COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Petty, O’Brien and AtLee 

Argued at Lexington, Virginia 

JOHNNIE ALPHONZO GARLAND 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION

 BY 

v. Record No. 1711-14-3 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY 

 APRIL 19, 2016 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY 

Stacey W. Moreau, Judge 

 Matthew L. Pack (M. Pack Law, PLLC, on brief), for appellant. 

 Elizabeth C. Kiernan, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Johnnie Alphonzo Garland was indicted for possession with intent to distribute cocaine 

and possession with intent to distribute marijuana. A jury convicted Garland of possession of 

cocaine in violation of Code § 18.2-2501

 and possession with intent to distribute marijuana in 

violation of Code § 18.2-248.1(a)(2). On appeal, Garland challenges his conviction for 

possession of cocaine. Garland argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not granting 

his motion to set aside the verdict because the jury convicted him of a lesser-included offense, 

possession of cocaine, even though the jury instructions did not include an instruction on the 

lesser-included offense. For the following reason, we affirm Garland’s conviction. 

 

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 While the final order entered on September 3, 2014 correctly describes the conviction 

offense as possession of cocaine, it incorrectly refers to Code § 18.2-248. Accordingly, we 

remand this case to the trial court for the sole purpose of correcting the final order to show that 

the conviction offense was in violation of Code § 18.2-250. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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I. 

Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this 

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite only those facts and incidents of 

the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal. 

“‘On appeal, “we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, 

granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.”’” Becker v. Commonwealth, 

64 Va. App. 481, 486, 769 S.E.2d 683, 685 (2015) (quoting Archer v. Commonwealth, 26 

Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997)). 

Garland was charged with possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and possession 

of marijuana with intent to distribute. He was tried by jury on July 15, 2015. After the 

presentation of the evidence, both parties met with the trial court off the record to discuss jury 

instructions. Upon returning to the courtroom, Garland noted his objection only to instruction 

number nine, regarding flight. The objection was overruled, and no other objections to the jury 

instructions were raised. 

For the possession with intent to distribute cocaine charge, the verdict form provided to 

the jury listed three options for the verdict: guilty of possession with intent to distribute, guilty 

of possession, or not guilty. 

The trial court read the jury instructions, and after closing arguments the jury retired to 

deliberate. The jury returned to the courtroom, and the deputy clerk read the verdict aloud. The 

jury found the defendant guilty of possession with intent to distribute marijuana and possession 

of cocaine. 

Garland moved to set aside the jury’s verdict, renewing the arguments made in his 

motion to strike and arguing that no intent to distribute cocaine had been proven. The trial court 

responded that Garland had not been convicted of possession with intent to distribute cocaine. 
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For clarification, the deputy clerk re-read the jury’s verdict. Garland then argued that there were 

no circumstances showing that he possessed the cocaine. The trial court denied the motion to set 

aside the verdict. No other objections to the verdict were raised. 

The jury subsequently sentenced Garland to six years’ incarceration for possession with 

intent to distribute marijuana and three years’ incarceration for possession of cocaine. On 

September 2, 2014, the trial court imposed the jury’s sentences. Garland did not object to being 

sentenced for either conviction. Garland now appeals his conviction for possession of cocaine. 

II. 

 Garland argues that the trial court erred in failing to set aside his conviction for 

possession of cocaine. Garland does not dispute his failure to raise an objection to the lack of a 

finding instruction for simple possession of cocaine. In fact, he concedes that he agreed that the 

jury would not be given a finding instruction for the offense of simple possession. Garland’s 

argument is that because the agreed-upon jury instructions did not include a simple possession 

instruction, the jury could not properly convict him of simple possession. Garland contends that 

he preserved this argument in his motion to set aside the verdict. In the alternative, Garland 

asserts that if we find that his assignment of error was not preserved, we should consider it under 

the “ends of justice” exception to Rule 5A:18. 

Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis 

for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, 

except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” 

The main purpose of requiring timely specific objections is to 

afford the trial court an opportunity to rule intelligently on the 

issues presented, thus avoiding unnecessary appeals and reversals. 

In addition, a specific, contemporaneous objection gives the 

opposing party the opportunity to meet the objection at that stage 

of the proceeding. 
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Milam v. Milam, 65 Va. App. 439, 464-65, 778 S.E.2d 535, 547 (2015) (quoting Weidman v. 

Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44, 400 S.E.2d 164, 167 (1991)). Moreover, “we will not consider a 

different ground of objection raised for the first time on appeal[.]” Id. at 465, 778 S.E.2d at 547 

(alteration in original) (quoting O’Dell v. Commonwealth, 234 Va. 672, 679, 364 S.E.2d 491, 

495 (1988)). 

In his oral motion to set aside the verdict, Garland argued that: “with regard with 

possession of cocaine, Your Honor, there was no actual possession and obviously the knowledge 

could be imputed however . . . there were no circumstances . . . in that case . . . where he could, 

could have been found with cocaine.” This was a sufficiency argument, contending that there 

was insufficient evidence to prove that Garland possessed the cocaine. At no point did Garland 

argue to the trial court that the jury was not instructed on simple possession and therefore could 

not convict Garland of the offense. Therefore, his argument was not preserved for appeal. 

Garland argues that we should nevertheless consider his argument under the “ends of 

justice” exception to Rule 5A:18. “In order to avail oneself of the exception, a defendant must 

affirmatively show that a miscarriage of justice has occurred, not that a miscarriage might have 

occurred.” Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 221, 487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997). 

“The ends of justice exception is narrow and is to be used sparingly.” Bazemore v. 

Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 203, 219, 590 S.E.2d 602, 609 (2004) (quoting Redman, 25 

Va. App. at 220, 587 S.E.2d at 272). “It is a rare case in which, rather than invoke Rule [5A:18], 

we rely upon the exception and consider an assignment of error not preserved at trial . . . .” 

Redman, 25 Va. App. at 220-21, 487 S.E.2d at 272 (alteration in original) (quoting Jimenez v. 

Commonwealth, 241 Va. 244, 249, 402 S.E.2d 678, 680 (1991)). Thus, the ends of justice 

exception “requires that the error be clear, substantial, and material.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 

8 Va. App. 126, 132, 380 S.E.2d 8, 11 (1989). In other words, an appellant invoking the ends of 
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justice exception must show that “the trial court erred, and [] that a grave or manifest injustice 

will occur . . . .” Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 513, 680 S.E.2d 335, 339 (2009). 

Garland contends that it was a “miscarriage of justice” for the jury to convict him of 

simple possession of cocaine because there was no specific instruction given on the elements of 

simple possession of cocaine. Garland relies on case law holding that “when a principle of law is 

vital to a defendant in a criminal case, a trial court has an affirmative duty properly to instruct a 

jury about the matter.” Jimenez, 241 Va. at 250, 402 S.E.2d at 681. 

We have held that “[u]nless [the] elements are defined by instructions available to the 

members of the jury during their deliberation, they cannot properly determine whether the 

Commonwealth has carried its burden.” Dowdy v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 114, 116, 255 

S.E.2d 506, 508 (1979). “However, neither the Supreme Court of Virginia, nor this Court, has 

held that we must always apply the ends of justice exception in cases involving faulty jury 

instructions to which no objection was noted below—even where such faulty instructions 

improperly stated the elements of an offense.” Bazemore, 42 Va. App. at 219, 590 S.E.2d at 

610. “The Supreme Court of Virginia has held that the ‘ends of justice’ exception applies to 

permit review when a ‘granted instruction omitted some essential elements of the offense’ and

‘no evidence was produced relating to those elements.’” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting Jimenez, 

241 Va. at 251, 402 S.E.2d at 681-82). Yet no single jury instruction must contain all of the 

applicable law in a given case. Elliott v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 464, 469, 593 S.E.2d 263, 266 

(2004). “The law applicable to the case [may be] contained in multiple instructions which, taken 

collectively, give proper guidance to the jury.” Id. Attaining the ends of justice thus requires the 

correction of the jury instructions, if the instructions allowed the jury to convict Garland 

“without proof of an essential and necessary element” of the crime of possession of cocaine. See 

Campbell v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 988, 994, 421 S.E.2d 652, 656 (1992). 
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Garland points out that jury instruction eleven, the finding instruction for the possession 

with intent to distribute cocaine charge, simply stated: “[i]f you find that the Commonwealth has 

failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant possessed with intent to distribute 

cocaine, then you shall find the defendant not guilty.” However, despite the lack of a specific 

finding instruction for possession of cocaine, jury instruction twelve gave the jury proper 

guidance on the essential elements of “possession of cocaine.” Instruction twelve clearly laid out 

what constitutes “possession”: 

To knowingly and intentionally possess a controlled 

substance means that a person is aware of the presence and 

character of the substance and has actual physical possession or 

constructive possession. Actual physical possession means that the 

substance is found on the person. Constructive possession means 

that the person has dominion or control over the substance. Mere 

proximity is not enough. 

Possession need not be exclusive; it may be shared with 

another. The length of time of the possession is not material. 

Ownership or occupancy of the vehicle in which a 

controlled substance is found does not create a presumption that 

the owner or occupant either knowingly or intentionally possessed 

such substance. Such ownership or occupancy is a fact which may 

be considered with other evidence. 

Possession may be proved by acts, declarations or conduct 

of the defendant from which it may be fairly inferred that he was 

aware of the presence and character of the substance at the 

place found. 

This jury instruction plainly explained what legally constituted possession. Thus although no 

specific finding instruction was given, the jury had clear instruction on the required elements of 

the offense. 2 This guidance enabled the jury to determine if the Commonwealth “prove[d] every 

essential element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Dowdy, 220 Va. at 116, 255 S.E.2d 

 2

 Garland did not dispute that the substance found in the car was cocaine. Therefore, the 

only element of “possession of cocaine” at issue was the element of “possession.” The omitted 

language from jury instruction eleven simply would have told the jury that if they find the 

defendant possessed the cocaine, but fail to find that he intended to distribute it, they shall find 

him guilty of possession of cocaine. 
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at 508 (quoting Powers v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 386, 388, 177 S.E.2d 628, 629 (1970)). 

Moreover, the verdict form gave the jury the option of convicting Garland of possession of 

cocaine. Because the jury did in fact receive instruction on the essential elements of possession 

of cocaine, it was not an error for the jury to convict Garland of possession of cocaine. 

Accordingly, Garland cannot invoke the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18. 

III. 

 Rule 5A:18 bars this Court from considering the merits of Garland’s argument on appeal. 

Therefore, we affirm Garland’s conviction and remand to the trial court to correct the final order. 

 Affirmed and 

remanded.