UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1998

International Strategic Mineral Issues

Summary Report—Tungsten

By Antony B.T. Werner, W. David Sinclair, and

Earle B. Amey

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930–O

Prepared as a cooperative effort among 

earth-science and mineral-resource 

agencies of Australia, Canada, the Federal 

Republic of Germany, the Republic of 

South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the 

United States of America
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

THOMAS J. CASADEVALL, Acting Director

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and

does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Published in the Eastern Region, Reston, Va.

Manuscript approved for publication January 14, 1998.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Werner, Antony B.T.

International strategic mineral issues summary report—Tungsten / by Antony B.T. Werner,

W. David Sinclair, and Earle B. Amey.

p. cm. — (U.S. Geological Survey circular ; 930–O)

“Prepared as a cooperative effort among earth-science and mineral-resource agencies of

Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the

United Kingdom, and the United States of America.”

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Tungsten. 2. Strategic minerals. I. Sinclair, W.D. II. Amey, Earle B. III. Title.

IV. Series.

TN490.T9W47 1998

333.8′54649—dc21 98–2687

CIP
PREFACE

IV

Earth-science and mineral-resource agencies from several countries started the International Strategic Minerals Inventory, later renamed International Strategic Mineral

Issues, in order to cooperatively gather information about major sources of mineral raw

materials. This circular summarizes inventory information about major deposits of

tungsten.

The report was prepared by Antony B.T. Werner, Canadian Department of Natural

Resources (NRCan), Minerals and Metals Sector (MMS) (retired); W. David Sinclair,

NRCan, Geological Survey of Canada (GSC); and Earle B. Amey, United States Geological Survey (USGS). Tungsten inventory information was compiled by James E. Elliott,

USGS; S. Warren Hobbs, USGS; Alfred Johnson and L.S. Jen, NRCan/MMS; Nerida

Knight and John Olley, Australian Geological Survey Organisation; W. David Sinclair and

A. Pasitschniak, NRCan/GSC; and Klaus Fesefeldt and Ilse Häusser, German Federal

Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources.

Additional contributions to the report were made by Jan Zwartendyk, NRCan/MMS

(retired); Stuart Girvan and Ian Lambert, Bureau of Resource Sciences of the Australian

Department of Primary Industries and Energy; Erik C.I. Hammerbeck, South African

Council for Geoscience; Michael Bowles, Geological Survey of South Africa; Gregory

R. Chapman, Peter Harris, and Gordon Riddler, British Geological Survey; John H.

DeYoung, Jr., Ebraham Shekarchi, and David M. Sutphin, USGS; and T.F. Anstett, U.S.

Bureau of Mines (USBM), and P.T. Stafford, USBM (deceased).
CONTENTS VII

Preface............................................................................................................................. III

Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 1

Part I—Overview ............................................................................................................ 1

Introduction............................................................................................................. 1

Uses and Supply Aspects ........................................................................................ 2

Types of Tungsten Deposits .................................................................................... 4

Geologic Ages of Tungsten Deposits ...................................................................... 9

Geographic Distribution of Tungsten Deposits and Districts ................................. 9

Tungsten Resources ................................................................................................ 10

Resource Distribution by Economic Class of Country ................................... 10

Order of Deposit Discovery ............................................................................ 11

Resource Distribution by Deposit Type .......................................................... 12

Tungsten Production ............................................................................................... 12

Conclusions............................................................................................................. 16

Part II—Selected Inventory Information on Tungsten Deposits and Districts................ 18

References Cited ............................................................................................................. 66

Additional References on Tungsten Resources............................................................... 70

FIGURES

1. Diagram showing United Nations resource categories used in this report .................................................................. 3

2–4. Maps showing location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits and districts in—

2. The world ............................................................................................................................................................... 6

3. The former Soviet Union ....................................................................................................................................... 7

4. China ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8

5. Bar graph showing tungsten resources in, and cumulative production from, the world’s major deposits and 

districts according to geologic era of mineralization and geologic deposit type ......................................................... 10

6. Map showing economic classification by the World Bank for countries where the world’s major tungsten 

deposits and districts occur .......................................................................................................................................... 14

7–9. Bar graphs showing—

7. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts according to their date of discovery.............................. 15

8. Proportions of total world mine production of tungsten accounted for by countries having deposits and 

districts in the ISMI tungsten inventory; selected years 1930–90 ......................................................................... 17

9. Tungsten mine production in countries having deposits and districts in the ISMI tungsten inventory and 

a cumulative output of more than 10,000 metric tons; selected years 1930–90 .................................................... 18

10. Map showing major world tungsten processing plants, 1919–89 ................................................................................ 19

11. Map showing major tungsten deposits and districts worldwide, their production status at the beginning of 1986,

and their probable production status in 2020............................................................................................................... 26
VIII CONTENTS

TABLES

1. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category................ 4

2. Ten largest tungsten deposits or groups of deposits in the world ................................................................................ 12

3. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts, by economic class of country and resource category ........ 13

4, 5. Estimated cumulative and annual mine production of tungsten contained in ore and concentrate—

4. By economic class of country for all countries having tungsten deposits or districts ........................................... 13

5. For each country having a tungsten deposit or district listed in the ISMI tungsten inventory............................... 16

6. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts in the R1 and R2 categories, listed by mining method 

and economic class of country..................................................................................................................................... 16

7. Major world tungsten processing plants ...................................................................................................................... 20

8. Abbreviations used in tables 9 and 10 ......................................................................................................................... 27

9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts........................... 28

10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts ......... 50

CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply By To obtain

gram (g) 0.03527 ounce avoirdupois

gram per metric ton (g/t) 0.0292 ounce per ton (2,000 pounds)

kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound

kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile

meter (m) 3.281 foot

metric ton (t) 1.102 short ton (2,000 pounds)
1

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES

SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

By Antony B.T. Werner,1 W. David Sinclair,2 and Earle B. Amey3

ABSTRACT

Scheelite and wolframite are the principal minerals

currently mined for tungsten. Both occur in hard-rock

deposits; wolframite is also recovered from placer deposits.

Most current mine production of tungsten is from vein/

stockwork, skarn, porphyry, and strata-bound deposits.

Minor amounts are produced from disseminated, pegmatite,

breccia, and placer deposits.

Most tungsten is used to make tungsten carbide and

tungsten alloys for use in machine tools and drilling equipment. Other important applications are in lamp filaments

and cathodes, high-speed steels, textile dyes, paints, and

catalysts.

The world is well endowed with tungsten resources.

China and the former Soviet Union have 8 of the world’s 10

largest deposits; these 8 contain about half of the world’s

resources of tungsten. If economic conditions are suitable,

world tungsten resources in known deposits and their extensions (categories R1 and R2), including economic, marginal, and subeconomic resources, are sufficient to permit

world production to continue at 1995 levels until well into

the 21st century.

World tungsten resources in identified deposits and districts that are currently economically exploitable (category

R1E) appear to be sufficient to meet world demand at 1995

levels only until the year 2007. However, the figure for

resources of this kind does not include or reflect resources

whose economic parameters are unknown in major producing areas in the former Soviet Union, China, and other

1Retired from Canadian Department of Natural Resources, Minerals

and Metals Sector. 2Canadian Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey of

Canada (the GSC component of this document is recognized as Geological

Survey of Canada Contribution 34988), 675–601 Booth Street, Ottawa,

ON, Canada K1A 0E8. 3U.S. Geological Survey, 989 National Center, Reston, VA 20192

U.S.A.

nonmarket-economy countries and thus severely underestimates future tungsten availability.

In 1995, China and the former Soviet Union accounted

for over three-fourths of the world’s mine production of

tungsten. China alone produced about two-thirds of world

output. Given its vast resources, China will likely maintain

its prominent role in world tungsten supply. By the year

2020, changes in supply patterns are likely to result from

declining output from individual deposits in Australia, Austria, and Portugal and the opening of new mines in Canada,

China, and the United Kingdom.

PART I—OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

The reliability of future supplies of minerals is of concern to many nations. This widespread concern has led to

duplication of effort in the gathering of information on the

world’s major sources of minerals. With the aim of pooling

such information, a cooperative effort named International

Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI) was started in 1981 by

officials of the governments of the United States, Canada,

and West Germany. It was subsequently joined by South

Africa, Australia, and the United Kingdom. In 1997, ISMI

was renamed International Strategic Mineral Issues.

The objective of ISMI reports is to make publicly

available, in convenient form, nonproprietary data and characteristics of major deposits of mineral commodities for

policy considerations in regard to short-term, medium-term,

and long-term world supply. This report provides a summary statement of the data compiled and an overview of the

supply aspects of tungsten in a format designed to be of

benefit to policy analysts and geologists. Knowledge of the

geologic aspects of mineral resources is essential in order to

discover and develop mineral deposits. However, technical,

financial, and political decisions must be made, and often

transportation and marketing systems must be constructed,

before ore can be mined and processed and the products
2 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

transported to the consumer; the technical, financial, and

political aspects of mineral-resource development are not

specifically addressed in this report. The report addresses

the primary stages in the supply process for tungsten and

does not include considerations of tungsten demand.

To date, the ISMI Working Group has published studies on chromium, cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese,

nickel, niobium (columbium), phosphate, platinum-group

metals, rare-earth oxides, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten

(this report), vanadium, and zirconium; these studies are

chapters A–O of U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930. A

regional survey of the strategic minerals of subequatorial

Africa has been published (Coakley and others, 1991), and a

survey of mineral resources in eastern Europe is underway.

Deposits (or districts) were selected for the inventory on the

basis of their present or expected future contribution to

world supply.

Data in the ISMI tungsten inventory were mostly collected from November 1984 to March 1987. The report had

some additional updating to March 1996 and was submitted

for review and publication May 19, 1997. Information used

was the best available to the various agencies of the countries that contributed to the preparation of this report. Those

agencies were the U.S. Geological Survey of the U.S.

Department of the Interior; the Geological Survey of Canada and the Minerals and Metals Sector of the Canadian

Department of Natural Resources; the Federal Institute for

Geosciences and Natural Resources of Germany; the Council for Geoscience and the Minerals Bureau of the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs of South Africa; the

Bureau of Resource Sciences of the Australian Department

of Primary Industries and Energy and the Australian Geological Survey Organisation; and the British Geological

Survey.

The ISMI record collection and this report on tungsten

use the international classification system for mineral

resources recommended by the United Nations Group of

Experts on Definitions and Terminology for Mineral

Resources (United Nations Economic and Social Council,

1979; Schanz, 1980). The terms, definitions, and resource

categories of this system were established in 1979 to facilitate international exchange of mineral-resource data; the

United Nations experts sought a system that would be compatible with the several systems already in use in several

countries. Figure 1 shows the United Nations (U.N.)

resource classification used in this report. The term

“reserves,“ which many would consider to be equivalent to

category r1E or R1E, has been interpreted inconsistently

and thus has been deliberately avoided in the U.N. classification. Category R3, undiscovered deposits, is not dealt

with in this report.

Not all companies or countries report resource data in

the same way. Little information is available on tungsten

resources in China and the former Soviet Union. Most of the

production and resource numbers for these two countries,

which together probably have more than half of the world’s

resources of tungsten, are estimates.

In this report, almost all resource data are quoted as

being in place. Mining recovery from an orebody depends

on individual conditions and may vary considerably. It typically ranges from 75 to 90 percent for underground mining;

that is, 10 to 25 percent of the in-place resources are not

recovered from the ground. After mining, additional

amounts of economic mineral content are lost in processing

(concentrating, milling, and chemical treatment).

Overall, an assessment made of mines in market-economy countries has shown that, on average, nearly 69 percent

of the tungsten trioxide (WO3) contained in the ground was

recovered in marketable form (Anstett and others, 1985, p.

40). Tungsten resource information is reported by industry

in terms of either “percent W” or “percent WO3.” Unless

otherwise specified, information in this report is expressed

in percent W. Where necessary, the factor 0.7931 has been

used to convert amounts expressed in WO3 to amounts of W.

The World Bank economic classification of countries

(World Bank, 1996), which is based primarily on gross

national product (GNP) per capita, has been used in this and

other ISMI reports to illustrate distribution of resources and

production according to economic groupings of countries.

This classification was chosen because it relies primarily on

objective economic criteria and does not contain politicalbloc labels that might be perceived differently by different

countries.

USES AND SUPPLY ASPECTS

Tungsten is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal and has

the highest melting point among metals. When alloyed with

other metals or combined with carbon, it increases hardness,

durability, and resistance to corrosion for the resultant alloy

or compound. Because of these desirable properties, industrialized countries consider tungsten essential in metal-cutting and oil-well-drilling tools, in ordnance, and in

specialized high-temperature items and alloys for the aerospace industry. 

The world’s metallurgical and chemical industries

annually use some 33,000 metric tons of tungsten (U.S.

Geological Survey, 1996). Most tungsten goes into tungsten

carbide and tungsten alloys for use in machine tools and oilwell-drilling equipment. In the United States, for example,

55 percent of the tungsten consumed in 1995 was used in

cutting and wear-resistant materials in welding and hardfacing rods (tungsten carbide). An additional 10 percent was

used, in the form of tungsten metal, principally to make

lamp filaments, cathodes, and ammunition. The remaining

35 percent went primarily into the manufacture of highspeed and tool-and-die steels, high-temperature and oxidation-resistant superalloys, textile dyes, paints, and catalysts.
USES AND SUPPLY ASPECTS 3

(For a further discussion of tungsten uses, see Stafford

(1985).)

Scheelite (CaWO4), often called “white ore,” and wolframite ((Fe,Mn)WO4), commonly known as “black ore,”

are the predominant ore minerals of tungsten. Pure scheelite

contains 63.9 percent tungsten by weight. The composition

of wolframite ranges from the iron-rich variety, ferberite,

containing 60.5 percent tungsten, to the manganese-rich

variety, huebnerite, which contains 60.8 percent tungsten.

Molybdenum can substitute for some of the tungsten in

scheelite (up to 2.0 percent molybdenum) and in wolframite

(up to 0.1 percent molybdenum).

The molybdenum content and amounts of other impurities usually determine the end use of a particular tungsten

concentrate. Most chemical processors making ammonium

paratungstate, an intermediate product in the preparation of

ferrotungsten and tungsten carbide, prefer to use concentrates with low molybdenum content (Ho, 1987), whereas

scheelite with a relatively high molybdenum content is

attractive to tool-steel makers, who can charge it directly to

their steelmaking furnaces.

Several materials could take the place of tungsten in

most of its applications. Substitution does, however, generally require time for testing and retooling and, in most

cases, entails some sacrifice in physical and chemical properties. This affects the performance and overall cost of the

product made from the replacement material. Present and

potential substitutes for tungsten carbide are titanium carbide, ceramics, and polycrystalline diamond. The use of

coatings of these materials on tungsten carbide inserts in

cutting or drilling tools prolongs the life of those items, thus

reducing the demand for tungsten.

A profitable substitution, made possible by metallurgical advances, is the use of molybdenum to replace tungsten

in the manufacture of high-speed steels. Starting in the

1970’s, this substitution greatly reduced the quantity of

tungsten used to make these steels, mainly in North

America.

Figure 1. United Nations resource categories used in this report (modified from Schanz, 1980, p. 313).
4 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

As subsequent sections of this report show, tungsten

resources, production, and processing plants are irregularly

distributed around the world. The natural distribution of

tungsten deposits and the geographical history of economic

development are such that many industrialized nations

import tungsten in a raw form (scheelite or wolframite concentrate) or an intermediate form (synthetic scheelite,

ammonium paratungstate, ferrotungsten, or tungsten metal

powder). Historically, two main economic factors have

determined world demand for tungsten and consequently

world supply: (1) the needs of defense industries, which

consider tungsten essential for producing machine tools,

ordnance, and superalloys for aircraft engineers, and (2) the

requirements of the world’s metal-fabricating and oil-drilling industries.

During World War I, the first widespread use of tungsten in armaments, which was eventually accompanied by

very high prices, stimulated production in the United States

and launched the Chinese tungsten mining industry. Rearmament in the 1930’s and interruptions to supplies from

Burma and China during World War II led to the opening of

new mines in Brazil and boosted production in Bolivia,

Japan, and Spain.

In the 1950’s, during and after the Korean War, the

U.S. stockpiling program spurred the development of tungsten deposits, especially in Australia, Peru, Portugal, and the

United States, through its offer of purchase contracts to U.S.

and foreign suppliers.

Since the early 1970’s, the levels and patterns of world

tungsten supply also have been influenced by—

• sales of tungsten from the U.S. stockpile;

• the increasingly preeminent role of China in world tungsten production; and

• the growing tendency of a number of major producing

nations, notably South Korea and China, to shift from the

export of concentrates to the production and export of

tungsten in intermediate and upgraded/value-added

forms such as synthetic scheelite, ammonium paratungstate, ferrotungsten, and tungsten metal powder.

In the 1980’s, industrial intermediate and upgraded/

value-added products from China and South Korea were

sold to consumers in industrial market countries at prices

well below those charged by domestic processors, causing

plant closures in those countries. In 1986, for example, all

production of ferrotungsten ceased in France and West Germany, because it could be imported more cheaply from

China (Bunting, 1987). Over the years, tungsten prices have

fluctuated to a greater extent than prices for any other

widely traded mineral commodity. This fluctuation has led

many producers of scheelite and wolframite to open and

close their operations in response to price changes. For

example, the decline in price of a metric ton unit (7.93 kg

tungsten) of wolframite concentrate from a high of US$144

in 1980 to US$20 (not adjusted for inflation) in August 1993

resulted in numerous mine closures (estimated at 85 percent

of Western world mine capacity). In some cases, however,

tungsten is produced as a coproduct with other commodities

such as tin, or as a byproduct in the mining of molybdenum,

copper, lead, and zinc. Such mining operations are, of

course, less sensitive to fluctuations in the price of tungsten.

TYPES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS

Major tungsten deposits in this report are classified as

seven types: vein/stockwork, skarn, porphyry, strata-bound,

disseminated, placer, and brine/evaporite (table 1). Of relatively minor interest are pegmatite, breccia, pipe, and hot

spring deposits. All are discussed below. Most of the current

mine production of tungsten is from vein/stockwork, skarn,

porphyry, and strata-bound deposits. Minor amounts of

tungsten are produced from disseminated, pegmatite, breccia, and placer deposits. The tungsten content of brine/

evaporite deposits is large, but no tungsten is currently produced from such deposits.

Vein/stockwork deposits.—Collectively, vein/stockwork

deposits accounted for more than 50 percent of world tungsten production in 1986, mainly from deposits in China

Table 1. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and

districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category.

[Resource data are in thousands of metric tons of contained tungsten; figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses

denote percentage of column total]

1Locations and deposit types of the world’s major tungsten deposits are shown in

figure 2. 2 Records are summarized in tables 9 and 10.

3Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable

resources (fig. 1). 4Reliable and preliminary estimates of resources in the R1M, R1S, R2E, and R2S

categories (fig. 1). 5In this table only, the Shizhuyuan deposit, China, and the Dedova Gora deposit,

former Soviet Union, are considered to consist of two types: a vein/stockwork zone

and a skarn zone.

Geologic deposit type1 Number of

records2

Resource category

R1E3 All other 

R1 and R24

Skarn5 .......................... 52 183 (48) 1,764 (40)

Vein/stockwork5 .......... 119 166 (44) 1,475 (34)

Porphyry...................... 7 – (–) 679 (15)

Strata-bound................ 4 18 (5) 118 (3)

Pegmatite..................... 1 9 (2) – (–)

Breccia ........................ 4 3 (1) 1 (–)

Brine/evaporite............ 1 – (–) 64 (2)

Placer........................... 2 – (–) 32 (1)

Disseminated............... 10 – (–) 217 (5)

Unknown..................... 4 – (–) – (–)

Total ........................ 204 379 (100) 4,349 (100)
TYPES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS 5

(southern Jiangxi region), Bolivia, Peru, Portugal, and the

former Soviet Union. These deposits typically consist of

tungsten-bearing quartz veins or vein stockworks that occur

in or near granitic intrusions. Wolframite is commonly the

principal tungsten mineral; scheelite is important in some

deposits. Tin, copper, molybdenum, and bismuth minerals

are also present in some vein/stockwork tungsten deposits

and may be economically important.

Most vein deposits are relatively small, on the order of

a few hundred thousand metric tons of ore; few vein deposits contain more than 1 million metric tons of ore. Large

vein deposits may contain hundreds of minable veins. In

stockwork deposits, swarms of parallel to subparallel veins,

commonly with interconnecting veins and veinlets, form

“sheeted” veins or stockworks that can be exploited by bulk

mining methods (as at Mount Carbine, Australia). Such

deposits may contain tens to hundreds of millions of metric

tons of ore but are generally of low grade (the Mount Carbine deposit in Australia, for example, contains 0.1 percent

WO3). The world's largest known deposit, VerkhneKayrakty in the former Soviet Union (872,000 metric tons

of tungsten in 1.1 million metric tons of WO3 in the ore),

which is shown as a vein/stockwork deposit in figures 2 and

3, consists mainly of a scheelite-bearing stockwork in a

granite pluton. In some vein/stockwork deposits, tungsten

minerals may also replace altered wall rocks adjacent to

veins. The extent of such replacement is generally minor,

with the exception of some deposits in carbonate host rocks

(such as Morococha, Peru).

Skarn deposits.—Skarn deposits accounted for about

30 percent of world tungsten production in 1986, mainly

from deposits in Brazil, Canada, the former Soviet Union,

Australia, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States. In

this report, the term “skarn” refers generally to an assemblage of calcium-iron-magnesium-aluminum-silicate minerals that have developed in carbonate-bearing rocks at or near

contacts with granitic intrusions. Scheelite is the principal

tungsten mineral in skarn deposits and occurs both as disseminated grains and in veinlets or fractures. In some tungsten-bearing skarn deposits, copper, molybdenum, and

bismuth minerals are also present and may be economically

recoverable.

Exploitable skarn deposits generally contain 0.3 to 1.5

percent WO3 and range in size from hundreds to millions of

metric tons of ore. They include some of the world's largest

tungsten deposits, such as Mactung in Canada and Tyrnyauz

and Vostok-2 in the former Soviet Union.

Porphyry deposits.—Porphyry deposits overall

accounted for about 6 percent of world tungsten production

in 1986. Such deposits consist of large, equidimensional to

irregular stockwork zones of tungsten-bearing veins, veinlets, and fractures that occur in or near epizonal to subvolcanic felsic granitic intrusions. Mineralized breccia zones,

either irregular or pipe shaped, may also be present. Tungsten occurs as wolframite or scheelite, and in some deposits

both minerals may be present. Molybdenum is commonly

present in porphyry tungsten deposits and may represent a

viable coproduct or byproduct. Small amounts of tungsten

are present in some porphyry molybdenum deposits (such

as Climax, United States, where it has been an important

byproduct) and in porphyry tin deposits (such as Chorolque,

Bolivia).

Porphyry deposits typically are hundreds of meters

across and tens to hundreds of meters thick and contain tens

to hundreds of millions of metric tons of ore. Nonetheless,

such deposits are currently only of marginal economic interest because their average grade is low (about 0.1 to 0.4 percent WO3); for example, a mining operation in the Mount

Pleasant deposit in Canada started in April 1984 and closed

in July 1985 even though it still contains more than 8 million metric tons of material averaging 0.4 percent WO3 as

well as molybdenum, tin, and other potentially recoverable

metals. Yet, because of their large size, porphyry deposits

represent significant tungsten resources for the future.

Important examples are the Lianhuashan, Yangchuling, and

Xingluokeng deposits in China (fig. 4). The Logtung deposit

in Yukon Territory, Canada, containing 168,000 metric tons

of tungsten in 162 million metric tons of material averaging

0.13 percent WO3, might be exploited some decades from

now.

Strata-bound deposits.—Production from strata-bound

deposits in 1986 was less than 5 percent of world tungsten

production. Mittersill, Austria, and possibly Damingshan,

China, where the current production status could not be

ascertained, are the main deposits. In this report, the term

“strata-bound” refers to deposits in which the distribution of

tungsten minerals is strongly controlled by bedding in the

host rocks and for which a syngenetic origin may be

inferred. It does not include skarn deposits, which may be

largely controlled by host-rock lithology but are essentially

epigenetic. However, many strata-bound deposits appear to

have been affected by later mobilization and reconcentration, and a syngenetic origin for such deposits, including

Mittersill, is questionable. Strata-bound deposits range in

size from one to tens of millions of metric tons of ore, with

average grade ranging from 0.2 to 1 percent WO3.

Disseminated deposits.—Output from disseminated

deposits in 1986 probably amounted to less than 1 percent

of total world tungsten production, although some of the

known deposits are moderately large. The best examples of

this type of deposit are the Hub stock in the Krasno deposit

in the Czech Republic, the Spokoinyi deposit in the former

Soviet Union, and the Torrington deposit in Australia. Tungsten is recovered also from some disseminated tin deposits

such as Zaaiplaats in South Africa. Most disseminated

deposits consist of tungsten minerals disseminated in

altered (greisenized) granite. Tungsten generally occurs as

wolframite; scheelite may be important in some deposits.

Disseminated deposits may contain tens of millions of met-
Figure 2. Location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits and districts in the world. Resource data are from tables 9 and 10. Boundar

necessarily authoritative. Solid symbols indicate deposits in production in 1986; unfilled symbols indicate deposits not in production in 1986.
Figure 3. Location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits and districts in the former Soviet Union. Resource da

Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative. Solid symbols indicate deposits in production in 1986; unfilled symbols indicate deposits not in 
8 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Figure 4. Location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits and districts in China. Resource data are from tables 9 and

10. Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative. Solid symbols indicate deposits in production in 1986; unfilled symbols indicate deposits

not in production in 1986.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS 9

ric tons of material but are of low grade, generally averaging

a few tenths of one percent WO3.

Placer deposits.—Production of tungsten from placer

deposits has been important historically, but 1986 production from such deposits was probably less than a few percent of total world production. Placer deposits consist of

sedimentary concentrations of scheelite or wolframite in

alluvial, eluvial, and, in some cases, marine sediments. Such

deposits are typically associated with, or only slightly

removed from, bedrock tungsten-bearing deposits from

which they were derived by processes of weathering and

erosion. Scheelite and even wolframite will eventually

decompose upon weathering and hence, unlike cassiterite,

tungsten minerals tend not to be preserved long enough to

form widespread sedimentary deposits.

Some placer tungsten deposits may be large enough to

warrant the use of heavy equipment for mining (such as

Heinze Basin, Burma). Deposits in the former Soviet Union

in the Dzhida district possibly are in this category. However,

most placer deposits are relatively small, and in many places

(such as China), tungsten is recovered by hand mining.

Brine/evaporite deposits.—Tungsten-bearing brines

and evaporites occur in arid regions of the former Soviet

Union and Western United States. For example, the Searles

Lake deposit in California, which covers an area of 90

square kilometers, contains 70 parts per million of tungsten,

or a total of 61,000 metric tons of tungsten (Anstett and others, 1985, p. 20) in highly concentrated brines. If tungsten

could be recovered here profitably, which is not the case at

present, this brine-charged lake bed would represent an

important source of supply.

Pegmatite deposits.—Tungsten is not a common constituent of pegmatites, and significant pegmatite deposits of

tungsten are rare. The Okbang deposit in South Korea is the

only example of a deposit of this type of any significance in

the context of current world production or potential supply.

Breccia deposits.—Breccia zones, consisting of rock

fragments of varied shapes and sizes, commonly form integral parts of many vein/stockwork and porphyry deposits.

However, some tungsten-bearing breccia bodies, many pipe

shaped, appear to have formed independently of other

deposit types. An example is the Washington breccia pipe in

Sonora, Mexico, where tungsten (as scheelite) is associated

with copper and molybdenum minerals.

Pipe deposits.—Pipe deposits range from almost perfectly cylindrical to irregular, elongated, bulbous masses of

quartz that occur in the margins of granitic intrusions. Wolframite, along with molybdenite and native bismuth, is

erratically distributed in high-grade shoots or pockets. Some

of those pockets contain up to 20 percent wolframite. The

deposits, however, are small, and although they are historically important, particularly in Australia (for example, the

Wolfram Camp deposits in Queensland), there is little production from them at present.

Hot spring deposits.—Tungsten occurs in hot spring

deposits of calcareous tuffs or travertine, such as Golconda,

(Nevada, United States) and Uincia (Bolivia); these deposits

are too small to be listed in tables 9 and 10. Hot spring

deposits are commonly associated with bedrock tungsten

deposits, from which they were probably derived by circulating hot ground water. The deposits are small, and

although there has been minor production from them in the

past, current production, if any, is insignificant.

GEOLOGIC AGES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS

The geologic eons and eras in which tungsten deposits

in the inventory were formed are shown in figure 5. Of the

important deposit types, only vein/stockwork deposits of

tungsten are represented in every time period; skarn deposits are Proterozoic or younger, porphyry deposits are Paleozoic or younger, and strata-bound deposits are either

Proterozoic or Paleozoic in age. By far the largest proportion of the tungsten resources (70 percent), represented

mainly by vein/stockwork, skarn, and porphyry-type tungsten deposits, is Mesozoic in age. 

One of the main factors that determine where the tungsten deposits are located is not so much geologic age, but

proximity to orogenic belts. Hence, many of the world’s

tungsten mines are found in the Rockies/Andes, Pyrenees,

Alps, and Hercynian (Hemerdon) and Caledonian (Carrock)

mountain belts.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF 

TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS

Although tungsten deposits and districts are widespread, the largest deposits (those containing more than

100,000 metric tons of tungsten) are concentrated in China

(foremost), the former Soviet Union (a distant second), and

Canada (fig. 2 and table 2). Deposits of a lesser rank, but

still economically important (10,000 to 100,000 metric tons

of tungsten), are found in many countries, notably in the

United States, Australia, Brazil, Burma, Peru, North Korea,

South Korea, Turkey, Thailand, and in some western European countries such as the United Kingdom, Portugal,

Spain, France, and Austria. Africa, despite its large size and

diverse geology, is particularly lacking in large known tungsten deposits, although a medium-size deposit occurs in

Algeria, and small deposits (less than 10,000 metric tons of

tungsten) are reported in Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa,

Sudan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

In China, the largest deposits are in southern Jiangxi

Province and in adjacent areas in Hunan, Fujian, and

Guangdong Provinces, in the southeastern part of the country (fig. 4). Except for a single deposit in the northeastern

corner of Siberia, significant deposits in the former Soviet

Union occur in a belt across the southern part of the country
10 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

from the Caucasus Mountains in the west to the Primor’ye

region on the Pacific coast (fig. 3).

TUNGSTEN RESOURCES

Resource Distribution by Economic Class of Country

Since World War I, China has had the largest known

tungsten resources of any country in the world. In the period

after World War I and until very recently, the opportunity to

develop mines in the West was ultimately a result of the

Chinese government’s determination to minimize external

trade. The strategic character of tungsten (Roush, 1935) and

the inaccessibility of Chinese tungsten mines, especially

during World War II, spurred the development of important

tungsten resources in North America (Canada and the

United States), South America (Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru),

Europe (Portugal and Spain), Australia, and the former

Soviet Union (fig. 3).

The 10 largest tungsten deposits or groups of deposits

in the world (table 2) account for about three-fourths of the

resources (R1 and R2) shown in table 1. Industrial market

countries have the highest proportion (41 percent) of R1E

resources and the second highest proportion (36 percent) of

other categories of resources (table 3, fig. 6). These figures,

however, reflect the almost total lack of information on the

economic aspects of tungsten deposits in China and the

former Soviet Union. Those two areas have 8 of the 10 largest deposits or districts in the world and probably about half

of the world’s demonstrated resources of tungsten; resource

estimates given in table 10 of part II were used to calculate

the resource totals in this “Tungsten Resources” section of

part I.

A number of lower middle-income countries, notably

Bolivia and Peru, long have been important producers of

tungsten. The lower middle-income countries have 33 percent of the world’s economically exploitable (R1E)

resources but only 5 percent of resources in the “all other R1

and R2” category. In contrast, low-income countries show

Figure 5. Tungsten resources in, and cumulative production from, the world’s major deposits and districts according to geologic era of

mineralization and geologic deposit type.
TUNGSTEN RESOURCES 11

only 4 percent of R1E resources, but 41 percent of resources

in the “all other R1 and R2” category (table 3). 

The former Soviet Union, the sole area with significant

tungsten resources in the Eastern European nonmarketeconomy class, accounts for about one-eighth of the total

resources in the “all other R1 and R2” class (table 3). As in

the case of China, all of its resources have been allocated to

that category.

A comparison of the estimates of world R1E resources

(table 3) and world tungsten production in 1995 (table 4)

indicates that R1E resources would be expected to last at

least until 2007. This projection does not, as indicated

above, reflect resources whose economic parameters are

unknown in major producing areas in China, the former

Soviet Union, and other nonmarket-economy countries.

Moreover, R1E is understated in this report because material of r1E and R1E quality was often reported together with

less economically attractive (R1M, R1S, R2) grades of

material. If economic conditions are suitable, the world

resources in all R1 and R2 categories, including economic,

marginal, and subeconomic resources, are sufficient to last

well into the 21st century at 1995 rates of production.

Order of Deposit Discovery

The pattern of additions to world tungsten resources

through the discovery of new deposits is shown in figure 7;

dates of discovery for some of the deposits in China and the

former Soviet Union were estimated because of the lack of

information about these discoveries. Information for the

1980–89 period is not available. 

More than half of the Western World’s known economic resources of tungsten were found before 1920, notably those in the Pine Creek mine and the Mill City district in

the United States; the Borralha and Panasqueira deposits in

Portugal; the King Island, Mount Carbine, and Mount

Mulgine deposits in Australia; the deposits at Mawchi and

in the Mergui and the Tavoy districts of Burma; the YxsFigure 5. Continued.
12 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

joberg deposit in Sweden; and the Sangdong deposit in

South Korea. The Yaogangxian and many of the Dayu district deposits in China were also discovered before 1920.

These pre-1920 discoveries were mainly stimulated by famine-level prices that occurred during World War I.

Very few tungsten deposits were discovered in the

1920’s and 1930’s. Tyrnyauz, the second most important

deposit in the former Soviet Union, was found in 1934;

another potentially important find was the recognition in

1937 of tungsten in brines at Searles Lake in the United

States. The next 20-year period (1940–59) saw the discovery

of the Bodo/Barra Verde/Boca de Lage complex in Brazil;

the Uludag mine in Turkey; the Shizhuyuan and Lianhuashan deposits in China; the Cantung deposit in Canada; and

the Brown’s Lake, Hamme, and Strawberry deposits in the

United States. The possibility of economically producing

tungsten as a byproduct of molybdenum mining at Climax

in Colorado, United States, was recognized during these

years. Major additions to the world’s known resources of

tungsten were made in the 1960’s and 1970’s with the discovery of the Mittersill mine in Austria; the Salau deposit in

France; the Mount Pleasant, Mactung, Logtung, and Mar

deposits in Canada; the Doi Mok and Khao Soon mines in

Thailand; and the Damingshan and Yangchuling deposits in

China.

Resource Distribution by Deposit Type

The minerals of tungsten were described in the section

“Uses and Supply Aspects.” Some two-thirds of the world’s

tungsten resources are in the form of scheelite, and almost

one-third are in wolframite-group minerals. Of the known

economic resources (R1E) of tungsten, about 48 percent are

in skarn (mostly scheelite-bearing) deposits and 44 percent

in vein/stockwork (principally wolframite-bearing) deposits (see table 1). Of the total tungsten contained in all other

R1 and R2 resources together, about 38 percent is in skarn

deposits, 33 percent in vein/stockwork deposits, 22 percent

in porphyry deposits, and much of the remainder in disseminated deposits.

TUNGSTEN PRODUCTION

The 202 tungsten deposits and districts in the ISMI

inventory occur in 37 countries. In 1995, two countries,

China (69 percent) and the former Soviet Union (19 percent) accounted for over 80 percent of the world’s production of tungsten.

Almost 67 percent of the world’s cumulative output of

tungsten since 1900 has come from five countries: China

(34 percent), the former Soviet Union (15 percent), the

United States (8 percent), and Bolivia and South Korea (5

percent each) (table 5). About 38 percent originated in lowincome countries (primarily China) and some 20 percent in

industrial market countries (table 4).

From a country-by-country view (figs. 8 and 9), the

most notable features since 1930 are the following: 

• a decrease in the proportion of world production

accounted for by China from about 57 percent in 1930

to 19 percent in 1970, followed by significant upturns to

the 29 and 62 percent levels in 1980 and 1990, respectively (for a further discussion of the decrease in China’s

proportion of world production, see U.S. Bureau of

Mines (1993));

• steady growth in the output of the former Soviet Union

since 1940;

• reemergence of Australia (an important producer in the

late 1800’s) as a major world producer between 1960 and

1980;

• a surge in the proportion of output from Canada between

1970 and 1980;

• a reduction of Burma’s production after 1940;

• reductions in production in Canada, Australia, and Portugal (a long-time producer) in 1990; and

• by 1990, control of market shares for tungsten world

production by the former Soviet Union and, especially,

China.

Average figures for 10-year periods tend to confirm

these general trends, at least in the cases of China and the

former Soviet Union. China is estimated to have accounted

Table 2. Ten largest tungsten deposits or groups of deposits in

the world.

[This table does not include the Searles Lake brine/evaporite deposit in the

United States, from which tungsten cannot be recovered profitably. Contained tungsten is calculated from resource data in table 10]

Deposit name (province) Country

Contained 

tungsten

(thousand 

metric tons)

Verkhne-Kayrakty (Dzhezkazgan 

Oblast).

Former Soviet 

Union.

872

Mactung (Yukon Territory and 

Northwest Territories).

Canada 617

Shizhuyuan (Hunan)......................... China 502

Tyrnyauz (former 

Kabardin-Balkar A.S.S.R.).

Former Soviet 

Union.

244

Logtung (Yukon Territory) ............... Canada 168

Yangchuling (Jiangxi) ...................... China 160

Xingluokeng (Fujian) ....................... China 144

Damingshan (Guangxi) .................... China 116

Vostok-2 (Primor’ye)........................ Former Soviet 

Union.

102

Ta’ergou (Gansu).............................. China 100

Total.............................................. 3,025
TUNGSTEN PRODUCTION 13

for some 40 percent of average annual world output in the

1930’s; 21 percent in the 1940’s; and 25 percent, 31 percent,

21 percent, and 38 percent in the next four decades (U.S.

Bureau of Mines, 1993). The proportions of average annual

output supplied by the former Soviet Union are estimated to

have increased from 7 percent in the 1940’s to 13 percent in

the 1950’s, 19 percent in the 1960’s, 20 percent in the

1970’s, and 19 percent in the 1980’s (U.S. Bureau of Mines,

1993). 

Tungsten is produced both from surface and from

underground mining operations (table 6). Most of the surface mining operations are either large-scale, relatively lowgrade, open-pit operations (such as Heinda, Tavoy district,

Burma). Some deposits are mined initially by surface mining of placers or of vein outcrops, followed by underground

mining. Underground mines account for about half of the

tungsten resources in the major deposits for which the mining method could be ascertained (table 6).

As can be seen from figures 2 and 10 and table 7, most

of the world’s most important producers of tungsten ores

and concentrates now have facilities for making further processed forms of tungsten. There are, however, well-established processing plants in Japan, the former Soviet Union,

the United States, and several countries in Western Europe.

In studies of the structure of industrial markets, the

most direct way of measuring market concentration is by

examining the number of supplier firms. A market concentration ratio—the percentage of total industry sales or output contributed by the largest few firms (Scherer, 1970, p.

50–5l)—can be calculated for supplier countries as well as

for supplier firms. For tungsten, the increase in the fourcountry concentration ratio from about 73 percent in 1918

to 92 percent in 1994 is indicative of the concentration of

tungsten production in comparison to other mineral commodities (DeYoung and others, 1984, p. 11). The eightcountry ratio for tungsten during the same period rose from

88 percent to 96 percent.

It is not possible to predict either the levels or the patterns of demand for tungsten in 2020. However, deposit

sizes and grades indicate that several of today’s major producers (southern Jiangxi region, China; Tyrnyauz and Vostok-2, former Soviet Union; Sangdong, South Korea; and

Table 3. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and

districts, by economic class of country and resource category.

[Resource data are in thousands of metric tons of contained tungsten; figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses

denote percentage of column total]

1Economic classes are based principally on gross national product per capita and,

in some instances, on other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank,

1996). Countries where major tungsten deposits and districts occur are, by class: lowincome economies—Burma, China, India, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda, Vietnam, Zaire,

and Zimbabwe; lower middle-income economies—Bolivia, Guatemala, Mongolia,

Namibia, North Korea, Peru, Thailand, and Turkey; upper middle-income economies—Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Portugal, South Africa, and South

Korea; industrial market economies—Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Japan,

Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States; high-income oil exporter

economy—Saudi Arabia; and Eastern European nonmarket economies—Czech

Republic and the former Soviet Union. 2 Records are summarized in tables 9 and 10.

3Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable

resources (fig. 1). 4Reliable and preliminary estimates of resources in the R1M, R1S, R2E, and R2S

categories (fig. 1).

Economic class1 Number of

records2

Resource category

R1E3 All other 

R1 and R24

Low-income ........................ 47 13 (4) 1,790 (41)

Lower middle-income ......... 36 127 (33) 216 (5)

Upper middle-income.......... 32 85 (22) 220 (3)

Industrial market ................. 54 155 (41) 1,563 (36)

High-income oil exporter .... 3 – (–) 9 (–)

Eastern European 

nonmarket........................ 30 – (–) 551 (13)

Total................................. 202 379 (100) 4,349 (100)

Table 4. Estimated cumulative and annual mine production of

tungsten contained in ore and concentrate by economic class of

country for all countries having tungsten deposits or districts.

[Production figures are in metric tons of contained tungsten; figures may

not add to totals shown due to rounding. Numbers in parentheses denote

production rank of economic class]

1Economic classes are based principally on gross national product per capita and,

in some instances, on other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank,

1996). Countries where major tungsten deposits and districts occur are, by class: lowincome economies—Burma, China, India, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda, Vietnam, Zaire,

and Zimbabwe; lower middle-income economies—Bolivia, Guatemala, Mongolia,

Namibia, North Korea, Peru, Thailand, and Turkey; upper middle-income economies—Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Portugal, South Africa, and South

Korea; industrial market economies—Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Japan,

Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States; high-income oil exporter

economy—Saudi Arabia; and Eastern European nonmarket economies—Czech

Republic and the former Soviet Union.

2 Reported production from countries in indicated economic class (U.S. Geological

Survey, 1905–22, and U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1923–95).

3Estimated production.

Economic class1

Cumulative

production 

1905–952

Annual

production

19953

Low-income...................................... 816,000 (1) 21,600 (1)

Lower middle-income....................... 287,000 (4) 2,200 (3)

Upper middle-income....................... 274,000 (5) 800 (4)

Industrial market............................... 402,000 (2) 200 (5)

High-income oil exporter.................. 0 (6) 0 (6)

Eastern European nonmarket............ 317,000 (3) 5,900 (2)

Total .............................................. 2,096,000 30,700
Figure 6. Economic classification by the World Bank (1996) for countries where the world’s major tungsten deposits and districts occur. Resource 

figure 2. Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
TUNGSTEN PRODUCTION 15

Climax, United States) will probably continue to be important producers in the year 2020 (fig. 11). The period of

1990–2020 will likely see important changes in tungsten

supply from other areas. Unless additional minable reserves

are discovered, decreases in output can be expected from

certain deposits (probably Mittersill, Austria; Kara, Australia; Panasqueira, Portugal; and some of the deposits in the

southern Jiangxi region, China). Major deposits such as the

Hemerdon deposit, United Kingdom; the former Cantung

mine and the Mactung deposit, Canada; and the Damingshan, Shizhuyuan, and other deposits in China, now subeconomic, may become economically viable because of their

large size and amenability to low-cost bulk mining. Production from large deposits in a limited number of low-income

economy countries (such as China and Burma) may become

relatively more important in the future, and the country concentration ratios for tungsten may accordingly increase.

Large size and low-cost mining, however, will not help if

the price is too low for profitable extraction. Because of the

very speculative nature of tungsten metal prices, mines of

low capital intensity that can be discontinued without much

financial penalty in periods of economic downturn are in a

better position to reopen when a market recovers.

Tungsten is also recovered as a coproduct or byproduct

of mining operations in deposits that are mined primarily

for other metals, such as tin, molybdenum, copper, lead,

zinc, or bismuth. In the future, such deposits may become

more important sources of tungsten, especially if new mines

are opened in large deposits, such as those of the molybdenum-tungsten porphyry variety.

The largest proportion of world tungsten resources

identified in this inventory is in China; Canada and the

former Soviet Union also have significant resources.

Because China and, at the time of the inventory, the former

Soviet Union do not provide details of their tungsten

resources, the quality and degree of minability of their

deposits could not be ascertained. Other countries with

important tungsten resources are Australia, Bolivia, Brazil,

Peru, Portugal, Spain, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. In these countries, the geologic and economic aspects

of the local deposits are more widely known and often better

defined.

Figure 7. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts according to their date of discovery. (If the year of discovery was not

reported, the year of first production was used instead.) Years of discovery are listed in table 9.
16 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Table 5. Estimated cumulative and annual mine production of

tungsten contained in ore and concentrate for each country having

a tungsten deposit or district listed in the ISMI tungsten inventory

(table 10).

[Production figures are in metric tons of contained tungsten. Numbers in

parentheses denote production rank of country. —, production not

reported]

1Includes all countries with deposits and districts in the International Strategic Mineral Issues tungsten inventory, except for Algeria, Chile, Czech Republic, Guatemala,

Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe. 2 Cumulative and annual production based on reported production (U.S. Geological

Survey, 1905–22, and U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1923–95). Data for all countries from

all years are not always available. 3Dissolved in December 1991; production from deposits now in Kazakstan, Russia,

Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. 4 Production prior to division of Korea into North and South allocated between the

two countries on an equal basis.

Country1

Cumulative

production 

1905–952

Annual

production

19952

China........................................... 712,000 (1) 21,000 (1)

Former Soviet Union3 ................. 317,000 (2) 5,900 (2)

United States ............................... 168,600 (3) —

Bolivia......................................... 111,700 (4) 780 (4)

South Korea4 ............................... 105,500 (5) —

Portugal....................................... 96,200 (6) 500 (6)

North Korea4 ............................... 82,000 (7) 900 (3)

Australia...................................... 77,600 (8) 10 (14)

Burma.......................................... 76,500 (9) 530 (5)

Thailand ...................................... 46,000 (10) 60 (12)

Canada......................................... 44,400 (11) —

Brazil........................................... 39,900 (12) 115 (11)

Peru ............................................. 28,900 (13) 260 (7)

Spain ........................................... 27,300 (14) —

Japan ........................................... 26,600 (15) —

Austria......................................... 25,600 (16) 190 (9)

Argentina..................................... 18,600 (17) —

France.......................................... 18,500 (18) —

Mongolia..................................... 13,300 (19) 200 (8)

Zaire ............................................ 11,000 (20) —

Mexico ........................................ 10,800 (21) 145 (10)

Sweden........................................ 9,300 (22) —

Rwanda ....................................... 8,300 (23) —

Vietnam....................................... 4,400 (24) —

United Kingdom.......................... 4,300 (25) —

South Africa ................................ 3,100 (26) —

Namibia....................................... 2,900 (27) —

Uganda ........................................ 2,800 (28) 60 (13)

Turkey ......................................... 2,000 (29) —

India ............................................ 800 (30) 2 (15)

Total ........................................ 2,095,900 30,652

Table 6. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts

in the R1 and R2 categories (fig. 1, table 3), listed by mining

method and economic class of country.

[Resource figures are in thousands of metric tons of contained tungsten;

figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. The mining method

was estimated in some cases]

1Economic classes are based principally on gross national product per capita and,

in some instances, on other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank,

1996). Countries in each class which contain tungsten resources are listed in tables 3

and 4.

Economic class1

Mining method

Surface Underground

Surface 

and 

underground

Not 

mined

Indeterminable

Low-income .................. 559 804 124 — 316

Lower middle-income ... 63 139 141 — —

Upper middle-income.... 14 262 16 1 12

Industrial market ........... 201 338 207 972 —

High-income oil exporter — — — 9 —

Eastern European 

nonmarket.................. 59 117 292 27 55

 Total........................... 896 1,660 780 1,009 383

CONCLUSIONS

At the 1995 world production level of about 31,000

metric tons of tungsten annually, estimated R1E resources

(379,000 metric tons of tungsten) appear to be sufficient to

last only until the year 2007. However, this figure for economically exploitable tungsten resources does not include

or adequately reflect the economically exploitable parts of

tungsten resources in major deposits in China, the former

Soviet Union, and other nonmarket-economy countries,

because resources in these countries could not be reliably

categorized. If economic conditions are suitable, then total

tungsten resources in the inventory (4,728,000 metric tons

of tungsten) would likely suffice to satisfy levels of world

demand that existed in 1995 for tungsten well into the 21st

century.

China currently produces about two-thirds of the

world’s annual production of tungsten. Given its vast

resources and potential for the discovery of new deposits,

China will likely retain its prominent role in world tungsten
CONCLUSIONS 17

Figure 8. Proportions of total world mine production of tungsten accounted for by countries having deposits and districts in the ISMI

tungsten inventory; selected years 1930–90.

supply. In addition to producing and exporting tungsten

mineral concentrates, China is likely to increase its output

of processed intermediate tungsten products such as ammonium paratungstate and ferrotungsten.

During the next 30 years, tungsten supply patterns will

be influenced by discoveries, if any, of significant new

deposits; by political events in supplier countries; by world

metal price rather than the military requirements of the Cold

War; and by shifts in demand for tungsten products. Barring

any major changes resulting from such factors, significant

mine production will continue to come from the southern

Jiangxi region, China; the Tyrnyauz and Vostok-2 deposits

in the former Soviet Union; and possibly the Climax mine

in the United States, where the amount of tungsten recovered as a byproduct depends upon the quantity of molybdenum produced. Changes in tungsten supply patterns are

likely to result from declining output from individual deposits in Australia, Austria, and Portugal. These may be offset

by new production from other deposits in Canada, China,

and the United Kingdom.
18 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Figure 9. Tungsten mine production in countries having deposits and districts in the ISMI tungsten inventory and a cumulative output of

more than 10,000 metric tons (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1951–90); selected years 1930–90. *, reported mine production of less than 500

metric tons.

PART II—SELECTED INVENTORY 

INFORMATION ON 

TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS

Tables 8, 9, and 10 contain information from the ISMI

record forms for tungsten deposits and districts. Only

selected items of information about the location and geology (table 9) and mineral production and resources (table

10) for the deposits are listed here; some of this information

has been abbreviated (table 8).

Summary descriptions and data are presented in the

tables essentially as they were reported in the inventory

records. For instance, amounts of production or resources

have been maintained as reported; no attempt has been

made to round to the appropriate number of significant digits. Data that were reported in units other than metric tons

have been converted to metric tons for comparability. Some

of the data in the tables, such as cumulative production

totals, are more condensed than in the inventory records. 
Figure 10. Major world tungsten processing plants, 1919–89. Data on plants are from table 7.
Table 7. Major world tungsten processing plants. [Plants are plotted in figure 10. —, not reported; t, metric tons; tpy, metric tons per year; capacity refers to annual production capacity in metric tons. Sources: AustralGeology, and Geophysics, written commun., 1988; Austria, Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie, written commun., 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, Speiss, written commun. seen by first author (Werner) in 1988] Company’s headquarters Plant location Product Capacity (metric tons) 

Country Site Latitude Longitude Argentina Panet S.A. Argentina Cifi (Llavallol, Buenos Aires) 34 47 S 58 26 W Ferrotungsten — — Argentina Stein Ferroaleaciones Sacifa (Lujan de Cuyo, Provincia de Mendoza) 33 03 S 68 52 W Ferrotungsten — — Australia Seco-Titan Pty, Ltd. (Newcastle, New South Wales) 32 55 S 151 46 E Ammonium paratungstate Sintered tungsten carbide — No longer exists. Austria Plansee AG (Reutte, Tirol) 47 29 N 10 45 E Tungsten metal — Plant is in Germa

GmbH, Lechbruc

Austria Treibacher Industrie AG (Treibach, Kärnten) 46 53 N 14 28 E Ferrotungsten Tungsten powder — — Austria Wolfram Bergbau- und Hütten- gesellschaft mbH (Eibiswald, Steiermark) 46 42 N 15 15 E Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide powder Blue Oxide 1,300 — Belgium Coldstream, S.A. (Brussels) 50 51 N 04 29 E Tungsten powder Pre-alloyed tungsten carbide/ cobalt grit and powder — — Brazil Cia Paulista de Ferro Ligas (Barbacena, Minas Gerais) 21 14 S 43 46 W Ferrotungsten 1,200 — Brazil Termoligas Mineracao e Metalurgia S.A. (Simoes Filho, Salvador, Bahia) 12 58 S 38 29 W Ferrotungsten — — Burma Kamyawkin Upgrading Plant, Tavoy (Tanintharyi) — — — — Magnetic separat

tungsten concent

China Baoji Non-Ferrous Metals Works (Baoji, Shaanxi) 34 24 N 107 07 E Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten wire — 1994 production 

China Benxi Alloy (Liaoning) 41 15 N 123 45 E Tungsten metal — 1994 production China Dalian (Liaoning) 38 55 N 121 39 E Ammonium paratungstate 150 — China Dontai 

(Dontai, Jiangsu)

32 51 N 120 18 E Ammonium paratungstate 1,000 —

China Emei, Ferro-Alloy Plant

(Emei County, Sichuan)

29 35 N 103 31 E Ferrotungsten 5,000 —
Company’s headquarters Plant location

Product Capacity (metric tons) 

Country Site Latitude Longitude

China Ganzhou (Smelter) 

(Ganzhou, Jiangxi)

25 51 N 114 56 E Ammonium paratungstate >3,500 Total capacity of 

are Ganzhou Cobtpy); and the Gannum Materials Plduction 609 t amtungsten metal, a

China Guangxi Nanning Aluminium Plant

(Nanning, Guangxi)

22 50 N 108 21 E Tungsten metal — —

China Haizhou Cemented Carbide Co.

(Hainan)

— — Cast tungsten carbide — —

China Hongxing Works 

(Guangdong)

— — Tungsten acid — —

China Hukeng 

(Jiangxi)

27 29 N 114 19 E Ammonium paratungstate 1,000 Production since 

500 t.

China Jilin (Smelter)

(Jilin)

43 51 N 126 33 E Ferrotungsten 8,000 1995 production 

production 283 t 

China Jindong Chemical Works 

(Sichuan)

— — Tungsten acid — —

China Lanshun Refractory Alloy Factory 

(Liaoning)

— — Tungsten carbide? — —

China Nanchang (Hard Alloy) 

(Nanchang, Jiangxi)

28 41 N 115 53 E Tungsten carbide 

Ammonium paratungstate

1,000 A major produce

production 87 t a

China Northwest Institute for Non-Ferrous Metal 

Research (Shaanxi)

34 15 N 108 57 E Tungsten metal — —

China Pinggui 

(Guangxi)

24 26 N 111 32 E Ammonium paratungstate — 1994 production 

China Shanghai 

(Shanghai)

31 14 N 121 28 E Ammonium paratungstate 

Ferrotungsten

100 1994 production 

state.

China Southwest Special Materials Plant 

(Chengdu, Sichuan)

30 21 N 104 02 E Tungsten metal — —

China Tianjin 

(Tianjin)

39 08 N 117 12 E Ammonium paratungstate 100 —

China Xiamen Tungsten Products Plant 

(Haichang, Xiamen Suburbs, Fujian)

24 27 N 118 04 E Ammonium paratungstate

Tungsten powder Tungsten oxide

3,300 —

China Xiangdong 

(Jiangxi)

27 42 N 113 36 E Ammonium paratungstate — 1994 production 
Table 7. Major world tungsten processing plants—Continued. [Plants are plotted in figure 10. —, not reported; t, metric tons; tpy, metric tons per year; capacity refers to annual production capacity in metric tons. Sources: AustralGeology, and Geophysics, written commun., 1988; Austria, Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie, written commun., 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, Speiss, written commun. seen by first author (Werner) in 1988] Company’s headquarters Plant location Product Capacity (metric tons) 

Country Site Latitude Longitude China Xihuashan (Jiangxi) 25 28 N 114 19 E Ammonium paratungstate — 1994 production 

China Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Industry Co. (Zhuzhou, Hunan) 27 50 N 113 09 E Ammonium paratungstate Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide 2,500 Largest integrate

nium paratungst1994 production state and 351 t t

China Zigong (Hard Alloy) (Zigong, Sichuan) 29 24 N 107 47 E Ammonium paratungstate Tungsten metal 1,500 Plant uses schee

duction 694 t amtungsten metal, 

Czech Republic Bruntal Hydrometallurgical Plants (Bruntal) 50 00 N 17 27 E — — — France Eurotungstene—Poudre S.A. (Eaux-Claires, Grenoble, Isere) 45 11 N 05 43 E Ammonium paratungstate Tungsten metal Tungsten powder — — Germany Louis Renner GmbH — — Tungsten metal — Plant 1: Munich

Plant 2: Altmün

Germany Hermann C. Starck Berlin GmbH & Co. KG (Goslar, Harz) 51 54 N 10 26 E Tungsten metal Carbides and compounds — — Hungary Otvozetgyar Salgotarjan (Salgotarjan, Nograo) 48 07 N 19 49 E Ferrotungsten — — India India Thermit Corporation, Ltd. (Falzalgarij, Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh) 26 27 N 60 14 E Tungsten carbide — — India The Metal Powder Co., Ltd. (Thirumangalam, Madurai District, Tamil Nadu) 09 50 N 77 59 E — — — Japan Awamura Metal Industry Co., Ltd. (Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture) 34 54 N 135 48 E Ferrotungsten 1,003 — Japan Japan New Metals Co., Ltd. (Toyonaka City, Osaka Prefecture) 34 48 N 135 35 E Ammonium paratungstate Tungsten powder 1,600 1,200 — Japan Nippon Tungsten Co., Ltd. (Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture) — — Tungsten metal — —Japan Sanno Seiko Kaisha, Ltd. 

(Tokyo)

35 40 N 139 45 E Tungsten metal — —

Japan Toho Kinzoku (Metal) Co., Ltd. 

(Mogi, Fukuoka Prefecture)

— — Tungsten metal — —

Japan Tokyo Tungsten Co., Ltd.

(Tokyo)

35 40 N 139 45 E Tungsten powder 

Tungsten metal

630120

—
Company’s headquarters Plant location

Product Capacity (metric tons) 

Country Site Latitude Longitude

Japan Toshiba Corp., Metal Sintering Division

(Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture)

35 40 N 139 45 E Ammonium paratungstate 

Tungsten metal

— —

Mexico Ferroaleaciones de Mexico S.A.—Ferromex 

(Gomez Palacio, Durango)

25 39 N 103 30 E Ferrotungsten — —

Mongolia Tsagaan-davaa

(Tov Province)

— — — — Tungsten concen

Tsagaan-davaa m

Mongolia Ulaan Uul 

(Bayan-Olgiy Province)

— — — — Tungsten concen

the Ulaan Uul an

Portugal Minas de Borralha, S.A.R.L. 

(Borralha, Vila Real, and Braga)

41 41 N 07 49 W Ferrotungsten — Produces ferrotun

concentrates.

Romania Tulcea Metallurgical Complex

(Tulcea, Dobrogea)

45 10 N 29 48 E Ferrotungsten — —

Russia Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Work JSC 

(Chelyabinsk, R.S.F.S.R.)

55 12 N 61 25 E Ferrotungsten — —

Russia Elektrolstal-Electric Steel Works Elektrolstal, Moscovskaya Oblast 

(Moscow region, R.S.F.S.R.)

55 45 N 37 42 E Ammonium paratungstate 

Tungsten carbide

— —

Russia Kirovgrad Mill for Hard Alloys Yekatarinburgskaja Oblast 

(Kirovgrad, Ukrainian S.S.R.)

57 28 N 60 00 E Tungsten carbide 

Tungsten powder

— —

Russia Nal'chinsky Hydrometallurgical Plant 

Nal'chik, Kabadino-Balkarian Republic (Kabardino, Kabardin-Balkar A.S.S.R.) 

43 31 N 43 38 E Ammonium paratungstate 

Tungsten metal Tungsten carbide

— Treats material fr

Russia Pobedit Works Vladikavkaz 

(Vladikavkaz, North Ossetian Republic)

43 02 N 44 43 E Tungsten powder 

Tungsten metal?

— —

Russia Skopin Hydrometallurgical Mill 

(Ryasanskaya Oblast)

53 50 N 39 34 E Tungsten anhydride 

Tungsten concentrate

— —

Slovakia Oravian Ferroalloys Works 

(Istebne)

49 12 N 19 11 E Ferrotungsten — —

South Korea Korea Tungsten Mining Co., Ltd. 

(Daegu)

35 52 N 128 36 E Ammonium paratungstate 

Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide powder Tungsten oxide Ferrotungsten

— —

Sweden Gullspongs Elektrokemiska AB 

(Gullspongs)

58 58 N 14 05 E Ammonium paratungstate 

Ferrotungsten

— —

Sweden Sandik AB 

(Sanoviken)

60 38 N 16 50 E Tungsten carbide powder — —
Table 7. Major world tungsten processing plants—Continued. [Plants are plotted in figure 10. —, not reported; t, metric tons; tpy, metric tons per year; capacity refers to annual production capacity in metric tons. Sources: AustralGeology, and Geophysics, written commun., 1988; Austria, Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie, written commun., 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, Speiss, written commun. seen by first author (Werner) in 1988] Company’s headquarters Plant location Product Capacity (metric tons) 

Country Site Latitude Longitude Ukraine Zaporozh'ye Steel Combine (Zaparozh'ye) 47 50 N 35 10 E Ferrotungsten — — United Kingdom Ferro Alloys & Metal, Ltd. (Glossop, Derbyshire) 53 25 N 01 54 W Ferrotungsten — Not operating. United Kingdom London & Scandinavian Metallurgical Co., Ltd. (London, England) 51 33 N 04 16 E Tungsten powder — Not operating. P

lands; company o

United Kingdom Murex, Ltd. (Rainham, Essex) 51 21 N 00 36 E Ammonium paratungstate Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide Hard metal powders Hard metal nodules — Closed down. United Kingdom Wimet, Ltd. (Coventry) 52 25 N 01 30 W Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide — — United States Buffalo Tungsten (Depew, New York) 42 54 N 78 42 W Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide 900 — United States Canada Tungsten Mining Corp., Ltd. (Fort Madison, Iowa) 40 38 N 91 27 W Ammonium paratungstate Tungsten powder — — United States General Electric Co. (Cleveland, Ohio) 41 30 N 81 41 W Ammonium paratungstate Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide — — United States Kennametal, Inc. (Fallon, Nevada) 39 28 N 118 47 W Tungsten carbide — — United States Kennametal, Inc. (Latrobe, Pennsylvania) 40 19 N 79 23 W Tungsten metal Tungsten carbide — — United States Metallurgical Industries, Inc. (Tinton Falls, New Jersey) 39 57 N 75 07 W Tungsten powder — — United States Nuclear Metals, Inc. (Concord, Massachusetts) 42 21 N 71 04 W Tungsten powder — —

United States Osram Sylvania, Inc.

(Towanda, Pennsylvania)

41 46 N 76 26 W Ammonium paratungstate 

Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide

— —

United States Philips Elmet Co. 

(Lewiston, Maine)

44 06 N 70 13 W Ammonium paratungstate 

Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten wire

— —
Company’s headquarters Plant location

Product Capacity (metric tons) 

Country Site Latitude Longitude

United States Teledyne Advanced Materials, Inc. 

(Huntsville, Alabama)

34 44 N 86 35 W Ammonium paratungstate 

Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide

— —

United States Teledyne Firth Sterling 

(La Vergne, Tennessee)

36 02 N 86 39 W Tungsten powder 

Tungsten carbide

— —

United States Tungsten Alloy Manufacturing Co., Inc. 

(Harrison, New Jersey)

40 13 N 74 45 W Tungsten carbide — —

United States U.S. Tungsten Corp. 

(Bishop, California)

37 20 N 118 24 W Ammonium paratungstate — —

United States U.S. Vanadium Corp. 

(Niagara Falls, New York)

43 06 N 79 04 W Ferrotungsten — —

Uzbekistan Uzbek Refractory & Heat-Resistant Metal 

Works (Chirchik, Tashkentskaya Oblast)

41 28 N 69 31 E Ferrotungsten 

Tungsten metal

— Treats material fr
Figure 11. Major tungsten deposits and districts worldwide, their production status at the beginning of 1986, and their probable production status in 2

indicate the number of records of deposits and districts for each status category.
TABLE 8. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TABLES 9 AND 10 27

Table 8. Abbreviations used in tables 9 and 10.

Geologic age abbreviations and prefixes

[Prefixes are combined with abbreviations; for example, EJUR is Early Jurassic. A geologic time chart is shown on the inside front cover]

ARCH Archean EO Eocene OLIGO Oligocene PREC Precambrian

CAMB Cambrian JUR Jurassic ORD Ordovician PROT Proterozoic

CARB Carboniferous L Late PAL Paleozoic QUAT Quaternary

CEN Cenozoic M Middle PALEO Paleocene SIL Silurian

CRET Cretaceous MES Mesozoic PENN Pennsylvanian TERT Tertiary

DEV Devonian MIO Miocene PERM Permian TRI Triassic

E Early MISS Mississippian PLIO Pliocene

Abbreviations for mineral names

[From Longe and others, 1978, p. 63–66]

ACNL actinolite CLPX clinopyroxene HMTT hematite RDNT rhodonite

ADLR adularia CLRT chlorite KLNT kaolinite SCLT scheelite

ADLS andalusite CLZS clinozoisite KOLN kaolin SCPL scapolite

ADRD andradite CMNG cummingtonite LLNG loellingite SDRT siderite

ALBT albite CMST chamosite LPDL lepidolite SLMN sillimanite

AMPB amphibole CRBN carbonate MCCL microcline SLPD sulfides

ANKR ankerite CRDR cordierite MGNT magnetite SLVR silver

APTT apatite CSLT cosalite MICA mica SPLR sphalerite

ARGT argentite CSTR cassiterite MLBD molybdenite SRCT sericite

ARPR arsenopyrite DLMT dolomite MNZT monazite STBN stibnite

BLND blende DPSD diopside MRCS marcasite STNT stannite

BMTT bismutite EPDT epidote MRMT marmatite TMLT tremolite

BOTT biotite FLDP feldspar MSCV muscovite TNNT tennantite

BRIT barite FLRT fluorite MTLD matildite TNST tungstite

BRNT bornite FRBR ferberite ORCL orthoclase TNTL tantalite

BRYL beryl GLEN galena PLGC plagioclase TOPZ topaz

BSMN bismuthinite GOLD gold PLGP phlogopite TRDR tetrahedrite

BSMT bismuth GRLR grossularite PRXN pyroxene TRML tourmaline

CLAY clay GRNT garnet PWLT powellite URNN uraninite

CLCC chalcocite GTHT goethite PYRT pyrite VSVN vesuvianite

CLCP chalcopyrite HBLD hornblende PYTT pyrrhotite WLFM wolframite

CLCT calcite HBNR huebnerite QRTZ quartz WLST wollastonite

CLMB columbite HDBG hedenbergite RDCR rhodochrosite ZNWD zinnwaldite

Chemical symbols

Ag silver Cu copper MoS2 molybdenum disulfide SnO2 tin dioxide

As arsenic F fluorine Nb niobium Ta tantalum

Au gold Fe iron Pb lead Te tellurium

Be beryllium Hg mercury Sb antimony W tungsten

Bi bismuth Li lithium Se selenium WO3 tungsten trioxide

CaWO4 calcium tungstate Mo molybdenum Sn tin Zn zinc

Units of measure

g gram Ma mega-annum (million years ago)

g/t gram per metric ton ppm parts per million

km kilometer t metric ton

m meter tpd tons per day
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Algeria Laouni deposit (Adrar Renaissance District) 20 28 N 05 34 E Vein Gneiss, migmatite; PROT. Greisenized granite; pre-ORD. Pre-ORD Intracratonic Contact aureole of pre-ORD granite intrusion. QRTZ, WLFM, SCLT Three main qu

1–2 m wide, ulong. Average 1–1.5 percent 

Argentina Los Avestruces-Las Asperezas (San Luis) 32 36 S 66 07 W Vein Schist; LPREC PREC–PAL Intracratonic Quartz veins cutting LPREC schist. SCLT, WLFM, QRTZ, BOTT, PYRT, MLBD, BSMT, CLCP, SPLR Scheelite is mo

than wolframi

Argentina Los Condores-El Aguila (San Luis) 32 43 S 65 16 W Vein Schist, gneiss; PREC PREC–PAL Intracratonic Quartz veins cutting PREC schist and gneiss. FRBR, QRTZ, SCLT, PYRT, MLBD, BSMN, TRML, WLFM Two principal 

tems, the Los and the Aguilaat depth. 

Australia Kara (Tasmania) 41 21 S 145 47 E Skarn Carbonaceous limestone, dolomite; Junee group; ORD. DEV PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of DEV granite intrusion. SCLT, ACNL, MGNT — Australia King Island (Tasmania) 40 04 S 144 05 E Skarn Calc-silicate rock; Grassy group; PROT– ECAMB. ECARB PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of ECARB granite intrusion? SCLT, MLBD, PYRT, ARPR, PYTT, CLCP, GRNT, CLCC QRTZ, APTT — 

Australia Molyhil (Northern Territory) 22 45 S 135 44 E Skarn Skarn, hornfels; PROT. Granite; Jinka granite; EPROT. EPROT Intracratonic Contact aureole of EPROT granite intrusion. SCLT, MLBD, ADRD, GRLR, PRXN, Ferro- AMPB, EPDT, QRTZ, CLCC, MGNT, SLPD — 

Australia Mount Carbine (Queensland) 16 31 S 145 07 E Vein/stockwork Argillaceous sedimentary rocks; Hodgkinson formation; SIL–DEV. PERM (278 Ma) PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of PERM granite intrusion. WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ, CLCC, APTT, PYRT, PYTT, MLBD, ARPR, CSTR, MRCS, CLCP — 

Australia Mount Mulgine (Western Australia) 29 11 S 116 59 E Vein/stockwork Metasedimentary rocks, ultramafic rocks; ARCH. ARCH Intracratonic Contact aureole of ARCH granite intrusion. SCLT, FLRT, MLBD, CLCP, BRYL, SLVR, GOLD — 

Australia Sunnymount 

(Queensland)

17 25 S 144 52 E Vein/breccia 

pipe

Siltstone, chert/hornfels; Ringrose formation; DEV?

LCARB–EPERM

PAL orogenic belt

Pipe-shaped breccia body in contact aureole of LCARB–EPERM granite intrusion.

CSTR, WLFM, QRTZ, APTT, CRDR, CMNG, GRNT, BOTT, KLNT, PYRT, CLCP, GLEN

Ore occurs as fracture fillingreplacement z
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Australia Torrington (New 

SouthWales)

29 19 S 151 41 E Disseminated/

vein/pipe

Quartz-topaz rock; Mole granite; LPERM. Mudstone, sandstone, siltstone; PERM. Granite; Mole granite; LPERM–TRI.

LPERM–TRI PAL orogenic 

belt

Upper part of LPERM–TRI granite and overlying roof pendant.

WLFM, BSMT, GOLD, CSTR, TOPZ, QRTZ

Wolframite is nated in magmtopaz rock (“s

Australia Watershed Grid

(Queensland)

16 13 S 144 42 E Vein/skarn Carbonaceous

conglomerate, arenite; Hodgkinson formation; DEV.

PAL PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact aureole of PAL granite?

SCLT, QRTZFLRT, EPDT, GRNT, PLGC, PLGP, PYRT,ARPR, ALBT,BOTT

— 

Australia Wolfram Camp

(Queensland)

17 05 S 144 55 E Breccia pipe Altered granite; 

Elizabeth Creekgranite; LCARB–EPERM.

LCARB–EPERM

PAL orogenic belt

Roof zone andmargin of LCARB–EPERM graniteintrusion.

WLFM, MLBD,BSMT, BSMN,PYRT, CLCP,ARPR, PYTT,GLEN, SPLR,FLRT, SCLT

Orebodies conupward-branc“pipes” a few to 6 m across 200 m high.

Austria Mittersill mine 

(Salzburg)

47 18 N 12 29 E Strata-bound Lava, tuff; lower 

Schieferhulle; PAL.

— MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Regionally metamorphosedvolcanic rocks.

SCLT, QRTZ,MLBD, PYTT,CLCP, BSMT,PYRT

Orebodies are hundred meter150 m wide, am thick.

Bolivia Bolsa Negra (La Paz) 16 34 S 67 49 W Vein Hornfels EJUR MES–CEN

convergent platemargin

Contact aureoleof EJUR granitebatholith.

WLFM, SCLT,PYRT, PYTT,QRTZ, CLCP

Orebodies are rich lenses (“min hornfels.

Bolivia Chambillaya (La Paz) 17 04 S 67 18 W Vein/stockwork Hornfels MIO? MES–CEN

convergent platemargin

Contact aureoleof a MIO? graniteintrusion.

FRBR, QRTZ,ARPR, SLPD,SDRT, TRML,TNST

Deposit compcircular area 1diameter; tonnpotential is co

Bolivia Chicote Grande 

(La Paz)

17 28 S 66 50 W Vein/stockwork/

alluvial

Quartzite, slate,sandstone; EPAL.

MIO MES–CEN

convergent platemargin

Contact aureoleof MIO graniteat depth?

WLFM, CSTR,QRTZ, PYRT,ARPR

Narrow veins stockwork zonmineralized vealso occurs as 

Bolivia Chojlla (La Paz) 16 23 S 67 45 W Vein/stockwork Shale, sandstone;

 LORD.

EJUR (183 Ma)

MES–CENconvergent platemargin

Contact aureoleof EJUR granitebatholith.

WLFM, SCLT,QRTZ, BSMN,MLBD, CLCP,HMTT, SDRT,ARPR, CLMB

Deposit consithan 30 parall

Bolivia Chorolque (Potosi) 20 58 S 66 05 W Porphyry Intrusive breccia; 

MMIO (12–17 Ma).Shale, sandstone,siltstone; ORD.

MMIO (12–17 Ma)

MES–CENconvergent platemargin

Subvolcanic breccia pipe.

QRTZ, CSTR,WLFM, PYRT,ARPR, PYTT,CLCP, SPLR,STNT, BSMN,TRML

Tungsten occuannular zone sing a quartz-tobreccia pipe; tpotential large grade.

Bolivia Enramada-Liliana 

(La Paz)

16 25 S 67 43 W Vein Schist; PAL?

Granodiorite; Taquesibatholith; EJUR (199Ma).

EJUR (183 Ma)

MES–CENconvergent platemargin

Contact aureoleof EJUR granitebatholith.

WLFM, QRTZ,CSTR, SLPD

— 
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Bolivia Kami (Cochabamba) 17 28 S 66 52 W Vein Hornfels MIO? MES–CEN convergent plate margin Hornfels zone of MIO? granite at depth. WLFM, QRTZ, TRML, PYRT, ARPR Five principal 

Bolivia Pueblo Viejo (Potosi) 21 42 S 66 11 W Vein Dacite; MIO–PLIO? MIO–PLIO? MES–CEN convergent plate margin Subvolcanic dacitic intrusion. WLFM, QRTZ, BSMN, CLCP, PYRT Several veins. 

Bolivia Reconquistada (La Paz) 16 28 S 67 52 W Vein Phyllitic schist; PAL? EJUR MES–CEN convergent plate margin Contact aureole of EJUR granite batholith. WLFM, QRTZ — 

Bolivia Tazna (Potosi) 20 38 S 66 19 W Vein Hornfels MIO–PLIO? MES–CEN convergent plate margin Contact aureole of MIO–PLIO? granite intrusion. BSMN, WLFM, CSTR, STNT, PYTT, PYRT, GOLD, QRTZ, CLCP, SPLR Important pro

bismuth. 

Bolivia Viloco (La Paz) 16 52 S 67 38 W Vein Sedimentary rocks; PAL? Granite; Quimsa Cruz (Tres Cruces) batholith; OLIGO– MIO (23.8±1.6 Ma). OLIGO–MIO MES–CEN convergent plate margin Contact aureole of OLIGO–MIO granite batholith. WLFM, ARPR, PYRT, TRML Richer areas h

worked out. 

Brazil Bodo/Barra Verde/Boca de Lage mines (Rio Grande do Norte) 06 12 S 36 30 W Skarn Marble, quartz-biotite gneiss, granite gneiss, biotite schist; PREC. PREC Intracratonic Contact aureole of PREC granite stock. SCLT, EPDT, GRNT, VSVN, HBLD Minable orebo

up to 100 m lowide, and 10 m 

Brazil Pedra Preta (Para) 07 11 S 50 34 W Vein/placer Metasedimentary, metavolcanic rocks; EPROT. PROT Intracratonic Contact aureole of PROT granite intrusion? WLFM, SLPD, QRTZ Small amount 

framite conceduced by “gar(prospectors) ered quartz veluvial and elu

Burma Heinze Basin (Mon State) 14 45 N 98 00 E Placer; offshore Gravel; TERT. Cenozoic sediments. CRET–TERT– QUAT — Offshore drowned tidal valley. CSTR, WLFM, SCLT — 

Burma Mawchi mine (Kayah State) 18 50 N 97 10 E Vein/stockwork; quartz veins, greisen, pegmatite Argillite, slate, limestone; Mawchi series; CARB. Granite; CRET. CRET JUR TRIAS? MES collision zone Apical part of CRET granite pluton and associated country rocks. CSTR, WLFM, QRTZ, SCLT, ARPR, PYRT, CLCP, GLEN, TRML — 

Burma Mergui district (Mon State) 11 17 N 99 17 E Vein/stockwork/ placer Sedimentary rocks Mergui series; CARB. Granite; CRET? 

Fluvial and alluvial sediments; TERT.

CRET? MES collision 

zone

Contact aureole of CRET? granitepluton; modern streams and alluvial terraces.

WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ, MLBD,PYRT, CLCP, TRML, FLRT, LPDL

— 
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Burma Tavoy district 

(Tanintharyi Division)

Hamyingyi mineHeinda mineKanbank mineYadanabon mine

14 20 N 98 20 E Vein/stockwork/

fossil placer

Granite; LMES. Shale, agglomerate; Mergui series; CARB; CEN sediments.

LMES MES collision 

zone

LMES granite intrusion; PAL sedimentary rocks.

WLFM, QRTZ, FLRT, CSTR, PYRT, MLBD, GLEN

— 

Canada Bailey 

(Yukon Territory)

60 46 N 128 51 W Skarn Limestone/skarn; 

E–MPAL.

CRET MES collision 

zone

Contact aureole of CRET granite batholith.

SCLT, CLCP, PYTT, PRXN, GRNT, MGNT

— 

Canada Burnt Hill 

(New Brunswick)

46 34 N 66 49 W Vein Interbedded quartzite and 

argillite; LCAMB–EORD.

MDEV PAL orogenic 

belt

Hornfels zone of MDEV granite pluton.

WLFM, QRTZ, FLRT, PYTT, TOPZ, ARPR, CMST, CSTR, BRYL, MLBD, SCLT, MSCV, BSMN, SLVR, PYRT, MRCS, CLCP, SPLR, GLEN, BSMT

Wolframite-beveins form a zwide and 1,00

Canada Cantung (Northwest 

Territories)

61 58 N 128 15 W Skarn Limestone/skarn; Ore 

limestone; ECAMB. Limestone/skarn; Swiss Cheese limestone; ECAMB.

MCRET (94.6±2.6 Ma)

MES collision zone

Contact aureole of MCRET granite pluton.

SCLT, PYTT, CLCP, DPSD, HDBG, GRLR, TMLT, ACNL, BOTT, CLRT

Most ore (E-zorebody) is in limestone.

Canada Fostung (Ontario) 46 14 N 81 39 W Skarn Calcareous siltstone; 

Espanola formation; EPROT.

MPROT Intracratonic Contact aureole of 

MPROT granite pluton.

SCLT, MLBD, GRNT, CLPX, TMLT, ACNL, PYTT, CLCP, SPLR, ARPR, VSVN, WLST, FLRT, GOLD, SLVR

— 

Canada Grey River 

(Newfoundland)

47 36 N 57 06 W Vein Amphibolitic gneiss, mica 

schist, orthoquartzite; MORD. Granite; LSIL–EDEV (408±5 Ma).

LSIL–EDEV PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact aureole of LSIL–EDEV granite intrusion.

WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ, PYRT, CLCP, BSMT, GLEN, FLRT, MSCV, FLDP

— 

Canada Lened (Northwest 

Territories)

62 22 N 128 37 W Skarn Limestone/marble, hornfels; 

Rabbitkettle formation; CAMB–ORD.

CRET MES collision 

zone

Contact aureole of CRET granite plutons.

SCLT, PRXN, GRNT, VSVN, BOTT, PYTT, CLCP

— 

Canada Logtung (Yukon 

Territory)

60 00 N 131 36 W Porphyry Quartz-feldspar porphyry; 

CRET (Rb-Sr: 118±2 Ma). Calcareous shale, graphitic phyllite; CARB. Diorite; PERM–TRI (Rb-Sr: 245±32 Ma).

CRET (109±2 Ma)

MES collision zone

CRET quartzfeldspar porphyry dike and associated country rocks.

QRTZ, GRNT, DPSD, SCLT, PYRT, FLRT, FLDP, MLBD, BRYL, BSMT, ARPR, SPLR, GLEN

Stockwork zo800 m across than 200 m th
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages CommCanada Mactung (Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories) 63 17 N 130 09 W Skarn Limestone/skarn; LCAMB MCRET MES collision zone Contact aureole of MCRET granite intrusion. SCLT, PYTT, CLCP, GRNT, PRXN, CLCC, QRTZ, AMPB, BOTT, CLRT — 

Canada Mar (Yukon Territory) 64 02 N 135 45 W Skarn Marble, quartz-biotite schist; “Grit Unit”; PROT–CAMB. MCRET MES collision zone Contact aureole of MCRET granite intrusion. SCLT, CLPX, QRTZ, ACNL, CLCC, PLGC, SCPL, GRNT, VSVN, APTT — 

Canada Mount Pleasant (New Brunswick) 45 25 N 66 49 W Porphyry Breccia; Fire Tower breccia; LMISS. Fine- grained granite; LMISS. Quartz-feldspar porphyry; LMISS. LMISS (340–330 Ma) PAL orogenic belt Subvolcanic pluton at margin of LMISS caldera. WLFM, MLBD, BSMT, BSMN, ARPR, LLNG, QRTZ, TOPZ, FLRT, SRCT, CLRT, BOTT, ORCL Ore zones are 

across and up high in section

Canada Risby (Yukon Territory) 61 51 N 133 23 W Skarn Marble/skarn; ECAMB MCRET MES collision zone Contact aureole of MCRET granite intrusion. SCLT, GRNT, DPSD, CLRT, PYTT, PYRT, CLCP, MLBD — 

Chile Copiapo (Atacama) 27 17 S 70 19 W Breccia pipe Breccia; CRET–TERT CRET–TERT MES–CEN convergent plate margin Breccia pipe SCLT, WLFM, QRTZ, TRML, CLCP, BRNT, PYRT, MLBD — China Bai Sha Po (Yunnan) 23 15 N 103 09 E Skarn/vein/ alluvial Limestone; Gejiu formation; TRI. CRET MES–CEN collision zone Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton. WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ, SCLT, CLCP, SLPD, CRBN — 

China Dajishan (Jiangxi) 24 35 N 114 23 E Vein/dissem- inated Phyllite, argillite, quartzite; CAMB. Granite; JUR. JUR PAL–MES–CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion. WLFM, QRTZ, MICA, TRML Wolframite oc

veins in deposexploitation adisseminated granite deposiexploitation. 

China Damingshan, Wuming (Guangxi) 23 42 N 108 11 E Strata-bound Sandstone, Lianhuashan formation; DEV. Shale; 

Nakaoling formation; DEV.

 DEV, CRET PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Transgressive marine—DEV continental margin.

WLFM, MLBD, QRTZ, SRCT, SCLT, PYRT, ARPR, BSMT, SDRT, FLRT

Wolframite ocdisseminated trolled by bedstone and in cquartz veins a
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Com

China Dayu district (Jiangxi) [See below] Vein/stockwork Granite; JUR (K-Ar: 

165 Ma). Granite; JUR (K-Ar: 184–180 Ma). Sandstones, phyllite; CAMB. Limestone, CARB.

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Multiphase JUR granite intrusion and associated country rocks.

WLFM, QRTZ, ORCL, MSCV, BOTT, TRML, TOPZ, BRYL, CLRT, FLRT, CLCC, MLBD, CSTR, BSMN, ARPR, SPLR, GLEN, CLCP, PYTT, PYRT, SCLT

Most importproducing aincludes XihDangping, PDalongshanBaoshan, Zhand Xialong 

Baoshan 25 33 N 114 16 E Skarn — — — — SCLT, GLEN, 

CLCP, SPLR

— 

Dalongshan 25 30 N 114 22 E Vein/stockwork — — — — — — Dangping 25 28 N 114 20 E Vein/stockwork — — — — — — Muzhiyuan 25 29 N 114 22 E Vein/stockwork — — — — — — Piaotang 25 31 N 114 24 E Vein/stockwork — — — — — — Xialong 25 36 N 114 31 E Vein/stockwork Phyllite, quartzite; 

PREC–CAMB.

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole above hidden JUR granite intrusion.

WLFM, QRTZ — 

Xihuashan 25 28 N 114 19 E Vein/stockwork — — — — — — Zhandongkeng 25 26 N 114 11 E Vein/stockwork — — — — — — 

China Gueimeishan (Jiangxi) 24 43 N 114 53 E Vein/stockwork Quartzite, phyllite; 

CAMB–ORD. Granite; JUR.

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion.

WLFM, QRTZ, TRML

Sheeted vein 1,500 m lon500 m wide

China Huangsha (Jiangxi) 26 00 N 115 24 E Vein Quartzite, slate; CAMB. 

Granite; Tieshanglong granite; JUR (184–177 Ma).

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of JUR granite pluton.

WLFM, QRTZ, MSCV, ARPR, BSMN, CSTR, PYRT, SPLR, CLCP, STNT, TRDR, BSMT

— 
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages CommChina Hukeng (Jiangxi) 27 29 N 114 19 E Vein Granite (approx. 150 Ma) JUR PROT orogenic belt Multiphase JUR granite intrusion. WLFM, PYRT, BLND, BSMN, GLEN, CLCP, MLBD, QRTZ, FLRT, CLCT, MSCV Several vein z

principal vein than 1,000 m than 1,000 m than 200 singl

China Jubankeng (Guangdong) 24 32 N 114 48 E Vein Phyllite, quartzite JUR PAL orogenic belt Folded CAMB– ORD metasedi- ments; magmatic source rocks not encountered so far. WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ, BLND, GLEN, CLCP, PYRT, TOPZ Vein zone mo

2,000 m long, wide, more thdeep. More thwith “econom

China Lianhuashan (Guangdong) 23 44 N 116 44 E Porphyry Quartz porphyry; CRET. Sandstone; LJUR. CRET PAL–MES–CEN orogenic belt Subvolcanic quartz porphyry intrusion and associated country rocks. SCLT, WLFM, CLCP, MLBD, ARPR, PYTT, PYRT, BSMN, SPLR, GLEN, ARGT, ADLS, QRTZ, TOPZ, MSCV, SRCT, GRNT, TRML, BOTT, MCCL, CLCC — 

China Pangushan (Jiangxi) 25 38 N 115 25 E Vein/stockwork Sandstone; DEV. Granite; JUR. JUR PAL–MES–CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of JUR granite pluton. WLFM, BSMN, QRTZ, CSTR, Li-MICA, TRML, PYRT, PYTT, MLBD, SCLT Tungsten-bear

veins occur ov1,000 m by 1,extend 1,000 m 

China Shangping (Jiangxi) 25 45 N 115 26 E Vein/stockwork Phyllite, sandstone; PREC–CAMB. JUR PAL–MES–CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of JUR granite pluton. WLFM, QRTZ, ORCL, Li-MICA — 

China Shizhuyuan (Hunan) 25 43 N 113 10 E Vein/stockwork/ skarn Limestone; Shetianqiao formation; LDEV. Granite; Qianlishan granite; 

JUR (K-Ar: 172–139 Ma).

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of JUR granite pluton.

SCLT, WLFM, GRNT, DPSD, VSVN, FLRT, CSTR, PYTT, PYRT, MGNT, BSMT, BSMN, CLCP, SPLR, QRTZ, BRYL, TOPZ, MSCV

Wolframite ocquartz veins astockworks suon scheelite-band underlyingreisenized grscheelite-bearmakes up less tungsten reser
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages CommChina Ta’ergou (Gansu) 39 22 N 97 03 E Vein/skarn Quartz-sericite schists, 

marbles, hornblendequartz schists.

PROT? PAL PROT–PAL 

orogenic belt

Magmatic source rocks not encountered.

SCLT, BRYL, CLCP, PYRT, PYTT, GLEN, BLND, QRTZ, DPSD, ADRD, VSVN, CLCT, FLRT, MSCV, WLFM, CSTR, ARPR

Skarn zone m2,000 m long, 600 m deep, m20 scheelite orwolframite vemore than 1,0more than 800 more than 200 containing “ecore.”

China Wengyuan 

(Guangdong)

24 18 N 114 07 E Vein Granite; JUR. 

Sandstone.

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

JUR granite pluton and associated country rocks.

WLFM, QRTZ — 

China Xiangdong (Hunan) 27 05 N 113 36 E Vein/stockwork — JUR? PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

— — — 

China Xingluokeng (Fujian) 26 09 N 116 47 E Porphyry Granite; JUR (157–133 

Ma). Hornfels; DEV.

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Multiphase JUR granite intrusion.

WLFM, SCLT, MLBD, CSTR, CLCP, PYRT, BSMN, BSMT, QRTZ, ORCL, SRCT, BOTT, ALBT, CLRT, FLRT, KOLN, CRBN

Ratio of wolfrscheelite is 51

China Yangchuling (Jiangxi) 29 20 N 116 20 E Porphyry Granodiorite porphyry; 

JUR. Breccia pipes; CRET.

CRET PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Multiphase CRET granite intrusions.

SCLT, MLBD, CLCP, BSMN, PYTT, PYRT, SPLR, QRTZ, ORCL, BOTT, PLGC, SRCT, EPDT

Orebodies are zones tens to hmeters across.

China Yangjiatan (Hunan) 27 28 N 111 44 E Vein Metasedimentary rocks; 

DEV–JUR.

CRET? PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton?

SCLT, QRTZ — 

China Yaogangxian (Hunan) 25 39 N 113 18 E Vein/skarn Sandstone; DEV. Granite; 

JUR (175 Ma).

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of JUR granite stock.

WLFM, QRTZ, SCLT, FLRT, SLPD, BRYL

— 

China Yochang district 

(Guangdong)

25 07 N 113 22 E Vein Granite; JUR. Sandstone, 

shale; PERM.

JUR PAL–MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

JUR granite pluton and associated country rocks.

WLFM, QRTZ — 

Czech Republic

Cinovec (Severocesky Kraj)

50 44 N 13 43 E Vein/stockwork/ 

disseminated

Granite; Cinovec granite cupola; PERM.

PERM PAL orogenic 

belt

Apical part of PERM granite cupola.

CSTR, WLFM, QRTZ, ZNWD, TOPZ, ADLR, MSCV, FLRT

— 
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Czech Republic Krasno (Zapadocesky Kraj) 50 06 N 12 48 E Disseminated/ vein/stockwork Granite; Hub stock; PERM PERM PAL orogenic belt Apical part of PERM granite cupola. CSTR, WLFM, QRTZ, TOPZ, ZNWD, CLCP, SPLR, ARPR — 

France Costabonne (Pyrenees-Orientales) 42 31 N 02 31 E Skarn Marble/skarn; Canaveille series; CAMB? PERM PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of PERM granodiorite intrusion. SCLT, GRNT, PRXN, ACNL, QRTZ, FLRT, PYRT, SPLR, MLBD, BSMN — 

France Fumade (Tarn) 43 39 N 02 29 E Skarn Limestone, siltstone, dolomite; Serie Noire; CAMB. PENN–PERM (280 Ma) PAL collision zone Contact aureole of PENN–PERM granite intrusion. SCLT, GRNT, VSVN, PYRT, PYTT, SPLR, ARPR — France Montbelleux (Ille-et-Vilaine) 48 20 N 01 11 W Vein/stockwork Granite; ORD (K-Ar: 475–450 Ma). Schist; PREC? ORD PAL collision zone ORD granite pluton and associated country rocks. WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ, TOPZ, PYRT, SPLR, CLCP, APTT, SCLT, MLBD — 

France Montredon- Labessonnié (Tarn) 43 44 N 02 21 E Vein/stockwork Mica schist; MCAMB. Orthogneiss; MCAMB. PENN–PERM PAL collision zone Contact aureole of PENN–PERM granite intrusion. WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ, FLDP, FLRT, BRYL, PYRT, ARPR, MRCS, CLCP, SPLR, STNT, BSMT, BSMN Some possible 

deposits (AurioL’Hom-Haut) ain general area. 

France Salau (Ariege) 42 45 N 01 08 E Skarn Limestone/skarn; serie de Salau; ORD. CARB? PAL collision zone Contact aureole of CARB? granite intrusion. SCLT, PYTT, ARPR, APTT, GRNT, HDBG, CLCP, BSMN, SPLR, AMPB, MSCV, EPDT — 

Guatemala Ixtahuacan (Huehuetenango) 15 27 N 91 51 W Vein Shale, sandstone; Tactic formation; PENN–PERM. QUAT? CEN convergent plate margin Anticline cut by faults. STBN, SCLT, PYRT, QRTZ Deposit related 

volcanic center south? 

India Agargaon (Maharashtra) 21 06 N 79 29 E Vein/stockwork Tourmaline breccia, tourmaline schist, chlorite schist; Sakoli group; MPROT. M–LPROT Intracratonic Aureole of M– LPROT granite? FRBR, SCLT, QRTZ, MGNT, CLCP, PYRT, PYTT, SPLR, 

FLRT

Deposit is 1,4010–115 m widethan 100 m dee

India Degana (Rajasthan) 26 56 N 74 20 E Vein/stockwork Granite; Malani group; 

LPROT (Rb-Sr: 735±30 Ma). Phyllite; Delhi supergroup; PREC.

LPROT Intracratonic LPROT granite 

pluton and associated country rocks.

WLFM, QRTZ, FLRT, BOTT,PYRT, CLCP, TOPZ

Eluvial placer doccur in gravelbedrock deposi
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Japan Akenobe mine 

(Hyogo Prefecture)

35 13 N 134 41 E Vein Sandstone, slate, chert, 

greenstone; Tamba formation; CARB–PERM. Diorite.

LCRET–ETERT

MES–CEN orogenic belt

Folded CARB–PERM sedimentary rocks above a suspected LCRET–ETERT granite pluton.

CSTR, WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ, FLRT, CLCC, CLRT, EPDT, CLCP, SPLR, GLEN, ARGT

— 

Japan Kaneuchi mine

(Kyoto Prefecture)

35 13 N 135 25 E Vein Shale, chert/hornfels; Tamba 

formation; CARB–PERM.

CRET (91.2±3.7 Ma)

MES–CEN orogenic belt

Contact aureole of CRET granite batholith.

WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ, CSTR, ARPR, CLCC, MLBD, PYRT, PYTT, SPLR, MSCV, TRML, ORCL, APTT, CLCC, SDRT

— 

Japan Kuga (Yamaguchi

Prefecture)

34 03 N 132 00 E Skarn Limestone; Kuga group; 

TRI.

CRET MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Axial crest of anticlinorium.

SCLT, CLCP, PYTT, SPLR, CSTR, HDBG, GRNT, AMPB, QRTZ, FLRT

— 

Japan Otani mine (Kyoto 

Prefecture)

35 02 N 135 45 E Vein Biotite granodiorite; 

CRET (93.0±3.7 Ma).

CRET(92–90 Ma)

MES–CEN orogenic belt

Greisenized CRET granodiorite intrusion.

SCLT, CSTR, QRTZ, PYTT, ARPR, PYRT, CLCP, SPLR, STNT, BSMN, BSMT, MSCV, FLRT, CLCC

— 

Japan Yaguki mine

(Fukushima Prefecture)

37 14 N 140 43 E Skarn Limestone; Yaguki 

limestone; CARB.

CRET MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of CRET granodiorite intrusion.

CLCP, SCLT, GRNT, MGNT, HDBG, PYTT

Tungsten-bearorebodies occpendently of cbearing skarn within the min

Japan Kiwada mine

(Yamagata Prefecture)

— — Skarn Granitic rocks. CRET MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

— SCLT, SPLR, 

PYTT, HDBG, GRNT, FLRT

— 

Japan Takatori mine

(Ibaraki Prefecture)

— — Vein Granitic rocks, 

metamorphosed sediments.

CRET MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

— SCLT, SPLR, 

MLBD, CLCP, QRTZ, PYRT, FLRT, BSMN

— 

Mexico Beltran 

(Baja California)

31 58 N 116 00 W Skarn Limestone, shale; LPAL MES–CEN MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of MES–CEN granite.

SCLT, GRNT, DPSD, VSVN, PYRT, PYTT, CLCP, ARPR

— 

Mexico Inguaran (Michoacán) 18 53 N 101 38 W Breccia pipe Breccia; OLIGO 

(35.6±0.8 Ma).

OLIGO (35.6±0.8 Ma)

MES–CEN orogenic belt

Breccia pipe in CRET granodiorite batholith.

SCLT, QRTZ, EPDT, TRML, CLRT, CLCC, CLCP, PYRT

The A-B pipe orebody.
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Mexico Naica (Chihuahua) 27 51 N 105 34 W Skarn Limestone; Aurora formation; CRET. OLIGO (26 Ma) MES–CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of felsite dikes. SCLT, PYRT, GLEN, ARPR, PYTT, CSLT, MTLD, MLBD, WLST, GRNT, HDBG, VSVN Scheelite occu

orebodies refesilicate-rich “mtungsten is by

Mexico San Alberto (Sonora) 27 17 N 108 56 W Skarn Limestone; PERM PALEO (56.4 Ma) MES–CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of PALEO granite pluton. SCLT, CLCP — Mexico San Antonio (Sonora) 29 43 N 110 10 W Skarn Carbonate rocks with pelitic interbeds; PERM? EO (46.6 Ma) MES–CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of LCRET–ETERT granitic intrusion. SCLT, ADRD, AMPB, EPDT — Mexico Washington (Sonora) 30 20 N 110 23 W Breccia pipe Breccia; EO EO (46 Ma) MES–CEN orogenic belt Subvolcanic breccia pipe related to small granite pluton. SCLT, PYRT, CLCP, MLBD, TRML, QRTZ — Mongolia Buren-Tsogto mine (Suhbaatar Province) 46 43 N 111 45 E Vein Greisenized granite; LJUR. Sedimentary rocks. LMES PAL–MES orogenic belt Greisenized LJUR granite and associated country rocks. WLFM, QRTZ, MLBD, BRYL Closed 

Mongolia Khovd Gol mine (Bayan-Olgiy Province)48 50 N 89 56 E Vein Granite — — — WLFM, SCLT Closed Mongolia Tsagaan-Dava mine (Tov Province) 48 10 N 106 06 E Vein quartz Granite; MES? Sandstone; LJUR. MES? PAL–MES orogenic belt MES? granite and associated country rocks. QRTZ, WLFM Closed 

Mongolia Ulaan Uul mine (Bayan-Olgiy Province)49 16 N 90 14 E Vein quartz Granite — — — WLFM, QRTZ, MLBD Closed Mongolia Yugozyr mine (Suhbaatar Province) 45 54 N 115 24 E Disseminated(?) — — — — WLFM, MLBD Closed Namibia Brandberg West (Omaruru District) 21 14 S 14 37 E Vein/stockwork Schist, quartzite; Damara system; LPROT. MES Intracratonic Contact aureole of MES granite intrusion? WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ Ratio of WO3 

approx. 1:2. 

Namibia Krantzberg (Omaruru District) 21 24 S 16 01 E Vein/dissem- inated Greisenized granite; Salem granite; LPROT. Biotite schist; Khomas series; LPROT. MES Intracratonic Greisen zones related to MES granite. WLFM, QRTZ, TOPZ, ORCL, MSCV, TRML, FLRT, PYTT, ARPR, CLCP, 

PYRT, MGNT, MLBD, BSMN

Ore zones are lenses up to 1by 100 m wid

Namibia Otjima 21 11 S 16 00 E Unknown Schist; marble PROT — — SCLT Total reserves 

percent CaWO

North Korea

Changseong district(North P’yongan Province)

40 33 N 125 15 E Vein Metamorphic rocks CRET MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

CRET granite intrusion?

WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ

— 
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

North Korea

Ganggye district (Tschagang Province)

41 05 N 126 40 E Vein Schist JUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion?

WLFM, QRTZ, MLBD

— 

North Korea

Gogsan Mannjon district (North Hwanghae Province)

38 56 N 126 57 E Vein Granite, granodiorite. 

Intrusion of granite = Tantschon complex (JUR) in mica schist and granitic gneiss (ARCH).

JUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

JUR granite intrusion.

WLFM, QRTZ, SCLT, MGNT, FLRT

Veins are 4 km dipping to SW30–65 degreethickness of v1 m.

North Korea

Jangdok (South P’yongan Province)

39 15 N 126 40 E Unknown — — — — — — 

North Korea

Kymgang(Kangwon Province)

38 42 N 127 58 E Vein/stockwork/ 

skarn (scheelite skarn)

Cambrian marble and schist in contact with ECRET granitoids.

ECRET MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

ECRET granitequartz diorite intrusion.

SCLT, QRTZ, BOTT, FLRT, WLFM, MLBD, BSMN

Orebodies 0.4450–700 m lo

North Korea

Sangnong (South Hamgyong Province)

40 38 N 128 43 E Contact-metasomatic deposit 

(strata-bound, disseminated)

Tourmaline schist, quartz biotite schist, sillimanite schist (EPROT) in contact with granite (Jwon complex).

JUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact of granite CLCP, ARPR, 

PYRT, MGNT, SCLT, TRML

Cu-Au deposiis a byproduccould be minebyproduct; orkm long and 4

North Korea

Shinheung (South Hamgyong Province)

40 17 N 127 40 E Vein Schist JUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion?

WLFM, QRTZ, MLBD, CLCP

— 

North Korea

Tahyng (Kjongsu) (South P’yongan Province)

40 11 N 126 47 E Vein Intrusion of granite = 

Tantschon complex (JUR) in mica schist and granitic gneiss (ARCH).

JUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion.

WLFM, QRTZ, SLPD of Cu, Te, Pb, Zn, SCLT, MGMT, FLRT

— 

Peru Morococha (Junin) 11 36 S 76 07 W Vein/replacement Limestone, Pucara formation; JUR. Andesite, 

rhyolite, pyroclastics; Catalina volcanics; PERM.

TERT MES–CEN 

convergent plate margin

Contact aureole of TERT granite intrusion.

SCLT, WLFM, QRTZ, PYRT, SPLR, GLEN, CLCP, TNNT, TRDR, FLRT, PYTT, MLBD, RDCR, RDNT, ADRD, BRNT

Tungsten is a 

Peru Palca Once (Puno) 14 46 S 69 40 W Vein Shale, limestone, 

sandstone; CRET.

MIO (8 Ma) MES–CEN 

convergent plate margin

Contact aureole of MIO rhyolite stocks.

FRBR, SCLT, QRTZ 

Scheelite not 

Peru Pasto Bueno (Ancash) 08 08 S 77 42 W Vein Greisenized granite; 

Consuzo stock; MIO (9.5±0.2 Ma). Shale, quartzite; MES.

MIO MES–CEN 

convergent plate margin

MIO granite intrusion and associated country rocks.

HBNR, SPLR, TRDR, SLPD, BRNT, PYRT, FLRT, QRTZ

Tungsten-beaveins range frm wide and uhundred mete

Peru San Cristobal (Junin) 11 43 S 76 05 W Vein Phyllite; Excelsior group; 

DEV. Andesite, rhyolite, pyroclastics; Catalina volcanics; PERM.

TERT MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of TERT granite pluton.

WLFM, PYRT, QRTZ, CLCP, SPLR, GLEN, BRNT, CRBN

Tungsten is a 

Portugal Arouca (Aveiro) 40 54 N 08 03 W Vein/stockwork Beira schist; PREC–CAMB. 

Regoufe granite; PENN–PERM.

PENN–PERM PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact aureole of PENN–PERM granite intrusion.

WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ, ARPR, BRYL, TRML, MSCV, SPLR

— 
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Portugal Borralha (Vila Real and Braga) 41 41 N 07 49 W Vein/stockwork Schist, chert, quartzite; SIL. Granite; PENN– PERM. PENN–PERM PAL orogenic belt PENN–PERM granite intrusion and associated country rocks. WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ, TRML, MSCV, MLBD, BSMN, ARPR, CLCP, GLEN, ALBT, APTT, CRBN Ratio of wolfr

scheelite is 80

Portugal Covas (Viana do Castelo) 41 54 N 08 37 W Skarn Limestone/skarn; ORD PENN–PERM PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of PENN–PERM granite intrusion. WLFM, SCLT, VSVN, ACNL, TRML, GRLR, DPSD, EPDT, QRTZ, PYTT, ARPR, PYRT At least eight 

present in Cov

Portugal Panasqueira (Beira Baixa) 40 09 N 07 45 W Vein Schist, quartzite; Beira schist; PREC–CAMB. Granite; Panasqueira granite; PENN–PERM (K-Ar: 290–289 Ma). PENN–PERM PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of PENN–PERM granite intrusion. WLFM, ARPR, CLCP, MRCS, PYRT, PYTT, SPLR, STNT, CSTR, GTHT, QRTZ, CLCC, MSCV, TRML Mineralized q

are horizontalan area 4 by 2 

Portugal Santa Leocadia (Viseu) 41 08 N 07 30 W Skarn Limestone; Bateiras formation; CAMB. LPAL PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of LPAL granite. SCLT — 

Rwanda Gifurwe 01 39 S 29 51 E Vein/stockwork Graphite schist; Urundi group; PROT. LPROT Intracratonic Folded graphite schist. QRTZ, FRBR — 

Rwanda Lutsiro (Kabaya District) 01 55 S 29 26 E Vein Schist; granite MPROT — — WLFM, QRTZ Numerous peg

quartz veins, aand eluvial de

Rwanda Nyakabingo 01 52 S 29 28 E Vein/stockwork Shale; quartzite MPROT — — FRBR, TNST, QRTZ — 

Saudi Arabia Baid al Jimalah (Najd) 25 09 N 42 41 E Vein/stockwork Porphyritic microgranite; LPROT. Metasiltstone, metasandstone/hornfels; Murdama group; PROT. LPROT Intracratonic Small pluton of LPROT micro- granite and associated hornfels. QRTZ, WLFM, FLDP, FLRT, QRTZ, MSCV, CSTR, STNT, PYRT, ARPR, PYTT, CLCP, BRNT, GLEN, BSMN, STBN, MLBD Investigated in 

and declared neconomically 

Saudi Arabia

Bi’r Tawilah (Najd) 22 44 N 42 43 E Vein/stockwork Porphyritic biotite granite; 

LPROT. Sericite schist; As Siham formation; PROT.

LPROT Intracratonic Small pluton of 

LPROT granite and associated hornfels.

QRTZ, WLFM, CSTR, ARPR, PYRT, GLEN, SPLR, CLCP, STNT, TRDR, FLRT

Investigated in and declared neconomically 
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Saudi Arabia

Jabal Marya 18 31 N 42 51 E Strata-bound — MPROT — — WLFM, HBLD, 

SCLT

Investigated iand declared neconomically 

South Africa

Orange River East (Northern Cape Province)

28 32 S 20 30 E Vein Paragneiss; Toeslaan 

formation; MPROT. Paragneiss; Grunau formation; MPROT. Granite Gneiss; Keimoes suite; MPROT.

MPROT (940±50 Ma)

Intracratonic Ultrametamorphic; 

contact aureole of pegmatitic granite.

SCLT, WLFM, CSTR, MLBD, QRTZ, TRML, FLRT, ARPR, SLMN

More than 20 scattered depooccurrences in 

South Africa

Orange River West (Northern Cape Province)

28 56 S 17 53 E Vein Metabasalt/meta-andesite; 

Orange River group; EPROT (1,996±15 Ma). Tonalite; Vioolsdrif suite; EPROT (1,900±30 Ma).

MPROT (960±40 Ma)

Intracratonic Ultrametamorphic; related 

to regional development of pegmatites.

SCLT, MLBD, CLCP, QRTZ, TRML, FLDP, EPDT

More than 50 occurrences in 

South Africa

Riviera 32 42 S 18 43 E Unknown Granite PROT — — SCLT, MLBD, 

PYTT, PYRT, QRTZ, CLCT, SRCT, KLNT

— 

South Africa

Shangoni (Northern Cape Province)

23 13 S 30 54 E Vein/disseminated Schist; Giyani group; ARCH. ARCH Intracratonic Related to granite pluton? SCLT, QRTZ, BOTT, TMLT, 

TRML

Scheelite assodeposits of em

South Africa

Wallekraal (Northern Cape Province)

28 20 S 16 52 E Vein Graywacke; Gariep 

complex; LPROT.

LPROT (585 Ma)

Subducted continental margin

Contact aureole of LPROT granite.

SCLT, QRTZ Two sites of m

veins about 1

South Africa

Wolfram Schist (Northern Cape Province)

29 35 S 17 50 E Vein Schist; Khurisberg 

subgroup; MPROT (1,231±33 Ma).

MPROT (980±22 Ma)

Intracratonic Ultrametamorphic/

plutonic.

FRBR, SCLT, MLBD, PYRT, QRTZ

Scheelite occuaccessory am

South Africa

Zaaiplaats (Northern Cape Province)

24 03 S 28 45 E Disseminated/

pipes

Granite; Bobbejaankop granite; EPROT (1,920±40 Ma).

EPROT(1,920±40 Ma)

Intracratonic Upper part of 

granite pluton.

CSTR, SCLT, FLRT, TRML, SRCT

Scheelite recosporadically auct of tin min

South Korea

Bu-Duck (Kyonggi Province)

— — Vein? — — MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

— SCLT, WLFM — 

South Korea

Dae Hwa (North Ch’ungch’ong Province)

37 05 N 127 48 E Vein Granite gneiss; PREC. CRET 

(88±2 Ma)

MES–CEN orogenic belt

Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton.

WLFM, MLBD, SCLT, CSTR, BRYL, CLCP, BSMN, PYTT, SPLR, GLEN, QRTZ, FLRT, SDRT, DLMT, CLCT

Deposit consithan 20 quartz 

South Korea

Dal Sung mine (North Kyongsang Province)

35 47 N 128 40 E Vein/breccia 

pipe

Andesite, rhyolite, agglomerate; LCRET.

LCRET? MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Brecciated volcanic rocks intruded by LCRET? monzonite.

WLFM, SCLT, CLCP, PYRT, SPLR, BSMN, BSMT, GOLD, QRTZ, SDRT

Mineralized vveinlets occur shaped brecci

South Korea

Okbang mine (North Kyongsang Province)

36 55 N 129 08 E Pegmatite Amphibolite; PREC. 

Gneiss; Wonnam gneiss; PREC.

JUR? MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Pegmatite occurs near contact of JUR? granite.

SCLT, QRTZ, PLGC, BOTT, HBLD, FLRT, PYRT, PYTT, CLCT

Orebodies conscheelite-rich in pegmatite.
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

South Korea Sangdong mine (Kangwon Province) 37 09 N 128 49 E Skarn Metasedimentary rocks; Myobong slate; ECAMB. CRET (84±3 Ma) MES–CEN orogenic belt Folded metasedimentary rocks. SCLT, WLFM, BSMN, QRTZ, DPSD, GRNT, EPDT, HBLD, SRCT, CLCT, FLRT, APTT “Main vein” i

long, 1,500 m and 3.5–5 m t

South Korea Sannae mine (South Kyongsang Province) 35 36 N 128 58 E Vein Biotite granite; LCRET? LCRET (65±2 Ma) MES–CEN orogenic belt LCRET granite pluton. WLFM, SCLT, CLCP, QRTZ — South Korea Ssang Jeong mine (North Kyongsang Province) 37 18 N 129 11 E Vein Buncheon granitic gneiss; PREC. Hornblende schist; Wonnam formation; PREC. CRET? MES–CEN orogenic belt PREC metamorphic rock. WLFM, ARPR, SCLT, PYRT, CLCP, BRNT, QRTZ, FLRT Deposit consi

quartz vein aswith barren pe

South Korea Weolag mine (North Ch’ungch’ong Province) 36 53 N 128 08 E Vein Hornfels/calc-silicate rocks; Samtaesan forma- tion; LPROT–MCAMB. Granite; Weolag granite; CRET. CRET MES–CEN orogenic belt Carbonate-rich sedimentary rocks intruded by CRET granite. WLFM, SCLT, MLBD, BSMN, BSMT, SPLR, GLEN, CLCP, PYRT, PYTT, QRTZ, FLRT, DLMT, SDRT, CLCT Three ore zon

of parallel qu

Former Soviet Union Agylky (Sachal Yakutia) 64 30 N 137 00 E Skarn Shales, limestone; ETRI MES — — SCLT, CLCP, SLPD Mineralized z

river “Agylkym long and 4.

Former Soviet Union Akchatau (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) 47 55 N 72 15 E Disseminated(?) Granite; Akchatau complex; PERM. Sandstone; SIL. PERM PAL orogenic belt PERM granitic intrusion. WLFM, MLBD, QRTZ, PYRT, SCLT, BSMT, SPLR, CLCP, CSTR, MSCV, TOPZ, FLRT, TRML, BOTT, FLDP Some vein zo

20 m thick; thtraced to a de500 m. 

Former Soviet Union Antonovogorsk (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) 50 55 N 115 45 E Vein Granite; Kukul’bey intrusions; LJUR. Shale, sandstone; JUR. LJUR MES–CEN orogenic belt LJUR granite intrusion. WLFM, PYRT, QRTZ, MSCV, FLRT, CRBN, PYTT, CLCP, SPLR, GLEN, 

MLBD, BSMN, SCLT

Series of paraveins 800–1,0

Former Soviet Union

Balkany (Chelyabinsky Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

53 27 N 59 35 E Skarn Sedimentary rocks; MPAL PENN–PERM PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact aureole of PAL granite.

SCLT, MLBD, PYRT, CLCP

One of the Gugroup of depo
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Former Soviet Union

Bayan (Kokchetau Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.)

— — Scheelite/skarn 

vein poligene/polichrone

Granite/granodiorite; LCARB–PERM.Metasomatic greisen.

CARB–PERM PAL orogenic 

belt

CARB–PERM granodioritegranite intrusion.

SCLT, MLBD, BSMT, CLCP, CSTR, QRTZ, MCSV, EPDT

Large deposit 

NW. of

Kokchetau

Former Soviet Union

Belukha (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

51 15 N 116 30 E Vein/stockwork Quartz diorite, granite; 

Kukul’bey intrusions; LJUR.

LJUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

LJUR granite intrusion.

WLFM, MLBD, BSMT, QRTZ, MCCL, ALBT, SRCT, FLRT, SCLT

More than 10wolframite vestockwork zopresent.

Former Soviet Union

Boguty (Almaty Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) 

43 21 N 78 18 E Scheelite/

stockwork 

Sandstone; MORD. Granite; M–LDEV.

SIL–DEV PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact aureole of SIL–DEV granite pluton in ORD sandstone.

SCLT, WLFM, MLBD, QRTZ, MSCV, CLCP, GLEN, PYRT, TRML, FLRT, ORCL

Deposit is a szone 1,600 m up to 200 m w

Former Soviet Union

Bom-Gorkhon (Buryat A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.)

51 08 N 109 25 E Vein Granite; Bom-Gorkhon 

granite massif; EJUR.

EJUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of EJUR granite intrusion.

HBNR, SCLT, QRTZ, PYRT, SPLR, FLRT, CLCP, MLBD, HMTT, CSTR

Veins are up twide; average 

Former Soviet Union

Bukuka (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

51 15 N 116 30 E Vein/stockwork Greisenized granite; 

Kukul’bey intrusion; LJUR. Sandstone, shale; MJUR.

LJUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

LJUR granite intrusion.

WLFM, MLBD, QRTZ, BSMT, SPLR, GLEN, SRCT, FLRT, SCLT

More than 80 wolframite vestockwork zo

Former Soviet Union

Dedosa Gora (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

50 15 N 114 20 E Disseminated(?)/ 

vein

Granite MES — — WLFM — 

Former Soviet Union

Dzhida district (Buryat A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.)

Inkura mineKholtoson mineMurr mine

50 10 N 103 28 E Vein/stockwork/

placer

Metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks; Khokhyurtovka group; LCAMB. Quartz diorite, granodiorite; SIL–DEV.

LJUR (140 Ma)

PAL–MES orogenic belt

Contact aureole of LJUR granite intrusion.

HBNR, PYRT, QRTZ, GLEN, SPLR, CSTR, CLCP, SCLT, TRDR, FLRT, MCCL, SRCT, ANKR

Includes PervKholtoson, InGudzhir, and Kholtoson de

Former Soviet Union

Festivallnoye (Khabarovsk Kray)

50 35 N 136 36 E Skarn/vein Granite LCRET — — CSTR, CLCC, 

WLFM, SLPD

Many separatorebodies.

Former Soviet Union

Ingichka (Samarkand Region, Uzbekh A.S.S.R.)

39 50 N 65 50 E Skarn Limestone/marble; LSIL M–LCARB PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact aureole of M–LCARB granite pluton.

SCLT, GRNT, PRXN, WLST, VSVN

Deposit consileast 22 separorebodies.

Former Soviet Union

Kalgutin (R. Gorno Altay, Z.F.S.S.R. )

88 40 N 49 42 E Disseminated(?) Granite porphyry; DEV ECARB — — WLFM, MLBD, 

SLPD

High mountai
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Former Soviet Union Karaoba (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) 47 16 N 72 15 E Vein/stockwork/ greisen Granite; Kulchinsk intrusion; PERM. Quartz porphyry, tuff; DEV? PERM? PAL orogenic belt PERM? granite intrusion. WLFM, PYRT, MLBD, CSLT, CSTR, BSMT, QRTZ, MSCV, FLRT, SDRT, CLCC, TOPZ, ALBT — 

Former Soviet Union Kit-Teberda (Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast, R.F.S.R.) 43 27 N 41 28 E Vein Schist, gneiss; PROT. Granite; Ullumkam granite; PERM (K-Ar: 270–250 Ma). PERM (270–250 Ma) PAL–MES–CEN collision zone Contact aureole of PERM granite intrusion. SCLT, ARPR, PYRT, GLEN, PYTT, WLFM, SPLR, CLCP, QRTZ, FLDP — 

Former Soviet Union Koktenkol (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) — — Mo-W stock- work; skarn/ scheelite ore and weathering zone ore Granite; LCARB. Sedimentary and volcanic rocks; carbonate, terrigenous rocks; LDEV. CARB/PERM PAL orogenic belt CARB/PERM granite intrusion. MLBD, SCLT, QRTZ, BSMN, CLCP, BRYL, CLAY — 

120 km SW. of Karaganda City Former Soviet Union Lermontovsky (Primor’ye Kray, R.F.S.R.) 46 35 N 134 45 E Skarn(?) Granite; JUR — — Granite stock SCLT, diff SLPD — 

Former Soviet Union Lyangar (Sydar’ya Region, Uzbek S.S.R.) 40 35 N 65 50 E Skarn Limestone/skarn; MPAL LPAL PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of LPAL granite intrusion. SCLT — 

Former Soviet Union Magadan region, Russian S.F.S.R. Iul’tin mine Svetloye mine Tenkergin mine 67 43 N 178 56 E Vein Shale, sandstone, conglomerate; Iul’tin group; LPERM. Granite; Iul’tin massif; CRET. CRET MES–CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole above CRET granite intrusion. WLFM, QRTZ, MSCV, ALBT, FLRT, CSTR, ARPR, CLCP, PYRT, PYTT More than 100 

have been idesome placer dalso? 

Former Soviet Union Maykhura (Kulyab Oblast, Tajik S.S.R.) 39 10 N 68 30 E Skarn Limestone, slate; MPAL PERM PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of PERM granite intrusion. SCLT, PYTT, QRTZ, CLCP, MRMT, ADRD, HDBG, CLRT, WLFM, CSTR, ZNWD — 

Former Soviet Union Severny Katpar (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) — — Skarn/greisen Sandstone, siltstone conglomerate; LDEV. Granite; LCARB. CARB/PERM PAL orogenic belt Contact aureole of granite pluton. SCLT, MLBD, CLCP, PYRT, QRTZ, CLCT, FLDP — 

152 km S. of Karaganda City

Former Soviet Union

Shumilovskoye (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

50 10 N 109 57 E Disseminated(?) Granite porphyry; CRET MES — — WLFM Synonym: “C
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Former Soviet Union

Spokoinyi (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

51 55 N 112 09 E Disseminated Greisenized granite; 

Spokoinyi granite; MES.

MES PAL–MES 

orogenic belt

MES granite cupola.

WLFM, PYTT, QRTZ, TOPZ, MSCV, SPLR, CLCP, BMTT, CSTR, SCLT, FLRT, TRML, APTT

Mineralized z1–2 to 30 m th

Former Soviet Union

Tyrnyauz (former Kabardin-Balkar A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.)

43 25 N 42 45 E Skarn Limestone; LDEV. Biotite 

hornfels; LDEV.

CRET PAL–MES–CEN 

collision zone

Contact aureole of CRET granite intrusion.

SCLT, MLBD, PWLT, PLGC, PRXN, GRNT, SLPD, CLCC, QRTZ, FLRT

Approximatelorebodies occarea 1,600 m band to a depth 

Former Soviet Union

Verkhne-Kayrakty (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.)

— — Scheelite/

stockwork

Sandstone, siltstone conglomerate; LSIL, MDEV.

CARB/PERM PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact scheelitebearing stockwork of granite pluton.

SCLT, WLFM, BSMT, MLBD, QRTZ, MSCV, FLRT, BOTT, FLDP, PYRT

Largest tungstin world.

140 km S. of 

Karaganda City

Former Soviet Union

Vostok-2 (Primor’ye Kray, R.F.S.R.)

45 55 N 135 35 E Skarn(?) Limestone, hornfels; 

LPERM.

LCRET — Contact along a 

stock.

SCLT diff SLPD

Ore is in three 10 m thick, 47and 650 m dee

Former Soviet Union

Yubileinoye (Leninabad Region, Tadzhik S.S.R.)

— — Unknown — — — — — — 

Spain Barruecopardo 

(Salamanca Province)

41 08 N 06 31 W Vein/stockwork Granite; EPERM EPERM PAL orogenic 

belt

Greisenized EPERM granite.

SCLT, WLFM, QRTZ, MSCV, ARPR, PYRT, CLCP, MLBD, CSTR, TRML, TOPZ, FLRT, ORCL

Scheelite is thpredominant tmineral.

Spain La Parilla (Badajoz/ 

Caceres Provinces)

39 10 N 05 54 W Vein/stockwork Slate, conglomerate; 

PREC.

EPERM? PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact aureole of PERM granite pluton?

SCLT, CSTR, QRTZ, MSCV, ARPR, WLFM, TRML

Scheelite is thpredominant tmineral.

Spain Los Santos

(Salamanca Province)

40 33 N 05 48 W Skarn Limestone; ECAMB LPAL PAL orogenic 

belt

Contact aureole of LPAL granodiorite intrusion.

SCLT, CLPX, PLGC, CLZS, GRNT, PYRT, PYTT, ARPR, CLCP, SPLR, GLEN, LLNG, BSMN

Deposit consiorebodies: LaLos Santos, anSantos South.

Spain Santa Comba (La 

Coruna Province)

43 02 N 08 49 W Vein/disseminated Granite, aplite; LPAL LPAL PAL orogenic belt LPAL granite cupola. WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ, ARPR, 

PYRT, TRML

Wolframite ocquartz veins adisseminated i

Spain Silleda 

(Pontevedra Province)

42 52 N 08 33 W Vein Granite; LPAL LPAL PAL orogenic 

belt

LPAL granite intrusion.

WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ

— 
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Sudan Jebel Eyob (Red Sea Hills) 18 00 N 36 12 E Vein/stockwork Granite; PROT PROT Intracratonic PROT granite intrusion. WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ Wolframite- a

scheelite-bearvein stockworgreisenized grarea of 1 sq kmpotential reser

Sweden Yxsjoberg (Orebro Province) 60 06 N 15 00 E Skarn Limestone; PROT PROT Intracratonic Contact aureole of PROT granite intrusion. SCLT, FLRT, CLCC, CLCP, PYTT, GRNT, CLPX Deposit consi

separate orebo

Thailand Doi Mok (Chiang Rai Province) 19 24 N 99 34 E Skarn/vein Limestone; SIL–DEV. Biotite granite; TRI–JUR. TRI–JUR MES orogenic belt Contact aureole of TRI–JUR granite pluton. SCLT, ARPR, PYRT, CLCP, PYTT, GLEN, TRML, FLRT, CLCC, QRTZ, GRNT Scheelite occu

and to a lesser quartz veins in 

Thailand Doi Than Ngoam (Phrae Province) 18 08 N 99 51 E Vein/stockwork/ breccia Shale, siltstone, sandstone, minor limestone; Lampang group; TRI. Granite; MES. CRET MES orogenic belt Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton. FRBR, STBN, CLCP, QRTZ, FLRT — 

Thailand Khao Soon mine (Nakhon Si Thammarat Province) 09 21 N 99 23 E Vein/stockwork/ breccia Altered metasedimentary rocks; Kanchanaburi series; PAL. LCRET MES orogenic belt Contact aureole of LCRET granite pluton. FRBR, PYRT, QRTZ, STBN, MRCS — 

Turkey Uludag (Bursa Province) 40 12 N 29 04 E Skarn/stockwork Brecciated marble; PAL. Brecciated granite; MES– TERT. MES–TERT MES–CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of MES–CEN granite- granodiorite intrusion. SCLT, WLFM, QRTZ, FLRT, MGNT, SPLR, GRNT, HMTT, BSMN, MLBD, CLCC, PYRT Part of ore occ

wolframite-bequartz veins in below the ska

Uganda Nyamolilo (Kigezi District) 01 47 S 29 52 E Strata-bound Shale, phyllite; Karagwe- Ankolean system; PREC. PREC Intracratonic Thin quartz veins in PREC meta- sedimentary rocks. FRBR, QRTZ, KLNT Ferberite is pseudomorph

scheelite. 

United Kingdom Carrock (Cumbia) 54 41 N 03 03 W Vein Slate/hornfels; Skiddaw slate; ORD (470 Ma). Granite/greisenized granite; Skiddaw granite; EDEV (399 Ma). Gabbro; Carrock gabbro; EDEV (399 Ma). DEV (385 Ma) PAL orogenic belt EDEV granite pluton and contact aureole. WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ, ARPR, PYRT, PYTT, CLCC, DLMT Mineralized v

concentrated iadjacent to Skgranite. 

United Kingdom

Hemerdon (Devon) 50 25 N 04 00 W Stockwork Hemerdon granite; 

LCARB (310–300 Ma). Slate; DEV.

PERM (270 Ma)

PAL orogenic belt

LCARB granite intrusion.

WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ, KOLN, MICA

Mineralized gstrongly kaolicauses problembeneficiation.

United Kingdom

Redmoor (Cornwall) 50 31 N 04 19 W Stockwork Slate; DEV. Granite; 

Kit Hill granite; LCARB (310–300 Ma).

PERM(270 Ma)

PAL orogenic belt

Contact aureole of LCARB granite intrusion.

WLFM, CSTR, TRML, QRTZ, MICA, ARPR

Vein/stockworwith greisenizrock.
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

United States

Andrew mine (California)

34 15 N 117 41 W Placer — PREC — — — — 

United States

Brown’s Lake (Montana)

45 31 N 112 50 W Skarn Carbonate-rich shale, 

siltstone; Amsden formation; MISS–PENN. Monzogranite; PALEO–OLIGO.

PALEO–OLIGO 

MES–CEN orogenic belt

Contact aureole of PALEO–OLIGO monzogranite intrusion.

SCLT, PWLT, CLCP, GRNT, EPDT, QRTZ, MGNT

Local thick glmoraine cover

United States

Climax mine (Colorado)

39 22 N 106 11 W Porphyry Rhyolite and granite 

porphyries; Climax stock; OLIGO.

OLIGO CEN 

intracratonic rift

Fractured OLIGO rhyolite/granite porphyry stock.

MLBD, HBNR, CSTR, MNZT, QRTZ, PYRT, SRCT, TOPZ, FLRT

Huebnerite, capyrite, and mobyproducts.

United States

Hamme district (Tungsten Queen mine) (North Carolina)

36 31 N 78 28 W Vein Granodiorite, tonalite; 

CAMB (595–520 Ma). Phyllite; LPROT–CAMB.

CAMB PAL orogenic 

belt

Shear zone near phyllite-CAMB granodiorite contact.

HBNR, SCLT, FLRT, QRTZ, PYRT, CLCP, GLEN, SPLR, SRCT, MLBD, RDCR

— 

United States

Indian Springs (Nevada)

41 37 N 114 15 W Skarn/stockwork/vein Sandstone, limestone, Pequop formation; PERM. 

Monzogranite; Indian Springs stock; ECRET (135 Ma).

ECRET (135 Ma)

MES–CEN orogenic belt

Contact aureole of ECRET granite stock.

SCLT, PWLT, PYRT, MGNT,QRTZ, GRNT, CLCP, MLBD

— 

United States

Mill City district (Nevada)

40 47 N 118 08 W Skarn Limestone, Raspberry 

formation; LTRI. Granodiorite, Springer stock; CRET (K-Ar: (78.4±2.9 Ma).

CRET(72.0±2.6 Ma)

MES–CEN orogenic belt

Contact aureole of CRET granite stock.

SCLT, MLBD, CLCP, PYRT, DPSD, GRNT, EPDT, QRTZ

— 

United States

Nevada Scheelite (Nevada)

39 02 N 118 19 W Skarn Limestone, Excelsior 

formation; MTRI. Granitegranodiorite; LJUR.

LJUR MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of LJUR granite pluton.

SCLT, CLCP, ADRD, CLCC, QRTZ, AMPB, EPDT, PRXN, WLST, PYRT, MGNT

— 

United States

Pilot Mountain district (Nevada)

38 23 N 117 53 W Skarn Limestone, Luning 

formation; LTRI. Granodiorite; Gunmetal stock; CRET (K-Ar: 83.4±3.1 Ma). Granodiorite; Desert Scheelite stocks; CRET (K-Ar: 80.4±2.9 Ma).

CRET MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of CRET granodiorite stocks.

SCLT, CLCP, SPLR, PYRT, GRNT, PRXN, QRTZ, AMPB

— 

United States

Pine Creek mine (California)

37 23 N 118 43 W Skarn Marble; Pine Creek marble; 

PAL. Hornfels, Pine Creek hornfels; PAL. Monzogranite; Morgan Creek quartz monzonite; CRET.

CRET MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Contact aureole of CRET granite intrusion.

SCLT, CLCP, MLBD, GRNT, PRXN, QRTZ, AMPB, PLGC

— 

United States

Searles Lake (California)

35 45 N 117 20 W Brine Searles Lake brines; 

QUAT

QUAT MES–CEN 

orogenic belt

Salt flat Precipitated 

salts of complex mixture

Searles Lake bcontain appro70 ppm W.
Table 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. K-Ar, potassium-argon date; Rb-Sr, rubidium-strontium date; —, not reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock inclitems (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and host rock age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

United States Strawberry mine (California) 37 31 N 119 18 W Skarn Hornfels, marble; LJUR. Granodiorite, MCRET. MCRET MES-CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of MCRET granodiorite pluton. SCLT, DPSD, WLST, EPDT, GRNT, QRTZ, PYRT, SPLR, CLCP, MLBD — 

United States Tem Piute district (Nevada) 37 38 N 115 38 W Skarn Limestone; MISS. Limestone, hornfels; Pilot shale; DEV–MISS. CRET (90 Ma) MES-CEN orogenic belt Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton. SCLT, FLRT, SPLR, GRNT, QRTZ, CLCC, PYRT, PYTT, DPSD, EPDT — 

Vietnam Da Tria (Lam Dong Province) 12 03 N 108 41 E Disseminated(?) Granite; CRET. Andesite, dacite tuff; LJUR, ECRET. CRET MES–CEN collision zone Contact of porphyric granite. CSTR, QRTZ, SLPD, TRLM — 

Vietnam Pia Oac district (Cao Bang Province, Tonkin)22 37 N 105 51 E Vein/stockwork/ placer Shale; PAL. Rhyolite, TRI. Granite, Pia Oac complex; CRET. CRET MES–CEN collision zone Contact aureole of CRET granite intrusion. WLFM, QRTZ, CSTR, SPLR, GLEN, MLBD, ARPR, FLRT, TRML — 

Vietnam Tam Dao district (Bac Thai Province) with Da Liem 21 38 N 105 43 E Scheelite-skarn (placer: Sn) (vein: Sn) Effusive and intrusive rocks (TRI, CRET) in sedimentary rocks of ORD and SIL age. CRET (TRI?) MES–CEN collision zone Contact of intrusive rocks. SCLT, WLFM, CSTR, SLPD, TRML, QRTZ, PYRT, CLCP, CSTR, ARPR, BSMN — 

Zaire Bishasha 01 39 S 28 53 E Vein Schist, quartz veins associated with granites; small greisen mineralization.MPROT — — WLFM, CSTR, MLBD, CLMB, TRML, QRTZ — Zaire SOMINKI (Kivu) 02 32 S 26 35 E Vein/stockwork/ placer Granite; LPROT. Metasedimentary rocks, Kibara group; PROT. Sediments; CEN. LPROT Intracratonic PROT granite and associated country rocks. QRTZ, CSTR, WLFM, TNTL, SLPD — Zimbabwe Beardmore (Bikita District) 19 58 S 31 28 E Vein/skarn Chlorite schist; Bulawayan system; ARCH. ARCH Intracratonic Contact aureole of ARCH granite intrusion. SCLT, EPDT, QRTZ, SDRT, ACNL, QRTZ, CLCC, GRNT, VSVN — 

Zimbabwe Chiredzi-Chipinage district 21 00 S 32 10 E Vein/stockwork Basalt; Karoo system; TRI TRI Intracratonic Contact aureole of TRI granite intrusion. SCLT, WLFM, QRTZ, SDRT, CLCC, EPDT, 

PYRT, CLCP, GLEN, SPLR, FLRT, STBN

— 
Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Comm

Zimbabwe R.H.A. 18 30 S 26 38 E Stockwork Schist PROT–PAL — — WLFM, QRTZ — Zimbabwe Scheelite King 17 29 S 30 54 E Vein Tonalite ARCH — — SCLT, PYRT, 

PYTT, CLCP, MLBD, GRNT, CLCC, QRTZ

— 
Table 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts. [Mining methods: U, underground; S, surface; N, not mined. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for which data are given. All resource data are in thcates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prothe ISMI record form] Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources Algeria Laouni deposit (Adrar Renaissance District) 1959 U 1960’s W (WLFM, SCLT), Sn None — 15; R1E + R1M; WO3; 1963? 

Argentina Los Avestruces-Las Asperezas (San Luis) — U 1910’s? W (SCLT, WLFM), Bi — 297; 67.5 percent WO3; 1936–39, 1940–49, 1952–54 50; R1E; 0.5 percent WO3; 1985. 2,000; R2E; 0.6 percent WO3; 1985 

Argentina Los Condores-El Aguila (San Luis) 1897 U 1897? W (FRBR, WLFM), Bi — 10,097.8; 68.3 percent WO3; 1897–1918, 1939– 49, 1951–60, 1961–63, 1965–79? 1,500; R1M + R1S + R2S; 0.50 percent WO3; 1984 

Australia Kara (Tasmania) — S 1977 W (SCLT), Fe 281; 57.2 percent WO3; 1980–84 1,754; 58.5 percent WO3; 1977–84 1,610; R1E; 0.82 percent WO3; 1982. 259; R1E; 0.51 percent WO3; 339; R2S; 0.92 percent WO3; 438; R1S; 0.8 percent WO3; 254; R1S; 0.83 percent WO3 

Australia King Island (Tasmania) 1911 U 1911 W (SCLT), Mo 1,770; WO3; 1980–84 41,808; W; 1911–84 7,140; R1E; 1.0 percent WO3; 1984. 2,181; R1S; 1.0 percent WO3; 893; R1S; 0.9 percent WO3; 616; R1S; 0.9 percent WO3; 500; R1S; 0.89 percent WO3 Australia Molyhil (Northern Territory) 1971 S 1974 W (SCLT), Mo 146; 37 percent WO3; 1979–81 438; 45 percent WO3; 1974–81 1,800; R1S; 0.6 percent WO3, 0.3 percent MoS2; 1983. 600; R2S; 0.2 percent WO3, 0.3 percent MoS2; 1979 

Australia Mount Carbine (Queensland) 1895 S 1896 W (SCLT, WLFM) 1,646; 68.2 percent WO3; 1980–84 16,694; 68.8 percent WO3; 1895–1984 13,000; R1E; 0.1 percent WO3; 1983. 8,400; R2S; 0.12 percent WO3 

Australia Mount Mulgine (Western Australia) 1914 U 1914 W (SCLT), Mo, Ag, Au — — 37,000; R1S; 0.19 percent WO3; 1980. 37,000; R2S; 0.19 percent WO3; 24,000; R2S; 0.079 percent WO3; 1,573; R2S; 0.54 percent WO3 Australia Sunnymount (Queensland) — U 1979 (W) Sn, W (WLFM) 54; W; 1980–84 298; W; 1979–84 6.1; R1M; 1 percent Sn, 0.35 percent W; 1984. 45.2; R2S; 0.3 percent W; 1984. 66; R1S; 0.37 percent WO3 Australia Torrington (New South Wales) 1883 U, S 1883 W (WLFM), Sn, Bi, F (TOPZ) 50; 65 percent WO3; 1977–

80 

2,555; 65 percent WO3; 

1890–1980

6,000; R1S; 0.215 percent WO3, 0.07 

percent Bi, 17 percent topaz; 1982. 10,000; R2S; 0.2 percent WO3, 0.07 

percent Bi, 17 percent topaz; 1982

Australia Watershed Grid 

(Queensland)

1978 N None W (SCLT) None None — 

Australia Wolfram Camp 

(Queensland)

1894 U, S 1894 W (WLFM) 47; W; 

1979–84

11,000; 65 percent WO3; 

1894–1971. 475; W; 1974–84

— 
Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

Austria Mittersill mine 

(Salzburg)

1967 S, U 1976 W (SCLT), Mo, Bi 1,450; W; 

1980–83

12,692; W; 1975–84 4,500; R1E; 0.5 percent WO3; 1981 

Bolivia Bolsa Negra (La Paz) 1900–09? U, S 1910’s W (FRBR, SCLT) 121; W; 

1980–84

22,339; WO3; 1908–84 1,512; R1E; 0.78 percent WO3; 1984. 

1,000; R2E; 0.8 percent WO3; 1978

Bolivia Chambillaya (La Paz) — U 1912 W (FRBR) 181; W; 

1980–84

26,864; WO3?; 1912–84 120; R1E; 0.6 percent WO3; 1985 

Bolivia Chicote Grande 

(La Paz)

1910’s S, U 1910’s W (WLFM), As — 29,000; WO3?; 1908–77 21,200; R1M; 0.43 percent WO3; 1985 

Bolivia Chojlla (La Paz) — U 1918 W (WLFM), Bi, Mo 446; W; 

1980–84

31,384; WO3?; 1908–84 1,495; R1E; 0.54 percent WO3; 1985 

Bolivia Chorolque (Potosi) 1875 U — W (WLFM), Sn, Bi — — — Bolivia Enramada-Liliana 

(La Paz)

— U 1910’s W (WLFM), Sn 373; W; 

1980–84

29,858; WO3?; 1908–84 472; R1E; 0.80 percent WO3; 1985 

Bolivia Kami (Cochabamba) — U 1908 W (WLFM) 539; W; 

1980–84

24,864, WO3?; 1908–84 288; R1E; 0.65 percent WO3; 1985. 600; 

R1; 0.97 percent WO3; 1983.

Bolivia Pueblo Viejo (Potosi) — U 1914 W (WLFM) 188; W; 

1980–84 

1,334; W; 1975–84 110; R1E; 1.09 percent WO3; 1985 

Bolivia Reconquistada 

(La Paz)

— U 1910’s W (WLFM) — 600; WO3?; 1908–77 335; R1E; 1.27 percent WO3; 1979. 300; 

R2E; 1.0 percent WO3; 1979

Bolivia Tazna (Potosi) — U 1910’s W (WLFM), Sn, Bi, 

Cu, Au, Zn

377; W; 1980–84

2,141; W; 1975–84 1,038; R1E; 1.41 percent WO3; 1984 

Bolivia Viloco (La Paz) 1902 U — W (WLFM), Sn 12; W; 1980–

84

14,132; WO3?; 1908–77 51; R1M; 1.23 percent WO3; 1985 

Brazil Bodo/Barra Verde/

Boca de Lage mines (Rio Grande do Norte)

1942 U 1942 W (SCLT) 264; 72.5 

percent WO3; 

1977–94 

43,500; 72.5 percent WO3; 

1942–94

8,750; R1E + R2E; 0.36 percent WO3; 1994

Brazil Pedra Prata (Para) 1980 S — W (WLFM) — — 325; R1; 1.1 percent WO3; 1985 

Burma Heinze Basin 

(Mon State)

— S 

(placer)

1929 Sn, W (WLFM, SCLT) — — 32; R1 + R2; W; 1970’s 

Burma Mawchi mine

(Kayah State)

1900–09 U 1910 W (WLFM, SCLT), Sn — 11,731; W; 1930–41; 

1948–49 

600; R1; 0.5 percent WO3, 0.9 percent 

SnO2; 1983

Burma Mergui district

(Mon State)

1905 U, S 1908 W (WLFM), Sn — — — 
Table 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Mining methods: U, underground; S, surface; N, not mined. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for which data are given. All resource data are in thcates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prothe ISMI record form] Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources Burma Tavoy district (Tanintharyi Division) — U, S (placer) 1909 W (WLFM, S), Sn — — — 

Hamyingyi mine — U 1980 W, Sn — — 90: R1;1.04 percent WO3 

Heinda mine ———— — — — Kanbank mine ———— — — — Yadanabon mine — S 1980 W, Sn — — 7; R1; WO3 

Canada Bailey (Yukon Territory) 1974 N None W (SCLT), Cu None None 405; R1S; 1.00 percent WO3; 1981 

Canada Burnt Hill (New Brunswick) 1910 (W) U 1916 W (WLFM), Sn, Mo — 63; W conc; 1916–18, 1955– 57 1,500; R1S; 0.875 percent WO3; 1965 

Canada Cantung (Northwest Territories) 1959 (S); 1972 (U) S, U 1962 W (SCLT), Cu, Bi, Zn 2,865; W; 1983 3,830,000; 1.53 percent WO3; 1962–85 1,400; R1E; 1.24 percent WO3; 1986 

Canada Fostung (Ontario) 1981 N None W (SCLT), Mo None None 16,200; R1S; 0.23 percent WO3, 0.016 percent MoS2; 1986 

Canada Grey River (Newfoundland) 1965 N None W (WLFM) None None 360; R1S; 1.09 percent WO3; 1985. 160; R2S; 1.09 percent WO3; 1985 

Canada Lened (Northwest Territories) 1977 N None W (SCLT), Cu None None 750; R1M; 1.17 percent WO3, 0.15 percent Cu; 1986 

Canada Logtung (Yukon Territory) 1977 N None W (SCLT), Mo None None 162,000; R1S; 0.13 percent WO3, 0.052 percent MoS2; 1984 

Canada Mactung (Yukon and Northwest Territories) 1971 N None W (SCLT), Mo None None 25,401; R1M; 0.88 percent WO3; 1986. 57,000; R1M + R1S + R2S; 0.96 percent WO3; 1981 

Canada Mar (Yukon Territory) 1979 N None W (SCLT) None None 5,400; R1M + R1S; 0.82 percent WO3; 1986 

Canada Mount Pleasant 

(New Brunswick)

1969 (W) U 1984 W (WLFM), Mo — — 9,350; R1M; 0.393 percent WO3, 0.204 

percent MoS2; 1979. 28,600; R2S; 0.22 

percent WO3, 0.12 percent MoS2; 1979. 

2,400; R2S; 0.07 percent WO3, 0.42 

percent Sn, 0.05 percent MoS2; 1979.

Canada Risby 

(Yukon Territory)

1978 N None W (SCLT), Cu, Mo — — 2,700; R1S; 0.81 percent WO3; 1982 
Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

Chile Copiapo (Atacama) 1950's — — W (SCLT, WLFM) None None — 

China Bai Sha Po (Yunnan) — S 1980's? W (WLFM), Sn, Cu, 

Bi

— — 47,042; R1; 0.15 percent WO3; 1983 

China Dajishan (Jiangxi) 1918 U 1918 W (WLFM, SCLT), Bi, 

Mo

3,700; 65 percent WO3

— 38,700; R1; 0.25 percent WO3; 1983 

China Damingshan, Wuming 

(Guangxi)

1960's — 1980's? W (WLFM), Mo None None 13,962; R1; 1.04 percent WO3; 1983 

China Dayu district (Jiangxi) 1908 S, U 1914 W (WLFM), Mo, Sn, 

Cu, Bi

6,000; 65 percent WO3; 

1981

100,000; 65 percent WO3; 

1960–84

30,000; R1; 0.3 percent WO3; 1983 

Baoshan ———— — — — 

Dalongshan ———— — — — Dangping ———— — — — Muzhiyuan ———— — — — Piaotang ———— — — — Xialong ———— — — — Xihuashan ———— — — — Zhandongkeng ———— — — — 

China Gueimeishan (Jiangxi) 1918 S, U 1918 W (WLFM) — — 2,175; R1; 2.20 percent WO3; 1983 

China Huangsha (Jiangxi) 1930's? — — W (WLFM) None None 3,294; R1; 1.75 percent WO3; 1983 China Hukeng (Jiangxi) 1950 U 1955 W (Zn, Bi) 1,000–2,000; 

65 percent WO3

30,000; 65 percent WO3 10; R1; 0.3 percent WO3; 1995 

China Jubankeng 

(Guangdong)

1955 — — W — — 100; R1M; 65 percent WO3; 1980 
Table 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Mining methods: U, underground; S, surface; N, not mined. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for which data are given. All resource data are in thcates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prothe ISMI record form] Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources China Lianhuashan (Guangdong) 1950's S — W (SCLT, WLFM) — — 40,000; R1; 1 percent WO3; 1986 

China Pangushan (Jiangxi) — U? 1922 W (WLFM, SCLT), Bi — — 1,528; R1; 1.90 percent WO3; 1983 

China Shangping (Jiangxi) ———— — — — China Shizhuyuan (Hunan) 1950's U 1980's W (WLFM, SCLT), Mo, Bi, Sn Minor (some small-scale production) — 190,000; R1M; 0.33 percent WO3, 0.115 percent Sn, 0.06 percent Mo, and 0.122 percent Bi; 1980 

China Ta'ergou (Gansu) 1965 — — W — — 3,500; R1M; 0.24 percent WO3; (scheelite) 1985. 9,000; R1M; 1.3 percent WO3; (wolframite) 1985 

China Wengyuan (Guangdong) 1910's S, U — W (WLFM), Bi — — 359; R1; 1.90 percent WO3; 1983 

China Xiangdong (Hunan) — U — W? — — 2,290; R1; 0.72 percent WO3; 1983 

China Xingluokeng (Fujian) — S — W (WLFM, SCLT), Mo — — 78,000; R1; 0.23 percent WO3; 1983 

China Yangchuling (Jiangxi) 1960's U — W (SCLT), Mo — — 100,000; R1S; 0.2 percent WO3; 1985 

China Yangjiatan (Hunan) — — — W (SCLT) — — — 

China Yaogangxian (Hunan) 1911 U 1914 W (WLFM, SCLT), Cu 1,250; 65 percent WO3; 1981 20,000; 65? percent WO3; 1955–82 25; R1E; 65 percent WO3; 1982 

China Yochang district (Guangdong) 1910's S, U — W (WLFM) — — 488; R1; 1.90 percent WO3; 1983 

Czech Republic

Cinovec (Severocesky Kraj)

Pre-1900 U Pre-1918 Sn, W (WLFM) — — ?; R1E; 0.3 percent WO3; 0.3 percent 

Sn; 1965

Czech Republic

Krasno (Zapadocesky Kraj)

Pre-1900 S — Sn,W (W) — — 35,000; R1; 0.2 percent WO3; 0.3 

percent Sn; 1974
Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

France Costabonne 

(Pyrenees-Orientales)

1951 N None W (SCLT) — — 1,500; R1S; 0.35 percent WO3; 1986 

France Fumade (Tarn) 1981 N None W (SCLT) — — 1,300; R1M; 1.1 percent WO3; 1987 

France Montbelleux 

(Ille-et-Vilaine)

— U 1902 W (WLFM), Sn — — 3,000; R1M; 0.25 percent WO3, 0.12 

percent Sn; 1983?

France MontredonLabessonnié (Tarn) 1942 S 1955 W (WLFM) — 80,000; 1.08 percent WO3; 1955–60 1,420; R1M; 0.70 percent WO3; 1980 

France Salau (Ariege) 1960 U 1969 W (SCLT) 757; WO3; 

1982–84

12,000; WO3; 1971–86 3; R1M; WO3; 1986 

Guatemala Ixtahuacan 

(Huehuetenango)

1968? U 1968 W (SCLT), Sb — 193; W; 1968–85 — 

India Agargaon 

(Maharashtra)

1907 — — W (FRBR, SCLT) — — 2,200; R1S; 0.06 percent WO3; 1981 

India Degana (Rajasthan) 1910's S, U 1966 W (WLFM) 37; 65 percent 

WO3; 1977–

81

795; 65 percent WO3; 

1939–45; 1951–56; 1965–81

31; R1E; 0.54 percent WO3; 1984. 

4,015; R2S; 0.03 percent WO3; 1984

Japan Akenobe mine 

(Hyogo Prefecture)

1909 (W) U 1936 Sn, W (WLFM, SCLT), 

Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag

— — — 

Japan Kaneuchi mine 

(Kyoto Prefecture)

— U — W (WLFM, SCLT) 76; W; 1977–

79. 77; W; 1981. 43; W; 1982 

1,390; W; 1974–79 — 

Japan Kuga (Yamaguchi 

Prefecture)

— U 1911? (W) W (SCLT), Cu, Zn, Sn 158.9; 57.9 

percent W; 1976–79.148; WO3; 

1986.56; WO3; 

1989.57; WO3; 1991.125; WO3; 

1992

976; 58? percent W; 1974–79

— 

Japan Otani mine 

(Kyoto Prefecture)

— U 1912? W (SCLT), Sn, Cu, Zn 297; 57.46 

percent W; 1974–77. 212; W; 1978 

1,915; 57.5 percent W; 1974–79, 1981

— 
Table 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Mining methods: U, underground; S, surface; N, not mined. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for which data are given. All resource data are in thcates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prothe ISMI record form] Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources Japan Yaguki mine (Fukushima Prefecture) Pre-1900 U 1971 W (SCLT), Cu 269; 58.2 percent W; 1976–79. 200; WO3; 1981–85 1,699; 58.2 percent W; 1974–79 8,000; R1; 1.15 percent Cu, ? percent WO3; 1960 

Japan Kiwada mine (Yamagata Prefecture) ———— — — — Japan Takatori mine (Ibaraki Prefecture) — U ? W(SCLT) 100; WO3; 1978–85 — — 

Mexico Beltran (Baja California) — U 1917 W (SCLT) — 98,000; 0.7 percent WO3 (580.6; WO3); 1917–19, 1937–43 — 

Mexico Inguaran (Michoacán) — U 1971 Cu, W (SCLT) 64.7; 64.2 percent WO3; 1979 — 6,000; R1E; 0.04 percent WO3, 1.2–1.5 percent Cu; 1976 

Mexico Naica (Chihuahua) 1970's? U 1890's (W: 1980) Ag, Au, Zn, Pb, Cu, W (SCLT) “High-grade“ conc: 120; 1980–85. “Low-grade” conc: 360; 1980–85 — 7,500; R1E; 0.1 percent (tailings) WO3; 1980. 4,600; R2E; 0.12 percent WO3, 4.6 percent Pb, 3.9 percent Zn, 153 g/t Ag, 0.42 g/t Au; 1985 

Mexico San Alberto (Sonora) 1950's S 1980's W (SCLT) 30,000; 0.5 percent WO3; 1980’s — 1,500; R1E; 0.55 percent WO3; 1985. 

Mexico San Antonio (Sonora) 1953 S, U 1953 W (SCLT) — — — Mexico Washington (Sonora) — U — W (SCLT) — — 1,200; R1E; 0.14 percent WO3, 1.71 percent Cu, 0.058 percent Mo, 0.172 g/t Au, 15.85 g/t Ag; 1983 

Mongolia Buren-Tsogto mine 

(Suhbaatar Province)

1944 U 1948 W (WLFM) — 400,000; ore — 

Mongolia Khovd Gol mine

(Bayan-Olgiy Province)

— S — W — — 6; R1; WO3 
Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

Mongolia Tsagaan-Dava mine

(Tov Province)

1969 U 1988 W (WLFM) 195; 60 

percent WO3; 

1989.60; 65 percent WO3; 1995

Ca 6,000; 60 percent WO3; 

1948–79

— 

Mongolia Ulaan Uul mine 

(Bayan-Olgiy Province)

— U — W — — 3,200; R1; 2 percent WO3 

Mongolia Yugozyr mine 

(Suhbaatar Province)

———— — — — 

Namibia Brandberg West 

(Omaruru District)

— S 1933? W (WLFM), Sn 150 est.; W; 

1979

5,509.6; W; 1933?–80 2,400; R1; 0.2 percent WO3, plus Sn; 

1985

Namibia Krantzberg (Omaruru 

District)

Pre-1938 U 1938? W (WLFM), Sn 600; 70 

percent WO3; 

1978

907; wolframite; 65? percent WO3; 1938?–56

900; R1; 0.40 percent WO3; 1982 

Namibia Otjima — — — W (SCLT) — — 5.4; R 

North Korea

Changseong district (North P'yongan Province)

— — — W (WLFM, SCLT) — — — 

North Korea

Ganggye district (Tschagang Province)

— — Pre-1940 W (WLFM) — — —

North Korea

Gogsan Mannjon district (North Hwanghae Province)

— — 1935 W (WLFM, SCLT), 

Mo

— — 4,000; ore; 0.7–1.0 percent WO3 

North Korea

Jangdok (South P'yongan Province)

———— — — — 

North Korea

Kymgang (Kangwon Province)

— — — W (SCLT, WLFM, 

MLBD, BSMT)

—— — 

North Korea

Sangnong (South Hamgyong Province)

— — — W (WLFM) — — — 

North Korea

Shinheung (South Hamgyong Province)

— — — W (WLFM) — — — 

North Korea

Tahyng (Kjongsu) (South P'yongan Province)

— — — W (WLFM) — — — 

Peru Morococha (Junin) — U 1964 (W) Ag, Zn, Cu, W (SCLT, 

WLFM)

88; WO3; 

1984–85

800; WO3; 1968–72, 

1974–75

3,690; 0.20 percent WO3; 1980 

Peru Palca Once (Puno) — U 1979 W (FRBR) 161; WO3; 

1979–83

1,093; WO3; 1979–83 1,000; R1E; 1.56 percent WO3; 1985. 

270; R2E; 1.29 percent WO3; 1985
Table 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Mining methods: U, underground; S, surface; N, not mined. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for which data are given. All resource data are in thcates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prothe ISMI record form] Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources Peru Pasto Bueno (Ancash) 1900–09 U 1910 W (HBNR), Pb, Cu, Zn, Ag 375; WO3; 1979–84 8,713; 65 percent WO3; 1910–19, 1934–54. 7,862 est; W; 1955–84 1,100; R1; 0.44 percent WO3; 1985 

Peru San Cristobal (Junin) — U 1964 (W) Cu, Zn, Ag, W (WLFM) 15; WO3; 1985 6,121; WO3; 1968–72, 1974–85 5,800; R1E; 0.22 percent Cu, 1.1 percent Pb, 3.3 g/t Ag, 0.18 percent WO3; 1983 

Portugal Arouca (Aveiro) 1900–09 S 1910's? W (WLFM) — 240; 60 percent WO3; 1917 — 

Portugal Borralha (Vila Real and Braga) 1900–09 U 1914 W (WLFM, SCLT), Cu, Ag 284; 70.2 WO3; 1977– 80 1,460; W; 1914, 1917, 1977–82 700; R1; 0.47 percent WO3; 1983 

Portugal Covas (Viana do Castelo) — S, U — W (SCLT) 34; 71.40 percent WO3; 1977–80 135; 71.40 percent WO3; 1977–80 689; R1E; 0.86 percent WO3; 1982. 233, R2E; 0.56 percent WO3; 1982 

Portugal Panasqueira (Beira Baixa) 1894 U 1898 W (WLFM), Sn, Cu, Ag, Zn 2,631; 75 percent WO3; 1979–85 69,685; 72.55 percent WO3; 1934–78. 14,427; 75 percent WO3; 1979–86 6,100; R1; 0.36 percent WO3; 1985 

Portugal Santa Leocadia (Viseu) 1970's N None W (SCLT) None None 500; R1; 0.30 percent WO3; 1982 

Rwanda Gifurwe 1926 S, U 1940 W (FRBR) 564; 69 percent WO3; 1979–84 10,601; WO3 1957–84 6; WO3; 1984 

Rwanda Lutsiro (Kabaya District) — — — W (WLFM) — — 10; W 

Rwanda Nyakabingo ———— — — — Saudi Arabia Baid al Jimalah (Najd) 1980 N None W (WLFM), Sn None None 10,000; R1S + R2S; 0.10 percent WO3; 1986 

Saudi Arabia B'ir Tawilah (Najd) 1982 N None W (WLFM), Sn, Ag None None 265; R1S; 0.69 percent WO3; 1986 

Saudi Arabia

Jabal Marya 1982 N None W (WLFM) None None — 

South Africa

Orange River East (Northern Cape Province)

Pre-1938 S, U Pre-1938 W (SCLT, WLFM), Sn 12; 65 percent 

WO3; 1966–

70

312; 65 percent WO3; 

1939–70?

2,500; R1E; 0.38 percent WO3, 0.21 

percent Sn; 1984. 1; R2S; WO3; 1984

South Africa

Orange River West (Northern Cape Province)

Pre-1934 S, U Pre-1934 W (SCLT) 22; W conc; 

65 percent WO3

— 1.9; R2S; WO3; 1984 
Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

South Africa

Riviera — — — W, MLBD — — 46; R; 0.22 percent WO3; 0.02 percent 

Mo 

South Africa

Shongoni (Northern Cape Province)

1971 — — W (SCLT) — — 287; R1S; 0.51 percent WO3; 1978 

South Africa

Wallekraal (Northern Cape Province)

1968 S, U 1968 W (SCLT) 5; 65 percent 

WO3; 1968–

71

15; 65? percent WO3; 1968–

71

1; R2S; WO3; 1984 

South Africa

Wolfram Schist (Northern Cape Province)

1938 S, U 1941 W (FRBR, SCLT) 108.1; 66 

percent WO3; 

1941–56?

1,714; 65.47 percent WO3; 

1941–56?

— 

South Africa

Zaaiplaats (Northern Cape Province)

1906 S, U 1906 Sn, W (SCLT) — — — 

South Korea

Bu-Duck(Kyonggi Province)

— U 1978 W (SCLT, WLFM), Ag, 

Cu, Au

— — — 

South Korea

Dae Hwa (North Ch'ungch'ong Province)

1902 U 1902 W (WLFM, SCLT), 

Mo

100; 70 percent WO3; 

1975

—— 

South Korea

Dal Sung mine (North Kyongsang Province)

1930's U 1939 (W) W (WLFM, SCLT), 

Cu

110; W conc; 55? percent WO3; 1977

4,398; W conc; 55? percent WO3; to 1973

— 

South Korea

Okbang mine (North Kyongsang Province)

1941 (W) U — W (SCLT), F 

(fluorspar)

100; W conc; 70? percent WO3

4,250; W conc; 70? percent WO3; 1939–78

1,400; R1E; 0.8 percent WO3; 1975 

South Korea

Sangdong mine (Kangwon Province)

1916 U 1927 W (SCLT, WLFM), 

Mo, Bi

Natural scheelite: 546; 79 percent WO3; 1980–

84. Synthetic scheelite: 415; 74 percent WO3; 1980–84

15,000; W conc; 60 percent WO3; 1916–54; 63,000 est., 

W; 1955–84 

8,500; R1; 0.86 percent WO3, 0.13 

percent Bi; 1985

South Korea

Sannae mine (South Kyongsang Province)

— U? 1966 W (WLFM, SCLT) 100; W conc; 

70? percent WO3; 1966–

75

230; W conc; 70 percent WO3; 1975, 1977–78

— 

South Korea

Ssang Jeong mine (North Kyongsang Province)

— — — W (WLFM, SCLT), 

Cu, Mo, Bi, Ni, Sn 

Less than 100; 70 percent WO3; 1975

109; W; conc; 70? percent WO3; 1972, 1977–78

3,200; R1E; 0.41 percent WO3, 0.025 

percent MoS2, 0.016 percent Bi; 1979

South Korea

Weolag mine (North Ch'ungch'ong Province)

— U — W (WLFM, SCLT), 

Mo, Bi

— 1,128; W conc; 70? percent 

WO3; to 1975, 1977–78

— 
Table 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Mining methods: U, underground; S, surface; N, not mined. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for which data are given. All resource data are in thcates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prothe ISMI record form] Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

Former Soviet Union Agylky (Sachal Yakutia) — N — W (SCLT), Cu, Au — — 30.8; WO3; 1.27 percent WO3; 2,7 percent Cu 

Former Soviet Union Akchatau (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) 1936 U 1941 W (WLFM), Mo, Be NA NA 2,741; R1; 0.50 percent WO3; 1983. 65,500; 0.1–0.3 percent WO3; 17,500; 0.04–0.07 percent Mo; 16,000; 0.03– 0.07 percent Be 

Former Soviet Union Antonovogorsk (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) 1910's — — W (WLFM) — — 1,179; R1; 0.80 percent WO3; 1983 

Former Soviet Union Balkany (Chelyabinsky Oblast, R.F.S.R.) 1920's N — W (SCLT) — — 386; R1; 0.60 percent WO3; 1983 Former Soviet Union Bayan (Kokchetau Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) — — — W (SCLT), Mo (MLBD), Cu (CLCP) — — — Former Soviet Union Belukha (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) 1916 U? 1916 W (WLFM) — — 1,181; R1; 0.60 percent WO3; 1983 Former Soviet Union Boguty (Almaty Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) 1941 — — W (SCLT), Mo (MLBD) — — 4,320; R1; 0.60 percent WO3; 1983 Former Soviet Union Bom-Gorkhon (Buryat A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.) — S 1971 W (HBNR, SCLT), Ta 9 percent of 1992 Russian conc prod when combined with Spokoinyi — 400; R1; 1.00 percent WO3; 1983 Former Soviet Union Bukuka (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) 1911 — 1915 W (WLFM) — — 958; R1; 0.60 percent WO3; 1983 
Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

Former Soviet Union

Dedosa Gora (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

———— — — — 

Former Soviet Union

Dzhida district (Buryat A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.)

———— — — 10,910; R1; 0.43 percent WO3; 1983 

Inkura mine — S — W, Mo 11 percent of 

1992 Russian conc prod when combined with Kholtoson

—— 

Kholtoson mine — U 1941 W, Mo 11 percent of 

1992 Russian conc when combined with Inkura

—— 

Murr mine 1933 S, U? 1935 W (HBNR, SCLT) — — — 

Former Soviet Union

Festivallnoye (Khabarovsk Kray)

— S — Sn, W, Cu, Pb 1 percent of 

1992 Russian conc prod

— — 

Former Soviet Union

Ingichka (Samarkand Region, Uzbekh A.S.S.R.)

? U 1960 W (SCLT), Mo NA NA 2,866; R1; 0.43 percent WO3; 1983 

Former Soviet Union

Kalgutin (R. Gorno Altay, Z.F.S.S.R.)

— — — W, Hg 1 percent of 

1992 Russian conc prod

— — 

Former Soviet Union

Karaoba (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.)

1938? U 1951 W (WLFM), Mo 

(MLBD), Be, Nb, Ta, Se

NA NA 204; R1; 0.80 percent WO3; 1983 

Former Soviet Union

Kit-Teberda (Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

— N — W(SCLT) None None 71.6; WO3; R1; 0.35 percent WO3 

Former Soviet Union

Koktenkol (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) 

1956 — — W (SCLT), Mo 

(MLBD), Cu (CLCP)

— — 61,553; WO3, 0.042 percent WO3; 

430,025; Mo, 0.071 percent Mo; 253,000; Cu, 0.042 percent Cu

Former Soviet Union

Lermontovsky (Primor’ye Kray, R.F.S.R.)

— S 1974 W 37 percent of 

1992 Russian conc prod when combined with Vostok-2

— — 
Table 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Mining methods: U, underground; S, surface; N, not mined. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for which data are given. All resource data are in thcates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prothe ISMI record form] Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources Former Soviet Union Lyangar (Sydar’ya Region, Uzbek S.S.R.) 1928 — 1940’s W (SCLT), Mo — — 540; R1; 0.50 percent WO3; 1983 

Former Soviet Union Magadan region, Russian S.F.S.R. ———— — — 1,505; R1; 0.8 percent WO3; 1983 

Iul'tin mine 1937 U 1954 Sn, W 8 percent of 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with Svetloye & Tenkergin —— 

Svetloye mine 1983 U — Sn, W 8 percent of 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with Iul'tin & Tenkergin —— 

Tenkergin mine 1983 U — Sn, W 8 percent of 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with Iul'tin & Svetloye —— 

Former Soviet Union Maykhura (Kulyab Oblast, Tajik S.S.R.) — — 1978 W (SCLT, WLFM) Sn (CSTR) — — 5,000; R1; 0.40 percent WO3; 1983 

Former Soviet Union

Severny Katpar (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.)

1973 — — W (SCLT), Mo 

(MLBD), Cu (CLCP)

— — 73,000; WO3, 0.239 percent WO3; 

13,000; Mo, 0.038 percent Mo; 55,700; Cu, 0.16 percent Cu

Former Soviet Union

Shumilovskoye (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

———— — — — 
Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

Former Soviet Union

Spokoinyi (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.)

1939 S — W (WLFM), Ta 9 percent of 

1992 Russian conc prod when combined with BomGorkhon

— 1,000; R1; 0.50 percent WO3; 1983 

Former Soviet Union

Tyrnyauz (former Kabardin-Balkar A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.)

1934 U, S 1938 W (SCLT), Mo, Cu, Bi 40 percent of 

1992 Russian conc prod

50,800; R1; 0.60 percent WO3; 1983 

Former Soviet Union

Verkhne-Kayrakty (Dzhezkazgan Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.)

1945 — — W (SCLT, WLFM), Mo 

(MLBD), Cu (CLCP)

— — 1,100; R1; 0.128 percent WO3, 0.004 

percent Mo; 0.02 percent Cu

Former Soviet Union

Vostok-2 (Primor'ye Kray, R.F.S.R.)

— U 1968 W (SCLT), Cu, Mo 37 percent of 

1992 Russian conc prod when combined with Lermontovsky

— 22,025; R1; 0.58 percent WO3; 1983 

Former Soviet Union

Yubileinoye (Leninabad Region, Tadzhik S.S.R.)

— U 1977 W (SCLT) — — 1,432; R1; 0.60 percent WO3; 1983 

Spain Barruecopardo 

(Salamanca Province)

1910's S 1910's W (SCLT, WLFM), As 275; WO3 — 40,000; R1E; 0.1 percent WO3; 1982. 

3,000; R1E; 0.102 percent WO3

(tailings); 1982

Spain La Parilla

(Badajoz/Caceres Provinces)

— U, S 1951 W (SCLT), Sn, As 450; 78 

percent WO3; 

1984

3,000; 78 percent WO3; 

1961–84

6,200; R1E; 0.19 percent WO3, 0.03 

percent Sn, 65,000; R2E + R2S; 0.10 percent WO3; 1985

Spain Los Santos 

(Salamanca Province)

1980's N None W (SCLT) None None 1,500; R1; 0.8 percent WO3; 1983 

Spain Santa Comba 

(La Coruna Province)

— U 1943 W (WLFM), Sn 380; W conc; 

65? percent WO3; 1984

— 3,600; R1; 0.5 percent WO3; 1983 

Spain Silleda (Pontevedra 

Province)

— U? Pre-1917 Sn, W (WLFM) — — 1,060; R1S; 0.37 percent WO3; 1971. 

800; R2S; 0.37 percent WO3; 1971

Sudan Jebel Eyob (Red Sea 

Hills)

1981? N None W (WLFM, SCLT) None None — 
Table 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts—Continued. [Mining methods: U, underground; S, surface; N, not mined. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for which data are given. All resource data are in thcates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations used in this table are defined in table 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prothe ISMI record form] Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources Sweden Yxsjoberg (Orebro Province) — U 1917 (W) W (SCLT), Cu 358; W; 1980–84 7,917; W; 1918–20, 1932–63, 1973–84 1,500; R1; 0.43 percent WO3; 1983 

Thailand Doi Mok (Chiang Rai Province) 1969 U 1971 W (SCLT) — — 1,000; R1; 0.75 percent WO3; 1983 Thailand Doi Than Ngoam (Phrae Province) 1977 S — W (FRBR) 623; ferberite conc; 1981–82 1,246; ferberite conc; 1981–82 400; R1E; 1.75 percent WO3; 1983. 2,100; R2S; 1.5–2.0 percent WO3; 1983 

Thailand Khao Soon mine (Nakhon Si Thammarat Province) 1970 S — W (FRBR) — — 2,500; R1; 1.0 percent WO3; 1983 

Turkey Uludag (Bursa Province) 1950 U, S 1975 W (SCLT, WLFM) 160; W; 1978–88. 10; W; 1977 1,767; W; 1977–88 14,500; R1E; 0.5 percent WO3; 1980 

Uganda Nyamolilo (Kigezi District) 1946 S 1947 W (FRBR) — 1,120; W conc; 65.0 percent WO3?; 1953–73 900; R1; 0.24 percent WO3; 1983 

United Kingdom Carrock (Cumbria) About 1854 U 1870 W (WLFM, SCLT) 50; 70 percent WO3; 1980 550; 70 percent WO3; 1915– 17, 1976–80 120; R1S; 0.75 percent WO3; 1984. 150; R2S; 0.75 percent WO3; 1984 

United Kingdom Hemerdon (Devon) 1916 S 1917 W (WLFM), Sn — 205,000; 1.0 percent W, 0.25 percent Sn; 1917–19, 1943–44 42,000; R1M; 0.18 percent WO3, 0.025 percent Sn; 1981 

United Kingdom Redmoor (Cornwall) Pre-1861 U — W (WLFM), Sn, Cu, Zn, Ag — 2; 72 percent WO3; 1861– 1908 4,000; R1M; 0.3 percent WO3, 0.4 percent Sn, 0.5 percent Cu, 0.15 percent Zn; 1987 

United States Andrew mine (California) 1952 S 1974 W (SCLT) — — — United States Brown's Lake (Montana) 1941 (W) S 1953 W (SCLT) — 567,477; 0.35 percent WO3; 1953–58. 19,200; 0.18 percent WO3; 1952–56 3,175; R1M; 0.57 percent WO3; 1986. 2,268; R2S; 0.57 percent WO3; 1986 

United States Climax mine (Colorado) 1879 S, U 1948 Mo, W (HBNR), Sn, rare earth elements 

(monzonite)

224; W; 1984–85 

24,500; WO3; 1948–84 340,000; R1M; 0.03 percent WO3; 1982

Plus 35,000; R1M; 0.03 percent WO3

(tailings)

United States

Hamme district (Tungsten Queen mine)(North Carolina)

1942 U 1942 W (HBNR, SCLT) — 9,100; WO3; 1943–71 — 

United States

Indian Springs (Nevada)

1969 S 1974 W (SCLT), Mo, F — 0.1; W; 1974–75 15,800; R1S; 0.15 percent W; 1969 
Country Site name Year of discovery Mining method Year of first production Elements of economic interest Annual production Cumulative production Resources 

United States

Mill City district (Nevada)

1914 U, S 1917 W (SCLT), Cu, Mo — 13,214; W; 1917–19, 

1925–44, 1944–58

4,000; R1M; 0.32 percent W; 1984? 

United States

Nevada Scheelite (Nevada)

1930 U, S 1936 W (SCLT) — 371,300; 0.73 percent WO3; 

1935–60, 1972–76, 1980–82.

— 

United States

Pilot Mountain district (Nevada)

1916 U, S 1943 W (SCLT) — 112.4; W; 1943, 1952–56 — 

United States

Pine Creek mine (California)

1916 U 1918 W (SCLT), Mo, Cu 2,000; WO3; 

1979

7,613; W; 1918–53 10; R1; W; 1986 

United States

Searles Lake (California)

1937 (W) N None W None None 77; R1S; WO3; 1985 

United States

Strawberry mine (California)

1941 S, U 1943 W (SCLT), Cu, Mo 655; WO3; 

1981–84

5,459; WO3; 1943–84 100; R1E; 1.0 percent WO3; 1985 

United States

Tem Piute district (Nevada)

1916 U 1937 W (SCLT), Zn, F, Mo, 

Bi

— 2,065; W; 1937, 1940–57 — 

Vietnam Da Tria (Lam Dong 

Province)

— — — W (WLFM), Sn — — Poss: 40,000 Sn and 20,000 WO3, hard 

rock; and 2,000 SnO2, in placers

Vietnam Pia Oac district (Cao 

Bang Province, Tonkin)

1906 S, U — W (WLFM), Sn — 9,164; 60 percent WO3; 

1910–45

Proven and probable: 1,512, WO3, and 

22,914, SnO2, in placers; poss: 1,000, 

WO3, hard rock; and 3,000: SnO2, in 

placers

Vietnam Tam Dao district 

(Bac Thai Province) with Da Liem

— — — W (SCLT), Sn, Zn, 

BRIT Bi, Be, Au

— — Proven and probable: 12,900, Sn in hard 

rock; and 13,532, SnO2, in placers; 

poss: 30,000, WO3, hard rock; 20,000 Bi 

hard rock; 3,000 SnO2 in placers

Zaire Bishasha — — — W (WLFM), Sn — — — 

Zaire SOMINKI (Kivu) 1930 S, U 1932 Sn, W (WLFM) 45; W; 

1980–84

4,587; W; 1958–84 611; R1E; WO3; 1983. 1277; R1; WO3; 

1983. 1476 R1S; WO3; 1983

Zimbabwe Beardmore (Bikita 

District)

Early 1900's?

U 1929 W (SCLT) — — — 

Zimbabwe Chiredzi-Chipinage 

district

1912 U 1938 W (SCLT, WLFM) — — — 

Zimbabwe R.H.A. — — — — — — — 

Zimbabwe Scheelite King — — — W (SCLT), Au — — — 
66 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

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TUNGSTEN RESOURCES

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v. 18, 280 p.

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500 p.
International Strategic Mineral Issues

Summary Report

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930

Prepared as a cooperative effort among 

earth-science and mineral-resource 

agencies of Australia, Canada, the Federal 

Republic of Germany, the Republic of 

South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the 

United States of America

This volume was published as

separate chapters A–O
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

THOMAS J. CASADEVALL, Acting Director

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and

does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Published in the Eastern Region, Reston, Va.
VOLUME CONTENTS

[In 1997, the cooperative program named the International Strategic Minerals Inventory was renamed the

International Strategic Mineral Issues. Therefore, the volume title for chapters A–N differs from that for

chapter O]

A. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Manganese

By John H. DeYoung, Jr., David M. Sutphin, and William F. Cannon

B. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Chromium

By John H. DeYoung, Jr., Michael P. Lee, and Bruce R. Lipin

C. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Phosphate

By Ulrich H. Krauss, Henning G. Saam, and Helmut W. Schmidt

D. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Nickel

By John H. DeYoung, Jr., David M. Sutphin, Antony B.T. Werner, and Michael P. 

Foose

E. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Platinum-Group Metals

By David M. Sutphin and Norman J Page

F. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Cobalt

By Richard N. Crockett, Gregory R. Chapman, and Michael D. Forrest

G. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Titanium

By Roy R. Towner, Jonathan M. Gray, and Lyn M. Porter

H. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Natural Graphite

By Ulrich H. Krauss, Helmut W. Schmidt, Harold A. Taylor, Jr., and David M. Sutphin

I. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Lithium

By Terrance F. Anstett, Ulrich H. Krauss, Joyce A. Ober, and Helmut W. Schmidt

J. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Tin

By David M. Sutphin, Andrew E. Sabin, and Bruce L. Reed

K. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Vanadium

By I. Goldberg, E.C.I. Hammerbeck, L.S. Labuschagne, and C. Rossouw

L. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Zirconium

By Roy R. Towner

M. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Niobium (Columbium) 

and Tantalum

By Richard N. Crockett and David M. Sutphin

N. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Rare-Earth Oxides

By Wayne D. Jackson and Grey Christiansen

O. International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report—Tungsten

By Antony B.T. Werner, W. David Sinclair, and Earle B. Amey
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES (ISMI)

PARTICIPATING AGENCIES

Australia

Bureau of Resource Sciences

Canada

Department of Natural Resources

Minerals and Metals Sector

Geological Survey of Canada

Federal Republic of Germany

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften

und Rohstoffe

Republic of South Africa

Minerals Bureau

Geological Survey

United Kingdom

British Geological Survey

United States

Bureau of Mines

Geological Survey

SUMMARY REPORTS

This circular is one of several reports on selected mineral commodities to be published in the U.S. Geological Survey 

Circular 930 volume. The circulars published to date are listed below; year of publication is shown in parentheses. Circulars 

930–A to 930–N were produced by the International Strategic Minerals Inventory. Copies are available free on application to 

the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 U.S.A.

930–A. Manganese (1984) 930–I. Lithium (1990)

930–B. Chromium (1984) 930–J. Tin (1990)

930–C. Phosphate (1984) 930–K. Vanadium (1992)

930–D. Nickel (1985) 930–L. Zirconium (1992)

930–E. Platinum-Group Metals (1986) 930–M.Niobium (Columbium) and

930–F. Cobalt (1987) Tantalum (1993)

930–G. Titanium (1988) 930–N. Rare-Earth Oxides (1993)

930–H. Natural Graphite (1988) 930–O. Tungsten (1998)

A report (by Coakley and others) on mineral commodities in subequatorial Africa was published in 1991 by the U.S.

Bureau of Mines in the Mineral Perspective Series. Copies are available from the Mineral Resources Program, U.S. Geological Survey, 913 National Center, Reston, VA 20192 U.S.A.

Requests for copies of International Strategic Mineral Issues summary reports and for further information may also be

addressed to:

Ian Lambert, Director

Mineral Resources Branch

Bureau of Resource Sciences

John Curtin House

22 Brisbane Avenue

Barton, ACT 2600

AUSTRALIA

Minerals and Metals Sector

Canadian Department of Natural Resources

580 O’Connor Street—Room 729

Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E4

CANADA

Distribution Branch

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30631 Hannover 51

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

Chief Director, Minerals Bureau

Private Bag X4

Braamfontein 2017

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

Gregory R. Chapman

British Geological Survey

Keyworth

Nottingham NG12 5GG

UNITED KINGDOM