1 Kathleen R. Matthews is a research fishery biologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710. 

Abstract

To determine the current range of water temperatures in the streams inhabited 

by California golden trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita, I deployed and 

monitored water temperature recording probes from 2008 through 2013 in three 

meadows in the Golden Trout Wilderness (GTW). Ninety probes were placed in 

three meadow streams: Mulkey Creek in Mulkey Meadows (elevation 2838 m), 

South Fork Kern River in Ramshaw Meadows (2640 m), and Golden Trout Creek 

in Big Whitney Meadow (2963 m). Year-round water temperatures were successfully downloaded from 83 probes along with measurements of dissolved oxygen, 

flow, and shade. Water temperatures ranged from -0.1 to 26 °C in Mulkey and 

Ramshaw Meadows, whereas in Big Whitney Meadow, maximum temperatures 

did not exceed 21 °C. Temperatures were highest in late July through midSeptember. Future monitoring can build on the detailed temperature data reported 

here to further assess climate warming in the streams occupied by this important 

native trout. Salmonids generally prefer cool water and become stressed when 

temperatures exceed 22 °C. Thus, these results indicate that current GTW stream 

temperatures are high and may lack the resiliency to withstand increased water 

temperatures from climate warming, predicted to increase from 1 to 7 °C within 

the next 100 years.

Keywords: Water temperature, climate warming, California golden trout.

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, 

and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream 

Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

Kathleen R. Matthews1

DEPAR TMENT OF AGRICULT URE

United States Department of Agriculture

Forest 

Service

Pacific Southwest 

Research Station

Research Note

PSW-RN-427

March

2016
2

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Introduction

The California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita) (fig. 1) is native 

to the South Fork Kern River and Golden Trout Creek (Behnke 1992), and most 

of its native range lies within the Golden Trout Wilderness (GTW) (fig. 2) in the 

Inyo National Forest in California. California golden trout (CGT) stream populations in the GTW are long lived and slow growing, and they exist at high 

densities because cattle grazing impacts lead to widened streams, resulting in 

increased spawning habitat (Knapp and Dudley 1990, Knapp and Matthews 

1996, Knapp et al. 1998). The CGT has been the subject of management interest 

because of its status as California’s state fish, its limited natural distribution, 

and several perceived threats to its viability, including introduction of nonnative 

brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss), as well as habitat 

degradation caused by livestock grazing. The CGT was the focus of a major 

restoration effort in the 1970s and 1980s (Pister 2008) to remove exotic trout 

throughout its native range. Although exotic trout have effectively been 

removed from native CGT habitat, several other stressors still imperil CGT 

populations, including degraded stream habitat. Several studies that described 

golden trout habitat preferences (Matthews 1996a, 1996b) concluded that adult 

trout prefer habitats (vegetated and undercut banks) that typically are reduced 

by cattle grazing (Knapp and Matthews 1996). Because of the concern of 

habitat degradation from cattle grazing, several allotments in the GTW were 

rested starting in 2000. 

Figure 1—California golden trout.

 K. Matthews
3

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

Mulkey 

Meadows

Big Whitney 

Meadow

Ramshaw

Meadows

Golden Trout Creek

Mulkey Creek

South Fork of the Kern River

Meadows

Trails connecting meadows

Water bodies of interest

0 2.25 4.5 9 13.5 18

Kilometers

Golden Trout Wilderness

Enlarged Area

 ̄

Golden Trout Wilderness Meadow Field Sites

Figure 2—Overview of the Golden Trout Wilderness field sites showing Mulkey Meadows. (Mulkey Creek), Ramshaw Meadows (South 

fork of the Kern River), and Big Whitney Meadow (Golden Trout Creek). 
4

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

One additional threat that has not been evaluated is the impact of climate 

warming, which could further stress CGT stream temperatures already near their 

maximum limit as CGT habitat. Salmonids are likely to face strong impacts from 

climate warming (IPCC 2007) because their streams are vulnerable to warming 

and they have a low tolerance for warm water. A recent report by Trout Unlimited 

projected that western trout populations could be reduced by more than 60 percent 

in some areas (Williams et al. 2007) because of climate change. The adverse 

impacts of livestock grazing to riparian habitat have been well described (Armour 

et al. 1991, Belsky et al. 1997, Kauffman and Krueger 1984, Platts 1991) and have 

many similar impacts to climate warming such as increased water temperatures 

and reduced flow (Beschta et al. 2013). Thus, the combination of cattle grazing and 

climate warming deserves further attention.

The objectives of this report are to describe specific placement information 

(global positioning system locations) for all of the temperature probes, to present the year-round water temperatures in three meadow streams of the GTW, 

and to provide shade, willow counts, dissolved oxygen (DO), and flow data. The 

information will be used to determine areas vulnerable to stream warming and 

also provide a baseline for future monitoring. The detailed information on precise 

probe location, depth, shade, and vegetation will enable future comparative studies 

of water temperatures. The information will also be referenced in subsequent peerreviewed publications.

Methods

This study was conducted in three large (5-to 7-km-long) montane meadows of the 

GTW in the Inyo National Forest of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: 

Mulkey Meadows (36° 24' 19" N, 118° 11' 42.14" W, 2838 m), Big Whitney Meadow 

(36° 26' 23" N, 118° 16' 11.66" W, 2963 m) and Ramshaw Meadows (36° 20' 53" N, 

118° 14' 52.62" W, 2640 m) (figs. 3 through 5). These meadows are part of the 

largest meadow complex in the Sierra Nevada and occur in depositional basins 

along the South Fork Kern River. Only Mulkey Meadows are currently grazed by 

cattle under regulation by the U.S. Forest Service. The meadows are generally 

covered with snow from November to May, and the summer growing season 

typically lasts from late May to August, depending on the timing of snowmelt. The 

meadows occur in a semiarid region where annual precipitation is 50 to 70 cm and 

most precipitation is in the form of snow (http://cdec.water.ca.gov). Because these 

meadow streams are in designated wilderness, travel (4 to 8 hours) by foot or 

packstock is required (no mechanized equipment is allowed). 
5

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

Figures 3—Map of Mulkey Meadows showing locations of temperature probes.
6

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 4—Map of Ramshaw Meadows showing locations of temperature probes.
7

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

Figure 5—Map of Big Whitney Meadow showing locations of temperature probes.
8

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

To determine the water temperatures in CGT streams in the GTW, I deployed 

temperature probes (Onset1 HOBO Water Temp Pro v2 ± 0.2 °C and tidbits ± 0.2 

°C) throughout the stream to include a typical range of conditions in the stream: 

areas degraded by cattle grazing (collapsed banks, little vegetation, shallow depth) 

and those in recovering areas, including exclosures with more vegetation and 

greater depth. The Pro v2 probes were placed in white thermoplastic elastomer 

boots to minimize solar radiation absorption and provide cushioning, and were 

attached with cable ties to 36 cm rebar pieces, then hammered into the stream 

substrate. Temperature probes were placed during 2008–2011: 32 probes in Mulkey 

Meadows, 22 in Big Whitney, and 31 in Ramshaw Meadows. Precise GPS coordinates, depth, and habitat characteristics (depth, vegetation, and, in Mulkey Meadows, whether it was inside or outside the cattle exclosure) were recorded (table 1). 

Most probes were Onset Pro v2; in Mulkey and Big Whitney meadows, tidbit 

probes were glued directly onto rocks (Isaak et al. 2013) to record temperatures in 

rocky runs, where it was not possible to place the rebar stakes in the stream bottom. 

Probes were relocated at least once each summer, and temperature data were 

downloaded. Because of the heavy sediment load in GTW streams, the probes were 

often buried under gravel and sand. To relocate the probes, I used GPS, detailed 

photographs of placement in streams, and sometimes a metal detector to find the 

attached rebar. Most probes were found under sediment at least once and as a result 

the maximum temperatures were likely lower when buried.

When each probe was downloaded, DO was measured with a portable YSI 55 

DO meter; in other locations, a deployable logger (U26-001) (+ 0.2 mg/L up to 8 

mg/L) that could be left in the stream for up to 6 months was used. The YSI meter 

was also used to periodically check accuracy of temperature probes. 

Shade was measured using a handheld solar input recording device (Solmetric Suneye 210) that standardizes measurements from a south-facing, level direction and digitally records information. The Suneye 210 measures solar radiation 

(1-solar radiation = shade) by considering characteristics of solar radiation 

such as latitude, solar azimuth, time of day, and season while integrating local 

features including channel aspect, topography, and streamside vegetation. All 

willows within 2 m of the bank were measured with a measuring rod. The height 

(centimeters) and the GPS location of each willow were also recorded. Water 

velocity/streamflow at each probe was measured in meters per second (m/s) at 

the beginning and at the end of the summer in 2011 using a Swoffer Model 3000 

Current Velocity Meter-Flowmeter. 

1 The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not 

imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.
9

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Table 1—List of all temperature probes locations (latitude, longitude), probe type (Pro v2 or Tidbit) probe number, serial number, vegetation type near probe, habitat type, elevation, inside or outside exclosure (Mulkey Meadows probes only), and depth Meadow Probe number Latitude Longitude Probe type Serial number Vegetation Habitat Elevation Exclosure Depth Meters Centimeters BigWhitney 1 36.43975 -118.269906 Pro v2 9778993 Sedge Riffle 2958 NA 15 BigWhitney 2 36.439344 -118.270019 Pro v2 9778987 None Run 2958 NA 14 BigWhitney 3 36.438586 -118.270406 Pro v2 9778998 Sedge Run 2957 NA 14 BigWhitney 4 36.438236 -118.270631 Pro v2 9779003 None Run 2956 NA 12 BigWhitney 5 36.438103 -118.270569 Pro v2 9778991 Sedge Undercut 2954 NA 23 BigWhitney 6 36.43745 -118.270706 Pro v2 9887953 Sedge Pool 2950 NA 48 BigWhitney 7 36.449708 -118.270989 Tidbit 9948090 None Pool 2950 NA 24 BigWhitney 8 36.449308 -118.271156 Tidbit 9448127 None Pool 2945 NA 28 BigWhitney 9 36.448478 -118.270978 Tidbit 9948089 None Pool 2945 NA 40 BigWhitney 10 36.447811 -118.271961 Tidbit 9948108 None Pool 2943 NA 15 BigWhitney 11 36.447294 -118.272078 Tidbit 9948064 None Run 2941 NA 30 BigWhitney 12 36.446342 -118.271883 Pro v2 9779000 Sedge Riffle 2940 NA 18 BigWhitney 13 36.445225 -118.272528 Pro v2 9778988 Sedge Pool 2940 NA 12 BigWhitney 14 36.444889 -118.272967 Pro v2 9779002 None Pool 2937 NA 26 BigWhitney 15 36.442978 -118.274922 Pro v2 9778997 None Riffle 2935 NA 14 BigWhitney 16 36.441628 -118.275158 Pro v2 9984787 Sedge Undercut 2935 NA 24 BigWhitney 17 36.440256 -118.274369 Pro v2 9778996 Sedge Run 2933 NA 24 BigWhitney 18 36.436881 -118.270606 Pro v2 9779001 None Run 2933 NA 32 BigWhitney 19 36.436247 -118.271064 Pro v2 9778995 Willow Run 2933 NA 38 BigWhitney 20 36.435317 -118.270700 Pro v2 9987856 Sedge Run 2933 NA 36 BigWhitney 21 36.434817 -118.270775 Pro v2 9778999 Sedge Riffle 2933 NA 12 BigWhitney 22 36.433997 -118.270442 Pro v2 9778994 Sedge Pool 2933 NA 44 Ramshaw 1 36.349256 -118.250425 Pro v2 9776542 Willow Pool 2640 NA 61 Ramshaw 2 36.349164 -118.250836 Pro v2 9793297 Sedge Run 2639 NA 31 Ramshaw 3 36.348936 -118.250544 Pro v2 9776556 Sedge Run 2639 NA 31 Ramshaw 4 36.348744 -118.250567 Pro v2 9793301 Sedge Pool 2637 NA 46 Ramshaw 5 36.348514 -118.250356 Pro v2 9776543 Sedge Run 2637 NA 31 Ramshaw 6 36.347769 -118.252167 Pro v2 9793307 Sedge Riffle 2637 NA 15 Ramshaw 7 36.350239 -118.252036 Pro v2 9793312 Sedge Pool 2637 NA 30
10

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Meadow Probe number Latitude Longitude Probe type Serial number Vegetation Habitat Elevation Exclosure Depth Meters Centimeters Ramshaw 8 36.350210 -118.252496 Pro v2 9793295 Sedge Pool 2637 NA 91 Ramshaw 9 36.350210 -118.253191 Pro v2 9984808 Sedge Run 2637 NA 46 Ramshaw 10 36.350109 -118.253191 Pro v2 9984791 Grass Run 2637 NA 10

Ramshaw 11 36.350350 -118.253811 Pro v2 9984805 Sedge Pool 2637 NA 25Ramshaw 12 36.350644 -118.253761 Pro v2 9793313 Sedge Run 2637 NA 22Ramshaw 13 36.350817 -118.253311 Pro v2 9987852 Willow Pool 2637 NA 29Ramshaw 14 36.351158 -118.253281 Pro v2 9793308 None Run 2636 NA 30Ramshaw 15 36.350858 -118.253883 Pro v2 9984793 None Run 2636 NA 29Ramshaw 16 36.351150 -118.253828 Pro v2 9793305 Sedge Run 2636 NA 35Ramshaw 17 36.351367 -118.254803 Pro v2 9793315 None Run 2636 NA 51Ramshaw 18 36.351331 -118.254781 Pro v2 9776550 Sedge Pool 2636 NA 45Ramshaw 19 36.351053 -118.255103 Pro v2 2011620 Sedge Run 2636 NA 88Ramshaw 20 36.350661 -118.255289 Pro v2 9984802 Willow Run 2636 NA 22Ramshaw 21 36.348028 -118.247950 Pro v2 9987855 Willow Run 2636 NA 45Ramshaw 22 36.348261 -118.248064 Pro v2 9984789 Sedge Pool 2636 NA 22Ramshaw 23 36.348336 -118.248556 Pro v2 9984796 None Pool 2636 NA 66Ramshaw 24 36.348156 -118.248644 Pro v2 9793306 Willow Run 2636 NA 110Ramshaw 25 36.347731 -118.248772 Pro v2 9793310 Grass Run 2636 NA 55Ramshaw 26 36.347242 -118.249072 Pro v2 9776552 Sedge Run 2636 NA 32Ramshaw 27 36.347106 -118.249589 Pro v2 9984788 None Pool 2632 NA 44Ramshaw 28 36.347297 -118.250090 Pro v2 9776549 Sedge Run 2632 NA 34Ramshaw 29 36.347080 -118.251455 Pro v2 9793302 Sedge Run 2632 NA 48Ramshaw 30 36.347512 -118.251612 Pro v2 9984795 Willow Pool 2632 NA 90Mulkey 1 36.404247 -118.198037 Pro v2 9793298 Sedge Pool 2839 Out 65Mulkey 2 36.404033 -118.199046 Pro v2 9984807 Sedge Pool 2839 Out 32Mulkey 3 36.404121 -118.199684 Pro v2 9984801 Sedge Run 2837 Out 34Mulkey 4 36.403758 -118.200183 Pro v2 2011610 Sedge Run 2839.7 Out 36Mulkey 5 36.403753 -118.200165 Pro v2 2011607 Sedge Pool 2839 Out 31Table 1—List of all temperature probes locations (latitude, longitude), probe type (Pro v2 or Tidbit) probe number, serial number, vegetation type near probe, habitat type, elevation, inside or outside exclosure (Mulkey Meadows probes only), and depth (continued)
11

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Meadow Probe number Latitude Longitude Probe type Serial number Vegetation Habitat Elevation Exclosure Depth Meters Centimeters Mulkey 6 36.403446 -118.200525 Pro v2 9984810 Sedge Pool 2835 Out 30 Mulkey 7 36.403179 -118.200522 Pro v2 2011605 Sedge Run 2835 Out 10 Mulkey 8 36.403163 -118.200594 Pro v2 2013134 None Pool 2835 Out 20 Mulkey 9 36.402412 -118.200866 Pro v2 9793296 Sedge Run 2835 In 45 Mulkey 10 36.402313 -118.201292 Pro v2 9987854 Willow Pool 2836 In 30 Mulkey 11 36.402667 -118.201682 Pro v2 9984792 Willow Run 2834 In 22 Mulkey 12 36.402419 -118.202259 Pro v2 9984798 Willow Pool 2833 In 65 Mulkey 13 36.402559 -118.202582 Pro v2 2011611 Sedge Pool 2833 In 36 Mulkey 14 36.401785 -118.204059 Pro v2 9984799 Willow Pool 2833 In 42 Mulkey 15 36.401851 -118.204429 Pro v2 9984790 Sedge Pool 2833 In 65 Mulkey 16 36.396686 -118.209168 Pro v2 9776540 Willow Pool 2833 In 20 Mulkey 17 36.396138 -118.20906 Pro v2 9793301 Willow Pool 2839 In 10 Mulkey 18 36.401331 -118.205531 Pro v2 9984804 Sedge Run 2839 In 14 Mulkey 19 36.399778 -118.207303 Pro v2 9984809 Willow Undercut 2838 In 20 Mulkey 20 36.398358 -118.208056 Pro v2 9984806 Willow Run 2838 In 20 Mulkey 21 36.405269 -118.195039 Pro v2 9987857 Willow Run 2839 Out 15 Mulkey 22 36.405222 -118.195352 Pro v2 9984797 Sedge Run 2838 Out 10 Mulkey 23 36.404848 -118.19577 Pro v2 9984800 Sedge Run 2838 Out 12 Mulkey 24 36.404645 -118.196413 Pro v2 9776547 Grass Run 2838 Out 25 Mulkey 25 36.404563 -118.197539 Pro v2 9984794 Sedge Run 2838 Out 20 Mulkey 26 36.403995 -118.19769 Pro v2 9776567 Sedge Run 2838 Out 10 Mulkey 27 36.404815 -118.195802 Tidbit 1 9948047 Sedge Pool 2839 Out 12 Mulkey 28 36.404815 -118.196098 Tidbit 2 9991116 Sedge Pool 2839 Out 24 Mulkey 29 36.401190 -118.20497 Tidbit 3 9991148 Grass Run 2839 Out 26 Mulkey 30 36.400150 118.20695 Tidbit 4 9948079 Sedge Run 2839 Out 25 Mulkey 31 36.397012 -118.208698 Tidbit 5 9948147 Willow Pool 2839 In 18 Table 1—List of all temperature probes locations (latitude, longitude), probe type (Pro v2 or Tidbit) probe number, serial number, vegetation type near probe, habitat type, elevation, inside or outside exclosure (Mulkey Meadows probes only), and depth (continued)
12

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Results

Temperature probes were successfully downloaded from 83 probes; 31 from 

Mulkey Meadows, 30 from Ramshaw Meadows, and 22 from Big Whitney Meadow 

(table 1). I originally deployed 90 probes, but five were never recovered and two 

were found out of the stream and damaged by animals (likely marmots or coyotes).

Year-round temperatures ranged from -0.1 to 26 °C in Mulkey and Ramshaw Meadows, whereas in Big Whitney Meadow maximum temperature did not exceed 21 °C (fig. 

6). Median year-round temperatures were highest in Mulkey and lowest in Big Whitney 

(fig. 6). Water temperatures were highest during summer weeks 27 through 34 (late 

June to mid September) (figs. 7 through 9). During the summer diel (24 hr), fluctuations 

sometimes ranged from + 16 °C as seen in a Mulkey Meadows probe (fig. 10). Temperatures were influenced by probe location: temperatures were most variable with +3 °C 

differences between individual probes in Mulkey Meadows, and +2.5 °C in Ramshaw 

Meadow. Temperatures were the least variable in Big Whitney Meadow at +1 °C (fig. 11).

Graphs of individual probe’s monthly maximum, minimum, and mean 

temperatures demonstrate the variability of temperatures amongst the 83 probes 

(figs. 12 through 14). Temperatures were highest from May through November 

and typically hovered near 0 °C during the winter. Big Whitney temperatures did 

not exceed 21.2 °C; Mulkey and Ramshaw temperatures reached 26 °C. I only 

retrieved 1 year of data from three probes in Ramshaw Meadows. 

Median DO ranged from 5.9 mg/L in Mulkey to 6.2 mg/L in Ramshaw Meadows in 2012 (fig. 15). The diel (24-hour) range of and water temperatures DO from 

August 2013 demonstrates the lag and decline of DO after the afternoon warmest 

temperature (fig. 16). In a typical 24-hour period, DO was lowest around midnight 

(2 mg/L) and highest in the afternoon (8 mg/L). The 24-hour recording DO probe in 

Mulkey Meadows from 7/12/2013 to 8/15/2013 found that oxygen levels plummeted 

to 0 mg/l during a week-long series of thunderstorms (fig. 17). Flow measurements 

were low in all meadows (fig. 18). Median flow (m/s) was below 0.4 m/s in all three 

meadows during the summer. Flow was highest in Big Whitney Meadow (median 

0.38 m/s) and lowest in Mulkey Meadows (median 0.07 m/s).

Solar radiation estimates were high (>90 percent) and shade estimates (opposite 

of solar radiation) were low (<10 percent) in all three meadows (fig. 19). Counts 

and measurements of willows inside and outside the exclosures found 13 times 

more willows (980 willow trees, for a river length of 1200 m) inside the exclosures 

compared to the area where cattle were present (75 willow trees, for a river length 

of 900 m). Willows in the exclosure were on average twice as high (0.92 ± 0.56 

m) compared to the willow outside of the exclosure (0.43 ± 0.29 m) (Welsch twosample t-test: t122.6 = 12.7, p < 0.001) (fig. 20).
13

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mulkey Meadows

Week of the year (summertime)

Tem

perature (°C)

Figure 7—Summer (weeks 23 through 38) median water temperatures (°C) for Mulkey Meadows.

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Meadow Year

Tem

perature (°C)

Tem

perature (°C)

25

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10

5

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25

20

15

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5

0

Mulkey Big Whitney Ramshaw

Figure 6—(A) Overall median water temperatures (°C) for Mulkey, Big Whitney, and Ramshaw Meadows; (B) annual median water 

temperatures for all meadows from 2008 to 2013. 
14

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

0

5

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15

20

25

Ramshaw Meadow

Week of the year (summertime)

Tem

perature (°C)

Figure 8—Summer (weeks 23 through 38) median water temperatures (degrees Celsius) for 

Ramshaw Meadows.

Big Whitney Meadows

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

0

5

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25

Week of the year (summertime)

Tem

perature (°C)

Figure 9—Summer (weeks 23 through 38) median water temperatures (degrees Celsius) for Big 

Whitney Meadow.
15

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

0

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0:021:022:023:024:025:026:027:028:029:02

10:0211:0212:0213:0214:0215:0216:0217:0218:0219:0220:0221:0222:0223:02

0:02

16 °C diel change

June 28, 2013, Mulkey Creek

Water temperature (°C)

Relative effect of the probes location

Big Whitney

Mulkey

Ramshaw

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

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Relative tem

perature effect (°

C)

Figure 10—Diel water temperature change in Mulkey Creek on June 28, 2013.

Figure 11—Relative water temperature differences between individual probes in the three streams.
16

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 12—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h).

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Max = 23.4 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

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Max = 24.17 °C

Min = −0.06 °C

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Max = 26.11 °C

Min = −0.116 °C

25201510

50

3025201510

50

3025201510

50

25201510

50

Max = 24.75 °C

Mulkey, Probe 1, 9793298 Mulkey, Probe 2, 9984807

Mulkey, Probe 4, 2011610 Mulkey, Probe 3, 9984801

Temperature (oC)

Temperature (oC)

Temperature (oC)

Temperature (oC)

A
17

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Max = 26.33 °C

Min = −0.171 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Max = 24.074oC

Min = −0.20 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

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Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

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Jul−09

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Sep−09

Oct−09

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Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

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Nov−10

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Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

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Sep−11

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Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Max = 24.82 °C

Min = −2.31 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Max = 24.75 °C

Min = −0.23 °C

3025201510

50

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50

3025201510

50

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

Mulkey, Probe 5, 2011607 Mulkey, Probe 6, 9984810

Mulkey, Probe 8, 2013134 Mulkey, Probe 7, 2011605

emperature (°C)T

emperature (°C)T

emperature (°C)T

emperature (°C)T

B
18

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h).

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Aug−08

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Jul−09

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Aug−10

Jul−11

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Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 9, 9793296

Max = 24.07 °C

Min = −0.116 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

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Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 10, 9987854

Max = 22.06 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 11, 9984792

Max = 24.24 °C

Min = −0.280 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 12, 9984798

Max = 25.23 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

emperature (°C) T emperature (°C) T

emperature (°C) T emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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25201510

50

25201510

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3025201510

50

C
19

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Sep−13

Oct−13

Nov−13

Dec−13

Jan−14

Feb−14

Mar−14

Apr−14

May−14

Jun−14

Jul−14

Aug−14

Mulkey, Probe 13, 2011611

Max = 25.11 °C

Min = −0.54 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 14, 9984799

Max = 24.68 °C

Min = −0.09 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 15, 9984790

Max = 24.70 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 16, 9776540

Max = 22.61 °C

Min = −0.06 °C

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

emperature (°C) T

emperature (°C) T emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

3025201510

50

25201510

50

D
20

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h).

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Aug−10

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 17, 9793303

Max = 22.49 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

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Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

Mulkey, Probe 18, 9984804

Max = 20.39 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

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Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 19, 9984809

Max = 20.89 °C

Min = −0.14 °C

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Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 20, 9984806

Max = 19.72 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

E
21

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Mulkey, Probe 95, 9987857

Max = 22.49 °C

Min = −0.14 °C

Monthly MaximumMonthly MeanMonthly Minimum

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Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Mulkey, Probe 96, 9974798

Max = 24.63 °C

Min = −0.14 °C

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Aug−10

Aug−11

Sep−11

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Jan−12

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Apr−12

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Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 97, 9984800

Max = 21.15 °C

Min = −0.09 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 98, 9776547

Max = 22.97oC

Min = −0.03 °C

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

F
22

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h).

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 99, 9984794

Max = 21.13 °C

Min = −0.06oC

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Probe 100, 9776567

Max = 25.36 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

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Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Tidbit.1, 9948047

Max = 24.90 °C

Min = −0.14 °C

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Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Mulkey, Tidbit 2, 9991116

Max = 20.87 °C

Min = −2.48 °C

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

G
23

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Mulkey, Tidbit 3, 9991148

Max = 22.47 °C

Min = 0.05 °C

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Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Mulkey, Tidbit 4, 9948079

Max = 21.58 °C

Min = −0.06 °C

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Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Mulkey, Tidbit 5, 9948147

Max = 20.82 °C

Min = −0.09 °C

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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-5

emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

3025201510

50

-5

H
24

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Ramshaw, Probe 1, 9776542

Max = 21.4 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 2, 9793297

Max = 21.5 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Ramshaw, Probe 3, 9776556

Max = 23.2 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Ramshaw, Probe 4, 9793301

Max = 21.4 °C

Min = −0.14 °C

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

A

Figure 13—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). 
25

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Ramshaw, Probe 5, 9776543

Max = 21.7 °C

Min = −0.14 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 6, 9793307

Max = 21.7 °C

Min = −1.96 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 7, 9793312

Max = 22.5oC

Min = −0.12 °C

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 8, 9793295

Max = 21.8 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

B
26

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). 

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Aug−08

Sep−08

Oct−08

Nov−08

Dec−08

Jan−09

Feb−09

Mar−09

Apr−09

May−09

Jul−09

Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Feb−10

Mar−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Ramshaw, Probe 9, 9984808

Max = 22.0 °C

Min = −0.09 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Ramshaw, Probe 10, 9984791

Max = 18.6 °C

Min = −0.09 °C

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Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Ramshaw, Probe 11, 9984805

Max = 15.1 °C

Min = 7.9 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 12, 9793313

Max = 17.1 °C

Min = −0.08 °C

3025201510

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-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

C
27

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 13, 9987852

Max = 19.7 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 14, 9793308

Max = 16.3 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

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Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Ramshaw, Probe 15, 9984793

Max = 16.7 °C

Min = 5.5 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 16, 9793305

Max = 22.3 °C

Min = −0.06 °C

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

50

-5

emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

D
28

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). 

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Ramshaw, Probe 17, 9793315

Max = 18.6 °C

Min = −0.1 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 18, 9776550

Max = 22.3 °C

Min = −0.1 °C

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Aug−09

Sep−09

Oct−09

Nov−09

Dec−09

Jan−10

Mar−10

Feb−10

Apr−10

May−10

Jun−10

Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 19, 2011620

Max = 21.0 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

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Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 20, 9984802

Max = 17.0 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

3025201510

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-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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emperature (°C) T

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emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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-5

emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

E
29

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 91, 9987855

Max = 23.4 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

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Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 92, 9984789

Max = 23.3 °C

Min = −0.1 °C

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Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 93, 9984796

Max = 17.5 °C

Min = −0.1 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

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Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 94, 9793306

Max = 22.4 °C

Min = −0.1 °C

3025201510

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emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

F
30

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). 

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

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Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 95, 9793306

Max = 16.9 °C

Min = −0.1oC

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 96, 9776552

Max = 18.4 °C

Min = −0.1 °C

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Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

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Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Ramshaw, Probe 97, 9984788

Max = 16.4 °C

Min = 0.5 °C

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Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Ramshaw, Probe 98, 9776549

Max = 17.82 °C

Min = −0.17 °C

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-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

G
31

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Ramshaw, Probe 99, 9793302

Max = 17.9 °C

Min = −0.1 °C

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Aug−10

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Ramshaw, Probe 100, 9984792

Max = 17.8 °C

Min = 5.2 °C

3025201510

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-5

emperature (°C) T

3025201510

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-5

emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

H
32

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

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Jul−10

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Oct−10

Nov−10

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Jan−11

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Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Big Whitney, Probe 1, 9778993

Max = 17.5 °C

Min = 2.4 °C

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Jul−10

Aug−10

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Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Big Whitney, Probe 2, 9778987

Max = 17.3 °C

Min = 1.04 °C

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Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

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Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 3, 9778998

Max = 20.15 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

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Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

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Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 4, 9779003

Max = 20.25 °C

Min = 0 °C

emperature (°C) T

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emperature (°C) T

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emperature (°C) T

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emperature (°C) T

201510

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Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

A

Figure 14—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f).
33

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

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Jan−11

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Jun−12

Jul−12

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Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 5, 9778991

Max = 20.29 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

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Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

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Jan−12

Feb−12

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Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 6, 9987853

Max = 21.2 °C

Min = 0.14 °C

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Aug−10

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Feb−13

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Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 8, 9778988

Max = 20.01 °C

Min = 0.3 °C

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Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 8, 9778988

Max = 20.01 °C

Min = 0.3 °C

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

B
34

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f).

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Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 9, 9779002

Max = 20.06 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

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Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 10, 9778997

Max = 18.53 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

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Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 11, 9984787

Max = 19.89 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

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Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 12, 9979886

Max = 19.89 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

C
35

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f). ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Jul−10

Aug−10

Sep−10

Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 13, 9779001

Max = 19.91 °C

Min = −0.12 °C

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Jul−10

Aug−10

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Oct−10

Nov−10

Dec−10

Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 14, 9778995

Max = 20.06 °C

Min = −0.03 °C

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Aug−10

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Jan−11

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Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 15, 9987856

Max = 19.89 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

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Jul−10

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Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

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Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 16, 9778999

Max = 17.75 °C

Min = 0.0 °C

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

D
36

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f).

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Jan−11

Feb−11

Mar−11

Apr−11

May−11

Jun−11

Jul−11

Aug−11

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Sep−12

Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Probe 17, 9778994

Max = 18.08oC

Min = −0.12 °C

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Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Big Whitney, Tidbit 1, 9948090

Max = 19.87 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

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Jun−12

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Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Big Whitney, Tidbit.2, 9948127

Max = 19.56 °C

Min = −0.06 °C

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Nov−12

Dec−12

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Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Big Whitney, Tidbit 3, 9948089

Max = 19.51 °C

Min = 0.02 °C

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

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emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

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Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

E
37

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Sep−11

Oct−11

Nov−11

Dec−11

Jan−12

Feb−12

Mar−12

Apr−12

May−12

Jun−12

Jul−12

Aug−12

Big Whitney, Tidbit 4, 9948108

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Oct−12

Nov−12

Dec−12

Jan−13

Feb−13

Mar−13

Apr−13

May−13

Jun−13

Jul−13

Aug−13

Big Whitney, Tidbit 5, 9948064

Max = 19.51 °C

Min = 0.05 °C

3025201510

50

emperature (°C) T

25201510

50

emperature (°C) T

Monthly maximumMonthly meanMonthly minimum

H

Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f).
38

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Big Whitney Mulkey Ramshaw

Dissol

ved 

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y

gen (m

g/L)

Meadow

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

Dissolved Oxygen Boxplots, 2012

Figure 15—Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) measurements in 2012 in all three meadows.
39

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

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Time

m(g/L)

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perature (°C) 

Dissolved oxygen

Water temperature

Figure 16—Diel measurements of dissolved oxygen and water temperature in Mulkey Meadows.
40

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

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Daily Maximum Dissolved Oxygen and Associated Temperature 

Temperature (°C)

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)

Figure 17—2013 32-day dissolved oxygen levels and temperatures in Mulkey Creek.

Late Summer: 9/6/2011–9/7/2011

Velocity (m/s) 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

Velocity (m/s) 0.8

0.6

0.4

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Big Whitney Mulkey Ramshaw Big Whitney Mulkey Ramshaw

Early Summer: 7/26/2011–8/15/2011

Meadow Meadow

Figure 18—Flow measurements (meters per second (m/s)) in Big Whitney, Mulkey, and Ramshaw Meadows in 2011.
41

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

Percentage Solar Radiation Boxplot, August 2012

Percentage solar radiation

Meadow

Big Whitney Mulkey Ramshaw

100

90

80

70

60

50

Figure 19—Shade/solar input measurements (percentage solar radiation) in 2012 in the three meadows.

Willow height [cm] Willow height [cm]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 100 200 300

Willow height distribution

Fre

quency

Density

100

80

60

40

20

0

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0

Inside exclosure

Outside exclosure

Inside exclosure

Outside exclosure

Figure 20—(A) Willows height (centimeters) distribution inside and outside the exclosure in Mulkey Meadows and (B) willow height 

density inside and outside the exclosure. 
42

RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427

Discussion

This is the first documentation of year-round water temperatures in GTW streams. 

Water temperatures from 2008 through 2013 indicate several vulnerabilities: water 

temperatures in some areas of the GTW are already at stressful levels (>26 °C) 

(Bjornn and Reiser 1991), and these areas will not be resilient to future increased 

warming. The natural conditions of Kern Plateau with wide open meadows 

combined with reduced streamside vegetation have reduced the capacity of these 

streams to remain cool, and future warming could result in lethal water temperatures. The higher abundance and height of willows inside the areas excluded to 

cattle should be explored as a possible way to restore and keep streams cooler.

California golden trout inhabit streams with temperatures at critical levels. 

Past research found rainbow trout in southern California streams at temperatures 

up to 28 °C, but trout sought out cool water seeps and did not use the warmer areas 

(Matthews and Berg 1997). In the GTW, CGT are extremely abundant throughout 

the stream (Knapp and Matthews 1996) and inhabit all parts (runs, pools, etc.) of 

the stream (Matthews 1996a, 1996b). Redband trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri, inhabit desert basin streams at mid-elevations (1600 to 1700 m) and may be 

found in water with temperatures as high as 29 °C (Rodnick et al. 2004, Zoellick 

1999). Redband trout are considered the most temperature-tolerant of the salmonids. However, Meyer et al. (2010) reported that redband trout were more abundant 

in areas of increased shade and temperatures between 10 to 16 °C and that they 

steadily declined as mean summer temperature exceeded 16 °C; higher temperatures may affect the condition and performance of the trout (Rodnick et al. 2004). 

Perhaps CGT are heat tolerant but little is known about their thermal preference. In 

the absence of this information, it would be prudent to promote activities that cool 

the streams. 

Climate models predict that water temperature will increase from 1 to 7 °C 

in the Sierra Nevada (Dettinger 2012, Null et al. 2013) and none of the streams 

currently has the resiliency to withstand these increased temperatures. Although 

temperatures in Golden Trout Creek (Big Whitney Meadow) were lower than those 

in Mulkey Creek and South Fork Kern (Ramshaw Meadows), Golden Trout Creek 

temperatures could reach stressful levels (>25 °C) when temperatures rise. Beschta 

et al. (2013) reported that climate warming has many impacts similar to those of 

overgrazing. They recommended that grazing on public lands, especially in wilderness areas, be eliminated to help meadow streams recover and become more resilient to climate-warming impacts. Because future climate warming could increase 

water temperatures to lethal levels, the current results emphasize the importance of 

continued monitoring and restoration activities that promote stream cooling. 
43

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness

Acknowledgments

The project was funded by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research 

Station, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and the Sierra Flyfishers. Julia 

Anderson helped with fieldwork and data management. Debbie Sharpton was 

instrumental in helping with fieldwork and recruiting field volunteers.

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