DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA

FOURTH DISTRICT

STATE OF FLORIDA,

Appellant,

v.

KIMBERLY D. FOSTER,

Appellee.

No. 4D21-135

[July 21, 2021]

Appeal from the County Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, 

Martin County; Kathleen H. Roberts, Judge; L.T. Case Nos. 

432020MM001135A and 432020AP000009.

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and MaryEllen M. 

Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, and Bruce H. 

Colton, State Attorney, and Marcus A. Johnson and Nirlaine Tallandier 

Smartt, Assistant State Attorneys, Fort Pierce, for appellant.

Louis G. Carres, West Palm Beach, and John Musca of Musca Law, 

Naples, for appellee.

DAMOORGIAN, J.

The State of Florida (“the State”) appeals the county court’s order

granting Kimberly D. Foster’s (“Defendant”) motion in limine, which 

excluded the State’s use of a recorded exit interview on the basis that

Defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy. For the reasons 

outlined below, we reverse.

By way of background, Defendant was working as a correctional officer 

at Florida’s Department of Corrections (“FDOC”) Martin Correctional 

Institution (“MCI”). In early 2019, Correctional Officer Sergeant Tyler 

Grinstead (“Grinstead”) went to MCI to submit his resignation. Defendant

and Major Nathan Pollock (“Pollock”) conducted Grinstead’s exit interview 

in the warden’s office, which is within MCI’s administration building. 

There are signs posted at MCI that cell phones are not permitted.
2

During the exit interview, Grinstead told Defendant and Pollock that he 

saw FDOC staff members using excessive force on three inmates during

three separate incidents. Unbeknownst to Defendant or Pollock, 

Grinstead recorded the exit interview in order to “protect himself and the 

reason why he quit.” After the exit interview, Defendant prepared an 

incident report which stated that Grinstead was “quitting due to inmates 

telling him that staff were mistreating them” and that Grinstead “did not 

witness any mistreatment by staff himself.” The incident report was 

entered into the Management Information Notification System (“MINS”) 

and reviewed by the Department of Corrections, Office of the Inspector 

General (“IG”).

The same day as the exit interview, Grinstead contacted the IG to report

that he had witnessed multiple incidents involving excessive use of force 

on inmates at MCI a few days prior. As a result, inspectors within the IG’s

office conducted a sworn interview with Defendant at MCI. Defendant

completed a “FDOC IG Oath and Perjury Warning Form DC1-850” which 

indicated it was an official investigation concerning allegations of physical 

abuse of members of MCI, and that any false statements would constitute 

the crime of perjury. Defendant signed the form and agreed to provide a

statement. In her statement, Defendant asserted she recognized the MINS 

report she prepared in early 2019; that Grinstead told her he was resigning 

because he heard from prisoners that other prisoners were being abused 

at MCI; that Grinstead did not tell her he witnessed any specific instances 

of inmate abuse; and that Grinstead could not supply any names of 

personnel involved in the alleged misconduct because he was new at MCI.

Defendant was ultimately arrested for perjury and providing a false 

official statement. Prior to trial, Defendant filed a motion to suppress1 the 

recorded exit interview, arguing her statements were oral communications, 

as defined in section 934.02, Florida Statutes (2019), obtained in violation 

of section 934.03, Florida Statutes (2019), and subject to statutory 

suppression under section 934.06, Florida Statutes (2019). The State 

countered that the recording fell outside the definition of 

“oral communications” provided in section 934.02 and thus Defendant

had no reasonable expectation of privacy in her oral statements because:

(1) the recorded conversation was documented by Defendant in MINS and 

became a public record; (2) all three attendees at the exit interview were 

employed by FDOC and were discussing the excessive use of force at MCI, 

a matter of public importance; and (3) the exit interview took place in the 

administration building at MCI, which is a public venue. After a hearing, 

————————————————————————————————————

1 The motion to suppress was treated as a motion in limine.
3

the court granted Defendant’s motion and excluded the use of the 

recording in the State’s case, concluding in part: 

There is a reasonable, subjective expectation of privacy that 

conversations made in a closed room outside of the hearing of 

anyone but the persons involved in the conversation, with 

rules established and enforced that prohibit a cell phone from 

being brought into the building, and thereby recording, a 

chance meeting between a resigned officer and his superiors.

The State thereafter moved for rehearing, which the court denied. 

On appeal, the State argues the court erred in finding Defendant had a 

reasonable expectation of privacy during the mandatory exit interview, as 

FDOC’s policy mandated that both the exit interview and its subject matter 

be documented; the subject matter involved matters of great public 

importance; the interview was witnessed by another FDOC employee; and 

the interview took place on government property. We agree.

Section 934.03, Florida Statutes (2019), prohibits the interception or 

recording of private oral communications in Florida. Section 934.02(2), 

Florida Statutes (2019), defines an “oral communication” as “any oral 

communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such 

communication is not subject to interception under circumstances 

justifying such expectation and does not mean any public oral 

communication uttered at a public meeting or any electronic 

communication.” Section 934.06, Florida Statutes (2019), prohibits the 

use of unlawfully intercepted oral communications as evidence, providing 

in pertinent part that “no part of the contents of such communication and 

no evidence derived therefrom may be received in evidence in any trial . . . 

if the disclosure of that information would be in violation of this chapter.”

Our supreme court has held that an oral communication is protected 

under section 934.03 if it satisfies a two-part test: “for an oral conversation 

to be protected under section 934.03 the speaker must have an actual 

subjective expectation of privacy, along with a societal recognition that the 

expectation is reasonable.” State v. Smith, 641 So. 2d 849, 852 (Fla. 1994). 

A person exhibits a subjective expectation of privacy only when “the 

individual has shown that ‘he seeks to preserve [something] as private.’” 

Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740 (1979) (alteration in original)

(quoting Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)). A party’s claim 

to a subjective expectation of privacy in a conversation can be rejected 

when there is no evidence the party “made any effort or otherwise took 
4

precautions to keep the conversation private.” Stevenson v. State, 667 So. 

2d 410, 412 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996).

The holding in McDonough v. Fernandez-Rundle, 862 F.3d 1314 

(11th Cir. 2017), is instructive. In that case, the Homestead Chief of Police 

invited McDonough, a member of the public, to discuss a series of 

complaints McDonough had lodged against a Homestead police officer. Id. 

at 1316. McDonough secretly recorded the meeting with the Chief, which 

took place in the Chief’s office and in the presence of McDonough’s friend 

and a Homestead Police Department Internal Affairs detective. Id. 

In concluding that McDonough had not violated section 934.03, the 

Eleventh Circuit noted that “the expectations of privacy needed to trigger 

application of the statute must be exhibited; in other words they must be 

‘shown externally’ or ‘demonstrated.’” Id. at 1319. The court held that 

section 934.02, which prohibits the recording of oral communications 

where a participant has an expectation of privacy, did not apply to the 

meeting, explaining: 

[T]here were at least four participants present: two members 

of the public, and two public officials also attended the 

meeting in the performance of their official duties. Moreover, 

the topic of their meeting was one of acute public interest: 

citizens discussing allegations of possible police misconduct 

with the chief of police. 

Id. at 1320. The court also noted that the content of the meeting would 

likely be subject to public record disclosure. Id.

Here, similar to that in McDonough, the parties did not demonstrate 

externally any sort of expectation that the meeting was private or 

confidential. Although Defendant argues on appeal that the reason for 

Grinstead’s resignation was unlawfully recorded without knowledge or 

consent, the record reflects that after the exit interview, Defendant herself 

documented Grinstead’s reason for resignation by preparing an incident 

report that was submitted to MINS for review by the IG’s office for a 

possible investigation. Also, all attendees at the exit interview were MCI 

employees, on MCI property, acting in furtherance of their public duties. 

Finally, the allegations of inmate abuse were a matter of public interest 

which Defendant documented and shared for the purpose of a possible 

investigation. 

Based on the location of the exit interview, the nature and purpose of 

the interview, the manner in which the communication was made, and the 

number of people present, we hold there was no subjective expectation of 
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privacy, and the recorded exit interview was not an “oral communication” 

as defined by section 934.02, Florida Statutes. See Dep’t of Agric. & 

Consumer Servs. v. Edwards, 654 So. 2d 628, 632–33 (Fla. 1st DCA 1995) 

(any subjective expectation of privacy was not reasonable where the 

recorded conversation was between three police officers during an office 

meeting about employment grievances, “because of the number of persons 

present when the statements were made, the place chosen for the 

interview, and the very nature of that interview”); McDonough, 862 F.3d at 

1320 (no reasonable expectation of privacy where “[a]ll the attendees were 

charged with knowledge that the content of their conversation could be 

subject to public records disclosure laws”); Smith, 442 U.S. at 743–44 

(“[A] person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he 

voluntarily turns over to third parties.”). 

Reversed and remanded.

GROSS and MAY, JJ., concur.

* * *

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.