NOTES

Part I Introduction

1

Alfred M. Beck et al., The Corps of Engineers: The War against Germany (Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1985), offers a comprehensive history of 

engineer activities during the war. Lewis A. Pick, “Expanded Role of Engineers,” Military 

Engineer 41 (July/August 1949): 271; “Annual Historical Review, 1 July 1975–30 September 

1976,” Office of the Chief of Engineers, Gen Files, Box 8, File 4 (hereafter cited as Gen 

Files 8–4), Research Collections, Office of History, Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, Alexandria, Va. (hereafter cited as OH HQUSACE). Statistics from Beck, The 

Corps of Engineers: The War against Germany, p. 565. 2

Eugene Reybold, “Engineers in World War II: A Tribute,” p. 10, Unpubl Ms, 1945, OH 

HQUSACE. A copy of this typescript, dated 30 September 1945, is located in Engineering 

Society Library, New York, N.Y. 3

Ltr, Cecil R. Moore to Karl C. Dod, 18 February 1974, commenting on an early 

draft of “Overseas Military Operations of the Corps of Engineers, 1945–1970,” Unpubl 

Ms [1973?], Military Files, XI, Box 3, File 3 (hereafter cited as Mil Files XI–3–3), OH 

HQUSACE. 

Chapter 1 

1

See Walter Laqueur, Europe Since Hitler: The Rebirth of Europe (New York: Penguin 

Books, 1982), pp. 15–20, for this and subsequent paragraphs describing Europe in 1945. 

See also Alfred Grosser, Germany in Our Time, A Political History of the Postwar Years (New 

York: Praeger Publishers, 1971), p. 35, and Earl F. Ziemke, The U.S. Army in the Occupation 

of Germany, 1944–1946 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1975), pp. 

351–53. 2

A. J. Ryder, Twentieth-Century Germany: From Bismarck to Brandt (New York: Columbia 

University Press, 1973), p. 466. 3

Final Report of the Chief Engineer, European Theater of Operations, 1942–1945, 2 vols. 

(Paris: Herve et Fils, n.d.), I: 264–65. 4

Karl C. Dod, “Overseas Military Operations of the Corps of Engineers, 1945–1970” 

(hereafter cited as Dod Ms), 1: 4, 6, Mil Files, XI–1–1, OH HQUSACE. 5

Ibid., 1: 30–32, 264–68, 320.

6

Oliver J. Frederiksen, The American Military Occupation of Germany, 1945–1953

(Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Army, Europe, 1953), p. 12. 7

Billy A. Arthur, “Tracing the Roots of the U.S. Army Europe,” Heidelberg Herald Post, 

19 Nov 82. 8

“Reorganization of Tactical Forces, VE-Day to 1 Jan 1949” (Historical Division, 

European Command, 1950) (hereafter cited as “Reorganization of Tactical Forces”), p. 7, a 

59–page typescript in Mil Files, XII–26–5/1, OH HQUSACE; Campbell Barracks: The Story of a 

Caserne (Heidelberg: Headquarters, U.S. Army Europe, Military History Office, 1987), p. 13. 9

Cir “GCT/322.01 (Theater),” 26 May 45, and Cir “AG 322 GCT–AGO,” 21 Jul 45, 

National Archives (NA), Record Group (RG) 332, European Theater of Operations, (ETO), 

Hist Div, Admin History Rpts 1942–January 1946, Box 73. 10Interv, John T. Greenwood with Brig. Gen. Paul D. Berrigan (USA, Ret.), 15, 17, 19 

Nov 80, San Francisco, Calif., pp. 279, 285, 253, OH HQUSACE. 11“Report of Operations of the Theater Chief Engineer, 1 January–31 March 1946,” p. 

4, NA, RG 338, Historical Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts Jan–Sep 46, Box 

2761. 
398

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

12Final Report of the Chief Engineer, I: 54. For a definition of “general construction,” see 

p. 318; for other categories of construction, see p. 265. See also Dod Ms, 1: 3. 13Dod Ms, 1: 3, 9; Bernard W. Poirier, “The Forward Edge: An Overview of the 

Army Engineers in Europe, 1945 to 1980,” p. 17, Iroquois Research Institute, 1980, OH 

HQUSACE. 14“Report on the Operations of the Chief Engineer, 1 January–31 March 1947,” p. 5, 

NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 15“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” pp. 30–31; Frederiksen, American Military 

Occupation, pp. 29–31. 16The Third Year of the Occupation, Occupation Forces in Europe Series, vol. 5 

(Frankfurt/Main: Office of the Chief Historian, European Command), 34: 2–7, typescript 

at U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH), Washington, D.C.; Frederiksen, American 

Military Occupation, pp. 29–32, 41; “Report on the Operations of the Chief Engineer, 1 

January–31 March 1947,” pp. 1–5, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly 

Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 17On Austria, see Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 29–32. 18H. S. Miller, “American Engineers in Austria,” Military Engineer 46 (May/June 1954): 

177–79; Dod Ms, 1: 6, 38. 19“The USFA Engineers,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 8 Jul 51, includes this 

retrospective information. See the files of clippings in the Stars and Stripes Library, 

Darmstadt, Germany; Miller, “American Engineers in Austria,” pp. 177–79. 20Final Report of the Chief Engineer, II: app. 1–M; almost the identical organization as 

of July 1946 is given in the typescript report The Second Year of the Occupation, Occupation 

Forces in Europe Series, vol. 4 (Frankfurt/Main: Office of the Chief Historian, European 

Command), 31: 51. The Fiscal Division had been added by July 1946 and Real Estate had 

been subsumed under the Construction Division. 21Second Year of the Occupation, vol. 4, 31: 65. 22Ibid.

23“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1946,” pp. 2–3, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts January–September 46, Box 2761. 24See the list of sixteen elements of the “Basic Administrative Plan” assigned as the 

responsibility of the theater chief engineer in “Report ... 1 July–30 September 1946,” pp. 

3–5, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 25“Report, 1 October–31 December 1946,” p. 12, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 26Ibid.

27“Annual Report of the Chief Engineer, 1 January–31 December 1949,” comp. 

Capt. James F. Holly and Diana M. Newcomb, p. 23, NA, RG 338, European Command 

(EUCOM), Engr Div, Annual Historical Report 1949, Box 2765 (hereafter cited as EED 

AHR 1949). 28Final Report of the Chief Engineer, I: 368–69; Harold W. Brown, “The Physical Plant: 

Procurement, Construction and Maintenance” (Frankfurt: Chief Historian, European 

Command, 1947), typescript, p. 30. 29Brown, “The Physical Plant,” p. 30.

30Final Report of the Chief Engineer, I: 144; Interv, Greenwood with Berrigan, p. 285. See 

also Poirier, “The Forward Edge,” p. 12, citing a Tele Interv with John R. Hardin, 14 Dec 79. 31Final Report of the Chief Engineer, I: 368. 32“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” p. 11.

33Unless otherwise noted, the figures and the information on the labor forces in this 

and the next two paragraphs are derived from the quarterly reports for 1946, NA, RG 338, 

Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Boxes 152, 152A, 2761, 2763.
399

Notes

34“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” p. 11. 

35See also NA, RG 332, Hist Div, Program Files, United States Forces European 

Theater (USFET) Engr Sec, Quarterly Rpts, Box 340. 36Dod Ms, 1: 19. “Report ... 1 January–31 March 1946,” pp. 15, 22–23, 38; “Report ... 1 

July–30 September 1946,” p. 23, 34; “Report ... 1 October–31 December 1946,” p. 8; “Report 

... 1 January–31 March 1947,” p. 5; and “Report ... 1 April–30 June 1947,” p. 4. All in NA, 

RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts, Box 152 for the first three, Box 

152A for the last. 37“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” p. 11; for the figures concerning civilians 

employed by the engineers, see the quarterly reports for 1947, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, 

Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts, Boxes 152 and 152A. 38The numbers on troops, POWs, and civilians serving with the engineers are 

extrapolated from the quarterly reports for 1947, as in the note above. Because the 

numbers are scattered throughout the several reports, it is very difficult to tell if they are 

complete or comparable from quarter to quarter, thus they should be read as orders of 

magnitude rather than as exact statistics. 39Bruce H. Siemon and Roland E. Wagberg, The Employment of Local Nationals by the 

U.S. Army in Europe, 1945–1966 (Heidelberg: Headquarters, U.S. Army Europe and 

Seventh Army, Military History Branch, 1968), pp. 46–47, 52–53. 40Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 

1950), p. 430. 41“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” p. 7.

42Ziemke, U S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946, pp. 44–46. Under this 

point system, the magic number for demobilization was 85 for men and 44 for women. 

The figures for American military personnel in the European Theater and for the rate of 

redeployment come from “Hearing before Members of U.S. House of Representatives, 11 

June 1945,” NA, RG 332, Eng Sec, Opns and Project Rpts, 1945, 8–3, pp. 32–33, 39. 43See “Hearings before Members of U.S. House of Representatives, 11 June 1945,” pp. 

37–44, for the description of the redeployment camps. 44HQ Communications Zone (COMZ) Command and General Staff Conference 

[minutes], 21 May 45, NA, RG 332, Admin Rpts 1942–January 1946, Box 101, File 461–

continued, pp. 6–7, for the information on railroad equipment and trucking needs. For 

target production figures, see “Activities of the Production Division, Office of the Chief 

Engineer,” 3 Jul 45, for the week ending 30 June, p. 2, NA, RG 332, ETO, Engr Sec, Cirs, 

Bulletins, and Rpts, 1943–1945, Box 1, File 4. For a mention of the problems with other 

commands, see minutes for the meeting of 13 August 1945 in the same series. 45The problem of lumber and crating arose for discussion at COMZ staff meetings in 

May, June, and July 1945. See the appropriate minutes, NA, RG 332, ETO, Engr Sec, Cirs, 

Bulletins, and Rpts, 1943–1945, Box 1, File 4. 46For the relevant discussions, see Command and General Staff Conference minutes 

for 5 June, 1 July, and 15 December 1945, NA, RG 332, ETO, Engr Sec, Cirs, Bulletins, and 

Rpts, 1943–1945, Box 1, File 4. 47The three quotations, in order, are from “Weekly Report of Activities ... 21 May 

1945,” p. 1, NA, RG 332, ETO, Engr Sec, Cirs, Bulletins, and Rpts, 1943–1945, Box 1, File 4; 

Command and Staff Conference minutes dtd 19 Jun 45, p. 15, RG 332, Admin Rpts, 1942–

January 1946, Box 101, File 461–continued; and Tele Interv with Moore, 14 Dec 79, cited in 

Poirier, “The Forward Edge,” p. 8. 48Final Report of the Chief Engineer, I: 30–32. 49“Notes on Command and Staff Conference, 29 June 1945,” pp. 8, 11, NA, RG 332, 

ETO, Hist Div, Admin Hist Rpts, 1942–January 1946, Box 101, File 461–continued. 50Final Report of the Chief Engineer, I: 364.
400

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

51Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 119. 52Final Report of the Chief Engineer, I: 54. 53Ryder, Twentieth-Century Germany, p. 467. The current dollar value is derived using 

tables and a formula proposed by James C. Cooper and Karl Borden, “The Interpretation 

of Wages and Prices in Public Historical Displays,” Public Historian 19 (Spring 1997): 9–29. 54Fleming’s comments are in his response (undated) to Karl C. Dod’s letter of 18 

Oct 73, in which Dod asks for comments on his manuscript, in Mil Files, XI–3–3, OH 

HQUSACE. 55See the tabulation of military, civilian, and POW labor given in Final Report of the 

Chief Engineer, II: ann. 39. 56Final Report of the Chief Engineer, I: 350. 57Ibid.

58“Advance Section Engineer Report on German Coal Mine Operation,” 21 Jun 45, 

NA, RG 332, ETO, Records of Hist Div, Admin Hist Rpts, “ETO Administrative File” 

1942–Jan 1946, Box 2, File 8, “Advance Section, General”; quote from p. 3 of a seven-page 

summary. 59Ibid., quote from p. 2. 

60Floyd D. Gibson, “Railway Electrification in Germany,” Military Engineer 41 

(July–August 1949): 288–89; see also The First Year of the Occupation, Occupation Forces 

in Europe Series, vol. 3 (Frankfurt/Main: Office of the Chief Historian, EUCOM), 14: 

101–02, See also “German Railway Operations under the United States Army, 8 May–31 

December 1945,” Hist Div, HQ USFET, Frankfurt, Dec 45, p. 6, CMH. 61Interv, Greenwood with Berrigan, pp. 244, 254, 259, 260, 262, OH HQUSACE. 

Berrigan headed the Construction Division of the Office of the Chief Engineer for the 

European Theater. 62“Reports on Activities,” 28 May 45, covering the week 21–27 May 45, NA, RG 332, 

ETO, Engr Sec, Cirs, Bulletins, and Rpts, 1943–l945, Box 1, File 4. 63“Notes on Command and Staff Conference, 29 June 1945,” p. 8, and “Notes ... 27 

July 1945,” p. 8, NA, RG 332, ETO, Hist Div, Admin Hist Rpts, 1942–January 1946, Box 101, 

File 461–continued. See also Dod Ms, 1: 10. 64Interv, Greenwood with Berrigan, p. 255. See also Poirier, “The Forward Edge,” pp. 

12–13, quoting his Tele Interv with Berrigan, 14 Dec 79. “Report ... 1 April–30 June 1946,” 

p. 40, NA, RG 332, Hist Div, Program Files, USFET Engr Sec, Quarterly Rpts, Box 340.

Chapter 2 

1

Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 122. 2

The First Year of the Occupation, vol. 3, 14: 99–100; Frederiksen, American Military 

Occupation, p. 120. 3

“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1946,” pp. 25–27, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program 

Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts Jan–Sep 46, Box 2761. See also subsequent quarterly reports 

in Box 152; Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 122; Second Year of the Occupation, 

vol. 4, 31: 64. 4

Ziemke, U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946, p. 351. 5

Harold W. Brown, The Physical Plant: Procurement, Construction and Maintenance, 

Occupation Forces in Europe Series (Frankfurt: Office of the Chief Historian, 1947), 

typescript, p. 47. 6

Min, “Command and General Staff Conference,” HQ [Paris] TSFET, 16 Nov 45, p. 9, 

NA, RG 332, Admin Rpts 1942–January 1946, Box 101, File 461–continued. 7

Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973, Mil Files, XI–3–3, OH HQUSACE.
401

Notes

8

“Status of Theater Construction Program,” presentation by Col. Robert J. Fleming, 

Engr, Notes of G–4 Semi-Weekly Staff Conference, 5 Nov 46, Mil Files, XII–1–15, OH 

HQUSACE (hereafter cited as Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46). Fleming was chief of construction 

in the Office of the Chief Engineer, USFET, at the time. See also “Report ... 1 October–31 

December 1946,” pp. 23, 27, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 

1946–1947, Box 152; Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 122–23. 9

Interv, Greenwood with Berrigan, p. 279. 

10Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46, p. 1. 

11Ibid. 

12For this and the following paragraph, see Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, 

pp. 122–23; Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46, p. 1. 13 A Special Study of Operation “Vittles,” published by Aviation Operations Magazine

(New York: Conover Mast, 1949), pp. 56–57; Dod Ms, 1: 11, 23; Second Year of the Occupation, 

vol. 4, 31: 65. 14See the references in the preceding note and in addition, “Report ... 1 January–31 

March 1946,” pp. 23–24, Quarterly Rpts Jan–Sep 46, Box 2761; “Report ... 1 July–30 

September 1946,” p. 24, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. Both in NA, RG 338, Hist Div, 

Program Files Engr Div. 15Dod Ms, 1: 15–16.

16Special Study of Operation “Vittles,” p. 58; Dod Ms, 1: 15–16. 17“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1947,” p. 21, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 18Dod Ms, 3: 3–4. 

19Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46, p. 3. The quarterly reports from this period also testify to a 

chronic shortage of critical supplies. 20Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46, p. 2. 

21“Report ... 1 April–30 June 1947,” p. 1, 18, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr 

Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. 22 Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46, p. 2; “Report ... 1 January–31 March 1947,” p. 20, NA, RG 

338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 23 Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46, p. 3.

24See the comments on procurement in the General Summary (“Irregular 

Procurement,” p. 5) of “Report ... 1 October–31 December 1946,” NA, RG 338, Hist Div, 

Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. See also Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46. 25Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973. The quotes used in describing his “settling of 

scores” come from this handwritten letter. 26Ibid.; again, the quoted passage is from Fleming’s letter.

27“The Peace Dividend: Myth and Reality,” Time (12 February 1990): 26. 28“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1948,” p. 16, and “Report ... 1 July–30 September 

1948,” p. 13, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, 

Box 152A; Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 50, 163. 29“Report ... 1 July–30 September 1946,” p. 23, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 30“Report ... 1 October–31 December 1947,” p. 12, and similar report for 1 January–31 

March 1948, p. 15, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 

1947–1950, Box 152A. The quote is from the latter. 31For a comment on this decision, see Berrigan’s comments to Poirier cited in “The 

Forward Edge,” p. 12. 32The phrase is from “Report ... 1 October–31 December 1947,” p. 13, NA, RG 338, Hist 

Div, Program Files Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A, but it reappears in 

almost identical form in every subsequent quarterly report.
402

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

33“Hearing before Members of U.S. House of Representatives, Jun. 11, 1945,” p. 47, NA, 

RG 332, Engr Sec, Opns and Project Rpts 1945, Box 8, File 3 of 13; Interv, Greenwood with 

Berrigan, pp. 244, 259, 260, 262. 34See Final Report of the Chief Engineer, II: app. 20–A for a map of “Engineer Supply 

Installations in the European Theater, May 8, 1945”; the rest of the information in this 

paragraph is drawn from “Report ... 1 January–31 March 1946,” p. 20, NA, RG 338, Hist 

Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts Jan–Sep 46, Box 2761. 35EED AHR 1949, p. 24, See also Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973. 

36“Report ... 1 July–30 September 1946,” p. 36, in NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 37See Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973.

38“Report ... 1 July–30 September 1946,” pp. 36–37; Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973.

39“Report ... 1 October–31 December 1946,” p. 24; and corresponding report for 1 

January–31 March 1947, p. 16, both in NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, 

Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 40“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1947,” pp. 16–21, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program 

Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 41Ibid., and corresponding report for 1 April–30 June 1947, p. 14, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, 

Program Files Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. 42“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1947,” pp. 16–21.

43Ibid., and corresponding report for 1 April–30 June 1947, p. 14.

44“Report ... 1 October–31 December 1946,” p. 20, and “Report ... 1 April–30 June 

1947,” p. 14. 45“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1948,” p. 11, and corresponding report for 1 July–30 

September 1948, p. 10, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 

1947–1950, Box 152A. 46“Report ... 1 April–30 June 1948,” pp. 10–11, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. 47“Report ... 1 October–31 December 1948,” p. 11, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. 48“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1949,” p. 11, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. 49Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973.

50For information on the rebuild program, see the quarterly reports starting with 

1 April–30 June 1947 and continuing thereafter through 1949, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, 

Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1947–1950, Box 152A, and EED AHR 1949. 51Interv, authors with H. Jace Greene, 1 Jun 90, Liège, Belgium, pp. 10–11. All 

interviews conducted by the authors and cited herein are deposited in OH HQUSACE. 52EED AHR 1949.

53The description is from Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973; for confirming evidence, 

see also the discussion of the demoralization of the Army in “Reorganization of Tactical 

Forces, VE-Day to 1 Jan 1949” (Historical Division, EUCOM, 1950, hereafter cited as 

“Reorganization of Tactical Forces”), particularly pp. 4–5, 7–8, 20–21, Mil Files, XII–26–

5/1, OH HQUSACE. 54“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” p. 14. 

55On the reforms, see ibid., pp. 20–24; on Huebner’s personal assertion of control, see 

Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973. 56“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” p. 12.

57Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 32. 58Ibid., pp. 32, 41; Billy A. Arthur, “Tracing the Roots of the U.S. Army Europe,” 

Heidelberg Herald Post, 19 Nov 82, and Campbell Barracks, p. 3.
403

Notes

59Campbell Barracks, p. 13n. 60Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 41. 61Ltr, Fleming to Dod, October 1973.

62“Report ... 1 October–31 December 1946,” p. 7, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152, and Second Year of the Occupation, vol. 4, 31: 

51. 63Fleming Rpt, 5 Nov 46, p. 4.

64“Report ... 1 January–31 March 1947,” pp. 4, 19–20, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program 

Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152. 65McCutchen is quoted in Dod Ms, 3: 11. The figures on projects reviewed and 

rejected come from the quarterly “Report ... 1 January–31 March 1947,” p. 20, and 

corresponding reports for 1 April–30 June 1947, p. 18, and for 1 July–30 September 1947, p. 

19, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Quarterly Rpts 1946–1947, Box 152 (first 

quarter), and Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A (second and third quarters). 66“Report ... 1 April–30 June 1948,” NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, 

Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. 67The description of the post engineer training teams is from “Report ... 1 July–30 

September 1947,” p. 3. 68Second Year of the Occupation, vol. 4, 31: 57; Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, 

p. 173; “Report ... 1 July–30 September 1947,” p. 8; EED AHR 1949. 69“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” pp. 22–27; “Report ... 1 April–30 June 1948,” 

p. 22, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 

152A; Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 172–74. 70“Reorganization of Tactical Forces,” pp. 27–31; “Report ... 1 April–30 June 1948,” p. 15.

71Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 181. 72Campbell Barracks, pp. 3–4; Arthur, “Tracing the Roots of the U.S. Army Europe,” 

p. 6. 73“Report ... 1 April–30 June 1948,” p. 15, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr 

Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. 74Interv, authors with Stanley Sikirica, 29 Aug 90, Frankfurt, pp. 2–9.

75Ibid.

76Information in this section is from William C. Baldwin, “Engineers and the Berlin 

Airlift, 1948,” OH HQUSACE, current files. 77The label for the Rhine-Main air base comes from Berlin Airlift: A USAFE Summary, 

a pamphlet prepared by Headquarters, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, xeroxed portions of 

which are in the Europe Division’s Record Holding Area (EUD-RHA) in Frankfurt. The 

statistics on hours worked are in “Report ... 1 July–30 September 1948,” p. 16, NA, RG 338, 

Hist Div, Program Files Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. 78Herbert J. Gall, “Flugplatz Tempelhof,” Military Engineer 52 (July/August 1960): 

289–90. 79Ibid. 

80“Completion Report, OAF Field R–95, Tempelhof, Berlin, Germany,” 10 Sep 45, p. 4, 

HQ, 852d Engineer Aviation Battalion, printed by Deutscher Verlag (Berlin/Tempelhof: 

Sep 1945), Mil Files, XII–1–18, OH HQUSACE; Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. Norman G. 

Delbridge, Jr. (USA, Ret.), 14 Feb 91, Washington, D.C., pp. 17–18. 81Ltr, General Lucius Clay to Lt. Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, 20 August 1948, Mil Files, 

XII–1–13, OH HQUSACE. 82Baldwin, “Engineers and the Berlin Airlift, 1948,” p. 5, and Dod Ms, 3: 30, 31; 

“Report ... 1 October–31 December 1948,” p. 18, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files Engr 

Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A. See also Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 

14–18, for his description of runway construction.
404

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

83“Report ... 1 July–30 September 1948,” p. 11, NA, RG 338, Hist Div, Program Files 

Engr Div, Rpts, Ltrs, Bulletins 1947–1950, Box 152A; Dod Ms, 3: 29, 35; Gall, “Flugplatz 

Tempelhof,” p. 290. 84Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 5–6, 18–24, 74–77.

85“Report ... 1 July–30 September 1948,” p. 11; Dod Ms, 3: 29, 35; Gall, “Flugplatz 

Tempelhof,” p. 290. 86“Report ... 1 October–31 December 1948,” p. 14.

87Gall, “Flugplatz Tempelhof,” p. 290; the information on the lives sacrificed comes 

from André Fontaine, History of the Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Korean War, 

1917–1950 (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), p. 365. 88Memo, Lt. Gen. A. C. Wedemeyer to Chief of Staff Lt. Col. Bailey, 4 Aug 48, sub: 

Airlift Support of Vienna, Mil Files, XII–27–2, OH HQUSACE. 89Dod Ms, 16: 37.

90Miller, “American Engineers in Austria,” pp. 177–79; Dod Ms, 3: 19.

91Dod Ms, 16: 37–42.

92On displaced persons in Austria, see Ltr, Hubert S. Miller to Karl C. Dod, 24 

August 1976, citing a report dated June 1949 in Miller’s possession, Mil Files, XII–27–3, 

OH HQUSACE. More generally, see William L. Starnes, Jr., “The Renovation of the 

Bindermichl Apartments,” typed Rpt dtd Apr 50, Mil Files, XII–27–3, OH HQUSACE. The 

information on this project comes from Starnes’ report unless otherwise indicated. 93Ltr, Miller to Dod, 24 August 1976.

94Dod Ms, 16: 40–42; H. S. Miller, “Special Engineer Report,” 22 Jun 52, p. 2, Mil Files, 

XII–27–1, OH HQUSACE; Miller, “American Engineers in Austria,” pp. 177–79. 95EED AHR 1949, p. 23.

96Ibid.

97Ibid., pp. 23–24.

98Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 164; Interv, authors with Stuart 

Wagman, 11 Jan 94, Alexandria, Va., pp. 10–14. 99Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 41. 100See ibid., p. 58. 101EED AHR 1949, pp. 32–34.

102Ibid., p. 61.

103Ibid., p. 56.

104Ibid., p. 56–57.

105Headquarters, European Command, “Annual Narrative Report, 1 January–31 

December 1950” (Karlsruhe: Historical Division, EUCOM, [1951]), pp. 27–28 (hereafter 

cited as EUCOM Annual Report 1950.

Part II Introduction 

1

Truman R. Strobridge, History of the United States European Command (Stuttgart: 

History Office, Headquarters, USEUCOM, 1989), pp. 1–9. 2

Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 155–61; D. J. Hickman, The United 

States Army in Europe, 1953–1963 (USAREUR Operations Division Historical Section, 

1964), p. 150, typescript Rpt held at CMH.

Chapter 3 

1

William R. Keylor, The Twentieth-Century World, An International History (New 

York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 290; see also “Annual Narrative Report, U.S. 
405

Notes

Army EUCOM, 1 January–31 December 1950” (Karlsruhe: Historical Division, European 

Command, [1951]), hereafter cited as EUCOM Annual Report 1950, p. 9; Frederiksen, 

American Military Occupation, p. 198. 2

Campbell Barracks, p. 15; G. Tays, “The U.S. Army Construction Program in Germany, 

1950–1953,” typed Ms (Historical Division, HQ USAREUR, 1955), p. 11 (hereafter cited as 

Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53”), CMH archives. 3

EUCOM Annual Report 1950, pp. 34–36; Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 

1950–1953,” pp. 11–12. 4

EUCOM Annual Report 1950, pp. 34–37. The EUCOM and USAREUR staffs were 

manned by the same personnel, so that separating the functions or actions of each was 

difficult. See “Annual Narrative Report, HQ, U.S. Army, Europe, 1 January–31 December 

1950” (Karlsruhe: Historical Division, European Command, [1951]), pp. 4–12 (hereafter 

USAREUR Annual Report 1950), for a sketch of the history of USAREUR as a command 

entity. See also Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 150, 198. 5

Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 205. 6

Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” p. 9; Dod Ms, 16: 5–9. 

7

Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 19–20.

8

Ibid. 

9

Ibid., pp. 19–20, 47–50.

10Ibid., p. 9.

11Ibid., pp. 9, 48–50; Historical Division, HQ USAREUR, “The U.S. Army Deutsche 

Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” prepared by David A. Lane, James J. Borror, and 

George W. Tays ([Heidelberg]: 1958), pp. 9–10 (hereafter cited as “U.S. Army Deutsche 

Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957”). Both these sources discuss the various 

agreements that regulated Deutschmark construction between 1950 and 1957. 12“Wiesbaden Housing Project Opens First of 400 Units” and “City Offers To Build 

Housing for Yanks,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 17 Oct 49 and 12 Feb 50, respectively. 13USAREUR Annual Report 1950, pp. 106–07.

14“Kasernes Taken Over for Troops,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 7 Oct 50. 15On the lines of command, see USAREUR Annual Report 1950, p. 28; Tays, “U.S. 

Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 21, 25–26, 46; Frederiksen, American Military 

Occupation, p. 165. 16Quote from Ltr, Maj. Gen. S. D. Sturgis, Jr., to Lt. Gen. Lewis A. Pick, 3 April 

1952, Folder 210, Personal Papers of Lt. Gen. Samuel Davis Sturgis, Jr., 1897–1964, 

Chief of Engineers, Jan 53–Mar 56 (hereafter Sturgis Papers), OH HQUSACE. Sturgis’ 

contemporary observations concerning the relationships among Teale, Noce, and Tulley 

are echoed in Interv, authors with General Andrew P. O’Meara (USA, Ret.), 18 Jan 91, 

Arlington, Va., pp. 27–28, 32–34, 36. O’Meara served as chief of logistics planning on the 

EUCOM staff in Heidelberg during this time. 17Interv, authors with O’Meara; Ltr, David H. Tulley to Karl C. Dod, 21 July 1974, Mil 

Files, XI–3–3, OH HQUSACE. 18Ltr, Tulley to Dod, 21 July 1974.

19USAREUR Annual Report 1950, p. 28; Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 

1950–53,” pp. 21, 25–26, 46; Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 165. 20Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 165; Tays, “U.S. Army Construction 

Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 67–73. 21Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 73–74. 

22Ibid. 

23Ibid. Tays refers to the construction as “cinder block,” but it was more likely the 

German equivalent, Bimsstein, or pumice stone, according to Louis Brettschneider, EUD’s 

expert in technical engineering.
406

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

24Ibid., pp. 59–60; “U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 

43–44; “Billet Project Nears Finish in Grafenwöhr,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 20 

Sep 52. The article reviews previous construction at the site. 25Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 63–68. 

26Ltr, Tulley to Dod, 21 July 1974.

27“U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 43–44; chart 2, 

p. 61.28Ibid., pp. 40–43.

29Ibid.

30Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” p. 85; Frederiksen, American 

Military Occupation, p. 181, says late 1950 but appears to be in error. 

31Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” p. 86–92.

32Information on these projects at Grafenwöhr, Hohenfels, Wildflecken, and 

Baumholder is drawn from ibid., pp. 90–92.

33Ibid., pp. 90–92.

34Ibid., p. 92; “U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 

47–48.

35Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 165–66; Tays, “U.S. Army 

Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 81–82.

36“EUCOM Plans Enclave To Cope with Housing,” Stars and Stripes, European 

Edition, 22 Jul 49.

37Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 169; USAREUR Annual Report 1950, 

pp. 107–08. 38Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” p. 157.

39Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 166. 40Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 78–80.

41Ibid., pp. 81–83.

42“Engineer Aid for 1953 to German City: Projects in ’53 Put at $500,000 by 

USAREUR,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 8 Jan 54. 43See E. P. Hanifan, “The Army Lends a Helping Hand,” Military Engineer 43 (July/

August 1951): 279, for the details of this story. Stars and Stripes issues for the 1950s carry 

dozens of similar stories. 44Interv, authors with Robert Rodehaver, 31 Jan 90, Frankfurt.

45“First Game Ball Tossed from Copter,” Stars and Stripes, 16 Jun 53. 46The documentation concerning the memorial to Mattson, including a copy of the 

speech, is in the Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe, Germany. 47Alexander Rudhart, Twentieth Century Europe (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 

Inc., 1986), p. 288. 48Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 150–51. 49Maj. Gen. Bernard L. Robinson, “Base Development in Joint Logistic Planning,” 

presentation to Industrial College of the Armed Forces, [22 Apr 54], pp. 16–17, Mil Files, 

XII–3–8, OH HQUSACE. 50Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, pp. 169, 170, 199; Hickman, The United 

States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, p. 151; “America Digs in on the Rhine,” Picture Post, 

15 Nov 52, pp. 13ff, Mil Files, XII–26–8; Ltr, Col. George E. Pickett to Lt. Col. A. M. 

Eschbach, 27 June 1953 (letter of commendation for Eschbach’s personnel file), Mil Files, 

XII–27–9; A. M. Eschbach, “Construction in Germany, U.S. and French Zones,” 138-page 

typed report prepared as a student project at the Engineer School at Fort Belvoir, [1953 

or 1954], Mil Files, XII–27–8, Last three OH HQUSACE. 51“America Digs in on the Rhine,” p. 14.
407

Notes

52Ltr, Pickett to Eschbach, 27 June 1953; Col. Eugene B. Ely, Deputy Commander, 

Western Area Command, “Report on Construction,” 18 Dec 53, prepared for 

CINCUSAREUR, Mil Files, XII–27–9, OH HQUSACE; Frederiksen, American Military 

Occupation, p. 156–61. 53Ltr, Pickett to Eschbach, 27 June 1953; A. M. Eschbach, “Construction in Germany, 

U.S. and French Zones,” p. 1. 54“Report on Construction,” 18 Dec 53; “America Digs in on the Rhine,” p. 14.

55“Report on Construction,” 18 Dec 53.

56Eschbach, “Construction in Germany, U.S. and French Zone,” p. 19.

57Ibid., p. 9. 

58Ibid., pp. 12–13, 18; Ltr, Pickett to Eschbach, 27 June 1953.

59Eschbach, “Construction in Germany, U.S. and French Zone,” pp. 20–26.

60Ltr, Pickett to Eschbach, 27 June 1953; Eschbach, “Construction in Germany, U.S. 

and French Zone,” pp. 103–04. 61Eschbach, “Construction in Germany, U.S. and French Zone,” pp. 103–04.

62Ibid., p. 1; Ltr, Pickett to Eschbach, 27 June 1953; Frederiksen, American Military 

Occupation, p. 170. 63This section is based on Lewis W. McBride, “A Brief History of The U.S. Engineer 

Group (TUSEG), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Ankara, Turkey, 1950–1954,” [1965], 

pp. 1–2, typed Ms, EUD Record Holding Area (RHA), Frankfurt/Bonames, Box M–2–2. 

McBride was chief of the engineering-Construction Division of TUSEG. 64David H. Tulley, “The Military Construction Program,” Military Engineer 46 

(November/December 1954): 404–05; Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 50. 65H.S. Miller, “Special Engineer Report,” 22 Jun 52, p. 5, Mil Files, XII–27–1, OH 

HQUSACE; Dod Ms, 16: 40–41, 44–45. See also Miller, “American Engineers in Austria,” 

Military Engineer 46 (May/June 1954): 177–79. 66Tulley, “Military Construction Program,” pp. 404–05.

67The information is derived from two annual historical reports, one covering 

EUCOM, the other covering USAREUR—which for much of 1950 was an operational 

command: EUCOM Annual Report 1950, pp. 118–19; USAREUR Annual Report 1950, 

pp. 60–63, both in Headquarters, U.S. Army Europe, History Office, Heidelberg. See 

also Tulley, “Military Construction Program,” p. 405; Frederiksen, American Military 

Occupation, p. 150. 68James S. Arrigona and W. R. Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency, 

Historical Report, 15 January 1953–31 July 1957” (hereafter cited as Arrigona and 

Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency”), p. 76, Mil Files, XII–30–2, OH 

HQUSACE. 69Dod Ms, 17: 2, 3, 7–8.

70“Report of Operations of Engineer Section,” Headquarters, 7966th EUCOM 

Detachment, Office of the Engineer, 28 May 51, covering 1950 (hereafter Report of 

Engineer Section 1950), Mil Files, XII–27–6, OH HQUSACE; USAREUR Annual Report 

1950, pp. 60–61. 71Dod Ms, 3: 45–46. 

72Ibid., pp. 44, 48. 

73EUCOM Annual Report 1950, pp. 34–36, 63.

74 “COMZ Completes 2d Year of Manning Vital Supply Line,” Stars and Stripes, 

European Edition, 8 Nov 52. 75“We’re All Fouled Up in France,” Saturday Evening Post, 11 Apr 53, p. 96; Report of 

Engineer Section 1950; Robinson, “Base Development in Joint Logistic Planning,” p. 17; 

“Captieux Depot Lives Down Early Reputation To become One of Com Z’s [sic] Most 

Modern Bases,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 5 Apr 53.
408

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

76For this and the preceding paragraph, see “Yanks Wage War on Mud To Set Up 

Captieux Depot,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 10 May 52, File “COMZ 1952,” and 

“Building Sights [sic] of the 83d Engineers,” fifteen-page newsletter printed June 1952 by 

the 83d Engineer Construction Battalion (Bordeaux: Imprimerie Delmas, 1952), p. 11, in 

file “US Army Engineers 1947–1954,” both in Stars and Stripes Library, Darmstadt; and 

“We’re All Fouled Up in France,” p. 96. 77“We’re All Fouled Up in France.”

78For the list and this quotation, see “Factors Bearing on Construction Programs in 

France,” 1 Feb 51 (document provided to Dod by Col. Hubert Klemp (USA, Ret.), former 

staff engineer for the brigade responsible for constructing the LOC across France) Mil 

Files, XII–27–6, OH HQUSACE. 79Ibid.

80Dod Ms, 17: 17. 

81Ibid., pp. 16, 21; “Engineers Beat Schedule on Com Z Tent Project,” Stars and Stripes, 

European Edition, 27 Sep [52]. 82Tulley, “Military Construction Program,” pp. 407–08. 

83“Memos and Letters on LOC, 1950–52,” Mil Files, XII–27–7, OH HQUSACE; Dod Ms, 

17: 14. 84Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 27ff.

85Dod Ms, 17: 20–21.

86Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” p. 76. 

87Memo, Frank Pace, Jr., for the Secretary of Defense, 25 Nov 52, sub: Problems of 

Military Construction in France, Sturgis Papers, Folder 218, OH HQUSACE. 88For a discussion of the construction of American military air bases in the 

Mediterranean basin, see Robert P. Grathwol and Donita M. Moorhus, “Sand, Bricks, and 

Marble: U.S. Military Construction in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Africa 

during the Cold War,” Unpubl Ms, 1998, OH HQUSACE. 89Tulley, “Military Construction Program,” pp. 407–08; Frederiksen, American Military 

Occupation, p. 169; Dod Ms, 17: 3, 10, 28. 90“Building Sights of the 83rd Engineers,” p. 14.

91Ibid., pp. 12–13.

92Frederiksen, American Military Occupation, p. 182. 93Tulley, “Military Construction Program,” pp. 407–08; “We’re All Fouled Up in 

France,” p. 99; Dod Ms, 17: 12, 15, 16; “Com Z Hq at Orleans Directs Huge Supply Setup in 

France,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 3 May 52. 94On the background to the creation of Joint Construction Agency (JCA), see Arrigona 

and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency.” 95Ltr, Maj. Gen. S. D. Sturgis, Jr., to Maj. Gen. A. Bradshaw, Jr., 12 May 1952, Folder 212, 

and Ltr, Sturgis to Brig. Gen. G. E. Textor, 10 June 1952, Folder 211, both in Sturgis Papers, 

OH HQUSACE. The Sturgis papers contain good information on the problems COMZ 

faced in 1952.

Chapter 4 

1

“U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” p. 57–59.

2

Ibid., p. 59. 

3

Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” p. 11.

4

“USAREUR Speeds Housing Program,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 15 Sep 

53; “U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 14, 29–30. 5

Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” p. 34.
409

Notes

6

Ibid., p. 32.

7

“Locomotives Solve Housing Project Heating Problem,” Stars and Stripes, European 

Edition, 25 Aug 54; “History of Construction of Central Heating Plant in Kornwestheim,” 

paper in the private collection of H. J. Greene; Interv, authors with H. Jace Greene, 1 Jun 

90, Liege, Belgium. 8

Figures are derived from information in “U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction 

Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 34–35, 58. Information in the following six paragraphs comes 

from the same report, pp. 40–61. 9

Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 125–30.

10“U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 50–51.

11Ibid., p. 51; Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 143–47.

12“U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” p. 58.

13Ibid., pp. 47–48.

14James S. Arrigona and W. R. Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency, 

Historical Report, 15 Jan. 1953–31 Jul. 1957,” pp. 18–24, Mil Files, XII–30–2, OH HQUSACE, 

outlines the reorganizations that extended JCA’s authority. See also Hickman, United 

States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, pp. 64–66. 15Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 5–8; “Brief 

History of JCA,” three-page typescript, n.d. [but mid to late May 1955 from internal 

evidence], no author, Mil Files, XII–30–6, OH HQUSACE. 16Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 9–10.

17Ibid., p. 53.

18Ibid., p. 9. For the formation of other districts, see ibid., pp. 18, 20–22, 24, 27. See also 

“Brief History of JCA.” 19Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 9, 18, 20–27, 37.

20Ibid., p. 172–73; see also R. B. Warren, “Double Purpose Hospitals in France,” 

Military Engineer 52 (September/October 1960): 402 21For a summary of each of the six agreements in question, see Arrigona and 

Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 30–32, and more generally on 

the process of contracting, pp. 40–47; see also “Construction Lead Time in France,” Staff 

Study by the Command Construction Group, Assistant Chief of Engineers for Military 

Construction, 1 Jun 54, pp. 2–3, Mil Files, XII–30–6, OH HQUSACE. 22A good, short description of the process, listing nine stages, exists in “Brief History 

of JCA,” pp. 2–3. 23Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, pp. 154–55. 24Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” p. 126.

25Arrigona and Karsteter list several such incidents in which funds were withdrawn 

after JCA had made commitments to the French; see especially pp. 96, 164–65, 239, 250–52. 26Ibid., pp. 283–84.

27Ibid., pp. 94–96, 164–65, and 253 for this and the subsequent paragraph. See also pp. 

287–88 and, on the freeze of late 1954, pp. 239–41. 28Ibid., p. 249.

29Ibid., p. 253. To emphasize the point in the original, Robinson underlined the entire 

paragraph from which the passage here is taken. 30“Brief History of JCA,” p. 1; “Construction Lead Time in France,” Staff Study by the 

Command Construction Group, Assistant Chief of Engineers for Military Construction, 1 

Jun 54, p. 1, Mil Files, XII–30–6, OH HQUSACE. 31Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” p. 362; for the 

reasons, see Parts IV (pp. 158–226) and V (pp. 227–355). 32Ibid., pp. 166–67, 286 (on Dreux), 363, 373; dates for the work at Dreux are derived 

from the citations rather than from the text.
410

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

33Ibid., pp. 284–85, for both this and the preceding paragraph, including the quotation.

34For this and the preceding two paragraphs, see ibid., pp. 250–52; on lead time, see 

pp. 363–64, 373. 35Ibid., p. 48.

36Ibid., p. 231.

37Dod Ms, 18: 26, Mil Files, XI–2–3, OH HQUSACE.

38Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 318–21.

39Ibid., pp. 27–29.

40Ibid., pp. 321–23.

41Interv, authors with Edward Zawisza, 30 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 1–2.

42Interv, authors with Saul Fraint, 9 Jun 90, Vienna, Austria, pp. 10–11. 

43Tulley, “The Military Construction Program,” Military Engineer 46 (November/

December 1954): 408. 44Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” figures from pp. 

48–57. 45Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, pp. 156–57. 46Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 206, 213, and 

the chart of the system of payments on p. 207. 47Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, p. 157; Arrigona and Karsteter, 

“USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 208–14. 48Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, pp. 153–54. 49Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” p. 239.

50Ibid., p. 240; “Brief History of the JCA.”

51Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, p. 152. 52Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” p. 284.

53On the construction of the pipeline, see Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint 

Construction Agency,” pp. 196–203. 54Ibid.; on the agreement with NATO, see Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 

1953–1963, p. 156. 55James E. Walsh, “Engineers in the USAREUR Today,” Military Engineer 50 

(September/October 1958): 331–33. 56R. B. Warren, “Double Purpose Hospitals in France,” Military Engineer 52 

(September/October 1960): 402; Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction 

Agency,” pp. 204–06. 57“Memorandum on Hospital-Housing,” unsigned and hand-dated “about 14 Dec 52,” 

and Memo, Lt. Col. Arthur J. Fallen to CG, USAREUR Communications Zone, 25 Nov 52, 

both in Sturgis Papers, Folder 218, OH HQUSACE. 58Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” p. 204–05, 307–08; 

James S. Arrigona, “Construction Progress in France,” Military Engineer 50 (September/

October 1958): 334. 59Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 89–93, 110–12, 

300–301. Quote from p. 301. 60Ibid., pp. 168–69.

61Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 78–79.

62H. S. Miller, “Special Engineer Report,” HQ, U.S. Forces in Austria, Office of the 

Engineer, U.S. Army, 22 Jun 52, pp. 3–5, Mil Files, XII–27–1, OH HQUSACE; Interv, 

authors with Fraint, pp. 1–12; Interv, authors with Adolph Faust, 11 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 

2–4; Dod Ms, 16: 40–41, 44–45. 63Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 18, 47, 77; 

“Construction Progress–JCA,” Mil Files, XII–30–6, OH HQUSACE. Internal evidence 

suggests that the latter document is from May or June 1955.
411

Notes

64Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” p. 128.

65“Construction Progress–JCA.”

66Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 20–24, 118.

67Ibid., pp. 118–20.

68Dod Ms, 20: 27; Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” 

p. 167, speaks of “the 502 million dollar Army and Air Force program in France” as of 1 

October 1956. 69Ltr, Sturgis to Nold, November 1955, and Nold’s reply, 11 December 1955, both 

in Sturgis Papers, Folder 307; Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction 

Agency,” pp. 381ff. 70Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, pp. 75–76. 71Dod Ms, 18: 55–56.

72Ibid., 18: 57–58; Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, pp. 72–74, 140–41. 73Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–1963, pp. 161–65. 74Dod Ms, 18: 58, citing Tulley to Sturgis; Ltr, Sturgis to Nold, November 1955, and 

the quoted passage comes from Ltr, Nold to Sturgis, 11 December 1955, both in Sturgis 

Papers, Folder 307; Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 

381–82. 75Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM Joint Construction Agency,” pp. 20–24, 382.

76Ibid., p. 383.

77Dod Ms, 20: 29.

Chapter 5 

1

“U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 9–13. On the 

concerns in France, see Chapter 3 of this study and Arrigona and Karsteter, “USEUCOM 

Joint Construction Agency, pp. 30–33. 2

“U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 9–13. 

3

On the unique character of this aspect of operating in Europe, see Interv, authors 

with Terry Trowbridge, 10 Dec 91, pp. 40–43. See also, more generally, Interv, authors with 

Camblor, 11 Dec 91, pp. 2–6. 4

“West German Governmental Infrastructure,” 15 Jul 82, pp. 3–4, Europe Division, 

Records Holding Area, Frankfurt/Bonames (hereafter EUD-RHA), Box M–2–1. 5

Ibid., pp. 2–3; Materials for Gribble Visit, “US Forces–Federal Republic of Germany 

(US-FRG) Proposed Engineer-Construction Agreement (1975),” 17 Mar 75, p. 1, EUDRHA, Misc Docs. 6

“Briefing by Director USACAG,” 13 Oct 61, pp. 10–12.

7

“Annual Historical Report, Headquarters, USAREUR, 1 Jul. 1956–30 Jun. 1957,” pp. 

285–87, CMH (hereafter cited as USAREUR AHR, FY 1957; “Brief History of JCA.” 8

Siemon and Wagberg, Employment of Local Nationals, p. 85. 9

USAREUR AHR, FY 1957, pp. 285–87; “U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction 

1953–1957,” p. 9; USACAG Functional Manual [1960], p. 1, furnished by Reimer Delpin of 

EUD; see also Memo, William E. Camblor for Col. LeTellier, 2 Aug 68, sub: Chronological 

History of Construction Responsibilities in France and Germany, EUD-RHA, Box M–2–4, 

which gives a slightly different date for the change of name. 10USAREUR AHR, FY 1957, pp. 285–87; “U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction 

1953–1957,” p. 9; Interv, authors with Greene, pp. 20–21. 11For the agreements themselves, see Ministerialblatt des Bundesministers der Finanzen, 

7, no. 40 (1 December 1956): 895–926; on Camblor’s role, see Interv, William C. Baldwin 

and Paul K. Walker with William E. Camblor, 20, 28 May 87, Frankfurt, pp. 2–3, 33–35, 58, 
412

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

and Interv, authors with Hasso Damm, 9 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 2–4, as well as Intervs, 

authors with Camblor, 11 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 5–6, and 9 Aug 89, pp. 2–4, 7–9, 19–20, 

22–23. Camblor’s career is sketched in Corps’ Line, September 1987, and in an orientation 

issue (undated) for 1988. Copies of Corps’ Line can be found in EUD-RHA or the EUD 

Public Affairs Office. Issues cited in this book are at OH HQUSACE. 12The account in this paragraph depends on information contained in the Baldwin 

and Walker interview with Camblor, pp. 12–13, 46, 58, and authors’ interview with Fraint, 

pp. 13–14. See also authors’ interviews with Washington and Prentiss. 13“USACAG Functional Manual,” p. 2–4.

14Biographical Sketch of John Tambornino, prepared on his retirement (late 1974), 

provided by Louis Brettschneider, EUD. 15On consolidation, see Intervs, authors with Greene, pp. 20–21, and with Faust, pp. 

17–18; on reduction of personnel, see Siemon and Wagberg, “The Employment of Local 

Nationals,” pp. 85ff. 16Intervs, authors with Greene, pp. 17–18, and with Fraint, pp. 12–13, 24–25.

17Interv, authors with Paul Friesch, 22 Aug 89, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 2–7. 

18Interv, authors with Louis Brettschneider, 26, 30 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 10–11; 

“Hagana Veteran,” Corps’ Line, October 1982. The assessment of Brettschneider’s talents 

derives from uniformly positive comments by other interviewees. 19“Works Council Chairman Pens Children’s Books,” Corps’ Line, May 1989. 20Interv, authors with Hasso Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 1–4, 58; Interv, Paul K. Walker with 

Hasso Damm, 21 Jun 88, Frankfurt, pp. 3–4, OH HQUSACE. 21Interv, authors with Georgi Reitzel, 8 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 1–9, 18–19.

22Siemon and Wagberg, “The Employment of Local Nationals,” pp. 41–45, 91.

23Ibid., p. 93.

24Ibid., pp. 43–46, 92.

25Intervs, authors with Rodehaver, 31 Jan 90, p. 29, and with Greene, pp. 28–29.

26“Briefing by Director USACAG,” 13 Oct 61, for visit 9–22 Oct 61 by Lt. Gen. Walter 

K. Wilson, Jr., to USAREUR, Mil Files, XII–43–1, OH HQUSACE; Dod Ms, 20: 38. 27USAREUR AHR, FY 1957, p. 269; “USACAG Functional Manual,” p. 2; Interv, 

Baldwin and Walker with Camblor, p. 52; Interv, authors with Brettschneider, pp. 8–9. 28Intervs, authors with Damm, pp. 4–5, and with Greene, pp. 41–42.

29 USAREUR AHR, FY 1957, p. 267; “Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, Office 

of the Commanding General, ENGCOM, EUD-RHA, Box M–2–2. The figure is 

extrapolated from the bar graph used in the briefing to show annual construction 

placement, 1957–1969. 30Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–63, p. 73. 31The figures for 1958 through 1961 are those given by Camblor in his “Briefing by 

Director USACAG,” 13 Oct 61, p. 9. More generally on USACAG, see Dod Ms, 20: 7–8, 38; 

Hickman, United States Army in Europe, 1953–63, pp. 73–74. Intervs, authors with Damm, 

pp. 4–5, 52–53; with Greene, pp. 30–31; with Brettschneider, pp. 88–89; with Friesch, pp. 

8–12.32“Briefing by Director USACAG,” 13 Oct 61, p. 7. See also “Welcome to the USAREUR 

Engineer’s Conference,” [1965], section on NATO Infrastructure, provided by Louis 

Brettschneider. 33See “Briefing by Director USACAG,” 13 Oct 61, and “Welcome to the USAREUR 

Engineer’s Conference.” 34For this definition, see note above and USAENGCOMEUR, “Information Brochure 

for OCE Inspection, 14–26 Feb 1972,” p. I–4, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; also Stanley W. 

Dziuban, “NATO Tour of American Infrastructure, Military Engineer 53 (September/

October 1961): 341–42.
413

Notes

35On the area needed, see Intervs, authors with Karl Greulich, 15 Jun 90, Frankfurt, 

pp. 19–20, and with Georgi Reitzel, 8 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 18–19. 36Interv, Baldwin and Walker with Camblor, p. 18; Intervs, authors with Friesch, pp. 

12–13, with Greulich, pp. 10–13, and with Damm, pp. 4–5. 37Intervs, authors with Friesch, p. 12, and with Greulich, pp. 18–20; Dod Ms, 20: 38; 

Joseph J. Corey, Jr., “Soldiers and Builders,” Military Engineer 67 (November/December 

1975): 331–32. 38Dod Ms, 20: 38. Intervs, authors with Brettschneider, pp. 88–89, with Fraint, pp. 30–

31; with Arthur Textor, 1 Feb 90, Frankfurt, pp. 4–6. See also Hickman, United States Army 

in Europe, 1953–63, pp. 73–74; Interv, Baldwin and Walker with Camblor, May 1987, p. 18. 39Interv, authors with John L. Shadday, 25 Jan 90, Frankfurt, p. 4; Hickman, United 

States Army in Europe, 1953–63, pp. 147–49, 169–70; Interv, Baldwin and Walker with 

Camblor, May 87, p. 25; “Pirmasens Depot Complex,” 16 Oct 61, Briefing [for the visit of 

Lt. Gen. Walter K. Wilson to USACAG], five-page typed report with chart and diagram, 

Mil Files XII–36, OH HQUSACE. 40The description of the warehouse project is taken from “Pirmasens Depot 

Complex,” 16 Oct 61. The timing of Wilson’s visit to Germany is given in Dod Ms, ch. 20. 41See “Class V Depot—Verdun, Alternate Solution, Warehouse, Multipurpose 

20,000 Sq. Ft.,” a technical proposal submitted to USACAF on 2 June 1959 by Ammann 

& Whitney, Architect-Engineers, Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE. See also Intervs, 

authors with Shadday, p. 4; with Friesch, p. 15; with Camblor, p. 25. 42Construction Justification Data Sheet, 6 Nov 62, Mil Files, XII–43–1, OH HQUSACE; 

“Class V Depot—Verdun.” See also Intervs, authors with Shadday, p. 4; with Friesch, p. 

15; with Camblor, p. 25. 43Interv, authors with Brig. Gen. James C. Donovan (USA, Ret.), 20 Nov 90, Arlington, 

Va., pp. 6–12. The site was near Thionville in the region near Metz. 44“History of TUSEG, 1958–1965,” provided by the TUSEG Area Office, Incirlik, 

Turkey. Intervs, authors with Faust, pp. 76–77; with Textor, pp. 2–4; with Friesch, pp. 

14–15; with Greulich, pp. 28–29. 45“Wiesbaden Housing Project Opens First of 400 Units” and “City Offers To 

Build Housing for Yanks,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 17 Oct 49 and 12 Feb 50, 

respectively. 46On Alternate Construction, see “U.S. Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 

1953–1957,” pp. 36–40, 55; “Overview of USAREUR Real Estate Activities and Host Nation 

Negotiations,” p. III–E–13–1, Unpubl Ms, Real Estate Division, Office of the Deputy Chief 

of Staff, Engineer, Headquarters, USAREUR and Seventh Army, Sep 88, preface by J. L. 

Fuentes, Chief, Real Estate Division. 47“Welcome to the USAREUR Engineer’s Conference,” [1965], section on Alternate 

Construction. 48Ibid.; “Overview of USAREUR Real Estate Activities.”

49The information on this operation is drawn primarily from Intervs, authors with 

Brettschneider, pp. 78–100, and with Fraint, pp. 21–23. 50Quote from Interv, authors with Fraint, pp. 21–23. 

51Interv, authors with Brettschneider, pp. 81–84.

52Ibid., pp. 84–85, and Intervs, authors with Fraint, pp. 21–23, and with Camblor, 9 

Aug 89, pp. 39–41. Brettschneider recounts several other incidents of cooperation during 

operations in Berlin. 53Tele Intervs, authors with Col. Paavo Carlson (Ret.), 28 Sep 90; with Col. C. B. 

Lyle, Jr. (Ret.), 26 Oct 90; with Col. John Driskill (Ret.), 5 Nov 90; with Brig. Gen. Gilbert 

W. Kirby, Jr. (USA, Ret.), 9 Nov 90; with Maj. Gen. Drake Wilson (USA, Ret.), 29 Oct 90, 

Alexandria, Va.
414

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

54Erwin N. Thompson, Pacific Ocean Engineers: History of the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers in the Pacific, 1905–1980 (Honolulu: Pacific Ocean Division, n.d.), ch. 6. See also 

William C. Baldwin, “Engineer Echelon-above-Corps Organization in the Pacific since 

1941” (Office of History, Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1990). 55Office of the CG, ENGCOM, “Briefing for LTG Cassidy, 17 Jun 1968,” attached chart 

of annual construction placement 1957 to 1969, and p. 11, EUD-RHA, Box M–2–2. 56See USACAG Organization and Functions Manual dtd 1 Jun 63, EUD-RHA, Box 

H–2–2. 57Interv, authors with Col. Carlyle Charles (Ret.), 31 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 3–5.

58See authors’ interviews with Fraint, Friesch, Brettschneider, and others.

59This account emerges from authors’ interviews with people who served in 

USACAG, USAREUR, or the Engineer Element during the early 1960s. They include 

interviews with Maj. Gen. Robert P. Young (USA, Ret.), 30 Oct 90, Alexandria, Va., with 

Wilson, and with Greulich; also, authors’ Tele Intervs with Lyle, with Carlson, with 

Driskill, with Kirby, and with William B. Dawes, 26 Oct 90. In addition, see authors’ 

interviews with others who served with USACAG between 1961 and 1964: Brettschneider, 

Butschan, Charles, Faust, Fraint, Friesch, Damm, Greene, Rodehaver, and Shadday. 

Camblor passed over his return to USAREUR in Heidelberg in his interviews with 

Baldwin and Walker and with the authors. In comments on the manuscript addressed 

to the authors in February 1991, Camblor explained his reasons for accepting General 

Morris’ invitation to serve in Heidelberg as a special assistant. On the incorporation of 

USARFEOF, see Memo, Camblor for Col. LeTellier, [2 Aug 68], sub: Chronological History 

of Construction Responsibilities in France and Germany”; Interv, authors with Charles, 

pp. 3–5. 60Memo, Camblor for Col. LeTellier; “USAREUR Engineer Element Responsibilities,” 

29 Sep 66, Mil Files, XII–43–1, OH HQUSACE.

Chapter 6 

1

Interv, authors with General Andrew P. O’Meara (USA, Ret.), 18 Jan 91, Arlington, 

Va., pp. 1–12. 2

“Study of Proposed Consolidation of Military Construction Activities in Europe,” 19 

Oct 65, HQ, U.S. Army Audit Agency, Washington National Records Center, Access no. 

86–0008, Box 6, RC 10–27–03–5–5, File 207–01. 3

Ibid. Quote from Ltr, Jack O’Neill (Frankfurt) to William B. Dawes, 11 October [1965]. 

O’Neill was serving in the Engineer Element in Frankfurt; Dawes had recently returned 

from service in Frankfurt to a Corps of Engineers position in California. Dawes provided 

the letter to the authors. 4

Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. Robert P. Young (USA, Ret.), 30 Oct 90, Alexandria, 

Va., for this and subsequent paragraphs. Also, Interv, Donita M. Moorhus with Maj. 

Gen. Robert P. Young (USA, Ret.), 9 Oct 91, Arlington, Va. See also Intervs, authors with 

Randolph S. Washington, 31 May 90, Chièvres, Belgium, pp. 1–4, and with Zawisza, p. 2. 

Concerning the creation of the Army Area Command, see “Military Community Study 

Project Red Wheel,” prepared by ODCSCOMPT, USAREUR, May 73, ann. B, pp. 4–5, OH 

HQUSACE. Stoughton’s first name was Tom, not Thomas. 5

Interv, Moorhus with Young, 9 Oct 91, pp. 1–4.

6

Intervs, authors with O’Meara, p. 23, and Moorhus with Young, 9 Oct 91, p. 8–10.

7

“Engineer Outfits Merging,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 21 Jun 67; William C. 

Baldwin, “Engineer Organization in Germany, 1945–1990,” Future Army Peacetime Engineer

Operations in Europe (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Engineer Studies Center, 1991), pp. C–8 
415

Notes

to C–12; Col. Brian B. O’Neill, “History of Eng Com Traces Back to ’44: Eng Com’s Role—

Duties Far, Wide,” two-page article attached to memoranda dtd 8 Nov 77, 1 Dec 77, and 

15 Dec 77 regarding history of EUD, EUD-RHA, Box P–1–11. See also “Study of Proposed 

Consolidation of Military Construction Activities in Europe,” 19 Oct 65, p. 7. As this study 

indicates, some construction is performed by the Navy in “selected locations.” 8

Interv, Moorhus with Young, 9 Oct 91, pp. 8–10.

9

“Briefing for LTG [William F.] Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, Ofc of the CG, ENGCOM, p. 2, 

EUD-RHA, Box M–2–2. 10Ibid., pp. 4–5.

11Ibid.

12Ibid.

13Ibid., pp. 5, 8. 

14Interv, Moorhus with Young, 9 Oct 91, pp. 8–10. Williams completed his tour in 

Europe at ENGCOM and left in the summer of 1967. 15“Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, pp. 4–5.

16See interviews by authors with the individuals named in the text; see also 

“Organizational Charts for USACAG, 1960,” EUD-RHA, Box P–7–11; for ENGCOM, see 

the chart in “USAENGCOM Information Brochure, OCE Inspection, 14–26 Feb. 1972” 

(hereafter cited as “Information Brochure,” 1972), EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. Also Intervs, 

authors with Donovan, pp. 41–42; with Brig. Gen. Kenneth W. Kennedy, 26 May 91, 

Newark, N.J., p. 11; with Fraint, pp. 7–8. See also Memo, Kennedy to Brig. Gen. Kelley, 24 

Jul 68, sub: Infrastructure Program, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11, which uses the term “troubleshooter” in referring to his special assistant, Camblor. Interviews with ENGCOM and EUD 

commanders indicate that Camblor performed similar tasks for all of them. 17Interv, authors with Friesch, pp. 17–18.

18Intervs, authors with Washington, p. 1–4; with Zawisza, p. 2; with Rodehaver, 31 Jan 

90, pp. 38–39. Interv, Paul K. Walker and William C. Baldwin with Robert Rodehaver, 24 

Jun 87, Frankfurt, p. 6. 19“Civilian Personnel Management in U.S. Army Engineer Command, Europe: 

Survey Report Mar. 1973,” p. 5, conducted by HQ USAREUR DSCPER CPD, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–11. 20Comptroller of the Army, “Program/Command Analysis of U.S. Army Europe,” 30 

Jun 71, pp. III–A–12 and –13, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. Interv, authors with Hasso Damm, 9 

Aug 89, pp. 19–20. 21During Kennedy’s tour, the 39th was inactivated and its battalions put under the 

command of the 24th. Interv, authors with Kennedy, p. 24. 22Intervs, authors with Kennedy, p. 16, and with Col. Claude Roberts, 12 Feb 91, 

Washington, D.C., pp. 35–36. 23Frank U. Lahde, “Construction Assistance in Germany,” Military Engineer 59 

(March/April 1967): 117. See also “Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, p. 3; Intervs, 

authors with Young, with Maj. Gen. Carroll LeTellier, 19 Nov 91, Arlington, Va., and with 

Camblor, 9 Aug 89. 24“German Labor Service Celebrates 20th Anniversary,” Sword and Castle, Oct 68. 25William M. Kennedy, “Civilian Labor Group, Germany,” Military Engineer 59 

(September/October 1967): 368. Intervs, authors with Kennedy, pp. 22–23; with Young, 

30 Oct 90; with Roberts, pp. 8–9; with LeTellier, pp. 42–45; with Fraint, pp. 19–21. Interv, 

Baldwin and Walker with Camblor, p. 65. 26Interv, authors with Roberts, pp. 6–8; Cargill, “Shoulder to Shoulder,” Military 

Engineer 65 (November/December 1973): 414. 27The description of the changes is most clearly delineated in “Briefing for LTG 

Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, pp. 14–15; concerning the unpopularity of the changes with local 
416

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

commanders, see Interv, Lynn Alperin with Brig. Gen. Kenneth W. Kennedy, 23–24 Apr 

84, Austin, Tex., pp. 345ff. 28“Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, pp. 17–18.

29For this feature of ENGCOM’s activity, see ibid., p. 26.

30Ibid., pp. 16–20.

31“Military Community Study Project Red Wheel,” ann. B, pp. 4–6. 32Dod Ms, 20: 33–34.

33Interv, authors with Hasso Damm, 12 Dec 91, Frankfurt, p. 31, and with Jacques 

Bouchereau, 3 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 12–13. 34Ltr, Kennedy to Brig. Gen. Roy S. Kelley, USAREUR Engineer, 21 October 1968, 

EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 35Intervs, authors with Bouchereau, pp. 25–27, 56–57; with Fraint, pp. 23–24; with 

Hasso Damm, 9 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 53–55. “Building Miracle at Brussels School,” 

Army Times Europe, 27 Mar 68. Concerning title and sovereignty over the property, see 

“Overview of USAREUR Real Estate Activities and Host Nation Negotiations,” p. F–7–1. 36William M. Kennedy III, “A Joint Effort for a Joint Command,” Military Engineer 61 

(January/February 1969): 43. 37Intervs, authors with John Shadday, 25 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 13–18, and with Erwin 

Grimm, 6 Jun 90, Nuremberg; Kennedy, “Joint Effort for a Joint Command,” p. 43; Military 

Engineer 59 (September/October 1967): 368; “New EUCOM Nerve Center Is Dedicated at 

Stuttgart,” Stars and Stripes, 8 Nov 68. 38“Overview of USAREUR Real Estate Activities.” See also Dod Ms, 20: 33–34. 

39Interv, Moorhus with Young, 9 Oct 91, pp. 10–12.

40See Daniel J. Nelson, A History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany (Boulder, Colo.: 

Westview Press, 1987), pp. 78–82, 88, 98. 41Ibid., pp. 147–51.

42“Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, p. 10. 

43Ibid. 

44Ibid., p. 11. 

45Interv, Greenwood with Penney, p. 27. 

46Intervs, authors with Kusiowski, pp. 30–31, and with Rodehaver, 31 Jan 90, pp. 

44–46. 47USAENGCOMEUR, “Information Brochure,” 1972, pp. I–6 to I–7, EUD-RHA, Misc 

Docs.48“Overview of USAREUR Real Estate Activities,” pp. I–A, III–E–13–1, VI–C–1. See 

also Memo, Camblor for LeTellier, 2 Aug 68, sub: Chronological History of Construction 

Responsibilities in France and Germany, EUD-RHA, Box M–2–4. 49Delpin, “Fact Sheet,” 1 Nov 73, sub: To Answer the Chief of Staff’s Request for a 

Description of Real Estate Acquisitions and Disposal Procedures and To Identify Major 

Problems, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 50“US Army Engineer Command Europe, Command Operating Budget, FY 1974,” Mar 

73, prepared for Carroll LeTellier and signed by Col. John C. Bell, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–7. 51Interv, authors with O’Meara, p. 17.

52Young’s departure is dated from material in his scrapbook. Interv, Moorhus with 

Young, 9 Oct 91, pp. 12–13. 53Kennedy’s arrival from his “Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, p. 17; Interv, 

authors with Kennedy, p. 1–3; Interv, Alperin with Kennedy, p. 344. Kennedy’s promotion 

is dated according to letters in EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 54Ltr, Brig. Gen. Roy S. Kelley to Kennedy, 27 Oct 67, Tab M, EUD-RHA, Misc Files; 

also “Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, p. 20, for Kennedy’s observation concerning 

Polk’s remarks to him on his first day in Germany (17 October 1967).
417

Notes

55For this and the following paragraph, see Daniel E. McDonald, “Briefing Remarks 

for [Lt.] General [Walter K.] Wilson’s Visit to Engineer Division,” 7 Dec 64, and Ltr, Kelley 

to Kennedy, 27 October 1967, Tab L, both in EUD-RHA, Misc Files. 56Ltr, Kelley to Kennedy, 27 October 1967, Tabs L, M; Cargill, “Shoulder to Shoulder,” 

Military Engineer 65 (November/December 1973): 414. 57“Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, pp. 22–23, for this and the subsequent 

paragraph. Kennedy gives the figure for boilers as 9,000 in this briefing. A figure of 

10,087 is given for the date 1 July 1967 in Memo, Brig. Gen. Carroll LeTellier, 25 Apr 72, 

sub: Summary of USAENGCOMEUR Briefing Data, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 58“Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, p. 22. 

59Ltr, Kennedy to Polk, 4 March 1970, p. 2, referring to the meeting in September 

1968, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. Also, Commander in Chief, U.S. Army, Europe, Living and 

Working Conditions in the United States Army, Europe, Special Report to Congress of the 

United States, 1 May 84, fig. 39. 60Intervs, authors with Kennedy, pp. 6–7; with Zawisza, pp. 14–18; with Washington, 

pp. 18–19. Ltr, Kennedy to Polk, 4 March 1970, p. 3, mentions the damage caused by 

unskilled troops manning boilers. See also Interv, Alperin with Kennedy, p. 361; Intervs, 

John T. Greenwood with Lt. Gen. Howard W. Penney, Dec 80–Dec 83, p. 26. “Briefing for 

LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, pp. 22–23. 61Ltr, Kennedy to Maj. Gen. Charles C. Noble, 15 April 1970, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11.

62“ENGCOM Chronicle for Facilities Engineering Directorate,” Jul 74, p. 7, EUD-RHA, 

Box M–1–4/6; Annual Historical Summary, HQ USAREUR and Seventh Army, 1 Jan–31 

Dec 72, p. 91, CMH. On the strength and influence of the coal lobby, see Interv, Donita M. 

Moorhus with Allen M. Carton, 14 Mar 97, Potomac, Md., pp. 113–19. 63On budget cuts, see Ltr, Kennedy to Noble, 28 July 1969; on the congressional 

moratorium that suspended the program, see “Budget Execution Review, FY 1973,” 

signed by LeTellier, 15 Nov 72, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–7. On the percentage completed, see 

“Summary of Questions and Answers Covered at the Breakfast for Honorable Robert F. 

Froehlke Hosted by Commander, V Corps, on Tuesday, Feb. 13, 1973”; for the number of 

boilers replaced, see Ltr, LeTellier, 25 April 1972. Both in EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 64“Summary of Questions and Answers, Feb. 13, 1973”; “Items Discussed at OENGR 

Staff Meeting, Nov. 19, 1973,” notes by Capt. Edward D. Hammond, Liaison Officer, EUDRHA, Box M–1–7. Interv, authors with Kennedy, pp. 6–7. For a firsthand account of the 

boiler conversion program in the early 1970s, see Interv, authors with Ken Wunsche, 19 

Nov 93, Frankfurt, passim. 65“Briefing for Maj. Gen. Fred Clarke’s Visit to Engineer Division, 9 Nov. 1964,” p. 3, 

EUD-RHA, Misc Files. 66The figures on dollars per square foot come from Kennedy’s “Briefing for LTG 

Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, p. 34. Kennedy took the information from statistics maintained by 

OCE. 67See Intervs, Alperin with Kennedy, p. 351; Greenwood with Penney, pp. 25–26; 

authors with LeTellier, p. 18. 68The information on the $5 million from O’Meara is in “Briefing for CINC,” 26 Aug 

66, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 69Interv, Alperin with Kennedy, p. 352.

70“Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, pp. 20–21.

71Interv, Alperin with Kennedy, p. 353.

72“Briefing for LTG Cassidy,” 17 Jun 68, pp. 20–21.

73Ltr, Kennedy to Lt. Gen. Andrew J. Boyle, CG V Corps, 16 December 1968, EUDRHA, Box M–1–11. 74Ltrs, Kennedy to Noble, 12 May 1969, 21 April 1970, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 
418

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

75Ltr, Kennedy to Maj. Gen. Howard W. Penney, 21 March 1969, EUD-RHA, Box 

M–1–11. 76LeTellier, Debriefing Rpt to CINC USAREUR, 14 Aug 73, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–7. 

77The figures are taken from two sources: Ltr, Kennedy to Maj. Gen. E. H. Almquist, 

CG, 8th Infantry Division, 2 April 1970, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11, and “Fact Sheet, Subject: 

Summary of Stem to Stern Program,” 24 May 1971, prepared by Col. Shelton B. Biles, DCS 

Contract Construction, EUD–RHA, Misc Files. Each source uses a slightly different base 

period for the figures. 78Interv, Alperin with Kennedy, p. 353.

79Ltr, Kennedy to Collins, 28 June 1971, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11.

80MFR, LeTellier, 25 Apr 72, sub: ENGCOM Briefing Data, EUD-RHA, M–1–11; the 

figures for the facilities engineering budget for 1968 to 1972 are derived from anniversary 

addresses by Kennedy, 1 Nov 69, and LeTellier, 1 Nov 71, both in EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 81Glossary of Terms, Military Publications Pamphlet #310–1–3, 25 May 76.

82Interv, authors with Kennedy, p. 15; Interv, Carroll Purcell with Col. John C. 

Mattina, 9 May 88, Oxnard, Calif., OH HQUSACE. See also the description of one of the 

revetments that failed in MFR, Lt. Col. James M. Johnston, Executive Officer [ENGCOM], 

6 May 70, sub: Visit to USAENGCOMEUR by CINCUSAREUR, p. 3, EUD-RHA, Box 

M–1–11. 83For TAB VEE as a “hot” project in Washington, see MFR, sub: Meeting with Mr. E. 

A. Rogner, OSD, Systems Analysis Team ... Frankfurt, Germany, 9 Aug 68, p. 4, where 

the cited passage is a paraphrase of Rogner’s remarks; for figures for late 1968, see Ltr, 

Kennedy to Brig. Gen. Roy S. Kelley, 25 November 1968, both in EUD-RHA, Box M1–1–11; 

for the February 1969 record, see USAENGCOMEUR, “Information Brochure,” 1972, p. 

III–9.84Ayling, “Briefing, Air Force I G Team, TAB VEE Program,” [Jan 1971], EUD-RHA, 

Misc Docs; “General Discussion of USAREUR DCSOPS Study (Project Fender): An 

Examination of the Mission, Organization, and Functions of the U.S. Army Engineer 

Command,” [Apr 72], EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 85“Briefing, Air Force I G Team, TAB VEE Program,” [Jan 71].

86Interv, authors with Kennedy, pp. 12–13. For additional evidence of problems 

between the Air Force and ENGCOM, see Col. Niels H. Lund, USAF, “Solicitation of Bids, 

TAB VEE,” 14 Jan 71; Memo, Col. Shelton B. Biles for Chief of Staff, 14 Jan 71, sub: Air 

Force Letters Concerning TAB VEE Construction; MFR, Biles, 19 Jan 71, sub: Telephone 

Call from Colonel Lund, Director, Engineering and Construction AEFRC, USAFE; MFR, 

Biles, sub: General Polk’s Briefing by USAREUR Engineer on 20 Jan 71. All in EUD-RHA, 

Misc Docs. See also Memo, William E. Camblor to Dept of the Air Force, Col. Steele, 

17 Dec 71, sub: Time Losses and Added Costs on Projects Due to Air Force Delays in 

Approval of Funding, which mentions fifteen case summaries as being sent; and Memo, 

LeTellier to Col. Robert C. Thompson, DCS–Civil Engineering, USAFE, 22 Feb 72, sub: 

Approval and Funding of Changes to Air Force Construction Contracts. Both in EUDRHA, Misc Docs. 87For the description of the fire in following paragraphs, see Intervs, authors with 

Kennedy, pp. 9–11; with Brettschneider, 26, 30 Jan 1990, pp. 39–40, 42–43; with Friesch, 

pp. 69–70; with Greene, p. 29; with Textor, pp. 32–34; with Inge Kusiowski, 9 Aug 89, 

Frankfurt, pp. 30–31; with Fraint, pp. 27–28. Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Hasso 

Damm, 21 Jun 88, Frankfurt, pp. 33–36; Ltr, Kennedy to CG, HQ V Corps, 26 May 1969; 

Memo, Kennedy to CINC USAREUR, 27 Jan 69; Ltr, Kennedy to Col. Burke, 27 June 1969; 

Ltr, Kennedy to CINC USAREUR, 5 January 1970; Ltr, Kennedy to Oberburgermeister 

Prof. Dr. Willi Brundert, 16 May 1969. All in EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 88Interv, authors with Kennedy, pp. 9–11.
419

Notes

89Ibid., p. 11.

90Interv, Martin Reuss with Brig. Gen. Charles C. Noble, 22–23 Sep 81, OH HQUSACE. 

91Ltr, Kennedy to Kelley, 21 March 1968, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11.

92MFR, Lt. Col. James M. Johnston, Exec. Officer [ENGCOM], 6 May 70, sub: Visit to 

USAENGCOMEUR by CINCUSAREUR, p. 5, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 93Interv, authors with Col. Daniel Waldo, Jr., 31 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 2–5; 

USAENGCOMEUR, “Budget Execution Review FY 1973,” signed by LeTellier, EUD-RHA, 

Box M–1–7; “Ammo Storage Improvement Program—MCA,” n.d., EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 94Interv, authors with LeTellier, pp. 6, 18.

95Ibid., pp. 19, 21–23, 28–29; Interv, authors with Kennedy, p. 12.

96LeTellier’s 5th Anniversary Msg, 1 Nov 71, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs.

97“Instructions for Engineer Command Long Range Plan Ad Hoc Committee,” 13 

Mar 72, signed by LeTellier; “Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Long Range Plan 

for the Engineer Command Europe, Jun. 15, 1972,” ann. A, both in EUD-RHA, Box M–2–4. 98USAENGCOMEUR, “Information Brochure” 1972, pp. I–4 to I–6, III–24, V–2 to V–6, 

and VI–2 to VI–6, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 99For the full list, see Memo, LeTellier to CINCUSAREUR and Seventh Army, 10 Apr 

72, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 100The dollar figures from 1967–1970 come from the ENGCOM Long Range Plan. 

Other dollar figures come from USAENGCOMEUR, “Information Brochure” 1972, pp V–2 

to V–5. 101For a good summary treatment of the tension between commanders and ENGCOM, 

see LeTellier, Debriefing Rpt to CINC USAREUR, 14 Aug 73, pp. 3–4, EUD-RHA, Box M–

1–7. Interv, authors with LeTellier, pp. 34–37. 102“Overview of USAREUR Real Estate Activities,” pp. III–E–21ff.

103Ibid.

104USAENGCOMEUR, “Information Brochure” 1972, p. IV–3.

105“Overview of USAREUR Real Estate Activities,” pp. III–E–21ff.

106Buxton, Comptroller, Decision Paper to Commanding General, 16 Aug 71, sub: DM 

Revaluation, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 107Interv, authors with Washington, pp. 42–44.

108Memo, LeTellier, 25 Apr 72; see also attachment to “General Discussion of 

USAREUR DCSOPS Study (Project Fender),” 10 Apr 72, p. 2, both in EUD-RHA, Box M–

1–11, 6G. For slightly different figures, see USAENGCOMEUR, “Information Brochure,” 

1972, p. III–23. 109Intervs, authors with Fraint, pp. 26–27, and with LeTellier, pp. 57–60.

110Ltr, LeTellier to Maj. Gen. F. P. Koisch, 19 July 1973, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11; William 

E. Camblor, “Amplified Record of Engineering Experience,” 9 Sep 77, Bouchereau Papers, 

OH HQUSACE. 111“Overview of USAREUR Real Estate Activities,” p. III–E–21–1. The slowdown in 

work under MOUSF I is noted in Ltr, Donovan to Maj. Gen. D. A. Raymond, 25 Jan 74, 

EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 112Ltr, Kennedy to Brig. Gen. H. R. Aaron, V Corps, 21 July 1971, EUD-RHA, 

Misc Docs Kennedy’s description in this letter parallels the description of remote site 

construction given in an earlier document. The description in this and the following 

paragraph is a composite of the two. The earlier document (see esp. p. 2) is MFR, Lt. Col. 

James M. Johnston, 6 May 70, sub: Visit to USAENGCOMEUR by CINCUSAREUR, EUDRHA, Box M–1–11. 113The information concerning remote sites derives primarily from three documents: 

Memo, LeTellier, 25 Apr 72, sub: Summary of USAENGCOMEUR Briefing Data, EUDRHA, Box M–1–11; Ltr, LeTellier to Maj. Gen. F. P. Koisch, 19 July 1973; table of projects 
420

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

with notes entitled “Border Camps,” and dated “as of 15 Nov. 1973,” EUD-RHA, Misc 

Docs.114MFR, Letellier, 9 Aug 68, sub: Meeting with Mr. E. A. Rogner, OSD, Systems 

Analysis Team, EUD-RHA, M–1–11. 115ODCSCOMPT, USAREUR, “Military Community Study Project Red Wheel,” May 

73, ann. B, pp. 4–5, OH HQUSACE; Interv, authors with Kennedy, pp. 3–5. 116“USAREUR Area Support Service Activity Study, Subject: District Engineer 

Reorganization, ENGCOM,” 27 Jan 70, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; “Report of the Ad Hoc 

Committee on the Long Range Plan for the Engineer Command Europe,” 15 Jun 72, p. 81. 117Decision Paper, Brig. Gen. Hugh J. Bartley, DCSCOMPT, to Chief of Staff, 27 Apr 73, 

sub: Review of the DCSOPS Engineer Command Study (Fender II), EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 118Interv, Martin A. Reuss with Maj. Gen. Francis P. Koisch, 5–6 Mar 90, San Antonio, 

Tex., pp. 2–9, OH HQUSACE; Interv, authors with LeTellier, pp. 39–42. 119“Review of the DCSOPS Engineer Command Study (Fender II).” 120LeTellier Debrief Ltr to CINCUSAREUR, 14 August 1973, p. 3, provided to the 

authors by LeTellier. 121Interv, authors with Donovan, pp. 1–30.

122Ltr, Donovan to Brig. Gen. Milton E. Key, Cdr., 56th Artillery Brigade, EUD-RHA, 

Box M–1–11. 123DF, Col. James G. Campbell, 19 Mar 74, sub: Consolidation of Headquarters and 

Area Support Elements, Tab J of Decision Paper to Chief of Staff [USAREUR] from 

Project Chase, OH HQUSACE (see also Tab A); Memo, Maj. Gen. Harold I. Hayward for 

Commander in Chief, 22 Mar 74, sub: Project Chase, OH HQUSACE, current files; Lt. 

Col. John L. Buxton, “EUD History,” typescript Ms, n.d., EUD-RHA, Box P–7–9 (hereafter 

cited as Buxton History); “Annual Report of Major Activities, HQ, U.S. Army Europe and 

Seventh Army, 1 Jan. to 31 Dec. 1974,” 7 Apr 76, pp. 13–17, CMH (hereafter cited as Annual 

Report USAREUR, 1974). 124The U.S. Army Topographic Center had been put under Engineer Command in FY 

1973.125Buxton History; Briefing Materials for Visit by Lt. Gen. William C. Gribble, 23–25 

Mar 75, “Formation of EUD, Fact Sheet,” 20 Mar 75, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs (hereafter cited 

as Materials for Gribble Visit, with reference to the particular document). 126Buxton History; Annual Report USAREUR, 1974, pp. 13–17. 

127Annual Report USAREUR, 1974, p. 17.

128Materials for Gribble Visit, “Personnel Status,” 21 Mar 75, and “Formation of EUD, 

Fact Sheet, 20 Mar 1975.” 129For a firsthand commentary on this uncertainty, see Interv, authors with Reimer 

Delpin, 9 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 13–14. For a description of the work carried out by the 

team led by McNeely and the attitudes that prevailed in OCE, see Interv, Donita M. 

Moorhus with David A. Spivey, 25 Oct 96, Alexandria, Va., pp. 39–52, OH HQUSACE. 130ESC Studies Center, “EUD Organization Study,” Apr 85, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–8.

131Interv, authors with Terry Trowbridge, 10 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 10–12.

Chapter 7 

1

Interv, authors with Brig. Gen. James C. Donovan, 20 Nov 90, Arlington, Va., p. 40.

2

Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. Louis W. Prentiss, Jr., 14 Sep 90, Indian Beach, Del., 

pp. 1–9. 3

Memorandum of Agreement between the Commander in Chief, U.S. Army, Europe, 

and the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, 1 Apr 74, EUD-RHA, P–7–11.
421

Notes

4

Buxton History; Briefing Materials for Gribble Visit, “Formation of EUD, Fact Sheet,” 

20 Mar 75, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 5

The agreements are in EUD-RHA, Misc Docs, and Boxes M–1–10 and M–1–11.

6

Interv, authors with Prentiss, pp. 10, 18–19, 56.

7

Min of Staff Mtg, 11 Mar 75, EUD-RHA, M–1–11; Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. 

Drake Wilson, 29 Oct 90, Alexandria, Va., pp. 10–11. We have chosen to use Europe 

Division; early documents use European Division. 8

Memo, Prentiss to HQDA (DAEN-EPA-U), 12 Sep 75, sub: Proposed Civilian 

Manpower Reduction, p. 3, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 9

Annual Report USAREUR, 1974, pp. 2–4, 15, CMH.

10Ibid.; Fact Sheet, “Analysis of USAEDE Organization,” 15 Aug 74, p. 5, EUD-RHA, 

Misc Docs. 11“Analysis of USAEDE Organization,” 15 Aug 74, p. 3.

12Organizational Charts from 1 Aug 74, 1 Sep 74, 1 Dec 74, 1 Feb 75, 1 Jun 75, and 1 

Aug 75, all provided by Reimer Delpin, EUD; “Analysis of USAEDE Organization,” 15 

Aug 74, p. 3. 13Interv, authors with James Wise, 1 Feb 90, Frankfurt, Germany, pp. 4–7.

14Interv, authors with Dave Cox, 13 Dec 91, Frankfurt, Germany, pp. 11–14.

15Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 17 January 1975, and Gribble’s reply, 18 February 1975, EUDRHA, M–1–12 and M–1–9, GO Corresp, respectively; Interv, authors with Lt. Col. Roy 

Brown, 25 Aug 89, Hoensbroek, Netherlands, pp. 16–18; see also an incomplete draft of 

Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 1974, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 16EUD, Gen Orders Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 5 May 75, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; for the change 

of name, see Staff Summary Sheet, 30 Apr 75, “Organization of Area Offices,” EUD-RHA, 

P–7–11. 17Memo, Maj. Gen. Warren C. Moore, HQ TUSLOG (USAFE) to American Personnel, 

7 Nov 77, sub: Background Information, provided by TUSEG Area Office, Incirlik, Turkey. 18Talking Paper, DAEN-ECM, [Robert] Hall, 15 May 75, sub: “OSD Draft Audit Report 

on Consolidation of EUD and MDD Headquarters,” NA, RG 77, Access no. 86–0008, Box 

6, RC 10–27–03–5–5(hereafter cited as Talking Paper, 15 May 75); “Realignment Fact 

Sheet: Transfer of Design and Construction in Italy, Greece, and Turkey to US Army 

Engineer Division, Europe,” n.d., but attached to a memo dtd 30 Sep 75, EUD-RHA, P–7–9 

(hereafter cited as “Realignment Fact Sheet”). 19For a summary of the OSD position and OCE’s counterarguments, see Talking 

Paper, 15 May 75. See also “OCE Comments on OSD ‘Draft Report on Review of 

Consolidation of Army Engineer Divisions in Europe,’” 28 Feb 75, p. 12 (hereafter cited as 

“OCE Comments on OSD Draft Report,” 28 Feb 75, NA, RG 77, Access no. 86–0008, Box 6, 

RC 10–27–03–5–5; and “Realignment Fact Sheet.” 20Talking Paper, 15 May 75.

21For information concerning the area offices of EUD, see Annual Rpt USAREUR, 

1974, p. 2, and EUD Briefing for Command Inspection, 1977, Bouchereau Papers, OH 

HQUSACE. 22“Annual Historical Review, 1 Jul. 1975–30 Sept. 1976,” p. 65, Office of the Chief of 

Engineers (hereafter cited as OCE AHR, with appropriate dates), Gen Files, 8–4, OH 

HQUSACE; “Engineer’s Corner,” EUD Information Bulletin, 1 Apr 76; see also MFR, 9 Jun 

76, sub: MDD-EUD Milcon Transfer, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 23Memo, Prentiss to HQDA (DAEN-EPA-U), 12 Sep 75, sub: Proposed Civilian 

Manpower Reduction, pp. 1–3, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; for the quotation, see Prentiss to 

Gribble, 11 May 76, EUD-RHA, M–1–7. 24MFR, E. Scott Chronister, 17 Aug 84, sub: EUD Request for Assistance—USAREUR 

Request for Organizational Justification, based on documents and conversations with 
422

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

Fred McNeely and other OCE personnel involved in the transition, Civil Works Files, 

I–20–1, OH HQUSACE. Chronister was chief of the Organization and Studies Branch, 

Management and Program Analysis Division, Directorate of Resource Management, in 

OCE. See also Interv, authors with Frederick B. McNeely, 15 Feb 91, Arlington, Va.; Interv, 

Moorhus with David A. Spivey, 25 Oct 96, Alexandria, Va., pp. 39–64; and Ltr, O’Neill 

to Dawes, 11 October [1965], provided by William B. Dawes, archived with documents 

related to this manuscript at OH HQUSACE. 25“Civilian Personnel Management in U.S. Army Engineer Command, Europe, 

Survey Report,” Mar 73, survey conducted by HQ, USAREUR DCSPER CPD, p. 3, EUDRHA, M–1–11. 26Interv, authors with Hasso Damm, 9 Aug 89, Frankfurt, Germany, pp. 15–16. On 

Tambornino’s retirement, see Intervs, authors with Greene, pp. 46–47, 55–56, and with 

Col. Edwin S. Townsley, 15 Feb 91, Alexandria, Va., p. 14. On Wheeler’s appointment, see 

Intervs, authors with Prentiss, pp. 18–19, and with Ralph Wheeler, 12 Feb 91, Arlington, 

Va., pp. 1–2; Interv, Moorhus with Spivey, p. 59. 

27For the quotations in the paragraph, see “OCE Comments on OSD Draft Report,” 28 

Feb 75. 28Interv, authors with Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 7–8, 59–61.

29MFR, R. L. Rousseau, 18 Apr 79, sub: OAS Accomplishments, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 

The document provides a two-page summary of the history of Office of Administrative 

Services’ accomplishments under Rousseau’s leadership beginning 6 November 1974. 30Interv, authors with Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 2–4.

31Interv, authors with Wheeler, pp. 2–5, 44. See also Interv, authors with Wise, 1 Feb 

90, passim. 32The personal dislocation felt by employees is not reflected in official documents. 

See Intervs, authors with Richard Birner, 12 Jun 90, Nuremberg, pp. 20–22;with Louis 

Brettschneider, 26, 30 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 33–38; with Brown, pp. 44–46; with Damm, 9 

Aug 89, pp. 14–17; with Reimer Delpin, 29 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 13–14; with Saul Fraint, 9 

Jun 90, Vienna, Austria, pp. 33–36; with Karl Greulich, 15 Jun 90, Frankfurt, pp. 31–32; with 

Rodehaver, 31 Jan 90, pp. 41–47; with John Shadday, 25 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 6–7, 14; with 

Stanley Sikirica, 29 Jul 90, Frankfurt; with Washington, pp. 36–37; with Ralph Wheeler, 12 

Feb 91, Arlington, Va.; with Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 2–5; with Zawisza, pp. 21, 29–34. 33Briefing, Dir, USACAG, for Lt. Gen. Walter K. Wilson, Jr., 13 Oct 61, Mil Files XII–

43–1, OH HQUSACE. 34Interv, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 15–16.

35Interv, Paul K. Walker with Hasso Damm, 21 Jun 88, Frankfurt, pp. 16–17.

36On the persistence of the tension, see Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. Norman G. 

Delbridge, Jr., 14 Feb 91, Washington, D.C., pp. 40–44. 37Materials for Gribble Visit, “Personnel Status,” 21 Mar 75, and chart dated 1 Jan 75 

among EUD charts and graphics for briefings; Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 Oct 75, quarterly 

report, and Gribble’s reply, 8 Dec 75, both in EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 38Ltr, Gribble to Prentiss, 11 September 1975, EUD-RHA, M–1–9. Memo, Prentiss to 

HQDA (DAEN-EPA-U), 12 Sep 75, sub: Proposed Civilian Manpower Reduction, p. 2, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 39Ltr, Gribble to Prentiss, 8 December 1975, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; for the suggestion 

of temporary help, specifically for the Office of Administrative Services, see Command 

Inspection, Aug 75, p. 18, EUD-RHA, M–1–9. 40Command Inspection, Aug 75, p. 14, and Prentiss’ reply of 11 Nov 75 to this Rpt, p. 

11–12, both in EUD-RHA, M–1–9. 41Interv, authors with Prentiss, pp. 10–12, 40–41, quotation from the latter pages; see 

also Min of EUD Staff Mtg, 2 Sep 75, EUD-RHA, M–1–11.
423

Notes

42Intervs, authors with Prentiss, pp. 30–31, and with Washington, pp. 37–38.

43A number of sources contribute to this account of the struggle over Greene’s 

retirement. See Intervs, authors with Prentiss, pp. 12, 40–44; with Cox, pp. 10–11, 17–19; 

with Greene, pp. 46–53; with McNeely, pp. 15–16, 21–23; with Townsley, pp. 21–22; with 

Washington, pp. 33–34, 63–64, 77–78. See also Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 11 May 1976; Min of 

Staff Mtg, 2 Sep 75. 44Command Inspection, Aug 75, pp. 2, 4, 13. 

45On the problems of turnover, see ibid., pp. 11–12, and Prentiss’ Memo of November 

1975 responding to this Rpt, pp. 8–9, EUD-RHA, M–1–9; see also Interv, authors with 

Kathleen Johnson, 25 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 6–8, and “Brig. Gen. G. K. Withers to 

Employees during Mar. 1981,” p. 3, provided by General Withers. 46“Finance and Accounting Systems,” [n.d., probably between May and August 1975], 

EUD-RHA, M–1–9; EUD Organizational Charts, 1 Aug, 6 Sep 74, 1 Jun 75. 47On the fourteen-column ledgers, see Interv, authors with Townsley, p. 20; see also 

Interv, authors with Washington, pp. 35–36, and with Johnson, pp. 13–14; Annual Report 

USAREUR, 1974, p. 122, chart 4. 48Materials for Gribble Visit, “Management Information Systems,” 18 Mar 75, pp. 1–2; 

Command Inspection, Aug 75, pp. 11–12. 49On Washington’s recruiting in the United States, see Intervs, authors with Johnson, 

p. 5, and with Washington, pp. 57–58; more generally, see Interv, authors with McNeely, 

pp. 10–15; EUD Briefing for Command Inspection [n.d., but a Delbridge briefing], EUDRHA, M–1–9. 50Draft functions manual, 6 Mar 74, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. See also Interv, authors 

with Wheeler, pp. 3–9, 19, and Debriefing Rpt, Brig. Gen. James C. Donovan to CINC 

USAREUR and Seventh Army, 22 Aug 74, p. 3, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 51Interv, authors with Wheeler, pp. 3–9, 19; Donovan to CINC USAREUR and Seventh 

Army, 22 Aug 74, p. 3; Msg, Maj. Gen. [D. A.] Raymond to Donovan, 19 Aug 74, EUDRHA, M–1–11. 52Interv, authors with Wheeler, pp. 3–5. See also a draft of Prentiss’ first Ltr to chief of 

engineers [September/October 1974], p. 7, EUD-RHA, M–1–12, and Fact Sheet, “Analysis 

of USAEDE Organization,” 15 Aug 74, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 53“Peculiarities of the Europe Division,” 29 Sep 82, in a briefing book for Maj. Gen. 

Ames S. Albro, Jr., European Trip, 22 Oct 82, Mil Files XIV–1–8a, OH HQUSACE; see also 

the citations for the next several paragraphs, all of which bear on this issue of the Design 

Branch. 54Intervs, authors with Brettschneider, 26, 30 Jan 90, pp. 45–48, and 12 Dec 91, pp. 

5–14.55Ibid.

56Ibid.

57Interv, Paul K. Walker and William C. Baldwin with Joe G. Higgs, May 87, 

Frankfurt, pp. 150–52. 58“Design Workload: Inhouse, Indirect, & Direct,” graphics chart for briefings, EUDRHA, unmarked box of graphics and transparencies; Intervs, authors with Brettschneider, 

26, 30 Jan 90, pp. 47–48. 59“Analysis of USAEDE Organization,” 15 Aug 74, p. 3; Intervs, authors with Wheeler, 

pp. 3–11, 19, 22–23; with Brettschneider, 26, 30 Jan 90, pp. 35–36; with Faust, pp. 49–51; 

with Shadday, pp. 6–7; with Prentiss, pp. 17–18. 60Intervs, authors with Wheeler, pp. 8–9; with Delbridge, pp. 57–58; with Prentiss, pp. 

16–17. Delbridge Briefing on EUD, n.d. [late 1977?], Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE. 

Organization charts for EUD provided by Reimer Delpin show that the Design Branch 

existed in May 1976 but no longer existed in September.
424

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

61Quoted passages are from Ltr, Prentiss to Maj. Gen. B. C. Burnell, 13 February 1976, 

which includes a copy of the original agreement, EUD-RHA, M–1–9. See also Ltr, Prentiss 

to Gribble, 10 October 1974. 62Intervs, authors with Zawisza, pp. 33–34; with Rodehaver, 31 Jan 90, pp. 43–44; with 

Prentiss, p. 10; with Brettschneider, 12 Dec 91, pp. 28–29. 63Interv, authors with Brettschneider, 12 Dec 91, p. 29.

64Ibid.; Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 1974.

65Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 1974.

66“Debriefing Report, [Brig. Gen. James C. Donovan] to Commander in Chief , US 

Army, Europe, and Seventh Army,” 22 Aug 74, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; Ltr, Prentiss 

to Burnell, 13 February 1976 with attachments, and handwritten notes, “Problems To 

Discuss w/ Gen. Morris,” [August 1975], both in EUD-RHA, M–1–9; Ltr, Prentiss to 

Gribble, 10 October 1974. 67Interv, authors with Wheeler, p. 19.

68Briefing graphics, “The European Division, The Cutting Edge of New Ideas! A Case 

Study on FE Support,” [1975], EUD-RHA, P–7–11; Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 

1974; Fact Sheet prepared for the visit of Gen Gribble, 23–26 Mar 75, “Support to Facilities 

Engineers,” 21 Mar 75, for this and the preceding paragraph, EUD-RHA, M–1–7. 69Interv, authors with Washington, pp. 84–88, and with Prentiss, pp. 19–22.

70The quoted passages are from Interv, authors with Wheeler, pp. 19–22. See also Min 

of Staff Mtg, 7 Jan 75, p. 2, EUD-RHA, M–1–11; “OCE Comments on OSD Draft Report,” 28 

Feb 75, p. 5; Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 14 July 1975, Quarterly Rpt, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; EUD 

Briefing [by Delbridge], n.d. [late 1977], pp. 18–21, Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE; 

“EUD Bulletin,” January 1977, p. 1; “EUD Facilities Support to USAREUR,” FY 1976 1st 

Quarter Briefing, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 71For the quotations, see Command Inspection, Aug 75, p. 11–12, 20, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–9. 72Quoted passages are from Ltr, Prentiss to Maj. Gen. B. C. Burnell, 13 February 1976, 

and the attachments thereto, respectively, EUD-RHA, M–1–9. See also “Problems To 

Discuss w/ Gen. Morris,” EUD-RHA, M–1–9. General Morris headed the inspection team. 73Intervs, authors with Washington, pp. 84–88, and with Prentiss, pp. 19–22.

74In late 1975 the position formerly titled engineer, USAREUR and Seventh Army, 

was redesignated deputy chief of staff, engineer, USAREUR. Quotations and material 

for this paragraph are drawn from Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 11 May 1976, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–7. 75Ltr, Prentiss to Burnell, 13 February 1976. See also “Problems To Discuss w/Gen. 

Morris”; Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 40–46. 76Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 11 May 1976.

77Min of Staff Mtg, 11 May 76, pp. 1–2, EUD-RHA, M–1–9.

78Min of Staff Mtg, 25 May 76 [Delbridge’s first meeting], pp. 1–2, and similar 

minutes, 7 Jun 76, p. 1, EUD-RHA, M–1–9. 79Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 40–41.

80Min of Staff Mtg, 22 Jun 76, p. 1, EUD-RHA, M–1–9. 

81Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 52–54, 65–67.

82Unmarked box of old bulletins and editions of Corps’ Line, EUD-RHA. Before 

Kappa’s arrival, several issues of an “EUD Information Bulletin” had appeared. Kappa 

dropped “Information” from the title and began renumbering issues with Volume 1, 

Number 1, in November 1976. 83Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 65–68; see also minutes of staff meetings for 1976 

and 1977, especially Gary Loew’s handwritten notes from the meetings. Loew was hired 

by Prentiss as administrative assistant and continued under Delbridge. The notes are 
425

Notes

among a set of handwritten minutes to staff meetings that Loew recorded, in EUD-RHA, 

M–1–12. Also Interv, authors with Schempp, pp. 18–25. 84Interv, authors with Col. Carlyle Charles (Ret.), 31 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 23–24.

85Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 99–102; the same rendition of the quotation 

from Snow appears almost word for word in Gary Loew’s handwritten notes, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–12. 86MFR, Delbridge, sub: Fund Accountability, 28 May 76, EUD-RHA, M–1–9.

87The description in this and the next several paragraphs is derived from the minutes 

of the weekly staff meetings and from Intervs, authors with Charles, pp. 23–25; with 

Shadday, p. 11; with Delpin, pp. 19–20; with Birner, pp. 13–14; with Wheeler, pp. 31–34; 

with Brown, pp. 57–58; with Trowbridge, pp. 16–18; with Lt. Col. Lloyd Colio, 6 Jun 90, 

Stuttgart, pp. 48–51; with Jose Cruz, 19 Nov 91, Hurst, Tex., pp. 41–44. 88The comments quoted are from Intervs, authors with Brown, pp. 57–58, and 

with Charles, pp. 23–25; Interv, William C. Baldwin with Allan B. Aaron, 21–22 Jun 88, 

Frankfurt, p. 106. Delbridge’s retrospective assessment of the board’s usefulness may be 

found in his interview by authors, pp. 99–102. 89Min of Staff Mtg, 24 Jan 77 (not in Loew’s handwriting), EUD-RHA, M–1–12.

90For this and the following paragraph, see Ltr, Delbridge to All Employees, 20 June 

1977, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs, which traces the history of Delbridge’s efforts concerning 

personnel. 91Ibid. See also EUD Briefing by Delbridge, n.d. [late 1977], Bouchereau Papers, OH 

HQUSACE. 92Min (handwritten) of Staff Mtg, 21 Mar 77, point C, “Garrett/McNeely Observations 

on Trip,” and 19 Apr 77, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 93Min of Staff Mtg, 23 May 77, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; Ltr, Delbridge to All Employees, 20 

June 1977; Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 49–52. 94“Hail to Our Chiefs,” Corps’ Line, March 1978; Min of Staff Mtg, 3 Oct 77, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–12; Info Bulletin, EUD, 1 Nov 76; Interv, authors with Cruz, pp. 1–8. 95Intervs, authors with Delbridge, pp. 45–46, 56–58, and with Joe G. Higgs, 23 Jan 90, 

Frankfurt, p. 10, and 6 Jan 91, Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 11–15; Interv, Walker and Baldwin 

with Higgs, pp. 111, 134. 96The quoted phrases are respectively from Ltr, Burnell to Prentiss, 25 May 1976, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–9, and Ltr, Prentiss to Morris, 26 January 1977, Mil Files XII–41–12, OH 

HQUSACE. Examples of Prentiss’s correspondence with Delbridge, Burnell, and Morris 

may be found as follows: Ltrs, Prentiss to Delbridge, 1 June 1976, and to Burnell, 21 June 

1976, both in Mil Files X 11–41–12, OH HQUSACE, and Prentiss to Morris, 8 Nov 76, NA, 

RG 77, Access. no. 86–0008, Box 6, RC 10–27–03–5–5. 97In addition to the correspondence among Prentiss, Burnell, and Delbridge 

mentioned in the preceding footnote, the description of this situation is derived from 

comments in authors’ interviews with Delbridge, pp. 49–52; with Charles, pp. 18–19, 

24–27, 43; with Wheeler, pp. 31–34; with Wilson, pp. 55–58; with Prentiss, pp. 53–55. 98The quoted phrases in this paragraph and the passage in the next paragraph 

concerning Delbridge’s position come from his lengthy letter of 4 November 1977, 

“USAREUR Suggested Changes in the Way EUD Does Business,” EUD-RHA, M–1–9. This 

is a reply to Prentiss’ proposals, contained in Prentiss’ letter to Burnell, 8 September 1977, 

referred to in Delbridge’s letter. 99Interv, Frank N. Schubert with Lt. Gen. Ernest Graves (USA, Ret.), Mar, Apr 85, 

Arlington, Va., pp. 114, 117–18, 123, 185, OH HQUSACE. 100Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 49–52.

101Ibid.; Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 132–35, quotation from pp. 

177–78.
426

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

102Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 13 Aug 78; Memo, Gary Loew, 25 May 78, sub: 

In-Processing Procedures, EUD-RHA, Hist Files; Ltr, Delbridge to Brig. Gen. Richard M. 

Connell, OCE, 9 December 1977, EUD-RHA, M–1–9; Ltr, Brig. Gen. Drake Wilson to Lt. 

Gen. John W. Morris, 2 October 1978, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. For figures on staff strength, 

see also Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 1975, Quarterly Rpt Ltr, EUD-RHA, M–1–12, 

and “EUD in Perspective, 1976–78,” a spiral-bound survey of EUD’s programs (no page 

numbers) which the division put out in 1978. 103Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 1, 32–36, 38–39.

104Interv, authors with Herbert Wooten, 8 Aug 89, Frankfurt/Bonames, pp. 3–7, 13–14, 

16–19. The quotation is from p. 22. 105The quotations are, respectively, from MFR, William E. Camblor, 29 Dec 75, sub: 

Conference with Mediterranean Division (MDD) on Procedures in Italy, Turkey, and 

Greece, p. 3, and Min of Staff Mtg, 27 Jan 76, both in EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. For the 

paragraph in general, see also “Arrivals and Departures,” and “MED Area,” in “EUD 

Information Bulletin,” 1 Mar, 1 Dec 76, respectively; Intervs, authors with Wooten, pp. 

6–7, 13–14, 16–17, and with Delbridge, pp. 1, 32–36, 38–39. 106Interv, authors with Delbridge, pp. 32–36.

107Interv, authors with Wooten, p. 13; TUSEG History, 1965–1984, unpaginated, 

provided by TUSEG Area Office, Incirlik, Turkey. 108Interv, authors with Cruz, pp. 46–54.

109Intervs, authors with Birner, pp. 16–18; with Brown, pp. 57–58; with Helga 

Butschan, 16 Jun 90, Kriftel, Germany, pp. 48–50; with Charles, pp. 25, 43; with Damm, 

9 Aug 89, p. 17; with Delpin, pp. 19–20; with Dodd Rufe, 25 Jan 90, Frankfurt, p. 29; with 

Zoltan Varga, 12 Jun 90, Nuremberg, Germany, p. 10. 

Chapter 8 

1

“Delbridge Bids Farewell,” Corps’ Line, July 1978. 2

[Press Release], n.d. [Aug 78], sub: Brig. Gen. Delbridge Reassigned, EUD-RHA, 

unmarked box, on file with documents from this project at OH HQUSACE; “Biography,” 

Maj. Gen. Drake Wilson, 29 Aug 80, OH HQUSACE. For a discussion of Wilson’s positions in 

1971–1973 with VII Corps and the 7th Engineer Brigade, of which he was “assistant engineer,” 

see Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. Drake Wilson, 9 Oct 90, Alexandria, Va., pp. 29–32. 3

Interv, Baldwin with Aaron, pp. 110–11; also Intervs, authors with Hasso Damm, 9 

Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 18, 23–24, and with Wilson. Staff Mtg notes, 1 Aug 78, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–11; Interv, Walker with Damm, pp. 19–28; Intervs, authors with Terry Trowbridge, 10 

Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 16–18, and with Jose Cruz, 19 Nov 91, Hurst, Tex., pp. 44–45. 4

For this and the next paragraph, see chart on “Personnel Trends” in the pamphlet 

“EUD in Perspective, 1976–1978,” [1978 pamphlet, no page numbers]; “Engineers Build 

Up on Personnel,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 13 Aug 78. 5

Min of Staff Mtg, 30 Oct 78, EUD-RHA, M–1–11, comments by Tom Turner in 

Personnel; Min of Staff Mtg, 12 Feb 79, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 6

Interv, authors with Wilson, pp. 48–49; Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, 20, 

21, 27 May 1987, pp. 134–36; Min of Staff Mtg, 12 Feb 79, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 7

Bruce H. Siemon and Roland E. Wagberg, Employment of Local Nationals, p. 93–94; 

Interv, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 6–8. 8

Interv, Walker with Damm, pp. 28–29; Interv, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 6–11.

9

Interv, authors with Wilson, pp. 48–49; Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 

134–36; Min of Staff Mtg, 12 Feb 79, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; Interv, authors with Damm, 12 

Dec 91, pp. 9–10; Interv, Walker with Damm, pp. 50–52.
427

Notes

10Interv, Walker with Damm, pp. 30–32.

11“EUD Program Review & Analysis, 4th Quarter FY 79,” chart on personnel strength 

for FY 79, with explanations, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs, and with EUD/Glasgow Documents, 

OH HQUSACE. 12Ltr, Wilson to Lt. Gen. Morris, 27 June 1979, sub: Status of Projects, with EUD/

Glasgow Docs at OH HQUSACE; Min of Staff Mtg, 14 Aug 79, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; “EUD 

Program Review & Analysis, 4th Quarter FY 79,” chart on personnel strength for FY 79; 

“EUD Program Review and Analysis, 4th Quarter, FY 80,” chart on personnel strength, p. 

21, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 13Min of Staff Mtgs, 12, 20 Feb 79, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; Interv, authors with Joe G. 

Higgs, 6 Jan 92, Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 89–92. 14Min of Staff Mtg, 13 Nov 78, EUD-RHA, M–1–11.

15Engineer Studies Center, USAEDE (EUD) Organization Study, Apr 85, p. 86, EUDRHA, M–1–8. 16Interv, authors with Wilson, pp. 12–13.

17Intervs, Baldwin and Walker with Camblor, pp. 20–21, and with Wilson, pp. 21–25, 

41–44. 18Discussion paper, R. Washington, “Elimination of the Area Offices,” 5 May 80, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–8. For this and subsequent paragraphs, see Intervs, authors with Dave 

Cox, 13 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 7–10, and with Cruz, pp. 34–41. 19For this and the next paragraph, see Disposition Form (DF), J. Bouchereau, 14 

Jul 80, sub: Field and Construction Division Reorganization, Bouchereau Papers, OH 

HQUSACE. 20EUD Permanent Orders 5–1, 8 Sep 80, and 6–1, 9 Sep 80.

21Interv, authors with Trowbridge, pp. 3–4.

22Ibid. 

23Interv, authors with Wilson, p. 10.

24Ibid.

25Memo, A. Aaron, 28 Mar 80, EUD-RHA Misc Docs, see also similar documents in 

M–1–12; “Phillips Memorial,” Corps’ Line, June/July 1980. 26Intervs, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 36; with Brettschneider, 12 Dec 91, p. 36; 

with Camblor, 11 Dec 91, p. 7; with Trowbridge, pp. 22–24; with Jakoba Schempp, 12 Dec 

91, Frankfurt, pp. 36–37, 41–43. 27Ltr, Wilson to American Battle Monuments Commission, 6 June 1980, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–12; Interv, authors with Wilson, p. 10. 28Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. George K. Withers, Jr., 11 Feb 91, Washington, D.C., 

pp. 4–6, for this and the following paragraph. 29Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 28 January 1981, EUD-RHA, M–2–1; Withers Command 

Briefing to EUD Employees, Mar 81, and Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 13 May 1981, OH 

HQUSACE; Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 184–86; Interv, authors with 

Higgs, 6 Jan 92, pp. 94–96. The most complete description of this staff officer’s work is in 

Interv, authors with Lt. Col. Douglas Lamothe, 3 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 2–7, 25–26. 30Intervs, authors with Withers, pp. 11–12, and with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, pp. 25–26; 

Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 184–86. 31“FY 82: Success & Smoother Sailing,” Corps’ Line, October 1982; Interv, Walker and 

Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 184–86; Interv, authors with Higgs, 6 Jan 92, pp. 94–96. 32Interv, authors with Withers, pp. 11–12. 

33Interv, authors with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, pp. 25–26.

34“SAME Announces Engineering Awards,” Engineer Update, May 1982; “Employees 

Receive S.A.M.E. Awards,” Corps’ Line, July 1982. The quoted passages are from the award 

citation; Interv, authors with Higgs, 6 Jan 92, pp. 30–38. Higgs also received a Meritorious 
428

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

Civilian Service Award in 1983, the Presidential Meritorious Executive Rank Award in 

1985, and the Presidential Distinguished Executive Award in 1988. 35MFR, 16 Mar 81, sub: LTG Bratton Europe Visit, 1–12 Mar 81; see also Ltr, Withers to 

Bratton, 28 January 1981, both in EUD-RHA, M–2–1. 36Withers to EUD Employees, Mar 81, p. 3, typescript copy provided by Withers.

37Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 13 May 1981, EUD-RHA, M–2–1; Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 17 

September 1981, provided by Withers; Interv, authors with Kathleen Johnson, 10 Dec 91, 

Frankfurt, pp. 10–11. 38Ltrs, Withers to Bratton, 13 May, 17 September 1981.

39EUD CONUS Recruiting Team Report, [internal dating, Mar–Jun 81], EUD-RHA, 

M–2–1. 40Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 17 September 1981.

41Ibid.; Intervs, authors with Prentiss, pp. 29–32, and with Washington, pp. 37–40, 

77–78; Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 13 May 1981. 42Intervs, authors with Withers, pp. 16–20, and with John Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, Frankfurt, 

pp. 37, 85; “Special Award,” Corps’ Line, November 1981. 43Ltrs, Withers to Lt. Gen. Bratton, 20 January, 3 May 1982; MFR, Seitz, 20 Apr 82, all 

in EUD-RHA, M–2–1. 44Ltr, Wilson to Morris, 2 October 1978; Min of Staff Mtgs, 5, 26 Mar 79; Ltr, Wilson 

to Morris, 27 June 1979, sub: Status of Projects, all in EUD-RHA, M–1–12; DF, Col. R. E. 

Abbott, 19 Apr 82, sub: New EUD Annex, EUD-RHA, M–2–1; also “More Space Coming 

Up,” Corps’ Line, August 1982. 45Interv, authors with Rodehaver, 31 Jan 90, pp. 30–32.

46Ltr, Prentiss to Lt. Gen. Morris, 26 January 1977, sub: DCSENG USAREUR Quarterly 

Report, p. 6. 47Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 144–45; Interv, authors with Higgs, 23 

Jan 90, pp. 32–35. 48Interv, authors with Withers, pp. 35–36; Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 3 May 1982, p. 2

49Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 3 May 1982, p. 2.

50Corps’ Line, July 1982. 51DF, Records Management Office (RMO), Walker, 1 Jul 82, sub: Establishment of 

Planning Branch, Engineering Division, p. 2, EUD-RHA, M–1–6. 52Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 121, 189; Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. 

James van Loben Sels, 12 Apr 91, Fort Monroe, Va., pp. 64–65. 53The description of master planning services comes from U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, Europe Division, “Customer Handbook,” 10 Nov 86 (draft), pp. 38–39 

(hereafter cited as “Customer Handbook”); see also Interv, authors with Debra Dale, 13 

Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 4–7. 54Intervs, authors with Dale, pp. 7–15, and with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, pp. 35–36.

55“Customer Handbook,” 10 Nov 86, pp. 38–39; “Comprehensive Planning Yields 

Better Design,” Corps’ Line, May 1986; Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, 

pp. 145–46; Ltrs, Harrell to Hatch, 10 February, 7 August 1989, EUD-RM (Records 

Management). 56“Facilities, Services Receive Push,” Engineer Update, December 1988. 57Interv, authors with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, pp. 32–35; Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 3 May 82; 

Information Paper, “Master Planning in USAREUR and EUD,” 22 Oct 82, tab 22; Briefing 

Book, Europe Trip, Maj. Gen. Ames S. Albro, Jr., Mil Files XIV–1–8a, OH HQUSACE; 

Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 142–49. 58Interv, authors with Blake, pp. 86–88; see also “Construction Placement History 

Supports Mission, Quality of Life,” Corps’ Line, September 1990. 59Interv, authors with Cox, pp. 19–21, 26–28.
429

Notes

60Interv, authors with Richard Grimm, 19 Jun 90, Incirlik, Turkey, pp. 10–13; Ltr, 

Withers to Bratton, 3 May 1982. 61Interv, authors with Withers, pp. 44–45.

62Interv, authors with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, pp. 89–93.

63Memo, Maj. Gen. Warren C. Moore, HQ TUSLOG (USAFE), to US Personnel in Turkey, 

7 Nov 77, sub: Background Information, provided by TUSEG Area Office, Incirlik, Turkey. 64U.S. Congress, House Subcommittee on Military Construction Appropriations, 

“Hearings on Military Construction Appropriations for 1982,” 97th Cong., 1st Sess., 1981, 

p. 551; TUSEG History, 1965–1984; Intervs, authors with Cruz, pp. 21–29, and with Maj. 

Gen. James W. Ray, 5 Feb 90, Heidelberg, pp. 32–37. 65The story of Rhoades’ efforts in Turkey in the following paragraphs can be found in 

TUSEG History, 1965–1984; Interv, authors with R. Grimm, pp. 6–8; Corps’ Line, July 1982. 66TUSEG History, 1965–1984; Intervs, authors with R. Grimm, pp. 6–8, and with 

Veronica Rovero, 19 Jun 90, Incirlik, Turkey, pp. 17–18. 67Interv, authors with Julia Pat Hensley, 19 Jun 90, Incirlik, Turkey, pp. 3–4.

68Memo, Col. Cowles for the Commander [EUD], 8 Oct 81, sub: Trip Report, Turkey, 

October 1981, p. 2, TUSEG Area Office Files. 69Ibid., p. 1, including the quotation concerning work at Erzurum.

70Ibid. p. 4.

71TUSEG History, 1965–1984; Interv, authors with R. Grimm, pp. 4–5.

72TUSEG History, 1965–1984.

73Intervs, authors with Ray, pp. 32–37; with R. Grimm, pp. 39–42; with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 

90, pp. 66–68. 74Interv, authors with R. Grimm, pp. 39–42.

75Intervs, authors with Withers, pp. 66; with Rovero (from which the quotation in the 

first sentence is taken), pp. 8–10, 14–16; with R. Grimm, pp. 6–8; with Hensley, pp. 12–13. 76“Employees Receive S.A.M.E. Awards,” Corps’ Line, July 1982, p. 3; Ltr, Withers to 

Bratton, 3 May 1982. 77Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. Scott B. Smith, 29 Apr, 2 May 91, Golden, Colo., pp. 

128, 132–33. 78Intervs, authors with Smith, pp. 41–45, and with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 26–27; Interv, 

Baldwin with Aaron, pp. 116–18. Aaron described the procedures as “sloppy.” See also 

Interv, authors with Trowbridge, pp. 18–19, 24–25, 30–32. 79Interv, authors with Smith, pp. 20–24.

80Ibid., pp. 105–06.

81DF, 29 Apr 76, sub: Decentralization within EUD, EUD-RHA, M–1–9; Intervs, 

authors with Col. Carlyle Charles, 31 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 28–30, and with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 

90, pp. 4–7. 82Intervs, authors with Smith, pp. 105–07, and with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, pp. 4–7.

83Interv, authors with Smith, pp. 115–18.

84Ibid., pp. 20–24.

85The quotations come respectively from Intervs, authors with Withers, pp. 56–58, 

and with Richard Wisdom, 29 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 19–20. 86Interv, authors with Wisdom, pp. 19–20.

87For the first quotation, see Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 20 January 1982; for the second, 

see Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 2 May 1982, both in EUD-RHA, M–2–1. For additional 

indications that all was not well, see Intervs, authors with Withers, pp. 56–58; with 

Wilson, pp. 12–13, 58; with Smith, pp. 20–24; with van Loben Sels, pp. 45–49. 88Interv, authors with Smith, pp. 24–26; Ltrs, Smith to Bratton, 19 February 1984, and 

Smith to Wells, 19 February 1984, both in Civil Works File I–20–1, OH HQUSACE; see also 

“Plan for Design and Construction of USAFE Facilities,” 29 Mar 85, EUD-RHA, M–1–10.
430

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

89“Memorandum of Agreement,” attached to Ltr, Prentiss to Burnell, 13 February 

1976, EUD-RHA, M–1–9; William C. Baldwin, The Engineer Studies Center and Army 

Analysis: A History of the U.S. Army Engineer Studies Center, 1943–1982 (Washington, D.C.: 

Government Printing Office, 1985), pp. 245–51. 90Ltr, Smith to Bratton, 19 February 1984; Interv, authors with Andrew Constantaras, 

30 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 33–34. 91Interv, authors with Smith, pp. 28–29.

92MFR, 2 Apr 84, sub: Mobilization Planning for EUD [on a meeting conducted with 

Smith on 30 Mar 84]; Fact Sheet [prepared by Lt. Col. Harvey T. Kaplan], 24 May 84, 

“Mobilization Planning and Exercises for EUD”; Memorandum of Agreement draft, 17 Jul 

84 [on Regional Wartime Construction Manager organization]. All in Civil Works Files, 

I–20–1, OH HQUSACE. 93Interv, authors with van Loben Sels, pp. 54–56; see also Interv, authors with Lt. Col. 

John Carson, 4 Jun 90, Kaiserslautern, pp. 8–9. 94Interv, authors with Smith, pp. 136–38.

95Interv, Baldwin with Aaron, pp. 118, 119; Interv, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, 

pp. 18–20, 26–27. 96Interv, authors with Smith, p. 132. 

97Interv, authors with van Loben Sels, pp. 1–30.

98On van Loben Sels, see particularly Interv, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 21–22, 

and Interv, Baldwin with Aaron, p. 119; see also Intervs, authors with Lt. Col. Lloyd Colio, 

6 Jun 90, Stuttgart, pp. 33, 34; with Lt. Col. Grosvenor W. Fish, Jr., 11 Jun 90, Nuremberg, p. 

30; with Constantaras, pp. 31–32; with Moravec, 19 Jan 90, pp. 38–39; with Russell Minton, 

18 Nov 91, Dallas, Tex., pp. 19–21; with Schempp, pp. 61–63. 99Interv, authors with van Loben Sels, pp. 34–36, 77–78.

100Ibid., pp. 72–74.

101Interv, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 28–29.

102Interv, authors with van Loben Sels, pp. 77–78; see also Intervs, authors with 

Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 27–30, and with Minton, pp. 39–45. 103Engineer Studies Center, USAEDE (EUD) Organization Study, Apr 85, p. 86, for the 

two quoted passages, and pp. xiii–xiv for the recommendations, EUD-RHA, M–1–8. 104DF from van Loben Sels, 12 Feb 85, EUD-RHA, M–1–101; Interv, authors with van 

Loben Sels, p. 37–41; Interv, Baldwin with Aaron, p. 121. 105WRSCC Memo, Don Spiegelmeyer to Ray Walker, 16 Aug 84, sub: EUD 

Organization Study, EUD-RHA, M–1–10. 106Information Systems Planning Study, EUD, [1985], pp. 5–6, sec. 5.2e. 107Ibid., p. 3–4; Materials for Gribble Visit, “Management Information Systems,” Fact 

Sheet, 18 Mar 75, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; Staff Mtg Notes, 23 Oct 78, pp. 2, 5, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–11. 108Information Systems Planning Study, EUD, [1985], p. 3–4; Min of Staff Mtg, 22 Oct 75, 

p. 4, EUD-RHA, M–1–11; Ltr, Wilson to Morris, 2 October 1978; Min of Staff Mtg, 3 Apr 79, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 109Interv, authors with Withers, pp. 39–44; Ltrs, Withers to Bratton, 20 January, 3 May 

1982, both in EUD-RHA, M–2–11; Information Systems Planning Study, EUD, [1985], p. 1–1. 110Interv, authors with Smith, pp. 38–41.

111Information Systems Planning Study, EUD, [1985], p. 5–7. 112Ibid., pp. 1–1, 3–1, 5–17.

113Interv, authors with van Loben Sels, pp. 58–62.

114Ibid., p. 2–1; Interv, authors with van Loben Sels, pp. 58–62; Brig. Gen. Ray, Opening 

Remarks to the Local National Assembly, 19 Jun 86, printout of speech furnished by the 

EUD Executive Office, now with project materials at OH HQUSACE; “EUD Will Have 
431

Notes

Information Management Division,” Corps’ Line, February 1986; Interv, authors with 

Minton, pp. 28–34. 115Interv, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, p. 20.

116Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Brig. Gen. James W. Ray, 22, 27 May 87, Frankfurt, 

pp. 15–17, 67–69. 117Intervs, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, p. 30; with Minton, pp. 60–61; with Dale, p. 

54; with Constantaras, pp. 31–32; with Carson, pp. 35–36; with Schempp, pp. 63–71; with 

Col. Dan Waldo, 31 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 71–72; with J. Dodd Rufe, 25 Jan 90, Frankfurt, 

p. 28.118Interv, authors with Minton, pp. 49–59; Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, p. 175.

119Interv, Baldwin with Aaron, p. 124; Interv, authors with Moravec, 18 Nov 91, pp. 

56–57; Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Ray, pp. 67–69. 120“EUD will have Information Management Division,” Corps’ Line, February 1986; 

General Ray’s Remarks to Local National Assembly, 19 Jun 86; Interv, authors with 

Minton, pp. 28–34. 121Interv, authors with van Loben Sels, pp. 41–45.

122Interv, authors with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, p. 44; “Assistant Commander Stresses 

Communication with Customers,” Corps’ Line, January 1987; “Engineer Officials Discuss 

Construction Snags in Germany,” Corps Line, May 1986; Interv, authors with van Loben 

Sels, pp. 41–43. 123General Ray’s Remarks to Local National Assembly, 19 Jun 86; “Construction 

Division Reorganization Is Effected,” Corps’ Line, February 1987. 124Memo, WRSCC to EUD, 16 Aug 84, EUD-RHA, M–1–10.

125Interv, authors with Moravec, 19 Jan 90, pp. 1–4. “New Command Assignments in 

Division Executive Office,” Corps’ Line, August 1986. 126General Ray’s Remarks to Local National Assembly, 19 Jun 88; Intervs, authors with 

Moravec, 18 Nov 91, pp. 48–50; with Trowbridge, pp. 3–7; with Moravec, 19 Jan 90, pp. 3–4; 

Interv, Baldwin with Aaron, pp. 125–26. 127Interv, authors with Moravec, 18 Nov 91, pp. 57–59. 128Interv, authors with Lamothe, pp. 3–5; “Employees Urged To Contribute to Model 

Division Program,” Corps’ Line, November 1986. 129Ltr, Van Loben Sels to Heiberg, 16 August 1985, EUD, RM; “Employees Urged To 

Contribute to Model Division Program”; “Operation Cleanup: Model Division Initiative 

Program Gets New Emphasis,” Corps’ Line, December 1987; “Contracting Seminar: Europe 

Division Instructs Community Staff Members,” Corps’ Line, May 1988. 130Intervs, authors with Minton, pp. 45–49, and with Camblor, 11 Dec 91, pp. 17–20; 

Interv, Baldwin and Walker with Camblor, May 87, pp. 105–06. 131The quotations come respectively from Interv, authors with Minton, pp. 45–49, and 

Walker and Baldwin with Ray, pp. 70–71. 132Intervs, Walker and Baldwin with Higgs, pp. 241–42; with Camblor, p. 96; with Ray, 

pp. 70–71. Interv, authors with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, pp. 74–78. 133Intervs, authors with Higgs, 6 Jan 92, p. 18–21, and with van Loben Sels, pp. 41–43; 

“Dedication to Excellence Enhances Working Relationships,” Corps’ Line, January 1986; 

Interv, authors with James Wise, 11 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 12–14. 134“Europe Division Adopts 3M ‘Total Quality Program,’” Corps’ Line, February 1987. 135General Ray Command Briefing, 30 Sep 87, EUD, current files.

136“Commander’s Comments: EQM Means Total Quality,” Corps’ Line, October 1987. 137Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Ray, pp. 85–87.

138“Commander’s Comments: EQM Means Total Quality.”

139“Phase Two of EQM Process To Begin in New Year,” Corps’ Line, January 1988; 

James Thomasson, Jr., Chief of Project Management Branch, quoted in “Division Staff 
432

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

Works Long Hard Hours To Close Out the Books,” Corps’ Line, December 1987; Daniel 

Farrand, Wiesbaden Resident Office, “Speaking Out,” Corps’ Line, July 1988; Interv, 

Walker and Baldwin with Rodehaver, p. 15; Staff in Reprographics, “Reprographics: 

The Art of Working at Art,” Corps’ Line, August 1988; Intervs, authors with Louis 

Brettschneider, 26, 30 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 68–70; with Higgs, 6 Jan 92, pp. 18–21; 

with Dale, pp. 53–54; with Minton, pp. 38–39; with Trowbridge, pp. 32–33; “Total 

Quality: New Management Process Stresses Customer Needs,” Corps’ Line, September 

1987.140“Commander’s Comments: Successful Organization Must Change with the 

Environment,” Corps’ Line, February 1988. 141“Division’s EQM Gains National Spotlight,” November 1987; “Total Quality 

Management Process Debuts at Pentagon,” February 1988; “Corps Chief Addresses 

Europe Division Staff,” May 1988. All in Corps’ Line. 142“Commander’s Comments,” Corps’ Line, May 1988. 143Corps’ Line photo, January 1986; Interv, authors with K. Johnson, 10 Dec 91, p. 6. 144Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Ray, pp. 71–76.

Chapter 9 

1

Interv, authors with John Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, Frankfurt, p. 63.

2

For the situation in 1977, see Delbridge Briefing, marked in longhand “Sept. 

78 revised briefing,” with longhand additions, pp. 2, 3, 6–7, provided by Delbridge; 

EUD Command Management Briefing, with attached note from Delbridge to the 

Construction Division asking for comments, n.d., p. 3, Bouchereau Papers, OH 

HQUSACE; “No Work Shortage for EUD Engineers,” in “EUD Information Bulletin,” 

1 Dec 76. For the situation in 1987, see Command Briefing by J. W. Ray, 30 Sep 87, p. 4, 

EUD computer files. 3

Delbridge, “Sept. 78 Revised Briefing,” pp. 2, 3, 6–7; [Delbridge], EUD Command 

Management Briefing, p. 3; “No Work Shortage for EUD Engineers”; for 1986, see 

Command Briefing, Brig. Gen. Harty Visit, 24 Jul 86, p. 3, EUD computer files. 4

[Delbridge], EUD Command Management Briefing, p. 3; Engineer Studies Center, 

“U.S. Army Engineer Division, Europe (EUD): Organization Study,” Apr 85, pp. 14–15, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–8 (hereafter cited as ESC, “USAEDE [EUD]: Organization Study”). 5

“Customer Handbook,” pp. 6–7.

6

ESC, “USAEDE (EUD): Organization Study,” 1985, p. 11–13.

7

MFR, William Camblor, 29 Dec 75, sub: Conference with Mediterranean Division on 

Procedures in Italy, Turkey, and Greece, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 8

Ltr, Smith to President, TEMET USA, Inc., 19 Dec 83, EUD-RHA, M–1–6; Intervs, 

authors at sites in Turkey, 20 Jun 90, pp. 47–51; Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. James W. 

Ray, 5 Feb 90, Heidelberg, p. 38–40. 9

Interv, authors with Richard Grimm, 19 Jun 91, Incirlik, Turkey, pp. 1–3.

10Intervs, authors with Ray, p. 38–40; with Julia Pat Hensley, 19 Jun 90, Incirlik, 

Turkey, pp. 19–20; with R. Grimm, pp. 1–3. 11EUD Engineering Division, “West German Governmental Infrastructure and Its 

Relationship with Europe Division Construction Mission,” 15 Jul 82, pp. 2–3, EUD-RHA, 

M–2–1; Materials for Gribble Visit, “US Forces–Federal Republic of Germany (US-FRG) 

Proposed Architect-Engineer-Construction Agreement (1975),” 17 Mar 75, p. 1, EUDRHA, Misc Docs. 12“West German Governmental Infrastructure,” pp. 3–4. 

13Ibid.
433

Notes

14Ibid.

15“Presentation of the Department of the Army Outstanding Civilian Service 

Award to Dipl[om].-Ing[enieur]. Viktor Krupinski, Director, Bautechnische Arbeitsgruppe, 

Frankfurt,” 26 Feb 76, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 16Interv, Baldwin with Aaron, p. 97.

17Ltr, Withers to Maj. Gen. Ames S. Albro, Jr., HQ USACE, n.d. [Sep 82?], for this and 

the next several paragraphs, EUD-RHA, M–2–1. 18Intervs, authors with Camblor, 11 Dec 91, pp. 4–5, and with Terry Trowbridge, 10 

Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 25–30; Ltr, Withers to Albro [Sep 82?], for Withers’ quoted remarks; 

Ltr, Withers to Albro, HQ USACE, 2 Oct 81, provided by Withers; “ABG 75 Outlines 

German Involvement in U.S. Projects,” Corps’ Line, July 1986. 19“Customer Handbook,” pp. 11–12.

20Ibid. 

21ESC, “USAEDE (EUD): Organization Study,” ann. F, p. F–5.

22“Customer Handbook,” pp. 10, 12–13.

23See Interv, authors with Lt. Col. Robert Baldinger, 23 Aug 89, Hoensbroek, 

Netherlands, p. 25–31; see also “Briefing on EUD’s Mission,” [Delbridge, probably 

prepared in summer 1976], pp. 13–15, 17–18, 25–27, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs, and “Users’ 

Manual, U.S. Army Engineer Division, Europe,” 1 Apr 78, pp. 25–27 (hereafter cited as 

“Users’ Manual”). 24“Briefing on EUD’s Mission,” [Delbridge, 1976], pp. 13–15, 17–18, 25–27; “Users’ 

Manual,” pp. 23–25. The “Users’ Manual” parallels Delbridge’s briefing on process, but 

contains more on other topics. For the 1980s, see “Customer Handbook,” p. 30. 25“Briefing on EUD’s Mission,” [Delbridge, 1976], pp. 17–18, 25–27.

26Ibid. 

27Ibid. 

28“Customer Handbook,” p. 14.

29Ibid., pp. 16–17; ESC, “USAEDE (EUD): Organization Study,” pp. F–5, F–6.

30“Customer Handbook,” pp. 15–16. 

31“Users’ Manual,” pp. 39–41.

32“Briefing on EUD’s Mission,” [Delbridge, 1976], pp. 17–18; “Customer Handbook,” p. 

10; Interv, authors with Baldinger, p. 32–33. 33“Briefing on EUD’s Mission,” [Delbridge, 1976], pp. 17–18.

34“Users’ Manual,” p. 36; ESC, “USAEDE (EUD): Organization Study,” p. 13.

35On value engineering, see MFR, Jacques Bouchereau, 1 Nov 83, and draft Ltr, 

30 September 1983, prepared by Fred Wissel for William Camblor’s signature, both in 

Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE; “Customer Handbook,” pp. 47–50; Interv, authors 

with Dave Cox, 13 Dec 91, Frankfurt, p. 48, and with Joe G. Higgs, 6 Jan 92, Cincinnati, 

Ohio, pp. 67–74. The discussion in subsequent paragraphs is drawn from these sources. 36“Customer Handbook,” p. 48.

37Intervs, authors with Ray, pp. 46–48; with Col. John Moravec, 19 Jan 90, Frankfurt, 

pp. 33–35; with Lt. Col. C. Leslie Rose, 14 Jun 90, Würzburg, pp. 27–32. 38“Briefing on EUD’s Mission,” [Delbridge, 1976], p. 12.

39Historical Review, USAREUR, 1985–1986. Ltr, Prentiss to Morris, 26 January 1977, 

Mil Files XII–41–12, OH HQUSACE. 40Delbridge, incomplete draft for a briefing paper, prepared for delivery after October 

1977, pp. 18–21, Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE; Materials for Gribble Visit, “Fact 

Sheet: Volume of Projects in Programs,” 20 Mar 75, EUD-RHA, M–1–7. 41Europe Division, “EUD in Perspective, 1976–1978,” section “Construction 

Execution,” spiral-bound pamphlet, 1978, page bearing the subhead “MCA Program 

Execution,” EUD, current files. 
434

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

42Ltr, Wilson to Morris, 27 June 1979, sub: Status of Projects, Gen Files, Box 59–3–1, 

OH HQUSACE. 43“Briefing on EUD’s Mission,” [Delbridge, 1976], p. 13. 

44Ltr, Prentiss to Morris, 26 January 1977.

45“Users’ Manual,” p. 19; “Briefing on EUD’s Mission,” [Delbridge, 1976], pp. 11–12. 

On U.S. Special Programs money, see Memo, Maj. Gen. Richard Groves to Prentiss, 5 Mar 

75, sub: NATO Infrastructure: OFFSET, EUD-RHA, M–1–9. 46Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, pp. 101–02. 47Interv, authors with Camblor, 11 Dec 91, pp. 14–16.

48The list of eligible categories comes from a pamphlet issued by NATO entitled 

“NATO Common Infrastructure.” 49“LTG Bratton Europe Visit 1–12 Mar. 1981,” p. 398.

50ESC, “USAEDE (EUD): Organization Study,” p. 15; “West German Governmental 

Infrastructure”; and Interv, authors with John Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, Frankfurt, pp. 68–70. 51ESC, “USAEDE (EUD): Organization Study,” p. 15; “West German Governmental 

Infrastructure”; Interv, William C. Baldwin and Paul K. Walker with William E. Camblor, 

20, 28 May 87, Frankfurt, p. 86. 52“EUD in Perspective, 1976–78.” 

53In addition to “EUD in Perspective 1976–78,” see telex communiqué, 18 May 78, 

sub: Support of Construction for USSA-I, Teheran, Iran, Conversation between General 

Delbridge and Connell, Week of 8 May 78, Transatlantic Program Center Records Holding 

Area, Hist Files, location E–5–2, Winchester, Va. 54ESC, “USAEDE (EUD): Organization Study,” p. 9.

55Interv, authors with Rodehaver, 31 Jan 90, p. 3.

56In general on this office, see “History of the Northern Area Engineer Office (1975–

1988),” updated 1 Sep 88, typescript provided by the Northern Area Office. 57EUD General Order 1, 7 Jan 76, Action to Organize Mediterranean Area Office 

Effective 1 Feb 76, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 58Ltrs, Prentiss to Gribble, 11 May 1976, and Prentiss to Burnell, 21 June 1976, both in 

EUD-RHA, M–1–7. 59See Min of Staff Mtgs, 20 Apr, 4, 18 May, 7 Jun 76, EUD-RHA, M–1–9; “Annual 

Report of Major Activities, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1 Jul. 1974–30 Jun. 1975,” pp. 

54–55, and “Annual Historical Review, 1 Jul. 1975–30 Sept. 1976,” p. 37, both in Gen Files, 

Box 8, File 1, OH HQUSACE; “EUD in Perspective 1976–78,” sections on “Current Design 

Programs: Iran” and “Construction Execution: Iran.” 60“Med Area to Navy,” Corps’ Line, September 1980; “Memorandum of Agreement 

between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Naval Facilities Engineering 

Command,” 26 Jan 80, Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE; Interv, Baldwin with Camblor, 

pp. 80–82. 61The figures in Table 10 are for 1979 “Program Review and Analysis, 4th Quarter FY 

1979,” U.S. Army Engineer Division, Europe, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs, and for 1980 from 

“Program Review and Analysis, 4th Quarter FY 1980,” U.S. Army Engr Div, Europe, 

EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 62“Program Review and Analysis, 4th Quarter FY 1979,” U.S. Army Engineer 

Division, Europe, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 63Interv, authors with Lt. Col. Grosvenor Fish, Jr., 11 Jun 90, Nuremberg, p. 12.

64Memo, Col. Robert Baldinger to all Members of EUD-NO [Northern Area Office], 4 

Jan 88, sub: FY 87 Review–Northern Area, p. 1, provided by the Northern Area Office. 65“History of the Northern Area Engineer Office (1975–1988)”; Periodic Rpt, Ray to 

Heiberg, 27 Feb 86, EUD, RM, current files. 66Interv, authors with Ray, pp. 38–40.
435

Notes

67Ibid., pp. 32–37; EUD Engr Div, briefing item for Withers, 22 Sep 82, sub: FY 84 

MCAF Airbase Upgrade, various locations, Turkey, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; Interv, authors 

with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, Frankfurt, pp. 65–66. 68Ltrs, Heiberg to Gen. Otis, CINCUSAREUR, 20 December 1984, EUD-RHA, M–1–6, 

and Ray to Heiberg, 15 August 1986; Interv, authors with Ray, pp. 42–43; Interv, Baldwin 

and Walker with Camblor, pp. 80–81; Interv, William C. Baldwin and Paul Walker with 

Brig. Gen. James W. Ray, 22, 27 May 87, Frankfurt, pp. 82–84, Intervs at OH HQUSACE. 69“Greece Resident Office: Another Bad Day in Paradise,” Corps’ Line, February 

1988. The programs involved in the 1980s, the Long Range Security Program (LRSP) and 

Weapons Access Denial System (WADS), are discussed in Chapter 10. 70Interv, authors with R. Grimm, pp. 9–10.

71Interv, authors with Hensley, pp. 18–19.

72Interv, authors with Veronica Rovero, 19 Jun 90, Incirlik, Turkey, pp. 16–17.

73Interv, authors with Cox, pp. 40–41.

74Interv, authors with Rovero, pp. 26–30.

Chapter 10 

1

The information for this and the following paragraph comes from Debriefing Rpt, 

Brig. Gen. James C. Donovan to CINC USAREUR and Seventh Army, 22 Aug 74, EUD-RHA, 

Misc Docs; Draft Fact Sheet, prepared by Lt. Col. [George] Miller for Prentiss’ Signature, 31 

Oct 74, EUD-RHA, M–1–7. The final version of the Fact Sheet is dated 1 November and is 

signed by Prentiss, EUD-RHA, Misc Files. See also Materials for Gribble Visit, “Fact Sheet: 

S&A MOUSF Funding,” 17 Mar 75, and “Fact Sheet: Formation of EUD,” 20 Mar 75, both in 

M–1–7; Ltr, Maj. Gen. F. P. Koisch, [USAREUR] Engineer, to Ministerialdirektor Schmunk, 

Abteilungsleiter U, Bundesmininsterium der Verteidigung, Bonn, 21 Jun 74, Misc Docs, 

all in EUD-RHA; and Fact Sheet, Office Engineering Branch, 13 Mar 75, “Supervision and 

Administration, MOUSF Funding,” Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE. 2

Draft Fact Sheet prepared by Miller for Prentiss’ signature, 31 Oct 74. 

3

“Personnel Requirements for the MOUSF Program,” n.d., attached to material filed 

with MFR, Camblor, 17 Oct 74, sub: MOUSF, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; DF, USAREUR 

Engineer [Maj. Gen. R. H. Groves] to Chief of Staff [USAREUR], 5 Mar 75, sub: MOUSF 

Construction Surveillance, Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE. 4

Annual Report, USAREUR, 1975, pp. 154–56.

5

Compare Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 1974, to an incomplete draft marked 

“Lieutenant General William C. Gribble, Jr.” Whole passages indicate that the latter is a 

preliminary draft of the letter for 10 October 1974. The dated letter is in EUD-RHA, M–1–

12. See also Interv, Baldwin with Camblor, pp. 25, 66–67, 86. 6

The quotation is from Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 17 January 1975, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; 

see also Ltr, Maj. Gen. William R. Kraft, Jr., to Div. Engr., 16 December 1974, ann. B to 

“Supplementary Agreement between the USAREUR Engineer and the Division Engineer, 

USA Engineer Division, Europe (EUD) on the Modernization of US Facilities (MOUSF),” 

signed by R. H. Groves and Louis W. Prentiss, Jr., 23 Jul 75, EUD-RHA, M–1–10. 7

DF, MOUSF Construction Surveillance; “Supplementary Agreement between the 

USAREUR Engineer and the Division Engineer, EUD, on MOUSF,” 23 Jul 75. 8

Min of Staff Mtg, 21 Jan 76, EUD-RHA, M–1–9.

9

Materials for Gribble Visit, Fact Sheet, Ofc Engr Br, 13 Mar 75, sub: Supervision and 

Administration, MOUSF Funding, Bouchereau Papers. 10Additional Remarks Keyed to Attachment to Fact Sheet, 23 Oct 74, sub: Duties of 

MOUSF Project Officers US FRG Construction Agencies, EUD-RHA, M–1–7.
436

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

11Ibid.

12Ibid.

13Untitled attachment to MFR by Camblor, 17 Oct 74, sub Conference—MOUSF 

Design Procedures, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 14Memo, Delbridge to CINC USAREUR, 7 Jan 77, sub: Mechanical Kitchen Equipment 

(MKE) MOUSF Renovation Projects, EUD-RHA, P–7–11. 15Annual Report, USAREUR, 1975, pp. 154–56; USAREUR AHR, 1976, p. 155.

16Memo, Maj. Gen. J. W. Morris, OCE, Deputy Chief of Engineers, to HQDA through 

Div Engr, Europe, 26 Sep 75, sub: Command Inspection, U.S. Army Engineer Division, 

Europe, 18–22 August 1975, p. 5, EUD-RHA, M–1–9. 17Ibid.

18Annual Report, USAREUR, 1975, pp. 154–56; USAREUR AHR, 1976, p. 155.

19USAREUR AHR, 1984, pp. 253–54.

20Typescript, “Brig. Gen. G. K. Withers to EUD Employees during March 1981,” 

[Command Briefing], provided by Withers. 21MFR, Louis J. Tinnerello, 3 Jul 74, sub: FY–75 Physical Protection Program, VARLOC, 

Min from Mtg in Mainz on Aircraft Shelter Program Held 21 Jun 74, p. 1, EUD-RHA, Misc 

Docs (hereafter cited as MFR, 3 Jul 74, Mainz Mtg). 22Ibid.

23Ibid. See also Interv, authors with Louis Brettschneider, 12 Dec 91, Frankfurt, p. 32.

24MFR, 3 Jul 74, Mainz Mtg.

25Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 1974, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; Intervs, authors with 

Brig. Gen. James Donovan, 20 Nov 90, Arlington, Va., pp. 56–58, and with Maj. Gen. Louis 

Prentiss, Jr., 14 Sep 90, Indian Beach, Del., pp. 34–36. 26Intervs, authors with Prentiss, pp. 34–35, and with Ralph Wheeler, 12 Feb 91, 

Arlington, Va., pp. 11–16. 27See Memo, Camblor to Prentiss, 10 Dec 74, sub: Meeting with Brigadier General 

Cortenraad, Director of Works, Ministry of Defense, Netherlands, 1000–1200 hrs, 12 Dec 

74, EUD-RHA, M–1–7. 28Interv, authors with Wheeler, p. 11–13; Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 17 January 1975, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–12; Memo, Camblor for Prentiss, 10 Dec 74; Materials for Gribble Visit, 

“Fact Sheet: Aircraft Shelter Project—Spangdahlem Air Base,” 13 Mar 75, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–7. 29Ltr, Gribble to Prentiss, 18 February 1975, EUD-RHA, M–1–9; Min of Staff Mtg, 9 

Sep 75, EUD-RHA, M–1–11. 30Materials for Gribble Visit, “Fact Sheet: Aircraft Shelter Project—Spangdahlem Air 

Base”; “Annual Report,” [OCE], 1975, p. 41; MFR, Camblor, 12 Aug 75, sub: NetherlandsEUD Conference on Procedures for Execution of Gilze-Rijen and Soesterberg Aircraft 

Shelter Projects, Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE; Min of Staff Mtg, 22 Oct 75, p. 2, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–11. 31Materials for Gribble Visit, “Fact Sheet: Aircraft Protective Facilities, Lahr Air Base, 

Germany,” 20 Mar 75, EUD-RHA, M–1–7; Ltrs, Prentiss to Gribble, 18 April, 14 July 1975, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 32Min of Staff Mtg, 22 Jul 75, EUD-RHA, M–1–11. 

33Intervs, authors with Hasso Damm, 12 Dec 91, Frankfurt, p. 32; with Col. Roy 

Brown, 25 Aug 89, Hoensbroek, Netherlands, pp. 22–23, 32–36, 86–87; with Johann 

Kersbergen, 24 Aug 89, Soesterberg, Netherlands, pp. 2–4. 34Min of Staff Mtgs, 13, 21 Jan 75, and Msg, Brown to Col. N. Rhodes, sub: Contract 

no. DACA 90–75–c–0180, Airfield Shelters ..., both in EUD-RHA, M–1–9. 35For the progress of construction, see Min of Staff Mtgs, 18 May, 1 Jun 76, EUDRHA, M–1–9; and “EUD Information Bulletin,” August, November, and December 1976; 
437

Notes

“History—Northern Area Office, EUD, May 1975–Aug. 1978” [Aug 78], p. 1, EUD-RHA, 

M–1–12; EUD Bulletin, March 1977. 36Intervs, authors with Brown, pp. 83–87; with Kersbergen, pp. 2–4; with Wheeler, pp. 

11–16; with Prentiss, pp. 34–36. 37EUD Briefing for Command Inspection, 1977, p. 10, Bouchereau Papers. 

38“Annual Historical Summary, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1 Jul. 1970–30 Jun. 

1971,” p. 35, Gen Files, 6–5, OH HQUSACE; “Annual Report of Major Activities, Office of 

the Chief of Engineers, 1 Jul. 1974–30 Jun. 1975” (hereafter cited as Annual Report, OCE, 

1975), p. 46, Gen Files, Box 8, File 1, OH HQUSACE. 39Fact Sheet, 20 Nov 75, sub: Transfer of Construction Responsibility South of the 

Alps, p. 2, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 40Min of Staff Mtg, 7 Jun 76, EUD-RHA, M–1–9.

41Min of Staff Mtgs, 7, 29 Jun 76, quotations from the latter, EUD-RHA, M–1–9.

42Ibid.; OCE AHR, 1976, pp. 8–9.

43Delbridge, Incomplete Draft for a Briefing Paper Prepared for Delivery after 

October 1977, (hereafter cited as Briefing, Delbridge, late 1977), p. 15, Bouchereau Papers, 

OH HQUSACE. 44See Europe Division, “EUD in Perspective, 1976–78,” n.d., sections on “Current 

Design Programs: Navy,” and “Construction Execution,” EUD current files; “Engineers 

Build Up on Personnel,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 13 Aug 78; “Maturing from 

Minor to Major,” Corps’ Line, February 1979; Ltr, Wilson to Lt. Gen. Morris, 27 June 1979, 

sub: Status of Projects, Gen Files, 59–3–1, OH HQUSACE. 45The figures used derive from two different sources that are not quite comparable 

but that overlap for just two fiscal years, 1980 and 1981. The figures used for the 1970s 

to 1981 come from Attachments to MFR, 16 Mar 81, sub: LTG J. K. Bratton Europe Visit, 

1–12 Mar 81 (hereafter cited as Attachments, Bratton Visit). Attachments have no page 

numbers, but the figures on MCA dollars come from a chart on what would be page 397, 

Mil Files XIV–1–B2, OH HQUSACE. The figures for the 1980s come from USAREUR AHR, 

1985 and 1986, p. 4.22. 46Engineer Studies Center, “U.S. Army Engineer Division, Europe (EUD): 

Organization Study,” Apr 85, p. 2, EUD-RHA, M–1–8 (hereafter cited as ESC “USAEDE 

(EUD): Organization Study”); EUD Briefing, Delbridge, late 1977, p. 18; Attachments, 

Bratton Visit, p. 397. 47“Brig. Gen. G. K. Withers to EUD Employees during Mar. 1981.” 

48Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, p. 115. 49Information for this and the preceding paragraph is drawn from “Upgrade & 

Rehabilitation of Ammunition Storage Facilities (ASP’s and PSP’s),” 16 Oct 73, copy 

provided by Col. Claude Roberts; Brig. Gen. James C. Donovan, Cdr, USAENGCOMEUR, 

to Brig. Gen. Paul M. Timmerberg, PM, HQ USAREUR & 7A, 16 Nov 73, sub: Site Criteria, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–11; Annual Report, OCE, 1 Jul 73–30 Jun 74, pp. 32–33; Interv, authors 

with Carl E. Nelson, 12 Jun 90, Ansbach, pp. 43–46. 50[Fact Sheet], 20 Mar 75, sub: Improvements for the Reaction to the Terrorist Threat 

to Nuclear Weapons (FY 76 MCA), EUD-RHA, M–1–7. 51Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. G. K. Withers, 12 Apr 91, Washington, D.C., pp. 1–2, 

27–28. Withers commanded the brigade at that time. 52Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, pp. 167–71. 53On Pastore’s provision of the report to the press and for general information, see 

Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, pp. 167–71; on USAREUR’s earlier request 

to prefinance, see Record by John L. Shadday, EUD, Chief, Army Section, of a telephone call 

made to Lt. Col. Focht, OCE, sub: FY 76 MCA Project Security Improvements, SAS Sites, 

31 Oct 74, and Memo, William E. Camblor to Chief, Engineer Division, 6 Dec 74, sub: FY 
438

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

76 MCA Project, Security Improvement, SAS Sites—Coordination and Approval through 

German and Other Host Nation Agencies, both in EUD-RHA, Misc Docs. 54The figures on nuclear weapons are from Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces 

in Germany, p. 164; for information on OCE’s support, see OCE AHR, 1976, pp. 8–9, Gen 

Files, Box 8, File 4, OH HQUSACE. 55OCE AHR, 1976; [Fact Sheet], sub: Improvements for the Reaction to the Terrorist 

Threat to Nuclear Weapons (FY 76 MCA). 56Ltrs, Prentiss to Gribble, 17 January 1975, and Gribble to Prentiss, 18 February 1975, 

EUD-RHA, M–1–12 and M–1–9, respectively. 57Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 18 April 1975, EUD-RHA, M–1–12.

58For Prentiss’ request that the staff find terms to differentiate, see Min of Staff Mtg, 

29 Jul 75, EUD-RHA, M–1–11; the imprecise use of terms emerges from looking at an array 

of documents for the period. 59“EUD in Perspective, 1976–78,” see page headed “LRSP” in section “Current Design 

Programs” and page headed “EUD Construction Execution, May 76 to Aug. 78, MCA 

Program Execution,” for the comparison of terms and amounts. In a letter to Lt. Gen. 

John W. Morris, 26 January 1977, General Prentiss, by then DCSENG in Heidelberg, gives 

slightly different numbers and a slightly different timetable. 60“EUD in Perspective, 1976–78,” page headed “LRSP”; Briefing, Delbridge, late 1977, 

p. 13; Delbridge Briefing, marked in longhand “Sept. 78 revised briefing,” with longhand 

additions, p. 10, provided by Delbridge. 61Information Paper, sub: Long Range Security Program, 29 Sep 82, tab 16, Briefing 

Book, Europe Trip, Maj. Gen. Ames S. Albro, Jr., Mil Files XIV–1–8a, OH HQUSACE. 62“Report of Lessons Learned as Related to Design and Construction in EUD,” 

Oct 78, pp. 5–11, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; Interv, authors with Wayne Lewis, 4 Jun 90, 

Kaiserslautern, p. 9. 63Interv, authors with Jose Cruz, 19 Nov 91, Hurst, Tex., pp. 70–73.

64Wilson’s comments are from Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. Drake Wilson, 29 Oct 

90, Alexandria, Va., pp. 51–54; see also Min of Staff Mtg, 15 Jan 79, EUD-RHA, M–1–12; 

Cruz’s comment is from his interview with authors, 19 November 1991, p. 70. 65For the information and the comment concerning the Dutch reaction, see Min of 

Staff Mtg, 3 Apr 79, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 66Min of Staff Mtg, 5 Feb 79, EUD-RHA, M–1–12. 

67Ltr, Wilson to Morris, 27 June 1979, Gen Files, Box 59–3–1, OH HQUSACE; Ltr, Withers 

to Bratton, 28 Jan 81, p. 3, EUD-RHA, M–2–1; Attachments, Bratton Visit, 16 Mar 81, n.p. [p. 

407], Mil Files XIV–1–32, OH HQUSACE. General Crizer’s name is Pat, not Patrick. 68Interv, authors with Col. Daniel Waldo, Jr., 31 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 6–7; “Brig. 

Gen. G. K. Withers to EUD Employees during March 1981,” p. 2, EUD-RHA, Misc Docs; 

Attachments, Bratton Visit, 16 Mar 81, chart, [p. 432]. 69Attachments, Bratton Visit, 16 Mar 81.

70Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, p. 185; Interv, authors with Wise, 

1 Feb 90; “Project Data and Justification—NATO Common Funded Infrastructure,” n.d. 

[1983?], p. 2, EUD-RHA, M–1–10. 71Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 3 May 1982, EUD-RHA, M–2–1; “Project Data and 

Justification—NATO Common Funded Infrastructure.” 72Interv, authors with Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 17–21; “Project Data and Justification—

NATO Common Funded Infrastructure.” 73For the first quotation, see Interv, authors with Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 17–21; for the 

second, see Interv, authors with John Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, Frankfurt, pp. 22–23. 74Interv, authors with Maj. Gen. James W. van Loben Sels, 12 Apr 91, Fort Monroe, Va., 

pp. 52–54.
439

Notes

75Interv, authors with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, p. 22.

76“Project Highlights in Kaiserslautern,” Corps’ Line, August 1990. 77“Brig. Gen. G. K. Withers to EUD Employees during March 1981”; see also 

“REFORGER,” Military Engineer 67 (January/February 1975): 28, and “Airlift Is Key to 

Commuter Army,” Military Engineer 68 (July/August 1976): 308. 78Ibid., and Interv, Hendricks with Cooper, pp. 9–10.

79“Providing Quick-Reaction in Crisis,” Corps’ Line, February 1979; “Engineers, 

Designers, Diplomats,” in Engineer Update, July 1979; Ltr, Wilson to Morris, 27 June 1979, 

Gen Files, Box 59–3–1, OH HQUSACE. 80Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, pp. 171–80; the MCA figures for 

FY 1978 are from USAREUR AHRs, 1977, pp. 172–76, and 1978, pp. 158–60, quotation from 

p. 159, both at CMH. 81Headquarters, U.S. Army Europe and Seventh Army, “Historical Review, Calendar 

Years 1979–1980,” p. 303, CMH; Attachments, Bratton Visit, table listing “NATO Supported 

Systems in EUD,” 16 Mar 81, [p. 430]. 82“Brig. Gen. G. K. Withers to EUD Employees during March 1981.”

83Berger World 11, no. 2 (June 1981): [6], periodical brochure without page numbers 

printed by Louis Berger International, Inc., one of the contractors on POMCUS 

construction. 84Ibid. 

85Interv, authors with Arthur Textor, 1 Feb 90, Frankfurt, pp. 14–16; “Prepositioned 

Materials Kept in Readiness for Time of Need,” Corps’ Line, September 1989. 86Berger World 11, no. 2 (June 1981): [6]. 87Interv, authors with Textor, pp. 14–16, describes the process of preparing equipment 

for storage. For descriptions of the sites, see “Prepositioned Materiel Storage Sites 

Strengthen NATO Defense Capability,” Corps’ Line, May 1986. 88“Prepositioned Materiel Storage Sites Strengthen NATO Defense Capability.”

89Ibid.; “Prepositioned Materials Kept in Readiness for Time of Need.”

90“Prepositioned Materiel Storage Sites Strengthen NATO Defense Capability.”

91For the 1987 figures, see “Northern Area Briefing, as of 1 Aug. 1989,” p. 23, Northern 

Area Office Files.

Chapter 11 

1

Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, pp. 78–82, 88, 98, 147–51. 2

Ibid.

3

HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO: Stationing of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward) 

in Northern Germany, May 1980. On the early discussions and deployment of Brigades 75 

and 76, see pp. 1–7. 4

Ibid., p. 7; Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, p. 156. 5

HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, p. 7. 6

Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 1975, Box M–1–12; Min of EUD Staff Mtgs, 22 

Oct, 18 Nov 75, Box M–1–11; Ltr, Gribble to Prentiss, 8 December 1975, Box M–1–12. All in 

EUD-RHA. 7

Min of EUD Staff Mtgs, 21 Jan, 20 Apr 76, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–9.

8

Min of EUD Staff Mtg, 27 Apr 76, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–9.

9

See HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, passim, and Nelson, History of U.S. Military 

Forces in Germany, pp. 151–61. 10The quotation is from HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, p. 53; on the bid 

openings, see “Construction News,” in “EUD Information Bulletin,” 1 Nov 76, p. 7.
440

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

11HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, pp. 12–13, 54–56. 12Ibid., pp. 11, 15, 23, 54.

13Ibid., pp. 23, 55–56.

14Ibid., pp. 15, 27; Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, p. 160; Interv, 

authors with Prentiss, pp. 65–68. 15HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, pp. 15, 27; Interv, authors with Prentiss, pp. 

65–68. 16HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, pp. 15, 27, 28. 17Ibid.

18Ibid., pp. 15–17, 23–24; Europe Division, “EUD in Perspective, 1976–78,” n.d., see 

sec. “Construction Execution” for a description of NORTHAG construction, EUD current 

files; Corps’ Line, August 1978, p. 5. 19HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, pp. 15–17, 23–24, 30, 42; Corps’ Line, August 1978, 

p. 5. The figures for the value of the dollar are from “Dollar Dip Means Slight Allowance 

Increase,” Corps’ Line, January 1988, which published a chart covering 1976–1987.

20HQ, USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, pp. 15–17. 

21Ibid., p. 30.

22Ibid., p. 33.

23Ltr, Delbridge to Director of Military Construction, OCE, 4 November 1977, EUDRHA, Box M–1–9. 24“Maturing from Minor to Major,” Corps’ Line, February 1979; HQ, USAREUR, 

Strengthening NATO, pp. 17, 58. 25Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, pp. 147–48, 171–76, 178–87; see also 

William C. Baldwin, The Engineer Studies Center and Army Analysis: A History of the U.S. 

Army Engineer Studies Center, 1943–1982 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 

1985), pp. 256–57. 26“Building a City from the Ground Up: Vilseck To Get 5 New Battalions,” Corps’ Line, 

March 1989. 27Ibid.; Brig. Gen. James W. Ray, “Commentary: ‘The Path to Excellence Is Through 

Our People,’” Corps’ Line, December 1986; Ltr, Harrell to Lt. Gen. Henry J. Hatch, 7 August 

1989, EUD, RM, current files; “Vilseck Force Modernization Program,” 14 Apr 88 [briefing 

outline], EUD-RHA, current files. 28“Building a City from the Ground Up.” 

29Ibid.

30Quotations from Interv, authors with Lt. Col. Grosvenor W. Fish, 6 Dec 91, 

Nuremberg, pp. 10–11; see also “Building a City from the Ground Up.” 31“Building a City from the Ground Up”; Weekly Staff Mtg Notes, Week Ending 7 Jul 

89, EUD, RM, current files. 32Quotations from Intervs, authors with John Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, Frankfurt, pp. 77–80, 

and with Douglas Sommer, 11 Jun 90, Vilseck, pp. 18–19. 33Interv, authors with Withers, pp. 5–6, 24–25.

34Ibid.; see also Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 20 Jan 82, p. 3, in which he alludes to the same 

incident, EUD-RHA, Box M–2–1. 35For this and the preceding paragraph, see Interv, authors with van Loben Sels, pp. 

16–22, 25–27; “Engineer Task Force Range Upgrade Program, After Action Report, 3 Jan 

83,” cover letter signed by Williams, Mil Files XIV–1–9, OH HQUSACE; see also Interv, 

authors with Smith, pp. 53–56; Berger World 11, no. 2 (June 1981): [4–5]. 36Berger World 11, no. 2 (June 1981): [4–5]; Attachments, Bratton Visit, table listing 

“NATO Supported Systems in EUD,” 16 Mar 81, [p. 434]; “Engineer Task Force Range 

Upgrade Program, After Action Report, 3 Jan 83,” pp. 9–10. 37“Engineer Task Force Range Upgrade Program, After Action Report, 3 Jan 83,” p. 10.
441

Notes

38Ibid., p. 11; “Graf ’82 Project Going Strong,” Corps’ Line, August 1982; Ltr, Withers to 

Bratton, 20 January 1982, EUD-RHA, Box M–2–1. 39E. R. Heiberg III, “Engineer Missions Support the Total Army,” Military Engineer 77 

(January/February 1985): 7; “Engineer Task Force Range Upgrade Program, After Action 

Report, 3 Jan 83,” p. 2–3. 40“Engineer Task Force Range Upgrade Program, After Action Report, 3 Jan 83,” 

p. 2; Intervs, authors with Smith, pp. 53–56, and with van Loben Sels, pp. 16–22; Berger 

World 11, no. 2 (June 1981): [4–5]; George B. Fink, Jr., “Learning by Building ‘The Movers,’” 

Military Engineer 73 (September/October, 1981): 340–42. 41The quotation and description come from Interv, authors with Smith, pp. 53–56.

42Ltr, Smith to Maj. Gen. Richard M. Wells, 19 February 1984, pp. 4–5, Civil Works 

Files I–20–1, OH HQUSACE; Berger World 11, no. 2 (June 1981): [3]. 43Berger World 11, no. 2 (June 1981): [3–5]. 44“Officials Conduct Testing at Grafenwoehr Prototype Range,” Corps’ Line, January 

1988.45Weekly Staff Mtg Notes, 24 Feb, 28 Apr 89, EUD, RM, current files; “Wildflecken 

To Get New Tank Range,” Corps’ Line, June 1989; Ltr, Harrell to Hatch, 7 August 1989; 

Interv, authors with Konrad Lochner, 13 Jun 90, Würzburg, pp. 13–15; Interv, Walker and 

Baldwin with Ray, pp. 87–90. 46“EUD Project Helps Army To Modernize Training,” Corps’ Line, December 1986. 47“Hohenfels Center To Enable ‘Force-to-Force Maneuvers,’” Corps’ Line, December 

1986.48Ibid.

49“Doing Business in Hohenfels,” Corps’ Line, January 1990; “Hohenfels Simulated 

City Takes Corps Design Award,” Corps’ Line, March 1990; “Simulated City Takes 

Award,” Corps’ Line, May 1990; Interv, authors with Fish, 6 Dec 91, p. 16. 50“Operations Center Links Computers, Training Areas,” Corps’ Line, August 1990; 

Interv, authors with Fish, 6 Dec 91, pp. 17–18; Ltr, Harrell to Hatch, 10 February 1989, EUD, 

RM, current files. 51Commander in Chief, USAREUR, “Living and Working Conditions in United States 

Army, Europe,” 1 Feb 88, Special Report to Congress, p. 5. 52Ibid., p. 8; on the implications of this for the overall deterioration of maintenance 

and its increasing costs, see Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, p. 168. 53“Maturing from Minor to Major”; Historical Review, USAREUR, 1981, pp. 178–79.

54For a general discussion and the quotation from Kroesen’s letter, see Historical 

Review, USAREUR, 1981, pp. 189ff. 55Ltr, Bratton to van Loben Sels, 12 September 1984, Civil Works Files I–20–1, OH 

HQUSACE. 56Berger World 11, no. 2 (June 1981): [6]. 57Interv, authors with Carl E. Nelson, 12 Jun 90, Ansbach, pp. 1–12.

58Interv, authors with Richard Birner, 12 Jun 90, Nuremberg, pp. 41–43.

59Commander’s Staff Mtg, 20 Apr 82, p. 4, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–2.

60The first quotation is from “Living and Working Conditions,” pp. 1, 7; the second is 

from Historical Review, USAREUR, 1984, p. 239. 61“Europe Division Tests Money-Saving Way To Lay Concrete,” Corps’ Line, August 

1986; “New Challenge to Europe: Roller Compacted Concrete,” Corps’ Line, February 1989. 62Ltrs, Harrell to Hatch, 10 August 1988, 10 February, 7 August 1989, EUD, RM.

63Information Paper, sub: PATRIOT Program Status, EUDED-MO, 6 Dec 84, EUDRHA, Box M–1–6; Interv, authors with Andrew Constantaras, 30 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 

8–10; Attachments, Bratton Visit, table listing “NATO Supported Systems in EUD,” 16 Mar 

81, [pp. 426–27], charts on Patriot.
442

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

64Ltrs, Withers to Bratton, 20 January 1982, p. 3, and 3 May 1982, p. 3, both in EUDRHA, Box M–2–1; Attachments, Bratton Visit, table listing “NATO Supported Systems in 

EUD”; Interv, authors with Georgi Reitzel, 8 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 19–20; Berger World 11, 

no. 2 (June 1981): [6]. 65Information Paper, sub: PATRIOT Program Status.

66Berger World 15, no. 2 (Spring 1985): [2]; Interv, authors with Nelson, pp. 29–31, 

36–42. 67“Patriot Facilities at Bitburg Upgrade Defense Capability,” Corps’ Line, December 

1989. 68Ltr, Harrell to Hatch, 7 August 1989, EUD, RM, current files.

69Intervs, authors with Constantaras, pp. 8–10, and with Nelson, pp. 1–12; “Army 

Beefs up USAREUR Weapons Systems,” Corps’ Line, December 1986. 70“NATO Infrastructure Program Remains Top Priority for Dedicated Division Staff,” 

Corps’ Line, April 1990; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO Common Infrastructure, 

1989, EUD Brussels Docs, OH HQUSACE. 71William R. Keylor, The Twentieth Century World, An International History (New York: 

Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 411; “Northern Area Briefing, as of 1 Aug. 1989,” pp. 

24–25, OH HQUSACE. 72Nelson, History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany, p. 191; Keylor, Twentieth Century 

World, pp. 411–12.

73Information Papers, sub: Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM), 19 Oct 

82, tab 13, and sub: Status of Air Force Program in Europe, 19 Oct 82, tab 14, both 

in Briefing Book, Europe Trip, Maj. Gen. Ames S. Albro, Jr., Mil Files XIV–1–8a, OH 

HQUSACE. 74Intervs, authors with Smith, pp. 57–63, and with Frank Montenberg, 23 Aug 89, 

Hoensbruek, Netherlands, pp. 14–15; “Northern Area Briefing, as of 1 Aug. 1989,” pp. 

23–24; MFR, Tom Harron, “IOC [Initial Operational Capability] Beddown Requirements, 

Creek Plan–Ramstein AB, Meeting of 19 Jul. 1983,” 21 Jul 83, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–10. 

Creek was the code word for GLCM work.

75Min of Staff Mtg, 17 Oct 83, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–10.

76“History of the Northern Area Engineer Office (1975–1988),” updated 1 Sep 88, 

OH HQUSACE; “CREEK Program Management Office Activation Schedule and Status, 

Week 5 Ending 18 Nov 83,” five-page schedule of completed and projected activities and 

developments, Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE; quotations from Ltr, Smith to Bratton, 

19 February 1984, p. 3, Civil Works Files I–20–1, OH HQUSACE; Interv, authors with 

Wayne Lewis, 4 Jun 90, Kaiserslautern, pp. 9–10. 77Ltr, Smith to Bratton, 20 June 1984, Civil Works, I–20–1, OH HQUSACE.

78Engineer Studies Center, “U.S. Army Engineer Division, Europe (EUD): 

Organization Study,” April 1985, p. 7, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–8 (hereafter cited as “USAEDE 

(EUD): Organization Study”). 79“Belgium Resident Office Tackles Multi-year Construction Program for U.S. Air 

Force Tactical Wing,” Corps’ Line, September 1986. 80Ibid.; “Florennes, Belgium: Building an Air Force from the Ground Up,” Corps’ Line, 

October 1987; “Customer Feedback,” Corps’ Line, February 1988; “Northern Area Briefing, 

as of Aug. 1, 1989,” OH HQUSACE. 81“Resident Engineer Recognized for Superior Work on GLCM Project,” Corps’ Line, 

April 1986. 82Briefing by General Ray Concerning Air Force Programs, 1986, and Ltr, Ray to 

Heiberg, 15 August 1986, p. 2, both in EUD, RM current files; “Netherlands Resident 

Office,” Northern Area Briefings, 1 Dec 87, OH HQUSACE. 83Interv, authors with Smith, pp. 87–88.
443

Notes

84James Markham, “3 G.I.’s Die at German Base When Missile Catches Fire,” New York 

Times, 12 Jan 85; “U.S. Army, Contractors Investigate Pershing 2 First-state Propellant Fire 

in Germany,” Aviation Week and Space Technology (21 January 1985): 23. 85Intervs, authors with Lt. Col. Lloyd Colio, 6 Jun 90, Stuttgart, pp. 3–11, and with 

Smith, pp. 62–65, 88–98. 86Interv, authors with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, pp. 20–22; William Joe Webb et al., Department 

of the Army Historical Summary, Fiscal Years 1990–1991 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army 

Center of Military History, 1997), p. 19.

Chapter 12 

1

“Arming for the ’80s,” Time 118 (27 July 1981): 8, provides an excellent sketch of 

defense establishment deficiencies and of the prospects of support for the 1980s. 2

Commander in Chief, USAREUR, “Living and Working Conditions in United States 

Army, Europe,” Special Report to the Congress of the United States, 1 Feb 88, Foreword, 

p. 5. 3

“Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, Foreword, p. 5, quotation from p. 25; 

Historical Review, USAREUR, 1985–1986, pp. 5.35, CMH. 4

Special Report, “Family Housing Facilities in United States Army, Europe,” pp. 

5–15ff., as filed with Historical Review, USAREUR, 1982–1983. 5

Ibid.; “Arming for the ’80s,” p. 14.

6

Historical Review,USAREUR, 1985–1986, p. 5.39. 7

Historical Review, USAREUR, 1982–1983, pp. 294–95.

8

Historical Review, USAREUR, 1981, pp. 189–91.

9

Steve Hara, “Building Quality into Army Life,” Soldiers (February 1984): 6–9. 10For the second report and Kroesen’s championing of family housing, see Historical 

Review, USAREUR, 1982–1983, p. 295. 11Krosen, personal communication to Donita M. Moorhus, 7 Apr 00. Interv, authors 

with Delbridge, pp. 60–62; Interv, Charles Hendricks with Lt. Gen. Kenneth B. Cooper 

(USA, Ret.), 23 May 91, p. 39. Both Cooper and Delbridge refer to Kroesen’s remark in 

words that closely parallel his own. 12Special Report, “Family Housing Facilities,” [1982]. Quotations in subsequent 

paragraphs are from this source. 13Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 28 January 1981, Misc Docs, and 13 May 1981, Box M–2–1, 

both in EUD-RHA. 14Historical Review, USAREUR, 1981, p. 11–12; “Briefing Book—European Trip—Maj. 

Gen. Ames S. Albro, Jr.,” 22 Oct 82, tab 9, “Restructuring the Director of Engineering 

and Housing Organization in USAREUR,” Mil Files XIV–1–8a, OH HQUSACE; see also 

William C. Baldwin, “Engineer Organization in Germany, 1945–1990,” Future Army 

Peacetime Engineer Operations in Europe (Fort Belvoir, Va.: Engineer Studies Center, 1991), 

pp. C–17 to C–18. 15Historical Review, USAREUR, 1984, p. 7.

16Ibid., 1982–1983, pp. 294–95.

17“Brig. Gen. G. K. Withers to EUD Employees during March 1981,” OH HQUSACE. 

Historical Reviews, USAREUR, 1984, p. 238; 1982–1983, pp. 294–95; 1985–1986, p. 5–39. 18Interv, authors with Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 72–74; see also Interv, authors with Joe G. 

Higgs, 23 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 13–15. 19“FY 82: Success and Smoother Sailing,” Corps’ Line, October 1982. 20The quotation is from Interv, authors with Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 72–74; see also Interv, 

authors with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, pp. 13–15.
444

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

21Historical Review, USAREUR, 1985–1986, p. 5.35; “Living and Working Conditions,” 

1988, p. 25. The dollar figures are based on an accounting exchange rate of 3.22 

Deutschmarks to the dollar. 22“Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, p. 30. 

23Historical Review, USAREUR, 1982–1983, pp. 278–79, 286–88. 

24Historical Review, USAREUR, 1984, pp. 252–53, gives the American company 

as Dimension Building Systems of Wildwood, Fla. “Military Engineers and Business 

Representatives Meet for Conference of All Europe SAME Posts,” Corps’ Line, January 

1986, identifies the builder as Corlite. 25“Military Conference of All Europe SAME Posts.” 

26Lippert’s comments from “Wildflecken Project Engineer Challenged by Unique 

Work,” Corps’ Line, January 1986; Blake’s comments from Interv, authors with Blake, 27 

May 92, Fort Belvoir, Va. 27Interv, authors with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, pp. 30–31. See also “Families Move into First 

New Army Housing in Europe,” Corps’ Line, February 1987. 28Historical Review, USAREUR, 1984, pp. 234, 252; “Living and Working Conditions,” 

1988, p. 31; Ltrs, van Loben Sels to Heiberg, 16 August 1985, and Ray to Heiberg, 27 

February, 15 August 1986, EUD, RM Files; Historical Review, USAREUR, 1985–1986, p. 

5.36; “Families Move into First New Army Housing in Europe.” 29Ltr, Van Loben Sels to Heiberg, 16 August 1985; “Living and Working Conditions,” 

1988, pp. 30–31. 30“First Mainz Housing Unit Now Under Construction,” October 1986; “Family 

Housing at Mainz Nears Completion,” March 1987; “People Spotlight,” April 1988. All in 

Corps’ Line. 31“New Family Housing Nears Completion In Kitzingen,” Corps’ Line, July 1988. 32Ibid.; “Command Briefing,” p. 4, 15 Jul 88, OH HQUSACE.

33Tele Interv, authors with Scott Bearden, 27 May 92.

34“Family Housing Chief Named Engineer of Year,” Corps’ Line, February 1990; Tele 

Interv, authors with Scott Bearden, 27 May 92. 35“Family Housing Chief Named Engineer of Year.”

36Several articles in the Corps’ Line discuss attic conversions: “Master Planning, 

Increased Housing Addressed by Gen. Otis at Conference,” November 1987; “Division 

Takes Installation Support Award,” May 1988; “Europe Raises Roof for New Apartment 

Space,” June 1988; and “Corps Raising the Roof To Expand Housing” and “Attic 

Conversions Help Ease Housing Shortages,” both in September 1989. 37“Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, p. 31, gives the estimate. John Blake 

discusses the safety feature of the loggias in his interview with authors, 1, 6 Feb 90, p. 82. 38Tele Interv, authors with Scott Bearden, 27 May 92.

39“New Rental Plan Offers Benefits to German Landlords,” Corps’ Line, December 

1989.40The quoted passage is from “Arming for the ’80s.” The Time article is quoted in 

“Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, p. 18. 41Blake’s comments are from Interv, authors with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, pp. 37–42. 

42Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” pp. 63–68. 

43“Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, p. 18; Intervs, authors with Carl E. Nelson, 

12 Jun 90, Vilseck, pp. 30–32, and with Adolph Faust, 11 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 42–43. 44Historical Reviews, USAREUR, 1984, p. 235, and 1986, pp. 5.37 and 5.38 (the latter 

for the list of sites); “Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, pp. 18, 25. 45“Building Up New Barracks,” Corps’ Line, January 1990. 46“Remote Site: Managing Projects in Southern Turkey,” December 1987, and “New 

Barracks at Fulda Improve Quality of Life,” March 1989, both in Corps’ Line.
445

Notes

47“Construction News,” p. 7 of “EUD Information Bulletin,” 1 Nov 76.

48“EUD in Perspective, 1976–78,” n.d., EUD Briefing for Command Inspection, 1977; 

“Engineers Build Up on Personnel,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 13 Aug 78; 

“Engineers, Designers, Diplomats,” Engineer Update, July 1979. 49“Corps Completes Dream School in Stuttgart,” Corps’ Line, August 1979; “New 

Schools Dedicated at EUCOM Patch Site,” Stars and Stripes, European Edition, 5 Oct 79. 50“Pattonville Middleschool,” Corps’ Line, October 1979. 51MFR, A. E. Wanket, SPD Chief of Engineering, 31 Jan 83, sub: Blue Ribbon Panel on 

Construction Quality–MED & EUD Visits [29 Oct–10 Nov 1982], EUD-RHA, Box M–1–6; 

“FY 81 Banner Year at EUD,” Corps’ Line, November 1981. 52Berger World 15, no. 2 (Spring 1985): [4]; Engineer Studies Center, “USAEDE (EUD): 

Organization Study,” Apr 85, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–8. 53“Wiesbaden Youths Benefit from New School Additions,” October 1986, and 

“Numerous, Diverse Projects Were Completed in Past Couple of Months,” November 

1986, both in Corps’ Line. 54“Project Profile: Upgrading a High School,” Corps’ Line, December 1987. 55“Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, p. 40.

56Ltr, Harrell to Hatch, 10 February 1989, EUD, RM.

57“Elementary School Opens Its Doors at Soesterberg,” March 1989, and “Elementary 

School Served Vital Need,” August 1990, both in Corps’ Line. 58EUD Weekly Staff Mtg Notes, 30 Dec 88, 6 Jan 89, EUD, current files. 

59See the following Corps’ Line articles: “Report from the Field: Wuerzburg Area,” 

October 1989; “Elementary School Renovation Starts in Baumholder,” July 1990; 

“Robinson Barracks School Addition Nears Completion,” March 1990; “Junior High 

School Opens at Schweinfurt,” December 1990; “Leighton Barracks Middle School To 

Ease Student Overcrowding,” November 1989; “School Opens,” November 1990. 60Interv, authors with Faust, pp. 37–41.

61Interv, Alperin with Kennedy, pp. 389–90, OH HQUSACE.

62Interv, authors with Col. Claude Roberts (Ret.), 12 Feb 91, Washington, D.C., pp. 

33–34. 63“Engineers Announce ’79 Construction Plans,” Corps’ Line, February 1979; Engineer 

Studies Center, “USAEDE (EUD): Organization Study,” April 1985, pp. 6–12. 64Intervs, authors with Faust, pp. 37–39, and with Sommer, 11 Jun 90, pp. 20–21; see 

also “Army Officials Call Child Development Centers a High Priority,” Corps’ Line, March 

1989.65Ltr, Smith to Commander, Army Installation Support Activity, Europe, 30 January 

1984, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–6. 66“Child Development Centers Present Numerous Challenges,” Corps’ Line, December 

1988.67Department of the Army Comment from “Army Official Calls Child Development 

Centers a High Priority,” Corps’ Line, March 1989. 68See Intervs, authors with Fish, 11 Jun 90, pp. 21–24; with Colio, pp. 11–12, 23–25; 

with Sommer, pp. 20–21; with Wayne Lewis, 4 Jun 90, Kaiserslautern, pp. 7–9; see also 

“Child Development Centers Present Numerous Challenges.” 69“Child Development Centers Present Numerous Challenges.”

70Ibid. 

71See USAREUR’s position in “Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, p. 41.

72See Corps’ Line articles: “Child Center Opens at Graf,” July 1990; “Child Care: New 

Center Offers Expanded Service,” September 1990; “Hanau Opens Child Center,” October 

1990; “Completing a Child Center,” September 1990; “Report from the Field: Frankfurt 

Area,” November 1990.
446

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

73Interv, authors with Carl Nelson, 12 Jun 90, Ansbach, pp. 13–24.

74Memo, Maj. Gen. J. W. Morris to HQDA, sub: Command Inspection, U.S. Army 

Engineer Division, Europe, 18–22 Aug, 26 Sep 75, par. 6.a.(4), EUD-RHA, Box M–1–9; Ltrs, 

Prentiss to Gribble, 10 October 1975, and Gribble to Prentiss, 8 December 1975, both in 

EUD-RHA, M–1–12; OCE AHR, 1 Jul 75–30 Sep 76, Gen Files, Box 8, File 4, OH HQUSACE; 

Staff Mtgs 21 Jan, 27 Apr 76, both in EUD-RHA, Box M–1–9; “Regional News,” Corps’ Line, 

July 1978. 75“Lessons Learned, No. 81–5, Feb 82, Project: Nuernberg Hospital Improvements,” 

EUD-RHA, Box M–2–1; “Corps Renovates Old Nuernberg Hospital,” Corps’ Line, 

September 1979. 76Intervs, authors with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, pp. 13–15, and 6 Jan 92, Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 

87–88. 77“Corps Renovates Old Nuernberg Hospital”; MFR, 16 Mar 81, sub: Lt. Gen. J. K. 

Bratton Europe Visit (1–12 Mar 81), Mil Files XIV–1–B2, OH HQUSACE; Interv, authors 

with John Blake, 26 May 92, Fort Belvoir, Va., pp. 37–38. 78“Corps Renovates Old Nuernberg Hospital.” 

79“Engineers, Designers, Diplomats,” Engineer Update, July 1979; Interv, authors with 

Hartwig Braun, 5 Jun 90, Kaiserslautern, pp. 3–6, 31–37, 45–50, 61–63. 80Ltr, Smith to Wells, 19 February 1984, Civil Works Files I–20–1, OH HQUSACE; 

MFR, A. E. Wanket, 31 Jan 83, sub: Blue Ribbon Panel on Construction Quality–MED & 

EUD Visits, p. 2, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–6. 81“Visit to ENGCOM by CINCUSAREUR,” 6 May 70, and Ltr, Koisch to LeTellier, 

June 1973 [day illegible], both in EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11; “97th General: EUD Takes on 

Tremendous Task To Renovate Vital Health Facility,” Corps’ Line, October 1982; Staff Mtg, 

5 Jan 75, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–9; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers AHR, 1 Jul 75–30 Sep 76, 

pp. 20–21. 82“97th General: EUD Takes on Tremendous Task To Renovate Vital Health Facility,” 

and “Modern Yet History Preserved,” both in Corps’ Line, October 1982. 83“Renovating a Hospital ‘Down to the Bare Brick,’” Corps’ Line, March 1988. 84Historical Review, USAREUR, 1984, p. 253; Interv, authors with Karl Schaffner, 

13 Jun 90, Würzburg, pp. 21–22; [EUD] Commander’s Call, 27 Oct 86, EUD-RMO, 

current files; “Wuerzburg Engineer Named Division ‘Hard Hat’ of Year,” Corps’ Line, 

May 1989. 85“Engineering Partnership,” and “Augsburg Hospital Dedication Held,” November 

1990; “Contractor Given DM 28,000 for VE Change Proposal,” May 1989; “New Hospital 

To Be Constructed at Wuerzburg,” August 1986; “Hospital Contract Awarded,” October 

1986; “‘Richtfest’—Hospital Project Is One-third Complete,” April 1988. All in Corps’ Line. 86“Augsburg Community Gets a $22 Million Hospital Addition,” February 1989; 

“Bremerhaven Hospital Renovation Improves Soldier, Family Member Quality of Life,” 

May 1989; “Report from the Field: The U.S. Engineer Group,” September 1989. All in 

Corps’ Line. Interv, authors with Higgs, 6 Jan 92, pp. 88–89; Ltr, Harrell to Hatch, 10 

August 1988, EUD, RM. 87Intervs, authors with Higgs, 23 Jan 90, pp. 13–15, and 6 Jan 92, pp. 87–88.

88Historical Review, USAREUR, 1984, p. 25.

89“Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, pp. 34–36.

90This summary is drawn from all the documents cited in notes 91–93 for particular 

projects. 91The figures for “design accomplishment” are contained in Materials for Lt. Gen. 

Gribble Visit of March 1975, Fact Sheet, “Impact of Volume of Projects in Programs,” 20 

Mar 75, [Mr. Pinol]; see also Fact Sheet, “Supervision and Administration Analysis,” 17 

Mar 75, both in EUD-RHA, Box N–1–7.
447

Notes

92The figures for 1984 come from Engineer Studies Center, USAEDE (EUD) 

Organization Study, April 1985, pp. 6–11, EUD-RHA, M–1. Figures for 1980–1981 appear in 

MFR, sub: Lieut. Gen. J. K. Bratton Europe Visit 1–12 Mar. 1981, 16 Mar 81, Attachments 

(tab S), chart titled “FY 80 Design Accomplishment, $442 Million Construction Value,” 

Mil Files XIV–1–B2, OH HQUSACE. 93The figures for design accomplishment in 1980 are found in MFR, sub: Lieut. Gen. 

J. K. Bratton Europe Visit 1–12 Mar. 1981, Attachments (tab S), chart titled “FY 80 Design 

Accomplishment, $442 Million Construction Value,” Mil Files XIV–1–B2, OH HQUSACE. 

Those for 1984 are in Engineer Studies Center, USAEDE (EUD) Organization Study, April 

1985, pp. 6–11. 94The NAF percentage for 1987 comes from F. W. Wied (CEEUD-RM-M, “Talking 

Paper on Overseas Stovepipe Organizations,” 17 Oct 87, provided by W. J. Lynch, copy 

with EUD documents at OH HQUSACE. 95Annual Report, OCE, 1 Jul 73–30 Jun 74, p. 60, Gen Files, Box 7, File 5, OH 

HQUSACE; “Memorandum of Understanding between the Army and Air Force Exchange 

Service–Europe (AAFES-EUR) and the United States Army Engineer Division, Europe 

(USAEDE),” signed by Brig. Gen. Delbridge for EUD, 5 Aug 77, and by Walter H. Weber 

for AAFES, 16 Aug 77, EUD-RHA, unmarked box; “EUD in Perspective, 1976–78,” sec 

titled “Current Design Programs ... AAFES”; EUD Briefing for Command Inspection, 

1977, p. 8, Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE. 96“Information Bulletin,” EUD, 1 Dec 76; “EUD in Perspective, 1976–78,” sec titled 

“Construction Execution.” 97On EUD’s work in Iran, see EUD Staff Mtgs, 18 May, 7 Jun 76, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–

9; see also “Maturing from Minor to Major,” Corps’ Line, February 1979. 98“Maturing from Minor to Major.”

99Berger World 15, no. 2 (Spring 1985): 4. 100“Heilbronn Community Gets First All New PX Overseas,” Corps’ Line, January 

1986. 101“Troop Support: New Store Serves Vital Need,” February 1991; “New Commissary 

Opened at Wolfgang Complex in Hanau,” December 1986; “Wuerzburg’s Leighton 

Barracks Get Fully Modern Commissary,” September 1989; “Expanded PX at Edward 

Barracks To Offer Much More to Schweinfurt Residents,” November 1989; “Commissary 

Opens at Garlstedt,” August 1990. All in Corps’ Line. 102Historical Review, USAREUR, 1981, pp. 189–91.

103Annual Report, OCE, 1 Jul 73–30 Jun 74, p. 7. 

104Tays, “U.S. Army Construction Germany, 1950–53,” p. 138; Lane, Borror, Tays, “U.S. 

Army Deutsche Mark Construction Program, 1953–1957,” pp. 51–52. 105Ltr, LeTellier to Col. Griffith, 30 March 1972; see also “Status of Projects,” 24 Sep 71. 

Both in EUD-RHA, Box M–1–11. 106EUD Briefing by Delbridge, [after Oct 77], Bouchereau Papers, OH HQUSACE; HQ, 

USAREUR, Strengthening NATO, p. 9. 107Ltrs, Withers to Bratton, 20 January, 3 May 1982, OH HQUSACE. 

108European Trip Maj. Gen. Ames S. Albro, Jr., Briefing Book, 22 Oct 82, Mil Files XIV–

1–8a, OH HQUSACE; “TUSEG: Ankara History, June 1983 to date,” [21 May 85], TUSEG 

Area Office, Incirlik, Turkey. 109Interv, authors with Fish, 11 Jun 90, pp. 24–25. Corps’ Line articles “Award 

Winner,” October 1982; quotation from “Area Office Will Place 100 Bowling Lanes,” 

July 1988; “New Bowling Center To Open in Wuerzburg Area [Kitzingen],” April 1988; 

and “Bowling Center Opens [Dexheim],” and “Report from the Field [Schweinfurt],” 

both in June 1990. Interv, authors with Rudolf Stretz, 11 Jun 90, Nuremberg, pp. 6, 

11–13.
448

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

110Historical Review, USAREUR, 1981, p. 179; “1979 Construction Plans,” Corps’ Line, 

February 1979; on the confusion, see Ltr, John Blake to William C. Baldwin, 19 May 1992, 

commenting on a draft of this manuscript. 111Historical Review, USAREUR, 1981, p. 179. “1979 Construction Plans,” February 

1979; “Stuttgart Area Office: Recreation Facility Active in Goeppingen,” June 1988; 

“Customer Feedback,” March 1988; all in Corps’ Line. 112“Rec Facility Renovation Completed ... in Bremerhaven,” Corps’ Line, February 

1989.113Annual Report, OCE, 1 Jul 73–30 Jun 74, pp. 8–9.

114Delbridge Briefing, 1978, p. 10. “AF Section: Pleasing a Tough Customer,” May 1979, 

and “79 Construction Plans,” February 1979, both in Corps’ Line. 115“Würzburg Area Engineer Office,” pp. 12–13, prepared by the Area Office for 

FOMIS Assistance Visit, 6–9 Jun 88, OH HQUSACE. 116“Interior Design: The Psychology of Architecture,” March 1982, and “Cakmakli 

Projects Completed,” March 1989, both in Corps’ Line. 117“Chapel Center Opens at Hahn Air Base,” Corps’ Line, September 1988.

Chapter 13 1

Commander in Chief, USAREUR, “Living and Working Conditions in United States 

Army, Europe,” 1 Feb 88, Special Report to Congress, passim. Text of speech by Brig. Gen. 

James W. Ray, 1 Jun 88, typescript copy supplied by EUD-RMO. 2

“Living and Working Conditions,” 1988, p. 47.

3

“Commander’s Comments: ‘Good-bye’ to a Winning Team,” Corps’ Line, June 1988. 

For an explanation of the frog’s role in EQM, see Chapter 8 of this book. 4

“Harrell To Assume Division Command July 18,” Corps’ Line, July 1988; Interv, 

authors with Brig. Gen. Ernest J. Harrell, 30 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 3–5. 5

“New Commander Meets EUD Staff,” Corps’ Line, August 1988. 6

Intervs, authors with Col. Daniel Waldo, 31 Aug 89, Frankfurt, pp. 36–37, and with 

Jakoba Schempp, 12 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 69–71. 7

Intervs, authors with Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 51–52; with Virginia Conway, 15 Nov 91, 

Alexandria, Va., pp. 70–71; with Col. John Moravec, 19 Jan 90, Frankfurt, pp. 33–35, 39–40, 

and 18 Nov 91, Dallas, Tex., pp. 70–72, 79–85; with Hasso Damm, 12 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 

22–24; with Fish, 11 Jun 90, p. 31; with Wise, 11 Dec 91, pp. 20–21; with Harrell, 30 Aug 89, 

pp. 49–50; with Waldo, 31 Aug 89, pp. 58–59; with Brettschneider, 26, 30 Jan 90, pp. 70–72; 

with Russell Minton, 18 Nov 91, Dallas, Tex., pp. 68–70. 8

Intervs, authors with Waldo, 31 Aug 89, pp. 81–83, 99–104, and 4 Dec 91, pp. 23–24.

9

Memo, Brig. Gen. Ernest J. Harrell to Distribution, 31 Oct 88, sub: Policy #4, Use of 

Government Quarters When Performing TDY Travel,” EUD-RM, current files. 10Memos, Harrell to Distribution, 23 Nov 88, sub: Policy #6, Internal Reorganization, 

and 30 Nov 88, sub: Policy #8, CONUS Travel, both in EUD-RM, current files. 11Ltr, Harrell to Hatch, 10 February 1989, EUD-RMO.

12Corps’ Line, May 1990. 13Intervs, authors with Harrell, 30 Aug 89, pp. 61–64, and 30 Jan 92, pp. 33–35.

14Intervs, authors with Dale, pp. 54–58, and with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 33–39.

15Interv, authors with Terry Trowbridge, 10 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 33–36.

16Intervs, authors with Minton, pp. 86, and with Laverne Love, 5 Dec 91, Frankfurt, 

pp. 1–3. 17Intervs, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 11–12; with Prentiss, pp. 24–26; with 

Ursula Pfefferlein, 12 Jun 90, Nuremberg, pp. 12–13; with Reimer Delpin, 29 Jan 90, 

Frankfurt, pp. 31–34. 
449

Notes

18Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Damm, 21 Jun 88, pp. 62–66; “Three LN Employees 

Promoted,” Corps’ Line, February 1980. 19“Works Council Chairman Addresses EUD Local National Employees,” Corps’ Line, 

November 1987; Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Damm, 21 Jun 88, pp. 62–66. 20Memo, Harrell to Distribution, 31 Mar 89, sub: Policy Letter No. 18, Dual 

Recruitment for High Grade Positions, EUD-DE (Ofc of Div Engr), current files. 21“Local Nationals: Employees Raise Questions on Key Issues,” Corps’ Line, February 

1990.22Intervs, authors with Harrell, 30 Aug 89, pp. 61–64, and 30 Jan 92, pp. 33–35; with 

Conway, pp. 1–6; with Love, pp. 23–24. 23Memo, Harrell to Distribution, 28 Aug 89, sub: Policy Letter No. 23, Commander’s 

Policy Statement on Equal Employment Opportunity and Prevention of Sexual 

Harassment, EUD-EO (Exec Ofc), current files. 24“Division Commander Raises Issues, Addresses Concerns,” Corps’ Line, November 

1988.25Interv, authors with Ray, pp. 11–14, 34–38; “EUD Executives Devise Methods for 

Improving Production and Responsiveness to Customers,” Corps’ Line, February 1987. 26Donna Miles, “Goodbye Pershing II,” Soldiers 46, no. 8 (August 1991): 45–46; Daniel 

Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, “Who Won the Cold War?” Foreign Policy 87 (Summer 

1992): 128. 27“Army’s ’89 Budget Represents Negative Growth Say Officials,” Corps’ Line, April 

1988.28Jim Hoagland, “Europe’s Destiny,” Foreign Affairs 69, no. 1 (1990): 43. 29Interv, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 6–8.

30“Assistant Secretary Page Discusses Association with Corps,” Engineer Update, 

August 1989; Intervs, authors with Wise, 11 Dec 91, pp. 30–36, and with Moravec, 19 Jan 

90, pp. 33–35; “Headquarters Reorganization: Change Emphasizes Project Management,” 

Engineer Update, August 1989. 31Ltr, Withers to Bratton, 11 February 1983, EUD-RHA, Box M–2–1.

32MFR, Wanket, 31 Jan 83, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–6.

33Engineer Studies Center, “USADE (EUD): Organization Study,” April 1985, p. 28.

34Interv, Walker and Baldwin with Camblor, pp. 147–49.

35Concept Paper on Reorganization of EUD, 27 Feb 87, OH HQUSACE.

36Interv, authors with Ray, pp. 11–14, 43–48.

37Intervs, authors with Waldo, 31 Aug 89, pp. 49–52, 78–79; with Delpin, pp. 37–38; with 

Wise, 1 Feb 90, pp. 53–54; with Moravec, 19 Jan 90, pp. 33–35, 39–40; with Ray, pp. 46–48. 38Interv, authors with Waldo, 31 Aug 89, pp. 49–52.

39The task force and its recommendations are discussed in Intervs, authors with 

Brettschneider, 12 Dec 91, pp. 16–19; with Damm, 1 Feb 90, pp. 18–21; with Moravec, 19 

Jan 90, pp. 30, 39–40, and 18 Nov 91, pp. 1–4; with Ray Mellard, 12 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 

2–3; with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 90, pp. 98–101. 40Intervs, authors with Mellard, pp. 2–3; with Damm, 1 Feb 90, pp. 18–21; with 

Moravec, 18 Nov 91, pp. 1–4. 41Intervs, authors with Mellard, pp. 2–3, 7–8, and with Blake, 1, 6 Feb 1990, pp. 94–97.

42“Chronology 1989,” ed. Peter Hayes, Foreign Affairs 69, no. 1 (1990): 230. Other events 

mentioned in this paragraph may be verified in the same source. 43In addition to “Chronology 1989,” cited above, see Jim Hoagland, “Europe’s 

Destiny,” Foreign Affairs 69, no. 1 (1990): 40. 44“Commander’s Comments,” Corps’ Line, October 1989. 45Interv, authors with Mellard, pp. 3–4.

46“Commander’s Comments,” Corps’ Line, December 1989.
450

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

47Ibid., January 1990.

48“Commander’s Call Addresses Reorganization, Force Reduction,” Corps’ Line, 

February 1990. 49Interv, authors with Damm, 12 Dec 91, pp. 4–13, 25.

50Interv, authors with Damm, 9 Aug 89, pp. 6–8; Siemon and Wagberg, Employment of 

Local Nationals, pp. 93–94. 51The discussion of local nationals is drawn from Intervs, authors with Harrell, 30 

Jan 92, pp. 59–60; with Damm, 12 Dec 91, pp. 2–3; with Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 4–5; with 

Trowbridge, pp. 10–12. 52Interv, authors with Damm, 1 Feb 90, pp. 7–10, 22–24.

53Memo, Harrell to Staff, 17 Jan 90, EUD-EO, current files. Many of the documents 

used to create this and following sections were gathered in close proximity to their 

creation. Copies of these materials are on file, with other materials associated with the 

EUD history, at OH HQUSACE. 54“Need To Know,” 26 Jan–20 Apr 90, OH HQUSACE and EUD-PAO, current files. 

EUD’s “Need To Know” was a temporary newsletter published irregularly (about twice 

a month) beginning January 1990 during the height of the drawdown. The Public Affairs 

and Human Resources Offices produced the newsletter to keep employees informed of 

rapidly changing developments that affected their employment status. 55Interv, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, p. 10.

56Msgs, Harrell to Commander, USACE, 7 Feb 90, EUD RMO, current files. 

57Civilian Personnel Servicing CINCUSAREUR/CIE Agreement, 6 May 74, EUDRHA, Box M–1–10; Intervs, authors with Mellard, pp. 3–4, and with Conway, pp. 40–45; 

“Second RIF Faces EUD,” Corps’ Line, October 1990. 58Interv, authors with Damm, 12 Dec 91, pp. 18–20.

59Ibid., pp. 18–20, contains the passage quoted; Intervs, authors with Konrad Lochner, 

13 Jun 90, Würzburg, pp. 19–21, and with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 30–33. Figures on LNs 

who took the buyout option are from an RMO briefing, n.d., “21 Buy-Outs dropped on 

Oct. 1, 1990,” EUD-RMO, current files. In his interview on 30 January 1992, p. 30, Harrell 

says that “22 or 23” were bought out. 60“Commander’s Call Addresses Reorganization, Force Reduction,” Corps’ Line, 

February 1990. 61“Commander Addresses Hiring Freeze, Priority Placement,” Corps’ Line, March 

1990.62Quote from Ltr, Virginia Conway to authors, 16 April 1990. 

63Intervs, authors with Harrell, Conway, Wise, Mellard, Minton, Moravec, Blake, 

Higgs, Dale, and Brettschneider. 64Quotation from Interv, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 28–29, 15–17.

65“Commander’s Comments,” Corps’ Line, April 1990. 66Interv, authors with Mellard, pp. 6–7, 10–12.

67Intervs, authors with Minton, pp. 72–75; with Higgs, 6 Jan 92, pp. 40–44; with 

Robert Rodehaver, 10 Dec 91, Frankfurt, p. 2; with Moravec, 18 Nov 91, p. 4; with Wise, 11 

Dec 91, pp. 21–23; with Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 2–3; with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 19–21. 68Memo, Harrell to Commander, USACE, 5 Apr 90, EUD-EO, current files. 

69Intervs, authors with Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 2–3, and with Conway, pp. 40–45.

70“DoD Hiring Freeze Lift Doesn’t Void Outplacement Program,” Corps’ Line, May 1990. 71“Commander’s Comments” and “Reduction in Force Procedures Show Employees 

Their Standing,” both in Corps’ Line, June 1990. 72Interv, Moorhus with Allen M. Carton, 14 Apr 97, Potomac, Md., p. 322.

73Intervs, authors with Kathleen Johnson, 10 Dec 91, Frankfurt, pp. 3–6; with Dale, p. 

65; with Love, pp. 14–18. “Reduction in Force Procedures Show Employees Their Standing.” 
451

Notes

74Interv, authors with Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 4–5.

75“Reduction in Force Procedures Show Employees Their Standing.”

76Briefing Chart dtd 13 Jul 90, EUD-RMO, current files.

77Ltr, Anita L. Morsman to Donita M. Moorhus, 16 April 1990, original with EUD 

documents at OH HQUSACE. Morsman’s numbers came from the EUD Human Resources 

Office. 78Memo, Harrell to Commander, USACE, 22 Mar 90, sub: RIF at U.S. Army Engineer 

Division, Europe (EUD), EUD-RMO, current files. 79Interv, authors with Damm, 12 Dec 91, pp. 4–13, 25.

80Ibid., pp. 1–2.

81Ibid., p. 3; Interv, authors with Damm, 1 Feb 90, pp. 16–17.

82Interv, authors with Damm, 12 Dec 91, pp. 1–3.

83Interv, authors with Trowbridge, pp. 10–12.

84Interv, authors with Damm, 12 Dec 91, pp. 4–13.

85“Military Construction Prohibition Continues,” HQ USACE Internal News Briefs, 

26 Nov 90, HQ USACE, current files. 86“Commander’s Comments: Despite Reduction, Freeze, Division Has Important 

Mission,” Corps’ Line, July 1990. 87Interv, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 90, pp. 8–12.

88Ibid. Also, “Facing Declining Projects, Budget Cuts: Good News Arrives for Europe 

Members,” Engineer Update, May 1990. 89Interv, authors with Dale, pp. 22–23.

90Briefing dtd 13 Jul 90, EUD-RMO, current files; Interv, authors with Mellard, pp. 

4–6, 15–18. 91Briefing, 17 Jun 90, updated to 17 Jul 90, EUD-RMO, current files.

92MFR, CERM-ZA, 23 Jul 90, sub: Review of EUD FY90 and FY91 Budget, Manpower 

and Workload; Memo, Harrell to Hatch, n.d. [early October 1990], both in EUD-RMO, 

current files. 93Intervs, authors with Johnson, 10 Dec 91, pp. 3–6; Memo, Harrell to Hatch, n.d. 

[early October 1990], EUD-RMO, current files. 94Memo, Harrell to Distribution, 24 Jul 90, sub: Tentative Authorizations/Budget 

Guidance for FY91, EUD-RMO, current files. 95Memo, Harrell to Hatch, 13 Aug 90, EUD-RMO, current files; “Second RIF Faces 

EUD,” Corps’ Line, October 1990. 96Memo, Harrell to Distribution, 24 Jul 90.

97Memo, Harrell to Hatch, 13 Aug 90, EUD-RMO, current files. 

98Intervs, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 12–13, 21, and with Mellard, pp. 17–18.

99“Corps of Engineers Establishes a Partial Hiring Freeze,” Corps’ Line, October 

1990.100“Commander’s Call: Reduction, Merger Addressed,” Corps’ Line, September 1990; 

“Commander’s Comments,” Corps’ Line, November 1990. 101“Commander’s Call: Reduction, Merger Addressed.” For more information on 

Desert Shield, see Frank N. Schubert and Theresa L. Kraus, eds., The Whirlwind War : The 

United States Army in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm Washington, D.C.: U.S. 

Army Center of Military History, 1994). 102Interv, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 26–28; Briefing, n.d. [late October 1990], 

EUD-RMO, current files. 103DCG MSG, DTG 050005Z, October 1990, EUD-RMO, current files.

104Msg, Harrell to Edgar, n.d. [mid-October 1990], EUD-RMO, current files.

105“Second RIF Faces EUD.”

106Ibid.
452

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe, 1945–1991

107Interv, authors with Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 5–6; “Harrell Discusses Reductions with 

Local National Workers,” Corps’ Line, November 1990. 108Intervs, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 13–15; with Mellard, pp. 15–20; with 

Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 3–4, 7–9, 24–26. 109“Commander’s Comments: Agreements Allow for More Orderly Transition,” Corps’ 

Line, November 1990; Intervs, authors with Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 5–6, and with Mellard, 

pp. 15–16. 110Interv, authors with Conway, pp. 37–45.

111Quotation from Interv, authors with Moravec, 18 Nov 91, pp. 12–14; see also Intervs, 

authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 91, pp. 17–18, 22–23, and with Minton, pp. 75–77. 112Intervs, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 23–24; with Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 7–9; 

with Higgs, 6 Jan 92, pp. 53–58; with Conway, pp. 44–45. 113“Military Construction Prohibition Continues,” HQ USACE Internal News Briefs, 

26 Nov 90, EUD PAO, current files; “Cheney Continues Temporary Prohibition on 

Military Construction,” Corps’ Line, December 1990. 114“Europe Division To Merge with MEAPO,” Corps’ Line, December 1990. 115“Roles Shift as Europe Division Reorganizes,” HQ USACE Internal News Briefs, 7 

Jan 91; Interv, authors with Waldo, 4 Dec 91, pp. 6–7. 116“Corps of Engineers Europe District To Be Activated Mar. 1,” Corps’ Line, 

February 1991. 117Interv, authors with Damm, 12 Dec 91, p. 14.

118Interv, authors with Colio, pp. 28–31.

119Interv, authors with Lamothe, pp. 8–10.

120“Division Organizational Reassignments Mean Better Efficiency,” Corps’ Line, 

February 1991. 121Interv, authors with Rodehaver, 10 Dec 91, pp. 13–15.

122Interv, authors with Conway, pp. 67–68. 123Interv, authors with Love, pp. 14–16, 28–29.

124Interv, authors with Brettschneider, 12 Dec 91, pp. 19–20.

125Interv, authors with Damm, 12 Dec 91, pp. 14–15.

126Interv, authors with Dale, pp. 65–67.

127Interv, authors with Minton, pp. 93–96. 128“Commander’s Comments: Final Chapter on Division No End to Mission,” Corps’ 

Line, February 1991.

129Interv, authors with Harrell, 30 Jan 92, pp. 3, 28–29, 43–44.

Epilogue 

1

The $5 billion figure does not reflect the changing value of the dollar over those 

forty-five years. Money spent in the 1940s must be multiplied by a rough factor of 6.25, in 

the 1950s by 5.5, in the 1960s by 4.5, in the 1970s by 3, and in the 1980s by 1.5, to reflect the 

value (buying power) of the dollar in 1994. 2

Interv, Paul K. Walker with Allan B. Aaron, Jun 88, Frankfurt, Germany, pp. 138–41.

3

“Briefing by Director, USACAG,” 13 Oct 61, for visit by Lt. Gen. Walter K. Wilson, Jr., 

to USAREUR, 9–22 Oct 61, Mil Files XII–43–1, OH HQUSACE. For similar reflections, see 

Ltr, Prentiss to Gribble, 11 May 1976, EUD-RHA, Box M–1–7; Interv, authors with Harrell, 

30 Aug 89, pp. 29–30. 4

Interv, authors with Butschan, pp. 2, 7.

5

Interv, authors with Hartwig Braun, 5 Jun 90, Kaiserslautern, pp. 36–37.

6

“Dedication Marks Corps Contributions,” Corps’ Line, December 1990.