## Pest List for the

**Importation of Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus**  **(Lam.), fruit with stems,**  **from Malaysia into the Continental United States** 

**Novem ber**  **9 , 2011**  **Version 3** 

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 2 

### Introduction This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in creating thi s pest list was to examine pest risks associated with the importation of jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus , as fresh fruit with stems for consumption, from Malay sia into the continental United States. A preliminary pest list was provided b y Malaysia (200 7). This pest list (Table 1) includes pests reported on jackfruit (in any country) and present in Malay sia (on any

host). Sy nony ms of Artocarpus heterophyllus include A. integrifolius Auct. NOT L.f.; A. integrifolia L. f.; A. integra Merr.; Rademachia integra Thunb. (Morton, 1987a), and A. integer auct. (NRCS, 2008). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generall y affected plant part or parts, if the pest is likely to follow the pathway

and enter the United States on commerciall y exported jackfruit (with maximum of 5 cm of stem), and pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. We highlighted quarantine pests considere d likely to follow the pathway

with a gray

background, and summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecos ys tems, but were not subjected to further analy sis for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainl y with plant parts other than the commodity ; may be associated with the commodity , but would not reasonabl y remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments. The Malay sia Department of Agriculture has proposed using irradiation as a mitigation measure for jackfruit. All of the insects except pupae and adult L epidoptera will be effectivel y neutralized with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (PPQ, 2007). Measures in addition to irradiation will be required to mitigate the risk from the Lepidopteran pests Conogethes punctiferalis and Glyphod es caesalis , and the pathogen Phytophthora meadii . We expect irradiation to cause some mortality in these pests, but not to completely mitigate the risk. Note: In the pest list, we only provided information on plant part association and whether the pest i s likely

to follow the pathway

for quarantine pests, not for non

- quarantine pests. Even if non - quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phyt osanitary measures against these pests would not be justified, considering the pest already occurs in the United States. Therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

is not needed for non

- quarantine pests and is indicated with N/A (not applicable).Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 3 **Table 1.** Pests reported on j ackfruit (in any country) and present in Malay sia (on any host) **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2 ARTHROPODS**  **Acari: Tenuipalpidae** Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1936) Childers et al., 2003 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A **Acari: Tetranychidae** Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Bolland et al., 1998 MY (Bolland et

al., 1998) Yes L (CABI, 2006a) No Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) Bolland et al., 1998 MY, US (HI)

(Bolland et al., 1998) [Yes] 4 L (McDonald, n.d.) No
Panonychus citri McGregor Bolland et al., 1998 MY, US

(Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida Bolland et al., 1998 MY, US

(Bolland et al., 1998) No N/A N/A
Tetranychus neocaledonicus André Bolland et al., 1998 MY, US

(Bolland et al., 1998) No N/A N/A
Tetranychus piercei McGregor Anony mous, 1994a MY (CABI,

2006a), US (FL) (PAS, 2005) [Yes] L , S (CABI, 2006a) , F (Tandon, 1993) No 5

Tetranychus urticae Koch Anony mous, 1994a MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A **Coleoptera: Cerambycidae** Apriona flavescens Kaup. Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 6

1 MY = Malaysia; Brunei = BN; Indonesia = ID; Thailand = TH; US = United States; AL = Alabama; CA = California; GA = Georgia; FL = Florida; HI = H awaii ; TX = Texas. US distribution is not listed for non

- quarantine pests. 2 N/A = Not Applicable. Non

- quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway do not warrant the phytosanitary measures necessary to mitigate them due to their presence in the United States; therefore, listing plant part affected or likeliness to follow the pathway is not necessary. 3 Plant Parts: F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaf, R = Root, S = Stem 4 Brackets (“[ ]”) indicate that this is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States (PestI D, 2008) and is under official c ontrol. 5 Tetranychus piercei only affects fruits of some commodities during times of heavy infestation (Tandon, 1993). High mite population levels are highly unlikely to occur in commercial jackfruit production, and mites are not an important pest on jackfruit (Tandon, 1993). 6 Apriona spp. bore into stems 40

- 50mm in diameter (Esaki, 1995). This large insect is not likely to stay with the commodity during standard post

- harvest treatments and shipment.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 4 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Apriona germari Hope Hill, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes L , S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 6

Apriona sp. Hill, 1983; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 6

Batocera rubus (Linnaeus, 1758) CABI, 2006a; Waterhouse, 1993 MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes L , S (CABI, 2006a) No 7
Batocera rufomaculata De Geer CABI, 2006a MY, (CABI, 2006a) Yes R , S (CABI, 2006a) No 7 Epepeotes luscus Fabricius Li

- zhong, 2002 8 MY (Li

- zhong, 2002) Yes Wood (Khan, 1985) No Olenecamptus bilobus (Fabricius) Anony mous, 1994a; Morton, 1987a MY (Heffern,

2005) Yes S (Morton, 1987a) No 9
Olenecamptus bilobus bilobus (Fabricius, 1801) Li

- zhong, 2002 10 MY (Li

- zhong, 2002) Yes S (Morton, 1987a) No 9
Stromatium longicorne (Newman, 1842) Li

- zhong, 2002 11 MY (Li

- zhong, 2002), US (Monné and Hovore, 2002) No N/A N/A

Xylotrechus javanicus (Laporte & Gory) Anony mous, 1994a MY (Heffern,

2005) Yes R , S (CABI, 2006a) 12 No 13 Xystrocera globosa (Olivier, 1795) Li

- zhong, 2002 14 MY, US (HI) (Li

- zhong, 2002) No N/A N/A

7 Batocera are large insects (25

- 55mm), with large bore holes likely to be detected at harvest time (CABI, 2006a). 8 Host cited as Artocarpus. 9 Olenecamptus are large insects (21mm), likely to be seen and removed during harvest and processing. 10 Host cited as Artocarpus heterophylla

. 11 Host cited as Artocarpus . 12 We found little biological information on X

. javanicus. Xylotrechus quadripes is a similar species and is known to affect roots and stems (CABI, 2006a). 13 A similar species, X

. quadripes, lay

their eggs under the bark of thicker main stems (Anon., 200 8a). Adults are relatively short

- lived and are not likely to be transported long distances (CABI, 2006a). 14 Host cited as Artocarpus

.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 5 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2 Coleoptera: Curculionidae**  Hypomeces squamosus (Fabricius, 1792) CABI, 2006a; Hill, 1983; Khoo et al

. , 1991; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (CABI,

2006a; Khoo et al

. , 1991; Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes L , R (CABI, 2006a) No

**Coleoptera: Lagriidae** Cerogria anisocera Wied. Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes F (Yunus and Hua, 1980 **)** Yes **Coleoptera: Lamiidae** Pterolophia crassipes Wied. Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 15 **Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae** Lepidiota stigma (Fabricius) Anony mous, 1994a MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes R (CABI, 2006a) No **Coleoptera: Scolytidae** Coccotrypes gedeanus (Eggers) Wood, 1992a 16 MY (Anonym ous, 2008; Wood, 1992a) Yes S , F , petiole, pith (Jordal et al., 2002) Yes 17

Coccotrypes longior (Eggers) Wood, 1992a 18 MY (Anonym ous, 2008; Wood, 1992a) Yes Bark (Wrensch and Ebbert, 1993), phloem (Jordal et al., 2002) No

Coccotrypes medius (Eggers) Wood, 1992a 19 MY (Wood, 1992a) Yes Phloem, petiole, F (Jordal et al., 2002) Yes

Euwallacea piceus (Motschulsky) CABI, 2006a MY (CABI, 2006a) Yes Wood, bark, S (CABI, 2006a) No 20 Hypocryphalus perminimus (Schedl) Wood, 1992b 21 MY (Wood, 1992b) Yes Branch, wood (Beaver, 1987) No Xyleborinus sculptilis (Schedl) Cognata, 2008 MY (Cognata, 2008) Yes L , S (CABI, 2006a) 22 No

15 A similar species, Pterolophia granulata attacks dead trees (Yamazaki and Takakura, 2003). We assumed that P. crassipes wo uld behave in the same way, and is not likely to follow the pathway. 16 Host cited as Artocarpus spp. 17 Breeds in the woody

calyx of the fruit (Wrensch and Ebbert, 1993). 18 Host cited as Artocarpus spp. 19 Host cited as Artocarpus spp. 20 Euwallacea piceus does not attack living trees (CABI, 2006a). 21 Host cited as Artocarpus spp.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 6 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Xyleborus javanus Eggers Wood, 1992a23 MY (Wood, 1992a) Yes Wood (CABI, 2006a) 24 No Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston) CABI, 2006a MY (CABI, 2006a) US (HI) (Samuelson, 1981) [Yes] Bark, S , wood (CABI, 2006a) No 25

Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) CABI, 2006a MY, US (CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A **Diptera: Drosophilidae** Drosophila sp. Martinez and Ayoso, 2000 MY (Takada et

al., 1973), US ( CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A
**Diptera: Micropezidae** Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes F (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 26 **Diptera: Ortalidae** Chrysomyza aenea F. ( sy n : Physiphora clausa (Macquart)) Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980), US (HI) (Bishop Museum, 2008) [Yes] F (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 27

**Diptera: Stratiomyidae** Hermetia illucens Linnaeus TDA, 1965 MY (Lee et al., 1995), US (Newton et al., 2005) No N/A N/A

**Diptera: Tephritidae** Bactrocera albistrigata (de Meijere) Allwood et al., 1999 MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes F 28 (CABI, 2006a) Yes Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock Allwood et al

. , 1999; CABI, 2006a MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes F (CABI, 2006a**)** Yes

Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett CABI, 2006a MY, US (HI) (CABI, 2006a) [Yes] F , I , L , R , S (CABI, 2006a) Yes

22 We found little biological information on X. sculptilis

. Xyleborinus spp. affects the leaf, stem (CABI, 2006a). 23 Host cited as Artocarpus sp. 24 We found little biological information on Xyleborus javanus

. Xyloborus species generally affect wood (CABI, 2006a). 25 Living trees are generally only attacked by X

. perforans through injuries or damaged areas (CABI, 2006a), and would likely be detected during harvest and processing. 26 Adults of Micropezidae are often predacious and larvae live in rot or excrement (McAlpine, 1998). 27 Physiphora spp. appear to primarily affect horse and cow dung, rotting plant parts, bark of dead trees, and associated with wood mushrooms (Chen and Kamene va, 2007). No other references to Chrysomyza spp. occurring on fruit could be found; therefore, we conclude it is unlikely to follow the pathway. 28 Primary plant part affected by Bactrocera spp. is fruit (CABI, 2006a).Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 7 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schin.) ( sy

n : Dacus frauenfeldi Schin.) Hollingsworth et al., 2003 MY (Tan and

Lee, 1982) Yes F (CABI, 2006a) Yes
Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Allwood et al

. , 1999; CABI, 2006a MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes F (CABI, 2006a) Yes

Bactrocera tau Walker Hardy, 1973 MY (CABI, 2006a) Yes F (CABI, 2006a) Yes Bactrocera umbrosa Fabricius ( sy

n : Dacus umbrosus Fabricius) Allwood et al

. , 1999; CABI, 2006a; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (CABI,

2006a; Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes F (CABI, 2006a; Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes

**Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Evans, 2008 MY, US (FL, HI) (CABI, 2006a) [Yes] F 29 , L (CABI, 2006a) No 30

Aleuroclava neolitseae (Takahashi, 1934) ( sy

n : Aleurotuberculatus neolitseae Takahashi) De Barro, 1997 MY (De Barro, 1997) Yes L (Sundararaj, 2006) No

Pealius schimae Takahashi Mound and Halsey , 1978 MY (Mound

and Halsey , 1978) Yes L (Butani, 1978) No
**Hemiptera: Aphididae** Cerataphis lataniae (Boisduval, 1867) CABI, 2006b MY (CABI, 2006b) No N/A N/A Toxoptera aurantii Boy

. Waterhouse, 1993; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A
**Hemiptera: Coccidae** Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Ben

- Dov, 1993 31 MY, US (CABI, 2006a No N/A N/A Ceroplastes rubens Maskell French, 2006; Hill, 1983 MY, US (FL,

HI) (CABI, 2006a) [Yes] F , L , S (CABI, 2006a) Yes
Coccus formicarii (Green) Ben

- Dov, 1993 MY (Ben

- Dov, 1993) Yes F , S (PestID, 2008) 32 Yes

29 Eggs of Aleurodicus dispersus may b e transported on fruit (CABI, 2006a). 30 Although Aleurodicus dispers us eggs may be transported on fruit (CABI, 2006a), first instars will not survive as all life cycle stages after egg feed on leaves (CABI, 2006a). 31 Host plant cited as Artocarpus integri folia

.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 8 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Coccus hesperidum hesperidum Linnaeus Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 MY, US (Ben

Dov et al., 2008) No N/A N/A
Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; French, 2006 MY, US (Ben

Dov et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Neosaissetia laos (Takahashi) Ben

- Dov, 1993 33 MY (Ben

- Dov, 1993) Yes L , S , F (CABI, 2006a) 34 Yes
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; PestID, 2008 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A

Prococcus acutissimus (Green) (S yn.: Coccus acutissimus (Green, 1896)) Ben

- Dov, 1993; Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 MY, US (FL,

HI , TX) (Ben

Dov et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) Ben

- Dov, 1993; Hodges et al., 2005 MY, US (AL,

FL, GA) (Ben

Dov, 1993; Hodges et al., 2005) [Yes] L (Blackwood and Pratt, 2007) No

**Hemiptera: Coreidae**  Mictis longicornis Westw. Khoo et al., 1991; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Khoo et

al., 1991; Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes L (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No

**Hemiptera: Derbidae** Zoraida ridleyi Muir. Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes F (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 35 **Hemiptera: Diaspididae** Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Hill, 1983 MY, US (CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Crane et al., 2005 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A

32 We found little biological information for C. formicarii . It has been intercepted in the United States on both fruit and stems of various commodities (PestID, 2008). 33 Host plants cited as Artocarpus

. 34 We found little biological information on N. laos . Synonyms for N. laos include the genus Saissetia

. Saissetia species are known to affect the stem and leaf of various commodities, but can also be found on fruit (CABI, 2006a). 35 Derbidae are highly mobile external feeders. When disturbed, all life s tages are known to jump and move away from foliage (Howard et al., 2001).Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 9 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Aulacaspis vitis (Green) (sy n: Chionaspis vitis Green) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Watson,

2005; Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes L (Watson, 2005; Yunus and Hua, 1980) No
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758) (sy

n: Chrysumphalus ficus Ashmead) Martinez and Ayoso, 2000 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; French, 2006 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A
Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 MY, US

(Watson, 2005) No N/A N/A Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) CABI, 2006a; Hill, 1983 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) French, 2006; Watson, 2005 MY, US

(Watson, 2005) No N/A N/A Lepidosaphes laterochitinosa Green Anony mous, 1994a MY (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008) Yes L , S (Hamon, 1988) [Yes] 36 Pinnaspis aspidistrae aspidistrae (Signoret) Butani, 1979 MY, US (Ben

Dov et al., 2008) No N/A N/A
Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; French, 2006 MY, US (Ben

Dov et al., 2008) No N/A N/A
Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008; CABI, 2006a MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) Watson, 2005 MY, US (FL) (Watson, 2005) [Yes] L (Watson, 2005), F , trunk (Pantoja and Peña, 2006) [Yes] 3 6

Unaspis citri (Comstock, 1883) CABI, 2006a MY, US (CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A **Hemiptera: Jassidae** Bothrogonia (Tettigoniella) ferruginea F. Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes L , S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 37

36 Armo red scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but we do not expect them to establish via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). See notes following pest list. 37 Leafhoppers are large, highly mobile external insects which are likely to be detected during harvest and processing.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 10 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2 Hemiptera: Margarodidae**  Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas CABI, 2006a; Hodges et al

. , 2005 MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes L , F , S (CABI, 2006a) No 38
Icerya seychellarum seychellarum (Westwood) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 MY (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008) Yes L , S (CABI, 2006a) No 3 8
**Hemiptera: Miridae** Helopeltis sp. Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes L (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse Zeiss and K. den Braber, 2001 MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes L , S (CABI, 2006a; Zeiss and K. den Braber, 2001) No 39

**Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae** Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) PestID, 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A Dysmicoccus grassii Leonardi Ben

- Dov, 1994; PestID, 2008 MY (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008) No N/A N/A Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 MY, US (HI)

(Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) [Yes] L , S , aerial roots, I , F (Kessing et al., 2007 ) Yes

Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 MY (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008) Yes S , F (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) Yes Ferrisia virgata Cockerell Hill, 1983 MY, US (CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) CABI, 2006a; PestID, 2008 40 MY, US (CA,

FL, HI) (CABI, 2006a) [Yes] F , growing point, I , L , S (CABI, 2006a) No 41
Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008; CABI, 2006a MY, US (HI),

(CABI, 2006a) [Yes] F , growing point, I , L , S , whole plant (CABI, 2006a) Yes

38 Icerya sp. is generally found on leaves, and only occasionally on the fruit or stems. It is likely to be detected during harvest and proc essing due to its large size (CABI, 2006a). 39 Helopeltis theivora is a large, highly mobile external insects which are is likely to be detected during harvest and processing. Furthermore, this pest has not been intercepted (PestID, 2008), indicating it is not likely to follow the pathway. 40 Host cited as Artocarpus spp. (CABI, 2006a) 41 Maconellicoccus hirsutus wa s intercepted once in 1995 on Artocarpus heterophyllus (PestID, 2008, queried May 12, 2008). This is the only reference to M. hirsutus on jackfruit , and we therefore do not consider it to be a true host. Thus, it is not likely to follow the pathway.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 11 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Planococcus citri (Risso) PestID, 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A Planococcus lilacinus Cock Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; PestID, 2008 42 MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes F , growing point, I , L , S (CABI, 2006a) Yes

Planococcus minor (Maskell) Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; Hodges et al., 2005 MY (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008) Yes L , F (Anon., 2008b) Yes
Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; PestID, 2008 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A
Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908) ( sy

n : Phenacoccus iceryoides Green.) Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (CABI,

2006a; Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes F , I , L , S (CABI, 2006a) Yes

Rastrococcus invadens Williams Ben

- Dov, 1994 43 MY (Ben

- Dov, 1994; CABI, 2007) Yes F , inflorescence, L , S (CABI, 2007) Yes

Rastrococcus spinosus Robinson Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; Biosecurity Australia, 2006; Williams, 1989 MY (CABI,

2006a; Williams, 1989) Yes L , F , flowers, shoot (Biosecurity Australia, 2006) Yes

**Hemiptera: Psyllidae** Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Shivankar et al., 2000 MY, US (FL,

HI , TX) (CABI, 2006a) [Yes] F , growing point, L (CABI, 2006a) No 44
**Hymenoptera: Formicidae** Crematogaster sp. PestID, 2008 MY (Heckroth et al., 1998) Yes S (Heckroth et al., 1998), F (PestID, 2008) No 45
Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius 46 Butani, 1978; Hill, 1983 MY (CABI,

2006a) No N/A N/A

42 Host cited as Artocarpus integrifolia

. (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008). 43 Host plant cited as Artocarpus integrifolia

. 44 According to Peña , et al. (2000), Diaphorina citri is not a pest of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Peña et al., 2006). 45 Formicidae are generalist predators and protectors of honeydew

- secreting insects such as scales and aphids. Ants other than isolated (sterile) workers are not expected to be associated with fruit at harvest (Borror et al., 1989). 46 While not a direct pest of jackfruit, O. smaragdina causes indirect damage through the protection of scale insects and aphids from biological control measures, as well as spreading infestations by c arrying nymphs of aphids, mealybugs and scale insects between trees (Butani, 1978).Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 12 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2 Lepidoptera: Aganaidae**  Asota sp. IPGRI, 2000 MY (CABI, 2006a) Yes L (IPGRI , 2000) No **Lepidoptera: Bombycidae** Trilocha varians Walker Robinson et al., 2008 MY (Holloway ,

1983; Robinson et al., 2008) Yes L (Yunus and Hua, 1980) 47 No
**Lepidoptera: Cossidae** Zeuzera coffeae Nietner Martinez and Ayoso, 2000 MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes Growing point, S , whole plant (CABI, 2006a) No 48
**Lepidoptera: Crambidae** Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) IPGRI, 2000 MY (CABI, 2006a) Yes F , growing point, L , stems (CABI, 2006a) Yes
**Lepidoptera: Limacodidae** Darna diducta Snellen Waterhouse, 1993 MY (CABI,

2006a; Waterhouse, 1993) Yes L (CABI, 2006a; Waterhouse, 1993) No

Parasa lepida (Cramer, 1799) Wongsiri, 1991 MY (CABI, 2006a) Yes L (CABI, 2006a) No Thosea sinensis (Walker) Hill, 1983 MY (CABI, 2006a) Yes L (Hill, 1983) No Thosea sp. TDA, 1965 MY (CABI, 2006a) Yes L (TDA, 1965) No **Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae** Dasychira inclusa Walk. Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes L (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No Dasychira mendosa (Hübner) ( sy

n : Olene mendosa Hübner) Waterhouse, 1993 MY (CABI,

2006a; Waterhouse, 1993) Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993) No

Perina nuda (Fabricius) Hill, 1983 MY (Wakamura et al., 2002) Yes L (Butani, 1978) No

47 Plant part association is at the genus level due to lack of species information. 48 Large, highly mobile external insects are unlikely to follow the pathway. Holes in stem s from tunneling larvae are easily visible, and likely to be detected during harvest and processing.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 13 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2 Lepidoptera: Noctuidae**  Eudocima fullonia (Clerck, 1764) CABI, 2006a MY, US (HI) (CABI, 2006a) [Yes] F (CABI, 2006a) No 49 **Lepidoptera: Nymphalinae** Doleschallia bisaltide Cramer Savela, 2008 MY (Abang and Hill, 2003) Yes L (Abang and Hill, 2003) No **Lepidoptera: Psychidae** Eumeta variegata (Snellen) ( sy

n : Clania variegata Snellen) Anony mous, 1994a MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes L (FAO, 2007) No
**Lepidoptera: Pyralidae** Cadra cautella Walker PestID, 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006a) No N/A N/A Glyphodes caesalis Walker ( sy

n : Diaphania caesalis Walker, Margaronia caesalis Walk.) CABI, 2006a; Hill, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (CABI,

2006a; Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes L , S , F (Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes

**Lepidoptera: Saturniidae** Attacus atlas (Linnaeus) CABI, 2006a MY (CABI, 2006a) Yes L (CABI, 2006a) No **Lepidoptera: Tortricidae** Archips tabescens (Mey rick) ( sy n : Cacoecia tabescens Mey r.) CABI, 2006a;

Waterhouse, 1993; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (CABI,

2006a; Yunus and Hua, 1980) Yes L (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No

Homona coffearia (Nietner, 1861) CABI, 2006a; Waterhouse, 1993 MY (CABI,

2006a) Yes L (CABI, 2006a), F , shoot, I (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No 50

**Orthoptera: Acrididae** Aularches miliaris (Linnaeus) Willemse, 2001 MY (Willemse, 2001) Yes L , whole plant (Willemse, 2001) No 51

49 This genus is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and they are larg e, highly mobile, external f

eeders (CABI, 2006a). 50 Primarily a leaf feeder, but may feed externally on fruit. Large, highly mobile external insects are not likely to follow the pathway. 51 Large, highly mobile external insects are not likely to follow the pathway.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 14 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2 Orthoptera: Tettigonidae**  Onomarchus leuconotus Serv. Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes L (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No **Thysanoptera: Thripidae** Thrips palmi Karny PestID, 2008 MY, US (CA, FL, HI, TX) (CABI, 2006a) [Yes] F , growing point, L (CABI, 2006a) No 52

**FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS** Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] Naqvi, 2004 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A
Aspergillus candidus (Pers.) Lk. [Ascomycetes: Eurotiales] Wellman, 1977 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbr. S yn: Pellicularia rolfsii (Curzi) E. West Anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. [Basidiomycetes: Poly porales] Spaulding, 1961 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Beltrania rhombica Penz. [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No 53 N/A N/A
Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. and M.A. Curtis) Arx Sy n: Physalospora rhodina Berk. and M.A. Curtis [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

52 Thrips palmi has been intercepted once on jackfruit (PestID, 2008). This is not sufficient evidence that it is a true host and may follow the pathway of jackfruit from Malaysia. 53 Beltrania rhombica is present in the United S tates (McKemy, 2008), is a saprophyte , and shoul d be considered nonreportable.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 15 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Botrytis cinerea Pers. Ex Fr. [Ascomycet es: Helotiales] Alfieri Jr. et al

. , 1984; Bose et al

. , 2002; Farr et al

. , 1989; Farr et al

. , 2008; Sangchote et al

. , 2003 MY (Farr et al

. ,

2008), US

- FL (Farr et al

. , 1989) No N/A N/A

Brooksia tropicalis Hansf. [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A
Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. [ Zygomyc etes: Mucorales] Peregrine and Ahmad, 1982 MY, US (Farr

et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Lk. [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] Wellman, 1977 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et al., 2008) No NA NA

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes Sy n: Gloeosporium mangiferae Henn. [ Ascomycetes: Helotiales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (CABI, 2007; Farr et al

. , 2008), US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk. & Mont.) Arx Sy n: C

. lagenarium (Pass.) Ellis and Halst. [Ascomycetes: Helotiales] CABI, 2007; Janick and Paull, 2008; Morton, 1987a MY, US

(CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. Kuthubutheen and Muid, 1985 MY

(Kuthubutheen and Muid, 1985), US (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes N/A N/A

Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et al., 2008) No NA NAPest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 16 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk & Broome) Burdsall Sy n.: Botryobasidium salmonicolor , Corticium salmonicolor, Pellicularia salmonicolor, Phanerochaete salmonicolor [Basidiomycetes: Poly porales] CABI, 2007;

Farr et al

. , 2008; Janick and Paull, 2008; Morton, 1987a; Nakasone and Paull, 1998; Ploetz et al

. , 1994; Rawal, 1998; Sangchote et al

. , 2003; Spaulding, 1961 MY (CABI,

2006b; Farr et al

. , 2008; Ploetz et al

. , 1994) US (CABI, 2006b; Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Fusarium incarnatum (Desm. Sacc.) Sy

n: F

. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel [ Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales] Peregrine and

Ahmad, 1982 54 MY, US (Farr

et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Fomes lamaënsis (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter Sy

n: F

. lamaensis , F

. lamaoensis Cryptoderma lamaense , Phellinus lamaensis , Pyropolyporus lamaoensis Murrill [Basidiomycetes: Hy menochaetales] Farr et al

. , 2008;

Spaulding, 1961 MY (Farr et al

. ,

2008) Yes Wood (CABI, 2008) No

Fusarium sp. [ Sordariomycetes, Hy pocreales] Crane et al

. ,

2005; Farr et al

. , 2008; Peregrine and Ahmad, 1982 BN (Farr et al

. ,

2008) Yes N/A N/A

Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. [Basidiomycetes: Poly porales] Spaulding, 1961 MY (Singh, 1980), US (CABI, 2006b, 2007) No N/A N/A

54 This pest is associate d with Artocarpus integra , w hich is not a synonym of A

. heterophylla . However, the reference states the common name as Jackfruit; therefore we assume this was a valid host association.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 17 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Ganoderma australe (

Fr.) Pat. Sy n: Fomes annularis Llo yd [Basidiomycet es: Poly porales] Farr et al

. , 2008;

Spaulding, 1961 MY, US (Farr

et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Geotrichum candidum Link [Saccharomycet es: Saccharomyc etales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch Anamorph: Fusarium roseum Link emend Snyder and Hansen [ Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales] Wellman, 1977 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk Anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] Farr et al

. , 2008; Liu, 1977; Rawal, 1998; Sangchote et al

. , 2003; Singh, 1980 MY, US (Farr

et al

. , 2008; Liu, 1977; Singh, 1980) No N/A N/A

Grallomyces portoricensis F. Stevens [Ascomycetes: Meliolales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes L (Stevens, 1918) No

Gyrothrix circinata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes [Ascomycetes, Incertae sedis] Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr, et al., 2008) No NA NS

Haplographium sp. Farr et al

. , 2008; Liu, 1977; Singh, 1980 MY (Farr et al

. ,

2008; Liu, 1977; Singh, 1980), US 55 (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

55 Haplographium apiculatum occurs in New York and H

. griseum occurs in Louisianna (Farr et al

. , 2008).Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 18 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds. Anamorph: Nigrospora sphaerica (Berk. and Broome) Petch [Ascomycetes: Trichosphaeriales] Sangchote et al

. , 2003 MY (Singh,

1980), US (CABI, 2006b, 2007) No 56 N/A N/A

Kretzschmaria zonata (Lév.) P.M.D. Martin Sy n: Ustulina zonata Lév [Ascomyc etes: Xylariales] Morton, 1987b MY (Singh, 1980) Yes Wood, R , S (Singh, 1980) No

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. Sy

n: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., Diplodia theobromae (Pat.) W. Nowell [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Liu, 1977; Rawal, 1998; Sangchote et al

. , 2003; Singh, 1980 MY (Farr et al

. ,

2008; Liu, 1977; Singh, 1980), US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Marasmiellus scandens (Mass.) Dennis & Reid Sy n: Marasmius scandens Massee [Basidiomycetes: Agaricales] Turner, 1971 MY (CABI, 2007; Turner, 1971; Williams and Liu, 1976) Yes L (Farr et al

. , 2008) No

Marasmius crinis

- equi F. Muell. ex Kalchbr. Sy n: M

. equicrinis F. Muell. ex Berk [Basidiomycetes: Agaricales] Turner, 1971 MY (CABI, 2007; Turner, 1971; Williams and Liu, 1976) Yes L , S (CABI, 2007) No

Meliola artocarpi H.S. Yates [Ascomycetes: Meliolales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Turner, 1971 MY (Farr et al

. ,

2008; Turner, 1971) Yes L (CABI, 2008) No

56 Nigrospora sp. is listed as Non

- Reportable in AQAS.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 19 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Nectria mauritiicola (Henn.) Seifert and Samuels Anamorph: Sphaerostilbe repens Berk. & Br. [ Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales] Wellman, 1977 MY, US 57 (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Nummularia sp. Thompson and Johnston, 1953 58 MY (Thompson

and Johnston, 1953), US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Liu, 1977; Singh, 1980 MY, US (Farr

et al

. , 2008; Liu, 1977; Singh, 1980) No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg.) Steyaert Sy n: Pestalotia versicolor Speg. [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Liu, 1977; Sangchote et al

. , 2003; Singh, 1980 MY (Farr et al

. ,

2008; Liu, 1977; Singh, 1980), US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn. Sy

n: Fomes noxius Corner [Basidiomycetes: Hy menochaetales] Farr et al

. , 2008;

Naqvi, 2004 MY, US (Farr

et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Phoma sp. Alfieri Jr. et al

. , 1984; Farr et al

. , 1989; Farr et al

. , 2008 MY 59 (Farr et

al

. , 2008), US

FL (Farr et al

. , 1989) Yes N/A N/A

Phomopsis sp. Farr et al., 2008 BN (Farr et al., 2008) Yes NA NA Phyllosticta capitalensis Henn. Teleomorph: Guignardia mangiferae A.J. Roy [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] Farr et al., 2008 60 MY, US (FL)

(Farr et al., 2008) No NA NA

57 US distribution based on Sphaerostilbe repens

. 58 Found on Artocarpus spp. 59 Several Phoma spp. are known to occur in Malaysia (Farr et al

. , 2008) 60 Phyllosticta capitalensis wa s reported on Artocarpus sp. (Farr et al., 2008).Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 20 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Phytophthora meadii McRae [Kingdom Chromista, Oomycetes: Py thiales] Zentmye r and

Mitchell, 1985/86 MY, US

- HI

(Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes 61 F , In florescence, S (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan [Kingdom Chromista, Oomycetes: Py

thiales] BGT, 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora var. palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler Sy n. P. palmivora (E.J. Butler) E. J. Butler, P. arecae (L.C. Coleman) Pethy br. [ Kingdom Chromista, Oomycetes: Py

thiales] Farr et al

. , 2008;

Spaulding, 1961 MY, US (Farr

et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Pythium splendens H. Braun [ Kingdom Chromista, Oomycetes: Py

thiales] Alfieri Jr. et al

. ,

1984; Farr et al

. , 1989; Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (Farr et al

. ,

2008), US (Alfieri Jr. et al

. , 1984; Farr et al

. , 1989; Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Conk [Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales] Duke, 2000 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus A. Fisch. Sy n: R

. oryzae Went. And Prins. Geerl. [Zygomyc etes: Mucorales] Sangchote et al

. , 2003 MY (Singh,

1980), US (CABI, 2006b, 2007) No N/A N/A

61 Phytophthora meadii is non

- reportable for commodities destined to Hawaii and reportable when destined for any other portion of the United States (McKemy, 2008)Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 21 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. Sy n: R. artocarpi Racib., R. nigricans Ehrenb. [Zygomyc etes: Mucorales] Bose et al

. , 2002; CABI, 2007; Farr et al

. , 2008; Janick and Paull, 2008; Morton, 1987a; Nakasone and Paull, 1998; Sangchote et al

. , 2003; Singh, 1980; Tiong

Kheng, 1974 MY (Farr et al

. ,

2008; Singh, 1980; Tiong

Kheng, 1974), US (CABI, 2006b, 2007) No N/A N/A

Rhombostilbella rosae Zimm. Sy n: R. rosea [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] Wellman, 1977 ID , US (FL) (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers.) Ryvarden Syn: Polyporus lineatus Pers., P

. zonalis Berk. [Basidiomycetes: Poly porales] Spaulding, 1961 MY (Singh, 1980), US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No 62 N/A N/A

Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.) Overeem Sy n: Fomes lignosus (Klotzsch) Bres., R

. lignosus (Klotzsch) Imazeki [Basidiomycetes: Poly porales] Farr et al

. , 2008;

Spaulding, 1961 MY (CABI,

2007; Farr et al

. , 2008), US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Rosellinia bothrina (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. S yn: R. arcuata Petch. [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] Morton, 1987b ID (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes R , Wood (Farr et al

. , 2008) No

Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Spaulding, 1961 MY (CABI,

2007; Farr et al

. , 2008), US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

62 Polyporus zonalis is listed as Non

- Reportable in AQAS.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 22 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Schizophyllum commune Fr.: Fr. [ Basidiomycetes: Agaricales] Anony mous, 1994b MY, US (Farr

et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Septobasidium sp. Turner, 1971 MY (Turner, 1971) No N/A N/A Sphaerostilbe repens Berk. & Br. [ Ascomycetes, Hy pocreales] Wellman, 1977 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Spiropes palmetto (W.R. Gerard) M.B. Ellis [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] Farr et al., 2008 63 MY (Farr et al.,

2008) Yes Leaves (Farr, 1986) No

Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link Sy n: Monilia herbarum Pers. [Ascomycetes: Helotiales] Duke, 2000 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

**ALGAE** Cephaleuros virescens Kunze [Incertae sedis, Trentepohliales] Singh, 1980; Williams and Liu, 1976 MY, US

(Mossler and Nesheim, 2001; Singh, 1980; Williams and Liu, 1976) No N/A N/A

**BACTERIA** Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey

et al. Sy n: E. canetorora [Enterobacteriales] CABI, 2006b, 2007; Janick and Paull, 2008; Nakasone and Paull, 1998 MY (Singh,

1980; Williams and Liu, 1976); US (CABI, 2006b) No N/A N/A

**NEMATODES** Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher [Hoplolaimidae] Sangchote et al

. , 2003 MY, US

(CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

63 Spiropes palmetto is listed on Artocarpus integra , a synonym of A. heterophyllus (Farr, et al., 2008).Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 23 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **j ackfruit**  **Distribution 1**  **Quaran**
  ** tine p** **est Plant part(s)** 

**a ssociation**  **2 ,**  **3 Follow** 

**p athway** **2** Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden [Hoplolaimidae] Sangchote et al

. , 2003; Winoto

Suatmadji and Sauer, 1982 MY (CABI,

2007; Maqbool, 1991; Winoto

Suatmadji and Sauer, 1982), US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae (Siddiqi) [Criconematidae] CABI, 2007 TH 64 , US (CABI, 2006b, 2007) Yes R (CABI, 2007) No
Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc S yn: Basirolaimus seinhorsti [Hoplolaimidae] Winoto

Suatmadji and Sauer, 1982 MY (Winoto

Suatmadji and Sauer, 1982), US (Norton et al

. , 1984) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood [Meloidogy

nidae] Shaosheng, 1999 MY (Tiong

Kheng, 1990), US (van Weerdt et al

. , 1959) No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus cubensis Razjivin & O'Rell y Sy n: P. zeae [Pratylenchidae] Duke, 2000 MY, US (CABI, 2007) No 65 N/A N/A

Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira [Hoplolaimidae] Winoto

Suatmadji and Sauer, 1982 MY (Winoto

Suatmadji and Sauer, 1982), US (Dasgupta et al

. , 1968) No 66 N/A N/A

Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy) Golden Sy

n: T. martini [Telotylenchidae] Duke, 2000 MY, US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Xiphinema americanum Cobb [L ongidoridae] Duke, 2000 TH 67 (Westcott and Horst, 2001), US (Lehman, 2002) No N/A N/A

64 Thailand shares a border with Malaysia , and due to lack of information, it is assumed that Hemicriconemoides mangiferae is in Malaysia 65 Pratylenchus cubensis is found in 15 or more states in the United States (CABI, 2007)

. 66 Rotylenchus reniformis is distributed in GA, NC, SC, AR, LA, MS, TX, and FL ( PestID, 2008 )

. 67 Thailand shares a border with Malaysia, and due to lack of information, we assume that X. americanum is in MalaysiaPest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 24 Note: The armored scales identified in this risk analy sis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) were not expected to follow the pathway and were not further anal yz ed because although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are not expected to becom e established, and therefore introduced, via this pathway (Miller, 1985; Zlotina and Hennessey , 2007). A recent critical review of the literature, APHIS

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highl y fecund, poly phagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and cause high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commerciall y produced fruit shipped without leaves, significant stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely

low risk (Zlotina and Hennessey , 2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability

of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and c onsequentl y, b y their low probability of establishment (Zlotina and Hennessey, 2007). The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

- Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearb y females.

- Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs b y immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long distance wind di spersal. Crawlers can be passively dispersed b y wind from one plant to another only during a time period of approximately

24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they

lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deepl y inserted in the host, anchoring them firml y to the substrate. Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. There is a low probability of active dispersal of crawlers by walking from their natural host since they

are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces (Zlotina and Hennessey , 2007). In addition, Bactrocera dorsalis has been reported in Malay sia (e.g., Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982) , but we did not include it in the pest list

. That is because most records of B. dorsalis from Malay sia and Indonesia were probabl y misidentifications (White and Elson

- Harris, 1994). A detailed taxonomic study of the B. dorsalis complex had B. dorsalis occurring in the following ASEAN member countries: Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia (Drew and Hancock, 1994). Recent conclusion s are that B. dorsalis is not present in Malay sia : n either the Crop Protection Compendium (CABI, 2007, citing EPPO, 2006) nor EPPO (EPPO, 2007) currently includes Malay sia in the distribution of B. dorsalis

. The quarantine pests listed below are likel y to follow the pathway on jackfruit with stems from Malay sia (Table 2). A minimum absorbed irradiation dose of 400 Gy is expected to mitigate the risks from all insects except pupae and adult Lepidoptera. Additional measures are required to miti gate risks associated with the L epidopteran pests Conogethes punctiferalis and Glyphodes caesalis , and the pathogen Phytophthora meadii

. We expect the irradiation treatment to cause some mortality

of these pests, but not to completely mitigate the risk.Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 25 **Table 2.** Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

on fresh jackfruit with maximum of 5 cm stem from Malay sia **Species Order**  **Fa mily**  **Insects** Bactrocera albistrigata Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera carambolae Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera cucurbitae Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera frauenfeldi Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera papayae Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera tau Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera umbrosa Diptera Tephritidae Cerogria anisocera Coleoptera Lagriidae Ceroplastes rubens Hemiptera Coccidae Coccotrypes gedeanus Coleoptera Scoly tidae Coccotrypes medius Coleoptera Scoly tidae Coccus formicarii Hemiptera Coccidae Conogethes punctiferalis Lepidoptera Crambidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Exallomochlus hispidus Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Glyphodes caesalis Lepidoptera Py ralidae Neosaissetia laos Hemiptera Coccidae Nipaecoccus viridis Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Planococcus lilacinus Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Planococcus minor Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus iceryoides Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus invadens Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus spinosus Hemiptera Pseudococcidae **Pathogens** Phytophthora meadii Oomycetes Py thiales


### Authors and Reviewers
U

. S

. D epartment of A griculture, Animal and P lant H ealth Inspection S ervice P lant P rotection and Q uarantine, C enter for P lant H ealth S cience and T echnology **Authors** Cy nthia B. Landry , NCSU Cooperator Stephanie M. Dubón **Reviewers** Shawn Robertson, Entomologist Lisa M. Ferguson, Plant PathologistPest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9 , 2011 26 

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