 

smaller areas. Vegetation 

between hummocks is able 

to capture sediment.

No evidence of static 

hummocks or where hummocks 

are present they are naturally 

occurring features resulting 

from frost heave in organic 

soils. In such cases positions 

change from year to year and 

vegetation should be similar 

and continuous on and 

between hummocks.

Rills & gullies:

Rills are intermittent depressions 

formed by erosion and concentrated 

flow during heavy rains at least 2-3 

cm deep and greater than 1 meter in 

length. If rills have enlarged to the 

point where they are greater than 10 

cm deep and 15 cm wide they are 

considered gullies 19

Rills present at intervals of 

less than 1.5 meters; Rills and 

gullies are numerous and well 

developed, may occur in a 

dendritic pattern, with active 

erosion; or a few welldeveloped gullies with active 

erosion. 

Rills occur in exposed areas 

at intervals of 1.5 to 3 meters 

(5 to 10 feet); gullies are welldeveloped with active 

erosion; some vegetation

may be present; rill and/or 

gully pattern may be 

branching or dendritic. 

Some rills in evidence at 

infrequent intervals of over 3 

meters (10 feet) OR some 

evidence of gullies that show 

some bed or slope erosion; 

some vegetation is present 

on the sideslopes; apparent 

trend is toward revegetation 

and improving stability.

No evidence of active rills or 

gullies. Old rills or gullies may 

be present, but are in stable 

condition. Channel beds and 

sideslopes contain vegetation.

 

19 Modified from Best Management Practices Evaluation Program User's Guide, USDA Forest Service, Region 5, May 1992. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 181

for the Inyo National Forest 

Characteristic Non-functional Degraded At-Risk Fully Functional

Headcuts & nickpoints:

Nickpoints are the initial stage of a 

headcut, before a rill or gully has 

developed. Headcuts are the 

uppermost end of a rill or gully. Both 

headcuts and nickpoints are 

characterized by a vertical or 

undercut dropoff perpendicular to 

the flow of water; when water is 

present the headcut is a waterfall.

Headcut near the bottom of 

the meadow or numerous 

headcuts present and active 

within the meadow. 

Vegetation conversion is 

occurring, and the water table 

may be dropping.

Headcut near the bottom of 

the meadow or several 

headcuts or nickpoints 

present and active within the 

meadow.

Some evidence of 

nickpoints, they may be 

partially vegetated. Apparent 

trend is toward revegetation 

and stabilization.

No active headcuts or 

nickpoints, any remnant 

headcuts or nickpoints are well 

vegetated and stabilized. 

Bare ground due to disturbance:

In most cases in moist and wet 

meadows vegetative cover is 

assumed to be near 100 percent; 

there are exceptions (e.g., alkaline 

meadows and some high alpine 

dwarf shrub meadows). 

Bare ground is 15% more 

than would be expected in the 

natural range of variation for a 

particular vegetative type.

Bare ground is 10 to 15% 

greater than would be 

expected in the natural range 

of variation for a particular 

vegetative type.

Bare ground is 5 to 10% 

greater than would be 

expected in the natural 

range of variation for a 

particular vegetative type.

Bare ground is less than 5% or 

is within the natural range of 

variation for a particular 

vegetation type. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

182 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Table 32. Watershed characteristics rating table for upland vegetation types 

Characteristic Non-functional Degraded At Risk Fully Functional

A-horizon is the surface mineral 

horizon characterized by dark 

colors and organic enrichment. 

Check soil survey for typical depths 

and colors. (Note: due to scale of 

mapping be aware that some 

inclusions and exceptions may 

occur naturally.) 

A-horizon appears to be

fragmented or discontinuous or 

is thinner than the predicted 

range of variation. More than 

50% of the subsoil or b-horizon

may be exposed. Remaining ahorizon is found only around 

plant roots and nutrient cycling 

and a-horizon development is 

impeded due to lack of 

vegetation.

A-horizon appears to be 

fragmented or discontinuous

and/or is thinner than the 

predicted range of variation. Up 

to 50% of the subsoil or bhorizon may be exposed. 

Nutrient cycling and a-horizon 

development is impeded due to 

lack of regenerating vegetation.

A-horizon is present and 

continuous, but is thinner than 

the predicted range of variation

or fragmented with up to 10% of 

the subsoil or b-horizon exposed. 

Nutrient cycling may be affected 

by lack of regenerating 

vegetation.

A-horizon is present and 

within the range of 

variability expected for 

that soil type. Plant 

cover is within the range 

of variability and nutrient 

cycling is active with ahorizon development 

ongoing. 

Mass soil movement characteristic

relates to sheet and wind erosion 

and to the depletion of the ahorizon. This rating criterion also 

includes unstable slopes and mass 

sloughing areas.

Extreme movement of soil is 

visible. Subsoil is exposed over 

much of the area. Area may 

have embryonic dunes and 

wind-scoured depressions. Soil 

is moving off-site. Terracing 

may be noticed or erosion may 

have eliminated terraces too.

Moderate movement of soil is 

visible. More soil and debris is 

deposited against minor 

obstructions than would be 

expected under undisturbed 

conditions and/or soil appears to 

be reaching waterways or 

channels and moving offsite. 

Slight terracing may be noticed.

Some movement of soil is visible. 

Slight buildup of soil and debris 

against minor obstructions may 

occur (more than would be 

expected under undisturbed 

conditions); soil is not reaching 

waterways or stream channels 

for transport offsite. Slight 

terracing may be noticed. 

Naturally sloughing or at risk 

areas are included in this 

category.

Little or no soil 

movement is present or 

the soil movement is 

within the range of 

variability expected for 

the site and soil is not 

moving offsite.
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 183

for the Inyo National Forest 

Characteristic Non-functional Degraded At Risk Fully Functional

Surface litter and/or rock: This 

characteristic is also related to 

erosion and nutrient cycling. (This 

must be carefully judged on lower 

productivity sites where litter 

accumulation is naturally low and 

associated with the vegetation and 

not the bare spaces between.)

Extreme movement and 

redistribution of litter and 

surface rock/pebbles by wind 

or water erosion is evident and 

these materials appear to be 

moving offsite or shows 

extreme redistribution in the 

form of embryonic dunes or 

flow patterns.

Moderate litter movement and 

redistribution of litter or surface 

pebbles or rocks by wind or 

water erosion is occurring. Litter 

is moving offsite. (Flow patterns 

and evidence of surface rock 

and soil movement off site may 

also be visible).

Litter shows some apparent 

redistribution by wind or water 

erosion (built up against 

obstacles other than the plants 

that produced the litter). Pebbles 

and surface fragments show 

evidence of redistribution by wind 

or water. Litter is essentially 

remaining on site.

Litter is accumulating in 

place. Rock or small 

surface pebbles do not 

show movement by wind 

or water beyond the 

natural range of 

variation and litter 

remains on site. 

Flow patterns characteristic is 

evidence of excessive water 

erosion and concentrated flow. It 

often precedes or is associated 

with rilling. (This is not to be 

confused with natural ephemeral 

features found in some ecological 

types). 

Flow patterns are numerous 

and readily noticeable. The site 

may have large barren fan 

deposits. Sediment may be 

moving off site.

Well defined flow patterns 

regularly spaced and often 

containing deposits of sand, silt, 

and litter and small "alluvial 

fans".

Few well defined flow patterns;

some have intermittent deposits 

of sediment or litter.

Little or no evidence of 

concentrated water flow. 

Soil surface is capable 

of absorbing and holding 

water received.

Bare ground due to disturbance: 

The natural range of variation of 

bare ground should be determined 

based on the ecological type or the 

combination of soil productivity and 

the vegetation. 

Bare ground is 15% or more 

than would be expected in the 

natural range of variation for a 

particular ecological type.

Bare ground is 10 to 15% 

greater than would be expected 

in the natural range of variation

for a particular ecological type.

Bare ground is 5 to 10% greater 

than would be expected in the 

natural range of variation for a 

particular ecological type.

Bare ground is within 

the natural range of 

variation for a particular 

ecological type. 

Pedestaling:

Erosion by wind or water from 

around the base of a plant or a 

gravel so that it appears to be on a 

"pedestal". 

Most rocks and plants are 

pedestaled and roots are

exposed.

Rocks and plants on pedestals 

are generally evident, plant roots 

are exposed, or small rock and 

plant pedestals occur in flow 

patterns.

Slight pedestaling, usually at 

edges of flow patterns or around 

a few plants.

Little or no evidence of 

pedestaling.
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

184 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Characteristic Non-functional Degraded At Risk Fully Functional

Compaction is best assessed with 

a tile spade, using undisturbed (or 

highly disturbed) areas as 

comparative references. Platiness, 

mashed roots or lack of roots are 

indicators of severe compaction.

Note extent, severity, and depth of 

compaction where possible)

Similar to at-risk except degree 

and extent of compaction is 

more severe. Plant vigor and 

cover is affected, rooting depth 

is restricted to few inches at 

surface, and there will probably 

be associated evidence of 

water runoff. 

Evidence of slight or moderate 

compaction over much of the 

site or severe compaction in 

small but critical areas (e.g.,

near streambanks or sideslopes 

capable of delivering sediment 

to stream or moving soil offsite.) 

Plant vigor and rooting depth 

appear to be affected. 

(Compaction is not alleviated 

over the winter rest period.)

Some evidence of slight or 

moderate compaction levels over 

parts of the site. No severe 

compaction except in major 

trails, bedding or salt areas. 

(Severely compacted areas are 

not near streambanks or 

sideslopes capable of delivering 

sediment to stream.) Extent of 

compaction is minimal and plant 

vigor and rooting depth are not 

greatly affected. 

No evidence of severe 

compaction (platiness). 

Slight or moderate 

compaction (resistance 

to tile spade, mashed 

roots or lacking roots) is 

limited only to trails and 

or salting or bedding 

areas. 

Rills & gullies:

Rills are intermittent depressions 

formed by erosion and 

concentrated flow during heavy 

rains at least 2-3 cm deep and 

greater than 1 meter in length. If 

rills have enlarged to the point 

where they are greater than 10 cm 

deep and 15 cm wide they are 

considered gullies.20

Rills present at intervals of less 

than 1.5 meters; Rills and 

gullies are numerous and well 

developed, may occur in a 

dendritic pattern, with active 

erosion; or a few welldeveloped gullies with active 

erosion. Trend is apparently 

declining.

Rills occur in exposed areas at 

intervals of 1.5 to 3 meters (5 to 

10 feet); gullies are welldeveloped with active erosion; 

some vegetation may be 

present; rill and/or gully pattern 

may be branching or dendritic. 

Trend is not apparent or appears 

not to be revegetating or 

stabilizing.

Some rills in evidence at 

infrequent intervals of over 3 

meters (10 feet) OR some 

evidence of gullies that show 

some bed or slope erosion; some 

vegetation is present on the 

sideslopes; apparent trend is 

toward revegetation and 

improving stability.

No evidence of active 

rills or gullies. Old rills or 

gullies may be present, 

but are in stable 

condition. Channel beds 

and sideslopes contain 

vegetation.

 

20 Modified from Best Management Practices Evaluation Program User's Guide, USDA Forest Service, Region 5, May 1992. 
Appendix F. Forestwide Rangeland Standards 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 185

for the Inyo National Forest 

Characteristic Non-functional Degraded At Risk Fully Functional

Headcuts & nickpoints:

Nickpoints are the initial stage of a 

headcut, before a rill or gully has 

developed. Headcuts are the 

uppermost end of a rill or gully. 

Both headcuts and nickpoints are 

characterized by a vertical or 

undercut dropoff that is 

perpendicular to the flow of water; 

when water is present the headcut 

is a waterfall.

Headcut near the bottom of the 

meadow or numerous 

headcuts present and active 

within the meadow. Vegetation 

conversion is occurring, and 

water table may be dropping.

Headcut near the bottom of the 

meadow or several headcuts or 

nickpoints present and active 

within the meadow.

Some evidence of nickpoints, 

they may be partially vegetated. 

Apparent trend is toward 

revegetation and stabilization.

No active headcuts or 

nickpoints, any remnant 

headcuts or nickpoints 

are well vegetated and 

stabilized. 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 187

for the Inyo National Forest 

Appendix G: Existing Resource Plans

The following is a list of existing resource plans and agreements that also guide management of 

the Inyo National Forest along with the land management plan. This list is not comprehensive, 

and there may be other resource plans that are being implemented by the Inyo National Forest. 

 Individual research natural area management (RNA) plans for established research 

natural areas: 

o Indiana Summit RNA, established 1932 

o Harvey Monroe Hall RNA, established 1933 

o White Mountain RNA, established 1953 

o Last Chance Meadow RNA, established 1982 

o Sentinel Meadow RNA, established 1983 

 Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest Management Plan (1958) 

 Mono Basin Scenic Area Comprehensive Management Plan (1989) 

 North and South Forks of the Kern Wild and Scenic River Plan (1994) 

 Hoover Wilderness Plan (1977) 

 Golden Trout Wilderness Plan (1982) 

 South Sierra Wilderness Plan (1991) 

 John Muir, Ansel Adam and Dinkey Lakes Wilderness Plan (2001) 

 Motorized Travel Management Plan (2009) 

 Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki hensawi) Recovery Plan (1995) 

 Revised Recovery Plan for the Paiute Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkia seleniris) 

(2004) 

 Owen Basin Wetland and Aquatic Species Recovery Plan Inyo and Mono Counties, 

California (1998) 

 Wild Horse Management Plan for White Mountain and Inyo Mountain Herds (1976) 

 Saline Valley and Lee Flat Burro Herd Management Plan (1985) 

 Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Management Territory Coordinated Resource Plan (1988) 

 Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep (Ovis candensis sierrae) Recovery Plan (1997) 

 Bi-State Action Plan: Conservation of the Greater Sage-Grouse Bi-State Distinct 

Population Segment (2012) 

 Conservation Agreement for Abronia alpina (Ramshaw Meadows abronia) (2015) 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 189

for the Inyo National Forest 

Glossary

Adaptive capacity is the ability of ecosystems to respond, cope, or adapt to disturbances and 

stressors, including environmental change, to maintain options for future generations.

At-risk species are federally recognized threatened, endangered, proposed, and candidate species 

and species of conservation concern within a plan area.

Best management practices for water quality (BMPs) are methods, measures or practices 

selected by an agency to meet its nonpoint source control needs. Best management practices for 

water quality include but are not limited to structural and nonstructural controls and operation and 

maintenance procedures. Best management practices for water quality can be applied before, 

during, and after pollution-producing activities to reduce or eliminate the introduction of 

pollutants into receiving waters (36 CFR 219.19). 

Biotic integrity refers to habitat that supports viable populations of native and desired non-native 

plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate species. Species composition and structural diversity of plant 

and animal communities provide desired habitat conditions and ecological functions. New 

introductions of invasive species are prevented. Where invasive species are adversely affecting 

the viability of native species, the appropriate State and Federal wildlife agencies have reduced 

impacts to native populations. The distribution and health of biotic communities perpetuates 

functions and biological diversity.

Broader landscape is the plan area and the lands surrounding the plan area. The spatial scale of 

the broader landscape varies depending upon the social, economic, and ecological issues under 

consideration.

Candidate species is a species under the purview of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

(USFWS), for which the USFWS possesses sufficient information on vulnerability and threats to 

support a proposal to list as endangered or threatened, but for which no proposed rule has yet 

been published by the USFWS. For species under the purview of the National Marine Fisheries 

Service (NMFS), a candidate species is a species that is the subject of a petition to list as a 

threatened or endangered species and for which the NMFS has determined that listing may be 

warranted, pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(A) of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 

1533(b)(3)(A)), or a species that is not the subject of a petition but for which the NMFS has 

announced in the Federal Register the initiation of a status review.

Canopy closure is the percentage of the sky hemisphere obscured by vegetation when viewed 

from a single point. 

Canopy cover is the percentage of forest floor covered by the vertical projection of the tree 

crowns.
Glossary 

190 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Carbon carrying capacity is the amount of carbon that can be stored in a system as a function of 

prevailing climatic conditions and natural disturbance regimes, and a potential foundation for 

carbon management plans21.

Climate change adaptation is an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual 

or expected climatic stimuli, or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial 

opportunities. This adaptation includes initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of 

natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects: building resistance 

to climate-relate stressors; increasing ecological resilience by minimizing the severity of climate 

change impacts, reducing the vulnerability, and increasing the adaptive capacity of ecosystem 

elements; and facilitating ecological transitions in response to changing environmental 

conditions.

Collaboration is a structured manner in which a collection of people with diverse interests share 

knowledge, ideas, and resources, while working together in an inclusive and cooperative manner 

toward a common purpose.

Community buffers are areas around communities that are adjacent to or surrounded by National 

Forest System lands that currently have high fire risk and where treatments on National Forest 

System lands are designed to reduce fire behavior and intensity. Human health and safety are the 

primary values at risk within these areas. Community buffers are within the community wildfire 

protection zone (chapter 3).

Complex early seral habitat is a type of early successional forest habitat that contains structural, 

compositional, or functional elements of ecological complexity or integrity. These postdisturbance elements may include large snags, logs, and isolated live trees or tree clumps, as well 

as patches of young native shrubs, hardwoods, herbaceous plants or tree regeneration. Spatial 

heterogeneity in vegetation structure and diversity in vegetation composition during postdisturbance recovery is an important element of complexity in early seral forest habitat.

Connectivity is the ecological conditions that exist at several spatial and temporal scales to 

provide landscape linkages, including to: permit the exchange of flow, sediments, and nutrients; 

the daily and seasonal movements of animals within home ranges; the dispersal and genetic 

interchange between populations; and the long distance range shifts of species, such as in 

response to climate change.

Conservation is the protection, preservation, management or restoration of natural environments, 

ecological communities and species

Critical aquatic refuges (CARs) are subwatersheds, generally ranging between 500 to 50,000 

acres, on the Inyo National Forest, that contain either: 1)known locations of at-risk species; 

2)highly vulnerable populations of native plant or animal species; or 3)are localized populations 

of rare native aquatic- or riparian-dependent plant or animal species.

Critical habitat for a threatened or endangered species is: (1) the specific areas within the 

geographical area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed and in accordance with the 

provisions of section 4 of the Endangered Species Act (16 USC 1533), on which are found those 

 

21 Hurteau, M.D. and M. L. Brooks. 2011. Short- and long-term effects of fire on carbon in US dry 

temperate forest systems. BioScience, 61 (2):139-146. 
Glossary 

Draft Revised Forest Plan 191

for the Inyo National Forest 

physical or biological features (a) essential to the conservation of the species, and (b) which may 

require special management considerations or protections; and (2) specific areas outside the 

geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed in accordance with the provisions 

of section 4 of the Endangered Species Act (16 USC 1533), upon a determination by the 

Secretary that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species, ESA, sec. 3 (5)(A), (16 

USC 1532 (3)(5)(A)). Critical habitat is designated through rulemaking by the Secretary of the 

Interior or Commerce, ESA, sec. 4 (a)(3) and (b)(2) (16 USC 1533 (a)(3) and (b)(2)).

Disturbance is any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, watershed, 

community, or species population structure and/or function, changing resources, substrate 

availability, or the physical environment.

Early Season refers to use before range readiness (pre-boot stage: before seedhead is formed) of 

key species. This is especially hard on perennial grasses physiologically.

Ecological conditions are the biological and physical environment that can affect the diversity of 

plant and animal communities, the persistence of native species, and the productive capacity of 

ecological systems. Ecological conditions include habitat and other influences on species and the 

environment. Examples of ecological conditions include the abundance and distribution of 

aquatic and terrestrial habitats, connectivity, roads and other structural developments, human 

uses, and invasive species.

Ecological integrity is the quality or condition of an ecosystem when its dominant ecological 

characteristics (e.g., composition, structure, function, connectivity, and species composition and 

diversity) occur within the natural range of variation and can withstand and recover from most 

perturbations imposed by natural environmental dynamics or human influence.

Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been 

degraded, damaged or destroyed. Ecological restoration focuses on reestablishing the 

composition, structure, pattern and ecological processes necessary to facilitate terrestrial and 

aquatic ecosystem sustainability, resilience, and health under current and future condition.

Ecosystem is a spatially explicit, relatively homogeneous unit of the Earth that includes all 

interacting organisms and elements of the abiotic environment within its boundaries. An 

ecosystem is commonly described in terms of its: 1) composition or the biological elements 

within the different levels of biological organization, from genes and species to communities and 

ecosystems; 2) structure or the organization and physical arrangement of biological elements such 

as, snags and down woody debris, vertical and horizontal distribution of vegetation, stream 

habitat complexity, landscape pattern and connectivity; 3) function or the ecological processes 

that sustain composition and structure, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling and retention, soil 

development and retention, predation and herbivory, and natural disturbances such as wind, fire 

and floods; and 4) connectivity.

Ecosystem services are benefits people obtain from ecosystems: 1) provisioning services, such as 

clean air and fresh water, energy, food, fuel, forage, wood products or fiber, and minerals; 2) 

regulating services, such as long-term storage of carbon; climate regulation; water filtration, 

purification, and storage; soil stabilization; flood and drought control; and disease regulation; 3) 

supporting services, such as pollination, seed dispersal, soil formation and nutrient cycling; and 4) 

cultural services, such as educational, aesthetic, spiritual, and cultural heritage values, 

recreational experiences, and tourism opportunities.
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192 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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Endangered species are any species that the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of 

Commerce has determined is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its 

range. Endangered species are listed at 50 CFR sections 17.11, 17.12, and 224.101.

Ephemeral stream is a stream that flows only in direct response to precipitation in the 

immediate locality (watershed or catchment basin), and whose channel is at all other times above 

the zone of saturation.

Even-aged stand refers to a stand of trees composed of a single age class.

Federally recognized Indian Tribe is an Indian Tribe or Alaska Native Corporation, band, 

nation, pueblo, village or community that the Secretary of the Interior acknowledges to exist as an 

Indian Tribe under the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 479a).

Final regeneration harvest is the final timber harvest in a sequence of harvests designed to 

regenerate a timber stand or release a regenerated stand. A final regeneration harvest could be a 

clearcut, removal cut of a shelterwood or seedtree system, or a selection cut.

Fine-scale refers to areas less than 10 acres in size.

First half (of the season) refers to razing during the first half of the growing season (normally 

refers to a rotation-type system). First-half grazing allows time for regrowth of grasses, sedges, 

and shrubs when sufficient soil moisture is present, so use standards generally can be a little 

higher (in percentages of the plant taken) than late season. Use during the first half coupled with a 

shorter season of use such as “deferred rotation” or “once over” will generally yield higher 

allowable use standards.

Focal species refers to a small subset of species whose status permits inference to the integrity of 

the larger ecological system to which it belongs and provides meaningful information regarding 

the effectiveness of the forest plan in maintaining or restoring the ecological conditions to 

maintain the diversity of plant and animal communities in the forest plan area. Focal species are 

commonly selected on the basis of their functional role in ecosystems

Foreground refers to the scenery management system, detailed in Forest Service Handbook 701, 

with a distance zone consisting of a detailed landscape generally found from the observer to 0.5 

mile away. 

Forest land is land that is at least 10 percent occupied by forest trees of any size or formerly 

having had such tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest uses. Land developed for 

nonforest use includes areas for agricultural crops, improved pasture, residential or administrative 

areas, roads of any width and adjoining road clearing, and powerline clearing of any width (36 

CFR 219.19).

Forest recreation program niche is the specific recreation focus of a forest, incorporating public 

expectations with unique social and ecological features of the land. It is used to help focus to 

create the most public value with limited resources. 

Fuelwood is wood used for conversion to some form of energy.

Functional hydrology refers to perennial and intermittent streams having the following 

characteristics: (1) stream energy during high flows is dissipated, reducing erosion and improving 

water quality; (2) streams filter sediment and capture bedload, aiding floodplain development; (3) 
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meadow conditions enhance floodwater retention and ground water recharge; and (4) root masses 

stabilize stream banks against cutting action.

Functional restoration refers to restoration of abiotic and biotic processes in degraded 

ecosystems. Functional restoration focuses on the underlying processes that may be degraded, 

regardless of the structural condition of the ecosystem. Functionally restored ecosystem may have 

a different structure and composition than the historical reference condition. As contrasted with 

ecological restoration that tends to seek historical reference condition, the functional restoration 

focuses on the dynamic processes that drive structural and compositional patterns. Functional 

restoration is the manipulation of interactions among process, structure and composition in a 

degraded ecosystem to improve its operations. Functional restoration aims to restore functions 

and improve structures with a long-term goal of restoring interactions between function and 

structure. It may be, however, that a functionally restored system will look quite different than the 

reference condition in terms of structure and composition and these disparities cannot be easily 

corrected because some threshold of degradation has been crossed or the environmental drivers, 

such as climate, that influenced structural and (especially) compositional development have 

changed.

Geographic area is a spatially contiguous land area identified within the planning area. A 

geographic area may overlap with a management area.

Greenline is a linear grouping of perennial plants at or near the stream channel. 

Groundwater-dependent ecosystem refers to the community of plants, animals, and other 

organisms whose extent and life processes depend on groundwater. Examples include wetlands, 

groundwater-fed lakes and streams, cave and karst systems, aquifer systems, springs, and seeps.

Growing stock is all trees growing in a forest or in a specified part of it, usually commercial 

species, meeting specified standards of size, quality, and vigor, and generally expressed in terms 

of trees per acre, density, or volume.

Inherent capability of the plan area is the ecological capacity or ecological potential of an area 

characterized by the interrelationship of its physical elements, its climatic regime, and natural 

disturbances.

Integrated resource management refers to multiple use management that recognizes the 

interdependence of ecological resources and is based on the need for integrated consideration of 

ecological, social, and economic factors.

Intermittent stream is a stream or reach of stream channel that flows in its natural condition 

only during certain times of the year, or in several years, and is characterized by interspersed, 

permanent surface water areas containing aquatic flora and fauna adapted to the relatively harsh 

environmental conditions found in these types of environments.

Invasive species are alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or 

environmental harm or harm to human health; species that causes, or is likely to cause harm and 

that is exotic to the ecosystem it has infested. Invasive species infest both aquatic and terrestrial 

areas and can be identified within any of the following four taxonomic categories: plants, 

vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens.
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Landscape refers to a defined area, irrespective of ownership or other artificial boundaries, such 

as a spatial mosaic of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, landforms, and plant communities, 

repeated in similar form throughout such a defined area.

Landscape-scale refers to areas that are greater than 10,000 acres in size.

Late Season refers to range conditions after seed maturity.

Line Officer is a Forest Service official who serves in a direct line of command from the Chief.

Maintain in reference to an ecological condition is to keep in existence or continuance of the 

desired ecological condition in terms of its desired composition, structure and processes. 

Depending upon the circumstance, ecological conditions may be maintained by active or passive 

management or both.

Management area is land area identified within the planning area that has the same set of 

applicable plan components. A management area does not have to be spatially contiguous.

Management intensities are the set and schedule of management practices typically used for 

certain forest or timber types to achieve desired conditions that may include timber production.

Management practices (vegetation management practices) are silvicultural practices such as 

reforestation, prescribed fire, thinning to reduce stand density, and other practices designed to 

facilitate growth and development of trees.

Management system is a timber management system including even-aged management and 

uneven-aged management.

Marten core areas are large contiguous areas of marten habitat within which martens can 

establish home ranges and comingle as a population22. 

Mean annual increment of growth is the total increment of increase of volume of a stand 

(standing crop plus thinning) up to a given age, divided by that age. The culmination of mean 

annual increment of growth is the age in the growth cycle of an even-aged stand at which the 

average annual rate of increase of volume is at a maximum. In land management plans, the mean 

annual increment of growth is expressed in cubic measure and is based on the expected growth of 

stands according to intensities and utilization guidelines in the plan (36 CFR 219.19).

Mid-scale refers to areas that are hundreds to thousands of acres in size. 

Mitigate is to avoid, minimize, rectify, reduce or compensate the adverse environmental impacts 

associated with an action. 

Monitoring is a systematic process of collecting information to evaluate effects of actions or 

changes in conditions or relationships.

 

22 Spencer, W. and H. Rustigian-Romsos. 2012. Decision-Support Maps and Recommendations for 

Conserving Rare Carnivores in the Interior Mountains of California. Unpublished report produced by 

Conservation Biology Institute 
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Draft Revised Forest Plan 195

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Multiple use is the management of all the various renewable surface resources of the National 

Forest System so that they are used in the combination that will best meet the needs of the 

American people; making the most judicious use of the land for some or all of these resources or 

related services over areas large enough to provide sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments in 

use to conform to changing needs and conditions; that some land will be used for less than all of 

the resources; and harmonious and coordinated management of the various resources, each with 

the other, without impairment of the productivity of the land, with consideration being given to 

the relative values of the various resources, and not necessarily the combination of uses that will 

give the greatest dollar return or the greatest unit output, consistent with the Multiple-Use 

Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 (16 U.S.C. 528–531).

National Forest System includes national forests, national grasslands, and the National Tallgrass 

Prairie.

Native species is an organism that is, or was historically, present in a particular ecosystem as a 

result of natural migratory or evolutionary processes and not as a result of an accidental or 

deliberate introduction into that ecosystem. An organism’s presence and evolution (adaptation) in 

an area are determined by climate, soil, biotic and abiotic factors.

Natural range of variation (NRV) is the variation of ecological characteristics and processes 

over scales of time and space that are appropriate for a given management application. In contrast 

to the generality of historical ecology, the natural range of variation concept focuses on a distilled 

subset of past ecological knowledge developed for use by resource managers; it represents an 

explicit effort to incorporate a past perspective into management and conservation decisions. The 

pre-European influenced reference period considered should be sufficiently long, often several 

centuries, to include the full range of variation produced by dominant natural disturbance regimes 

such as fire and flooding, and should also include short-term variation and cycles in climate. The 

natural range of variation is a tool for assessing the ecological integrity and does not necessarily 

constitute a management target or desired condition. The natural range of variation can help 

identify key structural, functional, compositional, and connectivity characteristics, for which plan 

components may be important for either maintenance or restoration of such ecological conditions.

Nonforest land is land that does not meet the definition of forest land.

Patch refers to a relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings. Patches are the 

basic unit of the landscape that change and fluctuate. Patches have a definite shape and spatial 

configuration, and can be described compositionally by internal variables such as number of 

trees, number of tree species, age of trees, height of trees, or other similar measurements.

Perennial stream is a stream or reach of a channel that flows continuously, or nearly so, 

throughout the year and whose upper surface is generally lower than the top of the zone of 

saturation in areas adjacent to the stream. 

Persistence is continued existence.

Plan components are the parts of a national forest land management plan that guide future 

project and activity decision-making. Specific plan components may apply to the entire plan area, 

to specific management areas or geographic areas, or to other areas as identified in the plan. 

Every plan must include the following plan components: desired conditions; objectives; 

standards; guidelines; suitability of lands. A plan may also include goals as an optional 

component. 
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196 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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Plan monitoring program is an essential part of the land management plan that based on plan 

components sets out the plan monitoring questions and associated indicators. The plan monitoring 

program informs management of resources on the plan area and enables the responsible official to 

determine if a change in plan components or other plan content that guide management of 

resources on the plan area may be needed.

Population management unit is a geographic area that defines sub-populations of sage-grouse. 

The Bi-State distinct population segment of sage grouse (i.e., of eastern California and western 

Nevada) is sub-divided into seven population management units, two of which are on the Inyo 

National Forest.

Productivity is the capacity of National Forest System lands and their ecological systems to 

provide the various renewable resources in certain amounts in perpetuity. For the purposes of the 

land management planning, productivity is an ecological term, not an economic term (36 CFR 

part 219).

Project refers to an organized effort to achieve an outcome on National Forest System lands 

identified by location, tasks, outputs, effects, times and responsibilities for execution.

Proposed species is any species of fish, wildlife or plant that is proposed by the U. S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service or the National Marine Fisheries Service in the Federal Register to be listed 

under Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act.

Reasonable assurance is a judgment made by the responsible official based on best available 

scientific information and local professional experience; practices that are based on existing 

technology and knowledge are likely to deliver the intended results. Reasonable assurance applies 

to average and foreseeable conditions for the area and does not constitute a guarantee to achieve 

the intended results.

Recovery is a word used with respect to threatened or endangered species to denote the 

improvement in the status of a listed species to the point at which listing as federally endangered 

or threatened is no longer appropriate

Recreation opportunity is an opportunity to participate in a specific recreation activity in a 

particular recreation setting and enjoy desired recreation experiences and other benefits that 

accrue. Recreation opportunities include primitive, non-motorized, motorized, developed, and 

dispersed recreation on land, water and in the air.

Recreation setting is the social, managerial and physical attributes of a place that when 

combined, provide a distinct set of recreation opportunities. The Forest Service uses the 

recreation opportunity spectrum to define recreation settings and categorize them into six distinct 

classes: primitive, semi-primitive non-motorized, semi-primitive motorized, roaded natural, rural, 

and urban.

Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem and its component parts to absorb, or recover from the 

effects of disturbance through preservation, restoration or improvement of its essential structures 

and functions, and redundancy of ecological patterns across the landscape.
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Draft Revised Forest Plan 197

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Restocked is the condition of the growing space occupancy of trees that is to be achieved after a 

disturbance that substantially altered the previous stocking.

Riparian areas include terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that extend down into the groundwater, 

up above the canopy, outward across the floodplain, up the near-slopes that drain to the water, 

laterally into the terrestrial ecosystem, and along the water course at variable widths.

Risk is a combination of the likelihood that a negative outcome will occur and the severity of the 

subsequent negative consequences

Rotation is the number of years (including the regeneration period) required to establish and 

grow timber under an even-aged management system to a specified condition or maturity for 

regeneration harvest.

Satisfactory soils are soil conditions with favorable structure and infiltration characteristics to 

absorb and filter precipitation, and support adequate vegetative cover to minimize erosion and 

sustain desired habitat diversity.

Satisfactory condition for range vegetation is good to excellent vegetation condition or fair 

vegetation condition with an upward trend. 

Scenic character is a combination of the physical, biological and cultural images that give an 

area its scenic identity and contributes to its sense of place. Scenic character provides a frame of 

reference from which to determine scenic attractiveness and to measure scenic integrity.

Scenic integrity objectives in the context of the forest plan are equivalent to goals or desired 

conditions. Scenic integrity describes the state of naturalness or a measure of the degree to which 

a landscape is visually perceived to be “complete.” The highest scenic integrity ratings are given 

to those landscapes that have little or no deviation from the landscape character valued by 

constituents for its aesthetic quality. Scenic integrity is the state of naturalness or, conversely, the 

state of disturbance created by human activities or alteration. Scenic integrity is measured in five 

levels:

Very high: landscapes where the valued landscape character “is” intact with only 

minute, if any deviations. The existing landscape character and sense of place is 

expressed at the highest possible level.

High: landscapes where the valued landscape character appears unaltered. Deviations 

may be present but must repeat the form, line, color, texture and pattern common to the 

landscape character so completely and at such scale that they are not evident.

Moderate: landscapes where the valued landscape character appears slightly altered. 

Noticeable deviations must remain visually subordinate to the landscape character being 

viewed.

Low: landscapes where the valued landscape character appears moderately altered. 

Deviations begin to dominate the valued landscape character being viewed but they 

borrow valued attributes such as size, shape, edge effect, pattern of natural openings, 

vegetative type changes or architectural styles outside the landscape being viewed. 

They should not only appear as valued character outside the landscape being viewed, 

but compatible or complimentary to the character within.
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198 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

for the Inyo National Forest 

Very Low: landscapes where the valued landscape character appears heavily altered. 

Deviations may strongly dominate the valued landscape character. They may not 

borrow from valued attributes such as size, shape, edge effect, pattern of natural 

openings, vegetative type changes or architectural styles within or outside the landscape 

being viewed. However, deviations must be shaped and blended with the natural terrain 

so that elements such as unnatural edges, roads, landings and structures do not dominate 

the composition.

Second half (of the season) refers to wet/moist meadows and shrubby species: Grazing during 

the second half of the growing season allows less time for regrowth before onset of dormancy, so 

generally requires a more restrictive standard than first-half grazing. It tends to be particularly 

hard on browse and shrub species such as bitterbrush and willow because by this time of year 

they are becoming more attractive to livestock as the herbaceous forage begins to dry out. For 

perennial bunchgrass species, second half grazing of perennial bunchgrass on dry sites is often 

preferred because regrowth is not always possible anyway due to lack of moisture. In this case it 

is generally better to wait until the second half to commence grazing, thus allowing adequate time 

for plants to reach seed maturity and restore root reserves before having their herbage removed.

Special forest products are products or natural resources that are not the traditional timber and 

wood products. Examples include such products as moss, Christmas trees and boughs, 

mushrooms, transplants (trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants), cones, medicinal plants, seeds, nuts, 

berries and decorative wood.

Species of conservation concern are species, other than federally recognized threatened, 

endangered, proposed, or candidate species, that is known to occur in the plan area and for which 

the Regional Forester has determined that the best available scientific information indicates 

substantial concern about the species' capability to persist over the long-term in the plan area.

Stand is a contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age class distribution, composition 

and structure, and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a distinguishable unit, 

such as mixed, pure, even-aged and uneven-aged stands.

Stressors are factors that may directly or indirectly degrade or impair ecosystem composition, 

structure or ecological process in a manner that may impair its ecological integrity, such as 

invasive species, loss of connectivity, or the disruption of a natural disturbance regime.

Sustainability is the capability to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising 

the ability of future generations to meet their needs. For the purposes of the land management 

planning regulation at 36 CFR part 219, ecological sustainability refers to the capability of 

ecosystems to maintain ecological integrity; economic sustainability refers to the capability of 

society to produce and consume or otherwise benefit from goods and services, including 

contributions to jobs and market and nonmarket benefits; and social sustainability refers to the 

capability of society to support the network of relationships, traditions, culture and activities that 

connect people to the land and to one another, and support vibrant communities.

Sustainable recreation refers to the set of recreation settings and opportunities on the National 

Forest System that is ecologically, economically and socially sustainable for present and future 

generations.

Threatened species is any species that the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Commerce 

has determined is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future 
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Draft Revised Forest Plan 199

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throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Threatened species are listed at 50 CFR 

sections 17.11, 17.12, and 223.102. 

Timber harvest refers to the removal of trees for wood fiber use and other multiple use purposes.

Timber production is the purposeful growing, tending, harvesting, and regeneration of regulated 

crops of trees to be cut into logs, bolts or other round sections for industrial or consumer use (36 

CFR 219.19).

Trail corridor is an allocation established through the land use planning process, pursuant to 

Section 7(a)(2) of the National Trails System Act (“rights-of-way”), for a public land area of 

sufficient width, within which to encompass national trail resources, qualities, values and 

associated settings, and the primary use or uses that are present or to be restored.

Two-aged system is a planned sequence of treatments designed to regenerate or maintain a 

timber stand with two age classes. A two-aged system is a form of even-aged management.

Uncharacteristic wildfire refers to wildfire that exceeds the natural range of variation in fire 

severity (e.g., high severity proportion, high severity patch size) and other fire effects indicators 

for a specific vegetation type23

. 

Undesirable wildfire refers to wildfire that does not meet the desired conditions for a specific 

vegetation type. 

Utilization standards are specifications for merchantable forest products offered in a timber sale.

Viable population is a population of a species that continues to persist over the long term with 

sufficient distribution to be resilient and adaptable to stressors and likely future environments (36 

CFR 219.19).

Visible foreground is the area within the foreground distance zone (up to 0.5 mile) that is visible 

from a height of 5 feet on the trail, using terrain to define the boundaries. 

Watershed is a region or land area drained by a single stream, river, or drainage network, a 

drainage basin.

Watershed condition is the state of a watershed based on physical and biogeochemical 

characteristics and processes.

Watershed condition framework is a national comprehensive and consistent approach for 

classifying watershed condition, proactively implementing integrated restoration in priority 

watersheds on national forests and grasslands, and tracking and monitoring outcome-based 

program accomplishments for performance accountability24

.

 

23 Hardy, C. C. 2005. Wildland fire hazard and risk: Problems, definitions, and context. Forest ecology and 

management, 211(1), 73-82.

24 USDA, Forest Service. 2011. Watershed Condition Framework; a framework for assessing and tracking 

changes to watershed condition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, Report FS977. 
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200 Draft Revised Forest Plan 

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Wild and Scenic River is a river designated by Congress as part of the National Wild and Scenic 

Rivers System that was established in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 (16 U.S.C. 1271 

(note), 1271–1287).

Wilderness is any area of land designated by Congress as part of the National Wilderness 

Preservation System that was established in the Wilderness Act of 1964 (16 U.S.C. 1131–1136).

Wildland fire refers to wildfire or prescribed fire.