<PAGE>


                                                                    Exhibit 3.1



                                     BYLAWS



                                       OF



                                   CYMER, INC.





                                       AS



                              AMENDED AND RESTATED



                             THROUGH AUGUST 24, 2000


<PAGE>


                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>

                                                                                                                    PAGE
                                                                                                                    ----
<S>                                                                                                                 <C>
Article 1 Corporate Offices...........................................................................................1

         1.1      Principal Office....................................................................................1
         1.2      Other Offices.......................................................................................1

Article 2 Stockholders' Meetings......................................................................................1


Article 3 Annual Meetings.............................................................................................1


Article 4 Special Meetings............................................................................................2


Article 5 Notice......................................................................................................2

         5.1      Notice of Stockholders'Meetings.....................................................................2
         5.2      Advance Notice of Stockholder Nominees..............................................................2
         5.3      Advance Notice of Stockholder Business..............................................................3

Article 6 Waiver; Consent; Ratification...............................................................................4

         6.1      Waiver of Notice....................................................................................4
         6.2      No Consent of Stockholders In Lieu of Meeting.......................................................4
         6.3      Ratification and Approval of Actions at Special Meetings............................................4

Article 7 Quorum of Stockholders......................................................................................5


Article 8 Proxy and Voting............................................................................................5


Article 9 Board of Directors..........................................................................................5


Article 10 Powers of Directors........................................................................................6


Article 11 Meetings and Consents......................................................................................6

         11.1     Meetings............................................................................................6
         11.2     Telephonic/Electronic Meetings......................................................................6
         11.3     Consent to Action...................................................................................7

Article 12 Quorum of Directors........................................................................................7


Article 13 Limitations of Power.......................................................................................7


Article 14 Committees.................................................................................................7

         14.1     Committees of Directors.............................................................................7
         14.2     Committee Minutes...................................................................................8
         14.3     Meetings and Action of Committees...................................................................8

</TABLE>


                                      -i-
<PAGE>

                                          TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                              CONTINUED


<TABLE>
                                                                                                                    Page
                                                                                                                    ----
<S>                                                                                                                 <C>
Article 15 Officers...................................................................................................9


Article 16 Eligibility of Officers....................................................................................9


Article 17 Additional Officers and Agents.............................................................................9


Article 18 Chief Executive Officer; President and Chief Operating Officer.............................................9


Article 19 Chief Financial Officer...................................................................................10


Article 20 Secretary.................................................................................................10


Article 21 Treasurer.................................................................................................10


Article 22 Resignations and Removals.................................................................................11


Article 23 Vacancies.................................................................................................11


Article 24 Certificates of Stock.....................................................................................11


Article 25 Transfer of Stock.........................................................................................12


Article 26 Indemnity.................................................................................................12

         26.1     Indemnification of Officers and Directors in Advance...............................................12
         26.2     Indemnification of Employees and Agents............................................................13
         26.3     Indemnity Not Exclusive............................................................................13
         26.4     Indemnification for Successful Defense.............................................................13
         26.5     Continuing Right to Indemnification................................................................14
         26.6     Insurance and Other Financial Arrangements.........................................................14

Article 27 Transfer Books and Record Dates...........................................................................14

         27.1     Record Date for Notice and Voting..................................................................14
         27.2     Record Date for Purposes Other Than Notice and Voting..............................................15

Article 28 Loss of Certificates......................................................................................15


Article 29 Corporate Authority.......................................................................................15

         29.1     Checks; Drafts; Evidences of Indebtedness..........................................................15
         29.2     Corporate Contracts and Instruments;  How Executed.................................................15

Article 30 Amendments................................................................................................16

</TABLE>


                                      -ii-
<PAGE>


                                     BYLAWS

                                       OF

                                  CYMER, INC.,

                              A NEVADA CORPORATION

                                   ARTICLE 1

                                CORPORATE OFFICES


         1.1      PRINCIPAL OFFICE

         The principal office of the corporation shall be located at 16275
Technology Drive, San Diego, California 92127, unless and until otherwise
decided by the Board of Directors, who may fix the location of the principal
office of the corporation at any place within or outside the State of Nevada. If
the principal office is located outside the State of Nevada and the corporation
has one or more business offices in the State of Nevada, then the board of
directors shall fix and designate a principal business office in the State of
Nevada.

         1.2      OTHER OFFICES

         The board of directors may at any time establish branch or subordinate
offices at any place or places where the corporation is qualified to do
business.

                                   ARTICLE 2

                             STOCKHOLDERS' MEETINGS

         All meetings of stockholders shall be held either at the principal
office of the corporation or at any other place within or without the State of
Nevada or the United States as the Board of Directors or any person authorized
to call such meeting or meetings may designate.

                                   ARTICLE 3

                                 ANNUAL MEETINGS

         The annual meeting of the stockholders of the corporation shall be held
on the first Friday of May in each year at 2:00 p.m., or at such other date and
time designated by the Board of Directors. In the event that such annual meeting
is omitted by oversight or otherwise on the date herein provided for, the
directors shall cause a meeting in lieu thereof to be held as soon thereafter as


<PAGE>


conveniently may be, and any business transacted or elections held at such
meeting shall be as valid as if transacted or held at the annual meeting. Such
subsequent meeting shall be called in the same manner as provided for the annual
stockholders' meeting.

                                    ARTICLE 4

                                SPECIAL MEETINGS

         Except as otherwise provided by law, special meetings of the
stockholders of this corporation shall be held whenever called by the president
or by a majority of the Board of Directors or whenever one or more stockholders
who are entitled to vote and who hold at least ten percent (10%) of the capital
stock issued and outstanding shall make written application therefor to the
secretary stating the time, place, and purpose of the meeting called for.

                                   ARTICLE 5

                                     NOTICE

         5.1      NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDERS' MEETINGS

         Notice of all stockholders' meetings stating the time and the place,
and the objects for which such meetings are called, shall be given by the
president or secretary or by any one or more stockholders entitled to call a
special meeting of the stockholders or any such other person or persons as the
Board may designate, by mail not less than ten (10), nor more than sixty (60)
days prior to the date of the meeting, to each stockholder of record at his or
her address as it appears on the stock books of the corporation, unless he or
she shall have filed with the secretary of the corporation a written request
that notice intended for him or her be mailed to some other address, in which
case it shall be mailed to the address designated in such request. The person
giving such notice shall make an affidavit in relation thereto.

         Any meeting of which all stockholders shall at any time waive or have
waived notice in writing shall be a legal meeting for the transaction of
business, notwithstanding that notice has not been given as hereinbefore
provided.

         5.2      ADVANCE NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDER NOMINEES

         Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors of the
corporation may be made at a meeting of stockholders by or at the discretion of
the Board of Directors or by any stockholder of the corporation entitled to vote
in the election of directors at the meeting who complies with the notice
procedures set forth in this Section. Such nominations, other than those made by
or at the direction of the Board of Directors, shall be made pursuant to timely
notice in writing to the secretary of the corporation. To be timely, a
stockholder's notice must be delivered to or mailed and received at the
principal executive offices of the corporation not less than forty-five (45)
days prior to the date on which the corporation first mailed proxy materials for
the prior years


<PAGE>


annual meeting; provided, however, that if the corporation's annual meeting of
stockholders occurs on a date more than thirty (30) days earlier or later than
the corporation's prior year's annual meeting, then the corporation's board of
directors shall determine a date a reasonable period prior to the corporation's
annual meeting of stockholders by which date the stockholder's notice must be
delivered and shall publicize such date in a filing pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or via press release. Such publication shall
occur at least ten (10) days prior to the deadline date for stockholder
nominations set by the Board of Directors. Such stockholder's notice shall set
forth (a) as to each person, if any, whom the stockholder proposes to nominate
for election or re-election as a director: (i) the name, age, business address
and residence address of such person, (ii) the principal occupation or
employment of such person, (iii) the class and number of shares of the
corporation which are beneficially owned by such person, (iv) any other
information relating to such person that is required by law to be disclosed in
solicitations of proxies for election of directors, and (v) such person's
written consent to being named as a nominee and to serving as a director if
elected; and (b) as to the stockholder giving the notice: (i) the name and
address, as they appear on the corporation's books, of such stockholder, and
(ii) the class and number of shares of the corporation which are beneficially
owned by such stockholder, and (iii) a description of all arrangements or
understandings between such stockholder and each nominee and any other person or
persons (naming such person or persons) relating to the nomination. At the
request of the Board of Directors any person nominated by the Board for election
as a director shall furnish to the secretary of the corporation that information
required to be set forth in the stockholder's notice of nomination which
pertains to the nominee. No person shall be eligible for election as a director
of the corporation unless nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth
in this Section. The chairman of the meeting shall, if the facts warrant,
determine and declare at the meeting that a nomination was not made in
accordance with the procedures prescribed by these Bylaws, and if he or she
should so determine, he or she shall so declare at the meeting and the defective
nomination shall be disregarded.

         5.3      ADVANCE NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDER BUSINESS

         At the annual meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be
conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. To be properly
brought before an annual meeting, business must be: (a) as specified in the
notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of
the Board of Directors, (b) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by or
at the direction of the Board of Directors, or (c) otherwise properly brought
before the meeting by a stockholder. Business to be brought before an annual
meeting by a stockholder shall not be considered properly brought if the
stockholder has not given timely notice thereof in writing to the secretary of
the corporation. To be timely, a stockholder's notice must be delivered to or
mailed and received at the principal executive offices of the corporation not
less than forty-five (45) days prior to the date on which the corporation first
mailed proxy materials for the prior year's annual meeting; provided, however,
that if the corporation's annual meeting of stockholders occurs on a date more
than thirty (30) days earlier or later than the corporation's prior year's
annual meeting, then the corporation's board of directors shall determine a date
a reasonable period prior to the corporation's annual meeting of stockholders by
which date the stockholder's notice must be delivered and shall


<PAGE>


publicize such date in a filing pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended, or via press release. Such publication shall occur at least ten (10)
days prior to the deadline date for stockholder nominations set by the Board of
Directors. A stockholder's notice to the secretary shall set forth as to each
matter the stockholder proposes to bring before the annual meeting: (i) a brief
description of the business desired to be brought before the annual meeting and
the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting, (ii) the name
and address of the stockholder proposing such business, (iii) the class and
number of shares of the corporation, which are beneficially owned by the
stockholder, (iv) any material interest of the stockholder in such business, and
(v) any other information that is required by law to be provided by the
stockholder in his or her capacity as a proponent of a stockholder proposal.
Notwithstanding anything in these Bylaws to the contrary, no business shall be
conducted at any annual meeting except in accordance with the procedures set
forth in this Section. The chairman of the annual meeting shall, if the facts
warrant, determine and declare at the meeting that business was not properly
brought before the meeting and in accordance with the provisions of this
Section, and, if he or she should so determine, he or she shall so declare at
the meeting that any such business not properly brought before the meeting shall
not be transacted.

                                   ARTICLE 6

                         WAIVER; CONSENT; RATIFICATION

         6.1      WAIVER OF NOTICE

         Whenever any notice whatsoever is required to be given by these Bylaws,
or the Articles of Incorporation of this corporation, or any of the corporation
laws of the State of Nevada, a waiver thereof in writing, signed by the person
or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time stated
therein, shall be deemed equivalent thereto.

         6.2      NO CONSENT OF STOCKHOLDERS IN LIEU OF MEETING

         No action which may be taken by the vote of stockholders at a meeting
may be taken without a meeting by the written consent of stockholders.

         6.3      RATIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF ACTIONS AT SPECIAL MEETINGS

         Whenever all persons entitled to vote at any meeting, whether of
directors or stockholders, consent, either by a writing on the record of the
meeting or filed with the secretary, or presence at such meeting and oral
consent entered on the minutes, or taking part in the deliberations at such
meeting without objection, the doings of such meeting shall be valid as if such
meeting was regularly called and noticed. At such meeting any business may be
transacted which is not excepted from the written consent or to the
consideration of which no objection for want of notice is made at the time.

         If any meeting be irregular for want of notice or of consent, provided
a quorum was present at such meeting, the proceedings of the meeting may be
ratified and approved and rendered likewise


<PAGE>


valid and the irregularity or defect therein waived by a writing signed by all
parties having the right to vote at such meeting. Such consent or approval of
stockholders or creditors may be by proxy or attorney, but all such proxies and
powers of attorney must be in writing.

                                   ARTICLE 7

                             QUORUM OF STOCKHOLDERS

         Except as hereinafter provided or otherwise provided by the Articles of
Incorporation or by law, at any meeting of the stockholders, the holders of a
majority of the stock issued, outstanding and entitled to vote thereat,
represented by stockholders in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum.
When a quorum is present at any meeting, a majority vote of the shares present
shall decide any question brought before such meeting, unless the question is
one upon which by express provision of law or of the Articles of Incorporation
or of these bylaws a larger or different vote is required, in which case such
express provision shall govern and control the decision of such question.

                                   ARTICLE 8

                                PROXY AND VOTING

         Stockholders of record may vote at any meeting either in person or by
proxy or proxies appointed by a signed and executed instrument in writing, or by
telegram, cablegram, or other means of electronic transmission or copy thereof,
provided that the validity of such transmission can be determined by reference
to information set forth thereon. Such instrument or transmission shall be filed
with the secretary of the meeting before being voted. In the event that any such
instrument or transmission shall designate two or more persons to act as
proxies, a majority of such persons present at the meeting, or, if only one
shall be present, then that one, shall have and may exercise all of the powers
conferred by such instrument or transmission upon all of the persons so
designated unless such instrument or transmission shall otherwise provide.

         No proxy shall be valid after the expiration of six (6) months from the
date of its execution unless coupled with an interest, or unless the person
executing it specifies therein the length of time for which it is to continue in
force, which in no case shall exceed seven (7) years from the date of its
execution. Subject to the above, any proxy duly executed is not revoked and
continues in full force and effect until an instrument revoking it or a duly
executed proxy bearing a later date is filed with the secretary of the
corporation.

                                   ARTICLE 9

                               BOARD OF DIRECTORS

         The Board of Directors shall be chosen by ballot at the annual meeting
of the stockholders or at any meeting held in place thereof as provided by law.
The authorized number of directors of this


<PAGE>


corporation shall be six (6). Subject to any limitation set forth in the
provisions of the Articles of Incorporation, the Board of Directors may, by
resolution adopted, increase or decrease the number of the directors of this
corporation, provided that no such reduction of the authorized number of
directors shall have the effect of removing any director before that director's
term of office expires.

         Each director shall serve until the next annual meeting of the
stockholders and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified.
Directors need not be stockholders in the corporation. Directors shall be over
the age of eighteen (18).

                                   ARTICLE 10

                               POWERS OF DIRECTORS

         In the management and control of the property, business, and affairs of
the corporation, the Board of Directors is hereby vested with all the powers
possessed by the corporation itself, so far as this delegation of authority is
not inconsistent with the Nevada General Corporation Law, with the Articles of
Incorporation of the corporation, or with these Bylaws. The Board of Directors
may fix the compensation of directors for services in any capacity.

                                   ARTICLE 11

                              MEETINGS AND CONSENTS

         11.1     MEETINGS

         Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held at such places
and at such times as the Board by vote may determine, and if so determined no
notice thereof need be given. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be
held at any time or place, whenever called by the president, a vice-president,
the treasurer, the secretary, an assistant secretary or two directors, notice
thereof being given to each director by the secretary or an assistant secretary
or an officer calling the meeting, or at any time without formal notice provided
all the directors are present or those not present shall waive or have waived
notice thereof. Notice of special meetings, stating the time and place thereof,
shall be given by mailing the same to each director at his or her residence or
business address at least four (4) days before the meeting, or by delivering the
same to him or her personally or telegraphing the same to him or her at his or
her residence or business address not later than forty-eight (48) hours before
the time at which the meeting is to be held, unless, in case of emergency, the
chairman of the Board of Directors or the president shall prescribe a shorter
notice to be given personally or by telegraphing each director at his or her
residence or business address.

         11.2     TELEPHONIC/ELECTRONIC MEETINGS

         Members of the Board of Directors or the governing body of the
corporation, or of any committee designated by such Board or body, may
participate in a meeting of such Board, body, or committee by means of a
conference telephone network, or a similar communications method by


<PAGE>


which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other.
Participation in a meeting pursuant to this subsection constitutes presence in
person at such meeting.

         11.3     CONSENT TO ACTION

         Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the
Board, body or committee may be taken without a meeting if, before or after such
action, a written consent thereto is signed by all members of the Board, body,
or committee. Such written consent shall be filed with the minutes of the
proceedings of the Board, body, or committee.

                                   ARTICLE 12

                               QUORUM OF DIRECTORS

         Unless the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws provide for a
different proportion, a majority of members of the Board of Directors of the
corporation, at a meeting duly assembled, shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business. When a quorum is present at any meeting, the act of
directors holding a majority of the voting power of the directors present shall
be the act of the Board of Directors.

                                   ARTICLE 13

                              LIMITATIONS OF POWER

         The enumeration of the powers and duties of the directors in these
Bylaws shall not be construed to exclude all or any powers and duties, except
insofar as the same are expressly prohibited or restricted by the provisions of
these Bylaws or the Articles of Incorporation. The directors may exercise all
other powers and perform all such duties as may be granted by the Nevada General
Corporation Law and as do not conflict with the provisions of these Bylaws or
the Articles of Incorporation.

                                   ARTICLE 14

                                   COMMITTEES

         14.1     COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS

         The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the
whole Board, designate one or more committees, and each committee shall have as
a member at least one (1) director and such other natural persons as the Board
of Directors may select. The Board may designate one or more directors as
alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified
member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a
member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and
not disqualified from voting, whether or not he, she or they constitute a
quorum, may unanimously appoint another


<PAGE>


member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such
absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the
resolution of the Board of Directors or in these Bylaws of the corporation,
shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of
Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the corporation, and
may authorize the seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers that may
require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to (i) amend
the Articles of Incorporation (except that a committee may, to the extent
authorized in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of shares
of stock adopted by the Board of Directors as provided in Section 78.195 of the
Nevada General Corporation Law, fix the designations and any of the preferences
or rights of such shares relating to dividends, redemption, dissolution, any
distribution of assets of the corporation or the conversion into, or the
exchange of such shares for, shares of any other class or classes or any other
series of the same or any other class or classes of stock of the corporation or
fix the number of shares of any series of stock or authorize the increase or
decrease of the shares of any series), (ii) adopt an agreement or plan of
merger, consolidation or share exchange under the Nevada General Corporation
Law, (iii) recommend to the stockholders the sale, lease or exchange of all or
substantially all of the corporation's property and assets, (iv) recommend to
the stockholders a dissolution of the corporation or a revocation of a
dissolution, or (v) amend the Bylaws of the corporation; and, unless the Board
resolution establishing the committee, the Bylaws or the Articles of
Incorporation expressly so provide, no such committee shall have the power or
authority to declare a dividend, or to authorize the issuance of stock.

         14.2     COMMITTEE MINUTES

         Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report
the same to the Board of Directors when required.

         14.3     MEETINGS AND ACTION OF COMMITTEES

         Meetings and actions of committees shall be governed by, and held and
taken in accordance with, the provisions of these Bylaws applicable to the full
Board of Directors, with such changes in the context of those Bylaws as are
necessary to substitute the committee and its members for the Board of Directors
and its members; provided, however, that (i) the time of regular meetings of
committees may be determined either by resolution of the Board of Directors or
by resolution of the committee, and (ii) special meetings of committees may also
be called by resolution of the Board of Directors and that notice of special
meetings of committees shall also be given to all alternate members, who shall
have the right to attend all meetings of the committee. The Board of Directors
may adopt rules not inconsistent with the provisions of these Bylaws for the
government of any committee.


<PAGE>


                                   ARTICLE 15

                                    OFFICERS

         The officers of this corporation shall include, without limitation, a
president, a secretary, and a treasurer. The Board of Directors, in its
discretion, may elect a chairman of the Board of Directors, who, when present,
shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors, and who shall have such
other powers as the Board shall prescribe.

         The officers of the corporation shall be elected by the Board of
Directors after its election by the stockholders, and a meeting may be held
without notice for this purpose immediately after the annual meeting of the
stockholders and at the same place. Any person may hold two or more offices at
once.

                                   ARTICLE 16

                             ELIGIBILITY OF OFFICERS

         The chairman of the Board of Directors need not be a stockholder. The
president, secretary, treasurer, and such other officers as may be elected or
appointed need not be stockholders or directors of the corporation. Any person
may hold more than one office, provided the duties thereof can be consistently
performed by the same person.

                                   ARTICLE 17

                         ADDITIONAL OFFICERS AND AGENTS

         The Board of Directors, at its discretion, may appoint one or more vice
presidents, assistant secretaries, assistant treasurers, and such other officers
or agents as it may deem advisable, and prescribe the duties thereof.

                                   ARTICLE 18

         CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER; PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER

         The chief executive officer shall be the senior executive of the
corporation and, when present, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders
and, unless a chairman of the Board of Directors has been elected and is
present, shall preside at meetings of the Board of Directors. The president and
chief operating officer, if there be one, shall report to the chief executive
officer and shall have such duties as may be assigned by the chief executive
officer or by the Board of Directors. The chief executive officer or the
president and chief operating officer and any other persons authorized by the
Board of Directors, shall sign all certificates of stock, bonds, deeds,
mortgages, extension agreements, modification of mortgage agreements, leases and
contracts of the corporation. The chief


<PAGE>


executive officer and the president and chief operating officer shall perform
all of the duties commonly incident to his or her office and shall perform such
other duties as the Board of Directors shall designate.

                                   ARTICLE 19

                            CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

         The chief financial officer shall keep and maintain, or cause to be
kept and maintained, adequate and correct books and records of accounts of the
properties and business transactions of the corporation, including accounts of
its assets, liabilities, receipts, disbursements, gains, losses, capital,
retained earnings, and shares. He or she shall perform all of the duties
commonly incident to his or her office and such other duties as the Board of
Directors shall designate. The books of account shall at all reasonable times be
open to inspection by any director.

                                   ARTICLE 20

                                   SECRETARY

         The secretary shall keep accurate minutes of all meetings of the
stockholders and the Board of Directors, and shall perform all the duties
commonly incident to his or her office, and shall perform such other duties and
have such other powers as the Board of Directors shall designate. The secretary
shall have power, together with the president, to sign certificates of stock of
the corporation. In his or her absence at the meeting an assistant secretary or
a secretary pro tempore shall perform his or her duties.

                                   ARTICLE 21

                                   TREASURER

         The treasurer, subject to the order of the Board of Directors, shall
have the care and custody of the money, funds, valuable papers, and documents of
the corporation (other than his or her own bond, if any, which shall be in the
custody of the president), and shall have and exercise, under the supervision of
the Board of Directors, all the powers and duties commonly incident to his or
her office, and shall give bond in such form and with such sureties as shall be
required by the Board of Directors. He or she shall deposit all funds of the
corporation in such bank or banks, trust company or trust companies, or with
such firm or firms, doing a banking business, as the directors shall designate.
He or she may endorse for deposit or collection all checks and notes payable to
the corporation or to its order, may accept drafts on behalf of the corporation,
and together with the president may sign certificates of stock. He or she shall
keep accurate books of account of the corporation's transactions which shall be
the property of the corporation, and, together with all property in his or her
possession, shall be subject at all times to the inspection and control of the
Board of Directors.

<PAGE>

         All checks, drafts, notes, or other obligations for the payment of
money shall be signed by such officer or officers or agent or agents as the
Board of Directors shall by general or special resolution direct. The Board of
Directors may also in its discretion require, by general or special resolutions,
that checks, drafts, notes, and other obligations for the payment of money shall
be countersigned or registered as a condition to their validity by such officer
or officers or agent or agents as shall be directed in such resolution.

                                   ARTICLE 22

                            RESIGNATIONS AND REMOVALS

         Any director or officer of the corporation may resign at any time by
giving written notice to the corporation, to the Board of Directors, or to the
chairman of the Board, or to the president, or to the secretary of the
corporation. Any such resignation shall take effect at the time specified
therein, or, if the time be not specified therein, upon its acceptance by the
Board of Directors.

         Any director may be removed from office by the vote of stockholders
representing not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the issued and outstanding
capital stock entitled to voting power.

                                   ARTICLE 23

                                    VACANCIES

         Vacancies in the Board of Directors, including those caused by an
increase in the number of directors, may be filled by a majority of the
remaining directors, though less than a quorum. Vacancies in the Board of
Directors may be filled for the unexpired term by the stockholders at a meeting
called for that purpose, unless such vacancy shall have been filled by the
directors. Vacancies resulting from an increase in the number of directors may
be filled in the same manner.

                                   ARTICLE 24

                              CERTIFICATES OF STOCK

         Every stockholder shall be entitled to a certificate or certificates of
the capital stock of the corporation in such form as may be prescribed by the
Board of Directors, duly numbered and sealed with the corporate seal of the
corporation and setting forth the number and kind of shares. Such certificates
shall be signed by the president and by the treasurer or an assistant treasurer
or the secretary or an assistant secretary.


<PAGE>


                                   ARTICLE 25

                                TRANSFER OF STOCK

         Unless further limited by the Articles of Incorporation, shares of
stock may be transferred by delivery of the certificate accompanied either by an
assignment in writing on the back of the certificate or by a written power of
attorney to sell, assign, and transfer the same on the books of the corporation,
signed by the person appearing by the certificate to be the owner of the shares
represented thereby, together with all necessary federal and state transfer tax
stamps affixed and shall be transferable on the books of the corporation upon
surrender thereof so assigned or endorsed. The person registered on the books of
the corporation as the owner of any shares of stock shall be entitled to all the
rights of ownership with respect to such shares. It shall be the duty of every
stockholder to notify the corporation of his or her post office address.

                                   ARTICLE 26

                                    INDEMNITY

         26.1     INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS IN ADVANCE

         The corporation shall, to the maximum extent and in the manner
permitted by Section 78.751 of the Nevada General Corporation Law, indemnify
each of its directors and officers against expenses, including attorneys' fees,
judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred
in connection with any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or
proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, except an
action by or in the right of the corporation. For purposes of this Article, an
"officer" or "director" of the corporation includes any person (i) who is or was
a director or officer of the corporation, (ii) is or was serving at the request
of the corporation as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership,
joint venture, trust or other enterprise, or (iii) was a director or officer of
a corporation which was a predecessor corporation of the corporation or of
another enterprise at the request of such predecessor corporation.

         The corporation shall, to the maximum extent permitted by Section
78.751 of the Nevada General Corporation Law, indemnify any person who was or is
a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or
completed action or suit by or in the right of the corporation to procure a
judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that he is or was a director or
officer of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the
corporation as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise, or was a director or officer of a
corporation which was a predecessor corporation of the corporation or of another
enterprise at the request of such predecessor corporation against expenses,
including amounts paid in settlement and attorneys' fees.


<PAGE>


         The corporation shall pay the expenses of officers and directors
incurred in defending a civil or criminal action, suit or proceeding as they are
incurred and in advance of the final disposition of the action, suit or
proceeding, upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the director or
officer to repay the amount if it is ultimately determined by a court of
competent jurisdiction that he or she is not entitled to be indemnified by the
corporation.

         26.2     INDEMNIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND AGENTS

         The corporation shall have the power, to the maximum extent and in the
manner permitted by Section 78.751 of the Nevada General Corporation Law, to
indemnify each of its employees and agents against expenses, including
attorneys' fees, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and
reasonably incurred in connection with any threatened, pending or completed
action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative, except an action by or in the right of the corporation. For
purposes of this Article, an "employee" or "agent" of the corporation includes
any person (i) who is or was an employee or agent of the corporation, (ii) is or
was serving at the request of the corporation as an employee or agent of another
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, or (iii) was
an employee or agent of a corporation which was a predecessor corporation of the
corporation or of another enterprise at the request of such predecessor
corporation.

         The corporation shall have the power, to the maximum extent and in the
manner permitted by Section 78.751 of the Nevada General Corporation Law, to
indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party
to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the
corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that he is
or was an employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the
request of the corporation as an employee or agent of another corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, or was an employee or
agent of a corporation which was a predecessor corporation of the corporation or
of another enterprise at the request of such predecessor corporation against
expenses, including amounts paid in settlement and attorneys' fees.

         26.3     INDEMNITY NOT EXCLUSIVE

         The indemnification provided by this Article shall not be deemed
exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be
entitled under the Articles of Incorporation, any Bylaw, agreement, vote of
stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in an
official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such
office.

         26.4     INDEMNIFICATION FOR SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE

         To the extent that a director, officer, employee or agent of the
corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any
action, suit or proceeding referred to in subsections 1 and 2 of Section 78.751
of the Nevada General Corporation Law, or in defense of any claim, issue or
matter therein, he or she must be indemnified by the corporation against
expenses,


<PAGE>


including attorneys' fees, actually and reasonably incurred by him or her in
connection with the defense.

         26.5 CONTINUING RIGHT TO INDEMNIFICATION

         The indemnification and advancement of expenses authorized in or
ordered by a court pursuant to Section 78.751 of the Nevada General Corporation
Law continues for a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or
agent and inures to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of
such a person.

         26.6     INSURANCE AND OTHER FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

         The corporation shall have the power, to the maximum extent and in the
manner permitted by Section 78.752 of the Nevada General Corporation Law, to
purchase and maintain insurance or make other financial arrangements on behalf
of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the
corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise, or was a director, officer, employee or
agent of a corporation which was a predecessor corporation of the corporation or
of another enterprise at the request of such predecessor corporation for any
liability asserted against him and liability and expenses incurred by him in his
capacity as a director, officer, employee or agent, or arising out of his status
as such, whether or not the corporation has the authority to indemnify him
against such liability and expenses.

                                   ARTICLE 27

                         TRANSFER BOOKS AND RECORD DATES

         27.1     RECORD DATE FOR NOTICE AND VOTING

         The Board of Directors may prescribe a period not exceeding sixty (60)
days before any meeting of the stockholders during which no transfer of stock on
the books of the corporation may be made, or may fix a day not more than sixty
(60) days before the holding of any such meeting as the day as of which
stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at such meetings must be
determined. Only stockholders of record on that day are entitled to notice or to
vote at such meeting.

         If the Board of Directors does not so fix a record date:

                  (1) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to
notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of
business on the business day next preceding the day on which notice is given or,
if notice is waived, at the close of business on the business day next preceding
the day on which the meeting is held; and

                  (2) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to
give consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, (i) when no prior
action by the board has been taken,


<PAGE>


shall be the day on which the first written consent is given, or (ii) when prior
action by the board has been taken, shall be at the close of business on the day
on which the board adopts the resolution relating to that action, or the
sixtieth (60th) day before the date of such other action, whichever is later.

         27.2     RECORD DATE FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN NOTICE AND VOTING

         For purposes of determining the stockholders entitled to receive
payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or the
stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any other lawful
action (other than action by stockholders by written consent without a meeting),
the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall not be
more than sixty (60) days before any such action. In that case, only
stockholders of record at the close of business on the date so fixed are
entitled to receive the dividend, distribution or allotment of rights, or to
exercise such rights, as the case may be, notwithstanding any transfer of any
shares on the books of the corporation after the record date so fixed, except as
otherwise provided in the Nevada General Corporation Law. If the Board of
Directors does not so fix a record date, then the record date for determining
stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day
on which the board adopts the applicable resolution or the sixtieth (60th) day
before the date of that action, whichever is later.

                                   ARTICLE 28

                              LOSS OF CERTIFICATES

         In case of loss, mutilation, or destruction of a certificate of stock,
a duplicate certificate may be issued upon such terms as the Board of Directors
shall prescribe.

                                   ARTICLE 29

                               CORPORATE AUTHORITY

         29.1     CHECKS; DRAFTS; EVIDENCES OF INDEBTEDNESS

         From time to time, the board of directors shall determine by resolution
which person or persons may sign or endorse all checks, drafts, other orders for
payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness that are issued in
the name of or payable to the corporation, and only the persons so authorized
shall sign or endorse those instruments.

         29.2     CORPORATE CONTRACTS AND INSTRUMENTS; HOW EXECUTED

         The board of directors, except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws,
may authorize any officer or officers, or agent or agents, to enter into any
contract or execute any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the
corporation; such authority may be general or confined to specific instances.
Unless so authorized or ratified by the board of directors or within the agency
power of an


<PAGE>


officer, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or authority to bind
the corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to
render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.

                                   ARTICLE 30

                                   AMENDMENTS

         The Bylaws of the corporation, regardless of whether made by the
stockholders or by the Board of Directors, may be amended, added to, or repealed
by the stockholders of the issued and outstanding capital stock of this
corporation, at any meeting of the stockholders, provided notice of the proposed
change is given in the notice of meeting, or notice thereof is waived in
writing.

         Subject to the Bylaws, if any, adopted by the stockholders of the
issued and outstanding capital stock of this corporation, the Board of Directors
may amend, add to, or repeal the Bylaws of the corporation.