~ ~ 

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT 	. 

.. . mb: @E men~ w o ~.

~ . 8.. :S#WisF$,?, 

.. :...,!3. , . - 3 6 ,. . .. .*$ I . > . - .~.~- - - , ..~. -
Engineers to the Rescue 

trrrorlst att:~i,k ori thc A Anicr~ca~i .' Enihirssy in Ut.iri11 

kille~i pe*~tplein Al~ril>98:3.>I:iii>~i!f 

the iir;l~l\vertAriot t.strartrr1 friini tllv 

ruhI!le until day. Ia1t.r. In Septcnil~r 

1!183. over 200 niat.ini,s wi:ri, killt~iliind 

PI iri,jure(i 111'tcr trrrorists lx>r11t!c~,l 

their hvarl~lu;irters. Cranrs ;ir~rl 

kiullrlozer.; cxc;rv;rtt~rlthe twisttd concrete and stcel wliili, n~iiri~~es ii~ic 

iio\vli ti~\v:irdthe survivors villi l,lhc>ir 

t~;irc,hxnds. 

l'hc incrc:rsr ol 1r:rrorisl I,omkings. 

the dcstru(:tive f~,rccsui' ni<rlerriwar1.. dtc:, . :ill11 natu1~11disi~stc~rshay<, 

ISII~II thi iieeil for cnirrgcllry 

resclre ortins. At i~rescllt, the 

Corps of Enginccri is irrrl prr,pc,rly 

~.iluiliperl to remo\-c i r iind 

t.rCi1!r~e~i people fro171i~oll;~~!s~~rl strtirturcs. l311Il1iozc~rs:III~ rvar1es ehctvi~ig 

;it r11k~kjIeis !lot ;i!i vff(vtiw! tl,jr safe, 

rc.si,uc tcchni~llrr.anii i~ m:ijor eilrtlrIJ[I;I~(Jin (::~Ii~or!ii;icjr a terrurist l!o~i~l~-

irrg i,f tllc Pentagon !vonlil tar l~,c;~l 

rcsi,ut r(,sources 1)cyorid thcsir ~ip;il)ility. 

Clrrrf~~itly,0is;istrr rrcrrvery ln;~~iis 

fror~!1111, Corl!s of P;II~~II~.~,~S t~rii,.llc 

n:it~iral iiisasrcrs, and cngirlrrr units 

rl[~s~~o~rsiI~l~~ f~jr:~re:trliitn:~g(~(,,~r~[roI ;it 

crirps 1evi.l liiin~ilew>irf:trc (!~'~tl.ll(.tiIJll 

rcrn\.cry i~ri<~r;itio~rs. T-liriveter. :icr.or<L 

ing Lo b1;l.J Rilyy .Ji~r<~t?s, l)ir<~t~r;.~t~~ 

of (:i)~nh;rtI)erelol~mrnts.I.'S,'II~:S. tlii. 

training and uni~litt.rrjiri[,~nc*i~t ncr(It~11 

to rrscnc c;~s~r:rltirsi'riiln rulll,lt, is no1 

;~\,;iil;il~lewithin tlir Ammy. 

I.:n{rin,~~r. ,in!,il t.isrl,o Iccrms to i,o,.i.!/ 

,uul lhis fosl<in It>,, [.-r,it,,O S(,r/~sUIV/ 

o~~r~r~cos. M'c lnlisl i l l nvii,b/ 

I I.I>S~I,P I i~tlr, jir.i!sitd 

oi~,~nniz~,f;ons u,;/~I/I,.,: ,ultirt,<,t,'!,r,ul ,!I' 

,sr~rii~glf~~,s. LS,~cr;~~l;~f~~l 1~~7ittir!~~ ond 

r,q~i~,?n'.i~f or, ki,rl,iirr.lr,,,s. 

'l'raininq 

Surressfully rescuilr~ pcoj~lc fnmi 

collapseii buildings rtyuires fast and 

l!rccistl hand-intensive li~l,orwhich mn 

by 

only he ~ievelopcd through sj~ecial 

training. 

Special training far tile rescue tcani 

1e:uier in areas like civil or structural 

engineering will expedite rlecisions ;11 

the disast.or site. Evaluating the 

I~alance, material ci~nr~silio~~, and 

structur;rl si~undnessi!f the rt,nr;iining 

structure \?ill enable thr leafier 11, 

make rlccisions f~~r l!racini( the rem:rin~ 

ing structure aiiri iiing (lebris 

n,ithout \r.e;~kening tlrc, huilililrg ;in11 

i~ausi~igflirtirer i:r,llapsk'. 

of tlir officers in the (..orl~s 

have thew required sliills itssociatirl 

with civil enginrvring. Engineer offirers receive special trilining in Ii~;lrlet= 

shil!. rigging, vertical structure ricsign. 

utilities, arl(1 many other impiirtirnt 

skills at EOUC and EOAC. TVith this 

spcrial training. the team latiiier can 

direct Llslis to the tearri mcmliers ;ind 

IO~%II lahut.. 

In ;widitinti lo training anit skills 

relat.ed to civil c~ginri~, rcsciic 

teanl leaiirrs and meml~crsiieed more 

r ~ c tritiniirg i in medic:rl lrci~tnlent. The >ldical Services (:orlis provhles classes in whir:h Lr;iin rncmhrrs 

<::in learri ahout hums, fr;ir,tures,internal in,juries. and other nirilic:;il arms. 

Stiirier1t.s Inarn Llie efferts ol' heavy 

wci~litsiin j~copleand Iron. to rlsmr,vc. 

~letlriswithout causing ftirtllcr injury. 

11' the reseuc tc;inr li~;~cierunilcrstands hoiv the body aorlis during 

limes of stress a1111 tr;rurnatic irrju~. 

hc can makc rduc;itl~riiiecisiolrs whrn 

rcscuii~ginjured persons from rulll~le. 

He nlust sce tliat they arc given inlmediate first :lid lrtvilmellt and qui?kIy 

c.vacuaLetl from tilo ilatiger area. 

rZ1si1 critical for thc~rescirr! tram is 

knowing trow local fire fightirlg teams 

I'unctinn xn0 rieplo)-. l'llc fire dcl~;~rtnierils r,f I:~rgr!\~liericancities provirir, 

training in revcur tcchniqncs. In these 

classes. 1h1.tram can lcarn liuldcr safety and tli~use of new r~,scuerrjiii{)~ 

rnent: polrer cutoff S~IWP. hydraulic 

CPT Marc E. Marszalek 

sprcariers and cutters, lift, lines and 

belts, and pulrips and ventilatrirs. 

The heavy r(:srue criursci ii~vclnl~r~i 

by California's H(x;ivy Rescue (:ommiltee Fire S~rvircTraitring a1111 l?(ittc:ltion Prograni ;r;is ere:rtril for thc 

I.'eder;il I.;n~crgenc\: hlirnngrmc~nt. 

Agency. The course ot!jertires inidrriit-: 

Infi~roiationon iiiisir tyes of i~uililing construction and their rr,liapsr 

cf,.,iractrristics .. firm verio~rscar~scs. 

I~ifornlationon dii'li,rent equipnrer~t 

uscd duritig hcav? rrur.nra operations. 

Plethods or using lie:ivy rcscucb 

eijui])n~ent. 

Methods of imllrovisil~g rescor 

oquipnwi11 using ~iwiili~lile~ n~:iti~rktls. 

This coursc, rn!xIit'iciii 11,meet Army ri,~ 

qnirements on or off L~C:I~attlt~firlfi. 

;vr11111ihe ;In cxct,llcllt \%-;I?. ti, e(I~lc:rtr' 

rcscu(3t<h:rrlls. 

Rescue team training must also include rapid deployment, quick liiindintensive excavation, and the use of 

specialized equipment. The team must, 

be lightly equipped and easily airtransportahle. Nost disasters will not 

occur w-ithin driving distance of the 

rescue team. 

Training by mcny dii:erse programs 

and cii?~cent-rotit~gon m,odarn spei,iiilizrd eyuip7ne.rct jhrm the .slrucltlre and 

ol!jectiue of tire rescue lean?-to saive 

lives. Hoi/,ersr, /he speciiil truini?i.g re^ 

quirsrifbr rescue missions will pre?:r,nl 

the te~nfi.071~ perjiorming olhcr 

engineer-relrrted tasks such a?counter. 

mobility w sioai71ability. A .rescue 

tennl in a corps hattlgfield rear orr!r~ 

performing area damage con,trol zcorrld 

be ineffectiz,e if reo.r.qnnized NS infa~itry. Their specialized trt~iningin no?>-

romhat ariw and lock qfcomhai equipment would heJirtal. 

Equipment 

Combat. heavy battalions are tasked 

with emergency rescue operations. 
\'OLIIbll 15 pa' NIJXIUEII I 

12 	 Sapper Leader Course: A New Rope to Climb 

by CPT Michael J. Groix? 

16 	 Sapper 

COMMANI)I:R/COMMANI)ANT by Dr. Chorles H<:n,dricks 

MG Kicliai-d S. Kcm 

17 Technological Enrichment Program 

ASSISTANT COMMANDANT by MAJ Richard J. Trrhilrne 

COI. Don W. Barber 18 	 The Engineer Graduate Follow-Up Training Evaluation or 

How Many Surveys Can You Handle? 

CHIEF 01; STAI:I:/I)I.:PUTY 

INSTAI,I.ATION COMMANDER by DaveAbraham 

COI. Pcrel- 11. Slearn 19 FY 86 Promotion Boards: Were You Ready? 

by SFC Carl V.AlcKinzey 

COMMANI) 5ERGEAhT MAJOR 

CSM Charle\ T. Tiickcr 22 The Engineer Officer: Advisor or Leader, A Study of the 

Battle of Petersburg 

DIRECTOR OF TRAINING; by CPT William. J. &ndbrook 

ANI) IIOCTRINE 

LTC Roberl I-. Kcenan 

26 The Engineer Proponency Office: Your Career Advocate 

by Lee M. Ricas 

CHI1,;I; 01' PUR1,ICATIONS 

Stanley Georgcs 

28 New, The Engineer Orientation Team-Formerly, 

Engineer Branch Training Team 

by SFC Dazid M.Rexrodr 

The 

EDITOK :iO National Guard Blazes Trails 

Marilyn klcming by CPT Lynda Man,n, 

32 The Evolution of Doctrine: Development of Engineer FEATURES CI)ITOII 

Vicrosra \~c,\~~i$lei 	 Tactical Doctrine and Equipment, 1939-1944 

by MAJ Sta.nley J. iWurjohy and MAJ F. Marion Ca-ln III 

1)t:SIC;N I)IKECTOR 

'rhomai i>ail\ 40 The Impact of Dieppe on the Development of Mobility 

Equipment 

ASSISTANT I<DITOK 

Alac VaoderMolen 43 Engineer Command Update 

Syrl-1.1 thanks ti, 1.c.r M. Rira-, ~hcI)lrer~orrre 

at Eml~m!irm~x ir~d Standar~lirat~uu.axid tllr DEPARTMENTS Enatnr~rPn,l,~,srlll) Oll~rr. 

Inside Front Cover: A Personal \'ienpoint 

On the Cover 2 News and Notes 21 Engineer Problem 

5 Past in Review 28 Hotline Q&A rhc Sr111,rr Lc.nd+.r(:u!nrre lpa~~ 6 Clear the Way 29 Engineer Solution IZI train. 

rneicnrrr. lu fight rr light inlnnlr). Tlre 13111 

b:naine~7~.tt.~i~. nnrstrrs mir lnsm.~t. 11,s. 7 Bridge the Gap 44 Career Notes 

brsly I,~o~,,I. 8 School News 

ES[~ISKKR (ISSS i!iJ4l~-I98!1) is :%I> a~~tl~orize~? 	 ~L~~II~c~L~o~ of the [..S. .army k:,>~ir>c<,r ('c,tIkr <il,C I?#III Iiclv~~ir. T'A. l.'~~l~c$s s~,e~~lf1~~:3Ily sl:~tc~~i, lu,:~!,,r~;:I ;xlq,~br. 

iltp licrcirt tlclri nnl tirreiaar~iy ~efiect official poliry. thinking oor eadorscnlenl liy iiny iigenr) ~oi't1,r I'S. Aria?. Thr cord,he, him. lhis ;ire \user1to riy,lwsrnl 

~vrrasl,~cl ufv,lhrr sex. All gl,oroer.ij>lhs cr~~ltii~irrl Iterein are offirial 1's. .Arruy ph<>to~w]>l,s u~~i~ss~~ll~~~r~vi~~ ~:rc~lil~~l. Tim tnxc fun~d%fhv 1pr18,11!nx 11,is ~~~~l~li~

Lion ~v:ts;qq~rc,v~~~l l~y13ezt<lq11;irt?rs, IJ<,p;irl!,>er~t<IF tlh ,Army. >laterialhere~rmay he reprir,lcci >fcrv,iit isgiv~w lc~E~GISl<EIt :and10 !l)c ;~~ttl,<nr. t;S(;lSEl-:l<s

ul~jrclivvrirrc la pri~vidc ;) i<lrrznl i'ur tla, ~,nclr;cn~y ideas. to lniornl an0 mr,tiv:ilp. :inrl lilpl.on>r,Le the pn~fession;,l ,in~hqlm(.llltrf ill1 nl(.mIirt~i of {la. 1\1.111y 

rngincrr commun~ty. Ilirc~i.1 i.orrcipr,i,lk~s,:<! wilh CSCINEDR 1s autI~ill.izeii :inii rncrillr;lrrrl. Inquiries, letter-s trl tlrr, cliilr>l.. vr,nl,llisrl;irir... !?l;~r,us~ril~r~. 

~'hotognq~tla2nd gr.ncl.al o,rrey~ilndria-ral1o~~I~l I,,. sr~t lu: ES(;INEI:K Ilagz,.inr. A'l'7.-'1'1)-t'. Stol, Z!)lll IFnrt Hc!aoil.. \'A Y~ii;il.i2!ll. I'la?t~c: (;,):<I 

6ii4~:iilX2.hY :164.E,1'(;INEDII ma) be fur~ca!lle,l LC, l~rs~,n~?~l irr n~il~lary units iirlrcss cllarigcr sh<ald br s<,nt til I~:N(;INI;I.:It Slilhsr~~.iliti~,n\~~ w k;Sf;lNl~:I~:I<

a?? arailnhlr th~ough the Supeiintcndenr <IF U,,rornents. U.S (;u\,crnmrnt Prinlirll: Ofti~c. Mi#sL,n.)ton. I1.C ?iilii%. .A clwcl, 01. m1111cy rll.dc.r I>;I!;L!IIP 113

Su)>~riotencientof Oor:am+:nls must accompany all suhscl.ijlti,in ~.erjur.;ts. K;IU.S an, ~11.IlOfix clon,c.;lic (in?luii~nu11'0 ;il~<lFl'OI ;i,l,lrr?a,~? :ti~fl$I:< 75 inr 

foreign a~l~l~e~~es, lndivtd\r~lropies are availal>l<,a1 %:3,Oil,,or wl~yfor tl,,nwstiv a~l~lr~~ss~~~ et!>d $:%,7:hr i'or<,lg!, ;~~l~lr~s~t~~ St~~~~~~,~l !'I:#<> II~~s~:I~~~ p:~!<l :,I Fc~rl

Heimir. V.4, anii ?ilditii~nal mailing offices PlIS1'\1ASTEK: sonil ;tiidrvsi vlrangces tu TNi;INI'I<lt, r\TZ1\-'l'I)I'. SI~~]I 21311). FIIIIR~~lv~~iv. \'A Y20iiO~iL!!I
- News & Notes


New Camouflage Fits Soldier's Pocket, 


Soldiers using the neu indi~idual camouflage net vanish at will. Buttoned 

together. these nets help conceal units of battalion, bripade, and division 

size. The nets become a combat multiplier by adding the element of snrpriqe 

to the light infantry soldier (Relvoir R&D photo). 

A small, lightweipht camoofiiigr net usetl successfully in Korea during 

developed IJ~Helvoir R&I) Center was 'I'eam Spirit '85. The inciividual conroam -, . Plrld.-ing k?% and Raftinu&f

Fast-Moving Armya. 

'l'lic l:.S. Army Constrrictii?n 

Engincrri~~gKesearqh 1,atioratory 

(CERL) is ileveloging foam applications Tor bridging ;ind raft in^ operaLions-applications that car1 get troop?; 

anii vehicles quickly and safely arross 

unforciabir streams and rivers. 

Foam call ile transpfrrted in sniall 

containers and thm expandt.11 up to 

30 times its origjnal volnmr to huild 

:I hridj?~. or fl~tjlti~il syst.em.

TVhcn neeiled in the fieli-i, poimretliane foam can be mined by hand or 

with high spcrd mixers. 

OIIC~ f~rrnrd, Cix~ni flotation devices 

are lig-hter ariil easii,r ti1 liandlc rhan 

i;oniparable i:o~ivcntiirn;ri hridging 

and rafting systems. 

Tno l'li~tation systcms are iit!sigied 

to move pf,ople across water. Tile foam 

footbridge consists {if 20-foot hy 3-foot 

hrid~? sections lashed togelher. Each 

seclion can support 1,200 poun~ls. Tht, 

fixirn-filled rcconnaissanee tx,:~l is the 

siimt. size as the inilatat~ic host currrntly used by the Army. Ti162 threrman boat rcsists puncture, \$,ill not 

sink, and supports up lo 700 p<~uniis. 

CEKI, rescarcirers have also developed ham flotation systems for 

vehicles. The utility truck rafting 

system consists of two cylinders ('11 

feet long, 25.114 inches in diameter) attached to the sides of a 1M~ton truck. 

Each cylinder weighs I00 pounds, yet 

can support up to 2,200 pounds in 

water. A larger version, the MI,C20 

rafting system, uses two 500-po~md 

c>-lindcrs which can support up to 

13.000 pounds in water. With both 

syskms, troops use a wide rope anii 

tow rope to pull tlle vehicles across 

water. The fl~~ats cinl l)e dctached and 

used again. 

cealment rovcr (ICC) is a solid color 

net (6 feet by 7 feet) made of incised, 

rip stop nylirn. 

Each imit weighs less than a poi~nii 

anii can t~c folded to fit into the pocket 

of a soldier's unifirni. The nets can be 

joined together to form a larger r,~ver 

t,o conceal I'ightin~ positi~~ns, \veapons 

emy~lac:cments, and soliiiers. 

The nets were iie\reloped in response 

to Army doctrine for the future which 

calls for a new kind of soldier-light 

and mohile. During the Trnn~ Spirit aserci~e, the ICC. was ilscit by elements 

of the 7th Light Infant,ry Ilivision for 

concealment before a surprise attai,k. 

Work is uniler\va\ on imprnved ver. 

sions of the net fix use in desert, 

woodland, and snr~w. Tha TCC is being 

developed under a quick response program at the request of the 9th lnfantry 

Division and the Army Dcvrlopmeni 

and Engineering Agenry (AIIEA). 

Footl~ridre sections ;md flotation 

cylinders get Army troops and 

vehicles safely and quickly across 

unfurdable streams or rivers (CERL 

photo). 

Future glans incluiie dcvelopinp a 

vehicular bridge for military load 

classes A through 30 anii a rafting 

system for vehicles up to military lonri 

class 70. 

4 
Water Detection Term Supports Bright Star 9 .85 

I!.S. forces participating in 


nianeuvers in the Middle East this 


summer got somc help from the Arniy 


Corps of Engineers' newly formed 


water detection response team. 


Seven ci\,ilian scientists from the 


Engineer Topographic Lahorat.ories, 


Fort Belvoir, VA, and \Vater\vays Ex- 


periment Slatiori, Vicksburg, MS> 


located well-drilling sites for Army, 


Navy, and Air Force units par-


ticipating-in Bright Star '85.They id en^ 


tified three well sites, two in Eupt 


anii one in Jor(!an, for tht. cornl~inrd 


joint training exercise involvilig the, 


United States. Egypt, .lordan, 


Somalid, and Oman. 


The team wiil support Euturc 


military operations as \veil as training- 


rx~rcises. It will identify and. develop 


equipnlerit and techniques which ter- 
 -

rain teams and well-drilling units can 

use to detect sobsurfare wakr, accord^ Tony Dardeau and Dwain Butler, Waterways Experiment Station, set rods 

ing to Allan DrU'all, an ETL geologist for an electrical resistivity survey at a potential well site west of Cairo. Team 

who manages the detection team and members and other civilians wore uniforms during Bright Star '85 (Engineer 

served as team 1e;rder for the Bright Topographic Lab photo). 

Star mission. The team \vill be rcady to 

support U.S. forces in emergencies lo~cal factors, analyzing geophysical however, count on wells to provide 

and will also act as a referral service. dab, and making complex technical over 15 percent of the water nccdcd 

Finding groundw;iter is particularly juiigments-tasks \\,liich drilling- for soldiers and equipment deployed in 

iult ill arid regions. Evaluating detachments arc neither trained rlor arid regiuns. Thc water detert.io11 team 

\%-ell sitcs in\~olvrs intcrprct,ing geo- equipped to handic. hlilitary planners. will help drilling crews meet this goal. 

Twa LiqlaP Islfantrv . * .& &_. -d Divlsl~nsReactivate

Two engineer units now support National Guard unit of the Armb's five firepower. The division can deploy 

light infantry divisions reactivated this light infantry divisions. rapidly to trouble spots and sustain 

fall. The 41st Ensneer Battalion, Fort The light division, one of the Ammy's itself for 48 hours anywhere in the 

Drum, NY, is part of the 10th Moun- latest tactical developments, has fewer world. It clears and defends urban areas 

tain Division. The 229th Engineer Bat- troops and less equipment than a stand- or hostile terrain, prodes antitank 

talion, Fredericksburg, VA, supports ard infantry division. It relies more on defense, conducts raids and heliborne 

the 29th Infantry Division-the only agility, stamina, and cunning than on operations, and protects rear areas. 

d a A.
 o or adopted from other sources, please 

contact CPT Leo Fontana, AV 354-3953 

The Lr.S. Army Engineer School is selected for inclusion in the Engineer or write to: Commandant, U.S. Army 

developing automated computer pro- Command and Control and Digital Engineer School, ATTN: ATZA-TEgrams which will aid engineer com- Topographic Support systems. TT, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5331. Your 

mand and control functions. Presently, If your unit is using computer-based programs may he used as a prototype 

engineer tasks are being analyzed and applications authored by unit members for applications Corps-wide. 
-

fl News & Notes

work here," said one soldier from A something that will be here for a lon~ 

Company. "This isn't like building a time. We can take pride in havinc confighting position that we work hard on tributed to it.," he said. (SGTKen Hudarid then have to tear down. This is son, 82nd Airborne) 

"People conre up to me on the street 

alxl ask me what it is a,e're building 

and when we will be finished with it," 

said SGT Mark Dorminey of C Conlpany, 807th Engineer H;rttalion, 82nd 

Airborne 1)ivision. 

'The projert is an ouuiool. amphitheater huilt in South Clilr~p on tlie 

Sinai I'rninsi11:i where soltliers of Task 

Force 1-508 stay whm they aren't 1r:- 

cupying observatiun posts or check 

points. Dorminey and ioiir othcr nim 

lronl C Company are engineers who 

volunteered to be part of the I1.S. battalion currently statii)nerl in the Sinai 

as memhers dthc Multinational Force 

and Ohservers (MFO). 

The amphitheater is used as ;l movie 

theater and stage for thr hands and 

entert;tinmeilt t.ours that visit South 

Canly. The audience sits in the senricircular tiers an11 rlijoys rntertainmf~nt 

in the atmr~sphere of the Red Senjust 

llryond the stage. 'The rough cutting of 

the tiers and stage itrra was done with 

explosives and a t~ulliiuzer, and all fine 

cutting was dr~ne by hand. According 

ti, h,rniiney, "This is b,isic;illg a pi& 

rid shovel joh; we aren't all~~\vrii thc 

luxury uf earthmoving equipmrnt." 

In its early st~ges of construction, 

the project was halted because it was 

I'earczi that the added weight to thc 

shelf of laral olulii muse that arra to 

drop off into the spa, explained 1LT 

Craig I.aEe!lc, a platoon leader from 

the 307th Enginerrs at Fort Bra%, 

NC. "SP4 Kowsey has some land 

surveying experience. Based on his 

survey results and some tests of the 

earth's Cirmnoss in the nroa, ~ve determine11 that the tlrcatrr even with a 

~:apacity croxvii would not he i~azanioi~s,"he said. 

The ensineers uerr assisteri hy a 

squad of infantrymen from onc of the 

line conrpanies that were on a hreilk 

from their sector duties. "We can f~'el a 

sense of accomplinhmcnt from our 

Fiberglass Co.r~erProtects 

Aqainst '_ Aerial. Attack

The fiberglass overhcad cover and easily transported. Future glans 

developeil hy CERL will prutect Arm? incl~ide evaluating other materials and 

fighting positions agdins~ aerial ex- designs that will reduce the structurr's 

plosive rounds. Weapons svstems like weight and size, yet increase its loadthe TOW antimnli weapon irre par- hearing capacity. 

ti~!ularly wlnerahle because they are 

prime targets for enemy fire. 

Four 32-pound corrugated fiberglass 

sections (59 inches i~y 40 inches) are 

fastened together to form a complete 

arch. This forms the nerrssary support 

for a protective layer of ail c~rsand- I . .

. ' 

.m 


i~iigr to shield persi~nnel fronr i 

shrapnrl. The soil-covered arch can he 

enmouflaged for further ymtection. Fiberglass overhead covers provide 

CEKI. researchers designed tlie arch foundations for protective layers of 

so that sectior~s car?he closely stacked soil or sandbags (CERL photo). 

Letter To The Editor 

The article in News and Notes, Engineers Help Feed Hungry 

Children. (Fall, 1985) contains erroneous information in the last 

paragraph. ("This is the firsttime Malian and American soldiers have 

worked together:') 

Prior to 1964, an airborne team (US) trained a Malian parachute 

company. From June 1964 to June 1965. a 20-man team (MTT Y69) 

trained the Malian engineer company in vertical and horizontal 

construction, ordnance and engineer equipment maintenance, surveying, and rock crusher operations. The 2U~man team was replaced 

by a 5-man team in June 1965. 

The mobile training teams were assembled at Fort Rragg, equipped 

at Fort Belvoir, and the liaison officer at that time was MAJ Fred 

Lenoach (CPO Training Officer). 

An additional interesting fact is that MTT Y69 also trained the 

Malian engineers on a light tactical raft on the Niger River at 

Bamako. 

Twenty years ago theroad from Abidjan, Ivory Coast, was partially 

paved (150 miles); and heavy truck traffic was hauling all the importexport materials that could not he hauled by rail from Dakar, Senegal, 

to Ilamako. 

Walter S. Lockard, Chief, 52D10, Department of Military 

Logistics, USAES. 

I 
Past in Review 

Eleventh Engineers ... 

. 	 in Wor1.d.Tiar 1 

by Dr. William C. Baldwin, Historical Division, OCE 

, '' 

- .<, LJ 

Members of Company D, llth 

Engineers (Railway) work near the 

Mense River. They were among the 

first Americans to fight in France 

during World War I (U.S. Army 

photo). 

0n April 6, 1917, the United States 

declared war on Germany and 

entered World War I. Britain and 

France, America's new allies, requested immediate engineering 

assistance in building, maintaining, 

and operating. railroads in France. The 

War 1)epartment responded by quickly 

organizing niue new regiments of 

railway engineers. 

Two months before the outbreak of 

war, the Chief of Engineers, R(; 

Willliam M. Black, had begun forming 

a reserve engineer regiment in New 

York City. Using the slogan. First lo 

Fronre-Join tho Engiwe~s,the First 

Regiment, Reserve Engineers, opened 

its recruiting office in early May and 

soon filled it.? ranks. To a\,oi<l confusion with the First Engineers of the 

regular Army, the War Department 

redesignateri the new unit thr llth 

Engineers in July 1917 and made it the 

first of t,he new railway regiments. The 

present llth Engineer Batallion 

(CBT)(HVY) traces its linage to this 

unit. 

The 11th Engineers (Railway) 

trained at Fort Totten, NY, during 

.June and set sail for Europe on July 

14. l'liree American engineer regiments, in<:luding. the 1 lth, were attached to the British army in Franc?. 

011 s?,~t<~l,,ll,~r :>, l!ll'j, a (~t:rll,>lll ar~

tiilery sI,<,II wour~ricil hvi, sol(liers of 

the 11th En~neers. These engineers 

were the first battle casualties of tile 

American Expeditior~ary Force (AEF) 

in France. 

In mid-November, the regiment 

joined in the British preparations for 

the Cambrai offensive. Amid great 

secrecy, the llth Engineers helped 

move and unload the primitive tanks 

that the British had massed for the offensive. The attack made some gairis 

init,ially, but like most offensives on tile 

Western Front, soon bogged down. 

The llth Engineers supported the 

British advance by building and repairing rail lines. 

On November 30, two and a half 

companies of the llth, along with 

some Canadian engineers, began constructing a rail yard just behind the 

Rritish front lines. Sporadic German 

artillery fire interrupted their work. 

German shelling was routine, but this 

fire suddenly became a barragx of gas 

and artillery shells. 

The officers ordered a withdrawal, 

but the engineers were already caught 

up in a surprise German counterattack. Some hid in dugouts to escape 

t,he shelling and foimd themselves 

trapped behind the German advance. 

Others used tlleir picks arrd shovels to 

fight the advancing infantry. Most of 

the American engineers got back to 

their camp where the rest of the regiment had taken up defensive positions 

to help the British stop tile counterattack. Six of the llth Engineers were 

killed, eleven were wounded, and thir. 

teen were taken prisoner. 

GEN John J. Pershing, rommandrr 

of the AEF. wrote that Camhrai 

deserved special attention hecause "it 

was here that American troops (llth 

Engineers) first participated in active 

fighting." Engineers of the 11th received three Distinguished Service 

Crosses and three British decorations. 

The regiment \vas credited with campaign participation in the Batt,le of 

Camhrai, the first campaign credit 

given to American units in Worl(l 

War I. A quarter of a million 1I.S. 

Army engineers eventually served in 

World War I, hut the men of the 1 lth 

Engineers (Railway) were among the 

first American sokliers to fight in 

France. 

Suggestions for further reading: 

V.T. Boughton. Hislo?ii qj'lhu E1a:pnth 

Engineers. United States Army. 

William Barclay Parsons, 	The Anwriran Engineers in Frrmrr. 
by MG R~chardS. Kern, Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School 

Rapid Modernization: 

The Army Must Answer the Demands of New Technofogy 

All of us have been exposed to the many initiatives 

uhicll our Army continues trl develop in creating a 

force which is the hest equipped and the best trained. 

The primary focus of the rapid modernization is to ensure that our Army is successful in either peace or 

war. 

Our nrission is aniong the most varied and important of any ilranch. To bwarantee that our efforts will 

he fully arid successfully coordinated throuyhout the 

complex Army organization, a special concept has 

heen established. To fulfill that concepl, each hranch 

school commaniian~ has heen designated as the proponent for a numbcr of functions within his hranch 

since the reorganization of the Army in the early 

1970s. 

As t!ommandant of the U.S. Army Engineer Scllool, 

I an) the proponent of the Engineer Branch. As 

hranch proponrnt. I am responsible for the develop- 

~nent of concepts, doctrine, tactics, ter:hniqurs, pro- 

(:edures, organizational designs, material requirements, training programs, training support, personnel requirements, education retluirenrenls, and other 

engineer matters as they pertain to the total Army. 

In addition to the branch proponency, I am the personnel specialty prtqlonent for engineers. Specialty 

proponency from the Army staff agencies was transferred to the fielil by the Army Chief of Staff in 1981. 

It. focuses on coordinating personnel policy 

thror~~hout the Army. The enlire life-cycle issues are 

followed from structure and acquisition to separation. 

My role is to articulate our professional needs which 

consist of a wide spectrum of concerns. Our goal is lo 

have a competent anti professional engineer force and 

provide it with the greatest opportunities for develop 

nient, education, and advancement. 

Although the other specialty proponency issues are 

imporlant, let me concentrate on personnel profes~ 

sional development. This vital issue affects all of us 

throughout our careers. Requirements are con tin^ 

uously developed t,hroughoul our careers to ensure 

that the necessary skills are identified and will he attained when needed. Training and education requirements are analyied with regard to assignment 

priorities; patterns of professional developnient are 

established for our career fields (officer, warrant officer, and enlisted); and qualification standards are 

reviewed and estahlished for each of our specialties. 

Likewise, functional area and special skill requirements are identified. 

Currently. we are working on a number of significant engineer professional development issues. The 

Total Warrant Officer Study (TN'OS), the Enlisted 

Personnel Management System (EPMS) Review, and 

the Officer Personnel Management System (OPMS) 

Review are examples of ongoing personnel policy actions which will affect us all. 

In addition, the Army must answer the demands of 

new technology. This occurs at a time of extensive 

force modernization. We must maintain an active role 

in obtaining the best qualified individuals and sustaining our professional force through trairiing and 

education. Engineers have always ext:ellrd in 

technical and decision-making skills. We must ensure 

that we continue to provide the opportunities for 

future developments. 

I hasten to add that leadership skills are cultivated 

and exercised as an integral portion of professional 

development. Historically, the Corps has provided the 

Army with capable leaders who have met the 

challenge in both peace and war. Certainly we must 

never forget the important role we play in the Army 

and the nation as we continue to develop officers, 

NCOs, and civilians who can meet the challenge. 

As you know, this is the Army's year of leadership. I 

believe that, as never before, the engineers have rnajor roles in leadership both within and outside the 

Corps. Ours is a branch of unique opportunities, and 

we are working hard to maintain our lead by pursuing 

proponency issues. Essayons! 
RRIBGE THE GPb~ 

by CSM Charles T. Tucker, U.S. Army Engineer Center & School 

Professionalism: 

An NC8's Viewpoint 

Professionalism. We always hear the term, but 

what does it mean really? 

Professionalism means unlque. It means special 

talent. It means pride in yourself, your work, and 

your troops, and dedication to the same. 

Professionalism means you are better at your job 

than anyone else, but you share your knowledge. It 

means you are an expert, an artist, and a specialist. It 

means you are never satisfied with the status quo. 

You have pride in what you do, but try to do it better. 

You have pride in your troops, but try to make them 

better. You have pride in your unit, hut strive to improve it. 

A professional is that drill sergeant you despised at 

boot camp, yet you came to respect and admire. In 

fact, you tried to outdo him. Nothing he could do or 

say could break you. No challenge he gave could stop 

you. Before you knew it, he made you a soldier. 

Professionalism means duty before self. It means 

putting your soldiers before yourself. It means putting your leaders before yourself. It means putting 

your unit before yourself. It means refusing to enter 

the chow line until every one of your soldiers has been 

served first. It means you are willing to die for those 

troops and, perhaps, they are willing to die for you. 

It's that platoon sergeant at Vietnam who went back 

through the jungle to look for you when you were 

separated from your unit. It's that private manning 

the perimeter who dies protecting his unit. 

A professional is the squad leader who kept his composure when your platoon was ambushed. He feared 

the battlefield, but overcame that fear. He did not 

leave soldiers to die, but risked himself to save them. 

He knew how to fight, but knew when to stop. When 

hope was gone, he hoped. When all was lost, he found 

answers. 

Professionalism means integrity and loyalty -to 

yourself, to your leaders, and to your troops. It means 

stepping forward when your troops fail, but stepping 

aside when they shine. It means adopting a code of 

ethics and sticking by it when others don't. 

A professional knows when to push and knows 

when to comfort. He knows when to act and knows 

when to watch. He knows when to lead and knows 

when to follow. He knows when to work and knows 

when to joke. He enjoys his work and so do his troops. 

His enthusiasm is contagious. He sparks drive, intensity, and determination. He is renowned, yet removed. 

A professional is that first sergeant who worked 

nights and weekends to finish the paperwork so you 

could get your award. But he's the same first 

sergeant who denied you a weekend pass when you 

failed a barracks inspection. He's the platoon 

sergeant who attended night school to further his 

education and, at the same time, helped you to study 

for your high school diploma. But he's the same platoon sergeant who put you on 30 days extra duty 

when you missed a formation. 

A professional accepts criticism. He admits his 

faults, yet strives to erase them-and does. He offers 

criticism, but offers it soundly, tactfully, and intelligently. He shows you your faults, but compliments your strengths. He tells you when you're 

wrong, but takes the time to tell you when you're 

right. 

A professional sets goals-challenging goals. He's 

that platoon sergeant who challenged you to your 

limit; yet when you reached it, you found you could do 

better. He told you to build that bridge in 30 minutes, 

yet you did it in 20 minutes (under MOPP IV conditions). 

A professional accepts himself, knows his troops, 

and studies his enemy. He's the engineer who continues forward when everyone else stalls, yet he 

clears the way and assures their progress during the 

attack. He is confident and optimistic. He will outdo 

his troops and strive to better his leaders. He's that 

battalion command sergeant major everyone calls 

"Pops," yet he runs circles around you on the PT 

track. 

Professionalism. What is it? 

It's duty, honor, country-all of the time. Professionalism is an NCO-a soldier, an engineer. Work at 

it. 
School News 


Directorate of 


Training and Doctrine (DOTD) 


Plumbing C'ourse The 5lKlO Plumbing Special~st Course has been revised to enhance 

Ke~ised: performance-oriented trarn~ng and provide a greater challenge to the 

student. 

Each soldier is now required to construct a complete plumbing system 

from a given construction plan. This is done in four phases using the 

same work station for each phase of construction. Prev~ously, the phases 

were performed in different work areas. Upon completion of the system, 

the soldier will understand how the quality of work done on each phase 

affects the completed system. 

The course is taught in the new Rrown Hall vertical skills building at 

Fort Leonard Wood. MO. 

liC 3-104-1, Airfield Ai'ryi~ldDn7nilja Rep~air(Fm~:am~nl Rcpni~li,a joint Arn~y-Air Force 

I)amage Repair: publication, was distributed in October 1985. The E'ielii Circular (FC 

5-104-1) is a user's manna1 for tht, field. It ~ives U.S. Air Force techniques for emergency repair and 1.r.S. Arniy techniques for \vork that 

goes beyond emergency repair. 

The point of contact for morc infornialir~n is chief of Roads and Airfields Rrancli, 1)cpartmcnt of Military Engineering. AV 351-2525. 

Defense Mapping School (DMS) 

Training The Defense Mapping School has converteti Room "ORA, Wheelt:r 

Hall, into ii high-tech computer center by installing two APPS IVs 

(Analytical I.?hotoglarnnietric Positioning System), ;I hiph-resolutiotl 

graphic display system, :I po\verCul VAX 111750 minicornpuler, and comprehensive softw;tre. 

The Department of Topographic Sciences will bc using the APPS IV to 

train Rapiti Strike Planning System (KSPS) opc!r;ators in support of the 

Tomahawk cruise missile progrtam. This APPS IV trzdning package 

allows DMS instructors and sindents to work with modern hightechnology systems. 

The first two-week AI'PS IV operators course was completed by 

students in August. Upon graduation from this course, students will continue their RSPS training at, other locations and then serve a tour at one 

of the theater mission planning cent,crs wtiich c:ontrol tht: Tomahawk 

rruise missiles. 
Department of 


Military Engineering (DME) 


Scatterable Minefield Several requests have come to the Engineer School from field units 

regarding scatterable minefield requirement estimations. J 5-102, E.;siim;tt.i~n~: Cr,unle,mobilitv, Appendix D, gives a yuick method of detern~iningthe 

numher of mines/rounds for ADAM. RAAhIS, GEMSS, ancl M5G 

systen~s. 

A simplified (slep-by-step) method fur determining scatteriihle 

minefield requirements estimations is given in thc Enyinci-r Olficrr.'.~ 

Hor~dhool;,fbrScatternhlr map S?istems. 'This handhoc~k can he ot~lilincsti 

'r~y sending a written request lo: Department of Military Engineering, 

ATTN: ATZA-TE-FE, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5331. 1'OC is (:F1'I' 

Ronald Young, (703)fi6.i-3411, AV :%ti. 

Math I'retcst for Before attending the MOS 12H (comlrat engineer) KNC:OC. ;ill sol(licrs 

KKCOC: must, pass ;i two-$,art math pretest. Since it 11'armc. mand:iti~ry iir 

.January, the r~rrtcst and basic skills edr~(:xtion program (I$SI.:P-11) have 

reduced the number of academic failures in the course. 

The pretest consists of a commcrn portion CIS35 cluc.sli<~nsirriii u 12B 

portion (1140 cluestions that evaluate the soldier's ahility in I O niath skills 

essential to the course. If a soldier misses t\iro of four q~~estions in a 

piven math skill, he will have t.o use thc RSRP-I1 modulr, for that skill. 

A soldier may fail up to three hlocks in tlir cclnlnlon portion and oiic 

t~lockill tlie 12K portion without retaking tho rntirc, csxani. He must 

rctakc the blocks lie missed. All soldiers must pass thc math i~retest 

hefore attencling HNCO(:. 

Tlir rnath pretest is available for roview 11y the cah:iin of cornrn:ind (&7 

;m(i ah(1vc) at local etluration cmc'nt.c'rs. 

Department of 

Combined Arms (DCA) 

Topographic l'o fully integrate topogrixphic operations ~vittrdepartnient initrucInstructor: tion, a topographic instructorlwriter has heen assigned to the Department of Comtrinc~i Arms. 

Presently teaching map availability and terrain analysis to EOAC 

sludents, the instructor will be evaluatirig existing programs of inslruction (POI) to st!(?where topographic operations call Ire iriciurieti. To this 

end, input from the field is desired an11 may he sent. to: (:onimaniler, 11,s. 

Army Engineer School, AWN: ATZA-TC-T (CPT 1)aviii ,Tones), Fort 

Belvoir, VA 22060-534 1. CPT Jones car] be reachcii at (703)664-211863, 

AV 354. 
School "dews 


Department of 


Combined Arms (continued) 


I , 1 : iit.;~.~tt~i~-~ DCA has produced and distributed two publications during the last 

quarter to update engineer doctrine. Training Circular (TC) 90-13-1, 1 -r>fi:.!$,..:

... , 	 Deliberate River Crossing Plunning, is designed as a guide for engineer 

planners in division level deliberate river-crossing operations. 

Field Circular (FC) 5-100, The B~igadeITask Force Engineer, 

establishes doctrine on the employment of the brigade engineer section 

and the task force engineer. It lays down the functions and responsibilities of the brigade engineer and the task force engineer and contains sufficient. detail on how they operate to guide development. of 

standing operating procedures. 

Reserve Component Advisory 

Staff (RCS) 

12 ... ~..-.3.,,.c~,f 	 The Reserve Components Advisory Office at the U.S. Army Engineer ,.+..st' ~I~?~J~IF~I~.~T:.! 

School is staffed with an ARXG advisor, LTC John B. Cunningham Jr.. 

,*. cj: i 51!>.s: 	 and a USAR advisor, LTC James W. Shoff 11.They advise the Comrnandant and his staff on Reserve Component (RC) mattcrs and act as POC 

for RC members. The phone numbers for their office are: 1-800-336-3095 

(extensions 41661443415921), commercial (703) 664-4166, AV 354. 

The Engineer Officer Advanced Course for Reserve Components 

(EOAC-RC) consists of seven two-week modules. Officers attending the 

course should report on Sunday for classes beginning on Monday. 

Uniform for the classes is BDIJs. Quotas for EOAC-RC must he obtained 

from ARPERCEN. Engineer Branch, for USAR officers and through 

channels to National Guard Bureau for ARNG officers. The Reserve 

Component advisors at the Engineer School have no cc~~trol over

quotas, nor do they issue them. 

The 2071st USAR School, Owings Mills, MD, will conduct the ADT 

Phases of EOAC (Phases 11. IV, VI, and IA) at Fort Belvoir between 

June I and June 13, 1986. 
Class Module Report Date Avallabllity Date 

1-86 27 OCT 85 15 FEB 86 Class Module Report Date Availability Date 

1 27 OCT 85 9 NOV 85 8~86 20 JUL 86 25 OCT 86 


2 11 NOV85 23 NOV 85 


3 24 NOV 85 7 DEC 85 1 20 JUL 86 2 AUG 86 


4 8 DEC 85 21 DEC 85 2 3 AUG 86 16 AUG 86 


5 5 JAN 86 18 JAN 86 3 17 AUG 86 30 AUG 86 


6 20 JAN 86 1 FEB 86 4 1 SEP 86 13 SEP 86 


7 2 FEB 86 15 FEB 86 5 14 SEP 86 27 SEP 86 


2-86 8 DEC 85 29 MAR 86 6 28 SEP 86 11 OCT 86 


7 13 OCT 86 25 OCT 86 


I 8 DEC 85 21 DEC 85 


2 5 JAN 86 I8 JAN 86 9-86 1 SEP 86 6 DEC 86 


3 20 JAN 86 1 FEE 86 


4 2 FEB 86 15 FEB 86 1 1 SEP 86 13 SEP 86 


5 17 FEB 86 1 MAR 86 2 14 SEP 86 27 SEP 86 


6 2 MAR 86 15 MAR 86 3 28 SEP 86 11 OCT 86 


7 16 MAR 86 29 MAR 86 4 13 OCT 86 25 OCT 86 


3~86 2 FEB 86 10 MAY 86 5 26 OCT 86 8 NOV 86 


6 9 NOV 86 22 NOV 86 


1 2 FEB 86 15 FEE 86 7 23 NOV 86 6 NOV 86 


2 I7 FEB 86 I MAR 86 


3 2 MAR 86 15 MAR 86 


4 16 MAR 86 29 MAR 86 


5 30 MAR 86 12 APR 86 
 I 


6 13 APR 86 26 APR 86 


7 27 APR 86 10 MAY 86 
 I 


16 MAR 86 21 JUN 86 


Class Report Date Avallablllty Date 


Class Report Date Graduatton Oate 


16 MAR 86 29 MAR 86 


30 MAR 86 12 APR 86 1.86 24 OCT 85 1 APR 86 


13 APR 86 26 APR 86 2.86 5 DEC 85 13 MAY 86 


27 APR 86 10 MAY 86 3-86 30 JAN 86 24 JUN 86 


11 MAY 86 24 MAY 86 4~86 13 MAR 86 5 AUG 86 


26 MAY 86 7!UN 86 586 24 APR 86 16 SEP 86 


8 JUN 86 21 JUN 86 6~86 24 APR 86 16 SEP 86 


7~86 5 JUN 86 28 OCT 86 


27 APR 86 2 AUG 86 8~86 17 JUL 86 9 DEC 86 


27 APR 86 10 MAY 86 9~86 28 AUG 86 3 FEB 87 


11 MAY 86 24 MAY 86 


26 MAY 86 7 JUN 86 


8 JUN 86 21 JUN 86 


22 JUN 86 4 JUL 86 


6 JUL 86 19 JUL 86 


20 JUL 86 2 AUG 86 


8 JUN 86 13 SEP 86 


1-86 20 OCl 85 24 FEB 86 


8 JUN 86 21 JUN 86 2~86 5 JAN 86 6 MAY 86 


22 JUN 86 4 JUL 86 1-86[RC) 5 !AN 86 5 MAR 86 


6 JUL 86 19 JUL 86 3-86 9 FEE 86 10 JUN 86 


20 JUL 86 

2 AUG 86 4-86 16 MAR 86 15 JUL 86 


3 RUG 86 16 AUG 86 5-86 27 MAY 86 26 SEP 86 


17 AUG 86 30 AUG 86 286 (RC) 27 MAY 86 23 JUL 86 


1 SEP 86 13 SEP 86 6-86 13 JUL 86 12 NOV 86 


7~86 12 AUG 86 11 DEC 86
 1 8~86 28 SEP 86 13 FEE 87 


EN(;iUEEH.'M':nter I9K-'iij 1 L 
A New Rope to Climb 

by CPT Michael J. Grove 

7hc UH-1H hanks hard to the 

right and arrelerates down the 

final approach along the 

shoreline. As the but1,erflics 

hegin to surface, the soldier 

receives the signal to unhook the 

safety belt and prepare to execute. The helicopter lurcl~es as 

the speed decreases. 

The soldier pushes the 

rucksack out and follows it to 

the nater's surface. After 

recoverinp from the impact of 

the water, the liphtfighter pulls 

his rucksack to the shore and 

prepares to move out on his combat mission. A scene from ranger 

school? No. It is the Sapper 

Leader Course for the members 

~rf the nc~vly formed or newly 

forming light engineer hattalions. 

T he helocaqt~ng operation just . : ' descr~bed IS one of the many 

exciting and demanding blocks of 

training. The Sapper Leader Course 

was conceived to prepare members of 

the new light erigilieer battalions to 

better support their new light infantry 

divisions. The course is divided into 

four phases: the confidence phase. tile 

engineering phase. the hattle drill 

phase, and the situational training ex. 

ercise phase. 

Synrl)olic (if the ci,umc ws thc 

20~fi1otrope tl111t tiling in the 1,;irr;vks 

arc:^, l'lri? (ll)stacle was nc.gotiated 

heful.i t~~,c,akf,?st, lunc11.tinil dinner. It 

re(rrrscntrd the iiiffirulty of tile course 

;mi I~ecarne a symbol of the strength 

n.~u.ould gain and the tram hrlilding 

we wl~ulii undcr~o. At the tit~@nnilr~ .-of

tile i,oilrsc. little nii~rt. tlrxn half iif thr 

sturlmts roul~i negoliatc tlie ropr all 

tlrr \<,a>-to tile ti)ji. Students failed For 

?ritical to liglrt fi)ri,es. T)11ri11g this 

~)hase the stliiir!rits learrre(l mai prac 

ticeii r ~ n heli>c;~sting. , 

hrliciiptc'r rapprlli~ig, hand-tr>-li;~n,i 

combat, and KI<-13 rni~vcnierlt. 'l'hr, diffirulty of the. course a.as inerr7aserl h! 

tlre severe hr;it an0 hurni~iity of .July at 

Fort 1,zonard L\:i,i~iI. MO, tlir 11omr of 

the Snpper Le;~(irr (:orirst:. 

Thc confii1ent.e phasr also [)ri)\-i<it.d 

training on linth ln-tih: ;III~ 

bayonet Fighting. The \yay the cadre 

handled these hlr~<,l(s of instruction iniiirated the &~ri,frssionalism ant1 iiinovation that. made the courst! pl~rli H 

worthwhile expt~rienrr. Illst(~ad of 

stnrtilig from thr twsics. they took <,Sf 

from our levels attained at the Rites (IF 

p,.rss,rgr .., Goome ci~r~ilurtcdat Furt 

Ord. CA. The Saprler 1.raiii.r Course 

ciidrr taught us kicks, punches, strcvt 

fighting ;in<! rrtlicr trirks pirlicd up 

rroln ri~llectivc experience in rnriaer 

several rt.nsiins: lai.1.: ol' ulq~er~hirliy l~atialions, special forcc~s. and other 

strol~,tl~. iml~roljrr techniilur. or fear units. The \\.a? they rrrateil us an<i

of I!eiahts. AS th~ i,otirsC ~~r~~rcssrd. 

our i:lass nent C:rrthvr 2nd fartlher up 

tllc rope.. 

During t.!ie cirnfirienvc~ phase. 

~>hysiealtraitiirig was strcssrd as \\-ell 

;is other confi(ii,nci! building skills 

Expedient poncho rafting trains soldiers for 

engineer missions in hostile environments. In 

the light infantry, engineers will take to war 

what they can carry on their backs (photo by 

Steve Gaynor). 
The 28-day Sapper Leader Course 

stresses physical stamina, technical 

expertise, and troop leading skills 

under simulated combat conditions 

(photo by Steve Gaynor). 

1 gave us more than the. basics made us v. vell loiider, throw harder, and feel more special-another foot up the 

rope. 

Instrurtii~n on rappelling was both a 

great wnfidence builder and a valuahle 

movenient tool for light forces. Several 

classes were g.iven on hliddy rappelling, litter rappelling, xtrd helicopter 

rappelling. It was the first time that 

manv students had used these advanced techniques. One NCO insisted 

he coulii not do the buddy rappel, but 

tlie cadre refused to let hinr fail. With 

the entire class at the bottom of tlie 

rliff screaming encouragement, the instructors skilifillly t;i!ked the student 

diiivn the rope and then made hint iio it 

on Iris own to stairdard. He was ob 

vir~usly still terrified, but we as a unit 

were stronger hec:tuse he had con^ 

quered his fears and learned an important technique in casualty cvacuatiiin. 

One of the most exciting days was insertion training at the Lake of Lht. 

Ozarks. In the morning the students 

~articinated in several helicooter ran^ 

pels, and in tlie afternoon earh man 

performed at least four helocasts. For 

individuals who were not strong swimmers and afraid of heights, this was a 

double horror show. These soldiers 

getting ready to board the helicopters 

were portraits of fear; hut after the 

first jump into the water, the war 

stories were flyit~g hot and heavy and 

people were running hack from the 

beach to jump again. The day ended 

with KB-15 training, and the class was 

ready for the engineering phaseanother foot up the rope. 

The engineering phase provided 

denlolitions training that was extetrsive anii extremely valiiahlc. The in^ 

structors from the Sapper Leader 

Course had attended the special forces 

denrolitions course and hrought back 

much information. The tu,o most 

u:orthwhile concepts were the cherrx 

knot and the dual iietonatii~g assembly. 

The advantages of these techniques 

are that they significantly reduce tilt 

time it takes to set up a complete firing 

system and they enahle ;isolrlier ti, set 

up a firing systen~ safely and cluickly in 

complete darkness. 

We used these techniques on a night 

mission where the patrol moved down 

a streanr using poncho rafts. TYlren the 

demolitions team reached the target, a 

k~ri~i~e. all tlrrv had to do was nlace the 

charges, attach them to a ring main hy 

pulling the running end of ttie cherry 

knot, and attach the dual detonating 

assetnbly with a square knot. Safc, 

sirnple, and effective. Considering the 

importance of night operations ti] lighl 

forces, this knowledge is invaluable. 

We also learned about several 

special-purpose charges: platter. 

satchel, simp dish, and dust initiator 

charges. We got hands-on experience 

with each. 

Mo~~ntaineeringu-as also given 

special attention. Expert instructors 

gave extensive rigging and climbing 

classes that will be extremel? 

beneficial to the liglrt engineer. Soni? 

of the NCOs who had problems u.it!~ 

rappelling did extremely well climbing, 

and the soldier that had difficulty u,itli 

the buddy rappel went riglht up the 

moulitaiir. We also discovered that 

svme nr~,untirineering equipnient c;%n 

be adapted to other tecllniques th:it 

will help us and the division heconle 

]nore mobile. 

Air assault oper;%tions were covereii. 

We did extetisive work with preparing 

and hooking up sling loads, aerial 

resupply, and helicopter inscrtions. 

Team building was hecoming more evident as the two air assault ci~rj)orals in 

the class shared their skills. Tl~e fact 

that the corrlorals voll~nteereii their 
expertise was not earth-shaking, but 

the fact that everyone else was eager 

to listen showed the unifying effcct 

that the course was having. The actual 

hooking of a sling load was a unique 

and valuahie experience that provided 

still more war stories. Imagine what 

the pilot of the helicoptt:r thought 

when one of the students wanted to cut 

the sling load and gave the pil~~t the 

patrolling hand and arrn signal for 

danger area ahead. 

Lire receiveti extensive instruction on 

patrolling techniques during the course 

and incorporated them into all facets 

of training. Troop leading procedures 

were stressed as each hands-on portion 

of the training was conducted on a mission basis. The patrolling classes were 

given in a field setting by fornrer 

members of the ranger battalions with 

empliasis on walk-throughs and practical exercises. Besides the patrolling 

tecliniques, the a~urse provided ;in excellent preparation for light force 

operations hecause we moveti alniost 

always on foot. IVith this phase behind 

us, u-e were prepared for the next fo<~t 

of the rope, the battle drill phase. 

During the hattle drill phase, the instructors concentrated on training to 

standards. performed each of 16 

tasks to a set of drill standards; if we 

didn't perform a task properly, we 

u.oi~ld do it again. The drills range11 

from neutralizing a hunker to crossing 

a danger area. This phase um 

physically challenging as wr found out, 

on the first night when we got 40 

minutes of sleep in the patrol base 

before stand to. 

The drills accomplished several 

things. First, they established a standard way to perform 16 combatessential tasks s~ the unit increases its 

combat pvwer and its ability to work 

comfortahly with different maneuver 

units. Another benefit of tht? drills was 

that they helped in team building, as 

each member of the patrol had to count 

on every other man to perform his job. 

You could feel the bonds of loyalty and 

respect being formed. 

An example of this is how the 

soldiers calne together for tlic onerope hridge drill. Throughoi~t the 

course, the strong swimmers had been 

looking out for the weak swimmers; 

this bond gave the weak swimmers the 

confidence to cross the rivczr. Evm one 

soldier rescued by thc far shore 

lifeguard on an earlier operation \;as 
confident making the crossing because 

of his faith in himself and his fellow 

students. One more foot up the rope. 

arid we were on to tlie STX phase. 

According tn COL Mike Malone, we 

took the m;iii Crom tlie confidence 

phase, added the skiils from the 

engineering phase, and combine(i them 

to drill during the battle drill phases. 

The final STX put everything together 

into a 72-hour exercise that served 

both as a review and a final exam. 

After three days of loot pounding. 

raiding supply points, and blowing 

ahatis, we found the final truck movenient was a joyous occasion. The class 

had reached the top of the rope and 

was very proud to he there. The 

minute we hit the barracks, the war 

stories came out from all corners, 

orders for Sapper Leader T-shirts 

wen1 in, and we all felt a deep sense of 

accomplishment. 

However trite it may sound, the 

course actually has something for 

everyone. The engineering phase hail 

something new for almost everyone; 

and the patrolling instruction set the 

same stzndards for all, from the 

ranger-qualified to the brand new rorporals. A perfect example of the team 

building encountered was the 

camaraderie formed with the rroncom~ 

bat engineers who went through the 

course. The members of the 

assaultharrier platoon, mostly heavy 

equipment operators, not only cornpleted the course, but they performed 

all tasks in an outstanding manner. 

Although some had prior experience in 

12R tasks, their main attributes were 

physical fitness and a desire to micceed. 

The seeds of the Sapper 1,eader 

Course have taken root. Members of 

the assaultlharrier platoon are teaching tlie HHC hantl-to-hand conii~at. 

Several XCOs are teaching the infantry demolition techniques. Sappcr 

Leader cadence rings out during company runs 

The Sapper Leader Course was 

Army training at its finest. The Army 

generated a special training requirement for light engineers and developed 

a program that gave worthwhile training to fulfill the requirement. For 

many of the NCOs, the course was the 

opportunity for a chain of command to 

refine small unit leadership techniques 

in a physically demanding environment. It is a challenge for engineers of 

. . . . other materials a~ailahle to enginel irs operating on foot (photo by Steve 

Gaynor). 

all backgrounds that should not he mandw o/'C Ompanu. 13th Engineer 

missed. The Army Lave the light Battalion (11 Fort Ord, CA. He Tons (.he 

engineers a rope to climb; and the Sap- sfudrm' OIC cf!ffhe.firslcerl(jiei1 class of 

per Leader Course gave them the the Sappcr Lender Coi~t..se ui Fort 

strength, technical knowlni~e, and Lemwrd IVood, MO. C'PT Grow is (L 

desire to get to the top. Sappers . . . gmduatr ?/' the U.S. Arm?/ nirhrmi? 

lead the way! nnd rr~n.qer courses sand has n deeqee,in 

mgineering .fimrr the V.S. Mil%ln~yj 

CPT Michnrl J. Gror:e is ihc cow Acodemy. 

. 

Units wishing to attend the Sapper Leader Course must submit requests 

through their appropriate MACOM to TRADOC for approval. For more 

information, the POC at Fort Leonard Wood is CPT Matthew Bogart. AV 

581-3195. At Fort Belvoir. call CPT David Depastina or Donita McGeary. AV 

354-2684. 
sapper according to The Oxford , . . . nqksh Dzctconary, is "a soldier 

employed in working at saps, the 

building and repairing of fortifications, 

the execution of field-works, and the 

like." The same dictionary states that 

the u'ord nap may mean "the process of 

undermining a wall or defensive 

work," "the process of constructing 

covered trenches in order to approach 

a besieged place without danger from 

the enemy's fire," or "a covered trench 

made for the purpose of approaching a 

besieged place under the fire of the 

garrison." 

The English word sup was used in 

this military sense as early as 1591 by 

an English amhassador to the French 

court u.ho was reporting on the siege 

of Rouen during the French wars of 

religion. The ambassador spelled the 

word zuppe and sn.ppe after the Italian 

and French words from which it tlerived. Although the Italian word zappa 

had long been used to denote a garden 

hoe, it was first applied to a military 

trench early in the sixteenth century. 

The art of military engineering 

changed rapidly after gunpowder was 

introduced into European warfare in 

the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 

Before that time, armies could atk~ck 

Europe's forts and fortified cities 

either by storming the walls or by 

denying provisions to the defenders 

through a lengthy siege. 

Sixteenth-century commanders 

discovered that they could have 

trenches or tunnels dug to the walls of 

a fort and there emplace large ex^ 

plosive charges that would destroy 

those walls. As European manufacturers developed heavy bronze and 

cast-iron artillery pieces, commanders 

gradually began using trenches to 

bring their big guns within range of the 

besieged fort without exposing them to 

direct fire from the emplaced batteries 

of the fort. The trenches used for mining or advancing artillery were called 

maps, and the men who dug them 

became known as sappers. The men 

who placed the explosive mines under 

the walls of fortifications were called 

miners. 

by Dr. Charles Hendricks 

Historical Division, OCE 

'The illustration is L'romA;Wanualof 

Seigeevaft and Fortificalion by 

Srl,astirn 1,ePrt.strt. de Vauban, 

Copyright 19(iX, The University Of 

Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 

The French army in 1679 created the 

first permanent company of miners in 

Europe, more than a century and a 

half after explosive mines had been introduced into the warfare of that continent. Although initially organized 

under engineer officers, the French 

army's companies of miners were subsequently placed under artillery conimand. In 1720 a squadron of sappers 

and miners led by a sergeant was incorporated into each of the 40 companies of the French Royal Artillery 

Regiment. The squadron of sappers 

and miners comprised 27 men in each 

84-man company. The sappers were 

placed in a separate company in each 

of the five battalions of this regiment 

in 1729. 

The French army removed the sapper companies from its artillery regiment in 1758 and made them separate 

companies. They were placed under 

the Corps of Engineers in May 1759, 

hut returned to the Artillery Corps in 

1760. In 1776 a company of sappers 

was again added to each battalion of 

the Royal Artillery Regiment. In short, 

while sapper organization varied considerably in the French army during 

the eighteenth century, the sappers 

were normally under artillery command, although they might he given 

engineer direction during actual siege 

operations. 

In the eighteenth-century French 

army, engineer officers did not normally command troop units. The 

French engineer captain Philippe 

Maigret complained about this as early 

as 1726, arguing that "engineers are 

the natural officers of workmen." He 

concluded that sauuers . . and miners

ought to be placed under engineer command in peacetime to develop the skills 

that they would need to employ during 

a siege. Maigret's arguments did not 

prevail in the eighteenth century 

French army, hut many French 

engineer officers accepted them. 

During the American Revolution, the 

Continental Congress named the 

French engineer officer Louis Duportail as commandant of the Continental 

Army's Corps of Enpjneers. Drawing 

on his French experience, Duportail in 

1778 proposed and Congress authorized the creation of three companies of 

sappers and miners to provide experience in military engineering to 

American soldiers and officers. The 

American companies of sappers and 

miners were organized irr 1780 and 

served under engineer direction until 

1783. 

When the first engineer troop units 

were subsequently organized in the 

U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, Congress gave them names that included 

the words suppers and miners. Thus 

the company of Bombardiers, Sappers, 

and Miners was organized in 1812 and 

served until 1821. A new company of 

Sappers, Miners, and Pontoniers was 

organized in 1846 and served under 

that name-notably in Mexico, at 

West Point. and in the American 

West-until 1861. The latter company 

is still perpetuated by the 1st Engineer 

Battalion. During World War I, divisional engineer regiments were referred to as sappcr regiments. Thus by 

the twentieth century, the word sapper 

had gradually assumed a more diffuse 

meaning as an engineer soldier without specific connotations of trench 

building. 

Dr. Chmrbs Hendr-icks is a hislorilzn 

with the Historical Division, Oflice of 

the Chiql' o.f Enginears. He has also 

worked at the U.S.Amny Center qf 

~Mzlitarg Hi.~tor?/.He receioed his 

hachalori, degree Jroni Columbia 

C'ni?:ersity and hi* PhU from Cornell 

(hi7:emity. 
Thc Technological Enrichment pro^ 

gram (TEP) offers ne~:lycomniissioneii seci~niilieutenants ;In opportunity tr) earn master's degrees in 

enrerging tcclinologles at prestigi,.ius 

colleges and universities. The TEI' 

students arc> on active duty and tlra~v 

fall pay and allowances. The Arm)- also 

pays for their tuition, fees. booI<s,ail(i 

supplies. After graduation, TEP of^ 

ficers are awarded a furrctional area 

arlii serve consecutive utiliz;ition tours. 

I\lost TEP officers car1 expect hrairrh~ 

ing in the engineer, si~nal.or ordnanrc 

(:orlis Upon gra~iuati<~ll. TEE' officers 

have a three-for-onr iictive duty srr.i.-

ice obli~ation(AUSO), not to exceed 

six years. 

The TEP selectii~nt,i,;rrii ineets earh 

Kovemher and can selc7ct up to 30 1,;irticipaiits. Seventeen second 

lieutenants enlereii gradr~ate pro^ 

!rams as TEP-sponsored students in

FY 84; 30 in I:\' 85. For FY 86, thr 

TEf' selection h<,arii will consider aF,-

11licantsf<,rgr;lduatr programs in the 

f!,llo\ving fields: 

Artificial intelligence 

ril1PS-errginreri~ig

.Astrr~(lyi~amics 

Chenlical en~i~~eerirrl?. 

Composite mati,ri;ils 

Cornpiiter science 

.Electrical en~incering 

Electrrrnic engir1r:ering 

.I~ldustriiriengineering 

Instructional tecllnoloiy (ri~niliutt'rt,irse(i instruction)

.!vle~1Ilurgy 

Operatioils research sysli.ms :III;IIL 

pis (ORS.4) 

Physics 

Kot;otics (;~utoni;iteii rn>rnuf;ictnring) 

Who ((ualifies:' 

Participants nlay he: 

Senior KOTC cadets grailrrating 

daring spring commencement. 

by 

MAJ Richard J. Treharne 

Senior lieutenants graduating in 

spring who were conirniusir~nrii 

under the early cornn~issinningpro^ 

gram and can be brought to active 

i1uty. - Officer candidates assigned to tire 

5th Student Battalion (OCS). Fort 

Renning. GA. 

Applicants must have a l,;ii.t:rlor's 

degree and at lrast a B glxiie point 

average. They must hi, conrrnissio~red 

on active iint; 1,efore ;itrenilin!: 

graduate school. 

A~~II? 

Applicants stiould appl) for TEP on 

IIA Fornr 1618-R. The forn: rrlust l)e 

i'or~vardedtlirougli ttitlir professor of 

niilitary science or conlmander of tire 

5th Student HatLilion (OCS) Lo: C(,mmander, MII,PERCEN (DAPC-OP:jE),200 Stovall Street, Alexandria. VA 

22332-0400, nit11 the fi;lioi\in~ 

enclosures: 

A copy of their undergraduate and 

any graduate level transcripts. 

A narrative addressing their career 

intentions, desires, and qualifications for TEP participation. 

The names of colleges and universities where the applicant has applied or has heen accepted for 

graduate school. 

Applications are endorsed forward 

by the professor of military science or 

the 5th Student Battalion (OCS) commander. The endorsement must include the ROTC cadet's summer camp 

results (TRADOC Form 958) or the officer candidate's standing on the order 

of merit list and distinguished military 

graduate status. 

The selection board will determine 

appropriate institutions and fields of 

study for all officers selected. Individuals who are chosen must gain admission to their designated graduate 

program in time to begin their studies 

in the FY of selection. The Army is 

only interested in sending students to 

premier institutions for the selected 

field of study. Applicants should not 

view TEP solely as a means to stay at 

their undergraduate institution or remain near friends and family. 

After commissioning and spring 

commencement, TEP officers attend 

the. Officer Basic Course, then 

graduate school. Following graduate 

school, they complete an initial fouryear utilization tour, the Officer Advanced Course, and a second utilization tour. Tliev are considered for doctoral programs following the second 

utilization tour and then serve consecutive ~~tilizationassignments for the 

duration of their careers. Most 

assignments are within the Army 

Materiel Command, the Corps of 

Engineers, and the Training arid Doctrine Command. 

TEP is governed by AR 621.1, 

Training of Military Personnel, (it 

Civilinn Institutions. Additional in for^ 

mation can be obtained by writing 

Commander. MILPERCEN (DAPC~ 

OPA-E) or by calling (202) 325d101, 

AV 221. 

MAJ Richard J. Trehnrne (:nrrintly 

serves as the cicilim education qrjicer 

in OPMD, MILPEKCEAr. He is rr 

griiduntc of the FAOAC and the Command and Stalf College. He hos n 

baehelor'r degree from Iowa State 

L'nii~ersity in i?~dust%aladministration and an MBA .ii.om Cr~m,pbell 

University. 
ILT \\ dtcr Andersen reviews thousands of surveys returned t<~the Directorate of Evaluation and Standardization. Comments from a soldier and his 

supervisor on how his performance is affected by engineer training are used 

to evaluate courses at the Engineer School (photo by L.J. Leto). 

The Engineer ,- Gradrrate 

Follow-Up Traininq Evaluation 

How Many Surveys 

Can You Ijlandle? 

bv Dave Abraham 

ail call at battalion headquarters, M .and the distribution clerk drops a 

bulky package on your desk. As the 

battalion S-3, you recognize yet 

another survey package from the 

Engineer School, prohahly the third 

your office has received in the past 

month. What do those guys at the 

Directorate of Evaluation and Standardization (DOES) at thc Engineer 

School do anyway, just send out 

surveys? 

Well, you're partly correct. The 

surveys piled on your desk do represent one of the most important 

elements of our job. In the course of a 

year, we send out thousandsof surveys 

to hundreds of locations around the 

world. Our ability to effectively 

evaluate current engineer training 

depends primar~lyon receiving data 

from as many soldiers in the field as 

possible. 

Each year, DOES, in conjunction 

with other departments of the U.S. 

Army Engineer School (USAES), identifies 20 to 30 engineer train in^ 

courses for external evaluation. This 

evaluation process, known as the 

Graduate Follow-Up Program, is used 

to determine the adequacy of the training received by soldiers in all engineer 

training courses through analysis of 

the soldier's performance in the field. 

The Graduate Fol1ou.-Up Program 

uses the surveys to answer three 

primary questions: 

Can the soldier perform the tasks 

for which he was trained? 

Does he actually perform the tasks 

in his current assignment? 

Are the tasks the soldier was trained 

for actually necessary to fulfill the 

mission of the unit? 

The first two questions are asked of 

the engineer course graduate and his 

supervisor. The last question is 

answered only by his supervisor. 

Occasionally we have the opportunity to administer the surveys directly to 

the troops (such as Engineer Orientation Team visits), but most often we 

must rely on mailing the surveys to the 

battalion operations officer. To improve our survey return rate, we ask 

that the S-3 distribute the surveys, 

have them completed, and return 

them, en masse. 

The survey forms, when properly 

completed and returned to DOES, are 

fed into our computer. From the computer analysis and any additional 

soldier's or supervisor's written comments or complaints, we can determine 

whether the engineer training is 

meeting its obiectives and the needs of 

the field. 

Upon completion of each engineer 

training evaluation, we send a report 

to all units included in the initial 

survey. Each report includes the 

significant findings, conclusions, and 

recommendations arising from the 

study. This information is used by the 

Engineer School to modify programs 

of instruction and various manuals. 

Included in the report you receive 

will be a task-by-task printout which is 

helpful in developing individual trainine -. olans for vour soldiers. The information included in the report will document any areas that need either increased or decreased emphasis. 

So, when that next packet of surveys 

makes it to your in-basket, you can 

help improve the quality of the Army's 

ensneer training by getting those 

surveys to the right people. Consider it 

an investment in your unit's future. 

LJfr~te Ahrahom i~on opnrntions 

rasetrreh rm,rlgsf in th~I)irc~tor(~f(? O Z ~ 

fi;1:nluaiion nnrl Standordizalio.rr. 

1:SAE.S. He has a baehc?lor'sdf!!rre~in 

molhernaiics ,from S1. Vincent Criilc!~c 

nnd urnr1ii.d as n compziter prrfnrmonc~ 

nnnlgst with the Ail. FCJ?YX'. 
Were 

You 

Ready? 


by SFC Carl V. McKinzey 

f vou ;uc;\!I E-7 rngirirer NCO and I 1vrr.r - 111 the priniar? zonr for tile 

I."Y 86 pnlmotinn h(~:ird. chancrs are 

you \(.('re lint rca<iy. And. you were not 

al(in<~, Si~rrisir. there werr not 

r11ougl1C.111" 12 sol~iicrs10 meet the 

prirni~ry zone promotion ohjcctive. 

Tl~c~liostrecrnt selection br,;lrd used 

"the best qualii'jril to meet the needs of 

thr Army" method of selection, ns 

)?rcscribi.d bj- ,\It 600-200 En/istr,d 

~'?!'sIJI~!I('/ ~~~(JI~II~~I>~PII/ S!,sl~t~t, to 

i~irt~tify"fi~lly qnalifie#" and rei.ommend the "lrest qualifie<i" trl meet thr 

required number of siildi~rs for promotion. In determining \vhether an SCO 

under considcration was fully qualified 

fo~.selection. thc hoard liiitl to satisfy 

itst.lf that the NCO was fi~lly qualifieii 

professionally a.itlti11 tl~e respective 

('MI.', hail iiern~~nstrated inte~rity. was

physically fit, and was capable of performing duties expected of an KC0 in 

th? gr:11ic llf p;-x. 

'The selection was hnscd upon a 

re\.ieiv of each soldier's official photo. 

persi,nnrl ~jualii'ir~i record (PQK). DA 

Firrms 211 and 2-1, r'crsc~rtrrel 

Qii,~/(ficntiortiie(n~r.n' (parts one and 

tw<l),;in11 the contents of the sol(liel.'s 

official military personnel nlicroficiie 

auld records containing enlisted efficiency reports (EEK). MOSISQT 

rvilluation rcsiilts, alrd recent harii~ 

ropy EERs. 

(:orrespondmce to the hoard jiresitirnt was also considered. Hu\\'ever. 

letters to the board prrsidetit ivhicli 

diii not depict factual information were 

ni~t given much consideration. 

Tilose soldiers selected u.ert. the hest 

ijualii'ird hy virtoc of tl~eir demonst~.;rted performanrc, piltcu~tial value 

tir the Army, and at~iiity to airsorl) and 

apply their military anti civiliiin educa~ 

tion in positions of greater responsibility throughout the Army. The pnimotion hoard placcd special empliasis 

on lea(ierslrip, physical fitness and appearance, professi~~nal ~irvelopment 

and reports. EERs. and official and 

r~ln~nienilatoryfilcs. 

Leadership 

I.eadershi~~ rntrs ti~c liigllest for 

E-7s who u.iint to yet to the top. Silc~ 

ressfolly pcrforminy in a TOE leadership positiim such as first sel.ge;int 01. 

op~riltions sergeant at the hattaliori 

Irrel or as a plator)n serxeant was ;ill 

~n~crriding factor in the pn~n~otion of

E-is, especially if the soldier had 

rcpctitive assignments in sr~cl~positions. 

Credit tuwarii promotion was also 

~ivenfor outst;iniiing performiince ;IS 

;I drill sergeant, as \veil as ~iuties with 

the Reserve Components. recruiting 

comm;~nds. and as an instructor at x 

service sel~ool. if the soldier did not remain in these pusitions for long periods 

of time. On thc other hand soldiers 
were penalized who, in the opinion of 

the board, were avoiding tough johs by 

remaining in the same type of nonleadership duty for long periods of 

time. When the promotion board did 

not find the requisite number of 

qualified primary zone CMF 12 

soldiers to recommend for promotion, 

additional highly qualified secondary 

zone soldiers were recommended. It 

was apparent that NCOs in CMFs 12 

and 51 needed to seek leadership positions. 

The competition for "fully qualified" 

and "best qualified" classifications was 

intense. Many of the soldiers labeled as 

"not best qualified" in the engineer 

CMFs had not successfully served as a 

platoori sergeant. 

A number of soldiers (in all CMFs) 

who had been assigned outside of their 

CMF for more than one tour in such 

duties as recruiter or Reserve Component advisor had difficulty upon returning to the CMF. But, successful 

service in these types of assignments 

clearly complemented the overall professional development of the soldier 

and made a favorable impression on 

the board. 

I'hysical Fitness and Appearance 

Physical fitness in terms of APRT 

pass or fail on the EER did not appear 

to he a problem. In the cases where a 

failure was noted on the most recent 

EER, the soldier was severely penalized. There seemed to be an inordinate 

number of profiles in CMF 51. In most 

cases. Military Medical Review Board 

(MMRB) data was not available for 

review for those soldiers with a P3 profile. This is an Armywide problem 

because MMIlB data is not reaching 

the promotion boards. 

Weight probleins were also evident, 

especially in CMF 51. Soldiers appearing to be overweight in their 

photographs and records were carefully examined to determine if they exceeded the Army standard. Only a 

small percentage of records had the 

completed pinch test data. In far too 

many instances, the hoard found either 

outdated pinch test data or soldiers 

who exceeded the body fat percentage. 

Often, the soldier verified he was a 

certain height and weight. Yet, during 

the same time frame, the rater's certification on the EER indicated a different height and weight for the 

soldier. Soldiers who did not meet the 

.Illere was ,101 a sutllclent number of CMf 12 soldleis to meet the pllmary zone pronloton 

oblecl~ve 

There is a large pool nl talented, hard-charglng secondary SFCs 111 CMt 12. 

Many SQT scores were low oi not avaliable tor CMF 51 and 12 soldiers 

Many secondary zone soldleis nad outoldate pilotographs ot llone at all. 

CMt 51 is experlencrng an lnoidtnate ~lulliberot soriers with proflies andlor ANCOC 

~ncornpletlon 

Tl,e conirnendatory portton of CMt 51 soldiei Ies was sonlewiiat lackrig, 

EtR duly titles and descrlptlons requlre inlprovenient. 

Greater emphas~, 18 needed to complete lhr record tkHs. 

Ctvllail educaton and GI mprovement were adequate 

Mally solders are not takltlg advantage ol the oppurturllty to remove potentally derogatory 

~nlorniafrorIron, ther oll~clalcnl~l~larypersoonel rsco!ds 

Figure 1. Board Conclusions. 

Tips for Promotion 

(Requlrementr tor NCOs and aff8cerr are slmtlar.) 

NCO Offtcer 

SQT preparation. Officer record brael. 

Photograph. Official military personnel file^

.Phystcal condillon. Photograph. 

Mllitary education. Letters to the board. 

Commendatory data. Height/weight standards. 

EER duty tltles and job descriptions. Civllian education. 

Complete record EER. 0 Mllitary educatton. 

Figure 2. Board Recommendations. 

height and weight requirements of AR 

600-9, The Amy Weight Control Program, were not selected for promotion. 

In addition, the board put heavy emphasis on the soldier's having a current 

photograph and presenting a good 

military appearance. Records missing 

photographs had a negative impact as 

did photographs that were not recent 

or that contained deficiencies. The 

deficiencies included incorrect length 

of the blouse, sleeves, and trousers. 

Photographs also revealed many 

soldiers with mustaches that did not 

meet the Army standard. All of these 

were viewed as an indication of apathy 

and a failure on the part of the soldier. 

Although Army regulations only require a photograph every five years for 

a senior NCO, a more current 

photograph is an indication of professional pride and initiative. In most 

cases, soldiers in the primary zone had 

an up-to-date photograph. However, 

far too many soldiers in the secondary 

zone lacked an up-to-date photograph. 

Professional Development and 

Reports 

With the exception of CMF 51, most 

engmeers have successfully completed 

AliCOC. Very few of those who had 

not attended had taken the opportunity to enroll in the nonresident course. 

Honor graduates of such courses were 

given an advantage. Likewise, soldiers 

who failed any military course of instruction were penalized. 

The GT scores were not.a significant 

discriminator. The board was 

favorably impressed with those 

soldiers who had taken the initiative to 

be retested to raise their GT scores 

above 106. The panel also noted that 

some soldiers have started their college education, yet have not taken the 

initiative to retest and raise their low 

GT scores. 

Generally, any education beyond 

high school was viewed with favor except in those cases where soldiers had 

concentrated their efforts on civilian 

education and had failed to achieve the 

military education standard. The board 

was impressed by those soldiers who 

exceeded the military education course 

standard, but there was some evidence 

that a large number of soldiers in CMF 

12, CMF 51, and MOS 52E ceased 

their college work once they were 

selected for E-7. Soldiers in CMF 81 

appeared to be more active in acquiring both military and civilian education. 

Most CMF 81 SQT scores were current and respectable. However, there 
was a decided lack of recent SQT 

scores for CMF 51 and CMF 12 

soldiers. Generally, soldiers who had 

been tested either passed with unimpressive scores or failed. Scores below 

the verification level raised questions 

among board members regarding the 

soldier's technical competency and 

motivation. 

EElt3 

While the quality of the commentson 

performance was sufficient for the 

hoard to make a reasoned judgment 

for promotion, those relating to potential require improvement. The EERs 

reviewed often contained guarded or 

very vague statements as to advancement potential. The selection of the 

best qualified would be facilitated if 

both rater and endorser clearly stated 

tlie soldier's advancement potential. 

Members of the rating chain are, for 

the most part, rendering evaluations 

that are helpful in the selection process. More emahasis is reauired in 

identifying shortcomings in height and 

weight requirements, physical profiles. 

appearance. APKT results, and 

physical fitness. 

Discrepancies between EERs and 

verifying data on the soldier's official 

military personnel record microfiche 

were frequently noted. This, coupled 

with a missing or outdated photograph, brings the integrity of t,he 

rating chain into question. 

The board noted that the description 

of nontraditional duty assignments 

needs improving. They viewed the title 

"project NCO," for example, with skepticism. Supervisors must specify what 

a soldier does, the numl~er of soldiers 

led, the level of difficulty, and the environment in which the duty is performed. The identification of an 

equivalent duty position would be helpful to board members. 

Official and Commendatory Files 

The board was not impressed when 

they found a soldier had failed to 

review and verify his official military 

personnel record as shown by such 

things as an outdated photograph, 

poorly reproduced copy of UA Form 

2-1, an outdated pinch test, or the 

failure of the soldiers to sign and date 

their records. The board mentioned 

that some soldiers had failed to take 

advantage of the provisior~s to remove 

or transfer records on nonjudicial 

punishment. Commendato~. data files 

for soldiers in CMFs 81 and 12 were in 

excellent condition. This gave the 

board an in-depth view of the whole 

soldier. DA Forms 2A and 2-1 were in 

satisfactory condition. They provided 

helpful explanations for comments in 

files such as "not allowed to reenter the 

drill sergeant program" or indicated 

why a recruiter incentive award was 

revoked. 

The results of any selection for promotion can be no more valid than the 

information upon which the hoard 

bases its judgment. For that reason, it 

is important for NCOs to ensure that 

their personnel records are current 

and accurate before they are reviewed 

by a selection board. 

If soldiers prepare their records with 

the same attention to detail as if they 

were preparing themselves to appear 

in person, they would greatly cnhance 

their chances for selection. If NCOs 

take care of their records, their 

records will take care of them. 

In order to prepare for promotion, a 

copy of the Engineer Enlisted Professional Development informational 

pamphlet may be obtained by writing 

to the Engineer Proponency Office, 

U.S. Army Engineer School, ATTN: 

ATZA-EP, Stop 248, Fort Belvoir, VA 

22060.5248. 

SFC Carl V.McKinzeg is assigned to 

the Engineer Proponency Oflice, 

C'SAES, Fort Bdooir, VA. He has 

semed as an instructor in mine ioar- 

.fare and a drill sergeant at Fort 

Leonard Wood. .nO,and was a platoon, 

.se,t.yeant and spucld leader in Germany. SFC McKinzq received his 

associate's degree jrom Columbir~ College. MO. 

Enqineer Problem 

YOU command an engineer construction support company deployed 

to a theater of operations to supportfriendlyforcesfighting there. You 

need high-quality aggregate to help upgrade the main supply route 

(MSR) through the COMM-2. Engineer reconnaissance teams found 

an abandoned basalt quarry located conveniently close to the MSR. 

The enemy used the quarry until friendly forces overran it last week. 

YOU arrive atthesite to find astaggered pattern of blastholesesshown 

below. The holes are drilled vertically to a depth of 47 feet, the bottom 

7 feet of which is subdrilling. 

QUESTION 1: If you decide to use the existing hole pattern. what 

volume of aggregate should you obtain from a proper explosive 

excavation? 

Plan View of Bench ........ h 


You have access to some local commercial explosives of the same 

type and quality as found in the U.S. Due to the lack of delay electric 

blasting caps (DEBC) and for the sake of safety (no caps in the 

blastholes). you elect to fire the shot in echelon using detonating (det) 

cord end millisecond (MS) delay cord connectors. The shot will be 

initiated with two instantaneous electric blasting caps (EBC) taped 

lengthwise to the det cord at the same point. The holes will be bottom 

primed (primer resting directly on the bottom of the hole). 

QUESTION 2: How much detonating cord and how many MS 

connectors should you obtain to properly rig the shot7 

REFERENCE: 

TM 5-332.Pits and Quarries; Chapter 6. 

Engineer Problem/Solution submitted by CPT Randy R. Rapp, 

EOAC Team Leader, Department of Military Engineering. 
n .lulv :XI. 1861, a grr,up r~l' coal anthracite mining engineer from 0niinc,,%. l'ron~ Svhuylkill (:ounty. Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Ile had ex1'ennsylv:lnia ;iccoml~lishrd olie of thtx tensive experience in the art of tunnel- 

"most exLrn(inlinan ICsats i,E n~ilit;lry ing and had been the senior assistant 

rnginoc~ringII~to that timr-thc ex- engineer in the construction of the 

11lr1;ionof a rrriilr unilcr tlie fort block- Sand Patch Tunnel for the Pittsburgh 

iiig the I'nion advance 111~~2.iirdand Connellsville Railroad." In addil'etershurr: and Kichrni,~~il. Virginia."' tio~i, the 48th Pennsylvania Volunteers 

Ilo~vc~er, o111ya fe\v short hours htrr. consisted of 86 enlisted men and 14 ofthe in~prr~l~cr cmpir,)rnmt <ifibncirie<'r , ' ficers who were professional miners 

fir I \wor.kirrg p;~rtics n.<,ulO before the start of the war.5 

laic~l.II~. ~ietrrnri~~i~i ti) be one 01' thr Iluring the next two days, LTC 

prin~ary rc3nsons ibr tile, ftiilorc <,Sthr Pieasants made tentative plans and 

I.l~ri(~nattack ;it ihc liattlix oS drew a preliminary sketch of the 

I'ntc~~si~ur~.~ enemy positions under which he pro- 

'l'he K;~ttli, of I'rtt,rsl,nrg j~roviil~s posed to construct the mine. On June 

the. stod<~nt c~frnilitas! rligirlc(,l.inp :I 25. he hriefed BG Robert Potter, the 

uniqu(i contrast. 011 i,rio jlirlld, the SIIP- 2nd Division commander, on his plan 

ccss OS tli~ Ynion milic slli,ulri 11:ivr to excavate a mine, fill it with gun-

:irg~lahly l~rovi(lc~<l tlw ITIC~~~IIS lurpwder, and blow a hole in thr Const111111inx['rriuri \,ii,tory. :iftcr >ill, ;I federate lines.Votter rclayed the re0 ; i g;lp cxist(,ii in tllr. (;OI~- quest to the IX Corps commander, 

fr(ler;itc linc cil'trr thr r,xl,loni,,n. Or1 L'I'G Burnside, who gave his imtill> oili~r hi~r~l. ~IICi'aililrc ofthe i:riion mediate appro\.al to commence work.' 

eligill<,crs in cleari~lg f i r i111d dl this time, MAJ ,James Duane, the 

c,ncni>- ol~st;iclt,s follr,\ving thc (~splo- acting chief engineer of the Arlny of 

I cr,r~tritlntc,d i,norn~r,usly t ill? the Potomac, was advising MG George 

Sorthrrn defe;~t. Meadr, commander of the Army of the 

'l'his ;lvti(~ln, r:ill~,(l t11(, f;~!tt/r<!I.//,,, Potomac, acainst the project. Duane 

('rrrtf,r.. has lir(-rl cs;iinineri ill xrt3;rt stated that "such a length of mine had 

dq1tI11,y ITI;III~r~!ilitary Iiis1ori;~tls. 'TIIv 

niost almtnon less,ins glr;~tli,iI frorrr 

this hattlt. vrntcr on lc;lflcrslrij,. 1111' 

c.lnploylnrnt of riu.11risc. :inil thr us<% 

anii ('Fi'csct of a ni;~ss~iirstru~tiot~ 

xv~~xpurl. ili,u't!rcmr, tliis Ilattlr proviilrs 

a striking Ihislori~:nl i.xanq,lc, CIS;I ~iroti~ 

l~nifaring all t>ligirie?r ol'fiv~~rs to(it~y. 

This proI>lv~n r<:v~~lvc~s :irot111<1 the ~II~

hcrc,rii vot>l'livl. in~111vvOlbc,t\vt,en t11v 

c!rrgi~~<,ctr offii~r's rolv~ <>I' t~)tl,:III :I<Ivisor ;IIKI ;I lc?a(lc,r ~IIICIP~ tlw r\i~,I,;~r~(i 

liattlc ilr,ctrilrr. 

'l'liis pt-ohlrn~ n.ill lli ex;in~innl rlor~ 

I It tl~c s~rt,,rssi'ul 21nil llnsur~ 

~'cssi'ul eri~ii~ri~r phase of lht. 1i;ittlc. of 

l'vtc?rst~~~r~. 111 2.iu%liti<>t1, :I ixni~I)ir~;rtio~> 

ol' solutiiills will I I l c l tt~ 

spe!cifir;iIly ;ii<i j1111ior g~l<l(> t:r~girr<,vr 

ofSici,rs in forgi~lg S;rv<)r:~I~lc? rc~l:~tir~~rsllips ii'illi L!irir suliporlcil niallcui'?r 

cr~~~iniari~ic,rs. 

The 8th Pennsylvania Keximent of 

Volunteers. comlnanded by LTC 

IIenry Pleasants, had become weary of 

the siege at I'ete~.st)urg and the 

resulting casi~alties incurred during 

the r;ummer of 1864. On June 23, LTC 

F'leiisants overheard two enlisted men 

say, "We roul(l blo\v that damned f<irt 

out of cxistence if we could run a mine 

shaft under it."3 

This idle discussion fell on fertilc 

ears sinrc F'lezsants was a registered 

,,~,

IL 


never been excavated in military 

operations and could not possibly succeed."S In particular, he felt that inadequate shoring materials were available; and the mine was too long to be 

properly ventilated.9 Given these difficulties, Meade is said to have consented to; rather than approved the 

project, if, for no other reason than to 

keep the men occupied during the 

siege.I0 

The work on Lhe mine progressed 

rapidly, and each succeeding difficulty 

was confronted and overcome by the 

ingenuity of the former coal miners. 

The completed mine measured 512 feet 

in length and required the removal of 

The Enginl 


ADVISOR 


A Study of the Bz 

by CPT Williar 
over 18,000 cubic feet of material." 

The engineering effort accomplished 

by LTC Pleasants and the difficulties 

he encountered while trying to obtain 

support from the Army of the Potomac 

are extremely interesting, but are not 

relevant to the development of the 

basic topic of this article.12 

Early in the morning of July 30, 

1864,the mine was exploded after having been charged with 8,000 pounds of 

gunpowder. The ensuing crater tore a 

huge gap in the Confederate linc and 

killed over 270 men outright. The 

resulting hole measured 170 feet lung, 

60 feet wide, and 30 feet deep.'3 For a 

length of 500 yards. the Southern line 

peer Officer 

pattle of Petersburg 

iam 1. Sandbroolc 

-.. 

was unoccupied as a result of the 

massive explosion. 

In order lo proceed into the second 

phase of the battle, the initial orders 

issued by MG Meade concerning the 

en~fineereffort required subsequent to 

ttie explosion of the mine must be examined. Recognizing the need to main. 

tain the momentum of the initial 

assanlt, Meade ordered Burnside to 

"prepare his parapets and abatis for 

the passage of the columns and have 

pioneers equipped for work in opening 

passages for artillery and for destroying enemy abatis."" The order went 

inti, grrat iiq~th 1111 tl.~~! iltr~liictl use of 

the engineers and also stated that each 

corps was to place its pioneers wcll forward in order to quickly neutralize 

enemy obstacles hindering the advance. 

In addition. MAJ Duane was detailed 

to assign an engineer officer to each 

corps staff who would act as the corps 

engineer during the battle. The assignment of these engineer officers was 

left completely to the discretion of 

RfAJ Duane.'j 

MG Meade's orders were quite 

specific in naturr concerning the 

employment of engineers. This was 

due to the preponderance of obstacles 

which each side had constructed in 

front of their lines. Abatis, parapets, 

and trenches had been constructed in 

depth; and the Union obstacles had to 

be prepared for the passage of the IX 

Corps during the night before the attack. 

Following the explosion of the mine, 

RG James Ledlie's 1st Division led the 

1X Corps attack over the high parapets 

and abatis of the Union works; neither 

of which had been removed by Burnside's engineers.'a M(; Burnside did 

not prepare his own obstacles for 

passage, in direct violation of orders, 

because he feared that it would give 

the Confederates advanced warning of 

the pending attack. In addition, Ledlie 

placed his engineer units and pioneers 

at the rcar of his attacking brigades 

which seriously hampered their 

responsiveness." 

The corps engineer detailed to IX 

Corps was ILT William Benyaurd who 

had no previous dealings with MG 

Burnside. During the course of the !)attle, he remained with Rurnside and 

simply advised the general on the 

eniployment of the engineer units. Unfortunately, 1I,T Bengaurd's advice 

was ignored by MG Burnside. When it 

was obvious that the lack of engineer 

effort forward was holding up the ad^ 

x7ance, Renyaurd failed to go to the 

front in order to assume coninland of 

the forward work parties. In fact, 

Rcnyaurd remained at the IX Corps 

headquarters for the majority of the 

battle and never did personally observe 

the action that day.18 

History has documented the ensuing 

failure and slaughter of the Union 

forces who had their advance broken 

by the myriad of obstacles in their 

path. Even though the Union Army ob. 

tained the initial important element of 

surprise, their continuity of attack had 

been broken and led GEN Grant to 

state. "The effort was a stupendous 

failure."lS This failure resulted from a 

set of complex variables. but only the 

issues relating to thc utilization of LTC 

Pleasants and ILT Renyaurd will be 

examined further. 

nuring the successful phase of the 

battle, that part leading up to and including the explosion fashion of the 

mine. Pleasants acted in a fashion comparable to a division engineer in 

today's Army. He was the principal 

engineer advisor to HG Potter during 
tl~cconstruction of tlie mint and ;11su 

\\.as tile rcgilncntal cr~nirn;inder r~l'thr, 

nnit P~LSI<CYI Lo l)uiIil IIIE. iniiie. In this in. 

st;rncc, the roI:iti;,nshil~ 1,etrvccn tho 

rnpincrr nfRcct.'.- r<,l<,:as :in ;idvisor 

;iliiI leader \\-orlicd lii ,,c,rSc,ctio~n. 

F'lcnsant. \vas ahlc tir keep I'ottcr conl- 

~~l~,tcly inl'r,r,nt.d ;is lii tlir cnp;iliilitirs 

?iriiI ~(Iss~IIIL, e~~ipI~iyn~t;~il ol' liis 

s~~l~iiers, 

111;itldit,i~~ri, kifter vtin~~~letitip his ;i<lvisor? role,, I'l~~;~s:t~its w:is :~llo\vc-d 

frc(,(lorn to rrm;iili conat;itrtly wit11 llis 

i~~~it: ;~(I<litig his 1~rrsn1i;il Ic~a(i(~rs1iir1. 

~,n$nt,rririp k!t~~!vlr~lge. anil surwrviwgineer cornptin), conrmandrr tn Iriid f i r in iiis~,iiv(-rinp the proper 

film-arii :illiithus personally inll~~en(~(t i~~il:lnur lietwrcn his :idvisor imii le;ulc~r 

ltic perf(~r~n;irirc ol' his i~nil." 

'1'111%secor~(llessc,ll to hc*1c;irncd from 

tilip. ph;ist of the k,;;ttlc is ttrat tlir 

1,rig:itlr c.nqincrr 11ns lo 11c itftlie r;rnI<. 

~~i.rs~l;lsion. and cxl~crin~ice to sknd up 

to rllr nlnnt,lrvor i:imirn;rl~ii(.r \vlien it 

r~latcs ti, advice I ttlc 

t~nil,l~~ynirrit oi' cnpinccr assrts. It is 

rule's. 

'I'hr primary l';tvtor ill(lt.terrnir~irrxto 

what cln~~rrec a soppr>rIir>g clipineel. will 

II~allo\vcd to lend rcsts with his ~xol'c,ssi~~niil reliiti~r~slli~~ with th(8 st~r~l~olted 

manrilvcr ccim~r~;inricl.. 'Sliis rrl;~tionship must he dctrrmined at tllr vrr?~ 

or~ls<,l ;in11 must i~echar;irt(~ri~fil kiy 

vrry ~~rr~i~;iiiiii niiitoal rrnpvrt 1rtu.een ltie conl- that ILT i<rnyatirrl's ilil~ 

vice n.;is igr~or(.ll [,arli;rlly lie~iusc~ M(; 
 mander alul liis rnpinvcr ofi'iccr. 

Iior~rsidanas n<>t (IS t;il<irig 'She nrost rlil'l'irult part of this ill- in thc li;il~if. 

tcr;lrLion ~('~1ssirel or1 lhf, ;idvice frt1111;Is~~rn(!\vli:ii f~~~~x~~cri~~nr(~~l 

lirulrt~iint.. .c,vctl il tli. .I( iIICC -'W;IS slio~llrlcri(ifthe rrt#irlrc,r licut<,nnrlt. It 

in Irc w.tro rii,ssrsscs tllc irssr~r ~.anl<;I~I,I 

rxjreriencr. The enginerr officer nitist 

~\~vrci>tt~c~ thr ~i;iL~iniIl'wr t11ttt will 

ariw tlie first tiinc hr is <:;~llv~i upor1 to 

give advice to this smior ccrmh;il arnis 

erinin~an<lrr.The engincrr rllrisl, sijilnrr 

lhis sl~oi~l~irrs. looh str;iipht i~l~ea(l, :in11

si(111 to tliv t:~sl< (3s r,,r~sLr~~cting sollll~i. tll(' 

minr. This is pcrli;~jrs tlic, 11rin~ir~ 

re;ls(,ri fur tire success of tile pn~jccl. 'I'his type of incitlciit r<,niains ;Irtmlnion crcriirnincr (111 nlajrw conil,inrii 'Shv S<,V<III~ pli;ist~ <>Stile i)iittIe sli~~~+~s 

llil;, rt~st~lts of 1111ini~1ro11(,rri,l;tli<~r~st~i), iirrils cxcrcises ir.he!r,. jur~ii~rcra~le 

t,ngirlrer officers. acting as t1rip;iilc 

rl>gini.(.rs. give a,nieuhkrI tin!irl ;iiivicc I I milrnicwvc?' crrrnnl;inil<~r 

;in11 Itis si~lqs)rtir~g o1ginci.l. i#Sicc?.

Even th.,uph thr rniiks :111il Si~rcrslrui.~ 

tilre ilill'cr, this ~11r;isc is :rn;ili~por~s to 

t,ai:~?'s e~lgiricrr c,rlrny,an- ci,nini;indrt. 

isin :i innlreuvcr a ?omni;~n<Icr. Ih~ri~ig the, ;ISS;ILI~~. 11(; l<[~rriside> igtiorr(1 the, ;i,Ivicc ol' tiis c,~rl,s 

to I~rigt~dv ron~n~arxic,rs ivtlo ;wet 11~1~~~~~ givr liis 1>rofc~ssional i>pini<~nin ;Iv1r:kr. 

t~rl;>ur r:itilis Iiipticr Ltlnn th(~rnsc~lv~~s. 1111\vaveringvoice, lliat I(~~b-es norooni 

li~t.iio1111Lin thr maneaver c~)n~nmn(li~r's 

t~~in(l ;IS to tlir ;il>ilitic~suf ttiis yi11111g 

officcr. 

\2'ithi)ul tllrsc persoliill attritiiltcs. ;I 

si1n;itiorr miallt \rell iievrloli !vhc,ri. llir 

I~I;I~~IIV~~I- ron~n!;in(ier iio~s riot tvtisl 

the advice i n iiy a tilitid, in<,*-

~~rrietict~il c~~ginvcrfir Tlir 

c,ri(l(,nc:(, strp~~ortiiig tliis f21ct. is u.rll 

dociinicntcii ;TItlic pn~k,ssion;ll rc-lii- 

'file t.i~si11t of llie irirquity in rnnk atid 

crpcric,rli.r (,;~n ilegrntii, [lie r~vrrnll rF 

fecli\cnrss OF thr. rntirt, coti~t~irteil 

;irms i i i This m it irri-

~rrl~itivti that 10ii;ly's I)ric;~dr, cn$:-iner~r cj~lgi~~cc,~, ofSi[~'r ~ti(l ki(ldili<~n;~lly XV~IIIIIII>(*;it lr;~3t ;Isvnior ?;1111;ii11 or IT~;~,~IJI, 

ivlio has s~ircc~szfrilly ~wlnni;in(Ir(i an 

i~llgi~lecr rtrnrliany. 

Irl ;tiiilitiiin, llir 110sitiol1(.lilinnt In, 

~~(~rrc'ivc.tl :is ;I ~'l;ici. ti, "retire" capno! let 1ii111p<,rs<t~i:~lly s~~pc~visc~ Itlc,

<,~>ij~l~~)n~<~nt or ill? r'lrps' c,~jgit~v(,r

;issets."' i s iI(~i~isii~lis~jrovc~i 

(ji >sihtro~rs .. . l'or 1311rii$i(l(,'s IX t'oi,ps ;IS 

II;IY;tlrv:i,ly IICVII Oisct~ssr(l.

:\I>;in;tlysis of 111~~s~~ cie,visi~~~!n t-rst~lts

in sonica ili,liliitivc conclusi,ms ill liultIjiJrr of Ihc, currrnt 11rip;iric crigi~~ccr. 

<:oni,cpt in ir~la?-'~ i\irL;ind L4rittlr dor~ 

trine. .Is lhc scrond p1i;lsi <if Lliv 1i;il~ 

I!? <>l' l'etersl)~~rpl~oititsout. n>;iji[,ti\,vr 

conitn:in~i~!rs ;~r(, l~isto~~ic~illy incli~i(~(l 

tr~ re(111ir(> lli(*it, (~t~gir~t,t,r suppc~rt<~l'-

fiwr to 1,<, ~11iysi1,:~Ily r)?:~rI~y i!ic~r~li,r to 

~".uviiIe i~~st;lnt ndvicr on thc rnlplo>- 

~vlcnl ill' ilir rnpirlrcr el'fhrt. 'l'l~is 

}:)rrc(.>ivr(i re(l~~irc!ri~v~it III:L~C il

~~l~ysicall,v i~ii~~~~ssil~lc~ l'or IIKengir~et,r

~~IITI~GII:~ eon~math"c~rto kire;il< :i\.;i? 

Ron1liis s~>pportt',l l~ric;i(i('in OITIC?[(I 

pers<,n;illy lc,;iil ;iiiiisul~c~l,visehis pla~ 

~(IIIIIS iit critical 11oirits in ;il~i111lt~.~' 

.A pfrfect csnn,i,Ic <,I'this \<as t.s~ 

11iI~iLc~il tvlic!!~ Il.,T RPI~~:III~I~ <:OI~I(I 1101

rtbci'ivi, hl(; I3i1rriniilc's r~rl.~nissiiiti 

go fi~r\varcl lc, I(,;ul tl-IC,cngiireer cffiirl 

in attark. rvr11 tllotlg'h it \vas critic;il 

that lie do sri 1.1itlrri,urri,nt doi-Lrine. 

;tn en~fi11et.r rria,ji~r will hcconlv the 

1,rigaiit. c,ngi~ieer a~id will nssomr tliv 

dutir.s <IF tlic rtigincer staff ofl'icrr 

rt.spor~siblc, lo ,I[' I.'-' \Islnq thr CXITI1;iilis iiliilnlajors n.tlo ;1rc3nol [x%rl'~~~.m- i i lira! cxistcd l~rturcn ll,'l' 

ir~g \r.iill iri rn.-iiirfr m;ln(3ilvrr lialt;ilioris. Ol~vir~rrsly. the socr~~ssl'i~l Li(,r~

fiir.rnanct, of a tip i,l~pirieer is 

i.ritic;il tn llle acconi~~lishn~clrt r~f Lt~c

l!wigadc's n~insio~i, 'I'llc t't~ili~rc! of 13tir11-

siric's cr,r.ps ~llLimntely rests a-ill1 liini. 

srlf. I>nt (.ol~,jrrI~irc lvls on,, envisiori

nii,r.i, I SIIS il' a stri~rip 

vill titr ratikin~, mm-v <,xpc,ricni,rri vnginc!~.r ol'ficcr li;liI l)ci,ir 

1111l to acI is tl1~3IX (:~rps 

(.rigilierr rlurin!? tlir ;rtt;lcl.; ;it tl~(, 14;iltll~ol' tl1V ('1~;ller. 

Tlic lcssi,ns rierii.i,rl l'1.ili-r tltis Il;ittlr 

(~.;itr also 111, :I)IIII~PI~10 >I111!vi,r lk~r<.l of 

tilt, rligiticcr srrliliort rrI;1Lionst1i11, 

S~ril'iclly the mudern rngincer 

lieutc~xmt is not ;iffordeii the Ilixury of 

h;i~ing n d(dicatrd rn~inr,cr. staff officer within his sugpi,rtrri rmall('urvcr 

11att;llion. Tlicrei'rirc, hc must nssrlnlr 

117~rolcs <if hiitll ;i(Ivisor and lcadrr. 11s 

in tlic ~isc of 1l;i' Hcliyiiunl. tlle iriipl,opcr hal:lncc of tlirsc. son~t.\\.lliit POIflirling iioties can l(arl tr, ;Irlisnslcr Srir 

;in clitirr, o~~~riilioli. 

Kvliyaur~i ;ilxl lJI.I(;Hurnsi(le."+ 

Onr mctllrri of streng'llicning thc 

hnnd hrt\vrn~ ;I nr:in(,uvrr I~atlslio~i 

mmman~ier ;iriiI lhis cngi~ie,c.r is to <.s-

~licilly J I tlir tc~nct i~f 1iori11;11 

asxrria!ii,r~. 12M 5-10Ost;1tesrliat intlir 

cn~riloynlclnt of i,r~ginct.rs. "the conrcjll 

of nor1n;il ;rssnci;~lir,n is fi,llc,weci, in 

tilal Ill?samr nngincrr 11r1il.s. ;is a rlor~ 

n~;ilproce(iurc~. ope'alc ivitli tllc s;imc 

nlanruvrr clem(~nts."" 'l'his princil'lc 

(.nal)lcs :Ihonii lo iii,\-c*lrq~ ovi,r ;I [)t,rirxi 

ol' time bctii-c6.n ttir I corn-

~ii;i~i(lt,r;I!I(I his s~ip1tcrting (,~igitie(,r 

officrr. 'l'liis W;IS nrit th,. utsr in tlic 

liiittli. (IS I1i>tcrsburg \vhor ;I~I 

cr~g'irirrrofficer "support Irrttery" was 

livI[l in or~lc,rto (l<~t(~rniiriebvllo Ilk,IX 

(~'orlts en$n<vr ~~t'l'ivcrs\vc.rc goirig tu 

l,(,,Z" 

Even ttii)apl~ tlic j!rc<.cding solotions 

may implemrriteil, tire junior 

cndncfr ~~l'ficfr.in~lsl still rearh ;in 

agrwnient wit11 his s111,portrci rc>n~- 

~n;iliii~,r as 11, tile degr,>cof Intituiic h<, 

ivill It? pcrn1ittc.d in IIII liir 

mariilc~riin enginc~c~'aiset c~m~~irry~~i(~lit ..\ i:onil,inntio~i of tlir Srilli~ivinp si,lo~ enpiilct~r platoi~n from Ill(!l'roril,

and utilization. This mill frrr tilt, tions will aid thr junirir gra(iv rngllli3c,r r;rthrr tllali Inltaliiin lrcxcicj~~;irtcrs. 
At this point, the engineer t~attalion However, he must bt? careful in drastically in over 100 years. The 

commander's role becomes critical. It maintaining constant communication Army still needs engineer leaders for 

is his duty to come to terms with tach with his supported commander so that the front lines and engineer advisors 

supported maneuver commander, who he can provide instant engineering ad- for the headquarters. 

will hold the same rank, as to the use of vice when required. The communica- The degrec to which a maneuver 

the engineer officer in his task force. tions link is vital since the engineer commander accepts engineering adThis interaction should set the tone for lieutenant might possibly lose sight of vice and the degrec to which he per^ 

the use of the engineer licutenant as an the overall operation once the strings mits his engineer to lead will p,?.eatly 

advisor before a battle and as a leader holding him to the hattalion com- influence the outcon~e of future conduring the actual employment phase. mander's side become stretched. flicts under the AirLand Battle doc1,l:C: Pleasants used this strategy dur- Obviously the degree to which an trim just as it influenrz~l the Rattle of 

ing. his mining operation and thus was cngineer lieuten,tnt is employed in his the Crater in 1864. 

able, after an initial advisory role, to dual role as an advisor and leader rests 

assume total control over his mining ultimately with the supportcri com-

~jroject. mander. His orders must he carried CF7' Wflliam J. Sundhrook ia uvkThe final resolution of the prohltm out explicitly by thc! supporting ing onjo%nlrnasl<,r:s de.yr6.e~in s?gstems 

between an engineer's role as an ad- enginccr officer, regardless of his per- en.gine~r-ing and husirlws ndministruvisor and leader rests solely on the sonal opinions and feelings. The tion rrt the Unii'e?-si$ o,fPennsyl?~anio 

shoulders of the en~eneer lieutenant. maneuver conimander determine nn.d the Whorlon School. A US. 

IIe must do everything within his the final utilization of the engineer of- Military Acndemy grnciirnfe. kt has 

I to personally convince the ric~r.~~ corny,lated airborne and rurqer trninmanetlver battalion co~nmander that In conclusion, thc Battle of Petcrs- i?iqa,nd the Enginrjcr Of'ieer Arirwtircd 

lie belongs at the head of his platoon. burg provides a striking example of Course. CPT Sondbook .u:a.s a cnz!alry 

le;rtii~ig them from thc front when the both the cffcctive and ineffective plntoon liea(kr in lhe 212 Armored 

situation dictates it. Only there can lie ~~tilization of engineer officers. The cf- Covalrg Regiment and (I mn1pon:q corndirectly influence t11c perforn1:lnce of ficient use of engineers on today's mnnrlpr in the 89nd E;n.qincer H111-

his men. modern battletielii has not changed tulion in Ramburg. I17esl. Gemany. 

"The Engrinerr Officer: Aduiror orLeoder;A Sludy of the Battle o/Peternburg3'aonfirstplace in the 1984 Military History 

Writing Awards for the Cenler of Military History in Wnahington, U.C. 

Suggestions for further reading: 

Bernard, George S. The Baltle of the Crater. Petersburg, Virginia: Fenn and Owen, 1892. 

Catton, Bruce. A Stillness at Appornaltox. New York: L)oubleday, 1954. 

Crafts, W.A. 'I'lz~Southrvn Krbellion. Boston: Samuel Walker and Company, 1867. 

Notes 

:Henry I'lrasants Jr. iind George H.Strsley, lnfcmoati'elrrshuig "Waru/fh~.Rrbcilio,iA (,'~mipilaliundlhvO//icinlI~ro~idsv/lhr 

(Phil:tdelphi;~:Ciriltan (:ompz~ny.19611. p, I. Criioti and Cu,rf6~It,ml<.Armies iil'ilshineu~n.1l.C.: Tlia US. 

'Nrpoir o/rhc~./oi,~fCommbifr.~or, the (.'ir,,drcr "f ihr War 1;ovcrnrnunt I'rinling Officr,. 18911, Vt11 XI.. p ,I:<. 


tWoshingt,,n,I).C. :'file US.(jovcrnrnunt L'rinting Ol'licr, lgIi3,. .Miller, p. ;I(;. 


Vol. I, p 215. 


"'Miller, pp. 37-:in. 


'Plrasantr, D.4H 


IyGeurge.pp. 4P-.l:%. 


'I'lrarantu. p. I1 


"(;eorgt;, I). 42. 


PI~asant~.
 p. 54. 

"'Mtllcr, p, i31. ,,1,leilaants, p. $1. 2,,,:*"*<... 9, 46 

Alfred H.Guernsey and llrnry M. Alden, llnrpc,r Pieforin1 

H~sfursufthe('iuiiWor(NewFork:l'hrI.'uirfnx Press. l~i6j.p.64i. "l'hu ruqulremeni irnparc.d on thc engineer oISlo:r to remain 

physically near thc n>iincuveico~n~mdvr was experienced hy mr 

'l'leasants, y. 6ii. during all manruvrr excri:iscs involving the Scrond Armored 

"1.iirrr GFVWE."Battle of th~iCrilte~A Conlbzt Rnyinrer Casc Ci~vulryRegimen1 belween 19X0~198:3 in Wesr Gcrrn;my. 

Study,'' Miiltnry X~I.IVIL.. lJebrua1.y.lilX4. p. :I$. 'l\Villii<rn C. IIurnsandothers."iinyinerr UortrineIbrllieAirl.snd

Wattle. '.I,'r~#i,ts~,i,Spring. 16184. pp. 12-Id. "'Knymvnd 0.Miller. "A Stupetidoiis i'ailure. " I,lrlnry Kcvieic.. 


Julv. 196U. P ;V%. "tieoryu. p. 4(i. 


'.lames Y.Bell. "A lrerron in Nuclear lCffects."Miirrory Ke~c~trzr.. Picld Manua15~100,Ki~~inr~iCr,mbatOpw~l~~na (Washingtun. 

duly-Auausl.1'181. p. 37. U.C. :'he I! S. (;ovemment Printlnr Office. IHiYJ.pp. 29 

'I'l~asants,pp. 59-120 (A detailed iteeount of the cngineerlng '<;curgr, pp. 41.4'2. 


vffort .rri.umplished hg 1;lC Ple~stintrciln heob1einc.d in this 


reference.) "'Field Manual 100-5. Dprrotro,zs iWiialiinptun. ]I.(:.:'l'bc iLS. 


(>c~vrrnmentf'riniing Ofiiaa, 1982). pp. 7:i and i-4. 


"Frank B. CUSP,"'rile I'P~FTS~UTX 
 Crater and Nuclear Weapons," 


.Wilrtary Kc.t,zct~,Nuvumber. 1960. p. 2:1. 

The 

\~:.WGQ~%@ 

by Lee M.Rivas 

'ommissioned Officers 

~ ~ 

~.- ~ 

..,- lo IIQ1)A I)(>SPEKSiir ct,augcs in per- tht3 ripjiortuiiit! to sinfile-lrark thrir *-

sl~lmclnianagrmcnt pi,licii.s and pro i.;ircers within tlre en~finecrhranrh I!! 

grams that ;iSi'f!ct tilt- (:rjrl,s iji' conccntralini:i~n~~roSl(~ssio~~al(iev~~l~j~

"\That's prop<mency~'" Engineers. Ttie st;iff wf~rksrlr~i,ch;ilf m~ntin IJIIF of tl~rthree rnxineer 

(if thv Enginrcr Sch~~ol Comm;inrinnt .;pe?i;~lty rrrdcs: 

to identify solritir~nsti, prohlcnis tllat '(:r~rnlmt engineer 

l%rrf's Lt~i:.iir.siijui-iPion jirople !isitrr/ affect ,he (,f errxinrer rjffil.rrs, - hi^enginrt.r 

I!/ (I.+ uhcn thp,~ he~~r(lhoi*f ihl' w;irrant i~i'ficrrs,and i%r>iistv~i prrsorr- .Colistruction (farilitv/rontrac~nl;rrl- fi.'n,qinri?r' P1~07~o?!~nc?i (?rice. I1 ynii l~cl. ,rllellev~l~rla~c~: ;ip,nrmt) engi~~eer 

r.ririsi~l/ the Armq's sfirndir'rd iiic F~~~~structure Warrant Officers 

lior~i~r!~. The Amc?rican Heritage Col- e Aaluisitiljn As part of the Amm~-'sTotal \i';~rr;~nt lege Edition. yoii'li find thoi, iikr .,yr.ainlng . . an13r(localinn Officer Study. the warlxtll (,ffict.r nurh (if thr,iirrno?i th~A rniv isJbni1 qj • ~)i~t~i~~~ti~,~~ management systznl is ireing restrnv- irsirig, prvponini.y isn't lisirii. .~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ turrd to hrttrr rlefinc the proft>ssion Iloli,f,i30r, ii irrsr iiclinliion rl/' ihi, .~ ~ ~ h j ~ ~ ~ ~ l ;ind system of appoi~itmcritsarid to prrr(.nl u.(rrii i.i~is I(, Ihr hioi.1. qj fiii' . pn,fessillnxl drvel~rr,nlt,nt iwopcrlq manaxe tthr fo~-re.All war- mollsr': Separation rant officers \{'ill l~eautiiniatic;illy iri-

'l'tre fikmre provides a lnorc dtttail(~~l tr)c.ratrii int<~the, rcgul;ir '4rn1y li~iorr 

Proponent: One who arLaes in sup- iistin~ of the prorx)nency ~~ffivr's pri,ni~ti~~n trl (:\i':i. I1ositioni arc ti, ihc 

port of something, an advocate. responsil~ilities. grade coi1el-l to provide prirmotion proHerc are highli~htsof a Sen of the on xression iirld improve utilizatii~n.(:ri,;i- win^ initiatives cul.rrntly sll;ij>in~the tion [IF a rn;istrr wnrrant ((:\\'5)sc,ries 

military enginetaring profession. is recornmenflrd for th~fntnr(5. The 
proponency office provides the en@- 

neer warrant officer representative on 

the USAMILPERCEN Warrant Officer Accession Board. 

Enlisted Specialties 

Many impractical grade structures 

exist within the engineer MOSS. These 

MOSS are t~eing re\riewed and realigned whenever feasible to provide 

soldiers in all specialties a f..ilr. ' competitive chance at promotion. 

The handhook, En,q+n?er Enlisted 

Pn~fissi.on01 Deuelvpmsnl, published 

hy the proponency offk:e. offers aiivicr 

for engineer si~ldiers on ho~, to xet 

selectt.d for promotion and advanced 

schools. The booklet consolidates inf111-- 

mation gathered from numerous prrlmotion i~oards and Enginecr School 

experts. 

For ;I copy of the hook or information on personnel issoes that al'fcsct 

engineer specialties, contact the 

Engineer Proponency Office, ATTN: 

ATZA-EP, Stop 248, Fort Belvoir, VA 

22060-5248, or phone (703) 644-3760, 

AV 354. 

Lee M Riaas is tho rlepzLcy chieJ 

Engineer Proponmcy Office, USAES. 

Mr. Rivus has a bachelor's degree in 

business and management .from the 

University ?f Maryland and is working on a master's degree in management and supemision from Central 

Michigan University. 

Field Circular Helps 

Heavy Force 

Field Circular 71-1, Combined AWG 

Li1.r Fire Exercike ICALi'EXj, provides a list of planning considerations 

for integrating all memhers of the combined arms tc!am and a detailed formula for resource coordination i 

Proponency Office Responsibilities 

IAW AR 600-3 

Structure 

bnalyzer spacer on TAADS 

Rocommendr changes to 101 

Analyzes SGA ~nTOEITDA unltr and 

recommends changes as requ~red 

~eeammendr clarr~f~cat~on cr~ter~a 

Foreca~ls future needs 

Acquisition 

Recommends accerrton crltcrla 

Performs job task analysis of hrancherlfundlonal 

areas 

Recommends procurement numbers by yearlbrmch 

Recommends criteria lor relactad recall programs 

Recommends percentages at company grade lo be 

asrlgned branches 

Training and Education 

ldentlfler lralnlng crlterca 

ldentifles ctslian education 

Develops and revlrer tralning 

Recommend$ standards lor rsrvlce rchoal 

tnstruclorr 

Val~datarlreval~daterAERB positlonr 

Recommends seletllon crlterla for OA cenlrallzed 

boardl 

E~SU~PS f~nct~onal 
 lrealbmnch tvatnmg agrees 

~8thc~mm#ssmonedofficer prolerslonal 


de~elopment 


Distribution 

Accerrer against authorizations 

ACC~IIOSby grade for rchwling 

ldentlfier functional areas required 

Recommends changer to pollcy for arrignmentr. 

detads, and lrrnsfers 

Recommends initirllres to counter space 

tmbalanced MOS ISIMOS) 

Unit Deployment 

Evaluates "net dlrtributionlhome basing related to 

regbmental system 

EvaI~ate~ffects 01 mob~l82allon on perronnel

management syltemr 

Sustainment 

trtabl~rher/ma~ntainscammun~cat~on 

wlth constltuenlr 

represent^ pr01e~~lonal lnterestl 

of conrtltuentr 

a pOr,t,vl attitude 

personnel system and programs 

Evaluates rontinuat,anlretant,on 

raler of functhonal areas 

~ecommendr MOS changes to mprow 

health of branches 

Recommends changes to retentloo 

Re~ommends percenbges by grade 

lor f~nct80nal areas 

Professional Development 

E$tabl~shes prderr~onal development patterns 

Analyzer tralnlng and eduratlon regulrements vr assignment prlorltler 

Determine$~U~I~IIC~~,O~ standards for each branch 

Identifier functtonal area rkillr required 

ldent~f#rrrpclal rkillr requlred 

Separation 

Rerammendr selected rhovtage Speclaltles ar an 

exrspt8on to ellmlnatlon pollcy 

Retommendr mbnimum qualificataon standards at 

selected gradrs by branch 

Recommends changes la retlament pollctcr 

Recommends minimum time of rervlce for mllitrry 

01 clviltan tratnlngor educrtlon prior to separation 

emplacement guidance, and safety 

diagram procedures. The publication 

also includes four sample scenarios, a 

sample LOI, and control plans. 

Distribution was made in October to 

all memhers of the close combat 

(heavy) force to battalionlsquadron 

level. Units may obtain additional 

copies by writing to: Commander, U.S. 

Army Armor Center, ATTN: ATZKDPT-XRT (AWTS), Fort Knox, KY 

40121. 

Series Presents Official 

Army History of the 

Vietnam War 

The authoritative history of the Vietnam War is being published in a 

20-volume series by the U.S. Army 

Center of Military History. The books, 

to be printed over a 10-year period, 

cover the Army's involvement from its 

early advisory years to 1973when the 

American troops left Vietnam. 

Each book will include a comprehensive index including names, military 

titles, geographic locations, major 

Army functions, and commands down 

to the division level. The series 

features illustrations, maps, charts, 

and photographs. Special books will 

focus on th? massive logistics support 

of the war, pioneering technologies, intelligence, and communications. 

For more information, write to 

Superintendent of Documents, Mail 

Stop: MK, Washington, DC 20401 and 

ask for Priority Announcement List 

N-534. 

Dear Friends at Home 

The letters and diary of Thomas 

James Owen reveal the life and duties 

of a volunteer engineer during the 

Civil War. Union forces needed far 

more engineers than the regular Army 

could furnish. Volunteer engineers 

supported operations ranging from 

constructing pontoon bridges under 

fire to building fortifications for siege 

operations. Dear Friends at Home con^ 

veys the author's reactions to the extreme conditions of wartime, from the 

rigors of combat to the boredom of 

camp life. 

The book from the Historical Division, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 

was edited by Dale E. Floyd. It may he 

ordered from the U.S. Government 

Printing Office, Department SSMC, 

%ashington, D.C. 20402. 
New 


The
 ~~~ 

Engineer Orientation

3

Hotline Q & A 	 Team SFC Da, 

mhe Enpineer Orientation Team is 

1a group of representatives from 

a.What is the FSN for staples and tie wire used in constructing triple the Engineer School and the Engineer strand concertina wire obstacles? Last summer the Hotline Q&A said Tminlnw -.-..,... C'pnter -......that .. meets ....... with .... units -..... 

no NSN existed. but there was a FSN. in the field to discuss changes occurA.TheDME Field Engineering Branch investigatedfurrheranddiscovered ring in the engineer arena. These visits 

NSNSfor both staples and tle wire. Here are the numbers: 	 are orimarilv meetings with the 

Sfaples: 	 engineers from squad leaders on up 

Size NSN 

V8 5315-00-664-7035 Direct Communication 

3/a 5315-00-664-7038 At these meetings, the school repreWire: sentatives give a short presentation of 

recent changes and developments; Gage NSN then they open the meeting to ques9" 9505-00-833-6433 tions and comments from unit person12" 9505-00-180-7212 nel. The meeting gives individual 

14" 9505-00-180-7204 engineers an opportunity to comQ. Iwas unableto find any referenceto barrierfreezonesin the new FM municate directly with the Engineer 

5-100 series. Has any information been published on the barrier free Scho~~l. Many of the questions raised at 

zone concept? What is the exact definition of barrier free zone, barrier these sessions are answered on the 

restricted zone, and barrier zone? spot by the team members. Questions 

A. Authority to designate these zones is usually held at field army/corps the team cannot answer are relevel, and the scope of the barrier free zone is determined by the searched at Fort Belvoir, and the 

authorizing commander. This action is under consideration by HQAllied answers are sent back to the unit. SubForces. Central Europe. The Northern Army Group is in favor of the new jects brought up for discussion during 

des~gnations,but the Central Army Group opposes them. The NATO the meeting are later presented to the 

Combat Engineer Working Party Terminology Group has the definitions rest of thechool. -

under study and worked on them during its September 1985 meeting in Such i'eedhack is critical to the 

Munich. The definitions are: 	 operation of the Engineer School. The 

Engineer Orientation Team (EOT) is a Barrier free zone-No executed barriers. The force can maneuver in 

very effective way to obtain informa- combat formations throughout the sector with the exception of existing tion about the quality and effectiveness natural and cultural obstacles. of Engineer Scl~oolproducts. To help Barrier restricted zone-Selected barriers executed. The force can the EriRineer School ohtain this feedmaneuver in specific portions of the sector for operations such as hack, the EOT may ask selected in- counterattack. question- barrier zone-No restriction on obstacles except for designated reserve 

dividuals to fill out surveys i~r 

naires. or to sit in on an interview. The targets. ROT may also ask to visit unique train0.According to an ARTEP evaluator, my company wasadvised not to ing opportunities taking place at your 

use the JD-410, tractor utility, during foxhole digging. Iunderstand unit or installat,ion. Conversely, if you that engineers do use heavy equipment for that kind of construction. know of i~niqueor unusual training go- Can you send me some kind of verification on that point? ing on, you should suggest that it 

A. It is the commander's option to use his equipment according to the 	 would kx beneficial for the team or its 

priorities of the unit's mission. 	 reprcsentalives to visit tile training 

Q. Can the AVLB be rail-loaded standing on its side? 	 site. 

A. The bridge cannot be rail-loaded on its side. The cross bracing and 1 

scissor cylinder must beremoved.Also, the hinge pinsshould be removed The I'layers and each ramp loaded separately. The procedure for loading the bridge is 

found in FM 5-12F1/2, task number 051-226-0305. I The director, Directorate of Evaluat~orland Standardization, is the team 

Q. Ineed informationconcerning tactical employment of ring-mounted chief. The EOT normally indudes 

50-caliber machineguns. OurTOE haschangedtoissueus ring mounts members from the Directorates of 

and takeaway ourtripods. How do you employthesering-mounted 50s Training and 1)octrinr. Combat 

in a perimeter defense? 	 Developments, and l.:valuation arid 

A. Tripod M75577 is needed for perimeter defense. TOE 05115 is being Standardization; the 1)cpartment of 

redesigned to include M75577tripods. Referencesfor ring mountsareTM Combined Arms; the Engineer Pri>-

9-1005-245-14. TM 9-1005-213-10, and TM 23-65. ponency Office; and the Engineer 

Training Center at Fort 1,eonard 

Wood. Topics include: 
The 

Engineer Branch 

Rexrode Training Team 

Skill qualification tests, soldier's 

manuals, course development, the 

Army training and evaluation pro^ 

gram, training devices, simulations, 

and other training-related matters 

(Directorate nf Training and Doctrine). 

Information ahout material and 

equipment deve11)pment and tahles 

of org.anizati~inal changes (Directorate ol' Combat Developments). 

Matters related to personnel management policies (Engineer pro^ 

ponency Office). 

AirLand Battle doctrine and the enginecr role on the AirLalid kiattlefield (Department of Combined 

Arms). 

All aspects of training at the Engineer Training Center at Fort 

Leonard Wood. 

Training Information 

The key to the success of the EOT is 

the exchange of information and open 

discussion of prohlems and idea. An 

equally important I'actor is disseminating discussion results to the 

field. Current plans call for each active 

component engineer battalion to be 

visited hy an EOT once every two 

years. The EOT will also visit as many 

Keserve Component units as possible, 

depending on resources. During FY 

86, tile Engineer Orientation Texm 

will visit engineer units at the following locations: 

12iirt I)rvens, MA Feb 3-7 

O(:ONUS-Germany Apr 6-18 

Fort Knox, KY Apr 14-18 

Piirt Stew;~rt.(;A May 

12-16 

Fort Benning, (;A 

Fort Ruckel., AL 

Fort A.P. Hill, VA June-Ang 

I'residin, San Francisco dune 

2:l-27 

IZortOrd. CA 

Fort (:arson, CO .July 28-23 

Fort Rilrv. KS .I 11 I v 

30-A& 1 

Fort Leonarri U'norl, MO Sept 8-12 

Fort Sill. OK 

St7(:Uo!:id IM.Rmrode is the NCOIC 

pf tiir! En,girmer Orirnlolion Team, 

Dil'eetoraii? qf Ecshation. and Standrrrdizol%onot the Enqi7w?r Si:h,oo/. 

~n~ineer solution 

ANSWER 1: 24.500 cubic yards. 

Theplan area of the likely zoneof breakage will form a parallelogram 

defined by the open faces of the bench and the innermost blastholes. 

Length of the zone (23 ft x 9) = 207ft 

Width of the zone (20 ft x 4) = 80ft 

Area of the breakage zone (207 ft x 80 ft) = 16.560 sq ft 

= 1,840 sq yd 

Blasthole subdrilling is that portion of the hole which extends below 

thequarry floor. A bench tendsto break more evenly at thequarryfloor 

if subdrilled holes are used in the shot. 

Bench height (47 ft - 7 ft) = 40 ft = 13.3 yd 

The volume of aggregate that you should obtain from the shot: 

(1,840 sq yd x 13.3 yd) = 24,500 cu yd 

ANSWER 2: 

To figure how much det cord and how many MS connectors are 

needed, you should have designed the echelon delay firing system as 

depicted below. Note that sound blasting practice emphasizes redundancy in all types of circuits. As a resultthereare twocord paths to any 

echelon. 

MS Delay Connectors 

By inspection, 22 MS det cord delays are required 

The det cord lying on the surface and connecting the blastholes (the 

trunk lines) must have a total length of 22 hole spacings (around the 

perimeter), plus 24 staggered spacings(diagonal1y across the pattern). 

Trunk line length: 

(23 ft x 22) + (40 ft x 24) = 1.470 ft 

You should add 1 0percent tothisamount for slack. plusan extra foot 

for the overlap at each MS connector. Also, a foot of cord should be 

provided to tie a diagonal line to the perimeter line at the point of 

intersection. Diagonal trunk lines intersect the perimeter at 20 

locations. 

Minimum length of det cord required for the trunk line: 

1,470 ft + (1,470 ft x 10%) + (1ft x 22) + (1ftx 20) = 1,660 ft 

The det cord extending into the blastholes (the down lines) must 

reach the primers. Each bottom primed hole requires 47 feet. To this 

amount, you should add 2 feet for slack, 1 foot for connecting to the 

trunk line, and 1 foot for securely attaching the cord to the primer. 

The minimum length of det cord required for the 36 down lines: 

(47 ft + 2 ft + 1 ft + 1 ft) x 36 = 1,840 ft 

The total quantity of det cord required: 

1.660 ft + 1.840 ft = 3.500 ft 

Practicalities may demand that you obtain more than this quantity. 

You must allow for splicing of two lengths of det cord where one roll of 

cord ends and another begins. Each splice requires about 2 feet of cord. 

You need enough det cord to reach from the open corner blasthole to 

the point of initiation. 
National 

Guard 

Central -4merica has surfaced as a 

challenging area for National 

Guard training exercises. One such exercise, Blazing Trails '85 set in the 

isolaled Azuero Peninsula of Panama, 

truly tested the road-building mettle of 

the combat engineers from Missouri. 

The Reconnaissartce Mission 

In November 1984, CPT Clyde A. 

Vaughn, project engineer of the 136th 

Engineer Group, and eight other men 

from the Missouri National Guard 

were dropped into the wilds of the 

Azuero Peninsula on a reconnaissiince 

missii~n for Blazing Trails '85. They 

came via a CH-47 Chinook helicopter 

with two jeeps, two trailers, and 

enough provisions for two weeks. 

Thrir task was to observe the area during the wet season (the Azuero gets 

more than 150 inches of rain during a 

five-month period) and to determine 

the best location for the Missouri 

Guard to build their portion of the 

road. 

According to XAJ Charles Friend, 

880th Engineer Battalion, "They 

couldn't have dropped us in a worse 

place!" 

Ten-foot~liigh grasses, swamps, and 

flooding rivers required difficult 

passages to be made on horsehack. The 

water was often so high that the horses 

carrying their riders had to swim 

across creeks. The first impression, 

which proved correct., was that the 

road couldn't go over the niountaintop 

as planned. 

"We looked over the terrain and 

knew the road had to go through a 

nearby saddle," Vaughn said. "Otherwise we'd have to move 100,000 yards 

of dirt. and 20 percent would be the 

best grade we could get." 

The Rase Camp 

In January 1985, CPT Vaughn and 

SSG Mike Phillips ret,urned to the 

Azuero with two Panamanian Defense 

Force (PDF) personnel to establish the 

Missouri base amp. 

According to Phillips. "At that time 

we didn't speak very much Spanish, 

and they didn't speak any English. Rut 

they were really good soldiers, so the 

communication gap really wasn't 

there." 

Vaughn and Phillips !net a local landowner, Roy McKone, a Canadian expatriate of 44 years. McKone spoke 

fluent English, and he immediately offered one of his rice fields as a base 

camp location. The agreement was 

sealed on a handshake. 

While McKone finished his rice 

harvest. Vaughn and Phillips aligned 

the base camp. They determined entrances, streets, and airstrip locations. 

A few days later, LTC Tom Seavers, 

commander of the 880tli Engineer Rattalion, arranged for a priority load of 

two bulldozers, two loaders, and a 

dump truck to be delivered to a port 

near the base camp. 

Vaughn arid Phillips unloaded the 

equipment and cut the port road to accommodate future port activities and 

then stripped out the base camp. 

Engineers had to take the first four 

inches off the rice field so the residue 

would riot burn. Xext, tiley located a 

water point, cut a road, and made a 

borrow pit for the rock haul. Once the 

880th arrived and the base camp was 

under way, the port uras cut in, and 

Vaughn turned his attention to the 

road design. 

Designing the Road 

The whole sequence of building the 

road included road location (design). 

surveying, earthwork computations, 

earthwork, and final grading-but 

most important mas road location. 

The old road went straight up a 

mountain and then crossed a river 

several times. According to Vaughn. 

"It was doubtful that we could build 

anything along that route that u.ould 

last beyond two rainy seasons." 

The combat engit~eers talked with 

residents and local elected representatives about where the road should go 

for the sake of the people. They also 

considered the engineering requirements such as drainage structures and the location and availability 

of Class IV materials. In order to avoid 

going over the mountaintop, the 

engineers stepped into high ground 

and bypassed a surarnp. 

It was a major construction effort to 
get to the saddle. It took two weeks 

and required diverting the headwaters 

of a stream into another valley. 

Vaughn said, "You couldn't possibly do 

this in the United States. The gears 

that it would take to get the easements 

and the ground leased would be prohibitive." 

One of the greatest challenges was 

an area dubbed rMonkq Mountain. 

This area was a large vertical drop in a 

very short space. To get the desired 12 

percent grade, the engineers designed 

a straightforward massive cut and fill 

which would require taking 65 feet 

from the top of the mountain. The 

resulting road base on this section was 

30 feet wide with 20-foot shoulders on 

each side. 

Drainage Structures 

The Missouri National Guard also 

built 49 drainage structures and 6 

bridges in the 9% miles of road. This 

included 3 combination Bailey Bridges 

and 3 timber trestles, a combination of 

9 low water crossings, 38 low water 

crossings with culverts, and 2 box 

culverts. 

The Missouri engineers really had to 

adapt to change. Often the Bailey 

Bridges were fabricated. PLT SGT 

George Arth, Company C, 110th 

Engineers constructing bridges in 

Panama often had to fabricate parts 

due to the shortage of materials and 

stringers. Here, a crane lifts a Bailey 

Bridge to its pilings at Rio Marillo 

(photo by CPT Lynda Mann). 

Engineer Battalion, cut bearing plates 

to place between the wood pilings and 

the bridges. "We've had difficulty getting materials, and siringers were at a 

premium," Arth said. "We took panels 

and turned them on their sides, welded 

channel iron to them, and made 

fabricated stringers. I think it will be 

just as strong as what would normally 

be there-it might even be something 

to look at for the future," he added. 

Low water crossings, although 

unhandy, were often the answer 

because there would be so much water 

coming through the structures, they 

did not have enough culverts to carry it 

all, and the gaps were not deep enough 

for a bridge. 

In many cases, natural drainage was 

diverted to avoid a drain structure or 

to create a larger one. In each case, 

watershed was calculated to determine 

if the pipe could handle additional 

water flow from another natural drain. 

A smooth transition was necessary to 

be sure the new drain did not cut back 

into its old channel. 

The availability and timeliness of 

delivering materials also affected the 

design of the road. According to 

Vaughn. "Rather than there being, for 

example, a 12-foot or 15-foot fill with 

an area that we could easily have kept 

balanced, we had to fill it 5 feet 

because of the availability of only 48 

feet of pipe for a concrete culvert." 

Almost all drainage and culverts 

used 36-inch and 48-inch pipe. The 

road was designed with a basic 36-inch 

culvert because of the Azuero rainfali. 

According to Phillips. "In the United 

States you're not talking about 

anything like 36-inch culvert, but here 

it's necessary. It's just unbelievable the 

amount of water that flows through 

these valleys." 

Construction Rotations 

Blazing Trails demanded that earthwork continue every day in order to 

complete the mission on time. Units 

were on the ground for 10 days, so 

while they were deploying and getting 

oriented, personnel assigned for the 

duration of the exercise operated the 

equipment and built the road. There 

was always a smooth transition when 

duration personnel were replaced by 

the current rotation units. 

A major factor to the mission's success was the planning done by the 

135th Engineer Group. As each rotation arrived, the engineers knew exactly what to do. They never stopped 

building the road. As a result, exercise 

participants were able to improve their 

engineer skills. According to Vaughn, 

"When they leave here, they are experts because they've never moved as 

massive an amount of dirt as they've 

moved here." 

Benefits of the Experience 

Because of the road, good things will 

come to Azuero-utilities, medical 

care, education-things to raise the 

standard of living. But it meant a lot to 

the combat engineers, too. 

Blazing Trails '85 displayed the 

capabilities of the National Guard. 

They mobilized outside of the country 

and completed a huge mission. Every 

type of unit received excellent training. 

"The number of ARTEP tasks we 

have accomplished is unbelievable," 

Vaughn said. "We now need to sit 

down and really define tasks-like 

driver's training. We don't drive 

vehicles under these conditions and 

terrain anywhere in the U.S." 

"Very few people have this kind of 

opportunity," he added. "It's the most 

rewarding thing I've ever done. It will 

be on record from now on that the combat engineers from Missouri came 

through this part of the Azuero Peninsula and built this road. And the people 

will never forget what the National 

Guard has done here." 

CPT Lynda bfann is the con~munity 

relations officer qf the 100th Public Aj: 

fair.$ Detachment, Texas Army A'ational Guard. She served 11 years on 

active duty, including an assignment 

with ttii 9th In,fantry Division. CP'I' 

Mann established the Organizational 

Effectiveness (OE) program for 

NATOISHAPE in Belgium and 

managed the OE program for the elst 

Support Command, Kaiserslautern, 

West Germany. 

She is workirq on her dissertation 

toward a PhD in human resource 

developm~~t from the University of 

Texas and is now attending the Command and General StaJSCollege atFort 

Leazienworth, KS. 
Development 


of 


Engineer Tactical Doctrine 


and 

Equipment 

by MAJ Stanley J. Murphy and MAJ F. Marion Cain 111 

The yituation of l,'r(: Floid A. 

Davldson's 1st Battalion, 110th 

Itifantry Regiment, was most discouraging. The time w-es early morning 

September 15, 1944. Their mission was 

lo capture Hill 653. a Siegfried Line 

strongpoint along the HeckhuscheidCettfeld Highway. Without tank support, the infantry could make no headway against the German pillboxes. 

Five rov7s of concrete dragon's teeth 

and a roadblock prevented the tanks 

from closing in on the pillboxes. 

Sot until 1700 did the engineers and 

tanks arrive. Under cover of fire frnm 

tanks and towed tank destroyers, 10 

unarmed engineers, each carrying 50 

pounds of TST,began to creep slowly, 

carefully toward the roadhlock. As 

they inched forward, tension mounted. 

passing almost electrically to the 

waiting infantrymen and tankers. 

Reaching the roadblock at last, the 

engineers found six steel I beams 

embedded in concrete caissons on 

either side of the road. Several large. 

portable iron tetrahedrons reinforced 

the obstacle. Working swiftly. they 

placed their charges. An hour and a 

half zifler they started their perilous 

task, the charges were set. Activating 

the charges, the engineers jumped to 

their feet and "ran like hell to the 

rear." The roadblock disintegrated 

n:ith a roar. 

Acting on cue, the tanks advanced 

and fired pointblank at the pillboxes. 

The infantry went forward on the run. 

Forty-five minues later, Elill 553 was 

secure. It yielded 17 pillboxes and 58 

prisoncrs. After almost three days of 

mounting casualties and frustrations. 

the 110th Infantry in a quick, coordinated assault at last gained a significant objective within the Siegfried 

Line.I 

World War I1 saw the use of ohslacles, minefields, and barriers on a 

scale never before imagined. To cope 

with these obstacles to mobility, the 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers rapidly 

developed new equipment and doctrine 

to support maneuver forces. This re^ 

quired a change in emphasis from constructing bunkers and field fortifications in support of World War I attrition warfare to hreaching minefields 

and other obstacles in support of 

World War I1 manewer warfare. 

Like the Arniy of the mid-1980s, the 

Arm) of the late 1930s was also struggling with the problems of changing 

from a doctrine baaed on attrition to a 

doctrine based on maneuver. Therefore. a aliscussion of the development 

of tactical doctrine and equipment dur~ 

ing the early years of World War 11 

provides valuable insight irito the 

development of contemporary tactical 

doctrine and equipment. This article 

examines one aspect of the evolution of 

tactical doctrine by the L.S. Army 

Corps of Erigmeers-the devrlopment 

of mobility doctrine and equipment 

froln 1939 to 1944. 
Background 

he .Japanese attack on Pearl T Harbor in December ~!)II 

caught the 1J.S. Army Ground Forces 

in the process of transitioning from a 

small peacetime army to a vast 

mechanized forre. During this period. 

rt~sponsibiliQ for developing mohility 

doctrine and training was vested in the 

Engineer Srhool at Fort Relvoir. VA. 

Ordtiance Department was responsihlc 

for procurement and production." 

Many senior officers, including GEN 

Maiin Craig, U.S. Army Chief of Staff 

from 1935 to 1939, and GEN Leslie 

McXair. Chief of Staff. Army Headquarters from 1939 to 1940 and later 

Commander of the Army Ground 

Fort:es from 1942 to 1944, tliought the 

new style of tnohile warfare required 

only limited mobility support, primarily for emergency road repair. In fact, 

in the 1936 reor~anization of the infantrq~ division, GEN Craig recommended 

The F:n~neer Board iras res~~o~isible divisional engineers be delctc?d from 

for dcveloping equipment, and the the new triangular di\ision." 

Search for a New Mobility 

Doctrine 1939-1942 

T 

>1t,t::t,:, i,; !I,< 01,l .\.,>I! 

hroughout the 1920s and 1930s. 

fr~\- ssobstantiai cl~anges were 

made ili the methods (IS pruviding 

mobility support to the infantry di1.ision. The infantry division of the interwar years was primarily ttic square 

division, a large. cumbersome orwtri~ 

zation of over 22,000 mert designed for 

the attritioli warfare of \Vorld War I. 

Sitice most i~i'the division's veliicles 

acre horne- or mirle~drs\vn and the infantry either walked or rode the train. 

there was little need for mobility support. The major function of the ilivision's etigirieer regiment was to 

construct fortific;~tions (suruivability) 

ilsirlg picks and shovels. In 1930. hanti 

labor was supplementeii hy the adtlition of horse- or rnulr-drawn wtigons. 

roati grtiders, and scrapers.' 

t:eorq;niizatioti 

Seeking to increase thr division's 

ability to nianeuver, thc now 

triangular divisioit was organized in 

1936. Tlic org:~nizatioli had 13,552 Inert 

and contained three infantry regirnents. The square division L*ng'tneer 

regiment of X1G mcn was reduced to a 

hattalion of 518. Convinced that the 

triankml~1r divisk~n did not nerd significant mobility support, the strength of 

the divisional engineer battalk111 aas 

further reduced to 420 men tty 1939. 

This marked'ttie lo!z tide of mobility 

support to the ditrision. Many argued 

that proper reeonnaissanci~ u.ould 

enable the division to detour around 

dest,royed bridges and other ol!stacles. 

Tliere seernud, thercfore, little need 

for rlixisional engineers in maneuver 

warfare. 

'This nlncept was swept aside when 

(;ertntiny invaded Poland in September 

1939. Analysis of German army operations in Poland revealed a larger 

numt~cr of engineer troop'; were required to provide mobility support for 

motorized and mechanical forces. Subsequently, in December 1939, the 

General Staff approved increasing the 

strength of the divisional engineer battalion to 520 men." 

In addition tu changing the strength 

of the ~iivisional engineer tnttalion, improvements were also made in equipping the battalion. In the fall of 1!13$1, 

the Engineer Board used ttte 5th 

Engineer Battali011 to test a 4 libtun 

dozer by comparing its performance tr 

a slip scraper pulled by a mule team. In 

the test, the dozer nioved 16 times as 

much earth as the animal-drawn 

scaper. 'The test results were so im~ 

pressive that befure the end of the 

year, 7 112-tori dozers were authorized 

for divisional co~ntiat engirreer battalions." 

Impart of thc (;t.rlrinn Klitzhric~ 

The German Rlikkrieg through 

France in 1940 also had a tremendous 

impact on the development of U.S. 

Army mobility doctrine and equip. 

ment. Throughout late 1940 and early 

1!341, several articles appeared in the 

In/izntnt?yJorrrial and The ~Milita~y 

E?z.yine~'rdescribing the irnportance of 

rttohility support to breach obstacles. 

assaolt fortified positions, and conduct 

river-crossing operations.' 

In 1940, maneuvers also provided 

another opportunity to demonstrate 

the need for increased mobility support. For the first time, it became 

standard practice to attach a platoon 

of engineers to infantry regiments. As 

a result, the strength of the engineer 

hattalion increased to 734 men over 

the objection of GEX MeNair who advocated only a single company of 176 

men for divisional engineers.8 

During the 1941 maneuvers, it 

became common practice to attach two 

platoons of engineers to each of the 

division's regimental conibat teams. 

Based on the increased realization of 

the need for mobility support, the divisional engineer birttalion strength was 

furtlier increased in January 1942. 

Impressed by the ability of Gernian 

engineers to breach obstacles and 

assault fortified positions, the 

Enginccr School conducted a series of 

tests in 1941 and 1942, stressing 

nii,l~ility support Lo armor and infantry 

units by breaching obstacles and supporting the ass:mlt of a fortified position using the Siedried Line as a 

model. The purpose of these tests was 

to evaluate current Army doctrine and 

teclitrir~ues and make reconimendations." 

The Engineer School's final report. 

published in September 1942, rcacheii 

several conclusio~is. First, assaulting 

obstacles and fortified positions required spi,cially trained soldiers. 

Another key finding was that infantry, 

as a.cll as engineer troops, should 

rcceive demolitioris training. The 

report concludfd that the inhntry divisix organization aas m~t suited to 

breaching and assaulting fortified positions and that present 17.S. doctrine in 

FA1 100~5 u,as sound, but needed 

clarification.'" 

In addressing specific assault techniques. the report stated ttte use of 

hand-placed charges would he succpssful against isolated obstacles. 

IIo\vever, this method would not be 

successful against obstacles covered by 

fire from mutually supporting em^ 

placements. The test committee 

thought that success woulri depend 

largely upon the ability of artillery and 

air force to suppress enemy fire and 

that use of srrroke would significantly 

reduce casualties." 

A revised version of FhI 5-6. 

l??~gini>eri.'ieid.'vfonual- Ogpr(~lionsqf 
' - .-

+. ' .-*. .* ' < - . , --, . C'i.,.*- * ~ .,

Engineers remove the detonator of a teller mine found on the beach at Xettuno. ILdly, February 6, 1944. Americans 

created special mine training centers to counter the Germans' large-scale use of mines. Other methods of breaching 

obstacles included hand-placed charges, removal by hand, artillery fire and bomhardment, bridging., and direct fire 

from tanks (US. Army photo). 

Engineer Fieid llnits, published in Phase IV mobile forces bvould pass mas reduced from 545 to 647 officers 

April 1943, estat~lished countermine through the gap and continue the at- and men. The battalion consisted of a 

and counterobstacle doctrine for the Vack. Assarllt units ~vould reqnire headquarters company and three line 

remainder of the war. FM 5-6 dis- specialized training. and special units compa~iies. This reiJn~:tion in strength 

cussed five methods of breaching should tie organized to breach a major \ws part of' a general cut in the 

obstacles: hand-placed charges, hand fortified po~ition." strength of the infantry di\,ision. The 

removal. artillery fire and aerial bom- An imfantry battalion supported by 1343 reorganization was the last major 

bardmcnt. bridging, and direct fire :~ttachments froni tank, tank change in troop strengtli andorganiza~ 

from tanks or tank destroyers. The destroyer, artillesy, engineer, and tion of the divisional combat engineer 

manual emphasized hand-placed chemical units aoold conduct the i~attalion.'" 

charges as the most efficient method assault. Tile assault would be preceded Iluring this period, the armored 

for breaching minefields and all other bj- :Lheavy preparation and aerial hom- cngincer loattnlic,n of the arniored diviol~stacles. Minefields could also be bardmcnt. As preparatory fires shifted sion %\,as nlsc~ re(~rga~nired. In early 

hreacherl by iiand removal using. toenemy rescrvesandr:ounterbattery 1943. GES IlcNair insisted the 

probes to locate the mines and then fire. direct fire from tank and tank strength of the xrnli~red en~ineer bat^ 

digging them out or exploding them destroyer nits wl.ouliJ suppress rnen~y talion be rcduceii tq- mcrrc than 40 per^ 

one by one. Artillery fire and aerial fire and cover thc assault and cent. IIe argued that since trarkrd 

bombardrncnt was not considered a breaching detachments as they moved vehicles coulii move easily crilis~ 

reliable method, and direct fire from for~vard. IJsirig smoke to conceal their country, less ~nohiliQ suppllrt was re^ 

tanks was only effective against some movements, the breaching detachment quired to construct and mainttiir~ 

obstacles. FM 6-6 also stressed the im- would breach a gap through the roaiis, l'herel'ore. the treadxvay brid~e 

portance of reconnaissance and the use obstacles. The assault detachment conlpany iras removed from the ~iiviof smoke to mask breaching opera- urould then move through the gap and sioii and placeti under Corps cuntrol. 

tions.12 assault the fortification rising a corn Under the September 1943 reormnizaFM 5-6and FM 100-3 stated that bination of han<i-placed charges, hand tion, the armored engineer battalion 

assault of a fortified zone would he grenades, antitank rockets, ilanie- was reduced from a streng-th of 1,174 

conducted in four phases by a com- throwers, and rifle grenades." to a stre~~gtt~ 
 of €193. This orgaliiz a t. ]on 

bined arms leani co~~sisting of in fan^ ri7maineii relatively 
 unchanged


try; armor, artillery, and engineers. throughout the remainder r~f the war.'" 


phase 1 reduction of the enemy Final lteorganizalion uf Cornl~at 


outpost system. Phase I1 u.as breach- l'>ogineer Battalions 


ing a gap through thc obstacles. In In earl)- 1943. the strength of the 


Phase 111 the gap was extended, and in divisional combat engineer battaliun 


.-2 
Improvements to Mobility attacking units. In North Africa, Romme1 placed large numbers of antipersonnel and antitank mines to impede Doctrine 1943-1944 British attacks. Later in Italy, 

retreating enemy forces went to great 

Thr l~iipactof Cornl~.~t 

Exprrivxe 

Not until .' 

1943 did actual combat 

experience overseas begin to influence development of mobility doctrine and equipment in the U.S. Army. 

Up t,o then, development of mobility 

doctrine and equipment was based 

primarily on theoretical work, observations, and tests conducted by the 

Engineer School and the Engineer 

Board. 

By 1943, evidence began to pile up 

from the Russian Front and the British 

experience in North Africa. 

Throughout the year, The ~Wilitay 

Erf,gine?r ran ti series of articles on 

various aspects of combat engineering 

from the Russian Front. One of these 

articles by LT B. Marclienko of the 

Soviet army specifically addressed 

breaching German obstacles. LT Marchenko's article stressed the need to 

breach obstacles quickly to reduce the 

exposure of friendly units to enemy 

fire. He also discussed the importance 

of conducting a detailed reconnaissance, usually at night, to deter^ 

mine the exact nature and location of 

the obstacles prior to the assault. LT 

Marchenko's article recommended 

engineers accompany the lead 

elements in the assault. Breaching 

metliods included hand removal of 

mines or detonating with explosives. 

Wire obstacles could he cut by hand or 

blown with demolit,ions.'7 

Retreating German units began employing obstacles in increasing 

numbers to slow down the advance of 

lengths -to modify terrain kith 

obstacles to slow the Allies' advance. 

GEE Eisenhower remarked that 

retreating Germans ". .. made certain 

that every culvert and bridge on the 

miserable roads were blown out; every 

shelf road cut into the steep mountain 

sides was likewise destroyed."'8 

Combat in North Africa in early 1943 

revealed that not enough attention was 

focused on training for placing and 

removing mines. Present practice was 

for only engineer units to receive traiuing in mine warfare. However, the 

large-scale use of mines by the Germans required that everyone be able to 

breach minefields. As a result, special 

mine training centers were established. Before deploying overseas, 

each combat unit sent a quota of officers to a one-week course in lavine " 

hasty minefields and breaching German minefields. Engineer officers 

received an additional week of instruction which included laying and marking deliberate minefields and disarming enemy mines. 

Stressing the importance of realistic 

training prior to combat, CPT Robert 

Rigg published an article in the October 1943 issue of The Militaq 

En,ginecr describing a training course 

in the removal of mines. The mile-long 

course contained 11 obstacles with 

mines and hoohy traps. Realism was 

enhanced by connecting the mines and 

booby traps to 114-pound blocks of 

TNT buried off to the side of the obstacle. Another interesting fact is that 

CPT Rigg was not an engineer but a 

cavalry officer and the training course 

he recommended was established not 

for an engineer unit but for the 106th 

Cavalry.lg 

Countermine and counterobstacle 

techniques were becoming important 

not only to engineers but to other combat units as well. 

Development of Mobility Equipment 

Clearance of land mines and other 

obstacles presented many significant 

ILT C.A. Post, attached to a combat 

engineer unit in France, prepares to 

detonate two German teller mines, 

November 15, 1944 (U.S. Army 

photo). 
problems, and the Corps of Engineers 

pursued several lines of investigation. 

Basically, mines and obstacles may be 

cleared by either explosive or 

mechanical means. By 1943, the 

greatest progress in clearance techniques was in the area of explosives. 

Lab in 1941, the Engineer Board conducted detailed experiments in the 

Tennessee Vailey to determine the 

best types, amounts, methods of placement, and relative effectiveness of 

various explosives. Further tests were 

conducted at Aherdeen Proving 

Ground, MD, on antitank obstacles 

such as log blocks, tetrahedrons, 

hcdgehogs, and log posts. 

Explosive Methods 

The Engineer Board determined 

that satchel charges of 25. 50, and 75 

pounds were effective against large 

concrete obstacles such as dragon's 

teeth, while line charges, such as the 

bangalore torpedo, were effective for 

breaching lanes through minefields 

and wire obstacles. 

The bangalore torpedo, invented by 

a British Army officer in Bangalore, 

India, before World War I,\vasametal 

tube filled with explosives. After 

several tests, the Engineer Board, 

with the assistance of DuPont, 

American Can Cornpaily, and Republic 

Steel Corporation, designed a 

prefabricated bangalore torpedo five 

feet long, two inches in diameter, and 

containing 8 112 pounds of ammonium 

nitrate.20 

Meanwhile, soldiers were still being 

trained to breach minefields by loosening mines with a probe and either 

removing them by hand or exploding 

them with TNT. This was a very slow 

and dangerous method, especially 

under fire. Although several bangalore 

torpedoes could he joined together to 

hreach a minefield, the lane was only 

one to two meters wide, not enongh for 

a vchicle. 

In January 1943, the Engineer 

Board began testing a Canadian line 

charge called the snake. Similar to today's M157, the snake was designed to 

he asscmhled in the field out of enemy 

view, then pushed out into the minefield by a tank. When detonated, the 

snake cleared a path sufficient for 

vehicles. Although assemhly was timeintensive, the tank protected the 

breaching team from small-arms fire.z1 

In addition to line charges. the 

Engineer Board investigated several 

other explosive methods for breaching 

minefields such as artillery fire, 

bombs. and rocket-propelled charges. 

Ail these methods worked up to a 

point, but explosives always left sensitive mines on the edges of the cleared 

lane. These sensitive mines were extremely difficult to remove and became 

very dangerous. Bombs larger than 

250 pounds left a large crater which 

also became an obstacle to mobility. 

Consequently, by mid-1943, the 

Engineer Board and the Ordnance 

Hoard began to seriously investigate 

mechanical or pressure rnethods.2' 

The snake was used to clear a path wide enough for vehicles. It was assemhled out of the enemy's view, and a tank 

pushed it into the minefield. The closeup (top left) shows a detail of the snake, a Canadian line charge similar to today's 

M157. A medium tank (bottom right) rolls down a snake-cleared minefield (US. Army photos). 
Mechanical Methods 

Throughout 1942 and 1943, the Ordnance Board experimented with 

several different types of disk rollers 

as a method of breaching minefields. 

These devices consisted of a number of 

large steel disks mounted on a medium 

tank. The tank pushed the disks 

through the minefield, detonating 

mines in its path. Major limitations of 

the rollers were their extreme weight 

and slow speeds. They also tended to 

break down frequently. Over 15 

devices were tested before one model, 

the TlE3, proved more satisfactory 

than the rest. Named the Aunt 

Jemima, the TIE3 was fielded by early 

1944.23 

As early as January 1942, the 

Engineer and Ordnance Boards experimented with bulldozer blades 

mounted on medium tanks. Various 

straight and V-blades were developed 

and tested by 1,aPlante-Choate Company and LeTonrneau Corporation, 

However, by the spring of 1943, a 

satisfactory solution had not been 

found. 

Meanwhile, reports from the Pacific 

and North Africa emphasized the requirement for an armored vehicle to 

provide mobility support to front-line 

units where the operator was often exposed to enemy fire. Since the tank 

dozer was still in the developmental 

stage, another method had to be found. 

The concept of armored bulldozers 

was suggested hack in 1942, but steel 

plate was too scarce in the summer of 

1942 to be diverted for this purpose. 

This medillm t;ulli is equipped with a TIE3 mine exploder. The Ordnance 

hard lcstcd several types of disk rollers. However, they were heavy, slow, 

and broke down ((1.S. Army photo). 

By mid-1943, the situation had 

changed, and the Engineer Board 

designed an armored cab for hull. 

dozers. The cab was conscructeti of 

112-inch steel plate and could be 

assembled in the field. The armor plate 

protected the dozer operator against 

bullets smaller than ,813ealiber, but it 

was heavy and tended to overload the 

tractor. Cabs also reduced operator 

visibility and efficiency. Hy the summer of 1944, armored calls were: in thr 

field.24 

Obstacles, minefields, and barriers in World War I1 created a demand for 

new equipment to support maneuver warfare. The Army experimented with 

By late 1943, LeTourneau Corporation developed a successful tank dozer. 

This model employed a hydraulically 

controlled straight blade mounted on a 

medium tank. Its earth-moving 

capabilities compared favorably with 

those of a D-8 tractor. The 

LeTourneau tank dozer performed 

well under a series of demanding tests, 

easily overcoming obstacles previously 

classed as rendering direct assault 

useless. Rushed into production, the 

tank dozer was deployed to Italy by the 

'priW3 of 1944,26 

Impressed the improvements 

equipment and techniques for breaching minefields and other obstacles, the 

Office of the Chief of Engineers (OCE) 

directed the Engineer School to take 

advantage of Engineer Board test 

facilities to test techniques and doctrine and to bring tactical considerations to bear upon the Board's work. 

The School decided that unless U.S. 

Army doctrine changed, the infantry 

would precede the arrival of the tanks 

and must be prepared to breach 

obstacles using simple expedients such 

as wire cutters and ramps. Wide gaps 

through obstacles were not needed until the tanks arrived. Furthermore, 

vehicle lanes wuld not be provided until the infantry silenced the enemy's 

fire.26 
France. However, the armor plate over1 oaded the tractor and the cab reduced 

visibility (U.S. Army photo). 

Encouraged by the successful tests 

of the tank dozer, the Engineer Roard 

decided to develop a more versatile 

engineer armored vehicle. Based on a 

medium tank chassis, the engineer armored vehicle included a dozer blade, a 

trailer for carrying extra demolitions, 

a doozit (device for mechanically placing explosives), and substituted a 

rocket launcher for the 75-mm main 

gun. This vehicle was reasonably efficient and afforded good protection to 

its operator, although the rocket 

launcher was accurate only at short 

ranges and the launcher and doozit 

were vulnerable to enemy fire. 

The engineer armored vehicle was 

successfully rested in the spring of 

1944. However, procurement was 

blocked because the vehicle did not fit 

into the organization and doctrine of 

the Army. The Engineer Roard concluded the vehicle could only be absorbed in the armored engineer hattalion. The Engineer School recommended forming special units similar 

to the British approach. The Office of 

the Chief of Engineers thought the 

vehicle should be placed in all divisional 

engineer units. Consequently, the 

engineer vehicle was not deployed in 

time to participate in the fighting in 

Europe. On V-J Day, two engineer armored vehicles with crews and instructors were at the port of embarkation 

ready to deploy oversea^.^' 

Throughout the prewar years, the 

Office of the Chief of Engineers 

resisted pressure from many senior officers to reduce the strength of the 

divisional engineer battalion below 

300. During this period, they also 

struggled to field new mobility equipment replacing man power-first with 

horse power and then with machine 

power. 

Initially, developments in organiaation. doctrine, equipment, and training 

were based on results of maneuvers 

and field tests. Later, lessons gleaned 

from analyzing German army combat 

operations were used to modify 

original concepts and theories. Finally, 

recent combat experience in the Pacific 

and North Africa was used to further 

refine doctrine, equipment, and training. 

As a result, by D-Day 1944, the U.S. 

Army was equipped with a variety of 

mobility equipment. to include: 

bangalore torpedoes, snakes, mine 

detectors, mine rollers, armored 

bulldozers, and tank dozers. Nevertheless, none of these methods was entirely satisfactory. The armored 

engineer vehicle had completed 

development., but disagreements over 

how and where it should he employed 

delayed fielding until the end of the 

war. The tank dozer was the closest 

approach to an engineer assault vehicle 

capable of providing mobility support 

to frontline units under fire.2R 

During the late prewar years of 1936 

to 1941, the Office of the Chief of 

Engineers struggled to convince the 

Army that mobile warfare did not 

decrease the need for mobility support, 

but actually increased it. Throughout a 

period of seven years from 1936 to 

1943, the U.S. Army tried to adapt the 

organization of the division to meet the 

demands of mobile warfare by testing 

new organizations, incorporating new 

equipment, and developing new doctrine. 

Initially, development of mobility 

doctrine was largely theoretical and 

based on experience gained in World 

War I and more recent maneuvers in 

1.ouisiana and North Carolina. Later, 

mobility doctrine was influenced by the 

success of the German Blitzkrieg. 

Development of n~obility doctrine and 

equipment during 1943 and 1944 was 

primarily guided by actual combat experience of Soviet, British, and 

American armies on the Eastern Front 

and in North Africa and Italy. 

FM 5-6 and FM 100-5emphasized 

the use of firepower to breach 

obstacles and assault fortified zones. 

These manuals did not discuss the use 

of mohility to bypass or outflank 

obstacles or fortified positions. The 

assault and breaching detachments 

were expected to lead the attack with 

only supporting fire and smoke to protect them from enemy fire and to 

breach enemy obstacles using handplaced explosives. 

Even thoiigh the 1941 tests by the 

Engineer School clearly showed that 

hand-placed charges would not succeed 

against obstacles covered by fire from 

mutually supporting positions, FM 5-6 

and FM 100-5 did not mention the use 

of any mechanical methods of breaching obstacles or the need to provide the 

breaching detachment with armor protection. 

GEN McNair's insistance on a lean, 

flexible organization played a key role 

in limiting the mobility support 

available to the division. McNair's concept was reinforced by his belief that 

tracked vehicles would require less 

mobility support as they traveled 

cross-country. This decision often 

came back to haunt C.S. Army units 

when obstacles and terrain restricted 

movement of tracked vehicles to roads. 

American industry played a vital role 

in the development of mobility equipment for the U.S. Army. The military 

establishment simply did not have the 

necessary experience or technology to 

develop sophisticated mobility equipment such as the mine detector, 

bangalore torpedo, snake, and tank 

dozer. 

Throughout the development process, the U.S. Army placed too much 

emphasis on perfection instead of setENGINEER'W.IIII.? 1985~96 
Soldiers pl;icc ;I II~III~~I~o~.,~ (II~JI<~O under harhed wire. England, August IY4:J. 1ILine rharges were effective for breaching 

lanes Lhr~i~gh n~incficlilsand wire ohstacles (U.S. Army phulo). 

tling for equipment cal~able of clearing 

srrfficienl i~hstacles to get a large 

percentage of vehicles through. This 

held up eiluipment development and 

delayed proiluction. Tht! result w:ls 

that fewer items \wre available in the 

rield. 

Combat units deplo?ing to Europe in 

the summer of 1944 were not adequatcly equipped to breach obstacles 

under fire. Despite extensive testing 

arid develob~ment, the K7.S.Army failed 

to develop a really satisfac.tory (quick 

and safe) nietliod of breaching 

minefields under fire. The roller and 

and bangalore torpedo were simply the 

kiest of the lot. 

Training could be changed rapidly 

t)ascd on actual combat experience, for 

exaniple. correcting deficiencies in 

mine warfare training based on North 

Africail experiences. Equipment 

clianges, however. took longer. When 

a particular item (ISeyuipment did nut 

perform as expected in the field, it 

could not be quickly modified by the 

COXUS industrial base to meet actual 

field requirements. Therefore, a great 

deal of emphasis bad to be placed on innovation and initiative in the field. 

lT.70rld lVar I1 ~vitnessed the dcvelopment of specialized mobility equipment 

and doctrine (in n scale orrforeseen arid 

unpredicted in the preceding pears of 

peace. The grcatcr part. of this 

specialized mobility equij~oient rvas actually developed after ttie majority of 

comhat units deployed overseas. Consequcntly, there were initially no units 

specifically trained to employ most of 

this equipment. Furthermore, the 

number of officers and men in the 

European Theater familiar with the 

I':IL(2;INE~I!!W~?~lr.r19f3!58F 

doctrine, capabilities. and limitations 

of this specialized mobility equipment 

was negligible."' 

Experience and doctrine drive the 

development of equipment. The U.S. 

hrmy had not experienced Dieppe. 

Xnne of their Iaiidings in North Africa 

arid southern Europe hatl been heavily 

opposed. Doctrine emphasized the use 

of hand~placed demolition charges to 

clear obstacles, not the use of specialized equipment. Tlierefore, when the 

Engineer Boaril began to study the 

problem of clewring ohstaclrs, they 

failed to evaluate the real strength of 

defenses and niirealci~lated Lhe ability 

of the iniiividual soldier to breach 

obstacles under fire."" 

The eminent military historian 

Michael Howirrd once said, "It is the 

challenge of military science in an age 

of pence to prevent doctrines from be- 

<:onling too badly rvv<~ng."~' The filial 

lest of im army's doctrine is the battiefield. Perhaps tliere is no greater 

cl~allengeto a peacetime army- than the 

development of a viable doctrinc for 

future war. 

AirLand Battle doctrine is the 1J.S. 

Army's operational concept to mcct 

the challenges of future \i.ar. Hmveier. 

AirLand Battle is not fully implemented. Pritblems still exist in applied doctrine, equipment, training. 

organization. and tactics. This is not to 

say that AirLand 13attIe should ijc 

discarded. On the contrary, this doctrine has established an ideal tlmt 

should be strived for continually. 

Like the Army of the late 19309, we 

are struggling with the prol)len~s of 

changing from a doctrine based on attrition to one based on manuever. "in 

understanding of the prohlcms 

associated with the development of 

mobility doctrine and equipment during the early war years may prevent us 

from making some of these same 

mistakes. 

41.45 Stunle~jJ. Murphy is o?, i77-

sln~rlo~/docl,.l~lp writer rrf the KS.

A'rmjj Cm,rn.a?%d n~td Cenw1~1 Staji' 

College. Ile ,rece%red o bochelor:~ drgrr.r. 

,kom the l,Tnicc.rsity ?/ 0yg011 and 

~ni~ntcrkdegrl?es iii eir:il enginu~virrg 

ari.i! SYS~PVLP,rnilnog(vnrritj+om T~T(IS 

A&iVi irnlLiversity irnd the C.nicl?rsity "( 

Soulhrrn Cal<thl.ni,a res~~ecticeiy. 

Hi iius rcrrvd in a 7;orieiy qf r,c,rnnirrnd and slitlf positions in enqin~?ei, 

?miis in Vietnu~rt, CO.VUS. C:ennan!{, 

nrcd Korvtr; inost assi~lwrnr.r~ls hrxvn benn 

in di!,isivnaimginemr h(rttn/,ioris. 

KAJ F ,l.lurion.Cil,i!i,ill is r~ student 

in the Adrunred Mililnq) Sfudi*:: Proy,-!17n ot the /IS.A?,?nyCf~~~inrixitti n?id 

(;enem1 Stuf G~llcg~. He ri,crlc~d ,I 

bachelor:, dqr~,e<,in r-icil ~~zyiriec.riiig 

iroin the Citrrdrl. n mrl.sterS.s degree in 

cicil e~zgi~ieeri?~g,(rol,( the L.'n<cersit?, <j( 

Cr~l~jon~Cr at Ne~~kelc!l,11~n.da rnusterfi 

f/r:qr11,11. ia milCl~rr!j rc~Z o~rd scienceji.orn 

tliv I,-.$. AI.IV!/ (,'~?,l??t.Olill ond Gm~a~rl 

Slr!fl College. 

His kp!y frssigxi17cnt.s in.elude 

r~n.(~iri.If!rrplrtbnon le<adel., 82nd Airborn 

ni,t:ision. Fort Bragg, SC; cornpuny 

com,mander u:nd i~ssistar~lS-8. 62nd 

ICriginen. Baltoliun. Fort Hood, TX: 

project rfficrfr. ~Widdle Eost Llil;ision, 

Slrudi Arabia; urid S-3, Zr~d EirgCnec,. 

G,rwup, Korea. MA,J Coin La rr 

registered pr~fbssionill engi~tecr iri 

Vi~giiiiir 

,L! 
Notes 

' (:harles B. MucDonalcl, The SiexfriiriedLinr Cornpnixn (US.Arrny itr -'LT B. Marchenko, "Remov~ng German 0bstar:les;' The Military 

IVorId Wor 11: European Thent?~,19fi3.pp. 46.47. Engineer. 3,194:J, p. 678. 

Hlaneh*(:.Cull.Jei~n E.Keit11. andHcrborlH. Rur~ntiial, Tltr C:urps '-Dwight I).Eisenhower. Crusride bi Europe, 1948, pp. 201-202. 

of Ollxraeers: Troops and Equipment f /IS. Army in Wwld War 11: Tltu "' CW Kobert K~gy, "Training Course in Removal of Mines." The 

?bchr,,ral Srraicrsi, 1958. 11. 8. ~WililoryEngineer. 34. 1943. pp. 61 1-618. 

Ibid., p. 12. '"Coll, Keith. and Roaanthal, Kn~inecr Troops and Eqwipment,
 ' Ihid., 1,. 29. pp. 468.469. 


'[bid.. pp. 14-16. " Ihid.. pp. 469-470. 


" Iinid., p~. 32-33. 'Constance M. Green. llarry C, l'hon,pson, and Peter C. Roots, 


CP1' Paul W. 'l'bompson. "Engineers in the Rlitrkrieg." In/unlry Plo~~ai~~*iMunitionsioi WarIUS.Armyin World WorI1:ThrOrdnonee 

Joen,ol, 47, 1940, pp. 424-432. C1'T Paul W. Thompson, "Engineen Deparlnzentj. 1955, pp. 387389. 

in Hattle," The iMi1itnry Enxr,rr,.r., 35. 1941. pp. 1-5, 116-120, 209.214, "lbid., pp. 390.392. 

276-28'2. 374-376. 434.437. 514-516. and 659~560. 2' "Armored Cabs Cur Tractors," The rllrlrtory Engineer, 36. 1944. " Coil. Keith, and Kosenthal. En#irwer Troops and Eguip,nc,nt, p. 340. 

PP. 22~23.U.S.Army Enyineer School. A Report on the Attack of a ', Coil, Keith, and Kosmthal, Engineer Troops and Equipment. 

Fortified Posltio~z. 1942. p. 4. pp. 471-4iS. "Tank Oozer," The Mi1itar.y Enpinear, 36, 1!344, p. 341. 

" 1l.SAmmy Engineer Schuol. N<.purr.p. 4. "'Coll. Keith. and Kosenthal, Engrnerr. Troops and Equipment, p. 475. 

' Ibid.. pp. 71-i:i. 27 Ihid.. p. 481. 

" Ibid.. pp. 7LL76. :'Ibid., y. 480. 

" U.S. Army. FM 56, Engin<>rr Fi'ildd Manual -Operations of 'Y l1.S. Forces European Theater. Study No. 52:Armored Special 

EngineerField Unils. Washingtun. U.C.. 194B pp. 72-77. Lbuiprnent. February 21. 1946. p. 3. 

"'lhid.. pp. 7879. PM 100-8, Ter~toliu~ Pidd Seruice Krguialions - "'K. J. Mackrey. Arrnonied Crusader: A Biography ofMojor.Orrrt.ml 

Opcrolions. Washingtun. D.C.. 19:l!l. Sir Percy tiohart. 1967, p. 293. 

"Ibid., pp. 80.82. .' Michael Hawitrd, "Mi1itnr.v Science in an Age of Peare:' RIISI 

' 'Coll. Keich,and Rosenthsl. fi,'?'nr?incsrTroop~ondl<quipmmt,p.22j. Jourrzol, 119, March 1974, pp. 3~9. "' Ibid. 

The Impact of Dieppe on the 


Development of Mobility Equipment 


In August 1942, British and Canadian forces con- Africa Campaign. By rotating the drum, the chains 

ducted a large-scale amphibious raid on the occupied flogged the ground in front of the tank and detonated 

French coastal city of Dieppe. This first attempt to land mines buried in its path.' 

forces in Europe was a disaster. The raiding force of ap- Another important British armored vehicle was the 

proximately 5,000 men suffered over 3,000 casualties. Armored Vehicle, Royal Engineers (AVRE). Designed 

Over 1,000 of these casualties occurred on the beach around a Churchill tank chassis, the AVRE carried a 

before the raiders could breach the German obstacle crey of six engineers and could fire a shaped charge 

system. The raiders encountered a formidable array of round 80 yards from a 12-inch spigot mortar mounted in 

obstacles including steel spikes, barbed wire, concrete the turret. This versatile vehicle could carry several 

walls and blocks, antitank ditches and mines-all devices to enhance friendly mobility. Among these were: 

covered by persistent enemy fire.' .Fascine: a 7-foot diameter bundle of chestnut paling 

From this experience the Allies learned many valuable which was carried in the AVRE and dropped in ditches 

lessons. One was that engineers cannot consistently per- and craters. 

form deliberate tasks under fire unless they are given ar- .Bobbin: a 70-foot roll of prefabricated matting 

mored protection. In March 1943, therefore, the British mounted on the AVRE and rolled across patches of 

army converted the 79th Armored Division into an ex- boggy ground to permit the AVRE and other vehicles 

perimental formation and ordered its commander, Major to cross. 

General Sir Percy Hobart, to devise and develop .Skid Bailey: a 60-foot Bailey Bridge mounted on skids 

specialized armor and equipment to breach enemy and pushed in place by the AVRE.5 

obstacles.2 The British also developed the ark. This armored vehiRather than design one vehicle to accomplish several cle consisted of a Churchill tank with the turret removed 

tasks, the Rritish thought each type of obstacle required and trackways installed along the top of the hull. The ark 

a special antidote. Therefore, every conceivable method simply drove itself into the ditch or gap to be bridged, 

of breaching every known German obstacle was worked providing a 54-foot span. Other vehicles could then cross 

out on full-scale models at the division training base at over the gap.6 Other vehicles developed by the 79th ArOxford, England. The 79th Division then designed and mored Division included the searchlight, flamethrower, 

manufactured prototypes in the division's own and amphibious tanks, as well as armored personnel carworkshops.3 riers. 

One of the best known pieces of specialized armor In practice, the British system of consolidating 

developed by the British was the crab or flail tank. This specialized armor in a single unit worked quite well. 

vehicle consisted of 43 chain flails fastened to a rotating These vehicles were used extensively during the Nordrum mounted on the front of an M4 series medium tank. mandy landings to breach German defenses and were in 

The crab was an improvement upon the earlier model great demand after D-Day. During the remainder of the 

scorpion flail developed by the British during the North war, it became the practice not to commit specialized ar- 
The crab or flail tank used 43 chains on a rotating drum 10 flog the gound and detonate mines. The British developed a 

different vehicle for each type of obstacle unlike the Americans who used one vehicle for several functions (U.S. Army 

photo). 

mor unless the 79th Division staff was involved in planning the operation. This ensured effective utilization of a 

scarce resour~e.~ 

Furthermore, specialized armor remained with the 

supported unit only long enough to accomplish its mission. The equipment was task-organized for each mission and then returned to the 79th Division base which 

was equipped with special maintenance shops to repair 

and rebuild damaged or worn eq~ipment.~ 

The 79th Division continued to improvise and solve 

problems even after deploying to the continent. The division headquarters was always close to Montgomery's 

headquarters to facilitate command and control, and the 

division commander roamed the battlefield ensuring his 

specialized armor was properly ~tilized.~ 

The British army developed completely different doctrine and equipment than the U.S. Army. The British experiences at Dieppe and in North Africa taught them early that unprotected, exposed troops could not breach 

obstacles under fire without exceptionally high casualty 

rates. For this task the British developed specialpurpose armored vehicles. 

Instead of integrating this specialized equipment into 

regular units, a special organization was created to centralize control of the equipment, doctrine, and training. 

Centralized control was necessary because there was not 

enough time to retrain the entire army in the use of this 

specialized equipment. 

During World War 11, the British realized that a 

specialized type of vehicle was required to breach each 

particular obstacle. The result was a proliferation of 

many different specialized vehicles. The American approach, on the other hand, was to combine several different functions in one vehicle. Since the U.S. Army 

often insisted on nearly perfect performance, its mobility 

equipment took longer to develop and was more complicated to maintain than British mobility equipment. 

Two radically different systems for the employment of 

mobility equipment evolved during the war. The British, 

a year before D-Day, designed the 79th Armored Division 

as a special equipment division with the mission of 

developing, testing, training, and employing specialized 

mobility equipment in combat. There was no counterpart 

to this unit in the U.S. Army. Instead, mobility equipment was added to conventional tactical units. The 

British system was more effective because their system 

provided combat units with specially trained troops ac. 

companying the special equipment. The American system 

did not.'O 

Notes 

HlnnclleC. Cull.Je;m I(.Keilh.;ind llrrbeit M I{c~scnll~i~l, l'ltr(brgi 

o/ Etigi,,<!i.rs: fiiiopr n,td Eqarp,,zc.,il IC-S. Ait,iy oz IVorld IVar 11,Urr 

?i,(.il,~i~~I S~ii~ic~~s]. 1!138, 1). 472.

- C'hcslrr \Vlllnor, 17ir Sr~~vg~I~f~~r Eurr,pe, 195'2, p. 181. 

K..J..Mecksey. Ar,,,oiirc.d (iarndrr; A U~~~~mpliy n/ MR,,II (;t.ner~I 

Sir I'FIc).flohorr, l!liii,y. 161. 

' I1.S Forers Rurupeitn 'I'hreter. Siads ;%,.62: Ar,nnri,d .Sp~.ciai 

Eyuipmrnt, I'rbrusry 21. IPlli, g. 7. 

USFE'r. Slady ,Vu. .i2. p. 4:i. 

', Il>i<l,!>. 43, 

Mnrksey, Ar,r~aiiirdCrusader, p. :jUU. 

'Lbid. p. 311. 

"Ibid. pp. :lOL-:102. 

"' CSPET. Sliids4'0.52, 1,. 1j. 
Engineers to the Rescue 

A Personal Viewpoint 

(continued from inside front cover) 

Yct, these units are not equipped to 

remove injured or trapped persons 

from collapsed structures. These battalions do have cranes, dump trucks, 

bulldozers, and air compressors which 

are fine for heavy work, but clumsy for 

the precision work of moving massive 

kxams and clearing rubble iri 

passageways. The specialized equipnrent needed does not exist in the coni~ 

bat heavy battalions. 

An example of a rescue team with 

specialized equipment is the Israeli 

Civil and Home Deferlse Corps 

(CHDC). This eyuipment, which has 

been successfully used for many years. 

Ar-operatedilft~necusl~ions(2.7-loti. 18 3-ton 54loci) 

lacks. inecharl~calaiirl lhydraulic (61010 tori capacty! 

Cuttlng sclssors [pneunlatic,marual, nydrauc) 

ORBIFON, hghse!istiv~lymlciophane to detect volces to a depth 01 25 tnelris 

Poly~fetliailesupports lo assst lacknp ilevtces 

Mlscrlla~ieousloois (axes.pry bars, tope. pulleys) 

Figure 1. Equipment for light rescue operations. 

Hurst and Lucas cultcn~and spreadng systrnls 

Gas cuttny, system [oxygen/acetyenei

.KOBRA eng~~iedill1 

Chat" and d~scsaws 

• Ladders

.A~rniove~ventlators 

• L~giit~n~ systems .TRFOR heavy lhlt ig~iirgsystetil - Uenydrsl8on pllrnps to drain water 

Figure 2. Equipment for heavy rescue operations. 

is configured around three main been selected for its simplicity, A Bobrat, which can he :r yrrat asset 

groups: durahilitg, and suitability. All this to the team, is not in ~hc~\rnmsupply 

Light re%ei,c trailer or ~i:ogori. A equipment is air-transportable. The systenr. 'l'hc Rohc:it can sripply th~ 

2.3- on cargo trailer is outfitted with CHDC has developed an excellent pou,cr required fi~.thc ,jobs that jacks 

equipment for light rescue operations rescue set that is aimbat tested. This and lhands r;iniriit (lo sir-iftly. It ,,an fit 

(Figure 1). The equipment is compact. equipment should be adapted by the into tight locntionr LO clear rlilihle 

portable, and can generally be carried engineers withalit. further develop- yet it ~r-illpc,ri'i,rni its illtended 

hy one person. mentor testing. mission snio(~tl~lyand c;lri?tilll!.. n,t 

Helztq reseve fr(~il~.. In additior to Rescue teams must also have help lilip a TI-7 <lozt,r or scoop lo;rdrr. 

the equipment in the light rescue Erom li~caland hattalion assets. Most K<.scue teams must carefully employ 

trailer, the heavy rescue trailer also fire departments hilve hydraulic lad- the rrjniii~nrnto reduce fuvlhrr injury 

tias a small gas gi!nerator. a portable ders. The lifting capacity for heavy to the casualtips. 

liaht set. and additional pneumatic cut- lifts can be supplied by follow-on assets 'The Case hi-l,r~ail?r184,514 shnulii 

ting totils and manifolds or air- from the combat heavy hattalion: hc sclrctwl for en~inerrescue teams. 

circulatinr devices (Figure 2). scoop loaders, forklifts, and 25-tun It can he eqiiipped with an :iusili:u?. 

FIso ivy agiripmen,t.The most versatile cranes. hydraulic tool atta(~lrmentsimilar to 

hca~yequipment is the American- Most of this equipment can he pur thr ow equipped oil tirc new sni;rll 

produced Bobcat, a small rubber~tired chased in the United States, and many ~mjil;~rernentesca\-;ltor (SEE). 

loailer capable of accepting .several tools listed are already in the Army Stanley Cor.por;ition makes nliiny tools 

front-end attachments. In the CHDC supply system. A squad-sized rescue alrrady in .Arm)-stor,ks tl:at could l,r 

rescuc system, the Rohcat has a team should liavc: attached to this auxiliary. Llrcal<in~ 

pneumatic paaemrrit breaker at,tached v - 1 I , I , i t hammers. Iiy,iranlic lifting rtpril~lricnt. 

to the front iioom. Recause of its small u,itl('hcl': whirh c;ln pull tlir Botrcat sind saws for <.i~ttirrgstccl and ivooii 

size, the Roheat can be placed inside a ;lnd its attachmotits 2nd the lleavv beams could Ix3ati~iedto Oic rt.scliv 

structure Lo perforni clearing. opera- equilimrnt tmiler. sets as \veil. 

tions. - An &I-880 ronl;~ct ni;ii~itrnanrr Tht' hanri-opcrateti hydrar~lirjacks 

All the componrnts of the Israeli truck wlii~li ran c;rrry light sets, ;mil hydraulic cutting scissors. in the 

rescue systenl are off-the-shelf and slius, gellerBt<il'S. crimllressed air CFIIIC st.1~.vould I)@ xdaptrzrl to fit an 

iiavc heen ohtained from a variety of cescades, and con:prrssors. Jt an ;iuxilinry hose lrvm the 13ohr:rt. 'l'llis 

worldwide sources. Each item has also pull the li~hlequipment trailer. would reriucr nianu:il f2rLigue and proENGINEER recently distributed a readership survey to units 

randomly selected from our mailing list. Please complete these 

surveys and return them as soon as possible. The results help us to 

evaluate our magazine and to publish the material which our readers 

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ENGINEER welcomes articles,~hotographs,ideas,andcomments 

at any time from all our readers. 

vide sleel: nlovenicnt. 

In ad~iitionto the prt~re(lir,geilui1~-

ment, thr air-iip~c:r;iteililti~i: cllslriolis 

in Figure 1 could haw. adaptcri: so tbc 

air coml~ressorran suplily air directly 

to the cusl~ionstlrroi~ghhalf-inch :~ir 

lines. If air linrs are not practic;il, llrr 

srll'-n,r~tainedair cylinrlers coulii lxb 

~~scrl, l'hc iomprcssor rnountcii on the 

truck roul<l hr l~ool<etito :I c;~srade 
system to refill compressed air districts will have increased respon- The Corps of Engineers must meet 

cylinders. The air-operated lifting sibilities. Even today, several sets of its tasked requirements or surrender 

cushions are important to the rescue equipment could be used for relief dur- responsibility. Ileveloping and deploymissions. ing natural disasters. The Corps must ing specialized rescue teams will enThe need for n properly epl~fpped ensure that the rescue tyams are cen- sure that the Corps of Engineers will 

rescue team erists rcoli.. If one ltfe is trally located to better cover areas that continue to accomplish its assigned 

saved, the erperhse for the equipment may c;~11 for their services and to tasks. Since emergency recovery 

and t?.!~inin,g ivili he ii.orthu,hi/e. Hoii; reduce the expense of organizing a operations may be required anywhere 

mmg marines in Beirut coiid h,a.e team everywhere one is required. at any time, the Corps of Enaneers 

helm saced !he United States had a This is the very reason why deploy- must be prepared now. 

v:ell~traini.d and u;ril-eqv.L/lped rescue ment in thr civil defense network Training team leaders and procuring 

team stnndin.q bg? would be prohibitive. In the United olf-the-shelf equipment to outfit 

States during wartime, the civil several rescue teams must start as 

Deployment defense network will perform many soon as possible. The Corps of 

These rescue teams and their eyuip- tasks including recovery of injured Engjneer's mission and the ultimate 

ment should be placed in corrrbat heavy people from damaged buildings. If a goal of the rescue team is to save lives. 

battalions usually assibmed to c~~rps- nuclear war occurs, this task is incomlevel headquarters. The Air1,and Bat- prehensible. CPT Marc E. Mu,r.szulek 71. assigned 

tle doctrine stresses the rear battle and A study called Civil Defense Rescue to the 299th Engineer Rattolion ICBT) 

magnifies the importance of rear area Requirements Following a Nuclear At- at Fort Sill, OK. He smed in engineer 

damage control. Because the corps is tack explains why equipping and man- troop and stqu assiynements in 

tasked with this mission, developing a ning enough rescue teams is imprac- CONUS a,nd was the hazardous 

rescue team organization into the com- tical. In the first 15 minutes following mat~riul1saJety ofJicer and rid 

bat heavy battalion is logical. In its an attack on a single metropolitan city, engineer in an engineer dirlrie! i?t 

TOE, the combat heavy battalion does there would be 15,000 people trapped Saudi Arabia. CPT M~~.r,szalek hr~sla 

have the heavier equipment required in debris. The stndy calculates that bachelor's degree in industrial occ?~pato supplement the rescue team's ef- 150,000 man-hours and 600,000 rescue tionai safety and health from thr 

forts, but not the specialized equip- workers woi~ld be required. The University ?f Wisconsin ill Whileu:ale? 

ment. specialized rescue teani would be 'in- and is a Certified Hazard Control 

The Corps of Engineers civil works si~mificant. During natural disasters, Manc~ger (CHCM). HP is actively indistricts in the United States and the Corps of Engineer districts and the ,i:ol?:ed inSAICfE, ASSE, and ulher pro^ 

overseas perform many emergency Army could provide the support that fissional orgw~vizaflons to prorriote the 

operations. During wartime, the the civil defense would require. sujkty prqfession. 

Engineer Command Update 


litiill llivision ('1'1.aining) 2ndBn.. 3RIitll Krgt., 1st Brie. 1st lln.,.J+lOtl~ Hcgt., 2nd Hde. 2nd Un ...J!llst liegl .2nd Hde. 2nd Bn., ,l!V%nd 

Kocheslrr. TY liliia. NY Builalo, NY \catirk. NY Kwt., :Id llde. 

hl(; hc>rl,ert J. Riippl LI'C Bul.rrtt I.. (;ales L1'C liernurdo 0. MA.1 1.nurrncr IVrasrl ilorseh~ads.SY 

CShl Llriiri R.Cur1i.r 111 ('SM Thurnas 1.'. Kathhun K,,rnlm,rsk~ CSM .Ji~rnc.sSh;xn 1.1'i: Jsme. c:orhrun 

CSbl Ilomln~rk Pulia CShl .James Kus<:itlo 'ria>ning(;n,up. :Jrd Un..:Jli!irhKegt, IstHde. 3rd llde. (i,:ngineir 0Si:l'l 

!iStl> lliv~s~<~n Mlittydule, KY 2nd Iin, 390tir Krgt.,2nilBiir. Irhica. NY :liii iln, :d'l%iid Ktqi.. :lrd i3dr. 

R,,,d>ester,\Y Ll'i'Grorge'I'. Hiitebrant Untsvla. NY C01.Mii.lrail K. Will,,o I!ingh:imton, NY 

COI. 1.N C,,vn,%>rc, CSIvl Clerl-enccl'. 1.1'(: Ijmnis l>rmryer CSM Clarcncc Mlrhnud L.TC W~lllam linnirnett 

('SM 1.nuxmrr 1)ui-is Countrymail CSM Robert \Var<I CSM Klctiii~.d Rlmisnu 

:!rcl 1311. :l$llst Kext., .lrd Fjclc,, -- 1st lid<,, clinxlnerr .llh Hn.,,lticitl~ Rext.. istilde. ;JrdUn ,:IS(lthKrpt..2ndBde. Norwich, KS , ilJitl Englnrrr ('0. 

OSu'r & (;S'r, Schanectady, NY Niarara Fiills. NY 1.'1‘(: J;~mrsMur.lvrr I'cnn Yan. WY 

Schrn~~~turi~, NY 1.'S(: John E.I'itrccmld L'I'C Kunnld MIS (:SM lidward (;. tirepolre CI"1' lioberi Cyt.annn 

(:01. I'l.nni.is t;. CSM Anthony L. C;iputo CSM .l,,seph l)iini<.ls 1%; Kr>~cirMurel 


hl~~c1:;~rI~~n~l lstIln.,:j$V21~IKcgt.,:jr<i i3d<z. 


c.Sh.lK,cl,ard l~eabo,ly 2nd Bdi. (Engineer 05111'~ lsiRn.,3YlslReri.. mdHds. Corning, NY 

Uullaiu. NY Butfalo, Nl- LTC Edaiird Caate1l;ins Active Army 

1st Rn . ,3niltirRi~gt..1st lid? C01. lIav~<l Maul 1.TC Ilohdiln liejgt.r CSM Goniun Ilaiiman 322nd ~~~i~~~~ c,,. 

(.;lens Falls. Nk CSM Kay Olsen CSM John 1.indnrr I'ort Knor. KY 

1.1'(' Kirh;ird I. Hryant MAJWilli;~m B.R>nr.rrson 

CSbl liuwar,l C. Allen IS(; Herman L. Mitchell 

The names of commanders and command sergeants major were provided by Headquarters, 98th Division. 

fleadrrs are encouraged to send any additional information to ENGINEER. 

Correction: The 204th Engineer Battalion, New York Army National Guard, islocated in Binghamton. 
Career Notes 


Commissioned Officers Branch 

Expai~dc.tlinfornnation Engineer Branch, Officer Personnel Management Division, 

MILPERCEN, mailed Engineer Bulletins I and 2 to all engineer coni- !.> 1: C? <l-l*am: 	 mands. These bulletins contain information concerning pron~otions, 

assignments, military and civilian education, and career programs. Curren.t plans are to publish the bulletin quarterly. 

Several personnel update messages also were sent to engineers in key 

positions. These messages provide information concerning engineer officer personnel matters. Messages are released monthly. 

~llgill~es 	 Rr,?nch LTC John Basilotto is now Chief of Engineer Branch. Officer PersonChicf: 	 nel Management Division, MILPERCEN. 

Registration as a professional engineer (PE)for qualified engineer officers to enhance their credibility arid professional stature with the 

civilian engineering community has been a goal for several years. 

Registration as a PE for an engineer is similar to the recognition a 

lawyer receives for passing his bar exam. A person taking the PE exam 

is required to have engineer work experience and education and possess 

the engineer-in-training (EIT) certificate. 

As a positive step in promoting the PE registration, all officers starting fully funded advanced civil schooling in engineering or related fields 

will be required to take the engineer-in-training (EIT) exam. Engineer 

officers who began studying engineering in FY 84 or FY 86 and who are 

currently in school are encouraged to take the exam if they have not 

already done so. AR 621-1, Trainin,q ?[Military Personnel a,t Civil Inst%tutions,is being revised to incorporate this change. 

U.S. Army Register: Thp l,'.S. A.rnq Regis/cr will no longer 11r sent, aut(~matirally i,o 

organizations which were on the special distrihution list, according to 

MILPEKCEN officials. 

The register is now designated L)A PAM 600-100. Organizations must 

use 1)A Form 12-9C, Requirem~ntsjbr C/(~.sr$ied1.1.4 A cfm:i:%.;stmfi-i,e 

Publicufions,to request it from the Ialtimore Pui~lications Center, 2800 

Eastern Boulevard. Baltimore, MU 21220. 

The register which lists all active duty and retireti Army officers is 

published annually by MIJ,PERCEN. 
Warrant Officers Branch 

Warrant. Officer 	 The Army's goal is for all warrant officers to havc MOS-related 

Education: 	 associate degrees by their 15th year of service. Educalion and experience are major Factors nrlien an officer is t~eing considered for 

schooling and assignments. 

Cornments from the last. CU131CW4 selection hoard showed that. 

maintenance warrant officers fell well below the norm in both military 

and civilian education levels. Selection rat,es for the Warrant Officer 

Senior Course were higher among officers who had attained the DA 

education goal. 

If you have not. attended the Warrant Officer Advanced Course 

(WOAC), you should remen~her that the only lime MILPERCEN can 

send you to the WOAC: is in conjunction with PCS orders. You should 

ask your commander about TDY funds to attend the school on a TDY 

and return basis. One other option is to take the Warrant Officer Advanced Course i-~y correspondence. 

You should review DA PAM 600-11, Warro.?zt Ojf7cer Prr!(ess%onfll 

Develnpm,ent, Chapt,er 5, "Warrant Officer Education System." and consider all the options availahle to you regarding civil schooling. You 

should apply for schooling after two years on station. 1)nn't wait until 

you are being considered for assignmrnt. Keep in mind, however, that 

the degree completion is available on a "hest qualified" basis. 

Ask 	 Q. I'm an I%-4.Why can't I get a homebase assignment when I go to 


Korea? My wife and daughter need a place to stay while I'm over 


there. 


A. The Department ofUefensedirediveauthoriringthe Homebase/Advanced 

Assignment Program (HAAP) applies uniformly to all services and specifically 

identifies the authorized grades as E-5 through E-8 and 0-1 throuah 0.5. The 

program applies to soldiers being assigned to dependent-restricted areas only. 

If a soldier is entitled to move his or her family at government expense, that 

family can still be moved to a designated CONUS location while the soldier is 

serving overseas. 

Q. I did not get 125on my last EEK.Can I still get promoted to E-7? 

A. Ithasically depends on your MOS, your overall performance record, and the 

current trend in promotions. In a critically under-strength MOS, a relatively 

low EERscoremightsllll allow an individual to be promoted. An overstrength 

MOS hasless promotion opportunity; fewer selections are mad? from only the 

very best qualified. 

(2. Why was my joint domicile assignment disapproved? I know there 

are openings? 

A. Joint domicile assignments are approved only when valid requirements 

exist for the MOS and prnde of both service members. In addition, both 

members must meet the particular requirements for the respective vacancies. 

If you have questions to ask MILPERCEN. call (202) 3254856,AV 221. 
1 Tactics have changed since engineers in World War 11 marked cleared roadways in France. The Evo

traces changes in engineer equipment and methods to meet the challenges of the AirLand Battle (U